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https://www.trivialstudies.com/oscar.php
|
en
|
🏆 Oscar Winners 🎞
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"trivia",
"study",
"pub trivia",
"study guides",
"learning",
"education",
"facts",
"film",
"movie",
"academy",
"award",
"oscar",
"award",
"winners"
] | null |
[] | null |
The ultimate website to help you study for trivia. This page provides a table of the Oscar winners.
|
https://www.trivialstudies.com/favicon.ico
|
🏆 Oscar Winners 🎞
|
https://www.trivialstudies.com/oscar.php
|
≪Return to Trivial Studieskeep_visible
keep_visible YBest Picture
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Original Song
Best Animated Feature Film
keep_visible 2023"Oppenheimer"
Universal PicturesChristopher Nolan
"Oppenheimer"Cillian Murphy
"Oppenheimer"
J. Robert OppenheimerEmma Stone
"Poor Things"
Bella BaxterRobert Downey Jr.
"Oppenheimer"
Lewis StraussDaVine Joy Randolph
"The Holdovers"
Mary Lamb"What Was I Made For?"
"Barbie""The Boy and the Heron"
Studio Ghibli 2022"Everything Everywhere All at Once"
A24The Daniels
"Everything Everywhere All at Once"Brendan Fraser
"The Whale"
CharlieMichelle Yeoh
"Everything Everywhere All at Once"
Evelyn WangKe Huy Quan
"Everything Everywhere All at Once"
Waymond WangJamie Lee Curtis
"Everything Everywhere All at Once"
Deirdre Beaubeirdre"Naatu Naatu"
"RRR""Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio"
Netflix Animation 2021"CODA"
Apple TV+Jane Campion
"The Power of the Dog"Will Smith
"King Richard"
Richard WilliamsJessica Chastain
"The Eyes of Tammy Faye"
Tammy Faye BakkerTroy Kotsur
"CODA"
Frank RossiAriana DeBose
"West Side Story"
Anita"No Time to Die"
"No Time to Die""Encanto"
Disney 2020"Nomadland"
Searchlight PicturesChloe Zhao
"Nomadland"Anthony Hopkins
"The Father"
AnthonyFrances McDormand
"Nomadland"
FernDaniel Kaluuya
"Judas and the Black Messiah"
Fred HamptonYuh-Jung Youn
"Minari"
Soon-ja"Fight for You"
"Judas and the Black Messiah""Soul"
Pixar YearBest Picture
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Original Song
Best Animated Feature Film
2019"Parasite"
CJ EntertainmentBong Joon-ho
"Parasite"Joaquin Phoenix
"Joker"
Arthur Fleck / JokerRenee Zellweger
"Judy"
Judy GarlandBrad Pitt
"Once Upon a Time in Hollywood"
Cliff BoothLaura Dern
"Marriage Story"
Nora Fanshaw"(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again"
"Rocketman""Toy Story 4"
Pixar 2018"Green Book"
Universal PicturesPeter Farrelly
"Green Book"Rami Malek
"Bohemian Rhapsody"
Freddie MercuryOlivia Colman
"The Favourite"
Queen AnneMahershala Ali
"Green Book"
Don ShirleyRegina King
"If Beale Street Could Talk"
Sharon Rivers"Shallow"
"A Star Is Born""Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse"
Sony 2017"The Shape of Water"
Fox Searchlight PicturesGuillermo del Toro
"The Shape of Water"Gary Oldman
"Darkest Hour"
Winston ChurchillFrances McDormand
"Three Billboards Outside Ebbing"
Mildred HayesSam Rockwell
"Three Billboards Outside Ebbing"
Officer Jason DixonAllison Janney
"I, Tonya"
LaVona Fay Golden"Remember Me"
"Coco""Coco"
Pixar 2016"Moonlight"
A24Barry Jenkins
"Moonlight"Casey Affleck
"Manchester by the Sea"
Lee ChandlerEmma Stone
"La La Land"
Mia DolanMahershala Ali
"Moonlight"
JuanViola Davis
"Fences"
Rose Lee Maxson"City of Stars"
"La La Land""Zootopia"
Disney 2015"Spotlight"
Open Road FilmsTom McCarthy
"Spotlight"Leonardo DiCaprio
"The Revenant"
Hugh GlassBrie Larson
"Room"
Joy "Ma" NewsomeMark Rylance
"Bridge of Spies"
Rudolf AbelAlicia Vikander
"The Danish Girl"
Gerda Wegener"Writing's on the Wall"
"Spectre""Inside Out"
Pixar 2014"Birdman"
Fox Searchlight PicturesAlejandro G. Inarritu
"Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)"Eddie Redmayne
"The Theory of Everything"
Stephen HawkingJulianne Moore
"Still Alice"
Dr. Alice HowlandJ.K. Simmons
"Whiplash"
Terence FletcherPatricia Arquette
"Boyhood"
Olivia Evans"Glory"
"Selma""Big Hero 6"
Disney 2013"12 Years a Slave"
Fox Searchlight PicturesSteve McQueen
"12 Years a Slave"Matthew McConaughey
"Dallas Buyers Club"
Ron WoodroofCate Blanchett
"Blue Jasmine"
Jeanette "Jasmine" FrancisJared Leto
"Dallas Buyers Club"
RayonLupita Nyong'o
"12 Years a Slave"
Patsey"Let It Go"
"Frozen""Frozen"
Disney 2012"Argo"
Warner Bros. PicturesBen Affleck
"Argo"Daniel Day-Lewis
"Lincoln"
Abraham Lincoln
This was Daniel Day-Lewis' third win. He has the most wins for Best Actor.Jennifer Lawrence
"Silver Linings Playbook"
Tiffany MaxwellChristoph Waltz
"Django Unchained"
Dr. King SchultzAnne Hathaway
"Les Miserables"
Fantine"Skyfall"
"Skyfall""Brave"
Pixar 2011"The Artist"
Warner Bros. FranceMichel Hazanavicius
"The Artist"Jean Dujardin
"The Artist"
George ValentinMeryl Streep
"The Iron Lady"
Margaret ThatcherChristopher Plummer
"Beginners"
Hal FieldsOctavia Spencer
"The Help"
Minerva 'Minny' Jackson"Man or Muppet"
"The Muppets""Rango"
Nickelodeon Movies 2010"The King's Speech"
Paramount PicturesTom Hooper
"The King's Speech"Colin Firth
"The King's Speech"
King George VINatalie Portman
"Black Swan"
Nina SayersChristian Bale
"The Fighter"
Dicky EklundMelissa Leo
"The Fighter"
Alice Eklund-Ward"We Belong Together"
"Toy Story 3""Toy Story 3"
Pixar YearBest Picture
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Original Song
Best Animated Feature Film
2009"The Hurt Locker"
Summit EntertainmentKathryn Bigelow
"The Hurt Locker"Jeff Bridges
"Crazy Heart"
Otis "Bad" BlakeSandra Bullock
"The Blind Side"
Leigh Anne TuohyChristoph Waltz
"Inglourious Basterds"
SS Colonel Hans LandaMo'Nique
"Precious"
Mary Lee Johnston"The Weary Kind"
"Crazy Heart""Up"
Pixar 2008"Slumdog Millionaire"
Fox Searchlight PicturesDanny Boyle
"Slumdog Millionaire"Sean Penn
"Milk"
Harvey MilkKate Winslet
"The Reader"
Hanna SchmitzHeath Ledger
"The Dark Knight"
The Joker
Heath Ledger is the only posthumous winner of the Academy Award for Best Supporting ActorPenelope Cruz
"Vicky Cristina Barcelona"
María Elena"Jai Ho"
"Slumdog Millionaire""WALL-E"
Pixar 2007"No Country for Old Men"
Miramax FilmsJoel Coen and Ethan Coen
"No Country for Old Men"Daniel Day-Lewis
"There Will Be Blood"
Daniel PlainviewMarion Cotillard
"La Vie en Rose"
Édith PiafJavier Bardem
"No Country for Old Men"
Anton ChigurhTilda Swinton
"Michael Clayton"
Karen Crowder"Falling Slowly"
"Once""Ratatouille"
Pixar 2006"The Departed"
Warner Bros. PicturesMartin Scorsese
"The Departed"Forest Whitaker
"The Last King of Scotland"
Idi AminHelen Mirren
"The Queen"
Queen Elizabeth IIAlan Arkin
"Little Miss Sunshine"
Edwin HooverJennifer Hudson
"Dreamgirls"
Effie White"I Need to Wake Up"
"An Inconvenient Truth""Happy Feet"
Village Roadshow Pictures 2005"Crash"
Lions Gate FilmsPaul Haggis
"Crash"Philip Seymour Hoffman
"Capote"
Truman CapoteReese Witherspoon
"Walk the Line"
June Carter CashGeorge Clooney
"Syriana"
Bob BarnesRachel Weisz
"The Constant Gardener"
Tessa Quayle"It's Hard out Here for a Pimp"
"Hustle & Flow""Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit"
Aardman Animations 2004"Million Dollar Baby"
Warner Bros. PicturesClint Eastwood
"Million Dollar Baby"Jamie Foxx
"Ray"
Ray CharlesHilary Swank
"Million Dollar Baby"
Maggie FitzgeraldMorgan Freeman
"Million Dollar Baby"
Eddie "Scrap-Iron" DuprisCate Blanchett
"The Aviator"
Katharine Hepburn
This is the only time an Academy Award was won for portraying an Academy Award winner"Al otro lado del rio"
"The Motorcycle Diaries""The Incredibles"
Pixar 2003"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King"
New Line CinemaPeter Jackson
"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King"Sean Penn
"Mystic River"
Jimmy MarkumCharlize Theron
"Monster"
Aileen WuornosTim Robbins
"Mystic River"
Dave BoyleRenee Zellweger
"Cold Mountain"
Ruby Thewes"Into the West"
"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King""Finding Nemo"
Pixar 2002"Chicago"
Miramax FilmsRob Marshall
"Chicago"Adrien Brody
"The Pianist"
W?adys?aw SzpilmanNicole Kidman
"The Hours"
Virginia WoolfChris Cooper
"Adaptation"
John LarocheCatherine Zeta-Jones
"Chicago"
Velma Kelly"Lose Yourself"
"8 Mile""Spirited Away"
Studio Ghibli 2001"A Beautiful Mind"
Universal PicturesRon Howard
"A Beautiful Mind"Denzel Washington
"Training Day"
Detective Alonzo HarrisHalle Berry
"Monster's Ball"
Leticia MusgroveJim Broadbent
"Iris"
John BayleyJennifer Connelly
"A Beautiful Mind"
Alicia (Lardé) Nash"If I Didn't Have You"
"Monsters, Inc.""Shrek"
DreamWorks Pictures 2000"Gladiator"
DreamWorks DistributionRidley Scott
"Gladiator"Russell Crowe
"Gladiator"
Maximus Decimus MeridiusJulia Roberts
"Erin Brockovich"
Erin BrockovichBenicio del Toro
"Traffic"
Javier RodriguezMarcia Gay Harden
"Pollack"
Lee Krasner"Things Have Changed"
"Wonder Boys" YearBest Picture
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Original Song
1999"American Beauty"
DreamWorks DistributionSam Mendes
"American Beauty"Kevin Spacey
"American Beauty"
Lester BurnhamHilary Swank
"Boys Don't Cry"
Brandon TeenaMichael Caine
"The Cider House Rules"
Dr. Wilbur LarchAngelina Jolie
"Girl, Interrupted"
Lisa Rowe"You'll Be in My Heart"
"Tarzan" 1998"Shakespeare in Love"
Miramax FilmsJohn Madden
"Shakespeare in Love"Roberto Benigni
"Life Is Beautiful"
Guido OreficeGwyneth Paltrow
"Shakespeare in Love"
Viola de LessepsJames Coburn
"Affliction"
Glen WhitehouseJudi Dench
"Shakespeare in Love"
Queen Elizabeth I"When You Believe"
"The Prince of Egypt" 1997"Titanic"
Paramount PicturesJames Cameron
"Titanic"Jack Nicholson
"As Good as It Gets"
Melvin UdallHelen Hunt
"As Good as It Gets"
Carol ConnellyRobin Williams
"Good Will Hunting"
Sean MaguireKim Basinger
"L.A. Confidential"
Lynn Bracken"My Heart Will Go On"
"Titanic" 1996"The English Patient"
Miramax FilmsAnthony Minghella
"The English Patient"Geoffrey Rush
"Shine"
David HelfgottFrances McDormand
"Fargo"
Marge GundersonCuba Gooding Jr.
"Jerry Maguire"
Rod TidwellJuliette Binoche
"The English Patient"
Hana"You Must Love Me"
"Evita" 1995"Braveheart"
Paramount PicturesMel Gibson
"Braveheart"Nicolas Cage
"Leaving Las Vegas"
Ben SandersonSusan Sarandon
"Dead Man Walking"
Helen PrejeanKevin Spacey
"The Usual Suspects"
Roger "Verbal" KintMira Sorvino
"Mighty Aphrodite"
Leslie Ash / Linda"Colors of the Wind"
"Pocahontas" 1994"Forrest Gump"
Paramount PicturesRobert Zemeckis
"Forrest Gump"Tom Hanks
"Forrest Gump"
Forrest GumpJessica Lange
"Blue Sky"
Carly MarshallMartin Landau
"Ed Wood"
Béla LugosiDianne Wiest
"Bullets Over Broadway"
Helen Sinclair"Can You Feel the Love Tonight"
"The Lion King" 1993"Schindler's List"
Universal PicturesSteven Spielberg
"Schindler's List"Tom Hanks
"Philadelphia"
Andrew BeckettHolly Hunter
"The Piano"
Ada McGrathTommy Lee Jones
"The Fugitive"
Deputy U.S. Marshal Samuel GerardAnna Paquin
"The Piano"
Flora McGrath"Streets of Philadelphia"
"Philadelphia" 1992"Unforgiven"
Warner Bros.Clint Eastwood
"Unforgiven"Clint Eastwood
"Unforgiven"
Lieutenant Colonel Frank SladeEmma Thompson
"Howards End"
Margaret SchlegelGene Hackman
"Unforgiven"
"Little" Bill DaggettMarisa Tomei
"My Cousin Vinny"
Mona Lisa Vito"A Whole New World"
"Aladdin" 1991"The Silence of the Lambs"
Orion PicturesJonathan Demme
"The Silence of the Lambs"Anthony Hopkins
"The Silence of the Lambs"
Dr. Hannibal LecterJodie Foster
"The Silence of the Lambs"
Clarice StarlingJack Palance
"City Slickers"
Curly WashburnMercedes Ruehl
"The Fisher King"
Anne Napolitano"Beauty and the Beast"
"Beauty and the Beast" 1990"Dances with Wolves"
Orion PicturesKevin Costner
"Dances with Wolves"Jeremy Irons
"Reversal of Fortune"
Claus von BülowKathy Bates
"Misery"
Annie WilkesJoe Pesci
"Goodfellas"
Tommy DeVitoWhoopi Goldberg
"Ghost"
Oda Mae Brown"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)"
"Dick Tracy" YearBest Picture
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Original Song
1989"Driving Miss Daisy"
Warner Bros.Bruce Beresford
"Driving Miss Daisy"Daniel Day-Lewis
"My Left Foot"
Christy BrownJessica Tandy
"Driving Miss Daisy"
Daisy WerthanDenzel Washington
"Glory"
Private Silas TripBrenda Fricker
"My Left Foot"
Bridget Fagan Brown"Under the Sea"
"The Little Mermaid" 1988"Rain Man"
MGM/UA Communications Co.Barry Levinson
"Rain Man"Dustin Hoffman
"Rain Man"
Raymond BabbittJodie Foster
"The Accused"
Sarah TobiasKevin Kline
"A Fish Called Wanda"
Otto WestGeena Davis
"The Accidental Tourist"
Muriel Pritchett"Let the River Run"
"Working Girl" 1987"The Last Emperor"
Columbia PicturesBernardo Bertolucci
"The Last Emperor"Michael Douglas
"Wall Street"
Gordon GekkoCher
"Moonstruck"
Loretta CastoriniSean Connery
"The Untouchables"
Jimmy MaloneOlympia Dukakis
"Moonstruck"
Rose Castorini"(I've Had) The Time of My Life"
"Dirty Dancing" 1986"Platoon"
Orion PicturesOliver Stone
"Platoon"Paul Newman
"The Color of Money"
"Fast" Eddie FelsonMarlee Matlin
"Children of a Lesser God"
Sarah NormanMichael Caine
"Hannah and Her Sisters"
Elliot DanielsDianne Wiest
"Hannah and Her Sisters"
Holly"Take My Breath Away"
"Top Gun" 1985"Out of Africa"
Universal PicturesSydney Pollack
"Out of Africa"William Hurt
"Kiss of the Spider Woman"
Luis MolinaGeraldine Page
"The Trip to Bountiful"
Carrie WattsDon Ameche
"Cocoon"
Arthur SelwynAnjelica Huston
"Prizzi's Honor"
MaeRose Prizzi"Say You, Say Me"
"White Nights" 1984"Amadeus"
Orion PicturesMilos Forman
"Amadeus"F. Murray Abraham
"Amadeus"
Antonio SalieriSally Field
"Places in the Heart"
Edna SpaldingHaing S. Ngor
"The Killing Fields"
Dith PranPeggy Ashcroft
"A Passage to India"
Mrs. Moore"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
"The Woman in Red" 1983"Terms of Endearment"
Paramount PicturesJames L. Brooks
"Terms of Endearment"Robert Duvall
"Tender Mercies"
Mac SledgeShirley MacLaine
"Terms of Endearment"
Aurora GreenwayJack Nicholson
"Terms of Endearment"
Garrett BreedloveLinda Hunt
"The Year of Living Dangerously"
Billy Kwan"Flashdance... What a Feeling"
"Flashdance" 1982"Gandhi"
Columbia PicturesRichard Attenborough
"Gandhi"Ben Kingsley
"Gandhi"
Mahatma GandhiMeryl Streep
"Sophie's Choice"
Sophie ZawistowskiLouis Gossett Jr.
"An Officer and a Gentleman"
Gunnery Sergeant Emil FoleyJessica Lange
"Tootsie"
Julie Nichols"Up Where We Belong"
"An Officer and a Gentleman" 1981"Chariots of Fire"
20th Century-FoxHugh Hudson
"Chariots of Fire"Henry Fonda
"On Golden Pond"
Norman Thayer Jr.Katharine Hepburn
"On Golden Pond"
Ethel Thayer
With four, Katharine Hepburn has the most wins for Best ActressJohn Gielgud
"Arthur"
HobsonMaureen Stapleton
"Reds"
Emma Goldman"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
"Arthur" 1980"Ordinary People"
Paramount PicturesRobert Redford
"Ordinary People"Robert De Niro
"Raging Bull"
Jake LaMottaSissy Spacek
"Coal Miner's Daughter"
Loretta LynnTimothy Hutton
"Ordinary People"
Conrad JarrettMary Steenburgen
"Melvin and Howard"
Lynda West-Dummar"Fame"
"Fame" YearBest Picture
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Original Song
1979"Kramer vs. Kramer"
Columbia PicturesRobert Benton
"Kramer vs. Kramer"Dustin Hoffman
"Kramer vs. Kramer"
Ted KramerSally Field
"Norma Rae"
Norma Rae WebsterMelvyn Douglas
"Being There"
Benjamin RandMeryl Streep
"Kramer vs. Kramer"
Joanna (Stern) Kramer"It Goes Like It Goes"
"Norma Rae" 1978"The Deer Hunter"
Universal PicturesMichael Cimino
"The Deer Hunter"Jon Voight
"Coming Home"
Luke MartinJane Fonda
"Coming Home"
Sally HydeChristopher Walken
"The Deer Hunter"
Nikonar "Nick" ChevotarevichMaggie Smith
"California Suite"
Diana Barrie"Last Dance"
"Thank God It's Friday" 1977"Annie Hall"
United ArtistsWoody Allen
"Annie Hall"Richard Dreyfuss
"The Goodbye Girl"
Elliot GarfieldDiane Keaton
"Annie Hall"
Annie HallJason Robards
"Julia"
Dashiell HammettVanessa Redgrave
"Julia"
Julia"You Light Up My Life"
"You Light Up My Life" 1976"Rocky"
United ArtistsJohn G. Avildsen
"Rocky"Peter Finch
"Network"
Howard BealeFaye Dunaway
"Network"
Diana ChristensenJason Robards
"All the President's Men"
Ben BradleeBeatrice Straight
"Network"
Louise Schumacher"Evergreen"
"A Star Is Born" 1975"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest"
United ArtistsMilos Forman
"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest"Jack Nicholson
"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest"
Randle Patrick McMurphyLouise Fletcher
"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest"
Nurse Mildred RatchedGeorge Burns
"The Sunshine Boys"
Al LewisLee Grant
"Shampoo"
Felicia Karpf"I'm Easy"
"Nashville" 1974"The Godfather Part II"
Paramount PicturesFrancis Ford Coppola
"The Godfather Part II"Art Carney
"Harry and Tonto"
Harry CoombesEllen Burstyn
"Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore"
Alice HyattRobert De Niro
"The Godfather Part II"
Young Vito CorleoneIngrid Bergman
"Murder on the Orient Express"
Greta Ohlsson"We May Never Love Like This Again"
"The Towering Inferno" 1973"The Sting"
Universal PicturesGeorge Roy Hill
"The Sting"Jack Lemmon
"Save the Tiger"
Harry StonerGlenda Jackson
"A Touch of Class"
Vicki AllessioJohn Houseman
"The Paper Chase"
Professor Charles W. Kingsfield Jr.Tatum O'Neal
"Paper Moon"
Addie Loggins"The Way We Were"
"The Way We Were" 1972"The Godfather"
Paramount PicturesBob Fosse
"Cabaret"Marlon Brando
"The Godfather"
Don Vito CorleoneLiza Minnelli
"Cabaret"
Sally BowlesJoel Grey
"Cabaret"
Master of CeremoniesEileen Heckart
"Butterflies Are Free"
Mrs. Baker"The Morning After"
"The Poseidon Adventure" 1971"The French Connection"
20th Century-FoxWilliam Friedkin
"The French Connection"Gene Hackman
"The French Connection"
Jimmy "Popeye" DoyleJane Fonda
"Klute"
Bree DanielsBen Johnson
"The Last Picture Show"
Sam the LionCloris Leachman
"The Last Picture Show"
Ruth Popper"Shaft"
"Shaft" 1970"Patton"
20th Century FoxFranklin J. Schaffner
"Patton"George C. Scott
"Patton"
General George S. PattonGlenda Jackson
"Women in Love"
Gudrun BrangwenJohn Mills
"Ryan's Daughter"
MichaelHelen Hayes
"Airport"
Ada Quonsett"For All We Know"
"Lovers and Other Strangers" YearBest Picture
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Original Song
1969"Midnight Cowboy"
United ArtistsJohn Schlesinger
"Midnight Cowboy"John Wayne
"True Grit"
Reuben "Rooster" CogburnMaggie Smith
"The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie"
Miss Jean BrodieGig Young
"They Shoot Horses"
Rocky GraverGoldie Hawn
"Cactus Flower"
Toni Simmons"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" 1968"Oliver!"
Columbia PicturesCarol Reed
"Oliver!"Cliff Robertson
"Charly"
Charly GordonBarbra Streisand and Katharine Hepburn
"Funny Girl" & "The Lion in Winter"
Characters: Fanny Brice & Eleanor of AquitaineJack Albertson
"The Subject Was Roses"
John ClearyRuth Gordon
"Rosemary's Baby"
Minnie Castevet"The Windmills of Your Mind"
"The Thomas Crown Affair" 1967"In the Heat of the Night"
United ArtistsMike Nichols
"The Graduate"Rod Steiger
"In the Heat of the Night"
Police Chief Bill GillespieKatharine Hepburn
"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner"
Christina DraytonGeorge Kennedy
"Cool Hand Luke"
DraglineEstelle Parsons
"Bonnie and Clyde"
Blanche Barrow"Talk to the Animals"
"Doctor Dolittle" 1966"A Man for All Seasons"
Columbia PicturesFred Zinnemann
"A Man for All Seasons"Paul Scofield
"A Man for All Seasons"
Sir Thomas MoreElizabeth Taylor
"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?"
MarthaWalter Matthau
"The Fortune Cookie"
"Whiplash Willie" GingrichSandy Dennis
"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?"
Honey"Born Free"
"Born Free" 1965"The Sound of Music"
20th Century-FoxRobert Wise
"The Sound of Music"Lee Marvin
"Cat Ballou"
Kid Shelleen & Tim StrawnJulie Christie
"Darling"
Diana ScottMartin Balsam
"A Thousand Clowns"
Arnold BurnsShelley Winters
"A Patch of Blue"
Rose-Ann D'Arcey"The Shadow of Your Smile"
"The Sandpiper" 1964"My Fair Lady"
Warner Bros.George Cukor
"My Fair Lady"Rex Harrison
"My Fair Lady"
Professor Henry HigginsJulie Andrews
"Mary Poppins"
Mary PoppinsPeter Ustinov
"Topkapi"
Arthur Simon SimpsonLila Kedrova
"Zorba the Greek"
Madame Hortense"Chim Chim Cher-ee"
"Mary Poppins" 1963"Tom Jones"
United ArtistsTony Richardson
"Tom Jones"Sidney Poitier
"Lilies of the Field"
Homer SmithPatricia Neal
"Hud"
Alma BrownMelvyn Douglas
"Hud"
Homer BannonMargaret Rutherford
"The V.I.P.s"
The Duchess of Brighton"Call Me Irresponsible"
"Papa's Delicate Condition" 1962"Lawrence of Arabia"
Columbia PicturesDavid Lean
"Lawrence of Arabia"Gregory Peck
"To Kill a Mockingbird"
Atticus FinchAnne Bancroft
"The Miracle Worker"
Annie SullivanEd Begley
"Sweet Bird of Youth"
Tom "Boss" FinleyPatty Duke
"The Miracle Worker"
Helen Keller"Days of Wine and Roses"
"Days of Wine and Roses" 1961"West Side Story"
United ArtistsRobert Wise and Jerome Robbins
"West Side Story"Maximilian Schell
"Judgment at Nuremberg"
Hans RolfeSophia Loren
"Two Women"
CesiraGeorge Chakiris
"West Side Story"
Bernardo NuñezRita Moreno
"West Side Story"
Anita"Moon River"
"Breakfast at Tiffany's" 1960"The Apartment"
United ArtistsBilly Wilder
"The Apartment"Burt Lancaster
"Elmer Gantry"
Elmer GantryElizabeth Taylor
"BUtterfield 8"
Gloria WandrousPeter Ustinov
"Spartacus"
Lentulus BatiatusShirley Jones
"Elmer Gantry"
Lulu Bains"Never on Sunday"
"Never on Sunday" YearBest Picture
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Original Song
1959"Ben-Hur"
Loew's, Inc.William Wyler
"Ben-Hur"Charlton Heston
"Ben-Hur"
Judah Ben-HurSimone Signoret
"Room at the Top"
Alice AisgillHugh Griffith
"Ben-Hur"
Sheik IlderimShelley Winters
"The Diary of Anne Frank"
Petronella van Daan"High Hopes"
"A Hole in the Head" 1958"Gigi"
Metro-Goldwyn-MayerVincente Minnelli
"Gigi"David Niven
"Separate Tables"
Major David Angus PollockSusan Hayward
"I Want to Live!"
Barbara GrahamBurl Ives
"The Big Country"
Rufus HannasseyWendy Hiller
"Separate Tables"
Miss Pat Cooper"Gigi"
"Gigi" 1957"The Bridge on the River Kwai"
Columbia PicturesDavid Lean
"The Bridge on the River Kwai"Alec Guinness
"The Bridge on the River Kwai"
Lieutenant Colonel NicholsonJoanne Woodward
"The Three Faces of Eve"
Eve White/Eve Black/JaneRed Buttons
"Sayonara"
Airman Joe KellyMiyoshi Umeki
"Sayonara"
Katsumi Kelly"All the Way"
"The Joker Is Wild" 1956"Around the World in 80 Days"
United ArtistsGeorge Stevens
"Giant"Yul Brynner
"The King and I"
King Mongkut of SiamIngrid Bergman
"Anastasia"
Anna Koreff/AnastasiaAnthony Quinn
"Lust for Life"
Paul GauguinDorothy Malone
"Written on the Wind"
Marylee Hadley"Que Sera, Sera"
"The Man Who Knew Too Much" 1955"Marty"
United ArtistsDelbert Mann
"Marty"Ernest Borgnine
"Marty"
Marty PilettiAnna Magnani
"The Rose Tattoo"
Serafina Delle RoseJack Lemmon
"Mister Roberts"
Ensign Frank Thurlowe PulverJo Van Fleet
"East of Eden"
Cathy Ames / Kate Trask (Albey)"Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing"
"Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing" 1954"On the Waterfront"
Columbia PicturesElia Kazan
"On the Waterfront"Marlon Brando
"On the Waterfront"
Terry MalloyGrace Kelly
"The Country Girl"
Georgie ElginEdmond O'Brien
"The Barefoot Contessa"
Oscar MuldoonEva Marie Saint
"On the Waterfront"
Edie Doyle"Three Coins in the Fountain"
"Three Coins in the Fountain" 1953"From Here to Eternity"
Columbia PicturesFred Zinnemann
"From Here to Eternity"William Holden
"Stalag 17"
Sergeant J.J. SeftonAudrey Hepburn
"Roman Holiday"
Princess AnnFrank Sinatra
"From Here to Eternity"
Private Angelo MaggioDonna Reed
"From Here to Eternity"
Alma Burke / Lorene"Secret Love"
"Calamity Jane" 1952"The Greatest Show on Earth"
Paramount PicturesJohn Ford
"The Quiet Man" Little Sheba
"Gary Cooper"
Marshal Will KaneShirley Booth
"Come Back"
Lola DelaneyThe Bad and the Beautiful
"Anthony Quinn"
Eufemio ZapataHigh Noon
"Gloria Grahame"
Rosemary Bartlow"The Ballad of High Noon"
"High Noon 1951"An American in Paris"
Loew's, Inc.George Stevens
"A Place in the Sun"Humphrey Bogart
"The African Queen"
Charlie AllnutVivien Leigh
"A Streetcar Named Desire"
Blanche DuBoisKarl Malden
"A Streetcar Named Desire"
Harold "Mitch" MitchellKim Hunter
"A Streetcar Named Desire"
Stella Kowalski"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening"
"Here Comes the Groom" 1950"All About Eve"
20th Century-FoxJoseph L. Mankiewicz
"All About Eve"Jose Ferrer
"Cyrano de Bergerac"
Cyrano de BergeracJudy Holliday
"Born Yesterday"
Emma "Billie" DawnGeorge Sanders
"All About Eve"
Addison DeWittJosephine Hull
"Harvey"
Veta Louise Simmons"Mona Lisa"
"Captain Carey, U.S.A." YearBest Picture
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Original Song
1949"All the King's Men"
Columbia PicturesJoseph L. Mankiewicz
"A Letter to Three Wives"Broderick Crawford
"All the King's Men"
Willie StarkOlivia de Havilland
"The Heiress"
Catherine SloperDean Jagger
"Twelve O'Clock High"
Major Harvey StovallMercedes McCambridge
"All the King's Men"
Sadie Burke"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
"Neptune's Daughter" 1948"Hamlet"
Rank Film Distributors Ltd.John Huston
"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre"Laurence Olivier
"Hamlet"
Hamlet, Prince of DenmarkJane Wyman
"Johnny Belinda"
Belinda McDonaldWalter Huston
"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre"
HowardClaire Trevor
"Key Largo"
Gaye Dawn"Buttons and Bows"
"The Paleface" 1947"Gentleman's Agreement"
20th Century-FoxElia Kazan
"Gentleman's Agreement"Ronald Colman
"A Double Life"
Anthony JohnLoretta Young
"The Farmer's Daughter"
Katie HolstromEdmund Gwenn
"Miracle on 34th Street"
Kris KringleCeleste Holm
"Gentleman's Agreement"
Anne Dettrey"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"
"Song of the South" 1946"The Best Years of Our Lives"
RKO Radio PicturesWilliam Wyler
"The Best Years of Our Lives"Fredric March
"The Best Years of Our Lives"
Platoon Sergeant Al StephensonOlivia de Havilland
"To Each His Own"
Josephine "Jody" NorrisHarold Russell
"The Best Years of Our Lives"
Homer ParrishAnne Baxter
"The Razor's Edge"
Sophie MacDonald"On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe"
"The Harvey Girls" 1943"Casablanca"
Warner Bros.Michael Curtiz
"Casablanca"Paul Lukas
"Watch on the Rhine"
Kurt MullerJennifer Jones
"The Song of Bernadette"
Bernadette SoubirousCharles Coburn
"The More the Merrier"
Benjamin DingleKatina Paxinou
"For Whom the Bell Tolls"
Pilar"You'll Never Know"
"Hello, Frisco, Hello" 1942"Mrs. Miniver"
Metro-Goldwyn-MayerWilliam Wyler
"Mrs. Miniver"James Cagney
"Yankee Doodle Dandy"
George M. CohanGreer Garson
"Mrs. Miniver"
Kay MiniverVan Heflin
"Johnny Eager"
Jeff HartnettTheresa Wright
"Mrs. Miniver"
Carol Beldon"White Christmas"
"Holiday Inn" 1941"How Green Was My Valley"
20th Century-FoxJohn Ford
"How Green Was My Valley"Gary Cooper
"Sergeant York"
Sgt. Alvin YorkJoan Fontaine
"Suspicion"
Lina McLaidlaw AysgarthDonald Crisp
"How Green Was My Valley"
Gwilym MorganMary Astor
"The Great Lie"
Sandra Kovak"The Last Time I Saw Paris"
"Lady Be Good" 1940"Rebecca"
United ArtistsJohn Ford
"The Grapes of Wrath"James Stewart
"The Philadelphia Story"
Macaulay "Mike" ConnorGinger Rogers
"Kitty Foyle"
Kitty FoyleWalter Brennan
"The Westerner"
Judge Roy Bean
This was Brennan's third win. He has the most wins for Best Supporting ActorJane Darwell
"The Grapes of Wrath"
'Ma' Joad"When You Wish Upon a Star"
"Pinocchio" YearBest Picture
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Original Song
1939"Gone with the Wind"
Loew's Inc.Victor Fleming
"Gone with the Wind"Robert Donat
"Goodbye"
Charles Edward ChippingVivien Leigh
"Gone with the Wind"
Scarlett O'HaraThomas Mitchell
Stagecoach
Dr. Josiah BooneHattie McDaniel
"Gone with the Wind"
'Mammy'"Over the Rainbow"
"The Wizard of Oz" 1938"You Can't Take It with You"
Columbia PicturesFrank Capra
"You Can't Take It with You"Spencer Tracy
"Boys Town"
Father Edward FlanaganBette Davis
"Jezebel"
Julie MarsdenWalter Brennan
"Kentucky"
Peter GoodwinFay Bainter
"Jezebel"
Aunt Belle Massey"Thanks for the Memory"
"The Big Broadcast of 1938" 1937"The Life of Emile Zola"
Warner Bros.Leo McCarey
"The Awful Truth"Spencer Tracy
"Captains Courageous"
Manuel FidelloLuise Rainer
"The Good Earth"
O-LanJoseph Schildkraut
"The Life of Emile Zola"
Captain Alfred DreyfusAlice Brady
"In Old Chicago"
Molly O'Leary"Sweet Leilani"
"Waikiki Wedding" 1936"The Great Ziegfeld"
Metro-Goldwyn-MayerFrank Capra
"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town"Paul Muni
"The Story of Louis Pasteur"
Louis PasteurLuise Rainer
"The Great Ziegfeld"
Anna HeldWalter Brennan
"Come and Get It"
Swan BostromGale Sondergaard
"Anthony Adverse"
Faith Paleologus"The Way You Look Tonight"
"Swing Time" 1935"Mutiny on the Bounty"
Metro-Goldwyn-MayerJohn Ford
"The Informer"Victor McLaglen
"The Informer"
Gypo NolanBette Davis
"Dangerous"
Joyce Heath"Lullaby of Broadway"
"Gold Diggers of 1935" 1934"It Happened One Night"
Columbia PicturesFrank Capra
"It Happened One Night"Clark Gable
"It Happened One Night"
Peter WarneClaudette Colbert
"It Happened One Night"
Ellen "Ellie" Andrews"The Continental"
"The Gay Divorcee" 1932"Cavalcade"
Fox Film CorporationFrank Lloyd
"Cavalcade"Charles Laughton
"The Private Life of Henry VIII"
King Henry VIIIKatharine Hepburn
"Morning Glory"
Eva Lovelace 1931"Grand Hotel"
Metro-Goldwyn-MayerFrank Borzage
"Bad Girl"Wallace Beery and Fredric March
"The Champ" and "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"
Wallace Beery as Andy "Champ" Purcell
Fredric March as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde
This is one of only six ties in Oscar historyHelen Hayes
"The Sin of Madelon Claudet"
Madelon Claudet 1930"Cimarron"
RKO Radio PicturesNorman Taurog
"Skippy"Lionel Barrymore
"A Free Soul"
Stephen AsheMarie Dressler
"Min and Bill"
Min Divot YearBest Picture
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
1929"All Quiet on the Western Front"
Universal PicturesLewis Milestone
"All Quiet on the Western Front"George Arliss
"Disraeli"
Benjamin DisraeliNancy Carroll
"The Devil's Holiday"
Jerry Bernard Martin 1928"The Broadway Melody"
Metro-Goldwyn-MayerFrank Lloyd
"The Divine Lady"Warner Baxter
"In Old Arizona"
The Cisco KidMary Pickford
"Coquette"
Norma Besant 1927"Wings"
Paramount Famous Lasky CorporationFrank Borzage
"7th Heaven"Emil Jannings
"The Last Command/The Way of All Flesh"
Characters: Grand Duke Sergius Alexander in "The Last Command" and August Schilling in "The Way of All Flesh"Janet Gaynor
"7th Heaven", "Street Angel", & "Sunrise"
Characters: Diane in "7th Heaven", Angela in "Street Angel", & The Wife in "Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans" YearBest Picture
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Original Song
Best Animated Feature Film
Sam Spiegel (3)
John Ford (4)
Daniel Day-Lewis (3)
Katharine Hepburn (4)
Walter Brennan (3)
Dianne Wiest (2)
Sammy Cahn (4)
Pixar (11)
Saul Zaentz (3)
Frank Capra (3
Nine Actors (2)
Frances McDormand (3)
Seven Actors (2)
Shelley Winters (2)
Johnny Mercer (4)
Walt Disney (4)
Seven Producers (2)
William Wyler (3)
Twelve Actresses (2)
Alan Menken (4)
DreamWorks (2)
Eighteen Directors (2)
Jimmy Van Heusen (4)
Studio Ghibli (1)
Five Artists (3)
|
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https://www.statista.com/companies/o/25172599/sinopharm-group-co-ltd
|
en
|
Sinopharm Group company profile
|
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In 2022 the revenue of Sinopharm Group grew by 6%, reaching an all-time high. The company engages in the sector 'Pharmaceuticals, Medicinal Chemical & Botanical Products'.
|
en
|
Statista
|
https://www.statista.com/companies/o/25172599/sinopharm-group
|
All companiesSinopharm Group
Sinopharm Group
Sinopharm Group was founded in 2008 and operates in Shanghai, China. The company engages in the sector 'Pharmaceuticals, Medicinal Chemical & Botanical Products' (ISIC: 2100). This industry belongs to the broader 'Pharmaceuticals' (ISIC: 21) sector. Companies in the basic pharmaceutical product manufacturing industry manufacture medicinal active substances that are used for their pharmacological properties to make medications, including antibiotics, basic vitamins, salicylic acids and aspirin. The industry also includes companies that process blood and glands and manufacture chemically pure sugars.
Overview
CEO
Founding year
2008
Main industry
ISIC
2100
Operating status
IPO status
Corporate family and ownership
Get in touch with us. We are happy to help.
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https://www.euronews.com/2021/05/07/who-approves-china-s-sinopharm-vaccine-for-emergency-use
|
en
|
WHO approves China's Sinopharm vaccine for emergency use
|
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[
"WHO",
"China",
"sinopharm"
] | null |
[
"Euronews"
] |
2021-05-07T00:00:00
|
Sinopharm can now be used and distributed as part of the COVAX mechanism.
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
|
euronews
|
https://www.euronews.com/2021/05/07/who-approves-china-s-sinopharm-vaccine-for-emergency-use
|
The World Health Organization has given the green light to the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, paving the way for use of the Chinese-made worldwide.
Created by the Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Company, a subsidiary of China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Sinopharm can now be distributed as part of COVAX, the UN-led mechanism that provides COVID-19 vaccines to countries in the developing world.
“The addition of this vaccine has the potential to rapidly accelerate COVID-19 vaccine access for countries seeking to protect health workers and populations at risk,” said Mariângela Simão, WHO assistant-director general for access to health products, in a press release on Friday.
“We urge the manufacturer to participate in the COVAX Facility and contribute to the goal of more equitable vaccine distribution.”
WHO's emergency listing was given to Sinopharm after inspections of its manufacturing facilities. It estimates that Siopharm is 79% effective against coronavirus.
WHO has also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, and Moderna vaccines for emergency use.
Sinopharm is already in wide use in Europe, including in Serbia - where it is produced - and Hungary.
|
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| 41
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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/7/who-approves-emergency-use-of-chinas-sinopharm-covid-vaccine
|
en
|
WHO approves emergency use of China’s Sinopharm COVID vaccine
|
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[
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"Al Jazeera"
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2021-05-07T00:00:00
|
Sinopharm could now be included in the UN-backed COVAX programme distributing COVID jabs to lower income countries.
|
en
|
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Al Jazeera
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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/7/who-approves-emergency-use-of-chinas-sinopharm-covid-vaccine
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The World Health Organization has approved the emergency use of a COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by China’s Sinopharm.
Friday’s decision by a WHO technical advisory group, a first for a Chinese vaccine, opens the possibility that Sinopharm’s offering could be included in the United Nations-backed COVAX programme in coming weeks or months, and distributed through United Nations children’s agency UNICEF and WHO’s Americas regional office.
Aside from efficacy numbers, the Chinese manufacturer has released very little public data about its two vaccines – one developed by its Beijing Institute of Biological Products and the other by the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products.
The Beijing-made Sinopharm shot is one the WHO advisory group considered for the emergency use listing.
“This afternoon, WHO gave emergency use listing to sign off on Beijing’s COVID-19 vaccine, making it the sixth vaccine to receive WHO validation for safety, efficacy and quality,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhahom Ghebreyesus said.
The Sinopharm vaccine will join ones made by Pfizer-BioNTech, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and a version of the AstraZeneca vaccine made by the Serum Institute of India, in receiving the coveted authorisation from the UN health agency.
“This expands the list of vaccines that COVAX can buy and gives countries confidence to expedite their own regulatory approval and to import and administer a vaccine,” Tedros said at a Geneva news conference.
‘Very confident’
Previously, a separate group advising WHO on vaccines said it was “very confident” the Sinopharm vaccine protects people aged 18-59.
The group said it had a “low level of confidence” in the vaccine’s efficacy for people 60 and over.
Its members said they had “very low confidence” in the available data about serious side effects in that age group.
Sinopharm has not published its late-stage test results in scientific journals, so the WHO requested a breakdown of its data, which come mostly from the United Arab Emirates.
A summary posted online by WHO suggests the vaccine is about 78 percent effective, with the caveat that all but a few hundred of the study volunteers were younger than 60.
Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, which co-runs COVAX, welcomed WHO’s approval of emergency use.
“This means the world has yet another safe and effective tool in the fight against this pandemic,” the alliance said.
The public-private partnership said it was in discussions with several manufacturers, including Sinopharm, “to expand and diversify the portfolio further and secure access to additional doses” for countries in the COVAX programme.
COVAX aims to send vaccines for free to 92 lower-income countries and to help another 99 countries and territories procure them.
It was not immediately clear when the Chinese vaccine might be made available to the COVAX portfolio.
Senior WHO adviser Bruce Aylward said it would be up to Sinopharm to say how many doses of its vaccine it can provide to the programme, but added: “They are looking at trying to provide substantial support, make substantial doses available while at the same time of course trying to serve China’s population.”
“Its easy storage requirements make it highly suitable for low-resource settings,” a WHO statement said.
Tedros said that, following the approval, its separate Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) had recommended that adults over 18 receive two doses of the Sinopharm vaccine.
“On the basis of all available evidence, WHO recommends the vaccine for adults 18 years and older, in a two-dose schedule with a spacing of three to four weeks,” the WHO statement said.
The WHO has said it could reach a decision on China’s other main COVID-19 vaccine, made by Sinovac Biotech, next week. The technical experts reviewed it on Wednesday.
Arnaud Didierlaurent, chair of WHO’s technical advisory group, told the press conference: “We have started to review the report from Sinovac. We actually requested additional information to the manufacturer … which we hope to receive very soon to make a decision.”
China has deployed around 65 million doses of the Sinopharm vaccine and more than 200 million doses of the Sinovac shot.
Both have been exported to many countries, particularly in Latin America, Asia and Africa, many of which have had difficulty securing supplies of vaccines developed in the West
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https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57817591
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en
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Covid: What do we know about China's coronavirus vaccines?
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"BBC News"
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2021-07-13T09:12:58+00:00
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Sinovac and Sinopharm jabs are being used in many countries that are seeing a surge of infections.
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en
|
/bbcx/apple-touch-icon.png
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https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57817591
|
Chinese vaccine producers Sinovac and Sinopharm have signed on to global vaccine sharing scheme Covax, which aims to distribute vaccines to poorer countries.
The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (Gavi) said it would make 110 million doses of the vaccines available as part of the scheme.
Covax has agreements with the manufacturers of 11 vaccines and plans to provide 2 billion doses across the world by early 2022.
Both Sinopharm and Sinovac, which have been approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for emergency use, are already being used in China and dozens of countries around the world.
But what do we know about China's vaccines and how do they compare to those being developed elsewhere?
How does the Sinovac vaccine work?
The Beijing-based biopharmaceutical company Sinovac is behind the CoronaVac, an inactivated vaccine.
It works by using killed viral particles to expose the body's immune system to the virus without risking a serious disease response.
By comparison the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines are mRNA vaccines. This means part of the coronavirus' genetic code is injected into the body, triggering the body to begin making viral proteins, but not the whole virus, which is enough to train the immune system to attack.
"CoronaVac is a more traditional method [of vaccine] that is successfully used in many well known vaccines like rabies," Associate Prof Luo Dahai of the Nanyang Technological University told the BBC.
On paper, one of Sinovac's main advantages is that it can be stored in a standard refrigerator at 2-8 degrees Celsius, like the Oxford vaccine, which is made from a genetically engineered virus that causes the common cold in chimpanzees.
In contrast Moderna's vaccine needs to be stored at -20C and Pfizer's vaccine at -70C.
It means that both Sinovac and the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine are a lot more useful to developing countries which may not have the facilities to store large amounts of vaccine at such low temperatures.
How effective is it?
The WHO said studies showed the Sinovac vaccine "prevented symptomatic disease in 51% of those vaccinated and prevented severe Covid-19 and hospitalization in 100% of the studied population" for adults aged 18 and older, when it approved the jab in June.
It added that only a few adults over the age of 60 were enrolled in clinical trials, so efficacy could not be estimated for that age group.
According to a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine showing results from Chile, Sinovac has an efficacy rate of 65.9% against Covid-19, is 87.5% effective at preventing hospitalisation and 86.3% effective at preventing death.
However, there is little data about its effectiveness against the Delta variant.
What about the Sinopharm vaccine?
The WHO approved the Sinopharm vaccine which is produced by a Chinese state-owned company.
Like Sinovac, it is an inactivated vaccine which triggers the production of antibodies that fight the coronavirus.
The virus is killed before being injected into people's bodies, so it can't transmit Covid-19.
At the time, the WHO said: "Vaccine efficacy for symptomatic and hospitalized disease was estimated to be 79%, all age groups combined."
However, it added once again that there wasn't enough over 60s enrolled in clinical trials to estimate the efficacy for the age group. It still recommends the vaccine for older people though.
China has administered more than a billion doses of its vaccines to its residents, according to China's National Health Commission.
The spread of the coronavirus within China has for the most part been contained - and the country has largely opened up.
Which countries are administering China's vaccines?
More than 80 countries are using China's Covid vaccines, including many in Asia, among them Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines.
However, some countries that opted for the Chinese jabs have high vaccination rates, and are still seeing a surge in infection numbers.
For instance, Chile re-imposed a curfew and brought back restrictions on travelling in response to the Delta variant, which is more transmissible than previous variants.
More than 70% of Chileans are fully vaccinated, most with the Sinovac vaccine.
The Seychelles and Mongolia, meanwhile, have recently recorded some of the highest increase in cases per capita, despite their small populations.
Both are relying heavily on Sinopharm and their vaccination programmes are advanced: 68% of adults are fully vaccinated in the Seychelles and 55% in Mongolia.
Thailand has changed its vaccine policy to mix China's Sinovac with the AstraZeneca vaccine in a bid to boost protection after hundreds of medical workers caught Covid despite being fully vaccinated with Sinovac.
Meanwhile in Indonesia, the main doctors and nurses' association said at least 30 healthcare workers died despite receiving two doses of the Sinovac vaccine.
The country is now planning to switch to different Covid-19 vaccines for second doses or administer booster shots to increase efficacy.
So are the vaccines failing?
Vaccines are not the only factor to explain what's going on in these countries.
One reason could be that the efficacy of vaccines might be waning or they are not as effective against new variants.
Pfizer has said recently that it will seek authorisation for a booster shot in the United States to improve immunity.
In Indonesia, the main doctors' association said comorbidities may have played some part in the death of healthcare workers.
The country also has extremely low vaccination rates - with just over 5% of its population receiving both doses.
In Chile, some experts have blamed the spike in cases on people mingling too soon after getting the first dose of the vaccine.
Prof Ben Cowling, head of epidemiology and biostatics at University of Hong Kong, said despite having a "modest efficacy" against symptomatic Covid, both Sinovac and Sinopharm give "very high level of protection" against severe disease.
How do variants affect vaccines?
The Sinovac and Sinopharm studies, however, tested the efficacy of vaccines against the virus that was first found in the Chinese city of Wuhan. No new data has been published on how they fare against variants.
Based on studies trying to model immune protection from the virus, Prof Cowling estimates the protection offered by inactivated virus vaccines against the Delta variant could be as much as 20% lower compared to the original strain.
His calculations suggest an even larger reduction against the Beta variant first found in South Africa, which is the one that most differs from the original virus.
Professor Jin Dong-yan, a virologist also from the University of Hong Kong, told the BBC it's "expected" that the efficacy of the Chinese vaccines will go down against the variants, including Delta.
But he said "Sinovac and Sinopharm are good vaccines" and people who do not have access to vaccines with higher efficacy should still receive their injections.
However, he said, they should continue to follow social distancing rules and other measures to curb infections.
Reporting by Pablo Uchoa and Yvette Tan
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https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-coronavirus-pandemic-health-26f3a36ec882c8807ea729fb30eb0381
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en
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WHO panel OKs emergency use of China’s Sinopharm vaccine
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"JAMEY KEATEN"
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2021-05-07T16:26:17+00:00
|
The World Health Organization has given its authorization for emergency use of a COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by China’s Sinopharm.
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
|
AP News
|
https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-coronavirus-pandemic-health-26f3a36ec882c8807ea729fb30eb0381
|
GENEVA (AP) — The World Health Organization gave emergency use authorization Friday to a COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by China’s Sinopharm, potentially paving the way for millions of the doses to reach needy countries through a U.N.-backed program rolling out coronavirus vaccines.
The decision by a WHO technical advisory group — a first for a Chinese vaccine — opens the possibility that Sinopharm’s offering could be included in the U.N.-backed COVAX program in coming weeks or months and distributed through UNICEF and the WHO’s Americas regional office.
Aside from efficacy numbers, the Chinese manufacturer has released very little public data about its two vaccines — one developed by its Beijing Institute of Biological Products and the other by the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products.
The Beijing shot is one the WHO advisory group considered for the emergency use listing.
“This afternoon, WHO gave emergency use listing to sign off on Beijing’s COVID-19 vaccine, making it the sixth vaccine to receive WHO validation for safety, efficacy and quality,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhahom Ghebreysus told reporters.
.The Sinopharm vaccine will join ones made by Pfizer-BioNTech, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and a version of the AstraZeneca vaccine made by the Serum Institute of India, in receiving the coveted authorization from the U.N. health agency.
The announcement raised the prospect that the Chinese vaccine, which has already been exported by millions of doses in some countries, could join the U.N.’s arsenal against COVID-19 at a time when supplies of other Western-made or -developed vaccines have been lacking.
“The addition of (the Sinopharm) vaccine has the potential to rapidly accelerate COVID-19 vaccine access for countries seeking to protect health workers and populations at risk,” said Dr. Mariangela Simao, WHO assistant director general for access to health products.
Arnaud Didierlaurent, a professor at the University of Geneva’s medical school who chairs the advisory group, said it had requested additional studies from Sinopharm, and that there would be “continuous evaluation” of the vaccine.
“In fact, the work does not stop after the listing,” he said.
Medical regulators in the European Union, Britain and the United States have not examined the Sinopharm jab, which relies on relatively old vaccine technology.
The WHO, in what it called a first, said the vaccine would come a small sticker on the vaccine vials that changes color as it is exposed to heat, which will inform health workers about whether the vaccine can be safely used.
Previously, a separate group advising WHO on vaccines said it was “very confident” the Sinopharm vaccine protects people ages 18-59. The group said it had a “low level of confidence” in the vaccine’s efficacy for people 60 and over. Its members said they had “very low confidence” in the available data about serious side effects in that age group.
Sinopharm hasn’t published its late-stage test results in scientific journals, so the WHO requested a breakdown of its data, which come mostly from the United Arab Emirates.
″(We) came to the conclusion that there is enough evidence of safety and the capacity of the vaccine to prevent severe disease or symptomatic and hospitalized cases up to 79%,” said Dr. Alejandro Cravioto, who heads the WHO advisory group on immunizations. “The information we have for people over 60 is still very scarce.”
“There is no reason to think that the vaccine would behave differently in this older age group,” he added.
Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, which co-runs COVAX, welcomed the announcement.
“This means the world has yet another safe and effective tool in the fight against this pandemic,” the alliance said. The public-private partnership said it was in discussions with several manufacturers, including Sinopharm, “to expand and diversify the portfolio further and secure access to additional doses” for countries in the COVAX program.
COVAX aims to send vaccines for free to 92 lower-income countries and to help another 99 countries and territories procure them. It was not immediately clear when the Chinese vaccine might be made available to the COVAX portfolio
The program, which has already distributed over 54 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines but faces limited supplies from Western countries and India, has been working hard to strike deals as part of its goal to procure 2 billion doses by the end of the year.
Suerie Moon, co-director of the Global Health Program at Geneva’s Graduate Institute, said the WHO decision on the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine and other Chinese vaccines will “carry a lot of weight” because of limited information publicly available about them.
“The decision is also sure to be scrutinized all around for any whiff of political bias, and no doubt the committee members were very well aware of this,” she said, noting that the decision could also be a boon for developing countries in need of coronavirus vaccines.
“If there is a greenlight, these vaccines could boost the thin stream of supplies that has been channeled through COVAX to date,” she said, as the program has been hit hard by export bans limiting vaccine supply from India. India has kept those doses amid a surge of cases at home.
Moon also said if Chinese suppliers start channeling large volumes, “this would signal a step-change in their participation in global vaccine markets.” Before the pandemic, India was a well-integrated player in the global health vaccine supply system, but China was not, she said.
WHO’s decision on Sinopharm, months in the making, was particularly complex because the vaccine has not faced the high-level scrutiny of a rigorous medicines regulator like those in Europe and the U.S.
The WHO panel relied frequently on those Western agencies’ findings when it came to vaccines that it has already approved emergency use.
Many officials in countries without such regulatory structures rely on WHO’s emergency use listings to authorize vaccine rollouts for their populations.
Hundreds of millions of Chinese vaccines have already been delivered to dozens of countries around the world through bilateral deals as many scrambled to secure supplies after rich countries had reserved the vast majority of supplies from Western pharmaceutical makers.
While China has five shots in use, the majority of its exports abroad come from two companies: Sinopharm and Sinovac. A decision on Sinovac is expected next week, WHO said.
The Chinese vaccines are “inactivated” vaccines, made with killed coronavirus. Most other COVID-19 vaccines being used around the world, particularly in the West, are made with newer technologies that instead target the “spike” protein that coats the surface of the coronavirus.
Sinopharm said last month that over 100 million doses of its two vaccines have been used across the world.
Sinovac, by comparison, has shared relatively more data. Last month, a study published by a team of scientists in Brazil confirmed a previously reported efficacy rate of over 50%. A real-world study in Chile also last month found an efficacy rate of 67%.
___
Huizhong Wu in Taipei, Taiwan, and AP Medical Writers Lauran Neergaard in Washington and Maria Cheng in London contributed to this report.
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China's Covid vaccine from Sinopharm is 86% effective, UAE says
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2020-12-09T00:00:00
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The announcement was thin on details, however, and did not mention any side effects experienced by patients.
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https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/09/chinas-covid-vaccine-from-sinopharm-is-86percent-effective-uae-says-.html
|
DUBAI, United Arab Emirates — Human trials of a Chinese vaccine in the United Arab Emirates have yielded positive results, the UAE's national health authorities said Wednesday, citing an 86% efficacy rate.
The figure was announced by the UAE Ministry of Health via state news agency WAM, detailing an "interim analysis" conducted by Sinopharm's China National Biotec Group (CNBG). The Gulf state of 10 million began Phase 3 human trials of the experimental vaccine in July, and in September approved its emergency use for health workers.
"The registration of this vaccine is a decision in response to the application from Sinopharm CNBG. The announcement is a significant vote of confidence by the UAE's health authorities in the safety and efficacy of this vaccine," the health ministry said Wednesday, without elaborating on what "registration" meant. The vaccine itself was developed by CNBG's Beijing Institute of Biological Product.
The Phase 3 trials included 31,000 volunteers across 125 nationalities, the ministry said, highlighting the UAE's diverse and large expatriate population — comprising roughly 90% of the country's total population — as an advantage in carrying out human tests. The volunteers, between the ages of 18 and 60, took two doses of the vaccine over 28 days.
The announcement was thin on details, however; it did not elaborate on the parameters of the trials like how many patients were given the vaccine dosage versus placebos, and did not mention any side effects experienced by patients.
After citing the 86% efficacy figure, the ministry said: "The analysis also shows the vaccine to have 99 percent seroconversion rate of neutralising antibody and 100 percent effectiveness in preventing moderate and severe cases of the disease." Seroconversion is the process by which an antibody becomes identifiable in a patient's blood.
It added that "the analysis shows no serious safety concerns."
It is unclear how the 86% efficacy figure was calculated. CNBC has reached out to Sinopharm for comment.
Dubai ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum in early November reported that he received the trial vaccine, shortly after the UAE's Minister of Foreign Affairs Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed al Nahyan received it, both tweeting images of themselves being vaccinated and praising the work of the medical workers behind the effort.
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These Are the EU Countries That Permit Entry for Those Vaccinated With Sinopharm
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"Shkurta Januzi"
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2021-09-08T20:24:21+00:00
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Even though the COVID-19 Delta variant continues to be highly prevalent in the European continent and further in the world, the majority of the European Union and Schengen Area countries still welcome travellers who have been fully vaccinated against the disease. However, since a large share of the EU/Schengen Area countries does not recognise the […]
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SchengenNews
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https://schengen.news/these-are-the-eu-countries-that-permit-entry-for-those-vaccinated-with-sinopharm/
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Even though the COVID-19 Delta variant continues to be highly prevalent in the European continent and further in the world, the majority of the European Union and Schengen Area countries still welcome travellers who have been fully vaccinated against the disease.
However, since a large share of the EU/Schengen Area countries does not recognise the vaccine doses other than those approved for use by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the travel process has been complicated for quite some time now, .
Based on the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) figures, at the moment, all EU countries recognise the vaccine doses approved by EMA – Pfizer/BioNTech (Comirnaty), Moderna (Spikevax), AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria), and Johnson & Johnson (Janssen).
Still, when it comes to the shots that have been listed for emergency use by the World Health Organization (WHO), part of which is Sinopharm, the case is not the same. This is because Sinopharm has not been approved by EMA yet, making it less recognisable within the EU countries.
According to the data provided by a new vaccine-checker tool developed by VisaGuide.World, which enables travellers to check the validity of their vaccine, the following EU and Schengen Area countries accept Sinopharm as valid proof of immunity against COVID-19:
Austria
Cyprus
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
Finland
Switzerland
Spain is among the first countries to recognise the Sinopharm vaccine. While the other countries were permitting entry only to travellers immunised with an EMA-approved vaccine, back at that time, the country’s authorities highlighted that “any vaccine authorised for marketing by the European Medicines Agency, EMA and WHO will be accepted”.
In order to facilitate the travel process and in support of the free movement, Netherlands also decided to permit entry to all persons vaccinated with Sinopharm. The Netherlands accepts a vaccination certificate that indicates that the holder has been immunised with Sinopharm as long as the document contains all the necessary information.
Similarly, the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare announced that all travellers vaccinated with a vaccine approved by EMA or WHO are considered fully immunised when entering the country. As a result, those who are vaccinated with Sinopharm do not need to follow quarantine rules when travelling to Finland.
>> Which COVID-19 Vaccines Are Recognised for Travel to Finland
As for Austria, even though the country recognises Sinopharm as a valid proof of immunity, the authorities have noted that travellers vaccinated with the shot are not allowed to enter hotels, restaurants, or access other services while in the country.
“Sinovac/Sinopharm are not valid for entering hotels, restaurants etc., within Austria,” the Austrian authorities explained.
Several EU countries now also accept mixed COVID-19 vaccine doses. Earlier today, it was reported that among the countries that recognise combinations of shots are Denmark, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, and Norway.
Except for the countries mentioned above, other countries located in the continent of Europe that also recognise Sinopharm as valid proof of immunity are:
Georgia
North Macedonia
Montenegro
Serbia
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Chinese Drugmaker SinoPharm Establishing Coronavirus Vaccine Production Lines; China Using Vaccine Diplomacy To Boost Ties To Some Nations
|
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2020-10-21T13:29:07+00:00
|
AP: Chinese drugmaker setting up vaccine production lines “A state-owned Chinese drugmaker is setting up production lines to supply 1 billion doses of two possible coronavirus vaccines that are being tested on 50,000 people in 10 countries, the company chairman said Tuesday. Testing by SinoPharm Group is ‘in the last kilometer of a long march,’<span class="readmore-ellipsis">…</span><a href="https://www.kff.org/news-summary/chinese-drugmaker-sinopharm-establishing-coronavirus-vaccine-production-lines-china-using-vaccine-diplomacy-to-boost-ties-to-some-nations/" class="see-more light-beige no-float inline-readmore">More</a></p>
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KFF
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https://www.kff.org/news-summary/chinese-drugmaker-sinopharm-establishing-coronavirus-vaccine-production-lines-china-using-vaccine-diplomacy-to-boost-ties-to-some-nations/
|
AP: Chinese drugmaker setting up vaccine production lines
“A state-owned Chinese drugmaker is setting up production lines to supply 1 billion doses of two possible coronavirus vaccines that are being tested on 50,000 people in 10 countries, the company chairman said Tuesday. Testing by SinoPharm Group is ‘in the last kilometer of a long march,’ chairman Liu Jingzhen said at a news conference. He gave no indication when results are expected…” (10/20).
Financial Times: China’s Covid-19 vaccine diplomacy steals a march on U.S.
“China is promising preferential access to its Covid-19 vaccines to countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America, as Beijing uses inoculations as a new tool to bolster its ties with nations neglected by the U.S. … China aspires to be a global vaccine supplier with four Chinese products now in phase 3 trials, the final stage intended to ensure safety and effectiveness before approval for public use. Although U.S. pharmaceutical groups including Johnson & Johnson and Moderna also have advanced vaccines in development, Washington has shown no interest in helping to distribute them overseas…” (Shepherd et al., 10/20).
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Sinopharm: COVID-19 vaccine production figures 2022
|
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By the end of January, the Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co.
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Statista
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https://www.statista.com/statistics/1306831/sinopharm-covid19-vaccine-production-figures/
|
Number of COVID-19 vaccine doses produced by Sinopharm BIBP 2021-2022
Published by
Cumulative number of COVID-19 vaccine doses manufactured by Sinopharm BIBP between April 2021 and January 2022 (in millions)
CharacteristicVaccine doses in millions------------------
Exclusive Premium Statistic
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Sources
Use Ask Statista Research Service
Release date
February 2022
More information
Region
China
Survey time period
April 2021 to January 2022
Supplementary notes
Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd. (BIBP) is a subsidiary of Sinopharm, producing one of the two types of Sinopharm's COVID-19 vaccines.
Data for months prior to December 2021 come from previous reports.
Citation formats
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https://www.biospace.com/sinopharm-s-covid-19-vaccine-shows-86-percent-efficacy-uae-health-agency-says
|
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Sinopharm’s COVID-19 Vaccine Shows 86% Efficacy, UAE Health Agency Says
|
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Alex Keown",
"www.biospace.com",
"alex-keown"
] |
2020-12-09T14:35:55+00:00
|
The COVID-19 vaccine under development by China’s Sinopharm is showing efficacy of 86%, health authorities from the United Arab Emirates reported this morning.
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
|
BioSpace
|
https://www.biospace.com/sinopharm-s-covid-19-vaccine-shows-86-percent-efficacy-uae-health-agency-says
|
The COVID-19 vaccine under development by China’s Sinopharm is showing efficacy of 86%, health authorities from the United Arab Emirates reported this morning.
The efficacy rating followed an interim report of ongoing human trials conducted in that country, CNBC reported. Sinopharm, a business unit of China National Pharmaceutical Group, initiated a Phase III study in the United Arab Emirates in July. In August, the company reported the vaccine candidate triggered antibody-based immune responses in early and mid-stage trials. The vaccine was also demonstrating a strong safety profile.
Sinopharm’s vaccine was developed from a SARS-CoV-2 strain isolated from a patient in the Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan. The virus was cultivated in a qualified Vero cell line for propagation, and the supernatant of the infected cells was inactivated with β-propiolactone, according to the researchers.
The Phase III study in the UAE includes 31,000 volunteers across 125 nationalities. Approximately 90% of the UAE population consists of expatriates, CNBC reported, citing the UAE health ministry. That diverse population was considered a benefit for the clinical study. Patients between the ages of 18 and 60 received two doses of the vaccine over 28 days. Sinopharm is conducting trials in the UAE, as well as Jordan and Egypt due to the containment of COVID-19 in China, the Financial Times reported.
As CNBC noted, the health ministry’s announcement was thin on details beyond the 86% efficacy rating. The government did not elaborate on trial parameters, including a breakdown of the number of patients who received the vaccine versus placebo. There was also no mention of any adverse events or side effects that are common with vaccinations, such as soreness in the arm where the shot was administered.
“The analysis also shows the vaccine to have 99% seroconversion rate of neutralizing antibody and 100 percent effectiveness in preventing moderate and severe cases of the disease,” the ministry said in its release.
In September, the UAE greenlit the Sinopharm vaccine for emergency use for healthcare workers battling the virus in that nation. In November, Sinopharm applied for authorization for use in China, despite the ongoing clinical trials, the Financial Times reported. According to the Johns Hopkins COVID-19 dashboard, there are 180,150 reported cases of COVID-19 in the UAE and 598 related deaths. China, where the pandemic originated, has 93,886 reported cases and more than 4,700 related deaths.
|
||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 37
|
https://www.onenetwork.com/2014/02/sinopharm-selects-one-network-enterprises-integrated-supply-chain-management-solution/
|
en
|
Sinopharm Selects One Network Enterprises
|
[
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"https://www.onenetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Sinopharm.png",
"https://www.onenetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/medical-supply-chain-in-healthcare.jpg",
"https://www.onenetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/supply-chain-resources-6-600.png",
"https://www.onenetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/logo-one-by-red-horiz-256x59-1.png",
"https://www.onenetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/one-logo-square-144.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2014-02-03T22:12:55+00:00
|
Chinese pharmaceutical giant to leverage One Network for healthcare fulfillment backbone with centralized procurement and distribution.
|
en
|
Consumer-Driven Digital Supply Chain Management
|
https://www.onenetwork.com/2014/02/sinopharm-selects-one-network-enterprises-integrated-supply-chain-management-solution/
|
Chinese pharmaceutical giant to leverage One Network for healthcare fulfillment backbone with centralized procurement and distribution
Dallas, TX, February, 4, 2014–One Network Enterprises, a leading provider of multi-enterprise Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and consumer-driven supply chain solutions in the cloud, today announced that Sinopharm, China’s largest manufacturer, retailer, and distributor of pharmaceutical and healthcare products, has selected One Network to provide centralized procurement and distribution across Sinopharm’s extensive nationwide network of suppliers and customers. One Network’s solution is designed to help Sinopharm improve customer service levels while reducing lead times and inventory levels.
“After intensive research and evaluation, Sinopharm Logistics came to the conclusion that One Network is one of the very few solutions which provides on-line, real time supply chain optimization,” said Madam Cheng, General Manager of Sinopharm Logistics. “We value One Network as an ideal partner, it not only has state-of-the-art technology, but demonstrates flexibility to the market circumstances in China.”
“We are pleased to be working with Sinopharm, a key addition to One Network’s rapidly growing community of trading partners,” said Bruce Jacquemard, One Network’s EVP of Sales and Marketing. “Our solution provides Sinopharm with an end-to-end fulfillment backbone that extends from their suppliers to customers, and is able to connect to One Network’s global fulfillment backbone of manufacturers, logistics providers, and retailers when required”.
[contentblock id=quote-sinopharm]
With over 50 distribution centers and 100,000 direct customers, Sinopharm operates China’s largest pharmaceutical and healthcare distribution network. It provides pharmaceutical supply chain management services for the distribution of domestic and imported prescription drugs and over-the-counter medicines from manufacturers and suppliers to hospitals, other wholesalers, retail drug stores, and other customers.
One Network’s cloud platform, the Real Time Value Network™, maximizes a company’s ability to see and respond to supply chain problems anywhere, anytime, no matter where they are located. One Network’s unique automatic decision-making technology combines planning and execution capabilities to enable thousands of companies to manage demand, supply, and logistics processes as a community of trading partners focused on satisfying the end-customer. All One Network services are delivered via a single system accessible anywhere in the world via an internet browser.
Cheng added, “Sinopharm Logistics looks forward to working with One Network for a successful project and a long term strategic relationship with One Network to make a difference to the healthcare supply chain in China.”
About Sinopharm
Sinopharm is China’s largest pharmaceutical and health industrial group under State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council. It has China’s largest bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing company and China’s largest (the world’s third largest) pharmaceutical distribution company. For more information, visit www.sinopharm.com.
About One Network
One Network’s Real Time Value Network™ is the world’s only many-to-many supply chain platform in the cloud, and the world’s first and only real time, automated decision-making solutions suite. It enables an unlimited number of trading partners to plan, execute, monitor, synchronize, and optimize in real time all of the business processes and events that take place throughout their extended supply chains, from customers to raw material suppliers. Enterprises from a variety of industries are connected to the Real Time Value Network, including leading companies in high tech, retail, consumer products, the public sector, automotive, energy, and logistics. Headquartered in Dallas, One Network also has offices in Europe, India, and China. Learn more about One Network’s www.onenetwork.com.
|
|||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 82
|
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-11620-z
|
en
|
Understanding perception and acceptance of Sinopharm vaccine and vaccination against COVID–19 in the UAE
|
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Walid Abbas"
] |
2021-08-30T00:00:00
|
In the current COVID-19 pandemic, the world has reached an important milestone where vaccinations are discovered and are proven to be effective against SARS-COV-2 infections. Though vaccines against COVID-19 are now available, around the globe there is some hesitancy in getting the vaccine. This hesitancy to get vaccinated against COVID-19 is a complex phenomenon with various factors playing a role. This study aims at understanding the perception and expectations of the people about COVID-19 vaccine and the factors influencing the vaccine acceptance. This information is crucial to challenge vaccine hesitancy and to win the combat against the COVID-19 Pandemic through voluntary vaccine efforts. A cross-sectional survey among the residents of the UAE to understand the expectations and perception on vaccination against COVID-19. The survey was conducted online, and the survey design included participant samples to be representative of UAE’s demographics. The results of the survey were analysed with various demographical variables of interest. The survey showed that people were more likely to get vaccinated when vaccines are (i) endorsed by trusted government health authorities, (ii) recommended by physicians and family doctors, and (iii) the merits are effectively communicated through government websites and trusted news channels. Availability of vaccines at multiple sites and providing vaccines free of charges are likely to improve the rate of vaccination. The perceptions, expectations and the motivational factors needed for people to get vaccinated differed with age, gender, marital status, income level, and employment status. To attain herd immunity against COVID-19, a large proportion of the population needs to be vaccinated and to achieve this the vaccination campaigns should target on specific expectations and motivational factors pertaining to each target group to successfully overcome the challenge of vaccine hesitancy.
|
en
|
/static/img/favicons/bmc/apple-touch-icon-582ef1d0f5.png
|
BioMed Central
|
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-11620-z
|
The world is going through the biggest pandemic and the most devastating global health crisis of our time and the greatest challenge we have faced since World War II [1]. The current COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people around the world, causing more than 3.7 million deaths [2] and large-scale social impact that has impacted everything from healthcare, people’s livelihoods, mental health to enormous economic losses [3,4,5].
For more than a year the world leaders and public health experts have fought hard and strong to bring an end to the current pandemic by developing an effective vaccine against COVID-19. Worldwide lot of pharmaceutical companies entered the vaccine race to come out with an effective vaccination for COVID-19, this inevitable attention to the vaccines, has made them the unexpected superheroes of 2020 [6].
Clinical trials were conducted and many vaccines like Sinopharm, [7] Pfizer-BioNTech [8], Moderna, [9] Johnson & Johnson [10] etc. have been proven to be effective against COVID-19 with varying levels of effectiveness. According to the WHO at least seven different vaccines across three platforms have been rolled out in countries after the first mass vaccination programme, which started in early December 2020. As of 23rd June 2021, more than 2 billion vaccine doses have been administered across the globe [11]. All over the world vaccinations are happening with full rigor and the UAE is in the top rank of countries with the highest rate of vaccination per capita with more than 5 million people vaccinated [12].
Despite all this, countries around the world are facing challenges to get people vaccinated. There are a lot of speculations and myths about the virus and development of the vaccine against COVID-19 that are being discussed and shared in various media platforms [13]. These factors have caused delays due to unwillingness in people to get vaccinated, leading to vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy is referred to “the delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccine services”. The WHO has stated that vaccine hesitancy is a global threat and lack of confidence in vaccination and inconvenience in accessing are the two key factors contributing to hesitancy and unwillingness to get vaccinated [14]. Further based on the Ro value for COVID-19, it has been estimated that to achieve herd immunity a vaccination coverage of 75–90% is needed [15]. To achieve this high coverage, it becomes essential to understand the perception of people and their expectation regarding vaccination. Only this will help us foresee and address the vaccination challenges, which is crucial for the success of COVID-19 vaccination to mitigate the impact of the pandemic.
Objectives
To understand the perception and expectation of COVID-19 vaccination among the UAE population.
To evaluate the factors influencing the acceptance of vaccine against COVID-19 vaccine among the UAE population.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB), Department of Health (DOH) Abu Dhabi and all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the DOH. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the UAE population through an online quantitative survey based on YouGov’s OMNIBUS panel [16] and no personal identifiers were collected by this study. The survey participants were chosen by simple random sampling from a database of 1.2 million across the UAE. The random sampling was done by YouGov’s OMNIBUS panel with pre-set selection criteria which included participants must be residents of the UAE (nationals and expatriates on permanent residency), and the sample should be representative of UAE’s demographics, which included participants from all nationalities, gender, aged 18 years or older. Once the pre-set quota was met no other responder would qualify and will be screened out. The participants were approached through emails or contact numbers. The survey had a screening question to carefully select respondents who on some level felt vaccination offers protection against diseases. The screening question asked participants to evaluate how important they feel about them and their family members receiving vaccination for protection against any disease on a five point Likert scale ranging from “extremely important” to “not important at all”. Participants who felt that vaccination was important were asked further questions in the survey to understand the factors that influence them to accept vaccination. In the UAE, the phase III clinical trial for Sinopharm vaccine against COVID-19 was conducted and at the time of this survey Sinopharm was the only vaccine available in the UAE, therefore questions of this survey were focussed mainly on the understanding and acceptance of Sinopharm vaccine. The survey included questions on (i) demographic variables like age, sex, marital status, place of residence (emirate), income (AED/month) and employment status for audience segmentation, (ii) expectations from COVID-19 vaccine, (iii) motivating factors to get COVID-19 vaccine, (iv) when they would consider getting a COVID-19 vaccination, (v) most trusted channel for getting information on COVID-19 vaccination, (vi) who will they consult before taking a final decision on vaccination, (vii) convincing factors to receive Sinopharm vaccine and (vii) questions pertaining to their awareness and confidence on COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine trials. All questions were closed-ended with multiple response options, the questions on awareness were provided with yes or no options and the questions on confidence about vaccines and clinical trials were assessed on a five-point Likert scale. Respondents completed our survey, and the results of the survey were analysed with various demographical variables of interest.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics were performed to describe the demographical characteristics of the participants and the perception, expectations, acceptance of COVID−19 vaccine and awareness on vaccines and vaccine trials. They are expressed in percentages (%).
The perception, expectations, acceptance of COVID−19 vaccine and awareness on vaccines and vaccine trials were compared between the groups of demographic variables (gender, age groups, marital status, employment status and income groups), with the chi-square test to analyse the significance of association between the variables and odds ratio (OR) was calculated with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). All data were analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistics Version 28.0.0.0 software.
The survey was completed by 1003 participants, who belonged to both gender and various nationalities, ages, and income groups, representative of the UAE population demographics. Table 1 shows the distribution of the participants based on the various demographic factors.
Motivation to get COVID-19 vaccination (Fig. 1)
Safety and efficacy of the vaccine emerged as the top driver (52%) for vaccination, followed by not having any major side effects from vaccination (50%), responsibility towards keeping their family safe (47%) and protection against new variants of the virus (47%).
Expectations about COVID-19 vaccination (Fig. 2)
Major expectations of the respondents about the COVID-19 vaccinations were, it should not have any side effects on the body (58%), it should protect themselves and their family (55%) and 52% of the participants also expect it to be free and easily available at multiple locations.
Timing of the vaccination (when are people likely to get vaccinated) (Fig. 3)
A quarter of respondents said they would consider getting the vaccine once a reliable source confirms that the vaccine is safe and has no major side effects (26%), while 17% were willing to take it immediately once vaccine is approved and available.
Trustworthy channel for getting information on COVID-19 vaccine (Fig. 4)
Government websites are considered the most trusted channel for getting information on COVID-19 vaccines according to 46% of those surveyed. This is followed by International newspapers/magazines/news channels (22%) and SMS or email from a trusted government source (21%).
Consultation before making a final decision to get the COVID-19 vaccine (Fig. 5)
3 out of 5 respondents said they would consult Government health authority advisory websites before making a final decision to get the COVID-19 vaccine. Around two-fifths said they would consult with their family (41%) and their family doctor (37%) first before making a final decision on getting COVID-19 vaccination.
Trial and vaccine awareness
70% of the participants were aware about the Sinopharm’s inactivated vaccine and 84% were aware about the Phase III clinical trials conducted in the UAE. Over 80% of those surveyed were aware of the Chinese origin of Sinopharm vaccine and 67% were aware that the inactivated vaccine has 79% efficacy against COVID-19. 62% respondents show a high level of confidence with the Phase III trials of the vaccines and 55% show confidence in the Sinopharm vaccine.
Motivation to get Sinopharm vaccine
Regarding the motivation to take Sinopharm vaccine, its effectiveness against the new strains of COVID-19 emerges as the most convincing factor that would encourage respondents to take the Sinopharm vaccine, as stated by 50% of the participants. This was followed by free vaccinations for all residents (41%) and a decrease in overall cases after the vaccinations roll out (40%).
Association of various demographic variables with COVID-19 vaccine perception, expectation, and awareness (supplementary table)
Association of gender with vaccine perception, expectations and awareness (supplementary Table 1)
Regarding expectations about the COVID-19 vaccine, more women than men expected the vaccine to reduce the fear of contracting the disease, wanted the vaccine to be recommended by their doctor, wanted the vaccine to be free and easily available at multiple locations and have no major side effects. The differences were found to be statistically significant.
The motivations for getting vaccinated like the responsibility of keeping the family safe, the vaccine being safe and efficient, longer duration of protection offered by the vaccine, no major side effects and protection given by the vaccine against new strains were seen more in females than in males and the difference was again statistically significant. However motivational factors like national duty as a UAE resident were seen more in men than in women, but the difference was not statistically significant.
There was also significant difference in the trusted channel for information regarding vaccination between the two gender. More women than men preferred international newspapers/ magazines/ news channels (e.g., CNN, BBC) and females were twice more likely (p – 0.002, OR – 2.02. 95% CI (1.3–3.1)) to trust blogs/ vlogs/ posts by those who got vaccinated from their usual hospital/ clinic than males. Whereas more males chose information through the telecom provider than females as a trusted channel for information on vaccination. Also, significantly more women than men preferred consultation with family members and any general physician before vaccination.
While documents from health officials explaining the benefits of the vaccination and the evidence of reduction in number of cases after rolling out of vaccination were required for women to take Sinopharm vaccine, men were found to be more confident about the clinical trials and Sinopharm vaccine.
Association of age with vaccine perception, expectations, and awareness (supplementary Table 2)
For the analysis of age with vaccine perception, we grouped participants into two age groups less than 35 years and ≥ 35 years. More people in the age group ≥35 years had expectations that the vaccine should protect them and their family, to make them feel safer and confident to travel and lessen the fear of contracting the disease and should be recommended by a doctor than people in age group < 35 years.
Motivational factors for vaccination such as social duty as a global citizen, national duty as a UAE resident, responsibility towards keeping family safe, the brand of the vaccine manufacturer, the safety and efficacy of the vaccine, the vaccine having no major side effects, increased duration of protection and availability at multiple locations were chosen more by people in the higher age group (≥ 35 years), than people in age group < 35 years.
People ≥35 years were more aware about the Sinopharm vaccine and its origin from China than the people in the age group < 35 years, the difference was statistically significant.
People in younger age group(< 35 years) were twice likely to considered billboards as a trusted channel for getting information on vaccination than people in the age group ≥35 years. (P - 0.027).
Almost 20% of the participants in the older group (≥ 35 years) had already got vaccinated compared to 13% in the younger age group (< 35 years) (p < 0.01, OR – 1.54, 95% CI (1.1–2.2)).
Association of marital status with vaccine perception, expectations, and awareness (supplementary Table 3)
More married people expected the vaccine to be recommended by their doctor than unmarried people. (p - 0.052). National duty as a UAE resident, the safety and efficacy of the vaccine and free availability at multiple locations served as better motivational factors for married people than unmarried people and the differences were statistically significant.
Married people had better awareness about the Sinopharm vaccine and its origin from China and more confident with clinical trials than unmarried people. The difference was statistically significant.
Regarding the trusted channels for information on vaccination, while married men trusted local newspapers/ magazines/ news channels (e.g. Al Bayan, Al Emarat) and SMS or email from a trusted government source, unmarried people chose international newspapers/ magazines/ news channels (e.g. CNN, BBC) and post on social media channels (e.g. Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, YouTube, Twitter, etc). This difference was also found to be statistically significant.
Association of employment status with vaccine perception, expectations, and awareness (supplementary Table 4)
Our study did not find any significant difference in vaccine perception between working and non-working participants except for working people had more awareness on Sinopharm vaccine, its origin from China and more confident with clinical trials and Sinopharm vaccine. Unemployed people had more concerns on vaccination having no major side effects than employed people (p - 0.009, OR- 1.57, 95% CI (1.13–2.2)).
Association of levels of income with vaccine perception, expectations, and awareness (supplementary Table 5)
People with income more than 10,000 AED/ month had more expectations than people with income less than 10,000 AED/month that the vaccine should make them feel safer and confident to travel domestically and internationally, lessen the fear of contracting the disease, and be free and easily available at multiple locations.
Among people with higher income, factors that motivate them to get vaccinated are national duty as a UAE resident, confidence with the clinical trial procedures, the endorsements and the approval of the UAE authorities, the vaccine having no major side effects and protection against new variants of the virus. Also, they had better awareness on Sinopharm vaccine compared to lower income group people. They required independent data proving the effectiveness of the vaccine, number of cases reducing after rolling out the vaccination, research that shows the vaccine is effective on the newer strains of COVID-19, and providing vaccination at home or in clinics without the need to stand in long queues to convince them to take Sinopharm vaccine.
In this study safety of the vaccine emerged as the top motivating factor for vaccination, which is similar to a study done in the United States that showed lesser incidence of major adverse events of the vaccine is associated with higher probability of choosing to get vaccinated from that vaccine [17]. A study in UK on parents’ and guardians’ acceptance of vaccination showed that the main motivation for most people to accept a vaccine for themselves and their children was self-protection against COVID-19 [18].
In our survey, 52% of the people expected the vaccine to be free and easily available at multiple locations. Similar results were shown by another survey done in the UAE which stated 25% of the participants of the survey wanted the vaccine free of cost and 36% were not willing to travel to other Emirates to get vaccination [19].
More than half the respondents indicated that they would consult UAE Health Authority websites before opting for the vaccination, reiterating the fact that Government websites are considered the most trusted channel for vaccine and COVID-19 information. A similar survey in the United States on likelihood of COVID−19 vaccine acceptance showed that an endorsements from the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization were associated with higher probabilities of choosing to take the vaccine [17]. A global survey also showed that respondents who trusted their government were more likely to accept a vaccine than those who said that they did not, with an Odds ratio of 1.67 [20].
In this survey, family and family doctor emerged as the second most trusted source to consult before vaccination. A survey in China also showed that people who valued the doctor’s recommendation as an important factor in deciding to get vaccinated tend to accept the COVID-19 vaccination as soon as possible [21]. This fact was also emphasised in studies, which showed that the attitude of health professional towards vaccines are an important determinant of vaccine uptake for themselves and their likelihood of recommending the vaccine to their patients [22].
Our study showed that females more than males had more worries about safety issues of vaccinations and needed more evidence on the vaccine safety and convincing evidence from reliable sources before getting vaccinated. Similar vaccine survey in France and UK showed that female gender was largely associated with COVID−19 vaccine uncertainty and refusal [23, 24]. This might be because of the fact that many vaccine trials have excluded pregnant and lactating women and therefore the vaccine lacks safety data on this subset of women. This fact may not be reassuring for women who are in their reproductive age group who have concerns over their own as well as their baby’s health [25].
In this study, compared to younger age group (less than 35 years), people who are 35 years and older were more willing to take the vaccine immediately once it was approved and available. Studies from Saudi Arabia and United States showed similar reports that older people were more willing to accept the COVID-19 vaccination than young people [26, 27] However, another survey in the United States, on the other hand showed that younger respondents were more likely to take COVID-19 vaccine and age was found as significant predictor of willingness to take a COVID-19 vaccine [28]. These differences might be because of the different age groups cut off values used in each study.
Married people had more awareness about vaccine trials and relied more on information from trusted government sources than unmarried people and they were more ready to immediately accept vaccination once approved. A similar survey in China showed that being married increase the probability of accepting COVID-19 vaccination [21]. A study in Saudi Arabia on determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance showed that married people were significantly associated with vaccine acceptance [26].
Our study shows that people who are above 35 years old and who are married had more awareness or were more willing to take the vaccination, this could be because of the fact that most people who were 35 years and above were also married and this age group is more responsible and proactive when it comes to their health or the health of their family. Furthermore, most public messaging has focused on the severity and threat of COVID-19 to older adults and this had made young adults less worried about the seriousness of the disease [29].
Awareness about vaccination was higher in working people compared to non-working people and concerns on side effects were seen more in unemployed people. A survey on vaccine hesitancy in France also showed that vaccine hesitancy was lower in working individuals than with non-working individuals [23]. This again might be because of the fact that working people are travelling and in close contact with other co-workers therefore more at risk of COVID−19 which could be a motivation to know more about vaccination and other preventive measures.
The survey showed increased awareness about clinical trials and about the Sinopharm vaccine among people in the higher income group and this group was more confident about the clinical trials. These are important factors for predicting vaccine acceptance. Similar reports were seen in the global survey on vaccine acceptance [20] and in a survey in the United States that showed vaccine acceptance increased with increasing income level [30]. The UK survey also showed that low-income groups were one of the largest predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uncertainty and refusal [24]. This could be due to the fact that people in the higher socio-economic status also have better educational status and hence better awareness about vaccination trials and vaccines. However, further understanding of these facts in a sociocultural context is necessary, as studies were not able to find consistent association between education and vaccine hesitancy [31].
Conspiracy theories on vaccination, especially on the safety of vaccine, vaccine affecting fertility and pregnancy, the infamous microchip theory and several others could have also contributed to the variation in vaccine acceptance among different age group, gender and income group [32]. Further qualitative research is required to understand the role of such theories in contributing towards vaccine hesitancy.
Insights based on the survey findings to improve vaccine acceptance and vaccination rate
This survey gives an insight on information gaps, perceptions, and the basis of vaccine hesitancy. This is useful for designing targeted strategies with respect to the age, gender, marital status, household income, and employment status of populations to augment public health efforts.
From our survey findings people residing in the UAE have increased likelihood to receive vaccinations when vaccines are endorsed by trusted government health authorities, recommended by physicians and family doctors, and merits effectively communicated through government websites and trusted news channels. Likelihood of vaccination is further increased by availability of vaccines at multiple sites and by providing vaccination free of charge. Emphasizing vaccine safety and efficacy, as well as reiterating the fact about the vaccine having no major side effects is effective at reducing vaccine hesitancy, particularly in women, a key demographic of vaccine hesitancy around the globe. Findings from our study show that social media posts (e.g., from Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc.) are an effective mode of communication to reach unmarried people and billboard communications are likely to be effective in reaching people, particularly in the younger age group (< 35 years). Effective strategies that ensure the safety and efficiency of vaccination and instil confidence in clinical trials and vaccines targeting unemployed and lower income (< 10,000AED/month) populations are needed to improve acceptance of vaccination against COVID-19.
Strengths and limitations
The study helps us understand the perception of people about COVID-19 vaccination, which gives an insight on what residents in the UAE expect, what they need to get vaccinated and what are the trusted channels through which we can communicate and target our vaccine campaigns. This understanding will help to device strategies to improve vaccination.
However, there are a few limitations in this study. The survey has not taken into consideration the perception of participants who thought vaccination was not important, as the study aimed to understand the factors which had motivated and influenced people to consider vaccines important. We focused on this group to identify communication strategies to increase uptake of COVID-19 vaccination. This limitation may have affected the representativeness of the sample and complete understanding of certain factors. Also, the results are self-reported, which may reflect individual and response bias and may not reflect the true practice. In future studies, it would be enlightening to also understand which factors contributed to vaccine mistrust.
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Sinopharm
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https://www.adphc.gov.ae/COVID-19/COVID-19 Vaccination/Sinopharm
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) COVID-19 Sinopharm Vaccination (15 Languages)
العربية | Filipino | Deutsch | Français | English
עִברִית | bahasa Indonesia | हिंदी | 中文网 | Bangla
മലയാളം | Русский | اردو | فارسى | Italiano
Sinopharm Vaccine to children aged 3-17 in multiple locations across the emirate, Available via walk-in:
Abu Dhabi
Al Ain
Al Dhafra Region
No. Location
Location Map 1 Ghayathi Hospital View Map 2 Marfa Hospital View Map 3 Delma Hospital View map 4 Al Dafra Family Medicine Center View Map 5 Liwa Hospital View Map 6 Sila Hospital View Map 7 Al Dhafra Cooperative Sociaty View Map
Majalis
Sinopharm Vaccine for Adults
Those who wish to get the Sinopharm vaccine shots , should book prior appointment in one of the following vaccination centers.
Abu Dhabi
Al Ain
Al Dhafra Region
Majalis
Drive thru Locations
Abu Dhabi
No. Location
Location Map 1 Al Bahia ScreeningCenter
View Map 2 Zayed sport city -ScreeningCenter
View Map 3 Al ShamkhaScreeningCenter
View Map 4 Al WathbaScreeningCenter
View Map 5 Al Manhal Screening Center
View Map
Al Ain
North Emirates
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https://www.cfr.org/blog/vaccine-diplomacy-china-and-sinopharm-africa
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Vaccine Diplomacy: China and SinoPharm in Africa
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"Guest Blogger for John Campbell"
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2021-01-06T10:43:08-05:00
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On December 3, John Nkengasong, director, Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), announced a 60 percent vaccination target—one estimate of the level needed to achieve herd immunity from COVID-19—in Africa’s fifty-four countries.
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https://www.cfr.org/blog/vaccine-diplomacy-china-and-sinopharm-africa
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Neil Edwards is an Open Source African Media Analyst at Novetta. Media analysis for this piece was enabled by Novetta data.
On December 3, John Nkengasong, director of the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) announced a 60 percent vaccination target—one estimate of the level needed to achieve herd immunity from COVID-19—in Africa’s fifty-four countries. Since American and European officials have pre-purchased vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna for domestic use, African governments and the Africa CDC are being forced to find alternative vaccine supplies. The immunization drive is expected to be among the largest in the continent’s history—the first being the campaign to eradicate polio, which required 9 billion oral vaccine doses, over the course of twenty-four years.
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The World Health Organization’s COVAX program aims to help developing countries secure vaccines. However, the program will only cover the most vulnerable 20 percent of each country’s population. Assuming that each vaccine requires the administration of two doses, Africa, with a population of over 1.3 billion people, will need at least 1.6 billion doses to meet its 60 percent vaccination target. Africa CDC—after accounting for COVAX’s contribution—will need to secure 1.28 billion more doses at an estimated cost of $13.54 billion to close the remaining gap. More vaccines may be needed, however, as some will inevitably spoil during transport—Africa’s heat, rainy seasons, and poor road infrastructure provide logistical barriers to distribution.
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Michelle Gavin, Ebenezer Obadare, and other experts track political and security developments across sub-Saharan Africa. Most weekdays.
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To make up for COVAX’s limited reach, African governments are considering deals to buy vaccines that are viewed with skepticism in the West. In particular, several governments have expressed interest in China’s leading vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, developed by the China National Pharmaceutical Group (SinoPharm); Novetta’s Rumor Tracking Program revealed that Russia’s leading vaccine, Sputnik V, also remains popular on the continent. The SinoPharm vaccine received approval for distribution on January 4 after reporting a 79 percent efficacy rate in interim late-stage trials. The vaccine is now being lined up to inoculate 50 million people in China before January 15, with second shots to be delivered before February 5—all free of charge to Chinese citizens. However, medical experts have questioned the vaccine’s safety, citing China’s unwillingness to release publicly any of their trial results. Regardless, China could use vaccine access to bolster its economic and political influence in Africa and other regions struggling to secure enough vaccines.
In May, Chinese President Xi Jinping addressed developing countries’ need for vaccines, offering to provide the Chinese vaccine as a “public good” at an affordable price. On October 16, Liu Jingzhen, chairman of SinoPharm, told fifty African diplomats visiting a SinoPharm vaccine factory that “after the COVID-19 vaccine is developed and put into use, it will take the lead in benefiting African countries.” Those who visited offered messages of reassurance to their citizens regarding the vaccine. James Kimonyo, Rwanda’s Ambassador to China, commented on SinoPharm’s size and experience developing vaccines on polio, yellow fever, and smallpox, stating that the visit was “an eye-opener” that led him to “hope that we get the vaccines anytime soon.”
This “vaccine diplomacy” is a continuation of China’s efforts to frame itself as the solution to—rather than the cause of—the pandemic. Since the early days of the COVID-19 outbreak, China’s President Xi Jinping has focused on publicizing Chinese efforts to supply medical aid worldwide. According to state-owned China Global Television Network, an international language broadcasting network, from March to mid-October the Jack Ma Foundation delivered over four hundred tons of medical supplies across Africa, including monthly deliveries of thirty million testing kits, ten thousand ventilators, and eight million surgical masks. In addition, the Chinese government claims that it sent nearly two hundred experts to support medical personnel across the continent.
China’s planeloads of COVID-19 donations—including hospital gowns, nasal swabs, and surgical masks—were initially viewed positively, especially in countries like Zimbabwe, where equipment in public hospitals has been systemically looted over the years. However, in August, a corruption scandal emerged over Jack Ma’s medical donations in Kenya and Tanzania. Kenya’s Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission accused the Kenya Medical Supplies Authority of selling a consignment of medical equipment intended for the Kenyan people to a dozen Tanzanian companies in March. The scandal raised doubts over China’s ability to circumnavigate corrupt institutions and ensure that medical supplies—including vaccines—will arrive and be administered to their intended targets.
More on:
COVID-19
China
Sub-Saharan Africa
Public Health Threats and Pandemics
Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines
In another front of China’s public-relations offensive, state-owned news outlets are suggesting the SinoPharm vaccine has technological and logistical advantages over mRNA vaccines, such as those developed by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech. The Global Times, a Communist Party mouthpiece, emphasized SinoPharm’s use of an “inactivated” vaccine, a decades-old technique used for influenza and polio vaccinations that delivers a killed or weakened virus into the body to prompt an immune response. This was presented in contrast to Western firms using “less-proven technologies” to develop their vaccines. The Global Times further questioned whether African medical staff have the experience to deal with any adverse reactions from mRNA vaccines.
Chinese media assert that distribution networks in Africa are well-established due to existing commercial ties. Alibaba, Jack Ma’s e-commerce giant, has a firm footing on the continent; the company recently struck a deal with Ethiopian Airlines to ship vaccines to Africa. Media also highlight that SinoPharm’s inactivated vaccine can be transported in affordable, off-grid refrigeration units—a genuine advantage over mRNA vaccines, which need to be stored between -20 and -70 degrees Celsius. In Africa, tropical heat and a dearth of ultra-cold freezers—the machines can go for over $15,000, more than fifteen times the cost of off-grid units—make it especially challenging to deliver mRNA vaccines to rural communities and remote islands.
Yet despite Chinese media’s questioning of mRNA vaccines, one Chinese company, Fosun Pharmaceutical, partnered with Pfizer-BioNTech to develop and commercialize the mRNA vaccine that has been authorized in many Western countries. Furthermore, in December, following a strategic cooperation agreement between Fosun Pharmaceutical and SinoPharm, China agreed to receive 100 million doses of the popular mRNA vaccine—demonstrating an approach to stockpile both domestic and foreign-made vaccines.
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It’s Smooth Sailing for Sinopharm in Serbia – chinaobservers
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[
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[
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2021-09-13T12:46:25+00:00
|
Chinese vaccine manufacturer Sinopharm does not exactly have a stellar market reputation these days. The two Chinese vaccines Sinopharm and Sinovac have both be
|
en
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chinaobservers
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https://chinaobservers.eu/its-smooth-sailing-for-sinopharm-in-serbia/
|
Chinese vaccine manufacturer Sinopharm does not exactly have a stellar market reputation these days.
The two Chinese vaccines Sinopharm and Sinovac have both been approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for emergency use, and both are likewise included in the global vaccine sharing scheme COVAX. Still, countries where Chinese vaccines are widely used, like Bahrain, Mongolia, Seychelles, and Chile, already saw surges in COVID-19 infections despite widespread inoculation. The Delta variant of the COVID-19 virus is complicating things because Chinese vaccines, while they appear to be working against this variant, appear to be less effective than other vaccines.
In fact, many Asian countries, such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand, are experiencing the exact same troubles. A Hungarian medical study established that the Sinopharm vaccine is ineffective in a quarter of people over the age of 60, leading to worries about a rebound in infections.
However, in one country, Sinopharm’s business is set to boom – Serbia.
In March 2021, plans were announced to construct a Sinopharm vaccine production facility on Serbian soil with financing from China and the UAE. A trilateral memorandum of understanding on establishing the production facility was signed in July 2021. On September 6, 2020, Serbian Health Minister Zlatibor Lončar told the public that the construction of the factory would start in a few days. According to Lončar, the construction will be completed in the first quarter of 2022, and the factory will produce about 3 million doses per month. Why is Sinopharm doing so good in Serbia right now?
Converging Interests
Above all, there is a confluence of interests between Beijing and Belgrade.
Primarily, Beijing sees Serbia as a springboard to penetrate new markets. Ideally, China would first enter into Serbia’s immediate neighborhood in Southeast Europe and then launch from this staging point into the EU. This pattern is already present with Chinese construction companies, tech companies, and the defense industry. A trial manufacturing of vaccines will be done on the premises of Serbian pharmaceuticals company Hemofarm, which is owned by the German Stada Group, giving Sinopharm a potential shortcut to the EU.
The production of the Chinese vaccine in Serbia can be seen as a ‘natural continuation’ of the alignment of the two countries in the fight against COVID-19. It started at the very outbreak of the pandemic in Serbia when China was presented as the only country that could provide medical assistance to Serbia in the fight against the virus. It continued with the construction of the Chinese Fire Eye testing laboratories in several Serbian cities. Collaboration reached its peak at the beginning of the vaccination process with more than four million Sinopharm vaccines purchased from China.
Yet, Serbia is not the only country in Eastern Europe looking to expand its cooperation with the Chinese pharmaceutical giant. In neighboring Hungary, Sinopharm production is planned to begin in late 2022, which will secure Sinopharm’s ‘Made in EU’ label. Serbia expects to become a regional supply hub for the vaccines, particularly since in June 2021, production of the Russian Sputnik V vaccine began in Serbia.
“These doses will be intended primarily for the citizens of Serbia,” Health Minister Lončar openly stated. “If there is a surplus, [they will be used] for exports to the region.”
A strong indication of Serbian ambition was seen earlier this year when Serbia exercised its own vaccine diplomacy in the Balkans by donating vaccines to its neighbors, in North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. During that period, Serbia also allowed foreigners, primarily from the Balkans, to come to Serbia for inoculation. Now, Serbian vaccine diplomacy transcends the region, as just in Africa, Serbia donated over 200,000 vaccine doses. Serbia can donate vaccines both regionally and globally because Sinopharm gives it a surplus of vaccines from non-Chinese manufacturers. That way, Serbia buys political prestige and secures the key goal of preventing new recognitions of Kosovo.
For Serbia, there are other reasons closer to home why betting on Sinopharm makes sense. One of them is the need to secure supplies for future deterioration of the pandemic situation as the COVID-19 turmoil is far from over in Serbia. When Serbia originally started receiving Sinopharm vaccines from China in January 2021, the mortality ratio in Serbia was at 1.01 percent. However, the fatality rate among medical staff was high as 72 doctors have died compared to 43 in the United Kingdom, depleting the country’s over-stretched health system. At one point, Serbia had the second-fastest vaccination rate in Europe after the UK. Now, thanks to the anti-vaccination mood among the youth, the EU completely outperformed Serbia in vaccination rollout. For Serbs between the ages of 18 and 30, the vaccination rate is 18.4 percent, compared to around 70 percent among Serbs older than 65 years. In August 2021, 49 percent of the population had received one dose of the vaccine.
The infection and mortality rate is expected to grow. The US Embassy in Serbia raised Serbia’s risk level to Level 3 and advised US citizens to reconsider visiting Serbia. More importantly for Belgrade, Serbia has been taken off the EU’s free travel green list. It remains unclear how much this unfavorable health situation results from the use of the Sinopharm vaccine. Sinopharm has the highest share of vaccinations with 4.2 million doses acquired up to date. However, as there is no end to the pandemic woes in sight for Serbia, it cannot discount Sinopharm and wants to ensure that it always has an ample reserve.
Inoculating the Economy
Even with the vaccination process slowed down and the number of COVID-19 cases increasing, Serbian officials took a firm stance that COVID-19 prevention measures should be implemented with the preservation of the Serbian economy in mind. President Aleksandar Vučić stated that his “conscience is clear when it comes to the fight against the pandemic,” and that he has asked the medical part of the crisis staff to consider the economic situation as well. Serbia chose an approach that will focus on promoting the vaccination program while imposing few to no restrictions. As a result, vaccine accessibility is critical to ensuring the long-term viability of this strategy.
The fact that Serbia, a country of approximately seven million people, will produce more than 30 million Chinese vaccines provides an opportunity to establish a completely new branch of the economy, namely vaccine export. With its own vaccine diplomacy, Serbia established vaccine distribution routes, primarily in developing countries and the Western Balkan region. Now, with the help of the Chinese vaccine, Serbia can move from the role of re-distributor to the position of direct seller.
Ultimately, domestic political marketing lurks behind every action of the Serbian leadership. Namely, by aggrandizing ties with China, Serbian elites promote themselves to the public as enablers of a fruitful partnership and breadwinners of big Chinese capital inflows. The vaccine procurement fits into that same rubric.
Thanks to the pro-Chinese narrative pushed by the Serbian leadership in the media and public domain, two-thirds of Serbian citizens believe vaccines from Russia and China are more reliable than those from Western manufacturers. Even the groundbreaking for construction of the Sinopharm production factory in Serbia provided an additional example of this narrative foisted on the public by Serbian authorities. President Vučić was present to cut the ribbon, with the cameras rolling to capture his proclamation that he will take the Chinese vaccine as the third booster dose.
Despite the controversies surrounding Sinopharm vaccines, its success in Serbia is primarily owed to Serbian leadership simply willing it to succeed. Still, despite the will of Serbia’s most powerful politicians, the extent to which the new factory will aid the country in its struggle against COVID-19 remains to be seen. What is in little doubt is the fact that Sinopharm’s management are rubbing their hands together in self-satisfaction.
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https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/sinopharm-group-co-ltd/locations/
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Sinopharm Group Co Ltd Locations
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View Sinopharm Group Co Ltd company headquarters address along with its other key offices and locations.
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en
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https://assets.globaldata.com/gdic/assets/img/icon/favicon.ico
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https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/sinopharm-group-co-ltd/locations/
|
Have you found what you were looking for? From start-ups to market leaders, uncover what they do and how they do it.
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6044
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dbpedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_(company)
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Sinopharm (company)
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2009-09-20T00:49:45+00:00
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_(company)
|
Chinese state-owned enterprise
This article is about the pharmaceutical company. For the COVID-19 vaccine that it developed, see Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine.
For other uses, see Sinopharm (disambiguation).
"Sinopharm" redirects here. Not to be confused with Sinovac Biotech.
China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation (CNPGC), commonly referred to as Sinopharm, is a Chinese state-owned enterprise. The corporation was the indirect major shareholder of publicly traded companies Sinopharm Group (SEHK: 1099, via a 51–49 joint venture, Sinopharm Industrial Investment, with Fosun Pharmaceutical), China Traditional Chinese Medicine [zh] (SEHK: 570, mostly via Sinopharm Group Hongkong Co., Ltd.),[5] Shanghai Shyndec Pharmaceutical (SSE: 600420, via a wholly owned research institute based in Shanghai), and Beijing Tiantan Biological Products (SSE: 600161, via China National Biotec Group).
China National Pharmaceutical Group was supervised by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council.[6]
Sinopharm was ranked 109th in the 2021 Fortune Global 500 list.[7]
History
[edit]
Sinopharm was founded as China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation (Chinese: 中国医药集团总公司) on November 26, 1998, as a holding company for China National Pharmaceutical Corporation, China National Pharmaceutical Industry Corporation (Chinese: 中国医药工业公司), China National Pharmaceutical Foreign Trade Corp. (Chinese: 中国医药对外贸易公司) and China National Medical Device (Chinese: 中国医疗器械工业公司). In 2009 it was merged with China National Biotec Group (Chinese: 中国生物技术集团公司).[citation needed]
Its subsidiary Wuhan Institute of Biological Products was fined for selling 400,520 ineffective DPT vaccines in November 2017.[8]
Pfizer announced the signing of a cooperation pact with Sinopharm Group in April 2023, with plans to seep approval for 12 drugs in China through 2025.[9]
COVID-19 vaccines
[edit]
The Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine, also known as BBIBP-CorV,[10] the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine,[11] or BIBP vaccine,[11][12][13] is one of two inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinopharm. It completed Phase III trials in Argentina, Bahrain, Egypt, Morocco, Pakistan, Peru, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with over 60,000 participants.[14] BBIBP-CorV shares similar technology with CoronaVac and BBV152, other inactivated virus vaccines for COVID-19.[15]
Peer-reviewed results published in JAMA of Phase III trials in United Arab Emirates and Bahrain showed BBIBP-CorV 78.1% effective against symptomatic cases and 100% against severe cases (21 cases in vaccinated group vs. 95 cases in placebo group).[16] In December 2020, the UAE previously announced interim results showing 86% efficacy.[17] While mRNA vaccines like the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and mRNA-1273 showed higher efficacy of over 90%, those present distribution challenges for some nations as they require deep-freeze facilities and trucks. BIBP-CorV could be transported and stored at normal refrigerated temperatures.[18]
BBIBP-CorV is being used in vaccination campaigns by certain countries in Asia,[19][20][21] Africa,[22][23][24] South America,[25][26][27] and Europe.[28][29][30] Sinopharm expects to produce one billion doses of BBIBP-CorV in 2021.[31] On 7 May 2021, the World Health Organization approved the vaccine for emergency use[32] and Sinopharm later signed purchase agreements for 170 million doses from COVAX.[33]
The similarly named Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine is also an inactivated virus vaccine.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]
CanSino Biologics
Sinovac
References
[edit]
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https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1203260.shtml
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19 vaccine in Beijing, Wuhan: media reports
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https://www.globaltimes.cn/images/gfavicon.ico
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https://www.globaltimes.cn/images/gfavicon.ico
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A staff member tests samples of the COVID-19 inactivated vaccine at a vaccine production plant of China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm) in Beijing, capital of China, April 11, 2020. Photo:Xinhua
State-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm) has launched an online reservation for people seeking COVID-19 vaccines in Beijing and Wuhan, Central China's Hubei Province, media reported on Monday.
Students who will travel abroad are among the priority groups being offered the Sinopharm coronavirus shot, according to the reports.
"We attach great importance to the students who study aboard, and hope to provide effective, safe and comprehensive insurance in line with the law," a source close to Sinopharm who asked not to be identified told the Global Times on Monday.
Students who study abroad, overseas staff and frontline workers are entitled to "urgent use" of the vaccines.
The Global Times reporter found on the reservation platform that students who are planning to travel abroad from November to January 2021 will be eligible to receive the shot.
Sinopharm said that they intend to provide Chinese students studying abroad the vaccines for free.
More than 152,000 people have made reservations for the vaccines while another 747,572 expressed willingness to take the vaccine as of Tuesday morning.
Meanwhile, the platform became inaccessible on Tuesday afternoon and Sinopharm has not responded to a request for confirmation as of press time on Monday.
A student who is set to study abroad for her master's degree said on Tuesday that she received a text after filling out the form online and was invited to a chat group with about 200 students who have registered for the vaccines.
"After joining the group, students are required to register a (concrete) time and place to take the shot. The earliest time available is around middle of October," the student who preferred not to be named told the Global Times.
Although she is still considering the option out of safety concerns, she confirmed to the Global Times that many students in the group had already registered for it.
Another student who is in another WeChat group for applicants in Wuhan told the Global Times on Tuesday that they were told the program in Wuhan had been suspended.
"I was informed by the visa agency in mid-September that we can make an appointment for Sinopharm vaccine shots in Beijing," an employee at an internet company in Beijing told the Global Times on condition of anonymity.
"There are two shots, costing 2,600 yuan," he said, noting that shortly before the National Day holidays he was offered the Sinopharm vaccines.
His job requires him to travel overseas countries, including India, which currently has the world's second-highest recorded COVID-19 infections.
"In our trade, you never know when the company needs you out there. You can also go overseas without the vaccine, but that's another story. And taking COVID-19 vaccines needs some time, so I am following the development closely," the person said.
Though the source close to Sinopharm claimed that there is still no exact timetable for groups taking emergency vaccination, the company has taken "reservations for vaccines" at the China International Fair for Trade in Services held in September,
The Chinese vaccine developer has two vaccine products that have already entered Phase III trial tests covering sample groups in 125 countries, according to Sinopharm. In line with the laws and regulations, the company received the approval for emergency use of the vaccine on July 22.
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2
| 40
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https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/24/16803
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en
|
Knowledge, Attitude, and Acceptance of Sinopharm and AstraZeneca’s COVID-19 Vaccines among Egyptian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
|
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[
"Marian S. Boshra",
"Marwa O. Elgendy",
"Lamiaa N Abdelaty",
"Mahmoud Tammam",
"Abdullah S. Alanazi",
"Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alzarea",
"Saud Alsahali",
"Rania M. Sarhan",
"Marian S",
"Marwa O"
] |
2022-12-14T00:00:00
|
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the Egyptian population’s preference and awareness related to available COVID-19 vaccines and to determine different factors that can affect beliefs concerning these vaccines. Methods: A cross-sectional web-based study was carried out among the general population in Egypt. Data collection was conducted via an online questionnaire. Results: About 426 subjects participated in the survey. Vaccine preference is nearly equally even (50%) among all respondents. There was no significant difference in vaccine preference according to age, gender, residence, educational level, or social status. About 50% of public respondents mentioned that both AstraZeneca and Sinopharm vaccines do not offer protection against new variant COVID-19 strains. Healthcare workers are the lowest respondents to agree that vaccines offer protection against new COVID-19 variants (10.9%) compared to unemployed respondents (20.3%) and other professions (68.8%) with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.005). Safety of vaccine administration among children below 18 showed statistical differences for gender and educational level predictors. Conclusions: Most of the study population has satisfying knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccine. Continuous awareness campaigns must be carried out so that the people’s background is updated with any new information that would help in raising the trust in vaccination.
|
en
|
MDPI
|
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/24/16803
|
by
Marian S. Boshra
1 ,
Marwa O. Elgendy
2,3 ,
Lamiaa N Abdelaty
4,
Mahmoud Tammam
5,
Abdullah S. Alanazi
6,7,* ,
Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alzarea
8 ,
Saud Alsahali
9 and
Rania M. Sarhan
1
1
Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
2
Clinical Pharmacy Department, Beni-Suef University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
3
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
4
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12525, Egypt
5
IQVIA, Cairo 10245, Egypt
6
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
7
Health Sciences Research Unit, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
8
Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
9
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(24), 16803; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416803
Submission received: 10 September 2022 / Revised: 4 December 2022 / Accepted: 7 December 2022 / Published: 14 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Hesitancy and COVID-19)
Abstract
:
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the Egyptian population’s preference and awareness related to available COVID-19 vaccines and to determine different factors that can affect beliefs concerning these vaccines. Methods: A cross-sectional web-based study was carried out among the general population in Egypt. Data collection was conducted via an online questionnaire. Results: About 426 subjects participated in the survey. Vaccine preference is nearly equally even (50%) among all respondents. There was no significant difference in vaccine preference according to age, gender, residence, educational level, or social status. About 50% of public respondents mentioned that both AstraZeneca and Sinopharm vaccines do not offer protection against new variant COVID-19 strains. Healthcare workers are the lowest respondents to agree that vaccines offer protection against new COVID-19 variants (10.9%) compared to unemployed respondents (20.3%) and other professions (68.8%) with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.005). Safety of vaccine administration among children below 18 showed statistical differences for gender and educational level predictors. Conclusions: Most of the study population has satisfying knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccine. Continuous awareness campaigns must be carried out so that the people’s background is updated with any new information that would help in raising the trust in vaccination.
1. Introduction
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is responsible for a number of threats and dangers to human health, including increased death and morbidity rates around the globe [1,2]. Therefore, the development of effective vaccines against COVID-19 became the main target in many clinical trials. Vaccine distribution requires effective, sufficient, and accurate health system strategies to achieve high rates of vaccine acceptance and trust to those who deliver it [3]. In many clinical trials, numerous types of vaccinations were reported to be more than 90% effective against COVID-19 infection [4].
Rapid development and challenges in vaccine production have become a continuous, global and critical necessity following the medical decision-based agreement that the benefits greatly outweigh the risks [5]. In 2019, the risk of COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine indecision were both hazardous to global health that was declared by the world health organization (WHO) [6]. Currently, the whole world is forcing both hazards [7].
Egypt began receiving anti-COVID-19 vaccinations such as Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV), AstraZeneca vaccine, and Sputnik V in December 2020 [8]. As of March 2021, Egypt has begun distributing COVID-19 vaccines. Although the country wants to vaccinate 40 percent of its people against COVID-19 by the end of 2021, Egypt is one of the countries suffering from vaccine hesitancy [9]. According to the WHO, by 24 June 2021, a total of 2,624,733,776 doses of COVID-19 vaccinations had been administered globally, and by 23 June 2021, a total of 4,138,935 doses had been administered in Egypt (World Health Organization) (WHO) [10].
Awareness of the causes of acceptance or rejection of vaccine and determination of the reasons why people may hesitate to take the vaccine against COVID-19 are important issues to address. This can be a helpful tool to different healthcare systems all over the world to increase the rates of vaccine acceptance to control the spread of the disease and to achieve the possible safety for all healthcare professionals [11,12]. The reported efficacy of different types of COVID-19 vaccines had an impact on its acceptance, especially for those that were reported to have relatively low efficacy [13].
To obtain herd immunity, it was estimated that at least 55% of the population must accept the COVID-19 vaccination, with estimates reaching as high as 85% depending on the infection rate and country [14,15]. The acceptance of vaccines is a complex decision-making process based on many factors, for example, awareness about the difference in efficacy of vaccines, the mode of action, the degree of protection and immunity that can be achieved with receiving the vaccine, and the risk of side effects that may be demonstrated with different doses of vaccines
With the presence of vaccine hesitancy in the public, it is difficult to reach the required vaccination levels [15]. This hesitancy may be attributed to misinformation about the spread of COVID-19 across media. Therefore, the Egyptian public health officials and politicians have been starting awareness plans and health communication programs for presenting effective messaging about the importance and the safety of the vaccine to prevent future infections and deaths [16]. Consequently, higher rates of acceptance regarding COVID-19 vaccines among the Egyptian population are required to attain a successful immunization program. To achieve this, it is important to determine certain issues, including estimating Egyptian risk perceptions and fears about the vaccine, the acceptance rate of vaccine decisions, and increasing the trusted media communication sources [17,18]. In addition, the Egyptian government makes significant efforts to ensure that sufficient quantities of COVID-19 vaccines are available for the Egyptian people [8]. Moreover, it plays a significant role by prioritizing the vaccination of healthcare workers and older persons with chronic conditions [16].
The aim of this study is to establish the general population’s awareness and preference for COVID-19 vaccines in Egypt, as well as to identify the determinants of their attitudes that can be leveraged to boost vaccine uptake and fast achieve the necessary herd immunity.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
A cross-sectional and observational web-based survey was conducted to determine the knowledge and awareness about the COVID-19 vaccine and the potential of different psychological factors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the general population in Egypt. The survey was conducted between 1 January 2022 and 1 February 2022. The questionnaire items were introduced both in Arabic and English languages.
The questionnaire was carried out on Google Forms and distributed through different social media platforms (Facebook and WhatsApp groups). A total of 426 general populations in variable areas in Egypt filled out the questionnaire that required 3 to 5 min to complete, as shown in Figure 1.
The questionnaire consisted of 25 questions for a total possible score of 0 to 25, to determine the participants’ general awareness and preferences about the available COVID-19 vaccines in Egypt. Participants were collected through variable online providers for different governorates to avoid any bias and to achieve a broad representative sample. Inclusion criteria were available at the beginning of the survey as related to the questions that were about the demographic data of participants.
Participation in this study was voluntary, and participants received no compensation in return. Population with age below 18 years and those who rejected to participate in this survey were excluded from the study. Participation was entirely voluntary. The anonymity and confidentiality of participants were guaranteed during the data collection process as the study was conducted through a web-based anonymous survey.
2.2. Sample Size
The sample size was calculated using the following equation [19]:
n = Z 2 P 1 − P d 2
(n): The required sample size;
(Z): Statistic corresponding to level of confidence;
(P): Expected prevalence;
(d): Denotes precision. Assuming an expected primary outcome (Preference of Astrazeneca Vs Sinopharm Vaccines) of 50% based on published literature [20], with a margin of error ±0.5% and a confidence level of 95%, the estimated required sample size was 384. Sample size calculation conducted using Epi-Info 7.2.3.0 software statistical package that was created by Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
2.3. Study Tools
This study’s tools included a questionnaire with two components. (i) Sociodemographic data involved 6 questions about gender, age, education, occupation, marital status, and place of residence. (ii) Attitude, preferences, knowledge, and practices toward COVID-19 vaccine. Nineteen questions were about knowledge, and the awareness part included eleven questions about the difference in the vaccine mechanism of action, protection against the new variant COVID-19 strains, efficacy, safety in pregnant and breastfeeding women, and the availability of vaccines for subjects less than 18 years old. There were five questions about the post-vaccine syndrome, side effects, their duration of action, and the possibility of taking analgesics with vaccination. Two questions showed the immunity produced from vaccination, and one question indicated the storage degrees of vaccines. Most of these questions were answered on a Yes/No with “I don’t know” options.
2.4. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Numbers and frequencies were used to describe nominal variables in the survey. Associations between key participant characteristics and outcomes were examined in univariable analyses using chi-square tests, fisher-exact, or Lambda test of association (as appropriate). The preference question for AstraZeneca versus Sinopharm vaccination is incorporated in a binary logistic model as a dependent variable, where age, gender, residence, educational level, and marital status are used as independent variables. Multinomial logistic regression modeling was performed for questions having more than two outcomes (Yes, No, Don’t know), where the correct answer is used as the reference category and all respondents’ characteristics are defined as model predictors, with a significance level of 0.05. Multinomial logistic regression modeling was conducted for each question’s correct answer against all respondents’ characteristics as predictors, with a significance level of 0.05. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS v21.
3. Results
A total of 426 respondents were included in our study; respondents’ demographics are summarized in numbers and percentages in Table 1. Females represent about 62% of participants, the age group ranging from 25 to 35 years represents 40% of respondents, about 63.4% of respondents are living in urban communities with the majority of married marital status (61.5%), about 73% of participants have pursued a high university educational degree and about 23% of total respondents are healthcare workers.
Results of the survey questions addressing each domain are listed as follows:
3.1. Vaccine Preference
Vaccine preferences of AstraZeneca and Sinopharm vaccines were 50.23% and 49.76%, respectively, among all respondents as seen in the Table 2. Vaccine preference for the Sinopharm or AstraZeneca vaccines was tested using univariate association tests (Lambda association between Gender, residence, marital status and vaccine preference shows no statistically significant associations having (r) values of zero, with all participants’ characteristics, and showed no significant difference in vaccine preference according to age, gender, residence, educational level, or social status).
3.2. Vaccine Protection against New Variant Strains
About 50% of respondents mentioned that both AstraZeneca and Sinopharm vaccines do not offer protection against new variant COVID-19 strains, as mentioned in Table 3.
A multinomial logistic regression model was used to predict the “No” answer from respondents’ characteristics, where educational level and profession type were the only significant predictors in the model. Respondents tend to select the “Don’t know” answer as the level of education gets higher with an odds ratio of 2.7 (CI: 1.56–4.63). Healthcare workers are the lowest respondents to agree that vaccines offer protection against new COVID-19 variants (10.9%) compared to unemployed respondents (20.3%) and other professions (68.8%) with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.005), as represented in Table 4.
3.3. Effectiveness, Safety, Storage, Mechanism of Action and Side effects of Sinopharm and AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccines
Numbers and frequencies of respondents on questions addressing each domain are presented in Table 5. Multinominal logistic regression showed no significant difference between any of the respondents’ characteristics and having the proper answer regarding COVID-19 infection following vaccination.
However, female gender and higher education levels are significant predictors for selecting the “Don’t know” option over “No” response for immediate immunity after vaccination question with odd ratios (Adjusted OR = 2.5: CI = 1.042–5.84 and Adjusted OR = 3: CI = 1.44–6.3), respectively, where Nagelkerke r2 of the model = 0.13.
Residents of the rural community are less aware of proper cautious actions to take in case of prolonged side effects after vaccination (Q6) compared to urban residents with an odds ratio of (Adjusted OR = 0.27 (CI = 0.1–0.73)), where the model’s Nagelkerke coefficient r2 = 0.29.
Regarding the administration of analgesics, it was found that residence, education level, and profession are significant predictors in awareness regarding analgesics administration during vaccination. Higher educational level and urban residence tends to decrease the likelihood of analgesics administration before vaccination compared to after vaccination (Adjusted OR = 0.52: CI = 0.3–0.9) and (Adjusted OR = 1.9: CI = 1.04–3.38), respectively, with a model’s Nagelkerke r2 = 0.22. Healthcare workers have the highest rate (40%) to accept analgesia after vaccination compared to unemployed (17.9%) and other professions (11.2%), with a significant statistical difference (p < 0.001).
The safety of vaccine administration among children below 18 (Q8) showed statistically significant difference for gender and educational level predictors, where females are less likely to accept children below 18 vaccination compared to males (Adjusted OR= 0.48, CI: 0.25–0.95), Nagelkerke r2 = 0.21, while higher education tends to increase the likelihood to answer “don’t know” for children vaccination compared to rejecting children vaccination with odds ratios (Adjusted OR = 1.73: CI = 1.03–2.9), Nagelkerke r2 = 0.22.
The follow-up question to address the safety of vaccine administration among populations above 18 years old (Q15) showed no significant respondents’ characteristics predictor impacting the answer in the multinomial regression model with a Nagelkerke r2 of 0.21.
4. Discussion
Worldwide, 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is characterized by great progression in both its mortality rate and its incidence, yet there is no approved treatment for it [21,22]. Consequently, COVID-19 vaccines are now the life collar for all humanity to control the spread of this global epidemic. Understanding the efficacy and increasing trust in COVID-19 vaccines is the duty of the campaign concerned with vaccine education [23].
The questions included in the survey covered many significant items regarding vaccine preference, protection against new variant strains, effectiveness, safety, storage, mechanism of action, and side effects of Sinopharm and AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines.
Regarding the respondents’ demographics, higher participation ratios were demonstrated in females, age groups ranging from 25 to 35 years, married respondents living in urban communities, respondents with a high university educational degree, and professions other than healthcare workers. The previous online survey, carried in Ecuador, supported our findings as it recommended the vaccination campaign for people in rural areas and with a lower level of education [23].
Approximately, 50% of respondents mentioned that both AstraZeneca and Sinopharm vaccines do not offer protection against new variant COVID-19 strains. This needs to raise awareness of all populations about the effectiveness of vaccines against the Delta strain of coronavirus or any other strains. The previous study showed that AstraZeneca’s vaccine is still effective against symptomatic COVID-19 infection (33% protection after the first dose, 88% protection after the second dose) and hospitalization (to about 94% after the first dose, to about 96% after the second dose) caused by the Delta variant [24,25].
Nearly 60% of the respondents did not agree that COVID-19 vaccines cause coronavirus infection but the rest of them agreed. This means that there is a great need for a vaccine education campaign to explain the mechanism by which all vaccines act. Mostly, COVID-19 vaccines induce immune responses against COVID-19 spike protein by the production of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), confirming that vaccines can never cause viral infection [13,26].
About 83% of the respondents agreed that most COVID-19 vaccine adverse effects may take place within the first 3 days after vaccination, mostly within the first 2 days. This represents a reasonable level of awareness among the population regarding the adverse effects of the COVID-19 vaccine compared to a previous cross-sectional study that suggested that there is insufficient background about vaccine adverse effects among the Egyptian population [27]. The majority of respondents agreed that there is no COVID-19 vaccination accessible in Egypt for children under the age of 18 and that it is available for people above the age of 18, but they had differing views on whether or not there is a COVID-19 vaccine available for pregnant and nursing mothers. Most clinical trials, concerned with the COVID-19 vaccine, did not present sufficient data on efficacy and safety for children and pregnant women. Till now, symptomatic COVID-19 poses a great danger for pregnant women to evolve into severe illness compared to non-pregnant women. Children are still apart from symptomatic COVID-19 but with the same infection rates, so they are the main source of viral transmission [28,29,30,31,32].
The participants did not agree together about whether it is correct to administer the vaccine to people who have previously contracted COVID-19. The immune memory may last for months following COVID-19 infection although the level of antibodies decreases progressively. Therefore, previously infected people may develop sustained responses rapidly compared to naïve ones. This means that sufficient response could be attained in previously infected individuals after a single dose of the vaccine [33,34,35].
About 74.6% of the respondents agreed that both Sinopharm and AstraZeneca vaccines should be stored at 2–8 °C. This represents a good knowledge of the participants about the storage temperature of the two vaccines, as this is the most suitable temperature for appropriate storage of them [36].
About half of respondents agreed that the Sinopharm vaccine is an inactivated vaccine that stimulates the human body to produce antibodies against coronavirus and that the AstraZeneca vaccine is developed using a recombinant vector technique that stimulates the human body to produce antibodies against coronavirus. However, the responses of the remaining respondents ranged from incorrect to unknown. This indicates that there is little knowledge regarding the mechanism by which vaccines are developed, highlighting the need of vaccine awareness.
Since October 2020, there have been about 212 COVID-19 candidate vaccines that are being developed worldwide. With the techniques of protein subunit vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, or RNA-based vaccines, virus-like particle development varied from inactivated vaccines to live attenuated vaccines and replicating or non-replicating viral vector vaccines [37]. Thus, it is very necessary to raise awareness of all populations about different methods of development of all COVID-19 vaccines.
Nearly all of the responses concurred that most COVID-19 patients have protection against reinfection for 5 months or so. The findings of a prior study, which showed that antibodies were still detectable in the blood of people who had recovered from SARS-COV-2 infection for roughly five to seven months after their infection, corroborated the perceptions of our respondents [38]. Another retrospective study, in the United States, approved that previous infection with COVID-19 can play an integral role in decreasing the rate of reinfection and providing protective effectiveness, depending on the immune response that may last for about 3 months [39].
The majority of the respondents agreed that vaccine effectiveness duration ranges from 6 to 12 months. However, in fact, more time is required to know how long the protection of the elicited vaccine will last and how many booster injections are required to retain fully active protection. As result, the kind of protection, either from mild or severe COVID-19 infection or mortality, can be clarified for all vaccines over time through population data [40].
The level of awareness on COVID-19 vaccines must be increased among people with lower levels of education and rural residents. This can be accomplished through media, government, and hospital-based health care team awareness efforts.
5. Conclusions
The findings of this study seem to add credibility to the hypothesis that the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic presents a golden opportunity to broaden participants’ knowledge of the value of vaccines. The Egyptian population in the study possessed enough understanding of coronavirus and both Sinopharm and Astrazeneca vaccines. Although the participants were pleased with the vaccine’s acceptability, there are reservations regarding it due to a lack of clinical testing and a fear of its negative effects. Moreover, it is important to provide adequate information regarding vaccines for rural areas and people with low levels of education. Future vaccination campaign methods should be designed to accommodate the fears and anxieties of participants, as well as complement public health and educational activities to increase vaccine awareness.
Strengths and Limitations
We have successfully engaged and maintained a large cohort of dedicated participants despite the challenges of rapid implementation of a digital platform, less familiarity of our target population with electronic platforms and changing vaccine distribution timelines. On other hand, further studies may be required on larger sample sizes and on other different types of COVID-19 vaccines. Additionally, further studies may be required to examine the preferences of the higher risk group, which is the aged population over the age of 65.
Author Contributions
The conception and design of the study, methodology, conceptualization, interpretation of data and writing: M.O.E., R.M.S., M.S.B. and L.N.A.; data curation, analysis, writing and drafting the article and revising it critically for important intellectual content: R.M.S., M.S.B. and M.T.; revising the article and supervision: A.S.A., A.I.A. and S.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study protocol was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of Beni-Suef University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egypt (REC-H-PhBSU-21016), and is in line with the Helsinki Declaration.
Data Availability Statement
Available upon request from the corresponding author.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1. Flow chart of 426 participants in the survey.
Table 1. Participants’ demographics.
CharacteristicsNo. (%)Age Group18–25 years58 (13.6%)25–35 years170 (39.9%)35–45 years114 (26.7%)45–55 years58 (13.6%)Above 55 years26 (6.1%)GenderMale162 (38.02%)Female264 (61.98%)Residence LocationUrban270 (63.38%)Rural156 (36.62%)Social StatusSingle122 (28.63%)Married262 (61.50%)Divorced24 (5.63%)Widowed18 (4.23%)Education LevelMid-level Education52 (12.20%)High level Education312 (73.23%)Post Graduate Education62 (14.55%)ProfessionDon’t Work78 (18.30%)Healthcare Worker100 (23.47%)Student2 (0.47%)Others246 (57.74%)
Table 2. Vaccine preference among respondents.
1-
Which available vaccine do you prefer (Sinopharm or AstraZeneca)?
AstraZeneca214 (50.23%)Sinopharm212 (49.76%)
Table 3. Respondents’ opinions regarding vaccine protection against new variant strains.
2-
Do available vaccines in Egypt protect against variant strains?
No220 (51.64%)Don’t Know78 (18.30%)Yes128 (30.04%)
Table 4. Comparison between different professions’ opinions regarding vaccine protection against new variant strains.
ResponseDisagree No. (%)Don’t Know No. (%)Agree No. (%)Total No. (%)ProfessionDon’t Work34 (15.45%)18 (23.07%)26 (20.31%)78 (18.3%)Healthcare Worker48 (21.81%)38 (48.71%)14 (10.93%)100 (23.47%)Others138 (62.72%)20 (25.64%)88 (68.75%)246 (57.74%)Student0 (0%)2 (2.56%)0 (0%)2 (0.46%)
Table 5. Awareness domains of COVID-19 Vaccination.
3-
Can COVID-19 vaccine cause coronavirus infection?
No254 (59.62%)Don’t Know50 (11.73%)Yes122 (28.63%)
4-
Does the COVID-19 vaccine cause immediate immunity after vaccination?
No290 (68.07%)Don’t Know40 (9.389%)Yes96 (22.53%)
5-
Most COVID-19 vaccine side effects take place within the first 3 days after vaccination, Mostly within the first 2 days.
Wrong26 (6.103%)Don’t Know44 (10.32%)Correct356 (83.56%)
6-
If you have side effects after vaccination for 3 days, then you should isolate yourself and do proper examinations
Wrong12 (2.816%)Don’t Know36 (8.450%)Correct378 (88.73%)
7-
It’s acceptable to administer analgesics with vaccination
Don’t Know180 (42.25%)Before Vaccination162 (38.02%)After Vaccination84 (19.71%)
8-
Is there any COVID-19 vaccine available in Egypt for children below 18?
No316 (74.17%)Don’t Know70 (16.43%)Yes40 (9.389%)
9-
Do people previously infected by COVID-19 will get vaccinated?
No176 (41.31%)Don’t Know48 (11.26%)Yes202 (47.41%)
10-
Both Sinopharm or Oxford vaccine is stored at 2–8 °C
Wrong30 (7.042%)Don’t Know78 (18.30%)Correct318 (74.64%)
11-
Sinopharm Vaccine has effectiveness more than 86% and is given as 2 doses separated by 21 days.
Wrong30 (7.042%)Don’t Know74 (17.37%)Correct322 (75.58%)
12-
Oxford Vaccine has an effectiveness of more than 90% and is given in 2 doses separated by 3 months.
Wrong32 (7.511%)Don’t Know94 (22.06%)Correct300 (70.42%)
13-
The Sinopharm vaccine is an inactivated vaccine that stimulates the human body to produce antibodies against coronavirus.
Wrong44 (10.32%)Don’t Know156 (36.61%)Correct226 (53.05%)
14-
AstraZeneca vaccine is developed through recombinant vector technique that simulates the human body to produce antibodies against coronavirus.
Wrong42 (9.859%)Don’t Know166 (38.96%)Correct218 (51.17%)
15-
The vaccine is available for populations above 18 years old.
Wrong16 (3.755%)Don’t Know32 (7.511%)Correct378 (88.73%)
16-
Most patients infected by the COVID-19 virus, have immunity against reinfection for 5 months.
Wrong38 (8.920%)Don’t Know48 (11.26%)Correct340 (79.81%)
17-
Is it possible to get reinfected after vaccination?
Wrong28 (6.572%)Don’t Know46 (10.79%)Correct352 (82.62%)
18-
Vaccine effectiveness duration ranges from 6 to 12 months.
Wrong18 (4.225%)Don’t Know80 (18.77%)Correct328 (76.99%)
19-
Is there any COVID-19 vaccine available for pregnant and breastfeeding women?
No168 (39.43%)Don’t Know102 (23.94%)Yes156 (6.61%)
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
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Boshra, M.S.; Elgendy, M.O.; Abdelaty, L.N.; Tammam, M.; Alanazi, A.S.; Alzarea, A.I.; Alsahali, S.; Sarhan, R.M. Knowledge, Attitude, and Acceptance of Sinopharm and AstraZeneca’s COVID-19 Vaccines among Egyptian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416803
AMA Style
Boshra MS, Elgendy MO, Abdelaty LN, Tammam M, Alanazi AS, Alzarea AI, Alsahali S, Sarhan RM. Knowledge, Attitude, and Acceptance of Sinopharm and AstraZeneca’s COVID-19 Vaccines among Egyptian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(24):16803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416803
Chicago/Turabian Style
Boshra, Marian S., Marwa O. Elgendy, Lamiaa N Abdelaty, Mahmoud Tammam, Abdullah S. Alanazi, Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alzarea, Saud Alsahali, and Rania M. Sarhan. 2022. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Acceptance of Sinopharm and AstraZeneca’s COVID-19 Vaccines among Egyptian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24: 16803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416803
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Covid: What do we know about China's coronavirus vaccines?
|
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2021-07-13T09:12:58+00:00
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Sinovac and Sinopharm jabs are being used in many countries that are seeing a surge of infections.
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https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57817591
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Chinese vaccine producers Sinovac and Sinopharm have signed on to global vaccine sharing scheme Covax, which aims to distribute vaccines to poorer countries.
The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (Gavi) said it would make 110 million doses of the vaccines available as part of the scheme.
Covax has agreements with the manufacturers of 11 vaccines and plans to provide 2 billion doses across the world by early 2022.
Both Sinopharm and Sinovac, which have been approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for emergency use, are already being used in China and dozens of countries around the world.
But what do we know about China's vaccines and how do they compare to those being developed elsewhere?
How does the Sinovac vaccine work?
The Beijing-based biopharmaceutical company Sinovac is behind the CoronaVac, an inactivated vaccine.
It works by using killed viral particles to expose the body's immune system to the virus without risking a serious disease response.
By comparison the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines are mRNA vaccines. This means part of the coronavirus' genetic code is injected into the body, triggering the body to begin making viral proteins, but not the whole virus, which is enough to train the immune system to attack.
"CoronaVac is a more traditional method [of vaccine] that is successfully used in many well known vaccines like rabies," Associate Prof Luo Dahai of the Nanyang Technological University told the BBC.
On paper, one of Sinovac's main advantages is that it can be stored in a standard refrigerator at 2-8 degrees Celsius, like the Oxford vaccine, which is made from a genetically engineered virus that causes the common cold in chimpanzees.
In contrast Moderna's vaccine needs to be stored at -20C and Pfizer's vaccine at -70C.
It means that both Sinovac and the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine are a lot more useful to developing countries which may not have the facilities to store large amounts of vaccine at such low temperatures.
How effective is it?
The WHO said studies showed the Sinovac vaccine "prevented symptomatic disease in 51% of those vaccinated and prevented severe Covid-19 and hospitalization in 100% of the studied population" for adults aged 18 and older, when it approved the jab in June.
It added that only a few adults over the age of 60 were enrolled in clinical trials, so efficacy could not be estimated for that age group.
According to a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine showing results from Chile, Sinovac has an efficacy rate of 65.9% against Covid-19, is 87.5% effective at preventing hospitalisation and 86.3% effective at preventing death.
However, there is little data about its effectiveness against the Delta variant.
What about the Sinopharm vaccine?
The WHO approved the Sinopharm vaccine which is produced by a Chinese state-owned company.
Like Sinovac, it is an inactivated vaccine which triggers the production of antibodies that fight the coronavirus.
The virus is killed before being injected into people's bodies, so it can't transmit Covid-19.
At the time, the WHO said: "Vaccine efficacy for symptomatic and hospitalized disease was estimated to be 79%, all age groups combined."
However, it added once again that there wasn't enough over 60s enrolled in clinical trials to estimate the efficacy for the age group. It still recommends the vaccine for older people though.
China has administered more than a billion doses of its vaccines to its residents, according to China's National Health Commission.
The spread of the coronavirus within China has for the most part been contained - and the country has largely opened up.
Which countries are administering China's vaccines?
More than 80 countries are using China's Covid vaccines, including many in Asia, among them Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines.
However, some countries that opted for the Chinese jabs have high vaccination rates, and are still seeing a surge in infection numbers.
For instance, Chile re-imposed a curfew and brought back restrictions on travelling in response to the Delta variant, which is more transmissible than previous variants.
More than 70% of Chileans are fully vaccinated, most with the Sinovac vaccine.
The Seychelles and Mongolia, meanwhile, have recently recorded some of the highest increase in cases per capita, despite their small populations.
Both are relying heavily on Sinopharm and their vaccination programmes are advanced: 68% of adults are fully vaccinated in the Seychelles and 55% in Mongolia.
Thailand has changed its vaccine policy to mix China's Sinovac with the AstraZeneca vaccine in a bid to boost protection after hundreds of medical workers caught Covid despite being fully vaccinated with Sinovac.
Meanwhile in Indonesia, the main doctors and nurses' association said at least 30 healthcare workers died despite receiving two doses of the Sinovac vaccine.
The country is now planning to switch to different Covid-19 vaccines for second doses or administer booster shots to increase efficacy.
So are the vaccines failing?
Vaccines are not the only factor to explain what's going on in these countries.
One reason could be that the efficacy of vaccines might be waning or they are not as effective against new variants.
Pfizer has said recently that it will seek authorisation for a booster shot in the United States to improve immunity.
In Indonesia, the main doctors' association said comorbidities may have played some part in the death of healthcare workers.
The country also has extremely low vaccination rates - with just over 5% of its population receiving both doses.
In Chile, some experts have blamed the spike in cases on people mingling too soon after getting the first dose of the vaccine.
Prof Ben Cowling, head of epidemiology and biostatics at University of Hong Kong, said despite having a "modest efficacy" against symptomatic Covid, both Sinovac and Sinopharm give "very high level of protection" against severe disease.
How do variants affect vaccines?
The Sinovac and Sinopharm studies, however, tested the efficacy of vaccines against the virus that was first found in the Chinese city of Wuhan. No new data has been published on how they fare against variants.
Based on studies trying to model immune protection from the virus, Prof Cowling estimates the protection offered by inactivated virus vaccines against the Delta variant could be as much as 20% lower compared to the original strain.
His calculations suggest an even larger reduction against the Beta variant first found in South Africa, which is the one that most differs from the original virus.
Professor Jin Dong-yan, a virologist also from the University of Hong Kong, told the BBC it's "expected" that the efficacy of the Chinese vaccines will go down against the variants, including Delta.
But he said "Sinovac and Sinopharm are good vaccines" and people who do not have access to vaccines with higher efficacy should still receive their injections.
However, he said, they should continue to follow social distancing rules and other measures to curb infections.
Reporting by Pablo Uchoa and Yvette Tan
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Sinopharm to produce 5b doses per year with foreign partners: firm executives
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"covering political",
"Leng Shumei in Beijing",
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Sinopharm Photo:VCG
China's Sinopharm is expanding the production capacity to five billion doses per year with accelerating overseas cooperation after one of its COVID-19 vaccines was included in the Emergency Using List of the World Health Organization (WHO), company executives said at a forum on Thursday in Shanghai.
Sinopharm has produced more than 400 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines and more than 200 million doses have been supplied at home and abroad, Sinopharm executives said.
Sinopharm is expected to further expand its production capacity to five billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines per year globally as the Chinese pharmaceutical giant is working on the construction and expansion of vaccine-producing plants, and cooperating with foreign countries, including the UAE, to make Sinopharm vaccine overseas, according to Sinopharm chairman Liu Jingzhen.
More than 100 countries and international organizations have expressed interest in China's Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, said Yang Xiaoming, chairman of Sinopharm China National Biotec Group (CNBG), a Sinopharm subsidiary.
The vaccine has been registered for market or approved for emergency use by 80 countries, regions and international organizations, covering people from 196 countries [and regions], Yang said at a Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine-themed forum in Shanghai on Thursday.
"The Sinopharm vaccine has become the world's safest, most widely-used and acclaimed COVID-19 vaccine," Yang noted.
Sinopharm have created three COVID-19 vaccines, including two inactivated and one recombinant one. The two inactivated vaccines have been approved for market by Chinese authorities and been used widely around the world, while the recombinant one is under Phase I/II clinical trials that kicked off in Central China's Henan Province in April.
One of the two inactivated vaccines made by a Beijing-based institute under the CNBG obtained emergency approval from the WHO on May 7.
WHO's approval would be a stepping stone and key for Sinopharm to promote their COVID-19 vaccines in the international market, company executives said at the forum.
The WHO experts' final report on the Sinopharm vaccines said that the experts have low confidence in the vaccine's efficacy on people aged 60 and above and other groups with underlying diseases.
A domestic trial covering more than 100,000 volunteers, of which 40 percent will be elderly people, to observe our vaccines' safety and side effects on these groups will be conducted. Data on research on those aged 3-17 have been obtained and submitted to the national authority, Zhang Yuntao, CNBG vice president and chief scientist, said at the forum.
Thirteen women have gotten pregnant after getting Sinopharm's shots and one of them gave birth to a healthy baby this month, which shows promise for pregnant women in the future, Zhang said.
Research on simultaneous vaccinations of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccines against other respiratory diseases is also underway. Dose studies on people with underlying diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure and AIDS are also being conducted, according to Zhang.
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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/31/china-approves-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-for-general-use
|
en
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China approves Sinopharm Covid-19 vaccine for general use
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2020-12-31T00:00:00
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Rollout to begin ‘soon’ but about a million have already received injection under emergency approvals
|
en
|
the Guardian
|
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/31/china-approves-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-for-general-use
|
China’s health authorities have approved a Covid vaccine from state-owned Sinopharm for general use on the population, the government has announced.
At a press conference in Beijing a state taskforce announced the vaccine had exceeded World Health Organization standards and would help establish effective immunity in China.
Health officials said vulnerable groups would be prioritised ahead of the general population. Key groups have already been receiving vaccines under emergency approvals, including about a million receiving the Sinopharm vaccine.
Zeng Yixin, deputy head of the national health commission, said it was aiming for 60-70% vaccination coverage, which was expected to establish herd immunity. “As the Chinese vaccine is proved to be safe and effective, we would like to encourage our people to participate on a voluntary and informed basis, and with consent,” he said.
The officials did not give specific dates but said the rollout would begin “soon” at a “significantly reduced” cost.
Zheng Zhongwei, head of the vaccine research and development working group, said the vaccine was a public good and the cost of production was “the only basis for pricing”.
Zeng then added that the vaccine “must be provided free of charge for all people”, and state media subsequently reported that the vaccine will be free.
Sinopharm is a state-owned pharmaceutical company with two vaccine candidates among China’s five experimental treatments in international final stage trials. Public statements about Sinopharm vaccines do not appear to clarify which of the two candidates is being discussed.
The approval followed an announcement on Wednesday by Sinopharm that phase 3 trials had found its vaccine to be 79% effective. This followed trials conducted in the UAE reporting 86% efficacy earlier in December. The vaccines have not been trialled in China because the virus is not prevalent enough, authorities say.
Chinese vaccine developers have not released trial data. On Thursday a health official said the Sinopharm data would be published “later” in Chinese and foreign medical journals.
At an annual meeting of health workers on 22 December, Zhang Wenhong, head of infectious diseases at Fundan University’s Huasha hospital, said there was apprehension among Chinese people about the domestically produced vaccine, and party leaders should be vaccinated first to reassure the public. A recording of his comments spread quickly on Chinese social media before it was censored.
Sinopharm and rival developer Sinovac have created their vaccines via the more traditional method of using an inactive virus to trigger an immune response. They are more difficult to manufacture quickly than other types and have the potential to cause an imbalanced immune response, but have shown historic success.
Mao Junfeng, head of consumer products at China’s industry ministry, said vaccine producers had ramped up production capacity. “We believe China’s vaccine production will meet the demand for large scale vaccination, and looking ahead the ministry will follow the plans [of the central government] … and help enterprises expand production capacity and make sure a smooth production and supply chain will provide effective and accessible vaccines for the people.”
In September the UAE was the first country outside China to approve emergency use of a Sinopharm vaccine. It has since been made available in Bahrain and shipped to Egypt, while Morocco is planning to rely on it to vaccinate 80% of its adult population. Other countries have signed on to receive the Sinovac vaccine, China’s other domestically produced frontrunner. In October China announced it was joining Covax, the international initiative aimed at ensuring equitable global access to vaccines.
|
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https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/30/asia/china-sinopharm-vaccine-efficacy-intl-hnk/index.html
|
en
|
China approves Sinopharm Covid-19 vaccine, promises free shots for all citizens
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[
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2020-12-30T00:00:00
|
China approved its first homegrown coronavirus vaccine for general public use on Thursday, with officials promising to provide the general public with free inoculations.
|
en
|
/media/sites/cnn/apple-touch-icon.png
|
CNN
|
https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/30/asia/china-sinopharm-vaccine-efficacy-intl-hnk/index.html
|
China approved its first homegrown coronavirus vaccine for general public use on Thursday, with officials promising to provide the general public with free inoculations.
The approval comes a day after its manufacturer, state-owned pharmaceutical giant Sinopharm, said the vaccine is 79.34% effective, citing interim analysis of Phase 3 clinical trials.
Though no detailed efficacy data for the vaccine has been released, the decision to grant approval underscores claims made by Chinese officials in recent weeks over the safety and effectiveness of the country’s domestically produced vaccine candidates.
China is aiming to inoculate 50 million people with domestic Covid-19 vaccines ahead of February’s Lunar New Year celebrations. It has also drastically scaled up its vaccine emergency use program in recent weeks.
Zeng Yixin, vice-minister of China’s National Health Commission, said at a news conference Thursday that the Sinopharm vaccine will be provided free of charge to Chinese citizens.
“Vaccine is a public good by its nature, and the price may vary based on the scale of use, but an important premise is that it will be provided to the public for free,” Zeng said.
Since December 15, more than 3 million vaccine doses have been administered to “key groups,” Zeng said. That’s on top of the 1.5 million doses administered to “high-risk groups” by the end of November, he added.
Among those inoculated, fewer than 0.1% developed a light fever, and about two people per million developed “relative serious adverse reactions” such as allergies, according to Zeng.
The next step is to inoculate vulnerable groups such as the elderly and people with underlying diseases, before vaccinating the general population, Zeng said, without offering more details on how the vaccines will be provided for free.
A Sinopharm company executive said Thursday the vaccine’s Phase 3 trials covered more than 60,000 people, while detailed data will be released later and published in scientific journals at home and abroad.
An official with China’s drug regulator said the vaccine’s clinical trials are still ongoing, and its manufacturer will be required to submit follow-up data to authorities.
The Sinopharm vaccine is less effective than those developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, which have an efficacy rate of about 95%. Russia says its Sputnik V vaccine is 91% effective.
And the vaccine’s efficacy rate of 79% is lower than the 86% announced by the United Arab Emirates for the same vaccine on December 9. The UAE based its results on an interim analysis of late-stage clinical trials conducted there from July. It has since approved the vaccine for public use.
The Sinopharm vaccine has a higher efficacy rate than the one developed by the UK’s Oxford University and AstraZeneca, which averaged 70%. On Wednesday, the UK became the first country to approve that vaccine for public distribution.
A step closer to massive rollout
Sinopharm’s results were announced weeks after its global competitors. And with a lack of details, it remains unclear whether the information provided will be enough to dispel skepticism over the quality of Chinese vaccines.
Nevertheless, the announcement could still pave the way for the vaccine’s large-scale rollout both within China and globally.
China is ready to send hundreds of millions of doses to countries that have conducted last-stage trials for its leading vaccine candidates. Chinese leaders have also promised a growing list of developing countries priority access.
Beijing is using the global campaign as a soft power tool, analysts say, to try to repair any damage to its image from its early mishandling of the coronavirus pandemic.
Aside from the approved Sinopharm vaccine, China has four coronavirus candidates which have reached Phase 3 clinical trials – the last and most important step of testing before regulatory approval is sought. Having largely eliminated the spread of coronavirus inside its borders, Chinese drugmakers had to look abroad for places to test the efficacy of their vaccines. Together, they have rolled out Phase 3 trials in at least 16 countries.
Sinopharm’s two vaccine candidates, including the one approved in China, have rolled out Phase 3 trials in 10 countries, mostly in the Middle East and South America.
Sinopharm chairman Liu Jingzhen said last month that dozens of countries have requested to buy the company’s vaccines. He did not name the countries or elaborate on the amount of doses they proposed, but he said CNBG was capable of producing more than a billion doses in 2021.
Compared with Pfizer and Moderna, Sinopharm’s vaccines do not require freezing temperatures for storage, making transport and distribution much easier – especially in developing countries that lack cold storage capacities.
Correction: An earlier version of this story misstated the number of "relative serious adverse reactions" to Chinese vaccine candidates. It is about two people per million among those inoculated.
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https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/business/economy/china-sinopharm-vaccine-who.html
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en
|
China's Sinopharm Vaccine Approved for Emergency Use By W.H.O.
|
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[
"Sui-Lee Wee"
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2021-05-07T00:00:00
|
The World Health Organization has approved a Chinese vaccine for emergency use. The announcement comes at a time when officials in the country are warning of a domestic shortage.
|
en
|
/vi-assets/static-assets/favicon-d2483f10ef688e6f89e23806b9700298.ico
|
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/business/economy/china-sinopharm-vaccine-who.html
|
Developing countries racing for coronavirus vaccines now have another dependable option, according to the World Health Organization. And China’s reputation as a rising scientific superpower just got a big boost.
On Friday, the global health agency declared a vaccine made by a Chinese company, Sinopharm, to be a safe and reliable way to fight the virus. The declaration marks a significant step toward clearing up doubts about the vaccine, after little late-phase clinical trial data was disclosed by the Chinese government and the company.
The W.H.O. emergency use approval allows the Sinopharm vaccine to be included in Covax, a global initiative to provide free vaccines to poor countries. The possible inclusion in Covax raises hopes that more people — especially those in developing nations — will get access to shots at a crucial moment.
Rich countries are hoarding doses of vaccines. India, a major vaccine maker, has stopped exports to address its worsening coronavirus crisis. Safety concerns led health authorities in some countries to temporarily pause the use of vaccines made by AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson.
“The addition of this vaccine has the potential to rapidly accelerate Covid-19 vaccine access for countries seeking to protect health workers and populations at risk,” Dr. Mariângela Simão, W.H.O. assistant director general for access to health products, said in a statement.
Reliable vaccine access could improve even further next week when the W.H.O. considers another Chinese shot, made by a company called Sinovac. But the fanfare may be short-lived. While China has claimed it can make up to five billion doses by the end of this year, Chinese officials say the country is struggling to manufacture enough doses for its own population and are cautioning a pandemic-weary world to keep expectations in check.
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6044
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dbpedia
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3
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https://theconversation.com/what-are-the-sinopharm-and-sinovac-vaccines-and-how-effective-are-they-two-experts-explain-162258
|
en
|
What are the Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines? And how effective are they? Two experts explain
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2021-06-21T09:20:42+00:00
|
China has administered more than one billion doses of its homegrown COVID-19 vaccines, the majority of which were developed by local companies Sinovac and Sinopharm. So what do we know about them?
|
en
|
The Conversation
|
https://theconversation.com/what-are-the-sinopharm-and-sinovac-vaccines-and-how-effective-are-they-two-experts-explain-162258
|
Last weekend, China reached a milestone of having administered more than one billion doses of its homegrown COVID-19 vaccines, the majority of which were developed by local companies Sinovac and Sinopharm.
What’s more, hundreds of millions of doses of these vaccines have been shipped to more than 80 countries worldwide.
Sinopharm was given emergency approval by the World Health Organization (WHO) in May this year, and Sinovac in June.
But what do we know about these vaccines? How do they work, are they safe, and how effective are they in the real world?
What type of vaccine are they?
Both are inactivated virus vaccines. This means they’re made from viral particles produced in a lab, which are then inactivated so they can’t infect you with COVID-19. Many other vaccines use similar platforms, including injectable polio, Hepatitis A and flu vaccines.
Both companies use similar technology, and the vaccines are mixed with an adjuvant, which is a substance added to vaccines to stimulate a stronger immune response.
The vaccines contain many proteins the immune system can respond to, stimulating the production of antibodies to fight COVID-19.
Read more: Which COVID vaccine is best? Here's why that's really hard to answer
Are they safe?
Side-effects common after most other COVID-19 vaccines, such as fever and fatigue, were found to be uncommon after Sinovac or Sinopharm.
Once vaccines are approved and being used in large populations, they’re continuously monitored for very rare side effects. No significant safety concerns have been identified amid Sinovac’s rollout in China, Brazil, Indonesia and Chile.
In saying that, there were very low numbers of adverse events identified overall, which would suggest substantial under-reporting.
For example, there were only 49 serious adverse events reported following 35.8 million Sinovac doses administered in China.
In a population of that size, we’d expect to see a larger number of illnesses and deaths recorded in the few weeks after vaccination just by coincidence alone, even if not causally related to the vaccine.
Only 79 people reported mostly mild adverse events following 1.1 million doses of Sinopharm in China, much lower than usual rates of adverse event reporting following immunisation.
A potential side effect of particular concern is what’s called “vaccine-associated enhanced disease”. This is a very rare side effect of some other vaccines which use a similar “inactivated” technology to the Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines.
It occurs when a vaccinated person is exposed to the virus and develops a serious inflammatory condition, and results in them getting more severe symptoms than they would have without the vaccination.
This hasn’t been reported for these vaccines to date, although WHO recommends ongoing safety monitoring to identify any cases that occur.
What was their efficacy in clinical trials?
Sinovac’s efficacy at preventing symptomatic infection was 51% in Brazil, 67% in Chile, 65% in Indonesia, and 84% in Turkey. The differences in results may be due to different variants circulating in each country at the time and differences in the populations included in the studies.
Sinopharm’s efficacy in preventing symptomatic infection was 78% in UAE, Bahrain, Egypt and Jordan combined.
As with all the COVID-19 vaccines for which data are available, efficacy against the more severe outcomes is greater. Efficacy against hospitalisation for Sinovac in Chile, Brazil and Turkey was 85%, 100% and 100%, respectively.
However, few elderly people with underlying health issues were enrolled into these studies.
For Sinopharm, efficacy against hospitalisation was 79%, although few women were enrolled in these studies.
How effective are they in the real world?
Data published in April from a large real world study in Chile suggests Sinovac is 67% effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 infection. It’s effectiveness against hospitalisation was 85%, ICU admission 89%, and death 80%.
Sinopharm’s effectiveness against symptomatic infection in Bahrain was 90%.
However, it’s concerning there have been increases in infections in some countries where these vaccines have been extensively used, but detailed reports are not available.
For example, Seychelles has fully vaccinated 68% of its population, mostly with Sinopharm and the remainder with AstraZeneca.
Seychelles has recently experienced a surge in cases, which suggests the herd immunity threshold may not have been reached. The exact threshold for this is unknown but is influenced by variants in circulation, the number of people vaccinated, and the effectiveness of the vaccines.
Detailed epidemiological studies are required to investigate this but news reports suggest 20% of those hospitalised and 37% of new active cases are fully vaccinated.
Read more: COVID is surging in the world's most vaccinated country. Why?
Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates have also achieved high vaccination coverage, predominantly with Sinopharm. They also experienced recent COVID-19 surges, and are offering a booster dose of Pfizer six months after two Sinopharm doses, because of concerns two doses of Sinopharm may not provide sufficient protection.
However, there’s no data publicly available to determine whether this mix and match schedule is safe and produces a protective immune response.
In Mongolia, the rapid vaccine rollout of four different vaccines, including Sinopharm, suggests initial good effectiveness but a recent increase in cases suggests short-term protection only, and perhaps little effect on transmission.
There’s increasing concern about surging cases in Indonesia. Almost all health workers have been vaccinated with the Sinovac vaccine but some are now developing severe disease.
Chile has also achieved high vaccine coverage, mostly with Sinovac. Around 75% of the adult population has received one dose, and 58% two doses.
Despite this, a current surge in infections and consistent high numbers of deaths has prompted a blanket lockdown across the capital, Santiago. The spread may be related to the more transmissible Gamma variant, which first emerged in Brazil.
However, in a small town of 45,000 in Brazil, very high vaccination coverage with Sinovac of 95% of adults, reportedly decreased symptomatic infections by 80% and deaths by 95%.
There’s currently no data on how effective Sinopharm is against any variant of concern despite its use in more than 50 countries.
For Sinovac, effectiveness against symptomatic infection with the Alpha and Gamma variants in Chile was 67%.
In Brazil, with circulation of the Gamma variant, one pre-print study suggested effectiveness against symptomatic infection was 42%.
Read more: Coronavirus variants have new names: we can finally stop stigmatising countries
Both vaccines are effective against severe COVID-19.
However, it is critical that researchers and health authorities determine vaccine effectiveness against variants and their effect on transmission, and their safety profiles. For countries that have community transmission this includes “vaccine-associated enhanced disease”.
As for any vaccine, we also need to understand how effective these vaccines are in older people, adolescents, pregnant women and immunocompromised groups, and how long protection lasts.
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Sinopharm is China’s Most Valuable Pharma Brand; GPC Tops Ranking of Traditional Chinese Medicine Brands
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2021-07-01T08:22:55+01:00
|
View the full Brand Finance Chinese Pharma 2021 report here
|
en
|
Brand Finance
|
https://brandfinance.com/press-releases/sinopharm-is-chinas-most-valuable-pharma-brand-gpc-tops-ranking-of-traditional-chinese-medicine-brands
|
Sinopharm tops ranking of most valuable Chinese pharma brands, brand value US$3.2 billion
GPC claims title of second most valuable Chinese pharma brand and top spot in sub ranking of top 5 most valuable traditional Chinese medicine brands, brand value US$1.5 billion
SPH completes podium with its commitment to R&D paying off
Brand Finance conducted original market research on perceptions of Chinese pharma brands, surveying opinions of 1,000 respondents aged 18-75 across nation
Overall consumer perceptions of Chinese pharma brands are largely positive: brands scored well for quality and respondents in general think Chinese pharma brands care more about customers than profits
Yunnan Baiyao is strongest Chinese pharma brand with AA brand strength rating
Sinopharm, Tong Ren Tang, 999, and GPC round off top 5 for brand strength
View the full Brand Finance Chinese Pharma 2021 report here
Leading the fight against the nation’s health emergency, Chinese pharma brands have performed extremely well over the previous year. According to the Brand Finance China 500 2021 ranking, the pharma sector recorded an impressive 123% cumulative brand value increase – a result bolstered by solid performances across the board, as well as from the eight new brands that entered the ranking this year. Furthermore, four of these brands feature in the Brand Finance Pharma 25 2021 ranking – a ranking of the world’s top 25 most valuable and strongest pharma brands - Sinopharm, Guangzhou Pharmaceuticals Corporation, SPH and, Yunnan Baiyao.
Now, for the first time Brand Finance has ranked the top 15 most valuable and strongest Chinese pharma brands.
Scott Chen, Managing Director, Brand Finance China, commented:
“There is no denying the importance of the role of Chinese pharma brands over the previous year as they spearheaded the fight against the nation’s health emergency and their operations were propelled to the centre of society like never before. This newly-released ranking of the top 15 most valuable and strongest Chinese pharma brands demonstrates the true strength of the sector, with extremely positive results recorded across the board.”
Vaccine development reaps benefits for Sinopharm
Topping the new ranking of China’s most valuable pharma brands is Sinopharm, which has recorded a 58% brand value increase to US$3.2 billion. Sinopharm is making major strides in the global race to produce COVID-19 vaccinations and has since developed a vaccine with a high efficacy rate, which has already been distributed to millions worldwide.
GPC sits in 2nd
Sitting in second is Guangzhou Pharmaceuticals Corporation, boasting a 74% increase in brand value to US$1.5 billion. GPC - one of China’s largest drug makers – has recently entered a partnership with PepsiCo to jointly develop healthy oatmeal products. Furthermore, as one of the top Chinese medicine manufacturers, GPC has been making significant developments by contributing its knowledge of the traditional Chinese medicine – Banlangen – towards controlling the pandemic.
SPH completes podium
Completing the podium in 3rd spot is SPH (brand value up 50% to US$1.4 billion). The brand prides itself on being a leader for research and development across the industry, spending US$194.9 million on research in 2019 alone.
SPH has placed itself in a strong position to reap the rewards of the pandemic-induced shift away from traditional healthcare towards the online and technological side of the sector, through recently securing funding for its online prescription and pharmacy businesses. This funding will also allow the brand to consolidate its network of hospital-centred Chinese pharmacies.
Top 5 traditional Chinese medicine brands
GPC is most valuable traditional Chinese medicine brand
Brand Finance has also created a sub ranking from the Chinese pharma ranking for traditional Chinese medicines brands, given their rise in popularity in recent years.
GPC claims the top spot in this ranking, with Yunnan Baiyao sitting in 2nd. 999 claims third position, following a 50% brand value increase to US$243 million. 999 has recently entered a partnership with insurance giant Ping An, enabling users to directly enjoy 999 Ganmaoling Granules through the Ping An Health app.
Tasly (brand value US$228 million) and Tong Ren Tang (brand value US$207 million) round off the top 5 in 4th and 5th positions, respectively. Tasly continues to focus heavily on R&D and innovation across its operations - the company currently has 75 research projects, 38 category 1 innovative drugs, as well as 46 that have entered the clinical research stage.
Yunnan Baiyao is the strongest Chinese pharma brand
In addition to measuring overall brand value, Brand Finance also determines the relative strength of brands through a balanced scorecard of metrics evaluating marketing investment, stakeholder equity, and business performance.
Brand Finance also conducted original market research on the Chinese pharma sector, where 1000 respondents were asked about the 15 Chinese pharma brands that feature in the ranking and their opinions on a variety of metrics including reputation, recommendation, and trust.
Results from the market research directly funnel into the Brand Strength Index and therefore the responses impact how brands perform in terms of brand strength.
Yunnan Baiyao is the strongest Chinese pharma brand with a Brand Strength Index (BSI) score of 73.2 out of 100 and a corresponding AA brand strength rating. Sinopharm (BSI 69.1), Tong Ren Tang (BSI 68.9), 999 (BSI 67.4) and GPC (BSI 66.0) round off the top 5 for brand strength.
Brand Image
Quality
Overall, brands scored well and generally received high scores for quality. Yunnan Baiyao and Tong Ren Tang ranked first, both scoring 4.2 out of 5, followed by GPC and Baiyunshan scoring 4.0 out of 5. Some consumers have complained, however, about Tong Ren Tang using its brand to increase profits, by developing and selling irrelevant products, which may bring complications to its branded products in the future.
In general, respondents from the older age group tend to give higher quality scores to brands, compared with the lower two age categories. This is not the case for Sinopharm, which has higher quality perceptions (4.0/5.0) among the younger age group of respondents (18-34), a score higher than the mid-age group (35-54)’s perceptions at 3.9 and the older age group (55-75)’s result at 3.8. This is potentially the result of the younger generation having more trust in the COVID-19 vaccination than their older counterparts.
Closeness
Humanwell performs strongly in the 18-34 age group (7.0/10) compared with the two older age groups (35-54 and 55-75), scoring 6.3 and 6.8 out 10, respectively. This is predominantly due to the popularity of its women’s health products, as a leading brand in fertility space.
Genuinely offer something different
Yunnan Baiyao and Joincare pharma rank first in this measure due to their unique product offering in the market. For example, Baiyao series products are exclusive to Yunnan Baiyao and the formula remains a nationwide top secret. Its core variations have been selected into the National Medical Insurance Class A drug catalogue for many years.
Positive perceptions around profits versus costumer well-being
Respondents in general do not think that Chinese pharma brands care more about profits than their customers. This is largely due to the medicine regulation in China, as well as the increasing availability of public health insurance.
Good product range
The top three pharma brands - Sinopharm, SPH and GPC rank top in this measure, with scores of 49%, 51%, and 44% respectively. GPC also benefits from producing both Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, unlike the other two which largely focus on Western medicine.
Brand Funnels
Awareness: Yunnan Baiyao leads, scoring impressive 97% across all age groups
Yunnan Baiyao boasts the highest awareness score (97%) across all three age groups, followed by Tong Ren Tang (94%). Humanwell performs worst (23%) among all three age groups.
The three biggest pharma groups researched - Sinopharm, SPH, and GPC - scored 85%, 56%, and 63% respectively. Sinopharm’s contribution to the Covid vaccine race has propelled it to become a household name across the nation.
Some brands, such as CSPC, have a strong regional focus and presence. It scored 79% in Jinan and 72% in Beijing in northern China, but did not perform well in the southern provinces. The same trend is witnessed with Tasly. Trends like this are often the result of brands simply not reaching awareness levels on a national scale yet and therefore they naturally fall behind the sector leaders Sinopharm, SPH, and GPC in this metric.
Familiarity: Once again Yunnan Baiyao leads pack
The familiarity metric follows a similar trend to the awareness metric, with Yunnan Baiyao ranking first (67%) among all three-age group respondents, followed by Tong Ren Tang (63%). Sinopharm and Bai Yun Shan also perform well, scoring 45% and 41% respectively.
Humanwell Healthcare, Tasly, and Joincare Pharma score the lowest – ranging from a 5% to 10% familiarity level, largely a result of their limited consumer-facing branded product range.
Consideration: Yunnan Baiyao and Tong Ren Tang score 99% and 98% respectively
Among those who are familiar with the Yunnan Baiyao and Tong Ren Tang brands, 99% and 98% would consider choosing to use their products. Sinopharm, SPH, 999, Harbin Pharmaceutical, and GPC also boast high consideration scores (all over 90%).
GPC own products that consumers use in their everyday lives – such as Wanglaoji and Banlangen granules – therefore earning them a high consideration score. GPC is also the largest manufacturer in China for digestible antibiotics, owning the first brand of digestible antibiotics, Kangzhiba. Furthermore, its leading product cefathiamidine is currently the only cephalosporin developed by the Chinese themselves.
Reputation Versus Recommendation
Reputation
GPC scores 7.7. Brands within the GPC group including Chenliji and Wanglaoji have a long history and products from these brands including Banlangeng and xiaocaihu granules have played an important role in fighting the pandemic, therefore contributing to the strong reputation score.
The average score in the traditional Chinese medicine group is 7.8, which is higher than the Western medicine group at 7.5, demonstrating that generally traditional medicine has a higher reputation due to its history and culture accumulation.
Sinopharm ranks top in the Western medicine group with a score of 8.0. Sinopharm owns over 1,100 subsidiaries as well as six listed companies and has built a nationwide logistic and distributing network for providing quality service to more than 230,000 corporate clients.
Recommendation
Yunnan Baiyao and Tong Ren Tang rank joint first with a score of 8.3 out of 10. GPC also boasts a high recommendation score of 7.8. Ten traditional Chinese medicines from the GPC group were selected for use in the diagnosis and treatment of Covid by the government, showcasing strong endorsement of GPC products.
Sinopharm and Fosun Pharma are the only two brands with a recommendation score higher than 8 out of 10 in the Western medicine group. Fosun Pharma has recently won a new partnership with BioNTech – German biotechnology company behind the globally known Pfizer–BioNTech Covid vaccine - and is commercialising its mRNA technology in producing vaccine products across China.
Buchang Pharma surprisingly performs best among the 18-34 age group with a score of 8.5 for recommendation. The company is focusing on the modernisation of traditional Chinese medicine, explaining its popularity among the younger age category.
View the full Brand Finance Chinese Pharma 2021 report here
ENDS
Note to Editors
Every year, Brand Finance puts 5,000 of the biggest brands to the test, evaluating their strength and quantifying their value, and publishes nearly 100 reports, ranking brands across all sectors and countries. The top 15 most valuable Chinese pharma most valuable and strongest brands are included in the Brand Finance Chinese Pharma 2021 report here.
The full Brand Finance China 500 2021 ranking, additional insights, charts, more information about the methodology, as well as definitions of key terms are available in the Brand Finance Chinese Pharma 2021 report here.
Brand value is understood as the net economic benefit that a brand owner would achieve by licensing the brand in the open market. Brand strength is the efficacy of a brand’s performance on intangible measures relative to its competitors. Please see below for a full explanation of our methodology.
|
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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/31/china-approves-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-for-general-use
|
en
|
China approves Sinopharm Covid-19 vaccine for general use
|
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2020-12-31T00:00:00
|
Rollout to begin ‘soon’ but about a million have already received injection under emergency approvals
|
en
|
the Guardian
|
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/31/china-approves-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-for-general-use
|
China’s health authorities have approved a Covid vaccine from state-owned Sinopharm for general use on the population, the government has announced.
At a press conference in Beijing a state taskforce announced the vaccine had exceeded World Health Organization standards and would help establish effective immunity in China.
Health officials said vulnerable groups would be prioritised ahead of the general population. Key groups have already been receiving vaccines under emergency approvals, including about a million receiving the Sinopharm vaccine.
Zeng Yixin, deputy head of the national health commission, said it was aiming for 60-70% vaccination coverage, which was expected to establish herd immunity. “As the Chinese vaccine is proved to be safe and effective, we would like to encourage our people to participate on a voluntary and informed basis, and with consent,” he said.
The officials did not give specific dates but said the rollout would begin “soon” at a “significantly reduced” cost.
Zheng Zhongwei, head of the vaccine research and development working group, said the vaccine was a public good and the cost of production was “the only basis for pricing”.
Zeng then added that the vaccine “must be provided free of charge for all people”, and state media subsequently reported that the vaccine will be free.
Sinopharm is a state-owned pharmaceutical company with two vaccine candidates among China’s five experimental treatments in international final stage trials. Public statements about Sinopharm vaccines do not appear to clarify which of the two candidates is being discussed.
The approval followed an announcement on Wednesday by Sinopharm that phase 3 trials had found its vaccine to be 79% effective. This followed trials conducted in the UAE reporting 86% efficacy earlier in December. The vaccines have not been trialled in China because the virus is not prevalent enough, authorities say.
Chinese vaccine developers have not released trial data. On Thursday a health official said the Sinopharm data would be published “later” in Chinese and foreign medical journals.
At an annual meeting of health workers on 22 December, Zhang Wenhong, head of infectious diseases at Fundan University’s Huasha hospital, said there was apprehension among Chinese people about the domestically produced vaccine, and party leaders should be vaccinated first to reassure the public. A recording of his comments spread quickly on Chinese social media before it was censored.
Sinopharm and rival developer Sinovac have created their vaccines via the more traditional method of using an inactive virus to trigger an immune response. They are more difficult to manufacture quickly than other types and have the potential to cause an imbalanced immune response, but have shown historic success.
Mao Junfeng, head of consumer products at China’s industry ministry, said vaccine producers had ramped up production capacity. “We believe China’s vaccine production will meet the demand for large scale vaccination, and looking ahead the ministry will follow the plans [of the central government] … and help enterprises expand production capacity and make sure a smooth production and supply chain will provide effective and accessible vaccines for the people.”
In September the UAE was the first country outside China to approve emergency use of a Sinopharm vaccine. It has since been made available in Bahrain and shipped to Egypt, while Morocco is planning to rely on it to vaccinate 80% of its adult population. Other countries have signed on to receive the Sinovac vaccine, China’s other domestically produced frontrunner. In October China announced it was joining Covax, the international initiative aimed at ensuring equitable global access to vaccines.
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6044
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https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/who-approves-china-sinopharm-covid-vaccine-1.6017958
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en
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WHO panel approves emergency use of China's Sinopharm vaccine
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"The Associated Press"
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2021-05-07T17:10:00+00:00
|
The World Health Organization gave emergency use authorization Friday to a COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by China's Sinopharm, potentially paving the way for millions of the doses to reach needy countries through a UN-backed program rolling out coronavirus vaccines.
|
en
|
/a/apple-touch-icon.png
|
CBC
|
https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/who-approves-china-sinopharm-covid-vaccine-1.6017958
|
The World Health Organization gave emergency use authorization Friday to a COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by China's Sinopharm, potentially paving the way for millions of the doses to reach needy countries through a UN-backed program rolling out coronavirus vaccines.
The decision by a WHO technical advisory group, a first for a Chinese vaccine, opens the possibility that Sinopharm's offering could be included in the UN-backed COVAX program in coming weeks or months and distributed through UN children's agency UNICEF and WHO's Americas regional office.
Aside from efficacy numbers, the Chinese manufacturer has released very little public data about its two vaccines — one developed by its Beijing Institute of Biological Products and the other by the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products.
The Beijing shot, which has already been exported to some countries, is one the WHO advisory group considered for the emergency use listing.
"This afternoon, WHO gave emergency use listing to sign off on Beijing's COVID-19 vaccine, making it the sixth vaccine to receive WHO validation for safety, efficacy and quality," WHO director general Tedros Adhahom Ghebreysus said.
The Sinopharm vaccine will join ones made by Pfizer-BioNTech, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, AstraZeneca and a version of the AstraZeneca vaccine made by the Serum Institute of India, in receiving the coveted authorization from the UN health agency.
"This expands the list of vaccines that COVAX can buy and gives countries confidence to expedite their own regulatory approval and to import and administer a vaccine," Tedros said at a Geneva news conference.
Up to 79% effectiveness
Previously, a separate group advising WHO on vaccines said it was "very confident" the Sinopharm vaccine protects people ages 18 to 59. The group said it had a "low level of confidence" in the vaccine's efficacy for people 60 and over. Its members said they had "very low confidence" in the available data about serious side-effects in that age group.
Sinopharm hasn't published its late-stage test results in scientific journals, so the WHO requested a breakdown of its data, which come mostly from the United Arab Emirates.
"[We] came to the conclusion that there is enough evidence of safety and the capacity of the vaccine to prevent severe disease or symptomatic and hospitalized cases up to 79 per cent," said Dr. Alejandro Cravioto, who heads the WHO advisory group on immunizations. "The information we have for people over 60 is still very scarce."
"There is no reason to think that the vaccine would behave differently in this older age group," he added.
Arnaud Didierlaurent, a professor at the University of Geneva's medical school who chairs the advisory group, said it had requested additional studies from Sinopharm, and that there would be "continuous evaluation" of the vaccine.
"In fact, the work does not stop after the listing," he said.
'Another safe and effective tool'
Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, which co-runs COVAX, welcomed WHO's emergency approval.
"This means the world has yet another safe and effective tool in the fight against this pandemic," the alliance said. The public-private partnership said it was in discussions with several manufacturers, including Sinopharm, "to expand and diversify the portfolio further and secure access to additional doses" for countries in the COVAX program.
COVAX aims to send vaccines for free to 92 lower-income countries and to help another 99 countries and territories procure them. It was not immediately clear when the Sinopharm vaccine might be made available to the COVAX portfolio.
The program, which has already distributed over 54 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines but faces limited supplies from Western countries and India, has been working hard to strike deals as part of its goal to procure two billion doses by the end of the year.
WATCH | WHO urges global COVID-19 vaccine equity:
Limited public data
Suerie Moon, co-director of the Global Health Program at Geneva's Graduate Institute, said WHO's decision on the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine and other Chinese vaccines will "carry a lot of weight" because of limited information publicly available about them.
"The decision is also sure to be scrutinized all around for any whiff of political bias, and no doubt the committee members were very well aware of this," she said, noting that the decision could also be a boon for developing countries.
"If there is a greenlight, these vaccines could boost the thin stream of supplies that has been channelled through COVAX to date," she said, as the program has been hit hard by export bans limiting vaccine supply from India. India has kept those doses amid a surge of cases at home.
Moon also said if Chinese suppliers start channeling large volumes, "this would signal a step-change in their participation in global vaccine markets." Before the pandemic, India was a well-integrated player in the global health vaccine supply system, but China was not, she said.
WHO's decision on Sinopharm, months in the making, was particularly complex because the vaccine has not faced the high-level scrutiny of a rigorous medicines regulator like those in Europe and the U.S.
The WHO panel relied frequently on those Western agencies' findings when it came to vaccines that it has already approved emergency use.
Many officials in countries without such regulatory structures rely on WHO's emergency use listings to authorize vaccine rollouts for their populations.
'Inactivated' vaccines
Hundreds of millions of Chinese vaccines have already been delivered to dozens of countries around the world through bilateral deals as many scrambled to secure supplies after rich countries had reserved the vast majority of supplies from Western pharmaceutical makers.
While China has five shots in use, the majority of its exports abroad come from two companies: Sinopharm and Sinovac. A decision on Sinovac is expected next week, WHO said.
The Chinese vaccines are "inactivated" vaccines, made with killed coronavirus. Most other COVID-19 vaccines being used around the world, particularly in the West, are made with newer technologies that instead target the "spike" protein that coats the surface of the coronavirus.
The WHO, in what it called a first, said the vaccine would come a small sticker on the vaccine vials that changes colour as it is exposed to heat, which will inform health workers about whether the vaccine can be safely used.
Sinopharm said last month that over 100 million doses of its two vaccines have been used across the world.
Sinovac, by comparison, has shared more data. Last month, a study published by a team of scientists in Brazil confirmed a previously reported efficacy rate of over 50 per cent. A real-world study in Chile last month found an efficacy rate of 67 per cent.
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3
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https://www.statista.com/chart/25446/countries-authorizing-coronavirus-vaccines-of-chinese-origin/
|
en
|
Chart: Where Chinese Vaccines Are Used
|
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[
"Katharina Buchholz",
"Felix Richter"
] |
2021-07-30T00:00:00
|
This chart shows the countries which have fully authorized coronavirus vaccines of Chinese origin (as of July 28, 2021).
|
en
|
Statista Daily Data
|
https://www.statista.com/chart/25446/countries-authorizing-coronavirus-vaccines-of-chinese-origin/
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http://www.ccsaof.com/en/exhibitor_view/10002448
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en
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Beijing Import and Export Online Fair
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2nd-8th June,2021
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https://fortune.com/2020/09/16/china-covid-vaccine-emergency-use-approval-uae-global-sinopharm/
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en
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China’s controversial emergency-use program for COVID vaccines is going global
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[] |
[] |
[
"covid vaccine",
"china covid vaccine",
"emergency use vaccine",
"emergency use china vaccine",
"emergency use covid vaccine",
"china vaccine",
"china vaccine",
"vaccine race",
"sinopharm",
"cansino",
"fosun",
"sinovac",
"inactivated vaccine",
"vaccine trials",
"vaccine safety",
"vaccine efficacy",
"phase III trials",
"late stage trials",
"emergency use vaccine",
"health care workers",
"front line medical workers",
"UAE",
"united arab emirates"
] | null |
[
"Grady McGregor",
"The Associated Press",
"Erin Prater",
"Margie Zable Fisher",
"Lindsey Leake",
"Alexa Mikhail",
"Freedman",
"Orianna Rosa Royle",
"Eleanor Pringle",
"Christiaan Hetzner"
] |
2020-09-16T00:00:00
|
For the first time, a foreign country has approved a Chinese-made vaccine for emergency use.
|
en
|
/icons/favicons/favicon.ico
|
Fortune
|
https://fortune.com/2020/09/16/china-covid-vaccine-emergency-use-approval-uae-global-sinopharm/
|
“The UAE authorizes the emergency use of the COVID-19 vaccine for members of the first line of defense who are most at risk of catching COVID-19,” the UAE’s National Emergency Crisis and Disaster Management Authority said in a tweet on Monday.
Sinopharm is among several vaccine makers to receive similar emergency-use approval from government authorities in China, where vaccine companies have injected hundreds of thousands of frontline health care workers and other select population groups like members of the military, customs workers, and employees of vaccine makers.
The UAE’s decision makes it the first foreign country to follow China’s lead in deploying a vaccine ahead of completing final-stage clinical trials, underscoring China’s growing clout in the global vaccine race.
Sinopharm’s candidate
Sinopharm, a shortened name for the state-run company China National Pharmaceutical Group Corp., began its late-stage clinical trials in the UAE on July 16 and has already tested the COVID-19 vaccine candidate on some 31,000 volunteers.
Dr. Nawal Al Kaabi, the head of the UAE’s National Clinic Committee for COVID-19, told an Abu Dhabi–based news outlet that even though Sinopharm’s vaccine trials are ongoing in the country, initial results in the trials “showed that the vaccine is effective” and generated strong antibodies of the virus among volunteers. “Studies on the safety of the vaccination have been reviewed and showed that it is safe for use,” Al Kaabi said.
Experts, however, have cautioned against deploying an immunization before finishing clinical trials and receiving official approval that it’s safe and effective.
In late July, Anthony Fauci, the U.S.’s top infectious disease official and director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said in a congressional hearing that he hoped China would complete testing of any vaccine candidate before distributing it.
“Claims of having a vaccine ready to distribute before you do testing, I think, is problematic, at best,” Fauci said.
Sinopharm’s CEO Liu Jingzhen claimed in August that its candidate may reach market by December. He said that based on early trial results, he expects the vaccine to be 100% effective in producing an immune response after patients receive two doses of the vaccine. Sinopharm’s candidate is currently in Phase III clinical trials in the UAE, Bahrain, Peru, Morocco, Argentina, and Jordan.
China’s international vaccine
Wu Guizhen, China’s Centers for Disease Control top bio safety expert, said on Monday that she expects Chinese citizens to have official access to vaccine as early as November or December.
In a conversation with Fortune last week, Dr. Aimin Hui, vice president of Chinese vaccine maker Fosun, put forth a similar timeline for his company’s vaccine candidate, which is being developed in partnership with American pharmaceutical giant Pfizer and German vaccine maker BioNTech.
With one or several Chinese vaccines set to reach the market in coming months, a looming question is which countries will distribute a Chinese vaccine.
In the July hearing, Fauci said it was “unlikely” that the U.S. would turn to Chinese- or Russian-made vaccines if they beat American candidates to the market, given the countries’ questionable development processes and the U.S.’s own advanced candidates. “I do not believe that there will be vaccines so far ahead of us that we will have to depend on other countries to get us vaccines,” he said.
But the UAE decision indicates that other countries are more willing to work with China on coronavirus vaccinations.
Including Sinopharm and Fosun, Chinese pharmaceutical firms are involved in five of the nine vaccine candidates currently in late-stage, Phase III trials. Sinopharm is behind two of the efforts, partnering with the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products and the Beijing Institute of Biological Products on separate candidates. Sinopharm has tested both of these vaccines in the UAE, but it is unclear if the UAE granted emergency approval to one or both candidates. Sinopharm did not immediately return a request for comment. Candidates being developed by Chinese biotech firm Cansino and private Chinese vaccine maker Sinovac are also in Phase III trials.
The five firms are testing their candidates in numerous countries around the world, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Brazil, Indonesia, and Russia.
Beyond the trials, foreign governments are also engaged in talks with Chinese vaccine makers for supply of a potential vaccine after it’s approved.
In late August, Chinese vaccine maker Sinovac struck a deal with Indonesia to supply it with 40 million doses of its potential vaccine. Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte also said this week that he would prioritize buying vaccines from China or Russia over potential candidates from the U.S. or Europe.
The UAE may be the first country to approve a Chinese vaccine for domestic use, but as the global vaccine race heats up, it’s unlikely to be the last.
|
||||
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3
| 37
|
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-04/uae-pritioritized-quick-access-in-picking-china-s-sinopharm-shot
|
en
|
UAE Prioritized Quick Access in Picking China’s Sinopharm Shot
|
[
"https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iBpcU90MhfEc/v1/-1x-1.jpg"
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[] |
[] |
[
"United Arab Emirates",
"China",
"Abu Dhabi",
"Coronavirus",
"Russia",
"ASTRAZENECA PLC",
"PFIZER INC",
"Johns Hopkins University",
"Investing",
"National Security",
"business"
] | null |
[
"Farah Elbahrawy"
] |
2021-03-04T00:00:00
|
The United Arab Emirates hinged its inoculation program on the vaccine developed by China’s Sinopharm Group, given early availability and the potential to produce the shots locally.
|
en
|
Bloomberg.com
|
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-04/uae-pritioritized-quick-access-in-picking-china-s-sinopharm-shot
|
The United Arab Emirates hinged its inoculation program on the vaccine developed by China’s Sinopharm Group, given early availability and the potential to produce the shots locally.
The UAE, which has one of the fastest vaccine rollouts in the world, entered talks with 23 companies and engaged with them over three main factors, said Omar Najim, executive office director at Abu Dhabi’s Department of Health.
|
|||||
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dbpedia
|
2
| 94
|
https://www.scmp.com/coronavirus/asia/article/3131805/coronavirus-indonesia-approves-sinopharm-vaccine-emergency-use
|
en
|
Coronavirus: Indonesia approves Sinopharm vaccine for emergency use; Thailand says latest wave has peaked
|
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[] |
[
"indonesia",
"thailand",
"vietnam",
"coronavirus",
"vaccine",
"lockdown"
] | null |
[
"Agencies"
] |
2021-04-30T18:18:32+08:00
|
After Sinovac and AstraZeneca, Sinopharm is the third company to have its vaccine approved by Indonesia.
|
en
|
https://assets-v2.i-scmp.com/production/favicon.ico
|
South China Morning Post
|
https://www.scmp.com/coronavirus/asia/article/3131805/coronavirus-indonesia-approves-sinopharm-vaccine-emergency-use
|
Penny K. Lukito, chief of Indonesia’s food and drug agency (BPOM), said Sinopharm vaccine recipients had reported higher antibody rates and rare side effects, such as swelling or diarrhoea.
“Based on the evaluation and the benefits or risks consideration … BPOM has issued an emergency use authorisation [for Sinopharm],” she told a news conference.
Verdi Budidarmo, CEO of pharmaceutical company Kimia Farma which distributes the vaccine, said the private vaccination programme, which starts next month, could “back up the government to reach herd immunity”.
Over 482,000 ready-to-use doses of the Sinopharm vaccine arrived on Friday.
No detailed efficacy data of Sinopharm’s vaccine has been publicly released.
However, its developer, Beijing Biological Products Institute, a unit of Sinopharm subsidiary China National Biotec Group, has said the vaccine was 79.34 per cent effective in preventing people from developing the disease, based on interim data.
Indonesia’s vaccine programme has slowed due to an export ban from India and other supply issues, although health minister Budi Gunadi Sadikin said he hoped it could get back on track in May.
The country received 6 million doses of the Sinovac Biotech vaccine in bulk on Friday. It has also got 3.85 million ready-to-use doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine this week and Budi said 10 million to 15 million additional Sinovac vaccine doses would be received in the next few weeks.
Thailand says recent wave has peaked
Thailand on Friday reported 1,583 new coronavirus cases, bringing the country’s total number of confirmed infections to 65,153 since the pandemic began last year. There were 15 new deaths reported, taking total fatalities to 203.
One major change approved on Thursday by the Centre for Covid-19 Situation Administration is that people arriving from abroad must spend 14 days in quarantine regardless of where they are coming from or whether they have been vaccinated for Covid-19. Quarantine periods had recently been shortened to 7-10 days from 14 days to help revive the country’s massive tourist industry.
Other new restrictions inside Thailand will be applied depending on how provinces rank on a three-tier system of zones according to their number of new Covid-19 cases.
The new rules will be reviewed after two weeks, said Taweesilp Visanuyothin, the centre’s spokesperson.
In Bangkok, Chiang Mai and four other provinces in the worst tier, restaurants are only allowed to provide takeaway service and must close by 9pm. All gyms, fitness centres and other indoor sports venues must close. No spectators are allowed at sporting competitions and residents are strongly discouraged, though not banned, from travelling outside the zone.
Earlier this week, Bangkok city authorities already ordered the closing of more than 30 types of businesses and services including cinemas, parks, zoos, bars, pools and massage parlours. Gatherings of more than 20 people were banned. Shopping malls and department stores can open with shorter hours.
Passenger catches virus on Japan cruise ship
The ship’s 295 passengers and 425 crew members will reach Yokohama, just south of Tokyo, around Saturday noon, an NYK Cruises spokeswoman said.
All passengers tested negative prior to the cruise, but the company conducted another round of tests at its boarding reception on Thursday, she said.
The infected passenger is stable and recovering in a cabin that has been isolated, NYK said in a statement, adding that only one other person had been in close contact.
The ship had been scheduled to stop at Aomori and Hokkaido prefectures and return to port on May 5.
Hanoi shuts bars, karaoke parlours
Hanoi’s bars, karaoke parlours, clubs and internet gaming rooms have been ordered to close after Vietnam recorded its first community transmissions of Covid-19 in 35 days.
The cases have been linked to a 27-year-old man who returned to Vietnam from Japan on April 7.
The man was quarantined in the central city of Da Nang, where he tested negative for coronavirus three times before catching a bus back to his home in Ha Nam on April 22. Two days later, he developed Covid-19 symptoms and tested positive.
Authorities have locked down Quan Nhan village, where the man’s family lives, restricting the movements of around 1,000 villagers.
Vietnam’s health officials are now hurrying to carry out contact tracing and testing nationwide.
The new cases have emerged shortly before a three-day public holiday in Vietnam when many families travel across the country, raising fears of a wider outbreak.
Vietnam has officially recorded 2,914 coronavirus cases and 35 deaths.
Malaysia moves teachers up vaccine priority list
Announcing the revised plan, Deputy Education Minister Mah Hang Soon said the safety of teachers and students remains the ministry’s top priority, according to local media reports.
The first vaccination phase started two months ago and saw health care workers and security forces personnel immunised.
The decision to vaccinate teachers comes amid a spike in coronavirus case numbers. The Health Ministry on Friday reported almost 3,800 new infections, the third consecutive day the number topped 3,000.
Schools remain mostly open, though several outbreaks have been reported among students, leading to some temporary closures and a statewide shutdown in Kelantan, a northern region.
The government said in February it would not lock down for a third time, citing concerns about likely economic losses after the first shutdown last year led to a 17 per cent quarterly contraction.
Cambodia police general jailed for violating curbs
Major General Ung Chanthuok, deputy chief of staff of the national police, was sentenced on Thursday to 12 months in prison over a party he organised earlier this month, while two other attendees received 18-month terms. Ung Chanthuok was sacked after his arrest.
Kuch Kimlong, deputy prosecutor of the Phnom Penh Municipal Court, said all three were also fined US$1,250 each.
The sentences were among the toughest so far under a strict law passed in March this year by Cambodia’s parliament, which prescribes punishments that include jail terms of three years for quarantine breaches and 10 years for leaving treatment facilities while infected, or intentionally spreading Covid-19.
Cambodia is fighting a surge in coronavirus infections that has seen its case total jump from about 500 to 12,641 since late February, including all 91 of its deaths.
Reporting by Reuters, dpa
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en
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China Approves Its Homegrown COVID-19 Vaccine For Widespread Use
|
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2020-12-31T00:00:00
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The state-owned Sinopharm says its vaccine has a 79% efficacy rate — surpassing the widely accepted standard of 50% efficacy.
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en
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NPR
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https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/31/952269135/china-approves-its-homegrown-covid-19-vaccine-for-widespread-use
|
China's medical products agency has given market approval to the country's first COVID-19 vaccine, made by state-owned Sinopharm. The conglomerate says its vaccine has a 79% efficacy rate — surpassing the widely accepted standard of 50% efficacy.
The approval is conditional, requiring Sinopharm to continue collecting data about the vaccine and its long-term effects. But the arrival of another mass-produced vaccine could provide relief in countries that have been unable to secure doses of the vaccines made by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna. China's approval came one day after the U.K. approved a vaccine made by AstraZeneca and Oxford University.
The Sinopharm vaccine uses inactivated coronavirus that causes the body to produce antibodies, a more conventional approach to inoculation. Pfizer's and Moderna's vaccines use a revolutionary gene-based platform.
The Chinese vaccine requires two injections. It was created by a Sinopharm subsidiary, the China National Biotec Group, or CNBG. The drugmaker says it has been conducting clinical studies in China as well as in other countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Peru, Argentina and Morocco.
"During the summer, Beijing gave a green light for emergency use of the Sinopharm vaccine and several others," NPR's John Ruwitch reported for our Newscast unit. "State media say that millions of doses have already been administered, including to front-line medical staff and people going abroad for work. Emergency use is set to expand."
Both Bahrain and the UAE — where large-scale trials of the Sinopharm vaccine took place — approved the vaccine earlier this month.
China's new approval for widespread use moves the country closer to its goals of vaccinating millions more people in the coming months. To protect itself from COVID-19, China must vaccinate at least 700 million residents, CNBG Chairman Yang Xiaoming told Chinese state-run media.
Yang also said that he and hundreds of other CNBG employees were inoculated with a version of the company's vaccine in March — the same month COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic.
Along with the efficacy rate, a vaccine's ability to protect public health is tied to another figure: vaccine coverage — the number of people who get the shot and develop antibodies to the virus.
"The percentage of people who need to have antibodies in order to achieve herd immunity against a particular disease varies with each disease," the World Health Organization says. It notes that for measles, around 95% of a population must be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, while for polio, the threshold is much lower: about 80%.
In addition to those differences, a vaccine's efficacy rate directly affects the amount of coverage a population must have to prevent or curtail an epidemic. Researchers have been studying how high an efficacy rate must be to protect the public without any other interventions.
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https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/China.html
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en
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China International Travel Information
|
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China international travel information and Travel Advisory
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Criminal Penalties: You are subject to local laws. If you violate local laws, even unknowingly, you may be expelled, arrested, or imprisoned.
Some laws are also prosecutable in the United States, regardless of local law. See crimes against minors abroad and the U.S. Department of Justice website.
Arrest Notification: If you are arrested or detained, ask police or prison officials to notify the U.S. Embassy or nearest U.S. Consulate General immediately.
PRC authorities must notify a U.S. consular officer within four days; however, this does not always occur in a timely manner.
A consular officer may be the only authorized visitor during your initial detention period.
Bail is rarely granted.
Detention may last many months before a trial.
The U.S. Embassy or nearest U.S. Consulate General is unable to represent you in a legal matter.
Travelers to the PRC should enroll in the State Department’s Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) and you may wish to have someone contact the U.S. Embassy or nearest U.S. Consulate General if you are detained.
Please see the section on DUAL NATIONALITY for the limits on consular notification and access to dual nationals.
See U.S. Department of State’s webpage for further information.
The PRC legal system can be opaque and the interpretation and enforcement of local laws arbitrary. The judiciary does not enjoy independence from political influence. U.S. citizens traveling or residing in the PRC should be aware of varying levels of scrutiny to which they will be subject from local law enforcement and state security.
Certain provisions of the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, such as “social order” crimes (Article 293) and crimes involving “endangering state security” and “state secrets” (Article 102 to 113), are ill-defined and can be interpreted by the authorities arbitrarily and situationally. Information that may be common knowledge in other countries could be considered a “state secret” in the PRC, and information can be designated a “state secret” retroactively.
Drug and Alcohol Enforcement:
PRC law-enforcement authorities have little tolerance for illegal drugs, including marijuana. Penalties for possessing, using, or trafficking illegal drugs in the PRC are severe, and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences, heavy fines, or the death penalty. Police regularly conduct unannounced drug tests on people suspected of drug use and have been known to enter a bar or nightclub and subject all patrons to immediate drug testing. Police may force you to provide a urine, blood, or hair follicle sample on short notice. A positive finding, even if the drug was legal elsewhere or consumed prior to arriving in the PRC, can lead to immediate detention, fines, deportation, and/or a ban from re-entering the PRC.
The PRC also has strict laws against driving under the influence of alcohol that can lead to immediate detention on a criminal charge.
Assisted Reproductive Technology: In vitro fertilization (IVF) is widely and legally practiced. PRC law, however, strictly forbids surrogacy, and surrogacy contracts will not be considered valid. The use of reproductive technology for medical research and profit is strictly controlled.
Contracts and Commercial Disputes: Before entering into a commercial or employment contract in the PRC, have it reviewed by legal counsel both in the United States and in the PRC. The U.S. International Trade Administration can assist you in identifying and vetting business contacts and opportunities but may not intervene in contract disputes. Many U.S. citizens have reported difficulty getting their contracts enforced by PRC courts or being forced out of profitable joint-ventures without opportunity to secure legal recourse in the PRC.
Counterfeit Goods: Do not buy counterfeit or pirated goods. Bootlegs are illegal in the United States, and you may also be breaking local law by purchasing them.
Cruise Ship Passengers: Click here for safety information and travel advice.
Digital Payments: The PRC has transitioned to almost a predominantly cashless society. Some mobile phone applications offer a digital payment solution for individuals visiting the PRC on a temporary or long-term basis. Often, payment is made through an individual using their mobile phone to scan a vendor or business’s QR code. The number of locations accepting foreign credit cards has decreased in recent years. Visitors to the PRC should research whether the locations they are visiting will accept foreign credit cards and familiarize themselves with mobile digital payment options prior to traveling to the PRC.
Earthquakes: Earthquakes occur throughout the PRC. Check here for information about preparing for a crisis or disaster overseas.
English/Secondary School Teachers: English teachers in the PRC frequently report employment disputes which can result in questioning by local authorities, termination, lost wages, confiscation of passports, forced eviction from housing, and even threats of violence.
Exit Bans: Business disputes, court orders to pay a settlement, or government investigations into both criminal and civil issues may result in an exit ban which will prohibit your departure from the PRC until the issue is resolved. Even individuals and their family members who are not directly involved, or even aware of these proceedings, can be subject to an exit ban. Additionally, some local businesspeople who feel that they have been wronged by a foreign business partner may hire "debt collectors” to harass, intimidate, and sometimes physically detain foreign business partners or family members in hopes of collecting the debt. The U.S. Embassy or nearest U.S. Consulate General can provide a list of local attorneys who serve U.S. clients but are otherwise unable to intervene in civil cases. Local law enforcement authorities are generally unwilling to become involved in what they consider private business matters and may not provide the individual who has been barred from leaving the PRC with any written notice of the exit ban.
Faith-Based Travelers: See our following webpages for details:
Faith-Based Travel Information
International Religious Freedom Reports
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
Hajj Fact Sheet for Travelers
Best Practices for Volunteering Abroad
LGBTQI+ Travelers: Same sex marriages are not legally recognized in the PRC and local authorities will not provide marriage certificates to same-sex couples. There are no civil rights laws that prohibit discrimination or harassment based on sexual orientation or gender identity, though homosexuality has been decriminalized. Prejudices and discrimination still exist in many parts of the country. There are growing LGBTQI+ communities in some of the largest cities in the PRC and violence against LGBTQI+ individuals in the PRC is relatively rare. See Section 6 of our Human Rights Practices in the Human Rights Report for the People's Republic of China and read our LGBTQI+ Travel Information page.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): In January 2017, the PRC implemented a law regulating the operations of foreign NGOs in the PRC. NGOs and their employees should ensure they are complying with all relevant statutory requirements, particularly if working in sensitive areas or fields. Additionally, the PRC government announced sanctions on five U.S.-based NGOs in December 2019.
North Korea: Do not travel to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) due to the serious risk of arrest and long-term detention of U.S. nationals. For further information, consult the North Korea International Travel Information page and the North Korea Travel Advisory.
Political and Religious Activity: Participating in unauthorized political or religious activities, including participating in public protests or sending private electronic messages critical of the government may result in detention and PRC government-imposed restrictions on future travel to the PRC. Although the PRC constitution permits freedom of religious belief, it does not permit freedom of religious practice and government officials are increasing pressure on domestic religious activities. The U.S. Mission to the PRC has observed an increase in the number of U.S. citizens being interrogated, detained, and/or forced to leave the country in connection with real or perceived religious proselytization. U.S. citizens have been detained and/or expelled for distributing religious literature, including Bibles, or engaging in unauthorized religious meetings. If you bring religious literature with you, local law dictates that it be a “reasonable amount” for your personal use. If you attempt to bring larger quantities, the literature will likely be confiscated and you may be fined, detained, or deported.
Social Insurance: The PRC has a social insurance system to which foreigners who work in the PRC must contribute. When you sign an employment contract, you must apply for a social insurance number, and it is important that your employer work with you to comply with the regulations. Please check the official website for updated information.
Social Media: Social media accounts are widely monitored in the PRC. Local authorities may use information they deem critical, controversial, or that might involve illegal activity against both the poster of the material and the host of the social media forum under local law. Individuals have also been held responsible for the content that others place within social media spaces they control, such as the comments section under a post or within a group chat that an individual controls.
Special Scrutiny of Foreign Citizens: On occasion, U.S. citizens visiting or resident in the PRC have been interrogated or detained for reasons said to be related to “state security.” In such circumstances, you could face arrest, detention, or an exit ban prohibiting your departure from the PRC for a prolonged period. Dual U.S.-PRC nationals and U.S. citizens of Chinese heritage may be at a higher risk of facing such special scrutiny. Information about dual nationality can be found on our website.
Students: See our U.S. Students Abroad page and FBI travel tips.
Surveillance and Monitoring: Security personnel carefully watch foreign visitors and may place you under surveillance. Hotel rooms (including meeting rooms), offices, cars, taxis, telephones, internet usage, digital payments, and fax machines may be monitored onsite or remotely, and personal possessions in hotel rooms, including computers, may be searched without your consent or knowledge. Security personnel have been known to detain and deport U.S. citizens sending private electronic messages critical of the PRC government.
Transferring Money to/from the PRC: The regulatory environment in the PRC includes tightening capital outflow controls that can severely impact one’s ability to move money out of the country. Wire transfers may only be available to those who have an active bank account in the PRC. Ask your local bank location in the PRC for more information. The U.S. Department of State may be able to help transfer funds to a destitute U.S citizen overseas through our office in Washington, D.C., to a U.S. Embassy or U.S. Consulate General abroad. More information on this option is available here.
Travelers Who Require Accessibility Assistance: U.S. citizens with mobility disabilities may face challenges while traveling in the PRC. Sidewalks often do not have curb cuts and many streets can be crossed only via pedestrian bridges or underpasses accessible by staircase. Assistive technologies for blind people and those with other vision disabilities are unreliable, and access to elevators in public buildings can be restricted. In major cities, public restrooms in places visited by tourists usually have a least one accessible toilet. See Persons with Disabilities in the Human Rights Report for the People's Republic of China (2022).
Typhoons: The southeast coast of the PRC is subject to strong typhoons and tropical storms, usually from July through September. For current information, please consult the Joint Typhoon Warning Center in Honolulu and the National Weather Service's Central Pacific Hurricane Center.
Women Travelers: If you are a woman traveling abroad, please review our travel tips for Women Travelers.
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Extraordinary security measures are in place through the region. Authorities may impose curfews and restrictions on short notice. They may also engage in invasive surveillance techniques against individuals. Expect significant travel delays, avoid gatherings and demonstrations, always carry ID, and follow the instructions of local authorities. Travelers with ethnic ties to the region may experience special restrictions, discrimination, and even arbitrary detention.
COVID-19 Entry Requirements: There are no COVID-related entry requirements in place for U.S. citizens.
As of August 30, 2023, a negative COVID-19 PCR test or rapid antigen test is no longer required for entry. For more information, please see this notice.
No proof of vaccination against COVID-19 is required for entry.
There is no quarantine period for travelers upon arrival.
COVID-19 Testing: U.S. citizens can obtain a COVID-19 test at most hospitals and clinics in the PRC. They can choose between PCR and antigen tests, which are both available. The cost of the test is about $17 U.S. dollars, but it may vary depending on the location. The test fee is not covered by the host government and must be paid by the U.S. citizen. Test results are usually returned within 12 to 24 hours by email, text, or an update to the local COVID-19 monitoring app. For more information, please see this notice.
COVID-19 Vaccines: Certain COVID-19 vaccines are available for U.S. citizens to receive in the PRC.
The PRC government has conditionally authorized several vaccines that are currently available to foreigners residing in the PRC. The two most commonly available, Sinopharm and Sinovac, have not yet received approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States. Sinopharm and Sinovac have received approval for emergency use by the World Health Organization (WHO). Please contact your local health authorities for more information.
Visit the FDA's website to learn more about FDA-approved vaccines in the United States.
Quality of Care: The standards of medical care in the PRC are not equivalent to those in the United States. Even in private hospitals or public hospitals with well-equipped wards, English-speaking patients frequently encounter difficulty due to cultural, language, and regulatory differences. Rural areas have rudimentary facilities and inadequate staffing. Additionally, Rh-negative blood may be difficult to obtain; the blood type of the general Asian populace is Rh positive.
Payment and Insurance: Ambulances in the PRC are often slow to arrive, and most do not have sophisticated medical equipment or trained responders. Cash payment for services is often required prior to treatment, including emergency cases. Travelers will be asked to post a deposit prior to admission to cover the expected cost of treatment. Hospitals in major cities may accept credit cards. The U.S. Embassy and Consulates General in the PRC maintain lists of local English-speaking doctors and hospitals.
Use of Medicare/Medicaid in the PRC: Be aware that U.S. Medicare/Medicaid does not apply overseas. Hospitals and doctors in the PRC often do not accept U.S. health insurance.
Medical Insurance: Make sure your health insurance plan provides coverage overseas. Most care providers overseas only accept cash payments. See our webpage for more information on insurance coverage overseas. Visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for more information on type of insurance you should consider before you travel overseas.
We strongly recommend supplemental insurance to cover medical evacuation.
Medication: If traveling with prescription medication, check with the Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the United States of America to ensure the medication is legal in the PRC. Carry prescription medication in original packaging, along with the prescription. Many commonly used U.S. drugs and medications are not available in the PRC, and counterfeit, low-quality knockoffs are prevalent. If you try to have medications sent to you from outside the PRC, you may have problems getting them released by PRC Customs authorities and/or you may have to pay high customs duties.
Air Quality: Air pollution is a significant problem in many locations. Visit AirNow Department of State for information on air quality at U.S. Embassies and Consulates. The PRC’s Ministry of Ecology and Environment also provides its own air quality data for cities throughout the PRC.
Most roads and towns in Tibet, Qinghai, parts of Xinjiang, and western Sichuan are situated at altitudes over 10,000 feet. Take appropriate precautions to prepare for and be alert to altitude sickness.
Disease: The following diseases are prevalent:
Influenza
Typhoid
Measles
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Tuberculosis
Sexually transmitted infections (e.g., syphilis)
Vaccinations: Be up to date on all routine vaccinations recommended by the CDC. The CDC traveler’s health site for the PRC provides vaccine recommendations specific to travel within the PRC.
For further health information:
World Health Organization (WHO)
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
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https://www.voanews.com/a/covid-19-pandemic_who-approves-chinese-covid-vaccine-emergency-use-worldwide/6205567.html
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WHO Approves Chinese COVID Vaccine for Emergency Use Worldwide
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[
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2021-05-07T18:09:34+00:00
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Vaccine was developed by Chinese drugmaker Sinopharm
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en
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/Content/responsive/VOA/img/webApp/favicon.svg
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Voice of America
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https://www.voanews.com/a/covid-19-pandemic_who-approves-chinese-covid-vaccine-emergency-use-worldwide/6205567.html
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The World Health Organization (WHO) has approved a COVID-19 vaccine developed in China for emergency use worldwide.
The vaccine, from China's state-owned drugmaker Sinopharm, is the first vaccine manufactured by a non-Western country to be endorsed by WHO.
Friday's move was also the first time the global public health group granted emergency approval to a Chinese vaccine for an infectious disease.
China's Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine has already been administered to hundreds of millions of people in China and in other parts of the world, along with a second Chinese vaccine.
WHO's decision allows the Sinopharm vaccine to be included in COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access, or COVAX, an initiative to distribute vaccines to mainly poor countries.
WHO has said it could decide on China's second main vaccine, made by Sinovac Biotech, as early as next week.
China has released little information about either of its two vaccines, with the exception of efficacy numbers. Previously, a group advising WHO on vaccines had said data were particularly scarce on the use of the Sinopharm vaccine in people 60 and older.
Alejandro Cravioto, head of the WHO advisory group on immunizations, said Friday that the group had concluded "there is enough evidence of safety and the capacity of the vaccine to prevent severe disease or symptomatic and hospitalized cases up to 79%."
"The information we have for people over 60 is still very scarce," he said. But, he added, "there is no reason to think that the vaccine would behave differently in this older age group."
WHO previously approved for emergency use vaccines developed by AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech.
India
The COVID-19 outbreak continues to ravage India, putting pressure on Prime Minister Narendra Modi to lock down the country to control the outbreak.
A "coordinated countrywide strategy" is needed, Srinath Reddy, president of the Public Health Foundation of India, told The Associated Press. He said the lockdowns some Indian states have imposed are not enough in the battle to defeat COVID-19 in India.
India's main opposition leader, Rahul Gandhi, urged Modi in a letter Friday to implement a national lockdown, accelerate the vaccination campaign and increase tracking of the virus and its mutations.
"Allowing the uncontrollable spread of the virus in our country will be devastating not only for our people but also for the rest of the world," Gandhi said.
India's health ministry reported record-breaking statistics Friday for the previous 24-hour period: 414,188 new COVID-19 cases and 3,915 deaths. Officials believe the tolls are likely higher.
United States
The White House COVID-19 Response Team said Friday its focus is on meeting the president's new goal of fully vaccinating 160 million Americans by July 4, as infections, hospitalizations and deaths continue to decline.
At the team's briefing, White House COVID-19 Response Coordinator Jeff Zients said that by the end of the day, 110 million Americans will have been fully vaccinated and 150 million Americans, or 57%, will have had at least one shot.
Zients said that to help meet the president's goal, the government will make walk-up, no-appointment shots available at 20,000 pharmacies around the country. The Federal Emergency Management Agency will also be shipping vaccines from high-volume vaccination centers around the country to smaller community-based sites, where they are more in demand.
Global
In Mexico City, health officials announced that the occupancy rate in public hospitals dedicated to COVID-19 care was 16%, the lowest rate since the pandemic began. The rate was a marked change from January, when COVID-19 infections peaked in the city.
Spain is relaxing nationwide coronavirus pandemic measures this weekend; however, regional restrictions will remain in place in certain areas.
Australians who were banned from entering their country if they had traveled to India will be allowed to return home starting May 15, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison said Friday. Australians will not, however, be allowed to board the repatriation flights out of India if they test positive for the coronavirus.
The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed more than 3.2 million lives around the world, the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center reported Friday. The U.S. has suffered the most deaths, according to Johns Hopkins, with nearly 581,000. Brazil is rapidly catching up with the U.S. death toll, with more than 419,000 deaths, followed by India, with more than 234,000 deaths.
There have been more than 156.4 million global infections, according to Johns Hopkins. The U.S. remains the location with the most infections, with more than 32.6 million, followed by India, with 21.5 million infections, and Brazil, with 15.1 million.
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https://www.knowledgeportalia.org/chinese-vaccines
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Chinese COVID-19 Vaccines
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Analysis on efficacy, regulatory approvals, manufacturing and access to the four Chinese vaccines with the largest international footprint
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en
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Knowledge Portal
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https://www.knowledgeportalia.org/chinese-vaccines
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*Research and text by Xiaoyi Wang; Contributions and review by Suerie Moon, Adrián Alonso Ruiz, Surabhi Agarwal and Marcela Vieira
Published on: 27 October 2021
KEY RESEARCH FINDINGS
Vaccines developed and/or produced in China are estimated to comprise nearly half the total volume produced worldwide in 2021 (Herman 2021). Yet, compared to those developed and/or produced by Western or multinational firms, we have found relatively little analysis of Chinese vaccines and the role they may play in meeting global needs. (For brevity we use the term “Chinese vaccines” here to refer to vaccines developed by an entity based in China, recognizing that they are manufactured both within and outside of China).
This research summarizes the publicly-available data on regulatory approvals, efficacy, manufacturing and access to the four Chinese vaccines which seem to have the largest international footprint (Sinovac, Sinopharm-Beijing, Sinopharm-Wuhan and CanSino[1]). We found an estimated 1.2 billion doses for export through purchases by 67 countries/regions/COVAX, and 58.2 million doses for donation to 93 countries/UN peacekeepers.
Sinovac and Sinopharm-Beijing are the largest international players in terms of both volumes produced and countries where the vaccines are available, with significant production capacity projected for CanSino. We also found 17 manufacturing agreements with a total of 15 countries. Price data is limited, but where available, prices per dose sit approximately in the middle of the international range. While data is limited, we found over $1 billion had been invested in R&D, about half from public and half from private sources. In addition to 6 vaccines that have received regulatory approval, at least an additional 13 are under development.
Overall, we found Chinese vaccines are playing a large-scale role in responding to a number of countries’ demands for access to vaccine doses and technology.
[1] Note: This study did not include the Clover vaccine because of limited information at the time of research.
SINOVAC
REGULATORY APPROVAL
The Sinovac vaccine (which is also referred to as CoronaVac) first acquired emergency authorization in China on August 23, 2020 (Reuters 2020b). After that, Indonesia granted Sinovac emergency authorization on January 11, 2021; Turkey authorized the Sinovac shot on January 13; and Brazil followed suit on January 17 (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020). China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) granted “conditional marketing authorization” on February 6 (Xinhua News Agency 2021). Notably, the World Health Organization (WHO) granted Emergency Use Listing (EUL) on June 1, allowing the Sinovac vaccine to be included in COVAX (WHO 2021d). It then gained approval for emergency use in China in children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 on June 4 (Reuters 2021f). Currently, it is approved or has early, limited or emergency use authorization in 54 countries or regions (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020).
EFFICACY
WHO has compiled information on the efficacy of this vaccine based on data collected from trials in Turkey, Chile, Indonesia and Brazil (WHO 2021a). As is shown in Table 1, these trials found that the Sinovac vaccine enables a certain degree of protection against Covid-19, yet their efficacy rates vary. In Brazil, the efficacy against symptomatic disease was 50 to 51%, while in Turkey it was 84%. Against hospitalization, its efficacy was 100% in the trials in both Turkey and Brazil, while in Chile it was 85%.
Table 1 - CoronaVac's clinical trials
Study location
Population size
Schedule (days)
Design/measure of effect
Circulation of VOCs
Protection against symptomatic disease
Protection against hospitalization
Turkey
13000
0, 14
RCT/Efficacy
Limited
84% (65-92)
100% (20-100)
Chile
10.5 million
0, 28
Cohort/Effectiveness
P.1, B.1.1.7
67% (65-69)
85% (83-97)
Indonesia
1620
0, 14
RCT/Efficacy
Limited
65% (20-85)
Not estimated (a)
Brazil
12688
0, 14
RCT/Efficacy
Limited
51% (36-62)
100% (56-100)
Brazil
393 case-control pairs
0, 14 (b)
TND/Effectiveness
P.1
50% (11-71)
Not reported
Source: WHO 2021a
(a) No cases in either group
(b) Analysis based on receiving ≥ 1 dose.
RCT: randomized controlled trial; TND: test negative design
VACCINE MANUFACTURING
After the third production line of the Sinovac vaccine was finished and put into commercial production in China, Sinovac Biotech Ltd. announced that its annual capacity of the vaccine reached 2 billion doses (Business Wire 2021). In addition, Sinovac has signed a number of manufacturing agreements with foreign manufacturers, with the estimated production overseas amounting to more than 1550 million doses. 5 out of the 7 partners are located in upper-middle income countries (UMIC) (with the two agreements with Butantan Institute in Brazil counted as one partner), among which Egypt, Indonesia and Brazil rank as the top three largest manufacturers (by volume) of the Sinovac vaccines. Table 2 below presents manufacturing agreements signed between Sinovac and other overseas manufacturers.
Table 2 - Manufacturing agreements between Sinovac and other manufacturers
Manufacturer
Manufacturer Type
Manufacturer Location
Income Level
Anticipated Production Dose/Year (in millions)
Anticipated Production Total Doses (in millions)
Date Arrangement Publicly Announced
Primary Market Intended For
VACSERA
Privately held
Egypt
Lower middle income
1200
Unspecified
22-mar-21
Egypt
Pharmaniaga Berhad
Publicly traded
Malaysia
Upper middle income
Unspecified
14
11-Jan-21
Upper middle income
Bio Farma
State-owned enterprise
Indonesia
Upper middle income
250
Unspecified
25-Aug-20
Indonesia
Butantan Institute
Government agency
Brazil
Upper middle income
Unspecified
20
05-feb-21
Brazil
Butantan Institute
Government agency
Brazil
Upper middle income
100
Unspecified
11-jun-20
Brazil
Kelun Life Science
Privately held
Sri Lanka
Lower middle income
Unspecified
13
27-may-21
Sri Lanka
Unspecified
Unspecified
Turkey
Upper middle income
Unspecified
Unspecified
12-may-21
Unspecified
Saidal Group
Government agency
Algeria
Lower middle income
Unspecified
Unspecified
28-jul-21
Unspecified
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Manufacturing from Global Health Centre 2021
VACCINE ACCESS
According to Weidong Yin, Chairman of Sinovac, nearly 900 million doses of CoronaVac have been or will be administered through vaccine cooperation agreements with 20 countries outside of China (Sinovac 2021). The GHC Covid-19 vaccine database, which tracks information on purchases and donations of vaccines (data as of 7th October, 2021), has found that more than 600 million doses are going to 40 countries or regions (some countries have both purchased and donated doses), not including the 50 million doses going via COVAX.
In terms of purchasing deals, more than 646 million doses of the Sinovac vaccines have been purchased by 31 countries, regions or organizations around the world. Purchasing deals of the Sinovac vaccine are put in a descending order based on the number of doses in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1 - Sinovac vaccine purchase agreements by purchaser's income level
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
Table 3 - Price information on purchasing deals of Sinovac vaccines
Buyer/recipient
Price (in USD million)
Price/Dose (in USD)
Date Deal First Announced Publicly
Brazil
1000
10
29-Jan-21
Cambodia
185
10
26-mar-21
Zimbabwe
32
10
15-mar-21
Brazil
216.72
10.84
05-feb-21
Thailand
138.55
11.55
08-sep-21
Philippines
362.5
14.5
11-Jan-21
Botswana
3
15
23-Apr-21
Thailand
1.5
15
18-mar-21
Ukraine
32.4
18
30-Dec-20
Ukraine
Not available
18
12-Jan-21
Dominican Republic
203.3
19
15-feb-21
Thailand
142.45
20.35
1-Apr-21
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
Available data show that government purchases constitute the great majority of purchasing deals. Among the 39 arrangements in reference to the procurement of the Sinovac vaccine (with repetitive buyers involved), 29 of them are government purchases, 4 combination, 3 private purchasing deals, 2 private donations and 1 multilateral purchase with COVAX. The overwhelming proportion of the doses go to Indonesia, Brazil, Turkey and Chile. With regards to the income level of recipients (not including COVAX and CONMEBOL), there are 14 UMICs, 10 lower-middle income countries (LoMICs), 4 high-income countries (HICs) and 1 low income country (LIC). Notably, only around 50 million doses are purchased by COVAX, approximately 8% of the total for internationally-supplied Sinovac vaccines.
Price information is only available for 12 of the 39 purchasing agreements. Table 3 summarises the currently available data on prices, the ranking of which is from the lowest to the highest price per dose.
In terms of donations, over 8.5 million doses of the Sinovac vaccines have been donated to 22 countries worldwide by China, with a small share coming from the Red Cross Society of China. Donations comprise about 1% of the total volume exported. Across the 20 recipients of the Sinovac vaccine, 9 are classified as LoMICs, 8 are UMICs, 4 are LICs and 1 is HIC. The main recipients of the donations are El Salvador, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand (see Figure 2).
Figure 2 - Sinovac vaccine donations
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
SINOPHARM-BEIJING
REGULATORY APPROVAL
The Chinese government granted the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine (which is also referred to as BIBP, BBIBP-CorV or COVIV-02) conditional market authorization on December 31, 2020 (Reuters 2020c). On September 14, the U.A.E. gave emergency approval for the vaccine and shortly after, on December 9, the U.A.E. gave Sinopharm-Beijing full approval (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020). Subsequently, on January 29, 2021, after some countries in the Middle East had granted approvals, Hungary authorized the vaccine, becoming the first European country to use Chinese vaccines (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020). On May 7, 2021, the WHO announced that it granted Sinopharm-Beijing emergency use listing (WHO 2021c). As of May, it has obtained approval or emergency authorization in 57 countries or regions worldwide (WHO 2021b). On July 20, after Sinovac, Sinopharm-Beijing was approved as the second domestic COVID-19 vaccine available for emergency use in children and adolescents (China Daily 2021b). Currently, it is approved or has early, limited or emergency use authorization in 76 countries or regions (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020).
EFFICACY
WHO has compiled information on the efficacy of the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine (see Table 4), and it demonstrated overall efficacy of 78.1% against COVID-19 cases, with most of the population included in the trial aged between 18 and 59 years. Data on its performance in older adults (aged 60 or above) are limited, given that the proportion of this group was only around 2% in the trial. As of the time when the background document was published, two other studies were still ongoing in Peru and Argentina, which were expected to fill some of the data gaps.
Table 4 - Efficacy of the Sinopharm Beijing's vaccine
Variable
Vaccine group - Nº at risk
Vaccine group - Nº of cases
Placebo group - Nº at risk
Placebo group - Nº of cases
VE% (95% CI)
Overall
13765
21
13765
95
78.1 (64.8, 86.3)
Severe
13765
0
13765
2
n.e.
Male
11598
18
11642
83
78.4 (64.1, 87.0)
Female
2167
3
2123
12
75.5 (13.3, 93.1)
18-59 years
13556
20
13559
94
78.1 (64.9, 86.3)
>=60 years
209
0
206
0
n.e.
Hypertension
374
0
367
4
n.e.
Diabetes
300
2
308
6
63.7 (-79.8, 92.7)
BMI>=30
3040
7
3080
36
80.7 (56.7, 91.4)
SARS-CoV-2 status: Baseline positive
n.r.
0
n.r.
1
n.e.
SARS-CoV-2 status: Baseline negative
n.r.
16
n.r.
83
80.8 (67.2, 88.8)
n.r.= not reported. n.e.= not estimated. VE was not estimated when the number of cases was less than 5.
Source: WHO 2021b
VACCINE MANUFACTURING
On July 31, 2021, Sinopharm CNBG put a new production site into operation for its COVID-19 vaccines in Beijing, China, and announced it had expanded annual vaccine production to 5 billion doses (CGTN 2021). Sinopharm-Beijing has also collaborated with a number of producers in other countries, with an anticipated production capacity per year totaling 290 million doses. Among the 6 manufacturing agreements captured in the GHC database, 4 of the manufacturers are located in HICs and 2 are headquartered in LoMICs (see Table 5). The UAE and Morocco are so far the top two largest foreign producers of the COVID-19 Vaccine BIBP.
Table 5 - Manufacturing agreements between Sinopharm-Beijing and other manufacturers
Manufacturer
Manufacturer Type
Manufacturer Location
Income Level
Anticipated Production Dose/Year (in millions)
Anticipated Production Total Doses (in millions)
Date Arrangement Publicly Announced
Primary Market Intended For
Group 42
Privately held
United Arab Emirates
High Income
200
Unspecified
29-mar-21
United Arab Emirates
BCHT Bioteknologi Indonesia
Unspecified
Indonesia
Upper middle income
Unspecified
Unspecified
25-Aug-20
Indonesia
Sothema
Privately held
Morocco
Lower middle income
60
Unspecified
05-jul-21
Unspecified
Hemopharm
Privately held
Serbia
Upper middle income
30
Unspecified
12-jul-21
Serbia
National Vaccine Plant
Unspecified
Hungary
High Income
Unspecified
Unspecified
31-may-21
Hungary
Incepta Pharmaceuticals
Privately held
Bangladesh
Lower middle income
Unspecified
Unspecified
16-may-21
Bangladesh
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Manufacturing from Global Health Centre 2021
VACCINE ACCESS
It is estimated that more than 44 million doses of the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine have been administered at home and abroad (Sinopharm 2021b). The GHC Covid-19 vaccine database has also kept track of agreements on purchases and donations regarding the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine, which has captured that more than 469 million doses are going to 90 countries or regions (some countries have both purchased and donated doses), not including distribution via COVAX (data as of 7th October, 2021).
A total of 480 million doses have been purchased by 47 countries, regions or organizations globally (see Figure 3). Again, government purchasing deals are the dominant composition of all signed deals. There are 52 entries recording the procurement of Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine (with repetitive recipients involved), 48 of them are government purchasing deals with 1 in the form of multilateral purchase (with COVAX), 1 combination deal (with Indonesia) and 2 private purchases. The majority of doses go to Bangladesh, COVAX, Iran, Peru and Morocco. Among the 45 destinations of the vaccines (not counting contribution to COVAX, UN peacekeepers and removing repetitions), 21 are UMICs, 17 are LoMICs, 5 are HICs and 2 LICs. In the case of the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine, the proportion of doses purchased by COVAX is relatively higher than that of Sinovac, ranking the top 1 biggest deals together with Bangladesh. The COVAX deal of 60 million doses represents around 12.5% of the total number of doses.
Figure 3 - Sinopharm-Beijing's purchase agreements by purchaser's income level
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
Regarding the purchasing prices, be it price per deal or price per dose, data are missing in most cases, with information only available for 12 of the 49 purchasing agreements. Table 6 below sheds some light on the available price information.
Table 6 - Price information on purchasing deals of Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine
Buyer/recipient
Price (in USD million)
Price/Dose (in USD)
Date Deal First Announced Publicly
Argentina
80
20
8-Feb-21
Argentina
30
15
10-Jun-21
Argentina
216
9
7-Jul-21
Bangladesh
150
10
18-may-21
Nepal
160
10
16-jun-21
Comoros
2.45
12.25
26-jun-21
Mongolia
18
15
2-Apr-21
Sri Lanka
150
15
25-may-21
Guyana
1.7
17
09-jun-21
Senegal
3.71
18.55
13-Jan-21
Argentina
80
20
08-feb-21
Hungary
178.6
35.72
Unspecified
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
In terms of donations, the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine has so far been the most prevalent type among the four Chinese vaccines. Over 49 million doses of the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccines have been donated to 76 countries worldwide by China (not including UN peacekeepers). In this case, donations comprise about 11% of the total volume exported. Countries that have signed donation deals of the Sinopharm-Beijing shot are listed below in Figure 4 based on the number of doses that they receive. Among them, 37 recipients are LoMICs, 20 are UMICs, 13 are LICs, and 6 are HICs. The main recipients of the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccines are Cambodia, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and El Salvador.
Figure 4 - Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine donations
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
SINOPHARM-WUHAN
REGULATORY APPROVAL
On February 25, 2021, the Sinopharm-Wuhan vaccine (which is also referred to as WIBP-CorV) developed by Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, an affiliate of China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm) was granted conditional approval in China (NMPA 2021a). On August 19, 2021, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the Philippines granted an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the COVID-19 vaccine of Sinopharm-Wuhan (Analou 2021). Besides, in August, Sinopharm-Wuhan was approved for emergency use in the population aged 3-17 in China (Global Times 2021). Currently, it is approved or has early, limited or emergency use authorization in 3 countries (including the Philippines) (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020).
EFFICACY
On May 26, 2021, interim results of a randomized clinical trial in UAE and Bahrain of the Sinopharm-Wuhan vaccine were published (Al Kaabi et al. 2021). The trial found efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 cases of 72.8% and against severe disease of 100% (Al Kaabi et al. 2021).
VACCINE MANUFACTURING
At a press conference held on February 28, 2021, the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products announced that its annual production of the Sinopharm-Wuhan shot could reach 100 million doses, and that an expansion plan is under evaluation (CNR 2021). So far (as of 7th October, 2021), the GHC database has not captured any data on manufacturing deals signed regarding the Sinopharm-Wuhan vaccine.
VACCINE ACCESS
The Sinopharm-Wuhan vaccine is among the four vaccines approved by the Ministry of Commerce in China for export (Sinopharm 2021a). However, the GHC database has not found any publicly-available information concerning purchasing deals or donations (as of 7th October, 2021).
CANSINO
REGULATORY APPROVAL
The CanSino vaccine (which is also referred to as Ad5-nCoV or Convidecia), a single-dose COVID-19 vaccine developed jointly by CanSino and a research institute at the Academy of Military Science (AMS), was first approved for military use in China on June 29, 2020 (Reuters 2020a). The NMPA authorized the CanSino vaccine for conditional marketing in February, 2021 (NMPA 2021b). In the same month, it received Emergency Use Authorization in Pakistan and Mexico (Reuters 2021c; 2021b). Apart from that, the Hungarian National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition granted a Good Manufacturing Practice ("GMP") for the CanSino vaccine in March, 2021 (Reuters 2021d). In June, Malaysia granted conditional approval for emergency use (Reuters 2021g). Currently, it is approved or has early, limited or emergency use authorization in 10 countries (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020).
EFFICACY
On February 8, 2021, Faisal Sultan, Pakistan’s Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on National Health Services, Regulations & Coordination, posted on Twitter that the CanSino vaccine showed an efficacy of 65.7% against symptomatic disease and 90.98% against severe disease according to a multi-country analysis, which is one of the most cited sources when it comes to the efficacy of the CanSino shot (Reuters 2021a). In addition, the company in February also reported that the single-shot vaccine’s protection could decline over time, with only 65.28% of efficacy after four weeks (Reuters 2021e). Zhu Tao, chief scientific officer of CanSino Biologics, announced that, “[a] booster shot six months later led to a 7-times to 10-times increase in neutralising antibody levels, so we expect in this case efficacy could reach over 90%” (Reuters 2021e).
VACCINE MANUFACTURING
A new production site was launched by CanSino Biologics in Tianjin in early 2021, bringing the predicted manufacturing capacity to over 600 million doses of Convidecia by 2022 (China Daily 2021a). The new production base alone could reach an annual production capacity of around 250 million doses (China Daily 2021a). CanSino has also signed agreements with manufacturers overseas. The GHC database records 4 such agreements (see Table 7), 3 with manufacturers located in UMICs and the remaining one in a LoMIC. In particular, Russia is the largest partner of producing Convidecia, and Petrovax is anticipated to manufacture around 120 million doses annually.
Table 7 - Manufacturing agreements between CanSino and other manufacturers
Manufacturer
Manufacturer Type
Manufacturer Location
Income Level
Anticipated Production Dose/Year (in millions)
Anticipated Production Total Doses (in millions)
Date Arrangement Publicly Announced
Primary Market Intended For
Drugmex
Privately held
Mexico
Upper middle income
Unspecified
8
01-feb-21
Mexico
AJM Pharma Pvt
Privately held
Pakistan
Lower middle income
Unspecified
20
06-jul-20
Pakistan
Petrovax
Privately held
Russian Federation
Upper middle income
120
Unspecified
21-sep-20
Russian Federation
Solution Group
Publicly traded
Malaysia
Upper middle income
Unspecified
Unspecified
30-jul-21
Malaysia
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Manufacturing from Global Health Centre 2021
VACCINE ACCESS
Compared with other vaccine candidates, the CanSino vaccine is much less covered in news articles and there are few sources explaining details on how many doses of Convidecia have been administered so far. Without much data in terms of donations, the GHC Covid-19 vaccine database has mapped out 121 million doses of Convidecia purchased by 7 countries outside of China (data as of 7th October, 2021) (see Figure 5).
Figure 5 - CanSino vaccine purchase agreements by purchaser's income level
As with other vaccines, governments were the main buyers of the CanSino vaccine. Among the 8 entries (Pakistan has two), 7 are government purchases and only 1 private purchase (with Pakistan). As is illuminated in the graph, most of the doses are distributed to Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia and Argentina. Among the recipient countries, 5 are UMICs, 2 are LoMICs and 1 HIC. Brazil alone takes up nearly 50%.
The information on purchasing prices of the CanSino vaccine is largely missing, be it price per deal or price per dose. The only two data points available are from the agreements with Brazil and Argentina. While the agreement with Brazil is worth 1020 USD million in total and that with Argentina is worth 91.8 USD million, the per-dose prices are both 17 USD.
The GHC database did not find any information regarding donations of the CanSino vaccine (as of 7th October, 2021).
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
VACCINE R&D INVESTMENTS
Data on research and development (R&D) investments into Chinese vaccines is limited, making it hard to draw a comprehensive picture. Nevertheless, the GHC database has found over USD 1 billion of investments into Chinese vaccine R&D (see Figure 6).
Figure 6 - Distribution of R&D investments in COVID-19 vaccines in China
As shown in Figure 6, almost half of the financial contribution to R&D in COVID-19 vaccines in China came from the private sector, including companies such as Advantech Capital, Vivo Capital and China Evergrande Group. Apart from that, China National Pharmaceutical Group (CNPG) spent 145 million USD in developing its Sinopharm vaccines.
Philanthropic organizations account for only 3.85% of the total. This analysis has its limitations, considering that most of the information on the resources and budget allocated from the central government to pharmaceutical companies is unavailable. Therefore, the proportion of the investment made by the public sector could be severely underestimated.
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine R&D Investments from Global Health Centre 2021
LIST OF ALL VACCINES BEING DEVELOPED IN CHINA
Type of vaccine
Name
Trial
Regulatory approval
Protein Subunit
Anhui Zhifei Longcom: ZF2001
7 trials in 1 country
Approved
Non Replicating Viral Vector
CanSino: Ad5-nCoV
9 trials in 2 countries
Approved
Inactivated
Minhai Biotechnology Co: SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cells)
5 trials in 1 country
Approved
Inactivated
Sinopharm (Beijing): BBIBP-CovV (Vero Cells)
12 trials in 3 countries
Approved
Inactivated
Sinopharm (Wuhan): Inactivated (Vero Cells)
8 trials in 6 countries
Approved
Inactivated
Sinovac: CoronaVac
19 trials in 2 countries
Approved
Non Replicating Viral Vector
AMMS: Ad5-nCoV
1 trial in 1 country
Not Approved
Inactivated
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences: Inactivated (Vero Cells)
5 trials in 3 countries
Not Approved
Protein Subunit
Clover: SCB-2019
7 trials in 2 countries
Not Approved
Protein Subunit
Livzon Mabpharm Inc: V-01
2 trials in 1 country
Not Approved
Protein Subunit
National Vaccine and Serum Institute: Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (CHO Cell)
2 trials in 1 country
Not Approved
RNA
Pfizer/BioNTech: BNT162b1
5 trials in 2 countries
Not Approved
Protein Subunit
Shanhgai Zerun Biotechnology, Walvax Biotechnology: 202-CoV
2 trial in 1 country
Not Approved
Replicating Viral Vector
Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute: COVID-19/aPC
1 trial in 1 country
Not Approved
Non Replicating Viral Vector
Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute: LV-SMENP
2 trials in 1 country
Not Approved
RNA
Stemirna Therapeutics Co Ltd: mRNACOVID-19 Vaccine
1 trial in 1 country
Not Approved
RNA
Walvax: mRNA
4 trials in 1 country
Not Approved
Replicating Viral Vector
Wantai: DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT
2 trials in 1 country
Not Approved
Protein Subunit
West China Hospital: Recombinant (Sf9 cell)
5 trials in 4 countries
Not Approved
Source: based on data from McGill COVID19 Vaccine Tracker Team 2021
OTHER RESOURCES
For a more comprehensive picture of the COVID-19 vaccine landscape, our team has been tracking vaccine purchase and manufacturing agreements, donations and R&D investments . An analysis of the data and dataset are available here.
For more resources on COVID-19 research and development, intellectual property and access, and pricing, procurement, distribution and manufacturing, see our COVID-19 Data Sources page.
REFERENCES
Al Kaabi, Nawal, Yuntao Zhang, Shengli Xia, Yunkai Yang, Manaf M. Al Qahtani, Najiba Abdulrazzaq, Majed Al Nusair, et al. 2021. ‘Effect of 2 Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial’. JAMA 326 (1): 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.8565.
Analou, de Vera. 2021. ‘FDA Grants EUA to COVID-19 Vaccine Sinopharm Manufactured by Wuhan Affiliate’. Manila Bulletin. 25 August 2021. https://mb.com.ph/2021/08/25/fda-grants-eua-to-covid-19-vaccine-sinopharm-manufactured-by-wuhan-affiliate/.
Business Wire. 2021. ‘Sinovac Announced Buildup of Two Billion Annual Capacity of Its COVID-19 Vaccine’. Business Wire. 2 April 2021. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210401005993/en/Sinovac%C2%A0Announced-Buildup-of-Two-Billion-Annual-Capacity-of-Its-COVID-19-Vaccine.
CGTN. 2021. ‘China’s Sinopharm Plans Annual Capacity of 5 Billion COVID-19 Vaccine Doses’. CGTN. 31 July 2021. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-07-31/China-s-Sinopharm-plans-annual-capacity-of-5b-COVID-19-vaccine-doses-12lGsYwRx7O/index.html.
China Daily. 2021a. ‘Vaccine Production Site Opens in Tianjin’. China Daily. 27 April 2021. http://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/nmpa/2021-04/27/c_614888.htm.
———. 2021b. ‘Sinopharm Vaccine Approved to Treat Children, Teenagers’, 20 July 2021. http://www.ecns.cn/news/2021-07-20/detail-ihaphzwf8857844.shtml.
CNR. 2021. ‘Sinopharm-Wuhan Vaccine on the Market, Annual Output up to 100 Million’. China National Radio. 2021. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1692937447557683910&wfr=spider&for=pc.
Global Health Centre. 2021. ‘COVID-19 Vaccine Access’, Accessed 11 October 2021. https://www.knowledgeportalia.org/covid19-vaccine-arrangements.
Global Health Centre. 2021. ‘COVID-19 Vaccine R&D Investments’, Accessed 11 October 2021. https://www.knowledgeportalia.org/covid19-r-d-funding.
Global Health Centre. 2021. ‘COVID-19 Vaccine Manufacturing’, Accessed 11 October 2021. https://www.knowledgeportalia.org/covid19-vaccine-manufacturing.
Global Times. 2021. ‘China Approves Emergency Use of Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine for Children Aged 3-17’. Aug 18, 2021. 18 August 2021. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202108/1231842.shtml.
Herman, Bob. 2021. ‘COVID-19 Vaccine Stock Forecast for 2021 and 2022’. September 5. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21060601-airfinity-covid-vaccine-stock-forecast.
NMPA. 2021a. ‘NMPA Conditionally Approves COVID-19 Vaccine Developed by Sinopharm’s Wuhan Institute’. National Medical Products Administration, 27 February 2021. http://english.nmpa.gov.cn/2021-02/27/c_597152.htm.
———. 2021b. ‘NMPA Grants Conditional Approval to CanSino’s Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine’. National Medical Products Administration, 27 February 2021. http://english.nmpa.gov.cn/2021-02/27/c_597153.htm.
Reuters. 2020a. ‘CanSino’s COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Approved for Military Use in China’. Reuters, 29 June 2020, sec. Race for a cure. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-vaccine-idUSKBN2400DZ.
———. 2020b. ‘Sinovac’s Coronavirus Vaccine Candidate Approved for Emergency Use in China - Source’. Reuters, 28 August 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-vaccines-idUSKBN25O0Z3.
———. 2020c. ‘China Gives Conditional Approval to Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine’. Reuters, 31 December 2020, sec. Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-china-inst-idUSKBN2950EW.
———. 2021a. ‘CanSinoBIO’s COVID-19 Vaccine 65.7% Effective in Global Trials, Pakistan Official Says’. Reuters, 8 February 2021, sec. Healthcare & Pharma. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-pakistan-idUSKBN2A81N0.
———. 2021b. ‘Mexico Approves China’s CanSino and Sinovac COVID-19 Vaccines’. Reuters, 10 February 2021, sec. Race for a cure. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-mexico-cansino-idUSKBN2AA12W.
———. 2021c. ‘Pakistan Approves Chinese CanSinoBIO COVID Vaccine for Emergency Use’. Reuters, 12 February 2021, sec. Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-pakistan-vaccine-idUSKBN2AC1FG.
———. 2021d. ‘China’s CanSino Biologics COVID-19 Vaccine Receives Emergency Use Approval in Hungary’. Reuters, 22 March 2021, sec. China. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-cansino-biologics-covid-19-vaccine-receives-emergency-use-approval-2021-03-22/.
———. 2021e. ‘CanSinoBIO Says COVID-19 Shot May Be Less Effective over Time, Booster Shot Promising’. Reuters, 1 April 2021, sec. Healthcare & Pharma. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-cansinobio-idUSKBN2BO4CG.
———. 2021f. ‘Sinovac’s COVID-19 Vaccine Gains China Nod for Emergency Use in Kids, Adolescents’. Reuters, 5 June 2021, sec. China. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/sinovacs-covid-19-vaccine-gains-china-approval-emergency-use-children-2021-06-05/.
———. 2021g. ‘Malaysia Grants Conditional Approval for CanSino, J&J COVID-19 Vaccines’. Reuters, 15 June 2021, sec. Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/malaysia-grants-conditional-approval-cansino-jj-covid-19-vaccines-2021-06-15/.
Sinopharm. 2021a. ‘Four Ministries Publish List of Vaccines for Export’, 2021. http://www.sinopharm.com/s/1223-3764-39477.html.
———. 2021b. ‘Sinopharm: More than 44 Million Doses of Vaccines Have Been Vaccinated at Home and Abroad’. 26 February 2021. http://www.sinopharm.com/pd/s/1447-4590-39018.html.
Sinovac. 2021. ‘Chairman of Sinovac Yin Weidong’ Speech at the International Forum on Covid-19 Vaccine Cooperation Conference’. 6 August 2021. http://www.sinovac.com/news/shownews.php?id=1282.
WHO. 2021a. ‘Background Document on the Inactivated Vaccine Sinovac-CoronaVac against COVID-19’. 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE_recommendation-Sinovac-CoronaVac-background-2021.1.
———. 2021b. ‘Background Document on the Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine BIBP Developed by China National Biotec Group (CNBG)’. 6 May 2021. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE-recommendation-COVID-19-vaccine-BIBP-background.
———. 2021c. ‘WHO Lists Additional COVID-19 Vaccine for Emergency Use and Issues Interim Policy Recommendations’. WHO, 7 May 2021. https://www.who.int/news/item/07-05-2021-who-lists-additional-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations.
———. 2021d. ‘WHO Validates Sinovac COVID-19 Vaccine for Emergency Use and Issues Interim Policy Recommendations’. WHO, 1 June 2021. https://www.who.int/news/item/01-06-2021-who-validates-sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations.
Xinhua News Agency. 2021. ‘Sinovac COVID-19 Vaccine Granted Conditional Market Approval in China’. National Medical Products Administration. 7 February 2021. http://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/nmpa/2021-02/07/c_588422.htm.
Zimmer, Carl, Jonathan Corum, and Sui-Lee Wee. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker’. The New York Times, 10 June 2020, sec. Science. Accessed 11 October 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html.
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Chinese biotechnology company
Not to be confused with Sinopharm, the short name of the parent company China National Pharmaceutical Group.
Sinopharm Group Co., Ltd.Simplified Chinese国药控股股份有限公司Traditional Chinese國藥控股股份有限公司Literal meaningSinopharm Holding Joint-Stock Limited Company
Transcriptions
Sinopharm GroupSimplified Chinese国药控股Traditional Chinese國藥控股Literal meaningSinopharm Holding
Transcriptions
Second alternative Chinese nameSimplified Chinese国控股份有限公司Traditional Chinese國控股份有限公司
Transcriptions
Sinopharm Group Co., Ltd. is a Chinese pharmaceutical company. The parent company of Sinopharm Group was Sinopharm Industrial Investment, a 51–49 joint venture of state-owned enterprise China National Pharmaceutical Group and civilian-run enterprise Fosun Pharmaceutical.
Its H shares were listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2009,[2] with its IPO price of HK$16 per share. Sinopharm Group's subsidiary Sinopharm CNMC and Sinopharm Accord served as the A share counterpart of the company. However, the A share of Sinopharm Group itself was unlisted.
Sinopharm Group was ranked 829th in 2016 Forbes Global 2000 list.[3]
COVID-19 Vaccine development
[edit]
Main article: Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine
The Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine, also known as BBIBP-CorV,[4] the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine,[5] or BIBP vaccine,[5][6][7] is one of two inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinopharm. It completed Phase III trials in Argentina, Bahrain, Egypt, Morocco, Pakistan, Peru, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with over 60,000 participants.[8] The BIBP vaccine shares similar technology with CoronaVac and Covaxin, other inactivated virus vaccines for COVID-19.[9]
Peer-reviewed results published in JAMA of Phase III trials in United Arab Emirates and Bahrain showed that the BIBP vaccine is 78.1% effective against symptomatic cases and 100% against severe cases (21 cases in vaccinated group vs. 95 cases in placebo group).[10] In December 2020, the UAE previously announced interim results showing 86% efficacy.[11] While mRNA vaccines showed higher efficacy of over 90%, those present distribution challenges for some nations as they require deep-freeze facilities and trucks. BIBP-CorV could be transported and stored at normal refrigerated temperatures.[12]
The BIBP vaccine is being used in vaccination campaigns by certain countries in Asia,[13][14][15] Africa,[16][17][18] South America,[19][20][21] and Europe.[22][23][24] Sinopharm was expected to produce one billion doses of the BIBP vaccine in 2021.[25] On 7 May 2021, the World Health Organization approved the vaccine for use in COVAX.[14][26]
See also
[edit]
Pharmaceutical industry in China
References
[edit]
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China’s Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine Approved by WHO
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[
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"Coronavirus",
"SARS-CoV-2",
"Vaccine",
"Pandemic",
"Virus",
"Disease",
"China",
"Sinopharm",
"COVAX",
"WHO"
] | null |
[
"Killian Meara"
] |
2021-05-07T16:03:13.818000+00:00
|
The vaccine will now be included in WHO’s COVAX initiative, which is providing greater and more equitable access to vaccines around the world.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
ContagionLive
|
https://www.contagionlive.com/view/china-s-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-approved-by-who
|
On Friday, the World Health Organization approved China’s Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, in an effort to aid many poorer nations who are currently undergoing surges of the pandemic and don’t have wide access to other vaccines.
The vaccine will now be included in WHO’s COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) initiative, a worldwide effort aimed at providing equitable access to vaccines.
Access to vaccines has been a running issue since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, as richer countries with more resources have been hoarding doses.
Prior to the announcement, the WHO was granted access to Phase 3 clinical trial data of the vaccine to independently assess. Sinopharm has not yet released this data to the public.
In December, the company announced interim data showing the vaccine to have a 79% efficacy against COVID-19.
The vaccine is the first from China to be deemed both safe and effective by the WHO.
Next week, access could improve even further as the WHO will consider another Chinese vaccine created by the company Sinovac.
“The situation right now is just so desperate for low- and lower-middle-income countries that any doses we can get out are worth mobilizing,” Andrea Taylor, a global data vaccine analyst at the Duke Global Health Institutesaid. “Having potentially two options coming from China could really change the landscape of what’s possible over the next few months.”
|
||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 80
|
https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800059265
|
en
|
Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Wuhan Institute of Biological Products
|
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"BBIBPCorV Vaccine",
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"COVID-19 pneumonia",
"Influenza A virus H1N1 subtype",
"Influenza B virus infections",
"COVID 2019 infections",
"Varicella zoster virus infections",
"Measles"
] | null |
[] | null |
An inactivated coronavirus vaccine is being developed by Wuhan Institute of Biological Products and Beijing Institute of Biological Products under the China
|
en
|
https://storage.googleapis.com/pcf_sb_39_1613727931605803249/assets/images/favicon.ico
|
http://adisinsight.springer.com
|
Search by Target has been Improved
Search by Target has been enhanced to work hierarchically. Now when you search for a target your search results will include the drug profiles indexed with that target term as well as the drug profiles indexed with children of that target term. This is how searching works for other hierarchical parameters like mechanism of action, drug class, etc. You can view the target hierarchy by clicking on “hierarchy view” under Target in the Advanced Search. Coming Soon: Search by target will soon be available for Trial profiles.
|
|||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 23
|
https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3115801/chinas-sinopharm-says-its-covid-19-vaccine-nearly-80-cent
|
en
|
China’s Sinopharm reports strong interim results for its Covid-19 vaccine
|
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[] |
[
"South China Morning Post",
"News",
"Opinion",
"China",
"Hong Kong",
"World",
"US",
"Asia",
"Business",
"Economy",
"Technology",
"Lifestyle",
"Sport"
] | null |
[
"Simone McCarthy"
] |
2020-12-30T13:03:36+08:00
|
Few details were released in the announcement but the company is seeking conditional listing from Chinese regulator.
|
en
|
https://assets-v2.i-scmp.com/production/favicon.ico
|
South China Morning Post
|
https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3115801/chinas-sinopharm-says-its-covid-19-vaccine-nearly-80-cent
|
On December 9, UAE health authorities said the vaccine had proven to be 86 per cent effective in an interim analysis of late-stage clinical trials. The vaccine has already been approved in the UAE and Bahrain.
The vaccine is among those already in use in China under an emergency use authorisation programme launched in July.
Health authorities earlier this month said they were evaluating data from vaccines that were advanced in final phase trials on a rolling basis, and would release data to the public “in time” after trials were unblinded.
Data for the vaccine candidate from the institute’s sister company, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, has yet to be released.
Another Chinese firm, Sinovac, has a candidate in human trials in Brazil, Turkey and Indonesia, but reporting of its detailed results were postponed until next month. Turkey’s health authority announced last week that its trial showed this vaccine to be 91.25 per cent effective, but the finding was based on preliminary results from a small clinical trial and none of the data has been peer reviewed.
Shanghai vaccine expert Tao Lina said the efficacy results for the Beijing Institute vaccine – which uses conventional inactivated technology involving a killed virus – was lower than most vaccines using the same method – such as those for polio, hepatitis A or hand, foot and mouth disease.
Nevertheless, it was not a bad result against a new virus and industry processes could be improved in time to improve efficacy, he said.
“At the beginning, we thought a vaccine with 70 per cent efficacy would be good enough, but the high efficacy reported by Moderna and BioNTech set the bar too high and people might feel disappointed when comparing the efficacy rates,” he said. The two mRNA vaccines have shown efficacy of more than 94 per cent.
“The difference in technology means mRNA vaccines will have a higher efficacy than the inactivated vaccines. It is like, one vaccine targets the ammunition in the key point, and the other [targets] all the points, so naturally the effect will be weaker.”
But Tao said the efficacy of the Beijing Institute’s vaccine had surpassed the approval threshold and its excellent safety data was an important aspect that needed to be considered in evaluating the different vaccines.
“From the published data, the inactivated Covid-19 vaccines have much fewer and lighter adverse events. It is something to be taken into consideration when hundreds of millions of people are to take vaccines,” he said.
The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, which regulates China National Pharmaceutical Group, the parent company of the Beijing Institute of Biological Products, said in a statement on Wednesday that the vaccines should be assessed according to their overall performance and not just a single parameter of efficacy.
All of the vaccines approved for emergency use had produced high levels of antibodies that could in theory fight off the coronavirus, it said.
The Sinopharm vaccine also had the advantage of convenient transport and storage, as well as a guaranteed production capacity, it added.
“The inactivated Covid-19 vaccines by Sinopharm can be transported and stored at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius (35.6 to 46.4 Fahrenheit) and remain stable for 24 months, which is an obvious advantage. The cold chain involved fits in what is already available in most countries, therefore significantly increasing the accessibility of the vaccines,” the statement said.
According to the statement, production capacity of the two Sinopharm facilities in Wuhan and Beijing will reach 1 billion doses next year, matching the production capacity of other global vaccine candidates.
This article appeared in the South China Morning Post print edition as: Sinopharm jab is 79pc effective, maker says
|
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dbpedia
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https://visaguide.world/news/sinopharm-vaccine-approved-countries-list/
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en
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List of 102 Countries that Accept Sinopharm Vaccine for Travel
|
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] | null |
[
"Lum Kamishi"
] |
2021-09-22T12:41:34+00:00
|
As the vaccination rates are increasing each day, the majority of countries all over the world have decided to open their borders for travellers who have been fully vaccinated against COVID-19. Nonetheless, since every country’s health authorities have the right to decide on their own regarding the vaccines that they accept for travel, international travel […]
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en
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VisaGuide.News
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https://visaguide.world/news/sinopharm-vaccine-approved-countries-list/
|
As the vaccination rates are increasing each day, the majority of countries all over the world have decided to open their borders for travellers who have been fully vaccinated against COVID-19.
Nonetheless, since every country’s health authorities have the right to decide on their own regarding the vaccines that they accept for travel, international travel has been complicated lately, VisaGuide.World reports.
Therefore, it is highly recommended that when travelling to another country, everyone checks whether the destination they plan on visiting recognizes as valid proof of immunity the vaccine they have been jabbed with. This can be done by using the vaccine-checker tool developed by VisaGuide.World.
Based on the data gathered from this tool, the following countries allow entry to all those who have been vaccinated with the Sinopharm vaccine:
[table “81” not found /]
Spain was among the first EU countries that decided to accept Sinopharm as valid proof of immunity. While other countries were allowing entry only to those immunized with an EMA-approved vaccine, the country’s authorities stated back then that all vaccines authorized for marketing by EMA or World Health Organization (WHO) would be accepted.
Is Sinopharm Accepted in the United States?
As for the United States, until now, the country has authorised the use of Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, and Johnson and Johnson vaccines for use. Nonetheless, since the US has been closed for international travellers it is still unclear whether the country will allow entry to those who have been immunized with another vaccine in early November, when the entry ban on 33 world countries, including the UK, Ireland and the Schengen Area countries, is set to end.
In regards to this, several universities, including Harvard, Colombia, Yale University, and several others, have announced that they would allow students who have been vaccinated with Sinopharm to follow their studies there.
Is Sinopharm Vaccine Accepted in the UK?
Additionally, the United Kingdom hasn’t approved the Sinopharm vaccine for use. This means that all persons who have been immunized with this type of vaccine are subject to restrictions when entering the UK’s territory. Currently, the UK recognizes only the vaccines that EMA has approved.
The Sinopharm vaccine was developed by a Chinese state-owned company and got emergency approval by WHO back in May. The vaccine was initially used within China and then was distributed to various other countries, mainly to those with a weaker economy.
It is recommended that for maximum protection against the COVID-19 disease, everyone over the age of 18 takes the two required doses of the vaccine.
Apart from Sinopharm, Sinovac is another vaccine manufactured by a Beijing-based pharmaceutical company. The vaccine is part of the WHO Emergency Use Listing and has been approved for use in 50 countries until now.
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https://www.genengnews.com/news/sinopharm-group-china-national-biotech-group-beijing-institute-of-biological-products-and-chinese-center-for-disease-control-and-prevention/
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en
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Sinopharm Group (China National Biotech Group, Beijing Institute of Biological Products) and Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention – BBIBP-CorV
|
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"GEN Staff"
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2020-05-18T10:08:42+00:00
|
Candidate: BBIBP-CorV Category: VAX Type: Inactivated vaccine using nonliving viruses, bacteria or other pathogens that have lost disease-producing capacity to stimulate the immune system to develop an immune response. 2021 Status: Antibody Rebound from Booster Dose—A team of Chinese researchers posted a preprint September 15 in medRxiv showing a 7.2-fold rebound in the presence of antibodies […]
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en
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/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/favicon-16x16-new.png
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GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News
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https://www.genengnews.com/news/sinopharm-group-china-national-biotech-group-beijing-institute-of-biological-products-and-chinese-center-for-disease-control-and-prevention/
|
Candidate: BBIBP-CorV
Category: VAX
Type: Inactivated vaccine using nonliving viruses, bacteria or other pathogens that have lost disease-producing capacity to stimulate the immune system to develop an immune response.
2021 Status: Antibody Rebound from Booster Dose—A team of Chinese researchers posted a preprint September 15 in medRxiv showing a 7.2-fold rebound in the presence of antibodies in 50 of 63 previously vaccinated healthcare workers who volunteered for a third booster dose of BBIBP-CorV at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (FAH-SYSU) in Guangzhou,China–from 9.2 AU/ml to 66.8 AU/ml one week after the third vaccination. Antibody presence had declined over five months between the first and second doses of the vaccine, from a first-dose peak of 31.2 AU/ml, though SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B, CD4+ , and CD8+ T cells persisted in the peripheral blood 5 months after the second vaccination, the researchers reported.
Vaccine Safety Shown in Children—A team of Chinese researchers published a study September 15 in The Lancet Infectious Diseases showing BBIBP-CorV to be safe and well tolerated at all tested dose levels in participants aged 3–17 years, based on a Phase I/II trial conducted at Shangqiu City Liangyuan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Henan, China. BBIBP-CorV also elicited robust humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection after two doses.
“Our findings support the use of a 4 μg dose and two-shot regimen BBIBP-CorV in phase 3 trials in the population younger than 18 years to further ascertain its safety and protection efficacy against COVID-19,” the researchers concluded.
78% Efficacy Rate–In the trial, 216 eligible participants were randomly assigned to vaccine (24 for each dose level [2/4/8 μg] in each of three age cohorts [3–5, 6–12, and 13–17 years]) with 72 randomized to control (24 for each age cohort) in Phase I. In Phase II, 540 eligible participants were randomly assigned and allocated to vaccine (60 for each dose level [2/4/8 μg] in each of three age cohorts, while 180 were randomized to control (n=180, 60 for each age cohort).
In study data published May 26 in JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association), a team of Chinese researchers showed a 78.1% efficacy rate for SARS-CoV-2 HB02 (4 µg/dose), the vaccine developed by the Beijing Institute of Biological Products and China National Biotech Group Co Ltd (CNBG), the vaccine and bioscience subsidiary of state-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm Group).
The data came from a prespecified interim analysis of a randomized clinical trial included 40,382 participants who received at least one dose of a two-dose inactivated vaccine series eveloped from either HB02 or another vaccine candidate co-developed by Sinopharm and Beijing Institute of Biological Products, SARS-CoV-2 WIV04 (5 µg/dose) strains, or an aluminum hydroxide–only control. The study’s primary endpoint was the incidence of symptomatic COVID-19 at least 14 days after the second injection.
WHO Grants Emergency Use Listing—The World Health Organization (WHO) on May 6 granted an emergency use listing (EUL) to Sinopharm for the vaccine developed by state-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm Group) with Beijing Institute of Biological Products under Sinopharm’s vaccine and bioscience subsidiary China National Biotec Group (CNBG).
WHO recommended the vaccine for adults 18 years and older, in a two-dose schedule with a spacing of three to four weeks. The EUL marked the WHO’s first granted to a non-Western vaccine developer.
2020 Status: Conditional approval granted–China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) on December 30 granted conditional approval to the vaccine developed by state-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm Group) through its vaccine and bioscience subsidiary China National Biotec Group (CNBG) with CNBG’s Beijing Institute of Biological Products. The announcement was made December 31 by Chen Shifei, deputy head of the NMPA.
Sinopharm announced interim clinical results on December 30 showing that its vaccine achieved 79.34% efficacy in preventing COVID-19 symptoms in healthy participants, and achieved a 99.52% antibody positive conversion rate after two doses. CNBG Chairman Yang Xiaoming told China’s state-owned Global Times news outlet—published under the auspices of the Chinese Communist Party’s People’s Daily newspaper—that the data on safety and efficacy collected to date in the Phase III clinical trials was better than expected. Yang also said CNBG’s production capacity of COVID-19 inactivated vaccines reached 120 million doses at the end of 2020, and will expand to one billion doses per year in 2021.
A Sinopharm spokesperson told the Global Times the interim results were mainly based on data from trials conducted in the United Arab Emirates, the vaccine’s largest test base. The UAE and Bahrain have both approved the vaccine.
CNBG said June 28 that the vaccine candidate co-developed with CNBG’s Beijing Institute of Biological Products showed itself to be safe and to generate high tiers of antibodies in a Phase I/II trial.
The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolled 1,120 healthy volunteers ages 18-59, who received two doses of the vaccine at undisclosed low, medium, or high dosages at 14, 21, and 28 days. CNBG said the vaccine showed itself to be safe and effective, but Chinese news reports offered no numerical data supporting that assertion.
The results were revealed during a blind review of data from the Phase I/II clinical trial, held simultaneously in Beijing and Henan. CNBG researchers joined officials from the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism Research Group on Vaccine R&D and the State Food and Drug Administration in attending the meeting.
On June 23, Sinopharm said it received approval to conduct a Phase III trial in the United Arab Emirates of one of its two vaccine candidates, but did not specify if it was the CNBG/Beijing candidate or a candidate that CNBG is co-developing with another of its entities, the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Wuhan Institute of Virology).
In April, CNBG said its second inactivated vaccine targeting COVID-19 won clinical trial approval from China’s National Medical Products Administration. The vaccine is co-developed by a unit of CNBG, Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd., and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
Sinopharm is China’s largest pharmaceutical company with more than 1,500 subsidiaries, including six publicly listed entities. Sinopharm has set aside a fund of 1 billion yuan (about $142 million) to support R&D of the vaccine, and another it is co-developing with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Wuhan Institute of Virology).
COVID-19: 300 Candidates and Counting
To navigate through the >300 potential therapeutic and vaccine options for COVID-19, GEN has grouped the candidates into four broad categories based on their developmental and (where applicable) clinical progress:
● FRONT RUNNER – the most promising therapeutics/vaccines based on clinical progress, favorable data or both.
● DEFINITELY MAYBE – earlier phases with promising partners, or more advanced candidates in development that have generated uneven data.
● KEEPING AN EYE ON… – interesting technology, attracting notable partners, or both, but preliminary data.
● TOO SOON TO TELL – longshots pending additional experimental and/or clinical data.
GEN has also tagged the most common treatment types:
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https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine.html
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How the Sinopharm Covid
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Jonathan Corum",
"Carl Zimmer"
] |
2020-12-30T19:46:40+00:00
|
Using inactivated coronaviruses to train the immune system.
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en
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/vi-assets/static-assets/favicon-d2483f10ef688e6f89e23806b9700298.ico
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https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine.html
|
In early 2020, the Beijing Institute of Biological Products created an inactivated coronavirus vaccine called BBIBP-CorV. Clinical trials run by the state-owned company Sinopharm showed that it had an efficacy rate of 79 percent. China approved the vaccine and soon began exporting it to other countries. On May 7, the World Health Organization announced a similar efficacy estimate of 78.1 percent.
A Vaccine Made From Coronaviruses
BBIBP-CorV works by teaching the immune system to make antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The antibodies attach to viral proteins, such as the so-called spike proteins that stud its surface.
To create BBIBP-CorV, the Beijing Institute researchers obtained three variants of the coronavirus from patients in Chinese hospitals. They picked one of the variants because it was able to multiply quickly in monkey kidney cells grown in bioreactor tanks.
Killing the Virus
Once the researchers produced large stocks of the coronaviruses, they doused them with a chemical called beta-propiolactone. The compound disabled the coronaviruses by bonding to their genes. The inactivated coronaviruses could no longer replicate. But their proteins, including spike, remained intact.
The researchers then drew off the inactivated viruses and mixed them with a tiny amount of an aluminum-based compound called an adjuvant. Adjuvants stimulate the immune system to boost its response to a vaccine.
Inactivated viruses have been used for over a century. Jonas Salk used them to create his polio vaccine in the 1950s, and they’re the bases for vaccines against other diseases including rabies and hepatitis A.
Prompting an Immune Response
Because the coronaviruses in BBIBP-CorV are dead, they can be injected into the arm without causing Covid-19. Once inside the body, some of the inactivated viruses are swallowed up by a type of immune cell called an antigen-presenting cell.
The antigen-presenting cell tears the coronavirus apart and displays some of its fragments on its surface. A so-called helper T cell may detect the fragment. If the fragment fits into one of its surface proteins, the T cell becomes activated and can help recruit other immune cells to respond to the vaccine.
Making Antibodies
Another type of immune cell, called a B cell, may also encounter the inactivated coronavirus. B cells have surface proteins in a huge variety of shapes, and a few might have the right shape to latch onto the coronavirus. When a B cell locks on, it can pull part or all of the virus inside and present coronavirus fragments on its surface.
A helper T cell activated against the coronavirus can latch onto the same fragment. When that happens, the B cell gets activated, too. It proliferates and pours out antibodies that have the same shape as their surface proteins.
Stopping the Virus
Once vaccinated with BBIBP-CorV, the immune system can respond to an infection of live coronaviruses. B cells produce antibodies that stick to the invaders. Antibodies that target the spike protein can prevent the virus from entering cells. Other kinds of antibodies may block the virus by other means.
Remembering the Virus
Sinopharm’s clinical trials have demonstrated that BBIBP-CorV can protect people against Covid-19. But no one can yet say how long that protection lasts. It’s possible that the level of antibodies drops over the course of months. But the immune system also contains special cells called memory B cells that might retain information about the coronavirus for years or even decades.
Vaccine Timeline
Sinopharm begins developing an inactivated vaccine against the coronavirus.
Researchers report the vaccine produces promising results in monkeys. A Phase 1/2 trial shows that the vaccine doesn’t cause any serious side effects and enables people to make antibodies against the coronavirus.
A Phase 3 trial begins in the United Arab Emirates.
Phase 3 trials begin in Morocco and Peru.
The U.A.E. gives emergency approval for Sinopharm’s vaccine to use on health care workers. Government officials and others begin to receive it.
The chairman of Sinopharm says almost a million people in China have received Sinopharm vaccines.
The ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum, announces he received the vaccine.
The U.A.E. gives full approval to BBIBP-CorV, announcing it has an efficacy rate of 86 percent. But the government did not release any details with their announcement, leaving it unclear how they had come to their conclusions.
Bahrain also approves the vaccine.
Sinopharm announces that the vaccine has an efficacy of 79.34 percent, leading the Chinese government to approve it. The company has yet to publish detailed results of their Phase 3 trial.
Egypt authorizes the vaccine for emergency use.
Hungary agrees to pay about $36 per dose of Sinopharm’s vaccine, making it one of the most expensive in the world.
The World Health Organization estimates that the Sinopharm vaccine has an efficacy of 78.1 percent, and authorizes the vaccine for emergency use.
Sinopharm plans to produce 5 billion doses a year.
China authorizes the Sinopharm vaccine for emergency use in children and adolescents.
The United Arab Emirates follows China in authorizing the vaccine for emergency use in children and adolescents.
Sources: National Center for Biotechnology Information; Science; The Lancet; Lynda Coughlan, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Jenna Guthmiller, University of Chicago.
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https://insights.greyb.com/sinopharm-patents/
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en
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Key Insights & Stats by Insights;Gate
|
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2021-12-31T08:28:53+00:00
|
Sinopharm has 2259 patents, out of which 1453 have been granted. Of these 2259 patents, more than 53% of Sinopharm patents are active.
|
en
|
Insights;Gate
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https://insights.greyb.com/sinopharm-patents/
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Sinopharm has a total of 2259 patents globally, out of which 1453 have been granted. Of these 2259 patents, more than 53% patents are active. China is where Sinopharm has filed the maximum number of patents, followed by United States of America and Europe. Parallelly, China seems to be the main focused R&D center and is also the origin country of Sinopharm.
China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, commonly referred to as Sinopharm was founded in the year 1998 by the Republic of China. Company is doing business in pharmaceutical. As of December 2021, Sinopharm has a market cap of $6.77 Billion.
Do read about some of the most popular patents of Sinopharm which have been covered by us in this article and also you can find Sinopharm’s patents information, the worldwide patent filing activity and its patent filing trend over the years, and many other stats over Sinopharm’s patent portfolio.
How many patents does Sinopharm have?
Sinopharm has a total of 2259 patents globally. These patents belong to 1807 unique patent families. Out of 2259 patents, 1200 patents are active.
How many Sinopharm patents are Alive/Dead?
Worldwide Patents
Patent Families
How Many Patents did Sinopharm File Every Year?
Are you wondering why there is a drop in patent filing for the last two years? It is because a patent application can take up to 18 months to get published. Certainly, it doesn’t suggest a decrease in the patent filing.
How Many Patents did Sinopharm File in Different Countries?
Countries in which Sinopharm Filed Patents
Where are Research Centers of Sinopharm Patents Located?
10 Best Sinopharm Patents
WO2005084711A1 is the most popular patent in the Sinopharm portfolio. It has received 210 citations so far from companies like Amgen, Intrinsic Lifesciences and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag.
Below is the list of 10 most cited patents of Sinopharm:
In recent years, China’s smart manufacturing industry has achieved some strides. Smart manufacturing has a significant impact on the pharmaceutical business, resulting in the three development trends shown below. The first is to improve the pharmaceutical industry’s intelligence and information levels, as well as to popularise manufacturing execution systems in production processes, allowing for whole-process monitoring and management of drug quality. The second is to improve the applications of computer-aided drug design, 3D printing, and virtual reality during research and development by developing new production procedures (R&D). The third step is to increase industry concentration, alter the pharmaceutical industry’s market structure to one based on industrial integration, and promote the pharmaceutical industry to the global market.
The COVID-19 vaccine from Sinopharm is the first of the new vaccinations to include a vaccine vial monitor, or VVM, which tells health workers whether the vaccine has been stored properly and has not been harmed by extreme heat.
EXCLUSIVE INSIGHTS COMING SOON!
What are Sinopharm key innovation segments?
What Technologies are Covered by Sinopharm?
The chart below distributes patents filed by Sinopharm in different countries on the basis of the technology protected in patents. It also represents the markets where Sinopharm thinks it’s important to protect particular technology inventions.
R&D Focus: How Sinopharm search focus changed over the years?
EXCLUSIVE INSIGHTS COMING SOON!
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https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/07/who-approves-covid-vaccine-made-by-chinas-sinopharm-for-emergency-use.html
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WHO approves Covid vaccine made by China's Sinopharm for emergency use
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2021-05-07T00:00:00
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The new addition to the list could hasten efforts to control the spread of Covid, which has recently spread to record high infection levels in some countries.
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The World Health Organization said Friday it has approved for emergency use a coronavirus vaccine developed by Chinese state-owned pharmaceutical group Sinopharm.
Beijing's Covid vaccine is recommended for adults 18 years and up with a two-dose regimen, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said at a press briefing.
The new addition to the list of usable vaccine options could hasten efforts to control the spread of Covid-19 and its variant forms, which are driving new infections in many parts of the world.
"Solving the vaccine crisis requires that we pull out all the stops," Tedros said.
Sinopharm's shot is the sixth to receive the WHO's approval for "safety, efficacy and quality," he said.
"Vaccines remain a vital tool. But right now, the volume and distribution of vaccines is insufficient to end the pandemic, without the sustained and tailored application of public health measures that we know work," Tedros said.
"The pandemic has shown that when health is at risk, everything is at risk. But when health is protected and promoted, individuals, families, communities, economies and nations can thrive," he said.
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https://www.knowledgeportalia.org/chinese-vaccines
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Chinese COVID-19 Vaccines
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Analysis on efficacy, regulatory approvals, manufacturing and access to the four Chinese vaccines with the largest international footprint
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Knowledge Portal
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https://www.knowledgeportalia.org/chinese-vaccines
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*Research and text by Xiaoyi Wang; Contributions and review by Suerie Moon, Adrián Alonso Ruiz, Surabhi Agarwal and Marcela Vieira
Published on: 27 October 2021
KEY RESEARCH FINDINGS
Vaccines developed and/or produced in China are estimated to comprise nearly half the total volume produced worldwide in 2021 (Herman 2021). Yet, compared to those developed and/or produced by Western or multinational firms, we have found relatively little analysis of Chinese vaccines and the role they may play in meeting global needs. (For brevity we use the term “Chinese vaccines” here to refer to vaccines developed by an entity based in China, recognizing that they are manufactured both within and outside of China).
This research summarizes the publicly-available data on regulatory approvals, efficacy, manufacturing and access to the four Chinese vaccines which seem to have the largest international footprint (Sinovac, Sinopharm-Beijing, Sinopharm-Wuhan and CanSino[1]). We found an estimated 1.2 billion doses for export through purchases by 67 countries/regions/COVAX, and 58.2 million doses for donation to 93 countries/UN peacekeepers.
Sinovac and Sinopharm-Beijing are the largest international players in terms of both volumes produced and countries where the vaccines are available, with significant production capacity projected for CanSino. We also found 17 manufacturing agreements with a total of 15 countries. Price data is limited, but where available, prices per dose sit approximately in the middle of the international range. While data is limited, we found over $1 billion had been invested in R&D, about half from public and half from private sources. In addition to 6 vaccines that have received regulatory approval, at least an additional 13 are under development.
Overall, we found Chinese vaccines are playing a large-scale role in responding to a number of countries’ demands for access to vaccine doses and technology.
[1] Note: This study did not include the Clover vaccine because of limited information at the time of research.
SINOVAC
REGULATORY APPROVAL
The Sinovac vaccine (which is also referred to as CoronaVac) first acquired emergency authorization in China on August 23, 2020 (Reuters 2020b). After that, Indonesia granted Sinovac emergency authorization on January 11, 2021; Turkey authorized the Sinovac shot on January 13; and Brazil followed suit on January 17 (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020). China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) granted “conditional marketing authorization” on February 6 (Xinhua News Agency 2021). Notably, the World Health Organization (WHO) granted Emergency Use Listing (EUL) on June 1, allowing the Sinovac vaccine to be included in COVAX (WHO 2021d). It then gained approval for emergency use in China in children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 on June 4 (Reuters 2021f). Currently, it is approved or has early, limited or emergency use authorization in 54 countries or regions (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020).
EFFICACY
WHO has compiled information on the efficacy of this vaccine based on data collected from trials in Turkey, Chile, Indonesia and Brazil (WHO 2021a). As is shown in Table 1, these trials found that the Sinovac vaccine enables a certain degree of protection against Covid-19, yet their efficacy rates vary. In Brazil, the efficacy against symptomatic disease was 50 to 51%, while in Turkey it was 84%. Against hospitalization, its efficacy was 100% in the trials in both Turkey and Brazil, while in Chile it was 85%.
Table 1 - CoronaVac's clinical trials
Study location
Population size
Schedule (days)
Design/measure of effect
Circulation of VOCs
Protection against symptomatic disease
Protection against hospitalization
Turkey
13000
0, 14
RCT/Efficacy
Limited
84% (65-92)
100% (20-100)
Chile
10.5 million
0, 28
Cohort/Effectiveness
P.1, B.1.1.7
67% (65-69)
85% (83-97)
Indonesia
1620
0, 14
RCT/Efficacy
Limited
65% (20-85)
Not estimated (a)
Brazil
12688
0, 14
RCT/Efficacy
Limited
51% (36-62)
100% (56-100)
Brazil
393 case-control pairs
0, 14 (b)
TND/Effectiveness
P.1
50% (11-71)
Not reported
Source: WHO 2021a
(a) No cases in either group
(b) Analysis based on receiving ≥ 1 dose.
RCT: randomized controlled trial; TND: test negative design
VACCINE MANUFACTURING
After the third production line of the Sinovac vaccine was finished and put into commercial production in China, Sinovac Biotech Ltd. announced that its annual capacity of the vaccine reached 2 billion doses (Business Wire 2021). In addition, Sinovac has signed a number of manufacturing agreements with foreign manufacturers, with the estimated production overseas amounting to more than 1550 million doses. 5 out of the 7 partners are located in upper-middle income countries (UMIC) (with the two agreements with Butantan Institute in Brazil counted as one partner), among which Egypt, Indonesia and Brazil rank as the top three largest manufacturers (by volume) of the Sinovac vaccines. Table 2 below presents manufacturing agreements signed between Sinovac and other overseas manufacturers.
Table 2 - Manufacturing agreements between Sinovac and other manufacturers
Manufacturer
Manufacturer Type
Manufacturer Location
Income Level
Anticipated Production Dose/Year (in millions)
Anticipated Production Total Doses (in millions)
Date Arrangement Publicly Announced
Primary Market Intended For
VACSERA
Privately held
Egypt
Lower middle income
1200
Unspecified
22-mar-21
Egypt
Pharmaniaga Berhad
Publicly traded
Malaysia
Upper middle income
Unspecified
14
11-Jan-21
Upper middle income
Bio Farma
State-owned enterprise
Indonesia
Upper middle income
250
Unspecified
25-Aug-20
Indonesia
Butantan Institute
Government agency
Brazil
Upper middle income
Unspecified
20
05-feb-21
Brazil
Butantan Institute
Government agency
Brazil
Upper middle income
100
Unspecified
11-jun-20
Brazil
Kelun Life Science
Privately held
Sri Lanka
Lower middle income
Unspecified
13
27-may-21
Sri Lanka
Unspecified
Unspecified
Turkey
Upper middle income
Unspecified
Unspecified
12-may-21
Unspecified
Saidal Group
Government agency
Algeria
Lower middle income
Unspecified
Unspecified
28-jul-21
Unspecified
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Manufacturing from Global Health Centre 2021
VACCINE ACCESS
According to Weidong Yin, Chairman of Sinovac, nearly 900 million doses of CoronaVac have been or will be administered through vaccine cooperation agreements with 20 countries outside of China (Sinovac 2021). The GHC Covid-19 vaccine database, which tracks information on purchases and donations of vaccines (data as of 7th October, 2021), has found that more than 600 million doses are going to 40 countries or regions (some countries have both purchased and donated doses), not including the 50 million doses going via COVAX.
In terms of purchasing deals, more than 646 million doses of the Sinovac vaccines have been purchased by 31 countries, regions or organizations around the world. Purchasing deals of the Sinovac vaccine are put in a descending order based on the number of doses in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1 - Sinovac vaccine purchase agreements by purchaser's income level
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
Table 3 - Price information on purchasing deals of Sinovac vaccines
Buyer/recipient
Price (in USD million)
Price/Dose (in USD)
Date Deal First Announced Publicly
Brazil
1000
10
29-Jan-21
Cambodia
185
10
26-mar-21
Zimbabwe
32
10
15-mar-21
Brazil
216.72
10.84
05-feb-21
Thailand
138.55
11.55
08-sep-21
Philippines
362.5
14.5
11-Jan-21
Botswana
3
15
23-Apr-21
Thailand
1.5
15
18-mar-21
Ukraine
32.4
18
30-Dec-20
Ukraine
Not available
18
12-Jan-21
Dominican Republic
203.3
19
15-feb-21
Thailand
142.45
20.35
1-Apr-21
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
Available data show that government purchases constitute the great majority of purchasing deals. Among the 39 arrangements in reference to the procurement of the Sinovac vaccine (with repetitive buyers involved), 29 of them are government purchases, 4 combination, 3 private purchasing deals, 2 private donations and 1 multilateral purchase with COVAX. The overwhelming proportion of the doses go to Indonesia, Brazil, Turkey and Chile. With regards to the income level of recipients (not including COVAX and CONMEBOL), there are 14 UMICs, 10 lower-middle income countries (LoMICs), 4 high-income countries (HICs) and 1 low income country (LIC). Notably, only around 50 million doses are purchased by COVAX, approximately 8% of the total for internationally-supplied Sinovac vaccines.
Price information is only available for 12 of the 39 purchasing agreements. Table 3 summarises the currently available data on prices, the ranking of which is from the lowest to the highest price per dose.
In terms of donations, over 8.5 million doses of the Sinovac vaccines have been donated to 22 countries worldwide by China, with a small share coming from the Red Cross Society of China. Donations comprise about 1% of the total volume exported. Across the 20 recipients of the Sinovac vaccine, 9 are classified as LoMICs, 8 are UMICs, 4 are LICs and 1 is HIC. The main recipients of the donations are El Salvador, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand (see Figure 2).
Figure 2 - Sinovac vaccine donations
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
SINOPHARM-BEIJING
REGULATORY APPROVAL
The Chinese government granted the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine (which is also referred to as BIBP, BBIBP-CorV or COVIV-02) conditional market authorization on December 31, 2020 (Reuters 2020c). On September 14, the U.A.E. gave emergency approval for the vaccine and shortly after, on December 9, the U.A.E. gave Sinopharm-Beijing full approval (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020). Subsequently, on January 29, 2021, after some countries in the Middle East had granted approvals, Hungary authorized the vaccine, becoming the first European country to use Chinese vaccines (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020). On May 7, 2021, the WHO announced that it granted Sinopharm-Beijing emergency use listing (WHO 2021c). As of May, it has obtained approval or emergency authorization in 57 countries or regions worldwide (WHO 2021b). On July 20, after Sinovac, Sinopharm-Beijing was approved as the second domestic COVID-19 vaccine available for emergency use in children and adolescents (China Daily 2021b). Currently, it is approved or has early, limited or emergency use authorization in 76 countries or regions (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020).
EFFICACY
WHO has compiled information on the efficacy of the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine (see Table 4), and it demonstrated overall efficacy of 78.1% against COVID-19 cases, with most of the population included in the trial aged between 18 and 59 years. Data on its performance in older adults (aged 60 or above) are limited, given that the proportion of this group was only around 2% in the trial. As of the time when the background document was published, two other studies were still ongoing in Peru and Argentina, which were expected to fill some of the data gaps.
Table 4 - Efficacy of the Sinopharm Beijing's vaccine
Variable
Vaccine group - Nº at risk
Vaccine group - Nº of cases
Placebo group - Nº at risk
Placebo group - Nº of cases
VE% (95% CI)
Overall
13765
21
13765
95
78.1 (64.8, 86.3)
Severe
13765
0
13765
2
n.e.
Male
11598
18
11642
83
78.4 (64.1, 87.0)
Female
2167
3
2123
12
75.5 (13.3, 93.1)
18-59 years
13556
20
13559
94
78.1 (64.9, 86.3)
>=60 years
209
0
206
0
n.e.
Hypertension
374
0
367
4
n.e.
Diabetes
300
2
308
6
63.7 (-79.8, 92.7)
BMI>=30
3040
7
3080
36
80.7 (56.7, 91.4)
SARS-CoV-2 status: Baseline positive
n.r.
0
n.r.
1
n.e.
SARS-CoV-2 status: Baseline negative
n.r.
16
n.r.
83
80.8 (67.2, 88.8)
n.r.= not reported. n.e.= not estimated. VE was not estimated when the number of cases was less than 5.
Source: WHO 2021b
VACCINE MANUFACTURING
On July 31, 2021, Sinopharm CNBG put a new production site into operation for its COVID-19 vaccines in Beijing, China, and announced it had expanded annual vaccine production to 5 billion doses (CGTN 2021). Sinopharm-Beijing has also collaborated with a number of producers in other countries, with an anticipated production capacity per year totaling 290 million doses. Among the 6 manufacturing agreements captured in the GHC database, 4 of the manufacturers are located in HICs and 2 are headquartered in LoMICs (see Table 5). The UAE and Morocco are so far the top two largest foreign producers of the COVID-19 Vaccine BIBP.
Table 5 - Manufacturing agreements between Sinopharm-Beijing and other manufacturers
Manufacturer
Manufacturer Type
Manufacturer Location
Income Level
Anticipated Production Dose/Year (in millions)
Anticipated Production Total Doses (in millions)
Date Arrangement Publicly Announced
Primary Market Intended For
Group 42
Privately held
United Arab Emirates
High Income
200
Unspecified
29-mar-21
United Arab Emirates
BCHT Bioteknologi Indonesia
Unspecified
Indonesia
Upper middle income
Unspecified
Unspecified
25-Aug-20
Indonesia
Sothema
Privately held
Morocco
Lower middle income
60
Unspecified
05-jul-21
Unspecified
Hemopharm
Privately held
Serbia
Upper middle income
30
Unspecified
12-jul-21
Serbia
National Vaccine Plant
Unspecified
Hungary
High Income
Unspecified
Unspecified
31-may-21
Hungary
Incepta Pharmaceuticals
Privately held
Bangladesh
Lower middle income
Unspecified
Unspecified
16-may-21
Bangladesh
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Manufacturing from Global Health Centre 2021
VACCINE ACCESS
It is estimated that more than 44 million doses of the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine have been administered at home and abroad (Sinopharm 2021b). The GHC Covid-19 vaccine database has also kept track of agreements on purchases and donations regarding the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine, which has captured that more than 469 million doses are going to 90 countries or regions (some countries have both purchased and donated doses), not including distribution via COVAX (data as of 7th October, 2021).
A total of 480 million doses have been purchased by 47 countries, regions or organizations globally (see Figure 3). Again, government purchasing deals are the dominant composition of all signed deals. There are 52 entries recording the procurement of Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine (with repetitive recipients involved), 48 of them are government purchasing deals with 1 in the form of multilateral purchase (with COVAX), 1 combination deal (with Indonesia) and 2 private purchases. The majority of doses go to Bangladesh, COVAX, Iran, Peru and Morocco. Among the 45 destinations of the vaccines (not counting contribution to COVAX, UN peacekeepers and removing repetitions), 21 are UMICs, 17 are LoMICs, 5 are HICs and 2 LICs. In the case of the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine, the proportion of doses purchased by COVAX is relatively higher than that of Sinovac, ranking the top 1 biggest deals together with Bangladesh. The COVAX deal of 60 million doses represents around 12.5% of the total number of doses.
Figure 3 - Sinopharm-Beijing's purchase agreements by purchaser's income level
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
Regarding the purchasing prices, be it price per deal or price per dose, data are missing in most cases, with information only available for 12 of the 49 purchasing agreements. Table 6 below sheds some light on the available price information.
Table 6 - Price information on purchasing deals of Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine
Buyer/recipient
Price (in USD million)
Price/Dose (in USD)
Date Deal First Announced Publicly
Argentina
80
20
8-Feb-21
Argentina
30
15
10-Jun-21
Argentina
216
9
7-Jul-21
Bangladesh
150
10
18-may-21
Nepal
160
10
16-jun-21
Comoros
2.45
12.25
26-jun-21
Mongolia
18
15
2-Apr-21
Sri Lanka
150
15
25-may-21
Guyana
1.7
17
09-jun-21
Senegal
3.71
18.55
13-Jan-21
Argentina
80
20
08-feb-21
Hungary
178.6
35.72
Unspecified
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
In terms of donations, the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine has so far been the most prevalent type among the four Chinese vaccines. Over 49 million doses of the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccines have been donated to 76 countries worldwide by China (not including UN peacekeepers). In this case, donations comprise about 11% of the total volume exported. Countries that have signed donation deals of the Sinopharm-Beijing shot are listed below in Figure 4 based on the number of doses that they receive. Among them, 37 recipients are LoMICs, 20 are UMICs, 13 are LICs, and 6 are HICs. The main recipients of the Sinopharm-Beijing vaccines are Cambodia, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and El Salvador.
Figure 4 - Sinopharm-Beijing vaccine donations
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
SINOPHARM-WUHAN
REGULATORY APPROVAL
On February 25, 2021, the Sinopharm-Wuhan vaccine (which is also referred to as WIBP-CorV) developed by Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, an affiliate of China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm) was granted conditional approval in China (NMPA 2021a). On August 19, 2021, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the Philippines granted an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the COVID-19 vaccine of Sinopharm-Wuhan (Analou 2021). Besides, in August, Sinopharm-Wuhan was approved for emergency use in the population aged 3-17 in China (Global Times 2021). Currently, it is approved or has early, limited or emergency use authorization in 3 countries (including the Philippines) (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020).
EFFICACY
On May 26, 2021, interim results of a randomized clinical trial in UAE and Bahrain of the Sinopharm-Wuhan vaccine were published (Al Kaabi et al. 2021). The trial found efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 cases of 72.8% and against severe disease of 100% (Al Kaabi et al. 2021).
VACCINE MANUFACTURING
At a press conference held on February 28, 2021, the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products announced that its annual production of the Sinopharm-Wuhan shot could reach 100 million doses, and that an expansion plan is under evaluation (CNR 2021). So far (as of 7th October, 2021), the GHC database has not captured any data on manufacturing deals signed regarding the Sinopharm-Wuhan vaccine.
VACCINE ACCESS
The Sinopharm-Wuhan vaccine is among the four vaccines approved by the Ministry of Commerce in China for export (Sinopharm 2021a). However, the GHC database has not found any publicly-available information concerning purchasing deals or donations (as of 7th October, 2021).
CANSINO
REGULATORY APPROVAL
The CanSino vaccine (which is also referred to as Ad5-nCoV or Convidecia), a single-dose COVID-19 vaccine developed jointly by CanSino and a research institute at the Academy of Military Science (AMS), was first approved for military use in China on June 29, 2020 (Reuters 2020a). The NMPA authorized the CanSino vaccine for conditional marketing in February, 2021 (NMPA 2021b). In the same month, it received Emergency Use Authorization in Pakistan and Mexico (Reuters 2021c; 2021b). Apart from that, the Hungarian National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition granted a Good Manufacturing Practice ("GMP") for the CanSino vaccine in March, 2021 (Reuters 2021d). In June, Malaysia granted conditional approval for emergency use (Reuters 2021g). Currently, it is approved or has early, limited or emergency use authorization in 10 countries (Zimmer, Corum, and Wee 2020).
EFFICACY
On February 8, 2021, Faisal Sultan, Pakistan’s Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on National Health Services, Regulations & Coordination, posted on Twitter that the CanSino vaccine showed an efficacy of 65.7% against symptomatic disease and 90.98% against severe disease according to a multi-country analysis, which is one of the most cited sources when it comes to the efficacy of the CanSino shot (Reuters 2021a). In addition, the company in February also reported that the single-shot vaccine’s protection could decline over time, with only 65.28% of efficacy after four weeks (Reuters 2021e). Zhu Tao, chief scientific officer of CanSino Biologics, announced that, “[a] booster shot six months later led to a 7-times to 10-times increase in neutralising antibody levels, so we expect in this case efficacy could reach over 90%” (Reuters 2021e).
VACCINE MANUFACTURING
A new production site was launched by CanSino Biologics in Tianjin in early 2021, bringing the predicted manufacturing capacity to over 600 million doses of Convidecia by 2022 (China Daily 2021a). The new production base alone could reach an annual production capacity of around 250 million doses (China Daily 2021a). CanSino has also signed agreements with manufacturers overseas. The GHC database records 4 such agreements (see Table 7), 3 with manufacturers located in UMICs and the remaining one in a LoMIC. In particular, Russia is the largest partner of producing Convidecia, and Petrovax is anticipated to manufacture around 120 million doses annually.
Table 7 - Manufacturing agreements between CanSino and other manufacturers
Manufacturer
Manufacturer Type
Manufacturer Location
Income Level
Anticipated Production Dose/Year (in millions)
Anticipated Production Total Doses (in millions)
Date Arrangement Publicly Announced
Primary Market Intended For
Drugmex
Privately held
Mexico
Upper middle income
Unspecified
8
01-feb-21
Mexico
AJM Pharma Pvt
Privately held
Pakistan
Lower middle income
Unspecified
20
06-jul-20
Pakistan
Petrovax
Privately held
Russian Federation
Upper middle income
120
Unspecified
21-sep-20
Russian Federation
Solution Group
Publicly traded
Malaysia
Upper middle income
Unspecified
Unspecified
30-jul-21
Malaysia
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Manufacturing from Global Health Centre 2021
VACCINE ACCESS
Compared with other vaccine candidates, the CanSino vaccine is much less covered in news articles and there are few sources explaining details on how many doses of Convidecia have been administered so far. Without much data in terms of donations, the GHC Covid-19 vaccine database has mapped out 121 million doses of Convidecia purchased by 7 countries outside of China (data as of 7th October, 2021) (see Figure 5).
Figure 5 - CanSino vaccine purchase agreements by purchaser's income level
As with other vaccines, governments were the main buyers of the CanSino vaccine. Among the 8 entries (Pakistan has two), 7 are government purchases and only 1 private purchase (with Pakistan). As is illuminated in the graph, most of the doses are distributed to Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia and Argentina. Among the recipient countries, 5 are UMICs, 2 are LoMICs and 1 HIC. Brazil alone takes up nearly 50%.
The information on purchasing prices of the CanSino vaccine is largely missing, be it price per deal or price per dose. The only two data points available are from the agreements with Brazil and Argentina. While the agreement with Brazil is worth 1020 USD million in total and that with Argentina is worth 91.8 USD million, the per-dose prices are both 17 USD.
The GHC database did not find any information regarding donations of the CanSino vaccine (as of 7th October, 2021).
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine Access from Global Health Centre 2021
VACCINE R&D INVESTMENTS
Data on research and development (R&D) investments into Chinese vaccines is limited, making it hard to draw a comprehensive picture. Nevertheless, the GHC database has found over USD 1 billion of investments into Chinese vaccine R&D (see Figure 6).
Figure 6 - Distribution of R&D investments in COVID-19 vaccines in China
As shown in Figure 6, almost half of the financial contribution to R&D in COVID-19 vaccines in China came from the private sector, including companies such as Advantech Capital, Vivo Capital and China Evergrande Group. Apart from that, China National Pharmaceutical Group (CNPG) spent 145 million USD in developing its Sinopharm vaccines.
Philanthropic organizations account for only 3.85% of the total. This analysis has its limitations, considering that most of the information on the resources and budget allocated from the central government to pharmaceutical companies is unavailable. Therefore, the proportion of the investment made by the public sector could be severely underestimated.
Source: based on data on COVID-19 Vaccine R&D Investments from Global Health Centre 2021
LIST OF ALL VACCINES BEING DEVELOPED IN CHINA
Type of vaccine
Name
Trial
Regulatory approval
Protein Subunit
Anhui Zhifei Longcom: ZF2001
7 trials in 1 country
Approved
Non Replicating Viral Vector
CanSino: Ad5-nCoV
9 trials in 2 countries
Approved
Inactivated
Minhai Biotechnology Co: SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cells)
5 trials in 1 country
Approved
Inactivated
Sinopharm (Beijing): BBIBP-CovV (Vero Cells)
12 trials in 3 countries
Approved
Inactivated
Sinopharm (Wuhan): Inactivated (Vero Cells)
8 trials in 6 countries
Approved
Inactivated
Sinovac: CoronaVac
19 trials in 2 countries
Approved
Non Replicating Viral Vector
AMMS: Ad5-nCoV
1 trial in 1 country
Not Approved
Inactivated
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences: Inactivated (Vero Cells)
5 trials in 3 countries
Not Approved
Protein Subunit
Clover: SCB-2019
7 trials in 2 countries
Not Approved
Protein Subunit
Livzon Mabpharm Inc: V-01
2 trials in 1 country
Not Approved
Protein Subunit
National Vaccine and Serum Institute: Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (CHO Cell)
2 trials in 1 country
Not Approved
RNA
Pfizer/BioNTech: BNT162b1
5 trials in 2 countries
Not Approved
Protein Subunit
Shanhgai Zerun Biotechnology, Walvax Biotechnology: 202-CoV
2 trial in 1 country
Not Approved
Replicating Viral Vector
Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute: COVID-19/aPC
1 trial in 1 country
Not Approved
Non Replicating Viral Vector
Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute: LV-SMENP
2 trials in 1 country
Not Approved
RNA
Stemirna Therapeutics Co Ltd: mRNACOVID-19 Vaccine
1 trial in 1 country
Not Approved
RNA
Walvax: mRNA
4 trials in 1 country
Not Approved
Replicating Viral Vector
Wantai: DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT
2 trials in 1 country
Not Approved
Protein Subunit
West China Hospital: Recombinant (Sf9 cell)
5 trials in 4 countries
Not Approved
Source: based on data from McGill COVID19 Vaccine Tracker Team 2021
OTHER RESOURCES
For a more comprehensive picture of the COVID-19 vaccine landscape, our team has been tracking vaccine purchase and manufacturing agreements, donations and R&D investments . An analysis of the data and dataset are available here.
For more resources on COVID-19 research and development, intellectual property and access, and pricing, procurement, distribution and manufacturing, see our COVID-19 Data Sources page.
REFERENCES
Al Kaabi, Nawal, Yuntao Zhang, Shengli Xia, Yunkai Yang, Manaf M. Al Qahtani, Najiba Abdulrazzaq, Majed Al Nusair, et al. 2021. ‘Effect of 2 Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial’. JAMA 326 (1): 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.8565.
Analou, de Vera. 2021. ‘FDA Grants EUA to COVID-19 Vaccine Sinopharm Manufactured by Wuhan Affiliate’. Manila Bulletin. 25 August 2021. https://mb.com.ph/2021/08/25/fda-grants-eua-to-covid-19-vaccine-sinopharm-manufactured-by-wuhan-affiliate/.
Business Wire. 2021. ‘Sinovac Announced Buildup of Two Billion Annual Capacity of Its COVID-19 Vaccine’. Business Wire. 2 April 2021. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210401005993/en/Sinovac%C2%A0Announced-Buildup-of-Two-Billion-Annual-Capacity-of-Its-COVID-19-Vaccine.
CGTN. 2021. ‘China’s Sinopharm Plans Annual Capacity of 5 Billion COVID-19 Vaccine Doses’. CGTN. 31 July 2021. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-07-31/China-s-Sinopharm-plans-annual-capacity-of-5b-COVID-19-vaccine-doses-12lGsYwRx7O/index.html.
China Daily. 2021a. ‘Vaccine Production Site Opens in Tianjin’. China Daily. 27 April 2021. http://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/nmpa/2021-04/27/c_614888.htm.
———. 2021b. ‘Sinopharm Vaccine Approved to Treat Children, Teenagers’, 20 July 2021. http://www.ecns.cn/news/2021-07-20/detail-ihaphzwf8857844.shtml.
CNR. 2021. ‘Sinopharm-Wuhan Vaccine on the Market, Annual Output up to 100 Million’. China National Radio. 2021. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1692937447557683910&wfr=spider&for=pc.
Global Health Centre. 2021. ‘COVID-19 Vaccine Access’, Accessed 11 October 2021. https://www.knowledgeportalia.org/covid19-vaccine-arrangements.
Global Health Centre. 2021. ‘COVID-19 Vaccine R&D Investments’, Accessed 11 October 2021. https://www.knowledgeportalia.org/covid19-r-d-funding.
Global Health Centre. 2021. ‘COVID-19 Vaccine Manufacturing’, Accessed 11 October 2021. https://www.knowledgeportalia.org/covid19-vaccine-manufacturing.
Global Times. 2021. ‘China Approves Emergency Use of Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine for Children Aged 3-17’. Aug 18, 2021. 18 August 2021. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202108/1231842.shtml.
Herman, Bob. 2021. ‘COVID-19 Vaccine Stock Forecast for 2021 and 2022’. September 5. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21060601-airfinity-covid-vaccine-stock-forecast.
NMPA. 2021a. ‘NMPA Conditionally Approves COVID-19 Vaccine Developed by Sinopharm’s Wuhan Institute’. National Medical Products Administration, 27 February 2021. http://english.nmpa.gov.cn/2021-02/27/c_597152.htm.
———. 2021b. ‘NMPA Grants Conditional Approval to CanSino’s Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine’. National Medical Products Administration, 27 February 2021. http://english.nmpa.gov.cn/2021-02/27/c_597153.htm.
Reuters. 2020a. ‘CanSino’s COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Approved for Military Use in China’. Reuters, 29 June 2020, sec. Race for a cure. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-vaccine-idUSKBN2400DZ.
———. 2020b. ‘Sinovac’s Coronavirus Vaccine Candidate Approved for Emergency Use in China - Source’. Reuters, 28 August 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-vaccines-idUSKBN25O0Z3.
———. 2020c. ‘China Gives Conditional Approval to Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine’. Reuters, 31 December 2020, sec. Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-china-inst-idUSKBN2950EW.
———. 2021a. ‘CanSinoBIO’s COVID-19 Vaccine 65.7% Effective in Global Trials, Pakistan Official Says’. Reuters, 8 February 2021, sec. Healthcare & Pharma. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-pakistan-idUSKBN2A81N0.
———. 2021b. ‘Mexico Approves China’s CanSino and Sinovac COVID-19 Vaccines’. Reuters, 10 February 2021, sec. Race for a cure. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-mexico-cansino-idUSKBN2AA12W.
———. 2021c. ‘Pakistan Approves Chinese CanSinoBIO COVID Vaccine for Emergency Use’. Reuters, 12 February 2021, sec. Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-pakistan-vaccine-idUSKBN2AC1FG.
———. 2021d. ‘China’s CanSino Biologics COVID-19 Vaccine Receives Emergency Use Approval in Hungary’. Reuters, 22 March 2021, sec. China. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-cansino-biologics-covid-19-vaccine-receives-emergency-use-approval-2021-03-22/.
———. 2021e. ‘CanSinoBIO Says COVID-19 Shot May Be Less Effective over Time, Booster Shot Promising’. Reuters, 1 April 2021, sec. Healthcare & Pharma. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-cansinobio-idUSKBN2BO4CG.
———. 2021f. ‘Sinovac’s COVID-19 Vaccine Gains China Nod for Emergency Use in Kids, Adolescents’. Reuters, 5 June 2021, sec. China. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/sinovacs-covid-19-vaccine-gains-china-approval-emergency-use-children-2021-06-05/.
———. 2021g. ‘Malaysia Grants Conditional Approval for CanSino, J&J COVID-19 Vaccines’. Reuters, 15 June 2021, sec. Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/malaysia-grants-conditional-approval-cansino-jj-covid-19-vaccines-2021-06-15/.
Sinopharm. 2021a. ‘Four Ministries Publish List of Vaccines for Export’, 2021. http://www.sinopharm.com/s/1223-3764-39477.html.
———. 2021b. ‘Sinopharm: More than 44 Million Doses of Vaccines Have Been Vaccinated at Home and Abroad’. 26 February 2021. http://www.sinopharm.com/pd/s/1447-4590-39018.html.
Sinovac. 2021. ‘Chairman of Sinovac Yin Weidong’ Speech at the International Forum on Covid-19 Vaccine Cooperation Conference’. 6 August 2021. http://www.sinovac.com/news/shownews.php?id=1282.
WHO. 2021a. ‘Background Document on the Inactivated Vaccine Sinovac-CoronaVac against COVID-19’. 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE_recommendation-Sinovac-CoronaVac-background-2021.1.
———. 2021b. ‘Background Document on the Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine BIBP Developed by China National Biotec Group (CNBG)’. 6 May 2021. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE-recommendation-COVID-19-vaccine-BIBP-background.
———. 2021c. ‘WHO Lists Additional COVID-19 Vaccine for Emergency Use and Issues Interim Policy Recommendations’. WHO, 7 May 2021. https://www.who.int/news/item/07-05-2021-who-lists-additional-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations.
———. 2021d. ‘WHO Validates Sinovac COVID-19 Vaccine for Emergency Use and Issues Interim Policy Recommendations’. WHO, 1 June 2021. https://www.who.int/news/item/01-06-2021-who-validates-sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations.
Xinhua News Agency. 2021. ‘Sinovac COVID-19 Vaccine Granted Conditional Market Approval in China’. National Medical Products Administration. 7 February 2021. http://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/nmpa/2021-02/07/c_588422.htm.
Zimmer, Carl, Jonathan Corum, and Sui-Lee Wee. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker’. The New York Times, 10 June 2020, sec. Science. Accessed 11 October 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html.
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China’s COVID vaccines are going global — but questions remain
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The WHO has approved one of China’s COVID-19 vaccines for use worldwide and another is under review. But published trial data remain scarce.
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/static/images/favicons/nature/apple-touch-icon-f39cb19454.png
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https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01146-0
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NEWS
04 May 2021
Update 12 May 2021
China’s COVID vaccines are going global — but questions remain
The WHO has approved one of China’s COVID-19 vaccines for use worldwide and another is under review. But published trial data remain scarce.
By
Smriti Mallapaty
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https://www.digiedupro.com/the-locals-and-foreign-students-are-getting-covid-19-vaccine-sinopharm-or-sinovac-shots-in-china/
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The Locals & Foreign Students Are Getting Covid Vaccine Shots in China.
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2021-06-13T13:08:10+00:00
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Covid vaccine guideline for foreign students & workers in China, WHO approved Sinovac Vs Sinopharm vaccine efficacy rates, side effects, sa..
|
en
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Study in China : China University Admission
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https://www.digiedupro.com/the-locals-and-foreign-students-are-getting-covid-19-vaccine-sinopharm-or-sinovac-shots-in-china/
|
Ongoing COVID-19 vaccination for local and international (foreign) students in China (为在中国的本地和国际（外国）学生持续接种 COVID-19)
China has begun a COVID-19 vaccination campaign nationwide for boosting the immunity of its people. Foreign workers and international students in China can have their vaccine shots along with the locals. The vaccine centers are now in a festive environment because of the gathering of people. All the ins and outs (detailed information) about the campaign are put together below.
China announced to run COVID-19 vaccination campaign on 15 December 2020. Since the start of the vaccination program by the end of November 2020, the country has deployed 15 million shots to the people. The vaccine shots are being administered in two steps at a 14-day interval after giving the first one. The country is now providing vaccines to the locals and foreigners who have passports in China prioritizing 7 groups of professionals. People between 18 and 59 years of age are currently eligible for the vaccine shots. Also, the country has recently approved a vaccine for children above 3 years old on June 6, 2021. The vaccines are now available at hospitals, clinics, and temporary vaccination centers all across the country. Now, China is moving forward to ensure vaccines for all. For this, the local government and the state government are inspiring people to be vaccinated. As a result, foreign workers and students are festively getting their shots.
International and domestic students are getting vaccinated in China. They are going to the vaccine centers in groups, so a festive atmosphere is prevailing at the centers because of their presence. Mohammad Omar, A Bangladeshi student who got admitted to Hebei Vocational University of Industry and Technology by DigiEduPro, had his first vaccine shot Wednesday along with some local mates at the university vaccine center. “I got my first vaccine shot for free. The health workers at the center were very helpful and cooperative. I was treated as like as a local student.”, Omar said.
People have to complete documentation before getting their shots. Sometimes, they have to wait for their turns. After the documentation, they get vaccinated. The health workers maintain good hygiene to administer the vaccines. They wear masks, PPEs, and gloves properly. They also apply disinfectants and injecting the vaccines maintaining a safe distance.
The students who went to the university vaccine center celebrated the event after having their shots. International students are thankful to the Chinese government to give them the opportunity for the vaccination against Covid-19.
Covid vaccine guideline for foreign students and workers in China (在华外国学生和工人的 Covid 疫苗指南)
Any foreigners in China who are 18 years old or above are eligible for the vaccine. They must have passports to apply for Covid vaccine in China. Foreign workers can apply for it through their employers, and international students can apply through their respective universities. There are other methods also available for the application. Foreign residences in China who have Social Medical Insurance Coverage can get the vaccine shots free of costs, on the other hand, those who do not have the coverage have to pay around 100 CYN per dose of the vaccine. Currently, the vaccines are available for foreigners in In Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong Provinces.
Documents needed for international students to get the Covid vaccine (国际学生在中国接种新冠疫苗需要哪些文件?)
Any foreigners in China with passports can apply for getting Covid vaccines. Foreign workers and students can have their shots by applying for it. International students can apply through their respective universities and foreign workers can apply through employers. China proves its responsibility and hospitality towards the foreigners by allowing them to get the vaccine shots. So, the foreigners in China are thankful to the Chinese government.
Vaccines being administered in China (中国正在接种哪些疫苗?)
“Sinopharm (Beijing)” produced by Sinopharm’s Beijing Institute of Biological Products and “CoronaVac” developed by Sinovac Biotech are being used for the vaccination campaign in China, currently. Both the vaccines are among the 6 homegrown vaccines by Chinese companies and have World Health Organization (WHO) approval for emergency use. The efficacy rate of the Sinopharm is higher than Sinovac.
Doses needed to complete Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccination (完成国药和科兴疫苗接种需要多少剂?)
Every person needs to get vaccinated with 2 doses if any of the two (Sinopharm or CoronaVac) are taken. The dose quantity varies depending on different brands that have different modes of action and structures, such as Convidecia requires 1 dose and Anhui Zhifei requires 2-3 doses to complete the vaccination course.
Getting the second Covid vaccine early (你能早点接种第二种 Covid 疫苗吗?)
A person needs to get the second shot, 14-days after taking the first one for Sinopharm and CoronaVac vaccines. After getting vaccinated, the professionals in their workplaces wear badges to mark them vaccinated. The Chinese government is providing the vaccines to the people free of charge rather the government is trying to encourage people to administer the vaccine.
Efficacy rates of Sinovac and Sinopharm vaccines (科兴疫苗的有效率是多少？国药疫苗的有效率是多少?)
CornaVac produced by Beijing-based leading private pharmaceuticals company Sinovac Biotech showed 51% of efficacy against COVID-19 whereas Sinopharm (Beijing) developed by a state-owned pharmaceuticals firm in Beijing, Sinopharm, demonstrated an efficacy rate of 79% against the deadly coronavirus. Both the vaccines are approved by World Health Organization (WHO) for emergency use.
WHO approval of Sinovac vaccine
Is Sinovac vaccine approved by WHO? (国药控股疫苗是否获得世卫组织批准?)
Sinovac (CoronaVac) vaccine is approved by World Health Organization (WHO). WHO approved the Sinovac vaccine for emergency use on June 1, 2021. WHO also enlisted the Chinese COVID-19 vaccine, Sinopharm in the Emergency Use List (ELI) earlier on 7 May 2021. The organization listed the vaccine in the Emergency Use List (ELI) which is the prerequisite for COVAX Facility vaccine supply and international procurement. Who also allows the countries to apply their own regulatory policies for vaccine usage.
Side effects of Covid vaccines (Covid疫苗有副作用吗?)
Common side effects of Covid vaccines are headache, fatigue, fever, diarrhea, swelling, redness, or a lump on the injection area. Most of these adverse effects disappear in a few days. There are also some rare acute and severe adverse reactions, like fainting and these normally occur within 30 minutes of injection. These reactions are very rare and no eligible persons should avoid getting vaccine shots.
Sinovac safety and efficacy for the elderly (科兴对老年人安全有效吗?)
Yes, China’s Sinovac vaccine is safe and effective. It has been gone through several clinical trials that brought out individual outcomes. Meanwhile, the vaccine has been proven safe and effective after trials in phase III which was conducted in several countries. Recently, Indonesian President Joko Widodo got his first shot of Sinovac’s vaccine (CoronaVac). It has been proved 100 percent efficient in preventing severe and moderate coronavirus infections, 78 percent efficient in preventing mild cases, and, finally, it showed an overall efficacy rate of 50.4 percent in the final-stage trial of Brazil. Brazil’s trial for the CoronaVac vaccine has reported rare adverse reactions and severe events associated with the vaccine and that outcomes have proved its safety. Hence, Sinovac’s vaccine (CoronaVac) is safe and effective for the elderly (people above 60 years) too.
Sinopharm safety and efficacy for the elderly (国药对老人安全有效吗?)
The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that a phase III trial of the Sinopharm vaccine in several countries showed an efficacy rate of 79 percent against hospitalization caused by COVID-19 disease. The organization recommended the use of the vaccine for the age groups between 18 and 60. WHO also reported that safety data for persons above 60 years of age are limited. It suggests the countries should maintain active safety monitoring for the use of the vaccine for people older than 60 years. But, the matter of hope that, WHO enlisted the vaccine in ELI for emergency use. China has already started to vaccinate elderly people and noticed rare adverse effects.
Core criteria of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy (COVID-19疫苗效力的核心标准是什么?)
The core evaluation criteria of a vaccine are not only the efficacy rate but also the infection, the safety, and the accessibility rates for which Chinese vaccines, Sinovac and Sinopharm, are showing extraordinary results. All that makes a vaccine efficient for public and emergency use.
WHO-approved COVID-19 vaccines (什么是世卫组织批准的 COVID-19 疫苗?)
WHO’s Emergency Use List (ELI) enlisted vaccines:
Sinovac vaccine
Sinopharm vaccine
Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine
Moderna vaccine
Janssen vaccine (Johnson & Johnson Vacine)
Astra Zeneca EU vaccine
AstraZeneca-SK Bio vaccine
Serum Institute of India vaccines
The vaccines have individual efficacy rates. The vaccines are being administered in the manufacturing countries and exported to the countries that do not have vaccines of their own. Both the manufacturing and importing countries follow WHO guidelines for the emergency use of these vaccines.
Sinovac (CoronaVac) Vs Sinopharm vaccine (Sinovac/CoronaVac Vs 国药疫苗)
Sinovac and Sinopharm vaccines are not the same. They are two separate Covid vaccines, but both are originated in China. Sinovac vaccine (CoronaVac) is developed by Sinovac Biotech, a leading private pharmaceuticals company in China. Whereas, Sinopharm vaccine is manufactured by the state-owned pharmaceuticals company in China, Sinopharm’s Beijing Institute of Biological Products. Both the vaccines are WHO approved and being administered to the people of China, but the efficacy rates of the two are not the same. Sinopharm’s efficacy rate (79%) is much higher than that of (51%) Sinovac’s vaccine (CoronaVac). The following table showcases the differences and comparisons between the two vaccines.
Data Sinopharm Vaccine Sinovac Vaccine Developed by Sinopharm’s Beijing Institute of Biological Products Sinovac Biotech Country of Origin China China WHO Approval Date 1 June 2021 7 May 2021 Overall Efficacy 79% 51% Dosages 2 2 Dosage Interval 14 days 14 days Age Limit Above 18 Above 18 Permitted for Persons above 60 Yes Yes Cost for the Locals 00 CYN 00 CYN Cost for Foreigners with Social Medical Insurance 00 CYN 00 CYN Cost for Foreigners without Social Medical Insurance 100 CYN/dose 100 CYN/Dose Documents Needed for Foreigners Passport Passport Availability for Foreigners In Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong Provinces In Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong Provinces Application Methods Through Online/ Company/University/Other Methods Through Online/ Company/University/Other Methods
Duration of Covid vaccine immunity
How long will Covid vaccine immunity last for? (Covid疫苗免疫能持续多久?)
It is still not clear that how long the immunity boosted by the COVID vaccination lasts for. However, it is obvious that the 1st dose of the 2-dose vaccines boosts the immunity for 14 days and the immunity gets even stronger after the 2nd shot again for a shorter period of time. The recent clinical trials show that the immunity boosted by the vaccination can last for at least 6 months. Experiments are still ongoing on the issue. More data are yet to be discovered on the vaccination.
Getting Covid even after the vaccination (如果你有疫苗，你还能感染 Covid?)
Covid vaccines are not 100% effective against the disease. Every single vaccine has an individual efficacy rate. 90% efficacy rate means that 10 million vaccinated people get infected out of 100 million after the vaccination. So, there is a chance, a person gets infected even though getting full vaccine shots. As there is a possibility of getting infected after the vaccination, there is also a possibility of transmitting the virus to others. Above all, Isn’t it a good idea to be on the 90% safer side?
Following the precautions even after the vaccination (为什么接种疫苗后仍需遵守预防措施?)
As there is a record that 10-20% of vaccinated people get infected by the virus and transmit it to others, precautionary health guidelines are suggested to be followed. Another reason, there is a shortage of Covid vaccines that many countries are not getting access to it. So, we must maintain proper masking, physical distancing, hand washing, and avoid gathering in big groups.
What is the Chinese vaccine efficacy rate (中国疫苗有效率是多少)?
Ans: The answer is given in the text above. Click here to go to the answer section.
Is Sinovac approved by WHO (赛诺兴是否获得世卫组织批准)?
Ans: Yes, Sinovac vaccine is approved by WHO. Click here to know more.
Is Sinovac side effects free (Sinovac 副作用是否免费)?
Ans: Recent clinical trials revealed that the adverse effect of the Sinovac vaccine is very rare. Click here to know the clinical data.
Is Sinopharm vaccine side effects free? (国药疫苗无副作用吗?)
Ans: Recent clinical trials showed that the adverse effect of the Sinopharm vaccine is very rare. Click here to know what exactly happens.
What are the Chinese covid vaccine names? (中国的新型冠状病毒疫苗名称是什么?)
Ans: Currently, Sinovac vaccine and Sinopharm vaccine are the mainstream Chinese vaccines that have WHO approval for emergency use.
Can you spread covid after vaccination? (接种疫苗后会传播新冠病毒吗?)
Ans: Yes, there is a little chance of transmitting Covid even after you get fully vaccinated. Click here to read the section for further information.
Are vaccines effective against Covid? (疫苗对新冠病毒有效吗?)
Ans: Yes, vaccines are effective against Covid-19 disease, but the efficacy rates of all the vaccines are not the same. Every vaccine has an individual success rate. Check out the efficacy rates of Chinese vaccines here.
Do I need precautions after Covid vaccination? (Covid疫苗接种后我需要预防措施吗?)
Ans: Yes, you need precautions even if you get Covid vaccination. Click here to read recommended precautionary measures.
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9349928/
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en
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Fixed drug eruption after the Sinopharm COVID‐19 vaccine
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[
"Mahsa Rekabi",
"Elham Sadati",
"Jamal Mirzaei",
"Guitti Pourdowlat",
"Ali Akbar Velayati",
"Parisa Honarpisheh"
] | null |
After coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) became widespread around the world, several vaccines have been developed with variable efficacy and potency and based on different platforms to control the pandemic. One of these vaccines is Sinopharm ...
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en
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico
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PubMed Central (PMC)
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9349928/
|
CASE PRESENTATION
A 38‐year‐old woman was admitted to the allergy and immunology clinic of our hospital because of skin lesions that had begun 24 h after receiving the first dose of the Sinopharm vaccine. The lesions were slightly itchy and painful. Physical examination demonstrated well‐defined erythematous patches located on the legs, hands, feet, breasts, genital area, anus and around the mouth. There was also inflammation and ulceration of the buccal mucosa. The lesions varied in size and did not disappear with pressure. Ten days later, her skin lesions improved leaving residual hyperpigmentation (Figure ). After receiving the second dose of the Sinopharm vaccine, the lesions reappeared within half an hour and with the same characteristics on the back, feet, hands and around the mouth. No constitutional or systemic manifestations were observed. The patient had not taken any medication and had no history of food allergy, prior drug or vaccine‐induced reactions or underlying disease. The laboratory investigations included complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C‐reactive protein and rheumatologic tests (fluorescent antinuclear antibody, anti‐double‐stranded DNA antibody, anti‐cyclic citrulline peptides antibody, perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody) were within the normal range. A nasopharyngeal swab for coronavirus was also negative.
A biopsy was taken from the lesion that reappeared on the back, showing hyperkeratosis, dyskeratotic cells and vacuolar changes of the basal layer of the epidermis and perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells, mainly lymphocytes, in the upper dermis. The reported pathological picture revealed that changes were consistent with the diagnosis of FDE (Figure ). A topical corticosteroid was prescribed, and after 3 weeks, she reported complete resolution of her lesions with residual pigmentation in some involved areas.
DISCUSSION
COVID‐19 vaccines' effectiveness, safety and side effects have been a matter of concern. A systematic review about the safety of different COVID‐19 vaccines showed that RNA‐based vaccines had the highest incidence of side effects, whereas inactivated vaccines had the lowest. 2 In another systematic review of 229 articles, 1 a total of 5941 cases with skin manifestations appeared following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccine administration; of these, local injection site reactions (34.05%) were the most common manifestations, followed by unspecified skin eruptions (32.88%), urticaria (10.89%) and angioedema (5.35%). Adverse effects have mainly occurred after the first dose of the vaccine. 3 Dermatological reactions were found to be more common after the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. 1 Sinopharm, an inactivated virus SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine, was developed in China. This vaccine induced mild, self‐limiting adverse reactions, most commonly pain at the injection site and fever. Allergy was seen in 1.1% of cases after the second vaccine shot versus 0.0% following the first dose of Sinopharm COVID‐19 vaccination. 4 FDE was observed in eight (0.13%) cases; two of them appeared following the Pfizer vaccine, three after the Moderna vaccine and in three subjects the vaccine type was not specified. 1 An additional case of FDE associated with the COVID‐19 vaccine has been reported in a 74‐year‐old man after the first dose of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccination.
FDE is considered a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Although the exact mechanisms underlying allergic reactions after the vaccine are still unknown, the proposed process is an antibody and cell‐mediated response leading to the production of cytokines such as interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), with an inflammatory effect on vessels, skin and other tissues. 5
FDE is characterized by distinctive, well‐defined, erythematous or purplish lesions of the skin and mucosa. Several main variants of FDE exist, including pigmenting, nonpigmenting, bullous and mucosal types. 6 FDE can be triggered by some foods (seafood, nuts, strawberry, kiwi and others) and drugs (nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, antiepileptics such as phenytoin, antibiotics such as cotrimoxazole and others) and can be seen in all ages and both sexes. In the pigmentary variant, FDE gradually fades away leaving residual postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Typically, FDE lesions reappear at the same sites after re‐exposure to the causative drug. 7 The disease is usually mild and self‐limited and the primary treatment is identifying and cessation of the causative stimuli and conservative care. 8
FDE can occur after using the Sinopharm vaccine. Because many side effects in the real‐world community setting may not be seen in clinical trials, reporting these complications is important for the clinical dermatologist.
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http://en.sinopharm.com/
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en
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Sinopharm
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https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/02/24/970915305/chinese-pharmaceutical-makers-seek-approval-for-new-coronavirus-vaccines
|
en
|
Chinese Pharmaceutical Makers Seek Approval For New Coronavirus Vaccines
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Scott Neuman"
] |
2021-02-24T00:00:00
|
If approved, the new vaccine candidates would give China a total of four OK'd for general distribution. Even so, the country's vaccine drive appears to be falling short.
|
en
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NPR
|
https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/02/24/970915305/chinese-pharmaceutical-makers-seek-approval-for-new-coronavirus-vaccines
|
Chinese pharmaceutical makers are seeking market approval from Beijing for two new coronavirus vaccines – one that has shown 72% efficacy and another 69% efficacy in human Phase III trials.
The separate announcements on Wednesday come from Sinopharm for its second vaccine after the state-run company's first was approved for distribution in December, and from CanSino Biologics, Inc. (CanSinoBIO), for its first vaccine.
Another vaccine, produced by Beijing-based Sinovac, received market approval earlier this month, although it – like Sinopharm's first vaccine — had been in use since July on an emergency basis.
Unlike the revolutionary mRNA vaccines developed in the West by Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech, which use a piece of the virus' genetic code to trigger an immune response, three of the four Chinese vaccines are based on a more conventional approach that uses an inactivated form of the coronavirus.
The fourth – the one made by CanSinoBIO – is a single-dose vaccine that is based around a technique called viral vector, which uses a modified version of a different virus as a vector to deliver instructions to a cell. China is also reportedly working on its own mRNA vaccine.
One advantage for the Chinese vaccines already approved or seeking market approval is that they can be stored at room temperature, while the Moderna vaccine must be stored at -20 degrees Celsius (-4 degrees Fahrenheit) and the Pfizer vaccine at -70 C (-94 F), nearly as cold as dry ice.
China has yet to approve any Western vaccines, preferring to rely on its own. However, Hong Kong's government has agreed to buy 7.5 million doses each from Sinovac; the British-Swedish firm AstraZeneca; and Fosun Pharma, which is delivering the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.
After delays, the first 1 million doses of the Sinovac vaccine arrived in Hong Kong last week. As of Wednesday, the first shipment of the Pfizer vaccine had yet to arrive, but was expected within days, according to the South China Morning Post.
Despite moving ahead on new vaccines, China, where the virus that causes COVID-19 was first identified more than a year ago, has been slow in getting the country's 1.4 billion people inoculated against the disease. It vaccinated tens of thousands of people on the first day of its official drive in early January. Since then it has inoculated large numbers of people, but still a relatively small portion of its vast population.
Health authorities say that about 40 million doses of the two-dose vaccines have been administered so far, covering a first shot for only about 3% of the population, NPR's Beijing correspondent Emily Feng reported Wednesday. That's well short of the minimum 700 million people that the chairman of the China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Yang Xiaoming, told state-run media in December would be required to adequately protect the country from COVID-19.
China is prioritizing workers in the health care, transportation and shipping sectors for the first round of vaccinations. But unlike most other countries, it isn't immediately focusing on seniors. Instead, people aged 18-59 who are considered at high risk and highly likely to spread the virus are being targeted, Wang Bin, an official of National Health Commission, told reporters in January.
As the vaccine supply increases, people 60 years and older will gradually be phased in, Wang said.
That has reportedly caused concern among some older Chinese.
Instead, China seems to be banking on its current low positivity rate, which has been bolstered by extensive testing, quarantines and travel restrictions, to keep SARS-CoV-2 at bay within its own borders.
Meanwhile, despite its lagging vaccine drive, Beijing has been sending millions of doses abroad. Many developing countries are counting on Chinese-developed vaccines as affordable and available options, and China's foreign ministry on Feb. 8 said it will provide them to 53 countries.
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https://www.cfr.org/blog/vaccine-diplomacy-china-and-sinopharm-africa
|
en
|
Vaccine Diplomacy: China and SinoPharm in Africa
|
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[
"COVID-19",
"China",
"Sub-Saharan Africa",
"Public Health Threats and Pandemics",
"Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines",
"Foreign Aid"
] | null |
[
"Guest Blogger for John Campbell"
] |
2021-01-06T10:43:08-05:00
|
On December 3, John Nkengasong, director, Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), announced a 60 percent vaccination target—one estimate of the level needed to achieve herd immunity from COVID-19—in Africa’s fifty-four countries.
|
en
|
//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-32x32.png
|
Council on Foreign Relations
|
https://www.cfr.org/blog/vaccine-diplomacy-china-and-sinopharm-africa
|
Neil Edwards is an Open Source African Media Analyst at Novetta. Media analysis for this piece was enabled by Novetta data.
On December 3, John Nkengasong, director of the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) announced a 60 percent vaccination target—one estimate of the level needed to achieve herd immunity from COVID-19—in Africa’s fifty-four countries. Since American and European officials have pre-purchased vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna for domestic use, African governments and the Africa CDC are being forced to find alternative vaccine supplies. The immunization drive is expected to be among the largest in the continent’s history—the first being the campaign to eradicate polio, which required 9 billion oral vaccine doses, over the course of twenty-four years.
More on:
COVID-19
China
Sub-Saharan Africa
Public Health Threats and Pandemics
Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines
The World Health Organization’s COVAX program aims to help developing countries secure vaccines. However, the program will only cover the most vulnerable 20 percent of each country’s population. Assuming that each vaccine requires the administration of two doses, Africa, with a population of over 1.3 billion people, will need at least 1.6 billion doses to meet its 60 percent vaccination target. Africa CDC—after accounting for COVAX’s contribution—will need to secure 1.28 billion more doses at an estimated cost of $13.54 billion to close the remaining gap. More vaccines may be needed, however, as some will inevitably spoil during transport—Africa’s heat, rainy seasons, and poor road infrastructure provide logistical barriers to distribution.
Africa in Transition
Michelle Gavin, Ebenezer Obadare, and other experts track political and security developments across sub-Saharan Africa. Most weekdays.
Daily News Brief
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To make up for COVAX’s limited reach, African governments are considering deals to buy vaccines that are viewed with skepticism in the West. In particular, several governments have expressed interest in China’s leading vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, developed by the China National Pharmaceutical Group (SinoPharm); Novetta’s Rumor Tracking Program revealed that Russia’s leading vaccine, Sputnik V, also remains popular on the continent. The SinoPharm vaccine received approval for distribution on January 4 after reporting a 79 percent efficacy rate in interim late-stage trials. The vaccine is now being lined up to inoculate 50 million people in China before January 15, with second shots to be delivered before February 5—all free of charge to Chinese citizens. However, medical experts have questioned the vaccine’s safety, citing China’s unwillingness to release publicly any of their trial results. Regardless, China could use vaccine access to bolster its economic and political influence in Africa and other regions struggling to secure enough vaccines.
In May, Chinese President Xi Jinping addressed developing countries’ need for vaccines, offering to provide the Chinese vaccine as a “public good” at an affordable price. On October 16, Liu Jingzhen, chairman of SinoPharm, told fifty African diplomats visiting a SinoPharm vaccine factory that “after the COVID-19 vaccine is developed and put into use, it will take the lead in benefiting African countries.” Those who visited offered messages of reassurance to their citizens regarding the vaccine. James Kimonyo, Rwanda’s Ambassador to China, commented on SinoPharm’s size and experience developing vaccines on polio, yellow fever, and smallpox, stating that the visit was “an eye-opener” that led him to “hope that we get the vaccines anytime soon.”
This “vaccine diplomacy” is a continuation of China’s efforts to frame itself as the solution to—rather than the cause of—the pandemic. Since the early days of the COVID-19 outbreak, China’s President Xi Jinping has focused on publicizing Chinese efforts to supply medical aid worldwide. According to state-owned China Global Television Network, an international language broadcasting network, from March to mid-October the Jack Ma Foundation delivered over four hundred tons of medical supplies across Africa, including monthly deliveries of thirty million testing kits, ten thousand ventilators, and eight million surgical masks. In addition, the Chinese government claims that it sent nearly two hundred experts to support medical personnel across the continent.
China’s planeloads of COVID-19 donations—including hospital gowns, nasal swabs, and surgical masks—were initially viewed positively, especially in countries like Zimbabwe, where equipment in public hospitals has been systemically looted over the years. However, in August, a corruption scandal emerged over Jack Ma’s medical donations in Kenya and Tanzania. Kenya’s Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission accused the Kenya Medical Supplies Authority of selling a consignment of medical equipment intended for the Kenyan people to a dozen Tanzanian companies in March. The scandal raised doubts over China’s ability to circumnavigate corrupt institutions and ensure that medical supplies—including vaccines—will arrive and be administered to their intended targets.
More on:
COVID-19
China
Sub-Saharan Africa
Public Health Threats and Pandemics
Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines
In another front of China’s public-relations offensive, state-owned news outlets are suggesting the SinoPharm vaccine has technological and logistical advantages over mRNA vaccines, such as those developed by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech. The Global Times, a Communist Party mouthpiece, emphasized SinoPharm’s use of an “inactivated” vaccine, a decades-old technique used for influenza and polio vaccinations that delivers a killed or weakened virus into the body to prompt an immune response. This was presented in contrast to Western firms using “less-proven technologies” to develop their vaccines. The Global Times further questioned whether African medical staff have the experience to deal with any adverse reactions from mRNA vaccines.
Chinese media assert that distribution networks in Africa are well-established due to existing commercial ties. Alibaba, Jack Ma’s e-commerce giant, has a firm footing on the continent; the company recently struck a deal with Ethiopian Airlines to ship vaccines to Africa. Media also highlight that SinoPharm’s inactivated vaccine can be transported in affordable, off-grid refrigeration units—a genuine advantage over mRNA vaccines, which need to be stored between -20 and -70 degrees Celsius. In Africa, tropical heat and a dearth of ultra-cold freezers—the machines can go for over $15,000, more than fifteen times the cost of off-grid units—make it especially challenging to deliver mRNA vaccines to rural communities and remote islands.
Yet despite Chinese media’s questioning of mRNA vaccines, one Chinese company, Fosun Pharmaceutical, partnered with Pfizer-BioNTech to develop and commercialize the mRNA vaccine that has been authorized in many Western countries. Furthermore, in December, following a strategic cooperation agreement between Fosun Pharmaceutical and SinoPharm, China agreed to receive 100 million doses of the popular mRNA vaccine—demonstrating an approach to stockpile both domestic and foreign-made vaccines.
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https://bfpg.co.uk/2022/01/vaccine-efficacy-china-smart-power/
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The waning efficacy of China’s vaccines presents a ‘smart power’ opportunity for the West
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2022-01-17T17:18:18+00:00
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Research and Events Intern, Sam Brown analyses vaccine diplomacy, the impact of the COVAX scheme and the efficacy of the Sinovac vaccine.
|
en
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British Foreign Policy Group
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https://bfpg.co.uk/2022/01/vaccine-efficacy-china-smart-power/
|
The ‘Health Silk Road’ is the latest component in China’s soft power machinery. Through targeted donations of vaccines, medical equipment, and medical personnel to nations in need, Beijing has been seeking to capitalise on an opportunity to advance its interests during the coronavirus pandemic.
Vaccine Diplomacy in Action
A recent Chinese Government white paper on international development outlines the nation’s approach to global health. By offering foreign aid and assistance to promote a ‘global community of shared future’, China merges its humanitarian and geo-strategic objectives into a coherent model of global influence. What this ‘shared future’ looks like is evidenced by the nation’s extensive programme of so-called ‘vaccine diplomacy’.
China’s initial vaccine donations and sales were concentrated in the Asia Pacific and Latin America. As early as November 2020, Chinese firms agreed to conduct clinical trials of its Sinovac and Sinopharm vaccines in nations such as Brazil and the Philippines. Fast forward to today and China has delivered 1.3 billion doses of vaccine to 115 countries. In many instances, these vaccines are given without any obvious conditions, but in some cases, the expectations of a quid pro quo are more explicit. It is alleged, for instance, that Beijing offered Paraguay Chinese-made vaccines on the condition that it sever ties with Taiwan.
COVAX and Failing to Deliver
This rapid and self-promoting approach to vaccine distribution to the developing world contrasts markedly with the West’s more laggard donation pace. COVAX, the scheme to promote global equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines, had previously targeted the delivery of two billion vaccine doses by the close of 2021, although only around 910 million doses were delivered through the UN-backed initiative by the end of the year.
The scheme, which is the primary mechanism by which Western nations donate vaccines, has been dogged by supply-chain issues, with many developing nations lacking the infrastructure to quickly transport vaccines with urgent expiry dates in suitable conditions. In a joint statement by the African Union and Africa CDC, COVAX’s problems are laid bare: ‘the majority of the donations to-date have been ad hoc, provided with little notice and short shelf lives.’
Unlike our strategic rivals, the West has thus far broadly sidestepped an overt approach towards vaccine diplomacy. The French President Emmanuel Macron has stressed that vaccine donation is “not a power game – it’s a matter of public health”. In its recent paper ‘Health Systems Strengthening’, the UK FCDO is careful to avoid any reference to strategic vaccine donations. The same trend can be seen in the United States, with President Biden keen to emphasise that vaccine donations come with “no strings attached”.
China’s Vaccine Setbacks
More recently, however, China’s own vaccine diplomacy efforts have hit a stumbling block. The efficacy of the Sinovac vaccine, the most widely distributed Covid-19 vaccine in the world, has come under scrutiny, with researchers raising concern about the protection it offers against both the Delta and Omicron variants of the virus. The Singaporean Government has recently announced that even three doses of either Sinopharm or Sinovac vaccines would not be enough to confer fully vaccinated status, having published new data that highlighted the outsized incidence of Covid-19 fatalities reported for those who received China-made vaccines. Surges in cases in countries previously reliant on Chinese-produced vaccine has stoked further unease.
The fallout from these efficacy questions has seen shipments of both Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines distributed by China through bilateral or multilateral deals, bilateral donations, and donations to COVAX, decline in the final months of 2021. According to data from UNICEF, exports fell from a peak of over 100 million doses per month for each vaccine over the summer, to around half of that in November and December 2021.
Where to Next?
With concerns around Sinovac and Sinopharm’s efficacy intensifying, the pressure falls on the Western-designed and -produced vaccines to lead the push to protect the lives of vulnerable people in the developing world and strengthen global collective resilience. Despite its challenges, the COVAX scheme represents a multilateral and collaborative instinct that is central to the West’s public health and soft power offering to the developing world, and there is now an opportunity and an imperative to turbo-charge its operations.
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https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3128747/malaysia-uae-soon-make-chinese-vaccines-does-beijing-have-edge
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en
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With Malaysia, UAE soon to make Chinese vaccines, does Beijing have an edge in vaccine diplomacy?
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[
"Kok Xinghui"
] |
2021-04-08T15:09:14+08:00
|
Malaysia will soon produce Sinovac’s shot while Sinopharm’s will be made in the UAE. While scepticism towards Chinese jabs persists, observers say it shows Beijing’s appetite for vaccine diplomacy amid scrutiny of the AstraZeneca vaccine and the EU, India tightening exports.
|
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https://assets-v2.i-scmp.com/production/favicon.ico
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South China Morning Post
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https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3128747/malaysia-uae-soon-make-chinese-vaccines-does-beijing-have-edge
|
Sinopharm and Sinovac are among the five vaccines that have been granted regulatory approval by China’s drug regulator for domestic use. Currently, only a handful of countries – including the UAE, Turkey and Hungary – have approved the use of Sinopharm’s vaccine, while Sinovac is being used to inoculate the populations of Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines, among others.
Alfred Wu, associate professor at the National University of Singapore’s Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, said the UAE deal was part of China’s attempt to draw closer to Arab states that had traditionally been known for their close US ties.
It also showed how Beijing had a “greater appetite” for vaccine diplomacy than the European Union or other exporters, while indicating “China wants a presence and influence in the Middle East, and this is just the start”, he said.
Under the agreement, a new manufacturing plant will be built in Abu Dhabi to produce the shots – known locally as Hayat-Vax – with a planned capacity of about 200 million doses a year. The joint venture between Sinopharm and Group 42 is also working with Gulf Pharmaceutical Industries in the emirate of Ras el Khaimah to produce the vaccine on a smaller scale with a capacity of 2 million doses per month.
The UAE in December became the first country in the world to grant approval for the Sinopharm vaccine, saying that it was 86 per cent effective even when other governments were cautious about a lack of trial data. G42 Healthcare, a subsidiary of Group 42, coordinated the jab’s Phase 3 clinical trials within the country and elsewhere in the region.
China’s Middle Eastern move comes as the EU has been tightening vaccine export restrictions to countries such as Australia, and as the Serum Institute of India, the world’s largest vaccine maker, temporarily suspended AstraZeneca exports to meet domestic demand amid a surge in new infections. The situation has led Indonesia to seek an additional 100 million doses from China to plug a gap in deliveries.
A BOOST TO MIDDLE EAST TIES?
The deal is not just a shot in the arm for China’s vaccine diplomacy, however. Victor Shih, an associate professor of political economy at the University of California San Diego, said the UAE also stood to gain economically from the arrangement.
“China wants to engage in vaccine diplomacy and expand the reach of Chinese pharmaceuticals, but the UAE also wants to diversify its economy beyond oil-related businesses,” he said. “This works out well for both countries.”
Jerome Kim, director general of the Seoul-headquartered International Vaccine Institute, said the deal could help the UAE strengthen its biotech sector and launch a new domestic vaccine industry – though he cautioned that a successful vaccine manufacturer needed a market of at least 100 million people, which was greater than the entire population of the Arabian peninsula.
For Chong, the political scientist, the agreement shows a willingness among those in the region to work with China, which has been working on cultivating ties in the Middle East for some time.
“That the UAE is historically seen to have a close relationship with the US suggests that at least when it comes to vaccine production, its rulers do not see their [Chinese] and US relations as mutually exclusive,” he said, noting that the longer-term effects of the collaboration remained to be seen.
Shih, the associate professor, said the deal could herald a new era of closer ties between China and the Gulf states, though only if Chinese non-petroleum investments in the Middle East continued to grow rapidly – an outcome that is far from assured.
CHINESE VACCINE DOUBTS
Yet even as the UAE deal looks set to nudge China’s vaccine diplomacy efforts forward, observers say one key obstacle still stands in the way: growing doubts and scepticism over the efficacy of Chinese vaccines – though Chong said confidence might increase as more independently verifiable results come in.
“In the short run, the elite in these countries likely still would prefer Western vaccines,” said Shih, the associate professor. “In the medium term, Chinese pharmaceuticals, especially if they make medicines tailored for the local markets at low prices, will gain influence, although probably it would take some time before it catches up with the established Indian pharmaceutical industry in these regions.”
Zha Daojiong, a professor at Peking University’s School of International Studies, said for vaccine diplomacy to be effective, it needed to be about “actual delivery to societies in need, rather than so-called large picture competition between provider countries”.
Pointing to “symbolic vaccine donations” made by the Russian and Chinese governments – as well as by members of the Quad, the grouping of the US, India, Australia and Japan to counter China’s growing influence in the Asia-Pacific – Kim said a “great game” of vaccine diplomacy was playing out against the backdrop of millions of infections and deaths. The donations, he said, were “given not on the basis of priority or need, and not provided through the international mechanism provided [by the WHO’s Covax Facility], but on narrower geopolitical security interests”.
“If vaccines were in healthy supply these soft power considerations might be more tolerable, but in a situation where the pandemic continues to expand, where mutants are being generated by explosive outbreaks, and where vaccine supply is limiting, these bilateral deals are shortsighted at best,” he said.
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https://m.economictimes.com/news/international/world-news/top-scientist-behind-chinas-first-covid-19-vaccine-expelled-from-parliament-for-graft/articleshow/109692648.cms
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Top scientist behind China's first COVID-19 vaccine expelled from Parliament for graft
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[
"COVID-19 vaccine",
"Yang Xiaoming",
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[] |
2024-04-29T16:11:00+05:30
|
Yang Xiaoming, developer of China's first COVID-19 vaccine, was dismissed for corruption amid President Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign. Investigation ongoing on Sinopharm executives, highlighting widespread corruption in China's healthcare system.
|
en
|
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/icons/etfavicon.ico
|
The Economic Times
|
https://m.economictimes.com/news/international/world-news/top-scientist-behind-chinas-first-covid-19-vaccine-expelled-from-parliament-for-graft/articleshow/109692648.cms
|
Synopsis
Yang Xiaoming, developer of China's first COVID-19 vaccine, was dismissed for corruption amid President Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign. Investigation ongoing on Sinopharm executives, highlighting widespread corruption in China's healthcare system.
Beijing, China's top scientist, who developed the first inactivated COVID-19 vaccine at the height of the pandemic in the country in 2020, has been dismissed from Parliament for alleged corruption. Yang Xiaoming, the chairman of China National Pharmaceutical Group's vaccine subsidiary China National Biotec Group (CNBG), has been stripped of his membership in the National People's Congress (NPC) due to serious discipline and law violations, official media reported here on Monday.
The charge of serious discipline and law violations is a common euphemism for corruption under the ruling Communist Party of China (CPC) disciplinary practice.
Yang, 62, is a veteran researcher who headed the CNBG - a vaccine subsidiary of state-owned Sinopharm - and led a team that developed Sinopharm's BBIBP-CorV vaccine, China's first coronavirus shot approved for general use.
Coronavirus first surfaced in the Chinese city of Wuhan in March 2020 and later spread to the world, becoming the pandemic of the century and claiming millions of lives.
According to a statement by NPC, Yang is already being investigated by the party disciplinary body - the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.
The Sinopharm shot and Sinovac Biotech's CoronaVac were the most widely used in China and the leading COVID-19 vaccines exported by the country.
Yang's dismissal comes amid the biggest crackdown on China's healthcare system, expanding a sweeping anti-corruption drive launched by President Xi Jinping in the last few years.
The crackdown aims to root out widespread corruption in a system plagued by kickbacks. It targets hospitals, drug companies and insurance funds, with dozens of hospital chiefs detained since last year, Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post reported.
Another former Sinopharm senior executive, Zhou Bin, who once served as the company's deputy general manager, was placed under investigation by the CCDI in January.
China's national 863 programme is a state-funded and administered platform for developing advanced technologies.
The Covid-19 vaccine developed by Yang's team was approved for general use in December 2020.
Yang was among the recipients of a national award in September 2020 for his role in fighting the pandemic and was later recognised by the Chinese Society of Immunology as an outstanding scholar. He was also awarded the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation award, which recognises Chinese scholars in science and medical fields, the Post reported.
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https://www.vox.com/2020/11/25/21612338/does-china-have-a-covid-19-vaccine-1-million-sinopharm-sinovac
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In China, nearly 1 million people have reportedly already gotten a coronavirus vaccine
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
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[
"Lili Pike"
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2020-11-25T00:00:00
|
China’s emergency vaccine program is a risky proof of concept for large-scale Covid-19 vaccine deployment.
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en
|
/static-assets/icons/favicon.ico
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Vox
|
https://www.vox.com/2020/11/25/21612338/does-china-have-a-covid-19-vaccine-1-million-sinopharm-sinovac
|
While countries around the world anxiously await the arrival of a vaccine for the coronavirus, a growing slice of the Chinese population has reportedly already been vaccinated. In an interview last week with the Sichuan Daily, the chair of the Chinese pharmaceutical company Sinopharm Group said that its Covid-19 vaccines have been used by nearly 1 million people in China.
The vaccinations have occurred as part of an emergency use program that began in late July, though few details about it have been revealed by the Chinese government. What we do know is that as part of the program, China’s State Council authorized high-risk groups including medical workers, customs officials, and transportation workers to start receiving one of three Chinese-made vaccines — two from Sinopharm and one produced by Sinovac. But some Chinese cities have also been offering the vaccines to members of the public.
So far, the vaccines appear to have been administered in a decentralized fashion, with a handful of local governments officially announcing availability. People have rushed to queue up for a dose even though transmission remains very low in China and the safety and efficacy of the vaccines has yet to be proven.
Here’s what we know about China’s unconventional approach to Covid-19 vaccination so far, from the risks to the potential for global deployment.
What’s so different about China’s emergency vaccine program
The US is expected to launch an emergency vaccine program soon as well, but under different circumstances. Three major research teams have published initial data on their efficacy and safety. Pfizer and BioNTech, which filed for Emergency Use Authorization for their vaccine last week, reported that it is 95 percent effective based on initial results from the phase 3 trials. These trials test a vaccine on a large segment of the population (tens of thousands of study participants) for efficacy and safety. Two other vaccine makers — Moderna and AstraZeneca and Oxford in the UK — have also released promising phase 3 data showing high efficacy and no serious adverse events for their candidate vaccines.
The three vaccines approved in China’s emergency use program, on the other hand, have yet to report any results from their phase 3 trials. The trials are underway in countries other than China where transmission is still high enough to quickly test the protectiveness of the vaccine. A Sinovac official said they are likely to report initial phase 3 data within the next month.
International public health experts have warned that vaccination before the evidence is in from phase 3 trials could expose recipients of the vaccine to unknown risks without actually protecting them from the virus, if the vaccine doesn’t prove to be sufficiently effective.
Yet Chinese central government officials have defended the program as necessary to protect Chinese citizens, even though Covid-19 cases in China remain very low. Local officials are under pressure to keep transmission at zero, so they have an incentive to allow vaccine distribution in their regions, said Yanzhong Huang, a professor of global health at Seton Hall University.
China is also vying to be the leader in vaccine development and distribution: Chinese companies have five of the 13 vaccines in phase 3 trials. Sinopharm’s vaccines are already being deployed outside China — the United Arab Emirates has also approved the vaccines for emergency use.
“Until now, all our progress, from research to clinical trials to production and emergency use, we have been leading the world,” said Liu Jingzhen, Sinopharm Group’s chair, in the Sichuan Daily interview last week.
Because Sinopharm and Sinovac haven’t released phase 3 data, they are actually behind the leading US and UK vaccine makers. But these Chinese vaccines have an advantage over Pfizer’s and Moderna’s: They don’t need to be stored at low temperatures.
This means that distribution of the vaccines will not be as challenging. And the emergency use program that has been rolled out so far in China shows that mass deployment is already possible — at the scale of nearly 2 million doses, if the Sinopharm chair’s statement is accurate. (Like the frontrunners in the US, the Chinese emergency use vaccines are designed to be administered in two doses.)
“China has always impressed with its ability to carry out large-scale operations since the beginning of the pandemic, including building new hospitals and testing millions of people within a number of days. This just adds to that list of accomplishments,” Li Yang Hsu, an infectious disease expert at the National University of Singapore, told Vox.
How might 1 million people in China already be vaccinated?
In August, the government official in charge of overseeing vaccine development in China, Zheng Zhongwei, said, “In order to prevent the disease spread in the fall and winter, we are considering a moderate expansion in the [emergency use] program.” People in high-risk occupations and high-risk demographics were intended to be the priority recipients.
Since then, news has trickled out about the authorized vaccines becoming available in a number of cities, but not through anything resembling a coordinated campaign.
Zhejiang province appears to be particularly open to administering the vaccines. As of mid-October, the provincial government said almost 750,000 doses of Covid-19 vaccines have been doled out in Zhejiang. The news site Caixin reported that health care workers had received a vaccine at a Hangzhou hospital.
Two other cities in the province, Jiaxing and Yiwu, began offering vaccines in October. These cities are known for their export industries, and workers traveling overseas have been among the main vaccine recipients in China, according to Caixin.
Yet Jiaxing officials said any member of the public with “emergency needs” could sign up for an appointment — not just those deemed to be at higher risk. Recipients of the vaccine have been wide-ranging in other cities as well: NPR’s Emily Feng reported that a Peking duck chef was in line to get vaccinated in Beijing. Chinese students going abroad have also been common recipients of the vaccines, a Sinopharm official told the Paper.
“This is still a decentralized process,” said Yanzhong Huang, “so local governments and vaccine makers, you know, are taking advantage of this regulatory vacuum, to make the vaccine available to the people in China.”
Local governments want to keep the virus completely contained to avoid consequences from higher-ups and the mass testing campaigns and lockdowns that have followed China’s small outbreaks over the previous months. Meanwhile, vaccine makers are making money through the emergency use program, Huang said.
The Chinese public has also been shown to be very open to Covid-19 vaccines. A survey published in Nature found that 90 percent of respondents in China would accept a vaccine — the highest rate among the 19 countries in the study.
Some experts question the logic behind such an early rollout of mass vaccinations in a place where transmission of the virus is so low. “As one of the safest places in terms of Covid-19, it doesn’t really justify the widespread use of the vaccine in the country,” Huang said.
We still don’t know how safe or effective the leading Chinese vaccines are
Even as a rising number of people in China are lining up to receive a shot, they have no guarantee that the vaccines they are taking will be effective.
While we await phase 3 data, the clearest picture of the vaccines’ safety and efficacy yet have come are from the smaller phase 1 and 2 trials. Here’s a quick rundown of the results published so far.
Interim results from the phase 1 and 2 trials of the Sinopharm vaccine developed by subsidiary Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, published in JAMA, showed that the vaccine produced an immune response and recipients had low rates of adverse effects. A study of the phase 1 and 2 results from Sinopharm’s other vaccine, developed by the Beijing Institute of Biological Products, published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases last month, had similar findings.
Last week, results from Sinovac’s combined phase 1 and 2 trials were also published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases. The data shows that the vaccine doses triggered an immune response and did not cause any severe reactions among the 700 people tested, but its efficacy also appears to be lower than other leading vaccine candidates.
“Although the initial data and results of the Sinovac vaccine in early-stage trials are good, it would be more reassuring to also have the results from the Phase 3 trials before mass vaccination occurs,” said National University of Singapore’s Li Yang Hsu.
The risks of using these vaccines before they are proven are wide-ranging. So far, no adverse reactions have been reported, according to Sinopharm and Sinovac executives, but rare side effects may appear as a growing number of people are vaccinated.
Further, if the efficacy for the emergency use vaccines turns out to be low, taking a second vaccine may not be possible because the previous immune response may interfere with the second vaccine, according to the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.
Will Chinese vaccines go global?
If the Chinese vaccines do turn out to be sufficiently protective against Covid-19, they may be at an advantage compared to Pfizer and Moderna. Sorting out the cold chain logistics to keep Pfizer and Moderna vaccines at very low temperatures throughout distribution will be challenging, as Vox’s Umair Irfan has explained.
Inactivated virus vaccines, like the three distributed Chinese vaccines, do not have to be kept so cold, and therefore don’t require the same kind of investment for distribution. “CoronaVac could be an attractive option because it can be stored in a standard refrigerator between 2 and 8 degrees centigrade, which is typical for many existing vaccines including flu,” Gang Zeng, a medical manager at Sinovac, stated in a press release for the Lancet study. “The vaccine may also remain stable for up to three years in storage, which would offer some advantages for distribution to regions where access to refrigeration is challenging.”
Zheng Zhongwei, the Chinese official in charge of vaccine development, has said that the country plans to have 600 million doses of vaccine ready by end of this year and 1 billion by the end of 2021.
But many of these vaccines are slated to be sent abroad. So far, Brazil and Turkey have signed contracts to buy vaccines from Sinovac; 6 million doses of CoronaVac are scheduled to be shipped to Brazil by January. China is also participating in Covax, a global initiative to promote the equitable provision of Covid-19 vaccines.
“The number of doses available in China will by far be too little to permit export unless a political decision is taken to ship vaccines to overseas despite still-existing vaccine needs in China,” Klaus Stohr, who formerly ran epidemic response for the World Health Organization, told Nature.
In the near term, as thousands of Chinese people continue to receive emergency vaccine doses, the looming question is whether the phase 3 trials show that the Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines are in fact safe and effective.
|
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6044
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dbpedia
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3
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https://www.newsweek.com/study-determines-chinas-sinopharm-covid-vaccine-78-effective-1595508
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en
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Study Determines China's Sinopharm COVID Vaccine Up to 78% Effective
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Zoe Strozewski"
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2021-05-27T11:46:50-04:00
|
A study found that two Sinopharm vaccines are 73% and 78% effective against COVID-19, which aligns with previous reports from the company. Some still have doubts about the effectiveness of the
|
en
|
Newsweek
|
https://www.newsweek.com/study-determines-chinas-sinopharm-covid-vaccine-78-effective-1595508
|
A Journal of the American Medical Association study found that two vaccines from the China-owned company Sinopharm are 73% and 78% effective against COVID-19, the Associated Press reported.
Distribution of the two vaccines has begun in many countries, and the World Health Organization has authorized emergency use of one of the vaccines. The study's conclusion on the vaccines' effectiveness aligns with previous reports from Sinopharm.
Sinopharm researchers and Middle East partners conducted the trial using both vaccines and a placebo with over 40,000 participants across Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt and Jordan. Jin Dong-yan, a University of Hong Kong medical professor separate from the trial, said that the study's results were unsurprising but still don't totally negate potential drawbacks.
Dong-yan mentioned the recent virus outbreaks in Seychelles, where the majority of residents had received one of the Sinopharm vaccines. Additionally, the study participants were 85% male and mostly younger men, which leaves uncertainty on the vaccine's effects on women and ability to prevent severe disease.
"It's important to make sure you have tested it in enough women to be able to start seeing any possible safety concerns," said Ashley St. John, an associate professor at Duke-NUS Medical School in Singapore.
For more reporting from the Associated Press, see below.
A spokesperson for the company did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
The vaccines, both of which are made with inactivated viruses, have already been given to millions of people across the world.
The World Health Organization cleared the Beijing Institute of Biological Products' shot for emergency use in early May, making it the first Chinese vaccine to receive the certification.
Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi said in April that China has provided vaccines to more than 100 countries, although it has not identified them. While China has six vaccines in use, the majority of its exports come from two companies: Sinopharm and Sinovac.
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https://theconversation.com/inside-the-chinese-companies-vying-to-produce-the-worlds-first-coronavirus-vaccine-145146
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en
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Inside the Chinese companies vying to produce the world’s first coronavirus vaccine
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2020-08-27T14:26:23+00:00
|
A primer on Sinovac, Sinopharm and CanSino, and their prospects for achieving a world first for coronavirus.
|
en
|
The Conversation
|
https://theconversation.com/inside-the-chinese-companies-vying-to-produce-the-worlds-first-coronavirus-vaccine-145146
|
For all its innovative prowess, China has generally lagged other countries in developing vaccines. But that appears to be changing with the race for a coronavirus vaccine, with Chinese companies potentially even at the forefront.
As often with China, the question is: who are we dealing with? Who are the main vaccine developers? How far are they in developing a vaccine? What is their approach? What is the connection to the Chinese state? And what is the outlook if China comes up with the vaccine first?
Of the 32 vaccines that are in human trials around the world, a larger number are from Chinese companies than might have been expected. The three leading players are Sinovac, CanSino Biologics and Sinopharm.
The companies’ credentials
Sinovac is a NASDAQ-listed company based in Beijing, founded in 2001. It is what we call a specialised vaccine developer and has, for instance, developed vaccines for hepatitis A and B, seasonal influenza, swine flu and avian flu.
It was the first company worldwide to get approval for a swine flu vaccine in 2009. It is also still the only supplier of an avian flu vaccine. Sinovac’s coronavirus vaccine has entered stage three clinical trials in Brazil and Indonesia, and the company has already prepared a plant for mass vaccine manufacturing in Beijing.
CanSino, the underdog of the three, was founded in 2009 in Tianjin, north-eastern China, by a group of senior professionals from various multinationals. For instance, Dr Xuefeng Yu, a Canadian passport holder, was global head of development for bacterial vaccines at French pharmaceuticals company Sanofi Pasteur. The company listed in Hong Kong in March 2019 and in Shanghai in August 2020.
In 2014, CanSino became the third pharmaceuticals company to develop a vaccine for Ebola. In July 2020, its coronavirus vaccine entered stage three clinical trials, and in August its patent was formally approved in China. The clinical trials are being done in Saudi Arabia, Mexico and with soldiers from China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA).
Sinopharm is owned by the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of The State Council (SASAC): the closest a company can get to being part of the central government, and the only pharmaceutical company of that sort in China. Sinopharm has 150,000 employees and over 1,500 subsidiaries, including six listed companies. Vaccine development is done through two institutes of Sinopharm subsidiary China National Biotec Group: the Beijing Biological Institute and Wuhan Institute of Biological Products.
The latter was the first institute worldwide to enter clinical trials for a COVID-19 vaccine in April. It became the first to enter stage three trials in June in the UAE, and more recently in Peru, Morocco and Argentina. It is also conducting trials with employees of petroleum conglomerate PetroChina. The chairman of Sinopharm, Liu Jingzhen, recently predicted that the vaccine would be on the market by December 2020.
The Chinese approach
Chinese vaccine developers have faced an unusual problem: too few people are infected with coronavirus in their home country. This is one of the reasons they have been performing clinical trials all over the world, but especially in friendly countries. Impatient for results, China has also been bypassing its own regulatory process, which helps explain the trials on soldiers and petroleum workers.
Especially in the current climate, many people in the west would probably assume that these companies are all fronts for the Chinese state, but it is not that simple. True, there is no medical company closer to the government than Sinopharm, but Sinovac was founded as a private enterprise by entrepreneur and leading vaccine scientist Weidong Yin.
The largest shareholder with 15% is SAIF Capital Partners, a major Hong-Kong-based venture capital firm that was spun out of Japan’s Softbank. The Chinese state does have an indirect interest in Sinovac through Peking University, which owns an entity called SinoBioWay that has a 13% stake in the pharmaceuticals company. The rest of the company belongs to a large variety of small private shareholders and the founder, with the management team still holding over 10%.
CanSino, meanwhile, has strong links with the Institute of Biology at the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, an arm of the PLA, through a collaboration with Dr Chen Wei, who was pivotal in developing CanSino’s Ebola vaccine, and probably explains CanSino’s COVID-19 vaccine trial on soldiers.
Yet in terms of company ownership, there is no link with the state. CanSino is mainly owned by the founding team and venture capital firms. Interestingly, the name “CanSino” is related to the fact that the founders have lived in Canada for a long time. Canada is also the first country to have ordered vaccines from CanSino, and the only European or North American country to have shown an interest in a Chinese vaccine.
The order of priority
If China does produce the world’s first COVID-19 vaccine, what happens next? The Chinese people will presumably be the top priority for inoculation. After that, the countries that are partners in China’s Belt and Road economic initiative are likely to be next in line – especially those that have helped with clinical trials.
Further down the line might be countries that have been less vocal in the geopolitical war between the US and China, such as France, Germany and Switzerland. But who knows: China has been generous – and political – in providing face masks and ventilator machines to critics as well.
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Book Sinopharm COVID
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Book your Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine! As part of the nation’s efforts to get the population vaccinated against COVID-19, SATA CommHealth will be offering the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine at SATA CommHealth Potong Pasir Medical Centre. The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine comprises 2 doses to be administered at least 3 weeks apart. A 2-dose Sinopharm regime is available. ...
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en
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SATA CommHealth
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https://www.sata.com.sg/book-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccination-now/
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Book your Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine!
As part of the nation’s efforts to get the population vaccinated against COVID-19, SATA CommHealth will be offering the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine at SATA CommHealth Potong Pasir Medical Centre.
The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine comprises 2 doses to be administered at least 3 weeks apart. A 2-dose Sinopharm regime is available.
To book your vaccination appointment at our Medical Centre and the vaccination price, please call our hotline: 6244 6689 or email enquiries@sata.com.sg the following details to us. We will contact you to allocate your appointment date and time for both your first and second dose.
Your name
NRIC/FIN
Date of birth
Contact number
Email address
What technology does Sinopharm vaccine use?
The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine uses a traditional inactivated/dead whole virus method. It introduces the surface spike protein of the virus particle to trigger our immune systems to produce antibodies and protect against the live COVID-19 virus.
Pfizer-BioNTech/Cominarty and Moderna vaccines use mRNA technology. With mRNA vaccines, part of the COVID-19 genetic code is injected into our bodies, triggering our bodies to begin making viral proteins, but not the whole virus, which is enough to train our immune systems to recognise and fight the virus.
Who is eligible?
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Top scientist behind China's first COVID-19 vaccine expelled from Parliament for graft
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[
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"Yang Xiaoming",
"China National Pharmaceutical Group",
"corruption",
"Sinopharm"
] | null |
[] |
2024-04-29T16:11:00+05:30
|
Yang Xiaoming, developer of China's first COVID-19 vaccine, was dismissed for corruption amid President Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign. Investigation ongoing on Sinopharm executives, highlighting widespread corruption in China's healthcare system.
|
en
|
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/icons/etfavicon.ico
|
The Economic Times
|
https://m.economictimes.com/news/international/world-news/top-scientist-behind-chinas-first-covid-19-vaccine-expelled-from-parliament-for-graft/articleshow/109692648.cms
|
Synopsis
Yang Xiaoming, developer of China's first COVID-19 vaccine, was dismissed for corruption amid President Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign. Investigation ongoing on Sinopharm executives, highlighting widespread corruption in China's healthcare system.
Beijing, China's top scientist, who developed the first inactivated COVID-19 vaccine at the height of the pandemic in the country in 2020, has been dismissed from Parliament for alleged corruption. Yang Xiaoming, the chairman of China National Pharmaceutical Group's vaccine subsidiary China National Biotec Group (CNBG), has been stripped of his membership in the National People's Congress (NPC) due to serious discipline and law violations, official media reported here on Monday.
The charge of serious discipline and law violations is a common euphemism for corruption under the ruling Communist Party of China (CPC) disciplinary practice.
Yang, 62, is a veteran researcher who headed the CNBG - a vaccine subsidiary of state-owned Sinopharm - and led a team that developed Sinopharm's BBIBP-CorV vaccine, China's first coronavirus shot approved for general use.
Coronavirus first surfaced in the Chinese city of Wuhan in March 2020 and later spread to the world, becoming the pandemic of the century and claiming millions of lives.
According to a statement by NPC, Yang is already being investigated by the party disciplinary body - the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.
The Sinopharm shot and Sinovac Biotech's CoronaVac were the most widely used in China and the leading COVID-19 vaccines exported by the country.
Yang's dismissal comes amid the biggest crackdown on China's healthcare system, expanding a sweeping anti-corruption drive launched by President Xi Jinping in the last few years.
The crackdown aims to root out widespread corruption in a system plagued by kickbacks. It targets hospitals, drug companies and insurance funds, with dozens of hospital chiefs detained since last year, Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post reported.
Another former Sinopharm senior executive, Zhou Bin, who once served as the company's deputy general manager, was placed under investigation by the CCDI in January.
China's national 863 programme is a state-funded and administered platform for developing advanced technologies.
The Covid-19 vaccine developed by Yang's team was approved for general use in December 2020.
Yang was among the recipients of a national award in September 2020 for his role in fighting the pandemic and was later recognised by the Chinese Society of Immunology as an outstanding scholar. He was also awarded the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation award, which recognises Chinese scholars in science and medical fields, the Post reported.
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...moreless
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China approves first domestic COVID vaccine, developed by Sinopharm
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2020-12-31T08:49:21+00:00
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SHANGHAI -- China approved the country's first domestically made COVID-19 vaccine on Thursday, paving the way for mass inoculation and recognition ove
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https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/China-approves-first-domestic-COVID-vaccine-developed-by-Sinopharm
|
SHANGHAI -- China approved the country's first domestically made COVID-19 vaccine on Thursday, paving the way for mass inoculation and recognition overseas.
Developed by the Beijing Biological Products Institute under China National Pharmaceutical Group, or Sinopharm, the vaccine showed 79.34% efficacy and a 99.52% antibody positive conversion rate in Phase 3 clinical trial results, the institute announced a day earlier.
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WHO today listed the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, giving the green light for this vaccine to be rolled out globally. The Sinopharm vaccine is produced by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd, subsidiary of China National
Biotec Group (CNBG). “The addition of this vaccine has the potential to rapidly accelerate COVID-19 vaccine access for countries seeking to protect health workers and populations at risk,” said Dr Mariângela Simão, WHO Assistant-Director General for
Access to Health Products. “We urge the manufacturer to participate in the COVAX Facility and contribute to the goal of more equitable vaccine distribution.”WHO’s Emergency Use Listing (EUL) is a prerequisite for COVAX Facility vaccine supply. It also allows countries to expedite their own regulatory approval to import and administer COVID-19 vaccines. The EUL assesses the quality, safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as risk management plans and programmatic suitability, such as cold chain requirements. The assessment is performed by the product evaluation group, composed by regulatory
experts from around the world and a Technical Advisory Group (TAG), in charge of performing the risk-benefit assessment for an independent recommendation on whether a vaccine can be listed for emergency use and, if so, under which conditions.In the case of the Sinopharm vaccine, the WHO assessment included on-site inspections of the production facility. The Sinopharm product is an inactivated vaccine called SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell). Its easy storage requirements make it highly suitable for low-resource settings. It is the also first vaccine that will carry a vaccine vial monitor, a small sticker
on the vaccine vials that change color as the vaccine is exposed to heat, letting health workers know whether the vaccine can be safely used.WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) has also completed its review of the vaccine. On the basis of all available evidence, WHO recommends the vaccine for adults 18 years and older, in a two-dose schedule with a spacing
of three to four weeks. Vaccine efficacy for symptomatic and hospitalized disease was estimated to be 79%, all age groups combined. Few older adults (over 60 years) were enrolled in clinical trials, so efficacy could not be estimated in this age group. Nevertheless, WHO is not recommending an upper age limit for the vaccine because preliminary data and supportive immunogenicity
data suggest the vaccine is likely to have a protective effect in older persons. There is no theoretical reason to believe that the vaccine has a different safety profile in older and younger populations. WHO therefore recommends that
countries using the vaccine in older age groups conduct safety and effectiveness monitoring to make the recommendation more robust.WHO emergency use listing The emergency use listing (EUL) procedure assesses the suitability of novel health products during public health emergencies. The objective is to make medicines, vaccines and diagnostics available as rapidly as possible to address the emergency, while
adhering to stringent criteria of safety, efficacy and quality. The assessment weighs the threat posed by the emergency as well as the benefit that would accrue from the use of the product against any potential risks.The EUL pathway involves a rigorous assessment of late phase II and phase III clinical trial data as well as substantial additional data on safety, efficacy, quality and a risk management plan. These data are reviewed by independent experts and WHO
teams who consider the current body of evidence on the vaccine under consideration, the plans for monitoring its use, and plans for further studies.As part of the EUL process, the company producing the vaccine must commit to continue to generate data to enable full licensure and WHO prequalification of the vaccine. The WHO prequalification process will assess additional clinical data generated from
vaccine trials and deployment on a rolling basis to ensure the vaccine meets the necessary standards of quality, safety and efficacy for broader availability.WHO also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for emergency use on 31 December 2020; two AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccines on 15 February 2021, produced by AstraZeneca-SKBio (Republic of Korea) and the Serum Institute of India; and COVID-19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S
developed by Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) on 12 March 2021.ListingsWHO has also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech, Astrazeneca-SK Bio, Serum Institute of India, Janssen and Moderna vaccines for emergency use.See EUL listingsSAGESAGE is the principal advisory group to WHO for vaccines and immunization. It is charged with advising WHO on overall global policies and strategies, ranging from vaccines and technology, research and development, to delivery of immunization and its linkages
with other health interventions. SAGE is concerned not just with childhood vaccines and immunization, but all vaccine-preventable diseases.SAGE has issued recommendations on Pfizer
(8 January 2021), Moderna (25 January 2021), AstraZeneca (21 April 2021), and Janssen COVID (17 March 2021) vaccines, as well as issued a framework for access and population prioritization roadmap. SAGE and EUL are complementary but independent processes. The EUL process is centered on determining if a manufactured product is quality-assured, safe and effective. SAGE is policy oriented. Policy recommendations for a vaccine are only of value
to a vaccination campaign when the product has been listed or authorized for use. In the context of COVID-19 and due the pressing need for vaccines, the Secretariat of SAGE and the EUL team have been working in parallel to allow WHO EUL and policy recommendations, based on the available evidence, to be issued in a synchronized manner. The SAGE Interim Recommendations can be found at this location: https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization/covid-19-materials
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
https://www.who.int/news/item/07-05-2021-who-lists-additional-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations
|
WHO today listed the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, giving the green light for this vaccine to be rolled out globally. The Sinopharm vaccine is produced by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd, subsidiary of China National Biotec Group (CNBG).
“The addition of this vaccine has the potential to rapidly accelerate COVID-19 vaccine access for countries seeking to protect health workers and populations at risk,” said Dr Mariângela Simão, WHO Assistant-Director General for Access to Health Products. “We urge the manufacturer to participate in the COVAX Facility and contribute to the goal of more equitable vaccine distribution.”
WHO’s Emergency Use Listing (EUL) is a prerequisite for COVAX Facility vaccine supply. It also allows countries to expedite their own regulatory approval to import and administer COVID-19 vaccines.
The EUL assesses the quality, safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as risk management plans and programmatic suitability, such as cold chain requirements. The assessment is performed by the product evaluation group, composed by regulatory experts from around the world and a Technical Advisory Group (TAG), in charge of performing the risk-benefit assessment for an independent recommendation on whether a vaccine can be listed for emergency use and, if so, under which conditions.
In the case of the Sinopharm vaccine, the WHO assessment included on-site inspections of the production facility.
The Sinopharm product is an inactivated vaccine called SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell). Its easy storage requirements make it highly suitable for low-resource settings. It is the also first vaccine that will carry a vaccine vial monitor, a small sticker on the vaccine vials that change color as the vaccine is exposed to heat, letting health workers know whether the vaccine can be safely used.
WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) has also completed its review of the vaccine. On the basis of all available evidence, WHO recommends the vaccine for adults 18 years and older, in a two-dose schedule with a spacing of three to four weeks. Vaccine efficacy for symptomatic and hospitalized disease was estimated to be 79%, all age groups combined.
Few older adults (over 60 years) were enrolled in clinical trials, so efficacy could not be estimated in this age group. Nevertheless, WHO is not recommending an upper age limit for the vaccine because preliminary data and supportive immunogenicity data suggest the vaccine is likely to have a protective effect in older persons. There is no theoretical reason to believe that the vaccine has a different safety profile in older and younger populations. WHO therefore recommends that countries using the vaccine in older age groups conduct safety and effectiveness monitoring to make the recommendation more robust.
WHO emergency use listing
The emergency use listing (EUL) procedure assesses the suitability of novel health products during public health emergencies. The objective is to make medicines, vaccines and diagnostics available as rapidly as possible to address the emergency, while adhering to stringent criteria of safety, efficacy and quality. The assessment weighs the threat posed by the emergency as well as the benefit that would accrue from the use of the product against any potential risks.
The EUL pathway involves a rigorous assessment of late phase II and phase III clinical trial data as well as substantial additional data on safety, efficacy, quality and a risk management plan. These data are reviewed by independent experts and WHO teams who consider the current body of evidence on the vaccine under consideration, the plans for monitoring its use, and plans for further studies.
As part of the EUL process, the company producing the vaccine must commit to continue to generate data to enable full licensure and WHO prequalification of the vaccine. The WHO prequalification process will assess additional clinical data generated from vaccine trials and deployment on a rolling basis to ensure the vaccine meets the necessary standards of quality, safety and efficacy for broader availability.
WHO also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for emergency use on 31 December 2020; two AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccines on 15 February 2021, produced by AstraZeneca-SKBio (Republic of Korea) and the Serum Institute of India; and COVID-19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S developed by Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) on 12 March 2021.
Listings
WHO has also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech, Astrazeneca-SK Bio, Serum Institute of India, Janssen and Moderna vaccines for emergency use.
See EUL listings
SAGE
SAGE is the principal advisory group to WHO for vaccines and immunization. It is charged with advising WHO on overall global policies and strategies, ranging from vaccines and technology, research and development, to delivery of immunization and its linkages with other health interventions. SAGE is concerned not just with childhood vaccines and immunization, but all vaccine-preventable diseases.
SAGE has issued recommendations on Pfizer (8 January 2021), Moderna (25 January 2021), AstraZeneca (21 April 2021), and Janssen COVID (17 March 2021) vaccines, as well as issued a framework for access and population prioritization roadmap.
SAGE and EUL are complementary but independent processes. The EUL process is centered on determining if a manufactured product is quality-assured, safe and effective. SAGE is policy oriented. Policy recommendations for a vaccine are only of value to a vaccination campaign when the product has been listed or authorized for use.
In the context of COVID-19 and due the pressing need for vaccines, the Secretariat of SAGE and the EUL team have been working in parallel to allow WHO EUL and policy recommendations, based on the available evidence, to be issued in a synchronized manner.
The SAGE Interim Recommendations can be found at this location: https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization/covid-19-materials
|
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6044
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dbpedia
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0
| 78
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https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/chinas-covid-19-vaccine-rollout-surges-ahead/
|
en
|
China’s COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout Surges Ahead
|
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[
"Society",
"East Asia",
"China",
"China coronavirus",
"China COVID-19 vaccine",
"China Health Code app",
"COVID-19",
"Sinopharm",
"Sinovac"
] | null |
[
"Larry Mullin"
] |
2021-06-03T02:39:00+00:00
|
Despite some concerns and criticisms abroad, most Chinese (and expats) are eager to roll up their sleeves for the jab.
|
en
|
https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/chinas-covid-19-vaccine-rollout-surges-ahead/
|
A mere 15 minutes after his Sinovac jab at a Beijing stadium outfitted with vaccination stations on April 5, American expat Steven saw an inoculation status update on his jiankang bao, or “Health Kit,” a smartphone mini-app that has become ubiquitous in China throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. It was an efficient and technologically advanced process, according to Steven, who asked to only give his first name. He had eagerly queued up on one of the vaccine’s first days of availability for foreigners in China, well before the World Health Organization gave emergency approval to Sinopharm, the country’s other major vaccine, on May 7; Sinovac wasn’t given the WHO’s green light until June 2. One day before its WHO approval, a study in a Brazilian city determined the Sinovac vaccine is 95 percent effective in reducing COVID-19 deaths, according to a June 1 Chinese state media report, while Sinopharm was deemed “safe and effective” in a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association late last month (though some critics still harbor doubts).
The WHO approval came after months of bad international press about Chinese vaccines. A few days after Steven’s inoculation, none other than Gao Fu, the director of the China Centers for Disease Control, was quoted as admitting that Chinese vaccines “don’t have very high protection rates,” before adding that officials are considering “whether we should use different vaccines from different technical lines for the immunization process.” He subsequently called that a misunderstanding, and said he was merely discussing methods to boost vaccine effectiveness “even further,” according to a DW article that went on to point out how Sinopharm and Sinovac are “more effective than some influenza vaccines” that have long been used, even though Western jabs like Pfizer and Moderna have higher efficacy levels against COVID-19. Chinese state media responded with an editorial titled: “Twisting Gao Fu’s remark shows spite against China’s COVID-19 vaccines.”
Some international experts spent months prior criticizing the efficacy rates of Chinese vaccines, while also criticizing Sinopharm and Sinovac for not releasing sufficient data. Adding to the furor was a September 2020 announcement from Sinopharm that it had inoculated hundreds of thousands of Chinese citizens before passing the final phase 3 clinical trials. This was described as “unsound public health practice” at the time by former University of Sydney global health security professor Adam Kamradt-Scott. He told Time magazine, “We have previous examples of where vaccines that have not gone through sufficient clinical trials have demonstrated adverse reactions with long-term health consequences.”
But Jennifer Huang Bouey was touting Chinese vaccines even during the rampant international criticism that followed a Brazilian study that put Sinovac’s efficacy at 50.38 percent, far short of its formerly announced 78 percent efficacy. At the time, Bouey, an epidemiologist and professor of global health at Georgetown University, said greater attention should be paid to the “endpoint outcomes” upon which vaccine efficacy is based.
In the case of Brazil’s phase 3 trial for Sinovac’s vaccine, Bouey said the drop from 78 percent to 50.38 could be attributed to the difference between preventing cases that are moderate to severe, versus those that are “very mild,” as the endpoint outcome. In her view, the results were therefore “not conflicting nor problematic. It is not a reason for questioning the vaccine’s efficacy to prevent moderate and severe cases of COVID-19.” She then pointed to the Pfizer vaccine’s steep dip to 29 percent efficacy when suspected cases, which are typically mild cases, were factored in. Referencing a blog post by Peter Doshi, editor of the peer-reviewed medical trade journal The BMJ, Bouey said that the Pfizer vaccine’s more than 90 percent efficacy was based on 170 symptomatic COVID-19 cases. Meanwhile, over 3,000 suspected and likely mild cases were not part of that calculation. She went on to note that the influenza vaccine that “we take every year” targets severe cases. Its efficacy? Typically a mere 40 percent.
Bouey added that with an understanding that the vaccines’ primary goal is “to reduce moderate and severe cases of COVID-19 safely, I’d say people and countries should take any vaccine they can get hold of, and keep social distancing practice until the majority of the population are vaccinated.”
That positive sentiment has been shared by a number of expats in China. Approximately 20 percent of foreigners in Beijing opted to be inoculated within their first week of eligibility, according to a survey by English language news site the Beijinger. As of May 8, that number shot up to 80 percent.
Some China expats who spoke to The Diplomat are encouraged that Sinovac and Sinopharm were tried and true inactivated vaccines. Employed for decades against polio, whopping cough, hepatitis A, and more, this traditional vaccine type works by exposing the immune system to the virus via killed viral particles, and is deemed safe because the shots are unable to infect recipients with the virus. The leading Western Moderna and Pfizer vaccines are a departure from that conventional method, using cutting edge mRNA technology. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, these vaccines help cells learn how to make proteins that produce antibodies, which defend the body against infection from the virus. The Oxford University-AstraZeneca vaccine, meanwhile, utilized a weakened genetically engineered virus that is the source of the common cold for chimpanzees.
Like those of Sinovac and Sinopharm, AstraZeneca’s vaccine can be easily stored at 2-8 degrees Celsius, as opposed to the more exacting -20 Celsius and -70 Celsius storage temperatures needed for Moderna and Pfizer, respectively. This less cumbersome refrigeration requirement has made Sinovac attractive to nations as varied as Indonesia, Brazil, and Chile. Meanwhile, Mexico and Hungary are among the countries using Sinopharm, according to a Chinese state media published list detailing the more than 60 countries that have authorized the use of Chinese vaccines.
In China, the Sinopharm vaccine became available for general use at the end of December 2020, after the company announced an efficacy rate of 79 percent in phase three trials, though it was criticized internationally for not offering further details. Sinovac followed suit in early February. By that time, China’s vaccination program, which has involved both of those vaccines, along with another candidate from Sinopharm, had administered more than 31 million doses, with a focus on those at higher risk of infection. A fourth candidate vaccine from CanSino was reportedly being used to inoculate Chinese military personnel.
Those Chinese vaccines had a head start on their Western counterparts thanks to the “uniqueness” of China’s regulatory market, according to Yiwu He, the chief innovation officer at the University of Hong Kong, who worked on his own COVID-19 vaccine candidate for the Chinese government. In the spring of 2020, officials established a “green channel” for approval of COVID-19 vaccines. This included five technical routes: inactivated vaccines (like the front-running Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines), recombinant protein vaccines, adenoviral vector vaccines, attenuated influenza vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines. “Once the government set up those five candidate areas, it began working with companies and universities on approvals,” said He. Chinese citizens didn’t doubt these briskly readied jabs, He added. That’s because China’s swift flattening of its pandemic curve, especially compared to spiking numbers in other locales, led “average people to think: ‘If the government can control the spreading of the virus well, then it can also do well developing a vaccine.’”
And yet, criticism has remained steady from a number of experts. University of Hong Kong virologist Jin Dong-Yan took issue with how little vaccine efficacy data was published in China. Prior to the WHO’s May 8 approval, he told The Diplomat that not only efficacy rates but also data transparency were important concerns. “The scientific community should push them and others to publish and share the real-world statistics and other results as soon as possible,” Jin said.
However, Julian Tang, a professor in the department of respiratory sciences at the University of Leicester in the U.K., said the matter’s thorny politics should be taken into consideration. He, by contrast, saw the Chinese government’s submission of its Sinopharm and Sinovac data to the WHO as a plus, before concluding: “Given the response of the West to China being the apparent origin of the COVID-19 pandemic, it does not surprise me that they may shy away from publishing their vaccine trial data or results in any Western journals.” He then pointed to Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine, the success of which made AstraZeneca look comparatively “overhyped,” in his view. That should give Western critics pause before finger wagging, Tang added.
Sinopharm’s rollout in the United Arab Emirates, meanwhile, was “encouraging,” according to Catherine Bennett, chair in epidemiology at Deakin University’s School of Health and Social Development. Prior to the WHO’s emergency approval, she told The Diplomat that the 50 percent drop in both cases and deaths once half of the population was vaccinated “suggests good safety and effectiveness” for Sinopharm jabs. She added: “Case numbers have plateaued as of late and we would hope to see the decline continue with that level of vaccine coverage as, with the efficacy reported to be 79 percent, we would hope to see signs it was interrupting transmission, not just protecting those vaccinated.” However, she said she would “feel more comfortable” once the WHO completed its review and decided whether or not to grant emergency approval, which it has since done for both Sinopharm and Sinovac’s vaccine candidates.
Such hesitancy wasn’t shared by a number of expats in China. Shanghai expat Sven said that he “immediately signed up” to receive Sinopharm once it became available. Negative international headlines about low efficacy rates didn’t faze him, especially because China is using inactivated vaccine processes that have “been around for decades, the same kind we received as children,” added Sven, who, like all vaccinated expats who spoke to The Diplomat, asked that only their first names be used. He sees vaccination as a civic duty that will hopefully raise the overall immunization totals. Meanwhile Sammy, an expat residing in the southern Chinese beach town of Sanya, cited more pragmatic and personal reasons for her vaccination, mainly a desire to visit home more freely after being separated from family since the beginning of the pandemic.
Enthusiasm was even higher among some Chinese citizens. In fact, hundreds of thousands of state officials and pharmaceutical executives were inoculated as early as last summer. Yang Bao Shan, a security guard at a shopping complex in Beijing’s Haidian district, had been vaccinated along with his colleagues back in February. “It’s really good that we are among the first in line,” he said at the time, adding: “Now, we can feel confident to be among the public. I think the government is handling this very well.”
That point was seconded by Tang, a driver for the ubiquitous Didi Chuxing ride sharing app. While driving throughout Beijing’s Chaoyang district on February 12, he sported a stylish black cloth face mask that complimented his dark aviator sunglasses, rather than the more widely used paper blue hospital masks. All the while, he gently reminded passengers to use their phones to scan the digital jiankang bao health QR code pasted to the back of his seat, to prove they were safe to board. Vaccines were made mandatory for Tang and all of his fellow Didi drivers on January 20. Tang said the jab “makes me safer, which is definitely good for the public.” Such comments from Tang are made all the more significant by the hefty 1 million RMB fine his employer received in January after a handful of Didi drivers tested positive for COVID-19. At a red light, Tang dug into his glove box to proudly show a card certifying his vaccination. He then declared: “Right now, China is the safest place to be during the pandemic.”
However, that was by no means the consensus among all Chinese citizens. Take Linda, the Chinese manager of a popular cocktail bar in Beijing’s bustling Sanlitun neighborhood, who only agreed to answer questions under her English name. She and neighboring food and beverage proprietors were given notice by officials in January that service industry workers would be among the first to be offered vaccines. But the then-newness of those vaccines, and a lack information about them, made Linda’s bar staff “a little bit worried,” she said, “so we didn’t do it” at the time. Meanwhile Mario, the owner and operator of a popular neighboring bar and grill (who answered questions under similar conditions as Linda) said officials warned him in January that all Sanlitun employees that handle frozen food would need to be vaccinated shortly after the lunar new year, or undergo weekly virus testing. While he was not yet certain that the vaccines were flawless, he was reassured that “it seems all good for everyone who has been vaccinated so far.”
Such lingering ambivalence, along with months of successful containment of the virus, undermined vaccination urgency for many Chinese citizens when the rollout for those jabs began in earnest this spring. That all changed, however, thanks to a COVID-19 resurgence in both Liaoning and Anhui provinces in May. While those cases remained in the low double digits, they were alarming enough to propel vaccination rates toward the lofty targets the government had set months earlier. A record high of 14 million doses were doled out on May 16, and the government’s goal to vaccinate half a billion of its population was reached a week later.
As more and more Chinese citizens queue up for Sinovac and Sinopharm jabs at home, the WHO’s emergency approval of both shots is changing the conversation abroad. Jin, the University of Hong Kong virologist who has been critical of Chinese vaccines in interviews with a number of outlets, admitted the emergency approval “helps to convince others of its efficacy and to justify its use in places where government and people still look up to the WHO, or where the WHO’s endorsement is still a big deal. It may also help the vaccination campaign back at home in China.” He also said widespread international usage of the vaccine has the potential to the flatten the curve of new cases, decrease deaths and hospitalizations, and grant greater access to vaccines for countries short on resources.
However, the efficacy rates and lack of transparent trial data are still matters of concern, in his view. “Approval from the WHO is not the ultimate goal but just the beginning of a new journey,” he said, before encouraging Chinese vaccine designers and manufacturers to enhance those products with dose adjustments, combinations with other vaccines, and perhaps conduct new trials for the development of improved jabs.
Bennett, meanwhile, said skeptics should bear in mind that “we have come to expect very highly efficacious vaccines, but the criteria for approving vaccines is based on safety and a much broader range of efficacy.” She went on to describe the potential of Sinopharm to slow the virus and bolster containment methods. “It’s another tool in the toolbox, not as sharp as others, but we need them all to fight this virus,” she said. “[It’s] better than nothing and buys a little time until other vaccines can be more widely distributed.”
|
||||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 34
|
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/30/business/china-vaccine.html
|
en
|
19 Vaccine as it Moves to Inoculate Millions
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Sui-Lee Wee",
"Amy Qin"
] |
2020-12-30T00:00:00
|
Sinopharm, a state-controlled company, said its candidate had a 79 percent efficacy rate in interim late-stage trials. But crucial questions remained unanswered.
|
en
|
/vi-assets/static-assets/favicon-d2483f10ef688e6f89e23806b9700298.ico
|
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/30/business/china-vaccine.html
|
The Chinese government said on Thursday that it had approved a homegrown coronavirus vaccine after an early analysis of clinical trial results showed that it was effective. The announcements sent a positive signal for the global rollout of Chinese vaccines but lacked crucial details.
The manufacturer, a state-controlled firm called Sinopharm, said on Wednesday that a vaccine candidate made by its Beijing Institute of Biological Products arm had an efficacy rate of 79 percent based on an interim analysis of Phase 3 trials. Sinopharm said it had filed an application with Chinese regulators to allow the vaccine to be used broadly, and on Thursday the government said the vaccine had been granted conditional approval.
|
|||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 17
|
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57817591
|
en
|
Covid: What do we know about China's coronavirus vaccines?
|
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[
"BBC News"
] |
2021-07-13T09:12:58+00:00
|
Sinovac and Sinopharm jabs are being used in many countries that are seeing a surge of infections.
|
en
|
/bbcx/apple-touch-icon.png
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https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57817591
|
Chinese vaccine producers Sinovac and Sinopharm have signed on to global vaccine sharing scheme Covax, which aims to distribute vaccines to poorer countries.
The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (Gavi) said it would make 110 million doses of the vaccines available as part of the scheme.
Covax has agreements with the manufacturers of 11 vaccines and plans to provide 2 billion doses across the world by early 2022.
Both Sinopharm and Sinovac, which have been approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for emergency use, are already being used in China and dozens of countries around the world.
But what do we know about China's vaccines and how do they compare to those being developed elsewhere?
How does the Sinovac vaccine work?
The Beijing-based biopharmaceutical company Sinovac is behind the CoronaVac, an inactivated vaccine.
It works by using killed viral particles to expose the body's immune system to the virus without risking a serious disease response.
By comparison the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines are mRNA vaccines. This means part of the coronavirus' genetic code is injected into the body, triggering the body to begin making viral proteins, but not the whole virus, which is enough to train the immune system to attack.
"CoronaVac is a more traditional method [of vaccine] that is successfully used in many well known vaccines like rabies," Associate Prof Luo Dahai of the Nanyang Technological University told the BBC.
On paper, one of Sinovac's main advantages is that it can be stored in a standard refrigerator at 2-8 degrees Celsius, like the Oxford vaccine, which is made from a genetically engineered virus that causes the common cold in chimpanzees.
In contrast Moderna's vaccine needs to be stored at -20C and Pfizer's vaccine at -70C.
It means that both Sinovac and the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine are a lot more useful to developing countries which may not have the facilities to store large amounts of vaccine at such low temperatures.
How effective is it?
The WHO said studies showed the Sinovac vaccine "prevented symptomatic disease in 51% of those vaccinated and prevented severe Covid-19 and hospitalization in 100% of the studied population" for adults aged 18 and older, when it approved the jab in June.
It added that only a few adults over the age of 60 were enrolled in clinical trials, so efficacy could not be estimated for that age group.
According to a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine showing results from Chile, Sinovac has an efficacy rate of 65.9% against Covid-19, is 87.5% effective at preventing hospitalisation and 86.3% effective at preventing death.
However, there is little data about its effectiveness against the Delta variant.
What about the Sinopharm vaccine?
The WHO approved the Sinopharm vaccine which is produced by a Chinese state-owned company.
Like Sinovac, it is an inactivated vaccine which triggers the production of antibodies that fight the coronavirus.
The virus is killed before being injected into people's bodies, so it can't transmit Covid-19.
At the time, the WHO said: "Vaccine efficacy for symptomatic and hospitalized disease was estimated to be 79%, all age groups combined."
However, it added once again that there wasn't enough over 60s enrolled in clinical trials to estimate the efficacy for the age group. It still recommends the vaccine for older people though.
China has administered more than a billion doses of its vaccines to its residents, according to China's National Health Commission.
The spread of the coronavirus within China has for the most part been contained - and the country has largely opened up.
Which countries are administering China's vaccines?
More than 80 countries are using China's Covid vaccines, including many in Asia, among them Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines.
However, some countries that opted for the Chinese jabs have high vaccination rates, and are still seeing a surge in infection numbers.
For instance, Chile re-imposed a curfew and brought back restrictions on travelling in response to the Delta variant, which is more transmissible than previous variants.
More than 70% of Chileans are fully vaccinated, most with the Sinovac vaccine.
The Seychelles and Mongolia, meanwhile, have recently recorded some of the highest increase in cases per capita, despite their small populations.
Both are relying heavily on Sinopharm and their vaccination programmes are advanced: 68% of adults are fully vaccinated in the Seychelles and 55% in Mongolia.
Thailand has changed its vaccine policy to mix China's Sinovac with the AstraZeneca vaccine in a bid to boost protection after hundreds of medical workers caught Covid despite being fully vaccinated with Sinovac.
Meanwhile in Indonesia, the main doctors and nurses' association said at least 30 healthcare workers died despite receiving two doses of the Sinovac vaccine.
The country is now planning to switch to different Covid-19 vaccines for second doses or administer booster shots to increase efficacy.
So are the vaccines failing?
Vaccines are not the only factor to explain what's going on in these countries.
One reason could be that the efficacy of vaccines might be waning or they are not as effective against new variants.
Pfizer has said recently that it will seek authorisation for a booster shot in the United States to improve immunity.
In Indonesia, the main doctors' association said comorbidities may have played some part in the death of healthcare workers.
The country also has extremely low vaccination rates - with just over 5% of its population receiving both doses.
In Chile, some experts have blamed the spike in cases on people mingling too soon after getting the first dose of the vaccine.
Prof Ben Cowling, head of epidemiology and biostatics at University of Hong Kong, said despite having a "modest efficacy" against symptomatic Covid, both Sinovac and Sinopharm give "very high level of protection" against severe disease.
How do variants affect vaccines?
The Sinovac and Sinopharm studies, however, tested the efficacy of vaccines against the virus that was first found in the Chinese city of Wuhan. No new data has been published on how they fare against variants.
Based on studies trying to model immune protection from the virus, Prof Cowling estimates the protection offered by inactivated virus vaccines against the Delta variant could be as much as 20% lower compared to the original strain.
His calculations suggest an even larger reduction against the Beta variant first found in South Africa, which is the one that most differs from the original virus.
Professor Jin Dong-yan, a virologist also from the University of Hong Kong, told the BBC it's "expected" that the efficacy of the Chinese vaccines will go down against the variants, including Delta.
But he said "Sinovac and Sinopharm are good vaccines" and people who do not have access to vaccines with higher efficacy should still receive their injections.
However, he said, they should continue to follow social distancing rules and other measures to curb infections.
Reporting by Pablo Uchoa and Yvette Tan
|
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dbpedia
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2
| 6
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https://www.sinopharm.com/2021-02/27/c_6692.htm
|
en
|
ãCGTNãCoronavirus Pandemic: A sneak peek into China's Sinopharm vaccine production site
|
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2021-02-27T00:00:00
|
SinopharmCNBGisoneofChina'smainproducersofCOVID-19vaccines.Thecompanyhastwoproductionsites.OneisinBeijing,theotherisinWuhan.CGTN'sCenZiyuantakesusbehindthescenestothefacilityintheChinesecapita
|
en
| null |
Sinopharm CNBG is one of China's main producers of COVID-19 vaccines. The company has two production sites. One is in Beijing, the other is in Wuhan. CGTN's Cen Ziyuan takes us behind the scenes to the facility in the Chinese capital.
This facility is capable of producing one billion doses of a key COVID-19 vaccine, annually. That's according to Sinopharm, who runs the site through its subsidiary, the Beijing Institute of Biological Products.
WANG HUI General Manager, Beijing Institute of Biological Products "One billion doses are divided into so many weeks. It has a repair and check-up procedure, according to the good manufacturing practice requirements. Every ten hours, the machines stop and go through a check-up procedure."
CEN ZIYUAN Beijing "I am at one of the production sites of Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine. This is located at the Beijing Institute of Biological Products, a subsidiary of the company. This site has the capacity of producing COVID-19 vaccine on the site. This is a packaging workshop right beside me. The machine will go through a ten-hour check-up. I mean after ten hours, the machine will go through a check-up. That's why they are standing here on hold here and wait for the machines to be ready to resume operation."
The Chinese Foreign Ministry says the country has donated vaccines to 53 developing countries, and sold vaccines to 22 others.
WANG HUI General Manager, Beijing Institute of Biological Products "We already have measures in place to handle the situation if the strength and efficacy of the vaccine drops. We have plans to develop and produce co-strain and multi-strain vaccines."
The company is now seeking approval for a second COVID-19 vaccine.
The new one has been developed by Sinopharm's subsidiary, the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products. It's been in phase-three clinical trials in various countries since June.
WANG HUI General Manager, Beijing Institute of Biological Products "We've completed clinical trials on the age group three to seventeen. We've already submitted our report to national regulators."
The company says it hopes to contribute its fair share to the global vaccination drive, especially by making vaccines accessible and affordable to developing countries. Cen Ziyuan, CGTN, BEIJING.
Sinopharm CNBG is one of China's main producers of COVID-19 vaccines. The company has two production sites. One is in Beijing, the other is in Wuhan. CGTN's Cen Ziyuan takes us behind the scenes to the facility in the Chinese capital.
This facility is capable of producing one billion doses of a key COVID-19 vaccine, annually. That's according to Sinopharm, who runs the site through its subsidiary, the Beijing Institute of Biological Products.
WANG HUI General Manager, Beijing Institute of Biological Products "One billion doses are divided into so many weeks. It has a repair and check-up procedure, according to the good manufacturing practice requirements. Every ten hours, the machines stop and go through a check-up procedure."
CEN ZIYUAN Beijing "I am at one of the production sites of Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine. This is located at the Beijing Institute of Biological Products, a subsidiary of the company. This site has the capacity of producing COVID-19 vaccine on the site. This is a packaging workshop right beside me. The machine will go through a ten-hour check-up. I mean after ten hours, the machine will go through a check-up. That's why they are standing here on hold here and wait for the machines to be ready to resume operation."
The Chinese Foreign Ministry says the country has donated vaccines to 53 developing countries, and sold vaccines to 22 others.
WANG HUI General Manager, Beijing Institute of Biological Products "We already have measures in place to handle the situation if the strength and efficacy of the vaccine drops. We have plans to develop and produce co-strain and multi-strain vaccines."
The company is now seeking approval for a second COVID-19 vaccine.
The new one has been developed by Sinopharm's subsidiary, the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products. It's been in phase-three clinical trials in various countries since June.
WANG HUI General Manager, Beijing Institute of Biological Products "We've completed clinical trials on the age group three to seventeen. We've already submitted our report to national regulators."
The company says it hopes to contribute its fair share to the global vaccination drive, especially by making vaccines accessible and affordable to developing countries. Cen Ziyuan, CGTN, BEIJING.
|
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| 59
|
https://chinaobservers.eu/its-smooth-sailing-for-sinopharm-in-serbia/
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en
|
It’s Smooth Sailing for Sinopharm in Serbia – chinaobservers
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[
"Filip Šebok",
"Vuk Vuksanovic",
"Stefan Vladisavljev"
] |
2021-09-13T12:46:25+00:00
|
Chinese vaccine manufacturer Sinopharm does not exactly have a stellar market reputation these days. The two Chinese vaccines Sinopharm and Sinovac have both be
|
en
|
chinaobservers
|
https://chinaobservers.eu/its-smooth-sailing-for-sinopharm-in-serbia/
|
Chinese vaccine manufacturer Sinopharm does not exactly have a stellar market reputation these days.
The two Chinese vaccines Sinopharm and Sinovac have both been approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for emergency use, and both are likewise included in the global vaccine sharing scheme COVAX. Still, countries where Chinese vaccines are widely used, like Bahrain, Mongolia, Seychelles, and Chile, already saw surges in COVID-19 infections despite widespread inoculation. The Delta variant of the COVID-19 virus is complicating things because Chinese vaccines, while they appear to be working against this variant, appear to be less effective than other vaccines.
In fact, many Asian countries, such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand, are experiencing the exact same troubles. A Hungarian medical study established that the Sinopharm vaccine is ineffective in a quarter of people over the age of 60, leading to worries about a rebound in infections.
However, in one country, Sinopharm’s business is set to boom – Serbia.
In March 2021, plans were announced to construct a Sinopharm vaccine production facility on Serbian soil with financing from China and the UAE. A trilateral memorandum of understanding on establishing the production facility was signed in July 2021. On September 6, 2020, Serbian Health Minister Zlatibor Lončar told the public that the construction of the factory would start in a few days. According to Lončar, the construction will be completed in the first quarter of 2022, and the factory will produce about 3 million doses per month. Why is Sinopharm doing so good in Serbia right now?
Converging Interests
Above all, there is a confluence of interests between Beijing and Belgrade.
Primarily, Beijing sees Serbia as a springboard to penetrate new markets. Ideally, China would first enter into Serbia’s immediate neighborhood in Southeast Europe and then launch from this staging point into the EU. This pattern is already present with Chinese construction companies, tech companies, and the defense industry. A trial manufacturing of vaccines will be done on the premises of Serbian pharmaceuticals company Hemofarm, which is owned by the German Stada Group, giving Sinopharm a potential shortcut to the EU.
The production of the Chinese vaccine in Serbia can be seen as a ‘natural continuation’ of the alignment of the two countries in the fight against COVID-19. It started at the very outbreak of the pandemic in Serbia when China was presented as the only country that could provide medical assistance to Serbia in the fight against the virus. It continued with the construction of the Chinese Fire Eye testing laboratories in several Serbian cities. Collaboration reached its peak at the beginning of the vaccination process with more than four million Sinopharm vaccines purchased from China.
Yet, Serbia is not the only country in Eastern Europe looking to expand its cooperation with the Chinese pharmaceutical giant. In neighboring Hungary, Sinopharm production is planned to begin in late 2022, which will secure Sinopharm’s ‘Made in EU’ label. Serbia expects to become a regional supply hub for the vaccines, particularly since in June 2021, production of the Russian Sputnik V vaccine began in Serbia.
“These doses will be intended primarily for the citizens of Serbia,” Health Minister Lončar openly stated. “If there is a surplus, [they will be used] for exports to the region.”
A strong indication of Serbian ambition was seen earlier this year when Serbia exercised its own vaccine diplomacy in the Balkans by donating vaccines to its neighbors, in North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. During that period, Serbia also allowed foreigners, primarily from the Balkans, to come to Serbia for inoculation. Now, Serbian vaccine diplomacy transcends the region, as just in Africa, Serbia donated over 200,000 vaccine doses. Serbia can donate vaccines both regionally and globally because Sinopharm gives it a surplus of vaccines from non-Chinese manufacturers. That way, Serbia buys political prestige and secures the key goal of preventing new recognitions of Kosovo.
For Serbia, there are other reasons closer to home why betting on Sinopharm makes sense. One of them is the need to secure supplies for future deterioration of the pandemic situation as the COVID-19 turmoil is far from over in Serbia. When Serbia originally started receiving Sinopharm vaccines from China in January 2021, the mortality ratio in Serbia was at 1.01 percent. However, the fatality rate among medical staff was high as 72 doctors have died compared to 43 in the United Kingdom, depleting the country’s over-stretched health system. At one point, Serbia had the second-fastest vaccination rate in Europe after the UK. Now, thanks to the anti-vaccination mood among the youth, the EU completely outperformed Serbia in vaccination rollout. For Serbs between the ages of 18 and 30, the vaccination rate is 18.4 percent, compared to around 70 percent among Serbs older than 65 years. In August 2021, 49 percent of the population had received one dose of the vaccine.
The infection and mortality rate is expected to grow. The US Embassy in Serbia raised Serbia’s risk level to Level 3 and advised US citizens to reconsider visiting Serbia. More importantly for Belgrade, Serbia has been taken off the EU’s free travel green list. It remains unclear how much this unfavorable health situation results from the use of the Sinopharm vaccine. Sinopharm has the highest share of vaccinations with 4.2 million doses acquired up to date. However, as there is no end to the pandemic woes in sight for Serbia, it cannot discount Sinopharm and wants to ensure that it always has an ample reserve.
Inoculating the Economy
Even with the vaccination process slowed down and the number of COVID-19 cases increasing, Serbian officials took a firm stance that COVID-19 prevention measures should be implemented with the preservation of the Serbian economy in mind. President Aleksandar Vučić stated that his “conscience is clear when it comes to the fight against the pandemic,” and that he has asked the medical part of the crisis staff to consider the economic situation as well. Serbia chose an approach that will focus on promoting the vaccination program while imposing few to no restrictions. As a result, vaccine accessibility is critical to ensuring the long-term viability of this strategy.
The fact that Serbia, a country of approximately seven million people, will produce more than 30 million Chinese vaccines provides an opportunity to establish a completely new branch of the economy, namely vaccine export. With its own vaccine diplomacy, Serbia established vaccine distribution routes, primarily in developing countries and the Western Balkan region. Now, with the help of the Chinese vaccine, Serbia can move from the role of re-distributor to the position of direct seller.
Ultimately, domestic political marketing lurks behind every action of the Serbian leadership. Namely, by aggrandizing ties with China, Serbian elites promote themselves to the public as enablers of a fruitful partnership and breadwinners of big Chinese capital inflows. The vaccine procurement fits into that same rubric.
Thanks to the pro-Chinese narrative pushed by the Serbian leadership in the media and public domain, two-thirds of Serbian citizens believe vaccines from Russia and China are more reliable than those from Western manufacturers. Even the groundbreaking for construction of the Sinopharm production factory in Serbia provided an additional example of this narrative foisted on the public by Serbian authorities. President Vučić was present to cut the ribbon, with the cameras rolling to capture his proclamation that he will take the Chinese vaccine as the third booster dose.
Despite the controversies surrounding Sinopharm vaccines, its success in Serbia is primarily owed to Serbian leadership simply willing it to succeed. Still, despite the will of Serbia’s most powerful politicians, the extent to which the new factory will aid the country in its struggle against COVID-19 remains to be seen. What is in little doubt is the fact that Sinopharm’s management are rubbing their hands together in self-satisfaction.
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https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine.html
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How the Sinopharm Covid
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Jonathan Corum",
"Carl Zimmer"
] |
2020-12-30T19:46:40+00:00
|
Using inactivated coronaviruses to train the immune system.
|
en
|
/vi-assets/static-assets/favicon-d2483f10ef688e6f89e23806b9700298.ico
|
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine.html
|
In early 2020, the Beijing Institute of Biological Products created an inactivated coronavirus vaccine called BBIBP-CorV. Clinical trials run by the state-owned company Sinopharm showed that it had an efficacy rate of 79 percent. China approved the vaccine and soon began exporting it to other countries. On May 7, the World Health Organization announced a similar efficacy estimate of 78.1 percent.
A Vaccine Made From Coronaviruses
BBIBP-CorV works by teaching the immune system to make antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The antibodies attach to viral proteins, such as the so-called spike proteins that stud its surface.
To create BBIBP-CorV, the Beijing Institute researchers obtained three variants of the coronavirus from patients in Chinese hospitals. They picked one of the variants because it was able to multiply quickly in monkey kidney cells grown in bioreactor tanks.
Killing the Virus
Once the researchers produced large stocks of the coronaviruses, they doused them with a chemical called beta-propiolactone. The compound disabled the coronaviruses by bonding to their genes. The inactivated coronaviruses could no longer replicate. But their proteins, including spike, remained intact.
The researchers then drew off the inactivated viruses and mixed them with a tiny amount of an aluminum-based compound called an adjuvant. Adjuvants stimulate the immune system to boost its response to a vaccine.
Inactivated viruses have been used for over a century. Jonas Salk used them to create his polio vaccine in the 1950s, and they’re the bases for vaccines against other diseases including rabies and hepatitis A.
Prompting an Immune Response
Because the coronaviruses in BBIBP-CorV are dead, they can be injected into the arm without causing Covid-19. Once inside the body, some of the inactivated viruses are swallowed up by a type of immune cell called an antigen-presenting cell.
The antigen-presenting cell tears the coronavirus apart and displays some of its fragments on its surface. A so-called helper T cell may detect the fragment. If the fragment fits into one of its surface proteins, the T cell becomes activated and can help recruit other immune cells to respond to the vaccine.
Making Antibodies
Another type of immune cell, called a B cell, may also encounter the inactivated coronavirus. B cells have surface proteins in a huge variety of shapes, and a few might have the right shape to latch onto the coronavirus. When a B cell locks on, it can pull part or all of the virus inside and present coronavirus fragments on its surface.
A helper T cell activated against the coronavirus can latch onto the same fragment. When that happens, the B cell gets activated, too. It proliferates and pours out antibodies that have the same shape as their surface proteins.
Stopping the Virus
Once vaccinated with BBIBP-CorV, the immune system can respond to an infection of live coronaviruses. B cells produce antibodies that stick to the invaders. Antibodies that target the spike protein can prevent the virus from entering cells. Other kinds of antibodies may block the virus by other means.
Remembering the Virus
Sinopharm’s clinical trials have demonstrated that BBIBP-CorV can protect people against Covid-19. But no one can yet say how long that protection lasts. It’s possible that the level of antibodies drops over the course of months. But the immune system also contains special cells called memory B cells that might retain information about the coronavirus for years or even decades.
Vaccine Timeline
Sinopharm begins developing an inactivated vaccine against the coronavirus.
Researchers report the vaccine produces promising results in monkeys. A Phase 1/2 trial shows that the vaccine doesn’t cause any serious side effects and enables people to make antibodies against the coronavirus.
A Phase 3 trial begins in the United Arab Emirates.
Phase 3 trials begin in Morocco and Peru.
The U.A.E. gives emergency approval for Sinopharm’s vaccine to use on health care workers. Government officials and others begin to receive it.
The chairman of Sinopharm says almost a million people in China have received Sinopharm vaccines.
The ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum, announces he received the vaccine.
The U.A.E. gives full approval to BBIBP-CorV, announcing it has an efficacy rate of 86 percent. But the government did not release any details with their announcement, leaving it unclear how they had come to their conclusions.
Bahrain also approves the vaccine.
Sinopharm announces that the vaccine has an efficacy of 79.34 percent, leading the Chinese government to approve it. The company has yet to publish detailed results of their Phase 3 trial.
Egypt authorizes the vaccine for emergency use.
Hungary agrees to pay about $36 per dose of Sinopharm’s vaccine, making it one of the most expensive in the world.
The World Health Organization estimates that the Sinopharm vaccine has an efficacy of 78.1 percent, and authorizes the vaccine for emergency use.
Sinopharm plans to produce 5 billion doses a year.
China authorizes the Sinopharm vaccine for emergency use in children and adolescents.
The United Arab Emirates follows China in authorizing the vaccine for emergency use in children and adolescents.
Sources: National Center for Biotechnology Information; Science; The Lancet; Lynda Coughlan, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Jenna Guthmiller, University of Chicago.
|
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2
| 50
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https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/12/30/1143696652/chinas-covid-vaccines-do-the-jabs-do-the-job
|
en
|
China's COVID vaccines: Do the jabs do the job?
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Michaeleen Doucleff"
] |
2022-12-30T00:00:00
|
As case counts surge in China, rumors circulate about the effectiveness and safety of the made-in-China vaccines in use there. Here's what we know about CoronaVac and Sinopharm.
|
en
|
NPR
|
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/12/30/1143696652/chinas-covid-vaccines-do-the-jabs-do-the-job
|
China is in the midst of its first major COVID surge, and it's one of the world's largest.
China rolled back COVID restrictions in early December, and now scientists estimate that the country could be facing more than 10 million new cases each day. Over the next several months, several hundred thousand people could die, perhaps more, several teams predict.
There's also concern that widespread COVID in China could lead to new variants, but variants can emerge anywhere in the world right now as COVID continues to circulate.
The actual death toll – and the total impact of this surge – depends largely on one key factor: How well China's vaccines work.
The two main shots deployed in the country are CoronaVac and Sinopharm, both developed and manufactured in China.
About 90% of the population has received at least two doses of one of these vaccines.
Rumors and misinformation run rampant about COVID vaccines no matter where they're manufactured. But, as NPR has reported, such myths and misconceptions are especially problematic for vaccines made in China. Issues with past vaccines have made segments of the population leery about the made-in-China COVID vaccines. But the misinformation about these vaccines doesn't arise only from inside China or on social media, says global health researcher Xi Chen at Yale University.
"The American media has shared a lot of misinformation about the Chinese vaccines," Chen says. "I read both Chinese and English media stories, and I see some news stories, like from Fox News and others, translated into Chinese." New stories in the U.S. have even questioned the efficacy of these vaccines, despite the fact that both have been approved by the World Health Organization.
Given that more than 700 million people will likely catch COVID in China over the next few months, we thought it would be a good time to dig deep into the science of the Chinese vaccines and analyze what the data show, especially when it comes to two major aspects of the vaccines: efficacy and safety.
Rumor #1: I've heard the Chinese vaccines don't work very well? Is that true?
"No, that's not true," says epidemiologist Ben Cowling at the University of Hong Kong. "Our research in Hong Kong has shown that's not true. I don't have a concern about the effectiveness of the Chinese vaccine."
The Chinese vaccines are not "mRNA vaccines," like the ones Pfizer and Moderna manufacture. Instead both CoronaVac and Sinopharm use an older, but well-proven, technology: they contain an inactivated – or killed – form of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
But – and this is key – in a study by Cowling and his team, the Chinese vaccines offered just as much protection against severe disease as the mRNA vaccines for adults under age 60.
Last winter, Hong Kong suffered a massive omicron surge. And this outbreak allowed Cowling and his colleagues to test how well the Chinese vaccine CoronaVac fared compared to the Pfizer vaccine in a faced-to-face match. About half the population in Hong Kong had received CoronaVac and the other half had received the Pfizer vaccine. Altogether, more than 13 million doses had been administered to Hong Kong's 7.4-million people.
And guess what happened?
"We showed very clearly that both vaccines provide a high level of protection against severe COVID," Cowling says.
In the study, Cowling and his team analyzed data from about 20,000 COVID cases, ranging from mild to fatal. They found that two doses of either vaccine offered a high level of protection against severe disease for adults under age 60. Specifically, two doses of the Pfizer vaccine offered 95 to 97% protection, while two doses of CoronaVac offered between 89 and 94% efficacy, the team reported in the Lancet Infectious Disease this past October.
For older adults, the Pfizer vaccine proved significantly more effective after only two doses. Specifically, the Pfizer vaccine offered about 87-to-92% protection for this group while CoronaVac offered only 64-to-75% protection. But, Cowling points out, an extra booster – or third dose – of CoronaVac lifts the protection to about 98%, the same protection observed with three doses of Pfizer.
"There's a very good level of protection for three doses of either vaccine," Cowling says. And remember, health experts in the U.S. also recommend people over age 60 receive at least three doses of the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine as well.
Cowling thinks the misinformation about CoronaVac or Sinopharm may stem from early data, looking at the vaccines effectiveness against infection (not severe disease).
Initial data found the Chinese vaccines have a lower level of protection against infection than the mRNA vaccines. "Something around 50 or 60% effective,' Cowling says. By contrast, at first, the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines showed extremely high levels of protection against symptomatic infections against the original strains of the virus.
But with the emergence of the immune-evading variants, such as delta and omicron, eventually all vaccines wound up being basically ineffective against infection, especially more than three to four months after the inoculation.
Meanwhile, there is some uncertainty around the longevity of this protection against severe disease. One study in Brazil, which analyzed COVID cases for more than 3 million people, found evidence that the protection against severe disease waned more quickly for CoronaVac than for the Pfizer vaccine. But that study didn't separate the data by age, and other studies have shown that protection, across the board, declines more quickly for older people. Nevertheless, the Chinese health officials recommend older adults and those with weakened immune systems receive a fourth shot, or second booster, the Global Times reported earlier this month.
Myth #2: I've heard the Chinese vaccines aren't safe or haven't been tested very well. Is that true?
In the initial clinical trials for CoronaVac and Sinopharm, scientists tested the vaccines only on adults under age 60, says epidemiologist Jennifer Bouey at Georgetown University and the nonprofit RAND corporation. On top of that the first two vaccination campaigns in China didn't focus on elders.
That exclusion from both the trials and vaccination campaigns has led to the relatively low vaccination rate among elders in China. "And it has also led to concerns about whether the vaccines were safe and effective among the elders," Bouey explains.
However, since then, both CoronaVac and Sinopharm have each been tested in more than a dozen international studies including one in Turkey with about 12,000 participants, one in Brazil with more than 3 million participants and one in Chile that surveyed more than 10 million vaccinations. In one study, looking specifically at the safety of CoronaVac, researchers at the University of São Paulo oversaw the immunization of about 12,000 people. They documented "67 serious adverse events ... and all were determined to be unrelated to vaccination," the team reported. Given these results, "the data available to date indicate that Sinovac-CoronaVac is generally well tolerated and consistent with the safety profile of other licensed, alum-adjuvanted inactivated vaccines," WHO wrote in May 2021.
CoronaVac and Sinopharm have been administered to several billion people in over a 100 countries. They made up about half of all shots administered worldwide in 2021. "I've never seen any reports of severe side effects with these vaccines," Bouey says.
Nevertheless, the initial concerns about the safety, especially for elders, has continued. "Physicians in China aren't sure if the vaccines are safe for the elders," Bouey says. "So there's altogether some distrust and confusion about these vaccines – which the government has pushed so heavily. I read quite a lot of misinformation about the vaccine's side effects on Chinese social media."
The Chinese government has done very little to counter the narrative, she adds. "The government should probably do more to convince people that these vaccines are safe for elders and more vulnerable groups. Because these people not only need the most protection, she says, they need the most shots. "The elders and the more vulnerable need more frequent boosters," she says.
Because once this massive COVID surge ends, China won't be out of the woods, Another surge will surely follow.
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dbpedia
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| 46
|
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/03/chinas-sinopharm-vaccine-offered-to-elite-few-in-uae-tourist-deal
|
en
|
China's Sinopharm vaccine offered to elite few in UAE tourist deal
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Michael Safi",
"www.theguardian.com",
"michael-safi"
] |
2021-02-03T00:00:00
|
Knightsbridge Circle offer is first evidence of Covid-19 vaccine being used to attract tourists
|
en
|
the Guardian
|
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/03/chinas-sinopharm-vaccine-offered-to-elite-few-in-uae-tourist-deal
|
China’s Sinopharm vaccine is being offered to a handful of wealthy people paying for access to the United Arab Emirates’ Covid-19 vaccination programme as part of a partnership to “bring tourism into the area”, according to an exclusive London club that claims to be brokering the service.
The vaccine is in wide usage in the UAE but is yet to receive emergency approval from the UK government or the World Health Organization. The Pfizer/BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine, also approved in the Emirates, is not included in the pay-to-access deal.
The offer is the first apparent evidence to surface of a state using its Covid-19 vaccine supplies as a selling point to foreign tourists, amid a global scarcity of doses and calls to share the resource with vulnerable people and health workers around the world.
The UAE health ministry, its national media office and the Dubai tourism authority did not respond to questions.
Knightsbridge Circle, a “travel and lifestyle service” that charges members a £25,000 yearly fee, received widespread publicity and thousands of new membership inquiries last month when it claimed it could fly its members aged 65 and older to the Emirates for “private appointments for the Pfizer vaccine”, which was approved first by the UK in early December and by many other regulators, including in the US and the EU, since.
But the Guardian checked the club’s claim with Pfizer, which said it had provided its vaccine only to the UAE government, not any private companies in the Emirates or anywhere else in the world. It said it had referred the club’s claims to its global security team for investigation.
Knightsbridge Circle subsequently clarified that the Pfizer vaccine was only available through the UAE government to members who were already Emirati residents – a total of five people on its rolls. “Members and clients who are residents in the UAE have received the Pfizer vaccine through [Knightsbridge’s] service,” said a spokesperson for the club.
It was not clear why existing Emirati residents would need to use the Knightsbridge Circle service to get their Covid-19 vaccine, as doses are already available for free to all Emirati citizens and residents. The club acknowledged in an emailed response that UAE residents already had access to the Pfizer vaccine. “Yes they are offered it through their app, which is available to all UAE residents, but we are able to offer our services also which includes a chauffeur etc.”
The concierge club said it had struck a partnership with the UAE government to allow access to China’s Sinopharm vaccine, a formulation in wide usage in the country but which is awaiting approval from a stringent regulatory authority, for non-Emirati residents.
“Knightsbridge Circle has been able to partner with the UAE to bring tourism into the area,” said the club’s spokesperson. “For these tourists, the Sinopharm vaccine is offered.”
Prospective members aged over 65 could also apply for a separate offer to pay £10,000 to access the Sinopharm vaccine, but would have had to cover the cost of their own flights and three weeks’ accommodation in the oil-rich Gulf state.
Direct flights between the UK and UAE are now banned and UK residents returning from the UAE via third countries are required to self-isolate for 10 days with their households on arrival.
Both the club’s £25,000 annual membership and the £10,000 three-week membership had filled up in past weeks and no further applications were being taken, the club said.
The club was unable to give further details of its offers due to “client and partner confidentiality”, said the spokesperson.
Britons aged over 65 are on a high-priority list to receive the AstraZeneca or Pfizer vaccines, which are free and approved by British regulators, but the club said its membership is open to anyone “based within four hours of GMT for the majority of the year”.
Knightsbridge Circle was established in 2012 and claims to deliver “exceptional personal service” to its clients, including lunches with the Pope, singing lessons with Alicia Keys, and access to buy designer handbags that usually have a two-year waiting list.
More than 50 countries have started vaccinating their populations, but concerns are growing that mostly wealthy countries have monopolised much of the supplies that will be produced in 2021. A forecast last week predicted it would take until at least 2024 for vaccines to reach low-income countries in sufficient quantities to blunt transmission of Sars-CoV-2.
The UAE started vaccinating residents and citizens in mid-December and has so far inoculated nearly 25% of its population. It expects to have inoculated half its population by the middle of March.
Knightsbridge Circle’s founder, Stuart McNeill, told the New York Times that since it went public with the vaccine-tourism offer the club had received more than 2,000 applications for membership, and had been approached by “several private jet companies” looking to transport its clients.
Pfizer said in a statement it was not supplying its Covid-19 vaccine for use outside government programmes. “During this pandemic stage, our contracts are with governments and supra-government organisations and we are providing doses according to their preferred channel and designated vaccination locations, as per established agreements and following relevant regulatory authorisations,” it said in a statement.
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https://www.who.int/news/item/07-05-2021-who-lists-additional-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations
|
en
|
WHO lists additional COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use and issues interim policy recommendations
|
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WHO today listed the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, giving the green light for this vaccine to be rolled out globally. The Sinopharm vaccine is produced by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd, subsidiary of China National
Biotec Group (CNBG). “The addition of this vaccine has the potential to rapidly accelerate COVID-19 vaccine access for countries seeking to protect health workers and populations at risk,” said Dr Mariângela Simão, WHO Assistant-Director General for
Access to Health Products. “We urge the manufacturer to participate in the COVAX Facility and contribute to the goal of more equitable vaccine distribution.”WHO’s Emergency Use Listing (EUL) is a prerequisite for COVAX Facility vaccine supply. It also allows countries to expedite their own regulatory approval to import and administer COVID-19 vaccines. The EUL assesses the quality, safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as risk management plans and programmatic suitability, such as cold chain requirements. The assessment is performed by the product evaluation group, composed by regulatory
experts from around the world and a Technical Advisory Group (TAG), in charge of performing the risk-benefit assessment for an independent recommendation on whether a vaccine can be listed for emergency use and, if so, under which conditions.In the case of the Sinopharm vaccine, the WHO assessment included on-site inspections of the production facility. The Sinopharm product is an inactivated vaccine called SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell). Its easy storage requirements make it highly suitable for low-resource settings. It is the also first vaccine that will carry a vaccine vial monitor, a small sticker
on the vaccine vials that change color as the vaccine is exposed to heat, letting health workers know whether the vaccine can be safely used.WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) has also completed its review of the vaccine. On the basis of all available evidence, WHO recommends the vaccine for adults 18 years and older, in a two-dose schedule with a spacing
of three to four weeks. Vaccine efficacy for symptomatic and hospitalized disease was estimated to be 79%, all age groups combined. Few older adults (over 60 years) were enrolled in clinical trials, so efficacy could not be estimated in this age group. Nevertheless, WHO is not recommending an upper age limit for the vaccine because preliminary data and supportive immunogenicity
data suggest the vaccine is likely to have a protective effect in older persons. There is no theoretical reason to believe that the vaccine has a different safety profile in older and younger populations. WHO therefore recommends that
countries using the vaccine in older age groups conduct safety and effectiveness monitoring to make the recommendation more robust.WHO emergency use listing The emergency use listing (EUL) procedure assesses the suitability of novel health products during public health emergencies. The objective is to make medicines, vaccines and diagnostics available as rapidly as possible to address the emergency, while
adhering to stringent criteria of safety, efficacy and quality. The assessment weighs the threat posed by the emergency as well as the benefit that would accrue from the use of the product against any potential risks.The EUL pathway involves a rigorous assessment of late phase II and phase III clinical trial data as well as substantial additional data on safety, efficacy, quality and a risk management plan. These data are reviewed by independent experts and WHO
teams who consider the current body of evidence on the vaccine under consideration, the plans for monitoring its use, and plans for further studies.As part of the EUL process, the company producing the vaccine must commit to continue to generate data to enable full licensure and WHO prequalification of the vaccine. The WHO prequalification process will assess additional clinical data generated from
vaccine trials and deployment on a rolling basis to ensure the vaccine meets the necessary standards of quality, safety and efficacy for broader availability.WHO also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for emergency use on 31 December 2020; two AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccines on 15 February 2021, produced by AstraZeneca-SKBio (Republic of Korea) and the Serum Institute of India; and COVID-19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S
developed by Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) on 12 March 2021.ListingsWHO has also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech, Astrazeneca-SK Bio, Serum Institute of India, Janssen and Moderna vaccines for emergency use.See EUL listingsSAGESAGE is the principal advisory group to WHO for vaccines and immunization. It is charged with advising WHO on overall global policies and strategies, ranging from vaccines and technology, research and development, to delivery of immunization and its linkages
with other health interventions. SAGE is concerned not just with childhood vaccines and immunization, but all vaccine-preventable diseases.SAGE has issued recommendations on Pfizer
(8 January 2021), Moderna (25 January 2021), AstraZeneca (21 April 2021), and Janssen COVID (17 March 2021) vaccines, as well as issued a framework for access and population prioritization roadmap. SAGE and EUL are complementary but independent processes. The EUL process is centered on determining if a manufactured product is quality-assured, safe and effective. SAGE is policy oriented. Policy recommendations for a vaccine are only of value
to a vaccination campaign when the product has been listed or authorized for use. In the context of COVID-19 and due the pressing need for vaccines, the Secretariat of SAGE and the EUL team have been working in parallel to allow WHO EUL and policy recommendations, based on the available evidence, to be issued in a synchronized manner. The SAGE Interim Recommendations can be found at this location: https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization/covid-19-materials
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https://www.who.int/news/item/07-05-2021-who-lists-additional-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations
|
WHO today listed the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, giving the green light for this vaccine to be rolled out globally. The Sinopharm vaccine is produced by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd, subsidiary of China National Biotec Group (CNBG).
“The addition of this vaccine has the potential to rapidly accelerate COVID-19 vaccine access for countries seeking to protect health workers and populations at risk,” said Dr Mariângela Simão, WHO Assistant-Director General for Access to Health Products. “We urge the manufacturer to participate in the COVAX Facility and contribute to the goal of more equitable vaccine distribution.”
WHO’s Emergency Use Listing (EUL) is a prerequisite for COVAX Facility vaccine supply. It also allows countries to expedite their own regulatory approval to import and administer COVID-19 vaccines.
The EUL assesses the quality, safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as risk management plans and programmatic suitability, such as cold chain requirements. The assessment is performed by the product evaluation group, composed by regulatory experts from around the world and a Technical Advisory Group (TAG), in charge of performing the risk-benefit assessment for an independent recommendation on whether a vaccine can be listed for emergency use and, if so, under which conditions.
In the case of the Sinopharm vaccine, the WHO assessment included on-site inspections of the production facility.
The Sinopharm product is an inactivated vaccine called SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell). Its easy storage requirements make it highly suitable for low-resource settings. It is the also first vaccine that will carry a vaccine vial monitor, a small sticker on the vaccine vials that change color as the vaccine is exposed to heat, letting health workers know whether the vaccine can be safely used.
WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) has also completed its review of the vaccine. On the basis of all available evidence, WHO recommends the vaccine for adults 18 years and older, in a two-dose schedule with a spacing of three to four weeks. Vaccine efficacy for symptomatic and hospitalized disease was estimated to be 79%, all age groups combined.
Few older adults (over 60 years) were enrolled in clinical trials, so efficacy could not be estimated in this age group. Nevertheless, WHO is not recommending an upper age limit for the vaccine because preliminary data and supportive immunogenicity data suggest the vaccine is likely to have a protective effect in older persons. There is no theoretical reason to believe that the vaccine has a different safety profile in older and younger populations. WHO therefore recommends that countries using the vaccine in older age groups conduct safety and effectiveness monitoring to make the recommendation more robust.
WHO emergency use listing
The emergency use listing (EUL) procedure assesses the suitability of novel health products during public health emergencies. The objective is to make medicines, vaccines and diagnostics available as rapidly as possible to address the emergency, while adhering to stringent criteria of safety, efficacy and quality. The assessment weighs the threat posed by the emergency as well as the benefit that would accrue from the use of the product against any potential risks.
The EUL pathway involves a rigorous assessment of late phase II and phase III clinical trial data as well as substantial additional data on safety, efficacy, quality and a risk management plan. These data are reviewed by independent experts and WHO teams who consider the current body of evidence on the vaccine under consideration, the plans for monitoring its use, and plans for further studies.
As part of the EUL process, the company producing the vaccine must commit to continue to generate data to enable full licensure and WHO prequalification of the vaccine. The WHO prequalification process will assess additional clinical data generated from vaccine trials and deployment on a rolling basis to ensure the vaccine meets the necessary standards of quality, safety and efficacy for broader availability.
WHO also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for emergency use on 31 December 2020; two AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccines on 15 February 2021, produced by AstraZeneca-SKBio (Republic of Korea) and the Serum Institute of India; and COVID-19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S developed by Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) on 12 March 2021.
Listings
WHO has also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech, Astrazeneca-SK Bio, Serum Institute of India, Janssen and Moderna vaccines for emergency use.
See EUL listings
SAGE
SAGE is the principal advisory group to WHO for vaccines and immunization. It is charged with advising WHO on overall global policies and strategies, ranging from vaccines and technology, research and development, to delivery of immunization and its linkages with other health interventions. SAGE is concerned not just with childhood vaccines and immunization, but all vaccine-preventable diseases.
SAGE has issued recommendations on Pfizer (8 January 2021), Moderna (25 January 2021), AstraZeneca (21 April 2021), and Janssen COVID (17 March 2021) vaccines, as well as issued a framework for access and population prioritization roadmap.
SAGE and EUL are complementary but independent processes. The EUL process is centered on determining if a manufactured product is quality-assured, safe and effective. SAGE is policy oriented. Policy recommendations for a vaccine are only of value to a vaccination campaign when the product has been listed or authorized for use.
In the context of COVID-19 and due the pressing need for vaccines, the Secretariat of SAGE and the EUL team have been working in parallel to allow WHO EUL and policy recommendations, based on the available evidence, to be issued in a synchronized manner.
The SAGE Interim Recommendations can be found at this location: https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization/covid-19-materials
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https://en.szzhijun.com/Index/index/co/Profile.html
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https://en.szzhijun.com/favicon.ico
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国药致君
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SINOPHARM ZHIJUN was established in 1985. During these 30 years’meticulous operation, SINOPHARM ZHIJUN has become a quality-benefit and technology-knowledge national high-tech enterprise. Furthermore, it has been rated as China's pharmaceutical industry overall strength hundred enterprises for many years. SINOPHARM ZHIJUN is composed of SINOPHARM ZHIJUN (SHENZHEN) GUANLAN, SINOPHARM ZHIJUN (SHENZHEN) PINGSHAN two production bases and SHENZHEN ZHIJUN TRADING, they are responsible for the research and development, production and sales of the anti-infective agents, respiratory drugs, health care products and Chinese patent medicine.
SINOPHARM ZHIJUN (SHENZHEN) GUANLAN located in the export-oriented professional cephalosporin production base and the domestic high-end pharmaceutical production base. It has already received a number of international high standard certifications, such as the EU certifications of the powder for injection and oral solid, WHO PQ certification. Another, SINOPHARM ZHIJUN (SHENZHEN) PINGSHAN located in non-cephalosporin and non-penicilin medicine, Chinese traditional medicine and OEM services production base. It has been preparing for EU certification.
Looking to the future, SINOPHARM ZHIJUN will integrate R & D and marketing with technology innovation as the guideline and focus on the areas of anti-infection, respiratory system, digestive system, heart and cerebral vessels, OTC and health care products, always adhere to customer-centric and be a quality leading enterprise, continue to provide quality products and services, build SINOPHARM ZHIJUN to the grand brand.
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http://capetown.china-consulate.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202008/t20200821_6969124.htm
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en
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19 vaccine development and China
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Up till now, the total number of COVID-19 infections in the world stood over 22 million cases. As the ultimate weapon to curb the global pandemic of the virus, COVID-19 vaccines are highly expected by vast majority of the people in the world.
Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, the Chinese government has been putting the people first, takes it as its responsibility to ensure not just the life and health of its own citizens, but also global public health, and has mobilized huge resources for COVID-19 vaccine development.
Top medical scientists and experts have gathered from around the nation, and resources from enterprises, universities, and research institutes have been pooled, to support the vaccine development.
The hard work of Chinese scientists and experts has been paid off abundantly. Up to now, five categories of vaccines are being developed in China: inactivated vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, live attenuated influenza vaccines, adenovirus vaccines, and nucleic acid-based vaccines. China leads the world in the development of certain types of vaccines, with more than half a dozen candidates in clinical development.
According to the news released by World Health Organization on August 6th, among the six COVID-19 vaccine candidates which have entered phase three trials, three of them are developed by China.
The first China-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate to reach the stage of clinical trial is a recombinant adenovirus vaccine named Ad5-nCoV, co-developed by Chinese biopharmaceutical firm CanSino Biologics Inc, and a team led by Chinese military infectious disease expert Chen Wei. According to the data published by The Lancet, in the phase one and phase two clinical trials, the vaccine has been found to be safe, well-tolerated, and able to generate an immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in humans. CanSino has been in discussions with Russia, Brazil, Chile and Saudi Arabia to conduct Phase three trials.
The National Intellectual Property Administration of China granted the invention patent to Ad5-nCoV on August 11, which demonstrates the vaccine's originality and creativity, and further confirms the vaccine's efficacy and safety. This is also the great rebuttal to the US' groundless accusations of Chinese hackers trying to steal novel coronavirus data on treatments and vaccine development.
The other two China-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates are both inactivated vaccines, adopting the traditional technical route.
The inactivated vaccine candidate jointly developed by the Beijing Institute of Biological Products and Sinopharm, a state-owned pharmaceutical company, entered first and second phase clinical trials on April 12, and produced antibodies in all participants. âThe effect is ideal and no one has experienced severe side effects,â the chairman of SinoPharm told media.
SinoPharm then started phase three clinical trials in late June in Abu Dhabi, UAE, and the product is expected to enter the market by the end of this year, with total capacity of production up to 220 mln doses/year.
According to the Chairman of SinoPharm, when the vaccine is approved for large scale use, if two injections of vaccine are given, the protection rate will reach 100% , and every 2 doses will cost less than 1,000 yuan($144).
Sinovac Biotech Ltd., another Chinese biopharmaceutical company, has also announced promising results for its own inactivated-virus vaccine candidate in the first and second phase clinical trials, and started phase three trials to further test its efficacy and safety in July in Brazil.
As part of phase three clinical trials, overseas staff from some Chinese state-owned enterprises, officials from some medical departments, senior managers of vaccine research institutes, as well as some front-line health workers, have been vaccinated voluntarily and shown good effects.
The great efforts and achievements made by China on development of COVID-19 vaccines well demonstrate Chinaâs firm commitment to making COVID-19 vaccines a global public good.
China and Africa have offered mutual support and fought shoulder to shoulder against the COVID-19 pandemic. At the early stage of the epidemic in China, African countries, South Africa in particular, provided sincere and valuable support to China in many ways.
Since the outbreak of the pandemic in Africa, China has provided Africa with huge quantity of medical supplies, actively shared knowledge of epidemic prevention and control with African countries, and sent medical expert groups to many African countries to provide on-spot guidance in their anti-epidemic efforts. Chinese medical teams stationed in African countries have given full play to their professional and technical advantages, and actively assisted the host countries in epidemic prevention and control. The brotherhood between Africa and China is more abundant in times of adversity.
China will continue to do whatever it can to support Africa's fight against COVID-19. As being pledged by President Xi Jinping at the Extraordinary China-Africa Summit On Solidarity Against COVID-19 on the evening of 17 June, once the development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccine is completed in China, African countries will be among the first to benefit. The move once again demonstrates the fraternal friendship between Africa and China, and will further enhance Africa's confidence and ability to overcome the pandemic.
China and Africa must combat COVID-19 with joint efforts, enhance cooperation, and take their time-honored traditional friendship forward. Together, China and Africa will build a China-Africa community of health for all and an even stronger China-Africa community with a shared future.
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https://chinaobservers.eu/its-smooth-sailing-for-sinopharm-in-serbia/
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It’s Smooth Sailing for Sinopharm in Serbia – chinaobservers
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"Filip Šebok",
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2021-09-13T12:46:25+00:00
|
Chinese vaccine manufacturer Sinopharm does not exactly have a stellar market reputation these days. The two Chinese vaccines Sinopharm and Sinovac have both be
|
en
|
chinaobservers
|
https://chinaobservers.eu/its-smooth-sailing-for-sinopharm-in-serbia/
|
Chinese vaccine manufacturer Sinopharm does not exactly have a stellar market reputation these days.
The two Chinese vaccines Sinopharm and Sinovac have both been approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for emergency use, and both are likewise included in the global vaccine sharing scheme COVAX. Still, countries where Chinese vaccines are widely used, like Bahrain, Mongolia, Seychelles, and Chile, already saw surges in COVID-19 infections despite widespread inoculation. The Delta variant of the COVID-19 virus is complicating things because Chinese vaccines, while they appear to be working against this variant, appear to be less effective than other vaccines.
In fact, many Asian countries, such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand, are experiencing the exact same troubles. A Hungarian medical study established that the Sinopharm vaccine is ineffective in a quarter of people over the age of 60, leading to worries about a rebound in infections.
However, in one country, Sinopharm’s business is set to boom – Serbia.
In March 2021, plans were announced to construct a Sinopharm vaccine production facility on Serbian soil with financing from China and the UAE. A trilateral memorandum of understanding on establishing the production facility was signed in July 2021. On September 6, 2020, Serbian Health Minister Zlatibor Lončar told the public that the construction of the factory would start in a few days. According to Lončar, the construction will be completed in the first quarter of 2022, and the factory will produce about 3 million doses per month. Why is Sinopharm doing so good in Serbia right now?
Converging Interests
Above all, there is a confluence of interests between Beijing and Belgrade.
Primarily, Beijing sees Serbia as a springboard to penetrate new markets. Ideally, China would first enter into Serbia’s immediate neighborhood in Southeast Europe and then launch from this staging point into the EU. This pattern is already present with Chinese construction companies, tech companies, and the defense industry. A trial manufacturing of vaccines will be done on the premises of Serbian pharmaceuticals company Hemofarm, which is owned by the German Stada Group, giving Sinopharm a potential shortcut to the EU.
The production of the Chinese vaccine in Serbia can be seen as a ‘natural continuation’ of the alignment of the two countries in the fight against COVID-19. It started at the very outbreak of the pandemic in Serbia when China was presented as the only country that could provide medical assistance to Serbia in the fight against the virus. It continued with the construction of the Chinese Fire Eye testing laboratories in several Serbian cities. Collaboration reached its peak at the beginning of the vaccination process with more than four million Sinopharm vaccines purchased from China.
Yet, Serbia is not the only country in Eastern Europe looking to expand its cooperation with the Chinese pharmaceutical giant. In neighboring Hungary, Sinopharm production is planned to begin in late 2022, which will secure Sinopharm’s ‘Made in EU’ label. Serbia expects to become a regional supply hub for the vaccines, particularly since in June 2021, production of the Russian Sputnik V vaccine began in Serbia.
“These doses will be intended primarily for the citizens of Serbia,” Health Minister Lončar openly stated. “If there is a surplus, [they will be used] for exports to the region.”
A strong indication of Serbian ambition was seen earlier this year when Serbia exercised its own vaccine diplomacy in the Balkans by donating vaccines to its neighbors, in North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. During that period, Serbia also allowed foreigners, primarily from the Balkans, to come to Serbia for inoculation. Now, Serbian vaccine diplomacy transcends the region, as just in Africa, Serbia donated over 200,000 vaccine doses. Serbia can donate vaccines both regionally and globally because Sinopharm gives it a surplus of vaccines from non-Chinese manufacturers. That way, Serbia buys political prestige and secures the key goal of preventing new recognitions of Kosovo.
For Serbia, there are other reasons closer to home why betting on Sinopharm makes sense. One of them is the need to secure supplies for future deterioration of the pandemic situation as the COVID-19 turmoil is far from over in Serbia. When Serbia originally started receiving Sinopharm vaccines from China in January 2021, the mortality ratio in Serbia was at 1.01 percent. However, the fatality rate among medical staff was high as 72 doctors have died compared to 43 in the United Kingdom, depleting the country’s over-stretched health system. At one point, Serbia had the second-fastest vaccination rate in Europe after the UK. Now, thanks to the anti-vaccination mood among the youth, the EU completely outperformed Serbia in vaccination rollout. For Serbs between the ages of 18 and 30, the vaccination rate is 18.4 percent, compared to around 70 percent among Serbs older than 65 years. In August 2021, 49 percent of the population had received one dose of the vaccine.
The infection and mortality rate is expected to grow. The US Embassy in Serbia raised Serbia’s risk level to Level 3 and advised US citizens to reconsider visiting Serbia. More importantly for Belgrade, Serbia has been taken off the EU’s free travel green list. It remains unclear how much this unfavorable health situation results from the use of the Sinopharm vaccine. Sinopharm has the highest share of vaccinations with 4.2 million doses acquired up to date. However, as there is no end to the pandemic woes in sight for Serbia, it cannot discount Sinopharm and wants to ensure that it always has an ample reserve.
Inoculating the Economy
Even with the vaccination process slowed down and the number of COVID-19 cases increasing, Serbian officials took a firm stance that COVID-19 prevention measures should be implemented with the preservation of the Serbian economy in mind. President Aleksandar Vučić stated that his “conscience is clear when it comes to the fight against the pandemic,” and that he has asked the medical part of the crisis staff to consider the economic situation as well. Serbia chose an approach that will focus on promoting the vaccination program while imposing few to no restrictions. As a result, vaccine accessibility is critical to ensuring the long-term viability of this strategy.
The fact that Serbia, a country of approximately seven million people, will produce more than 30 million Chinese vaccines provides an opportunity to establish a completely new branch of the economy, namely vaccine export. With its own vaccine diplomacy, Serbia established vaccine distribution routes, primarily in developing countries and the Western Balkan region. Now, with the help of the Chinese vaccine, Serbia can move from the role of re-distributor to the position of direct seller.
Ultimately, domestic political marketing lurks behind every action of the Serbian leadership. Namely, by aggrandizing ties with China, Serbian elites promote themselves to the public as enablers of a fruitful partnership and breadwinners of big Chinese capital inflows. The vaccine procurement fits into that same rubric.
Thanks to the pro-Chinese narrative pushed by the Serbian leadership in the media and public domain, two-thirds of Serbian citizens believe vaccines from Russia and China are more reliable than those from Western manufacturers. Even the groundbreaking for construction of the Sinopharm production factory in Serbia provided an additional example of this narrative foisted on the public by Serbian authorities. President Vučić was present to cut the ribbon, with the cameras rolling to capture his proclamation that he will take the Chinese vaccine as the third booster dose.
Despite the controversies surrounding Sinopharm vaccines, its success in Serbia is primarily owed to Serbian leadership simply willing it to succeed. Still, despite the will of Serbia’s most powerful politicians, the extent to which the new factory will aid the country in its struggle against COVID-19 remains to be seen. What is in little doubt is the fact that Sinopharm’s management are rubbing their hands together in self-satisfaction.
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https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine.html
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en
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How the Sinopharm Covid
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2020-12-30T19:46:40+00:00
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Using inactivated coronaviruses to train the immune system.
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en
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https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine.html
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In early 2020, the Beijing Institute of Biological Products created an inactivated coronavirus vaccine called BBIBP-CorV. Clinical trials run by the state-owned company Sinopharm showed that it had an efficacy rate of 79 percent. China approved the vaccine and soon began exporting it to other countries. On May 7, the World Health Organization announced a similar efficacy estimate of 78.1 percent.
A Vaccine Made From Coronaviruses
BBIBP-CorV works by teaching the immune system to make antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The antibodies attach to viral proteins, such as the so-called spike proteins that stud its surface.
To create BBIBP-CorV, the Beijing Institute researchers obtained three variants of the coronavirus from patients in Chinese hospitals. They picked one of the variants because it was able to multiply quickly in monkey kidney cells grown in bioreactor tanks.
Killing the Virus
Once the researchers produced large stocks of the coronaviruses, they doused them with a chemical called beta-propiolactone. The compound disabled the coronaviruses by bonding to their genes. The inactivated coronaviruses could no longer replicate. But their proteins, including spike, remained intact.
The researchers then drew off the inactivated viruses and mixed them with a tiny amount of an aluminum-based compound called an adjuvant. Adjuvants stimulate the immune system to boost its response to a vaccine.
Inactivated viruses have been used for over a century. Jonas Salk used them to create his polio vaccine in the 1950s, and they’re the bases for vaccines against other diseases including rabies and hepatitis A.
Prompting an Immune Response
Because the coronaviruses in BBIBP-CorV are dead, they can be injected into the arm without causing Covid-19. Once inside the body, some of the inactivated viruses are swallowed up by a type of immune cell called an antigen-presenting cell.
The antigen-presenting cell tears the coronavirus apart and displays some of its fragments on its surface. A so-called helper T cell may detect the fragment. If the fragment fits into one of its surface proteins, the T cell becomes activated and can help recruit other immune cells to respond to the vaccine.
Making Antibodies
Another type of immune cell, called a B cell, may also encounter the inactivated coronavirus. B cells have surface proteins in a huge variety of shapes, and a few might have the right shape to latch onto the coronavirus. When a B cell locks on, it can pull part or all of the virus inside and present coronavirus fragments on its surface.
A helper T cell activated against the coronavirus can latch onto the same fragment. When that happens, the B cell gets activated, too. It proliferates and pours out antibodies that have the same shape as their surface proteins.
Stopping the Virus
Once vaccinated with BBIBP-CorV, the immune system can respond to an infection of live coronaviruses. B cells produce antibodies that stick to the invaders. Antibodies that target the spike protein can prevent the virus from entering cells. Other kinds of antibodies may block the virus by other means.
Remembering the Virus
Sinopharm’s clinical trials have demonstrated that BBIBP-CorV can protect people against Covid-19. But no one can yet say how long that protection lasts. It’s possible that the level of antibodies drops over the course of months. But the immune system also contains special cells called memory B cells that might retain information about the coronavirus for years or even decades.
Vaccine Timeline
Sinopharm begins developing an inactivated vaccine against the coronavirus.
Researchers report the vaccine produces promising results in monkeys. A Phase 1/2 trial shows that the vaccine doesn’t cause any serious side effects and enables people to make antibodies against the coronavirus.
A Phase 3 trial begins in the United Arab Emirates.
Phase 3 trials begin in Morocco and Peru.
The U.A.E. gives emergency approval for Sinopharm’s vaccine to use on health care workers. Government officials and others begin to receive it.
The chairman of Sinopharm says almost a million people in China have received Sinopharm vaccines.
The ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum, announces he received the vaccine.
The U.A.E. gives full approval to BBIBP-CorV, announcing it has an efficacy rate of 86 percent. But the government did not release any details with their announcement, leaving it unclear how they had come to their conclusions.
Bahrain also approves the vaccine.
Sinopharm announces that the vaccine has an efficacy of 79.34 percent, leading the Chinese government to approve it. The company has yet to publish detailed results of their Phase 3 trial.
Egypt authorizes the vaccine for emergency use.
Hungary agrees to pay about $36 per dose of Sinopharm’s vaccine, making it one of the most expensive in the world.
The World Health Organization estimates that the Sinopharm vaccine has an efficacy of 78.1 percent, and authorizes the vaccine for emergency use.
Sinopharm plans to produce 5 billion doses a year.
China authorizes the Sinopharm vaccine for emergency use in children and adolescents.
The United Arab Emirates follows China in authorizing the vaccine for emergency use in children and adolescents.
Sources: National Center for Biotechnology Information; Science; The Lancet; Lynda Coughlan, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Jenna Guthmiller, University of Chicago.
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8776365/
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China’s “Weaponized” Vaccine: Intertwining Between International and Domestic Politics
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Ever since China has formally joined the WHO-backed global COVID-19 vaccine initiative known as COVAX, there is a presumed notion that China’s vaccine diplomacy will make a significant contribution to the international public good and thus uplift ...
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East Asia (Piscataway). 2022; 39(3): 279–296.
PMCID: PMC8776365
PMID: 35079216
China’s “Weaponized” Vaccine: Intertwining Between International and Domestic Politics
1 and 2
Dechun Zhang
1Leiden Institute for Area Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Find articles by Dechun Zhang
Ahmed Bux Jamali
2School of International Relations and Public Affairs at Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
Find articles by Ahmed Bux Jamali
1Leiden Institute for Area Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
2School of International Relations and Public Affairs at Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
Dechun Zhang, Email: ln.vinunediel.muh@gnahz.d.
Corresponding author.
Copyright © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2021
This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.
Abstract
Ever since China has formally joined the WHO-backed global COVID-19 vaccine initiative known as COVAX, there is a presumed notion that China’s vaccine diplomacy will make a significant contribution to the international public good and thus uplift Beijing’s role as the rule-maker of international order. To scrutinize this, the paper asks if China succeeded in proliferating its weaponized vaccine policy to obtain maximum diplomatic gains and soft power projection to intensify its international image, geopolitical power, and domestic politico legitimacy. The authors argue that despite its vaccine diplomacy demonstrated the robust governance capacity and responsibility to be a great power. Yet, Beijing’s geopolitical influence and international image are significantly overrated and not enough to play a more prominent role in the global power fulcrum/equilibrium. On the contrary, China enjoys a leading position on the domestic political front. Its successful portrayal of China’s vaccine provision in the global market and remarkable configuration to leverage a deep-rooted nationalism has fundamentally provided China with a powerful rationale to divert its public’s attention from Beijing’s earlier inadequate handling of the outbreak. The evaluation of the paper reveals that China’s vaccine diplomacy’s influence in promoting international image and geopolitics is limited but has successfully stabilized its domestic political environment and enhanced its domestic legitimacy.
Keywords: COVID-19, Vaccine diplomacy, China, Nationalism, Geopolitics
Introduction
We live in an interconnected and globalized world; people and disease can quickly spread anywhere within a few hours. The high spread of the virus has made the epidemic globally, with new cases and deaths reported every day. The coronavirus has already affected 218 countries and territories. The COVID-19 pandemic, as a new global health crisis, has a long-term influence in shaping the world’s economic and political future and leaves a profound cultural and psychological impact. Bieber [4] notes that the COVID-19 could trigger psychological consequences of collective anxiety, which may cause political and social outcomes that strengthen exclusionary nationalism, highlighting the role of themes related to authoritarianism and change in the international order. This enlarges more meaningful value and gives us a big picture that the COVID-19 pandemic is not only a health issue but also a game-changer for world politics.
It is widely acknowledged that the accessibility of a safe and effective vaccine for COVID-19 could make significant progress in controlling the pandemic. To cure the disease, the COVID-19 vaccines have become a target that is being “weaponized” by states to gather maximum national and international support to authorize certain policy gains and geopolitical objectives. There is an increasingly emergence of “vaccine nationalism” during the pandemic, referring to the competition among superpowers to be the first on the market [70]. China, being the second-largest economy, has appeared as one of the most significant powers in the world, with no exception. While effectively utilizing its vaccine policy framework, China has made its five candidates in the phase 3 trials [68] and formally joined COVAX on October 9, 2020 [1]. Beijing works hard to promote its vaccine worldwide, and many countries already signed deals with the Chinese vaccine companies in the world [69].
The year 2021 becomes a year for vaccines. China approved its vaccine, Sinovac, for general use in China [2]. Given China’s goal of approximately vaccinating 50 million people for free ahead of the 2021 Spring Festival holidays, cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen in South China’s Guangdong Province, and other north and eastern China’s provinces started mass inoculations of vaccines [9]. It led to many domestic citizens’ praises. It is generally recognized that China uses COVID-19 vaccines to promote soft power and frames itself as a solution to the pandemic by supplying vaccine aid worldwide [40, 8]. China’s vaccine policies will have an impact on geopolitics [8]. Heisbourg [25] further notes that China’s invented vaccines could help increase its international image. Some scholars even suggest that China will lead a new political international order in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic [61]. Although China has attempted to increase its geopolitical power and image by vaccine diplomacy [40]. However, there is no significant evidence that China demonstrates its ability to become the leader of the global order [83].
The paper argues that China’s vaccine diplomacy remains ineffective to achieve its expected goals in promoting geopolitics and international image. However, compared with a limited role in promoting geopolitics and international image due to appearance and availability of other vaccine from Western countries, China’s vaccine diplomacy has successfully stabilized the domestic political environment. To further unfold this, the paper is structured as follows. Firstly, the article begins with the explaining China’s weaponized vaccine policy and elucidates its global outreach to contribute for the international public good. Secondly, it highlights the efficient utility of vaccines as a catalyst for China’s Geopolitics and international image lifting. Thirdly, on the domestic politico front, it demonstrates China’s government strategy through exploiting vaccines as a nationalistic tool to address domestic and foreign critiques. Fourthly, it evaluates whether China’s vaccine diplomacy has successfully yielded the desired policy outcomes into a geopolitical game-changer or internal political stabilizer and finally, the conclusion.
China’s “Weaponized” Vaccine Policy and its Global Outreach
The COVID-19 triggered unprecedented socio-economic chaos since it confirmed both the high human-to-human transmissibility of COVID-19 [55] and difficulties in detecting the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect people through asymptomatic carriers [53]. Many efforts have been made to develop a vaccine against COVID-19, and most vaccine candidates use the S-protein of SARS- CoV-2 to develop vaccines [14]. It is extensively recognized that the development of COVID-19 vaccines will make significant progress in controlling the pandemic. According to the World Health Organization-WHO, 63 candidate vaccines in clinical development and 173 candidates in pre-clinical development until January 26, 2021, are examined [72]. Five of China’s COVID-19 vaccine candidates are at phase three clinical trials from four Chinese companies [65], including Sinopharm, Sinovac, CanSino, and Anhui Zhifei Longcom.
The Chinese government offered land, loans, and subsidies for vaccine companies to make vaccines along with fast-tracking approvals [47]. The Sinopharm is a state-owned Chinese company with two COVID-19 vaccine candidates [65]. Its vaccine has been conducting late-stage clinical trials in 10 nations, including Argentina, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Morocco [13]. The UAE is the first country to approve a Chinese COVID-19 vaccine on December 9, and Bahrain followed days later [12]. The Sinopharm claims that it could produce one billion doses of vaccines in 2021 [37]. China further has given conditional approval for the first general use of Sinopharm [76]. Sinovac is a private company that focuses on research, development, and manufacturing of human and animal vaccines [65]. Sinovac is currently in phase three trials in Brazil, Indonesia, and Turkey [7]. Brazil was approved for the emergency use of Sinovac Biotech Ltd vaccines against COVID-19 [73]. The third candidate, Medical researcher Major General Chen Wei at the Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, which belongs to the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, led the team to develop CanSino vaccines [36]. The development and expansion of CanSino vaccines includes cooperation among government agencies, universities, and the Tianjin-based pharmaceutical company CanSino Biologics. It is the first COVID-19 vaccine in the world to be approved for restricted use [36]. The last one, the Anhui Zhifei Longcom, is a Chinese-based company that develops a protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine [65], and it just started phase 3 clinical trials.
China officially joined COVAX on October 9, 2020, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China [44]. Even though the Chinese government resists using “vaccine diplomacy” to describe its foreign policy, it is broadly believed that China is playing vaccine diplomacy and a soft power game [39]. China offers loans and priority access to developing countries for vaccinations as they move to large-scale trials [42]. Rich countries scramble for early doses may cause shortages of vaccines [42]; China’s vaccine provides doses to developing countries in short supply [39]. However, it is worth noticing that although many developing countries signed deals with Chinese vaccine companies, they also signed agreements with other countries’ vaccine companies for more accessibility. For instance, Thailand ordered vaccines from Sinovac, and it also signed a technology transfer deal with Oxford University–based AstraZeneca [27]. Singapore signed advance purchase agreements with Sinovac [20]; Singapore also approved the American-German Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine [27]. In other words, China’s vaccine is not the only option for developing countries.
Despite China’s vaccine arrival to 7.3 billion doses in multiple countries, yet the factor of immunity has been questioned for both Sinopharm and Sinovac inoculation shots, keeping in view the alternative vaccines availabilities in less rich nations. As directed by the WHO-led Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE), the China’s jab immunization level remains insufficient from the two doses and necessitates for the third one from the same one or changed vaccine especially in cases above 60 years of age to confirm full safety [63]. One of the key differences remains on China’s inactivate vaccine and western’s mRNA-oriented vaccines such as Moderna, AstraZeneca, and Pfizer. For instance, the study conducted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health analyzed one million hospitalized patients and resulted into Sinovac shows 60% while the Oxford-AstraZeneca displayed 76% protection in 79-year-old persons [67]. Besides, a preprint Brazilian study investigated for testing 61 million between January and June and found efficient results with AstraZeneca reducing the risk level with 70%, whereby Sinovac provided 54% safety respectively [88]. Concerning antibody response, a healthcare worker study was conducted by Thailand Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Centre Bangkok and demonstrated with 60% results from China’s vaccine and AstraZeneca showing 86% after the patients took two shots from these vaccines respectively [5]. On the other hand, Bahrain also examined China’s vaccine efficacy with Russia’s Sputnik V, Germany’s BioNTech, and the U.K.’s AstraZeneca. Their preprint results concluded into Sinopharm’s more faced with risk for old patients in comparison with the others [3].
Although there are not much public data on China’s vaccine, there is still much circulated information about China’s vaccine’s weak performance on China’s social media. Hence, China’s government protects its vaccine to domestic audiences in order to promote and safeguard vaccines’ value. In responding from the western critiques, Chinese mainstream media start to question the safety of the Pfizer and Moderna shots due to the vulnerable response from Western states in curbing virus as well [69]. In this backdrop, a tug-of-war scenario was witnessed in digital platforms and social media networks, whereby questioning the preparedness and underestimating vaccine portfolios [54]. Moreover, the Chinese government focuses more on the domestic market to promote its vaccines. China started giving emergency vaccinations as early as July 2020 [35]. Subsequently, China began to conduct mass vaccinations on December 15, 2020 [34]. It is estimated that more than 15 million people have taken vaccines in China [35]. The Chinese government also sets a goal 50 million people will be free to vaccinate ahead of the 2021 Spring Festival holidays [9]. The freeing of China’s vaccine ejects a sense of proudness in the Chinese public. Hence, it is apparent that vaccines are now “weaponized” for national utilization and involve international and domestic political dimensions.
Vaccine as Catalyst of China’s Geopolitics and International Image
The US world leadership was established by constructing and maintaining the post-WWII world order and promoting globalization. The USA led the post-WWII world order to make a unipolar world [57]. China’s attitude toward the international community has changed from revolutionary power, active participation to emerging power attempting to reshape the world order to fulfil its interests [83]. As it has been categorized as China’s extraordinary economic growth and active diplomacy, to some extent, it is perceived in the western discourse, China’s rise as a great challenge for the US-led world order [86, 28]. In its global efforts, China has long taken an à la carte approach to the US-constructed world order [83]. For instance, China has demonstrated its commitment to global peace by playing an active role in international organizations, especially the United Nations (UN), supporting multilateral cooperation and peaceful resolution over conflicts, and delivering international peacekeeping to war-affected countries [26, 74]. Those contributions have enabled China increasingly to exert political and economic influence globally. In fact, China has implemented active foreign policies to reshape the international order to fit its interests and values.
Discussions of Chinese foreign policies, especially from western countries, tend to assume a “revisionist” intention behind it and remain clouded in a fog of narratives of China’s emerging role, which refer to China variously as a provider of rogue aid, or as a challenger to liberal order [87, 43, 48]. Much of the debate focuses on providing empirical and theoretical analysis on Chinese foreign policies such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its aggressive policy in the South China Sea. Notably, the USA has perceived BRI as a growing challenge to US domination and a tendency to establish a new one that is more responsive to China’s demands [79]. In the same way, the COVID-19 pandemic is seen as a catalyst in Sino-US rival and manifests how balance-of-power politics have influenced the responses to this outbreak [16]. The USA blames China for not disclosing information and taking the necessary measures to control disease spread early [66, 25]. Donald Trump even labels the virus as “Chinese virus” or “Wuhan virus” [11, 25]. In turn, China launched a campaign to reshape the narrative by questioning the virus’ origins and blaming the US military for bringing the virus into China during the Military World Games held in Wuhan in October 2019 [66]. However, China’s government’s early responses to the pandemic still received substantial criticism from foreign countries [25].
Consequently, in order to divert the globe’s attention on its early responses to the pandemic and fight back the USA, the Chinese government also led Chinese philanthropic foundations and companies to provide various kinds of assistance, including sharing its coronavirus experiences, medical equipment, test kits, masks, gloves, and medical experts to hard-hit countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe and Americas [17]. Moreover, Chinese President Xi Jinping has promised that China will make its coronavirus vaccine a global public good once available to ensure vaccine accessibility and affordability in developing countries [50]. The vaccine diplomacy is also coupled with the health Silk Road, which builds health infrastructure for recipient countries, especially the developing countries, to fight and prevent a future pandemic. It has already provided early vaccine access and loans to countries like Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia, who are of strategic importance to shore up alliances with its neighbors before Joe Biden becomes US president [52, 62]. Through its “vaccine diplomacy,” China’s government and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) aim to frame them as a solution to the pandemic and finally deliver a geopolitical win that showcased the country’s scientific prowess and generosity [69].
After successful pandemic mitigations and under controlled level on the domestic front, China started invigorating diplomacy campaign by providing free vaccinations in April 2020. The foreign policy strategy remained focused on envision its health leadership by distributing vaccine on bilateral mechanisms. In July 2020, Brazil turned out to be the first international reception for Chinese vaccine in South American continent. In the subsequent months that follows, a number of countries signed deals with China for vaccine accessibility especially for developing and under-developing countries. Later in December, Egypt received Sinopharm doses as first country for having Chinese vaccines [32]. It was observed that, where Chinese vaccines go, public diplomacy increases in favor of China. Jack Ma’s Alibaba Foundation provided ship masks, surgical gowns, and diagnostic tests to numerous countries. Up to March 17, 2021, China produced 33% doses for the world and exporting around 62% to foreign countries. China has been the leading manufacturer with 169.4 million doses of Sinovac, Sinopharm, CanSino, and AstraZeneca. As of March 2021, under the Health Silk Road framework, Beijing delivered millions of free doses to 69 countries and commercially exported to 28 countries respectively [19].
The free vaccine policy helped improving China’s international image and brought effects into three dimensions. Firstly, China effectively utilized this as a public diplomacy tool for promoting bilateral cooperation as savior of the world due to the biased equitable vaccine distribution from the western side. Secondly, Beijing is observant of its global public perception and image. China’s diplomacy resolves to renovate itself from a reputational damage repair at both home and abroad. Thirdly, within the framework of emergent anti-globalization globally, China remains keen to increase its soft power by providing International Public Goods and shows strong motivations during the pandemic especially. Focusing on IPGs brings China’s leadership status higher status. In his speech, China’s foreign minister Wang Yi emphasized for equitable vaccine distribution across the globe [33].
For instance, some Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia and the Philippines have welcomed the Chinese vaccine, even as they recognize that its provision is an effort to bolster China’s geopolitical influence and international image [46]. There is also growing evidence that most Southeast Asian countries rely on China’s vaccine in short supply, which will increase China’s geopolitical power in these regions [27]. On the other hand, the Chinese vision for the world order will also be promoted by providing vaccines, promoting its model for battling COVID-19, and launching various Beijing-led health and economic recovery initiatives to the international community. Since the outbreak, China has long advocated for promoting international cooperation on combating the virus with the vision of “building a community with shared future for humanity,” which is one of the theoretical assumptions underpinning the Chinese version of world order.
China has taken many foreign policy efforts to deflect blame and restore its international image. The most critical foreign policy effort is to provide vaccines for the international community for the public good and provide vaccine access to developing countries. A successful vaccine is even more critical than medicine resources since it helps countries rebuild their economy and health system [21]. There are shreds of evidence that Beijing’s efforts are working in the positive and result-oriented directions. For example, Serbia is the first European country to receive Chinese vaccines, one million doses from Sinopharm. Its president, Aleksandr Vučić, stood in chilly winds to welcome the first planeload of China’s vaccine supplies and publicly demonstrates the thanks to the Chinese government [47]. Surveys in Germany and Serbia also indicate that citizens show more positive attitudes toward China [23].
While many welcome the assistance, Beijing’s medicine assistance also encounters criticisms and resistance. The more affordable Chinese vaccine indeed provides another option for developing countries. Still, China’s narrative is winning the race over vaccines has gradually changed since many cast doubts over the Chinese vaccine’s efficacy. Even in Southeast Asia countries like the Philippines, where Beijing’s medical assistance and vaccine have been welcomed, the government is still criticized for its decision to buy a vaccine made by a Chinese company [69]. Although most countries choose to diversify vaccine producers' sources, rich nations have been signing purchase agreements with Western vaccine producers, while China is still poised to supply the developing countries [40].
Although the Chinese government resists framing its COVID-19 vaccine-related foreign policies as “vaccine diplomacy” [39], Verma [66] demonstrates that China had already taken advantage of the global health emergency by putting its vaccine diplomacy into practice as a soft power tool to expand its geopolitical influence. On the one hand, the COVID-19 vaccine offers China an opportunity to fill some vacuums left by the USA because of the Trump administration’s bad performance on combating COVID-19 and its retreat from leading the world to fight against the virus [83, pp. 1]. On this account, China’s vaccine diplomacy pursues to increase its geopolitical power since China is being perceived as a power that can assist internationally on its vaccines, which was once the US’ role [15]. It finally delivered a geopolitical win that showcased China’s scientific prowess and generosity by grasping the leadership to fight against the pandemic.
Chinese Government-led Vaccine Nationalism
China has been severely criticized by countries, especially the USA, because they suppressed information and did not take the necessary measures to help control and eradicate the disease in the early stages [66]. Chinese government and CCP also received much criticism from the domestic public for the early stage of handling the pandemic [77, 71, 58]. Therefore, Beijing starts to “weaponize” its vaccine as a tool to ease anger and distract the public’s attention from structural problems on responding to COVID-19 at the early stage of the pandemic.
Nationalism is a handful tool for the Chinese government and CCP to stabilize its rule [82, 86]. The case of COVID-19 is not an exception [66] that nationalism and vaccines are well-connected through the Chinese government’s narratives. China’s vaccine policies could trigger a sense of nationalism to strengthen the CCP’s domestic governance and legitimacy. The Chinese government positively frames its vaccine to promote its vaccines among domestic audiences [66], leading the Chinese public to perceive a sense of national proudness in China’s vaccine’s leading position. Chinese government also designs media as a propaganda tool to spread CCP’s interests and propagate nationalism [56, 80].
Zhang [81] notes that China’s media’s positively biased news could construct a biased social reality. Chinese media positively frames the Chinese vaccine as a stable product and highlights China’s vaccine’s dominant position in the global market. For instance, on January 30, China Central Television published an article highlighting that many countries recognize China’s vaccine's safety and effectiveness. Even their leader “takes the lead” to take China’s vaccine [10]. However, Chinese media deliberately ignores the challenges of China’s vaccine in the global market. For instance, there is no trace of the report that shows only 50.38% of China’s vaccine’s effectiveness in late-stage trials in Brazil [18]. It constructs a partial social reality that China’s vaccines are highly qualified in the global vaccine industry and in high demand globally.
Furthermore, the mouthpiece of the Chinese government, People’s Daily on April 5, 2021, also points that China is assisting worldwide to counter the pandemic. People’s Daily shows that China’s vaccines are worldly recognized and popular in the global market, and Southeast Asian countries initially cooperated with China to fight for the pandemic. For illustration, it was demonstrated that Indonesian, the Philippines, and Malaysia deadly require China’s vaccines, even the President Joko Widodo of Indonesia vaccinated. Chinese media implies that China is the solution to the COVID-19. Gries [22, pp. 23] suggests that the “face,” or “collective self-esteem,” which is “an interplay of self and society in the process of constructing personhood,” is the essential ingredient of Chinese popular nationalism. Therefore, Chinese popular nationalism defends to promote “ingroup positivity,” or collective self-esteem [22]. Overall, the CCP exhibit this reality that China’s vaccine is a global solution that enables the public to self-congratulate China’s containment of the leading position of its vaccine that creates a sense of nationalism.
The Chinese government and CCP also signify vaccines as a national symbol to defend foreign critiques and construct collective national identity. China’s government’s narrative positively framed China’s vaccines and started a misinformation campaign against the American vaccines to defend its vaccine. On the one hand, Chinese mainstream media start to discriminate against American vaccines by questioning the safety of the Pfizer and Moderna shots [69]. China’s both news media and social media highlight the negative news of foreign vaccines. Moreover, the Chinese government’s tabloid, Global Times, published an article, why does the western mainstream media collectively silence the deaths of frequent vaccinators of Pfizer? This article argues that the side effects of Western vaccines rank much higher than Chinese vaccines; however, Western media have no reports on this. In this context, Chinese media said that Western countries’ criticism of Chinese vaccines has an ulterior motive. Their narrative reflects that Western countries’ vaccines have significant drawbacks; still, they are more critical of China’s vaccines instead of improving their vaccines. Hence, the Chinese media narrative engages that China emerges from a “century of humiliation” has already become a significant power in the world that will no longer be subject to the “bullying” of the West [30].
On the other hand, although the Chinese government vigorously propaganda, the Chinese government also leaves a substantial free space on spreading negative news of foreign vaccines [54]. For example, one popular Weibo post shows that “vaccination of Biden is only a meaningless political grandstanding. Biden was a better showman than Trump, and he just vaccinated saltwater like other Western vaccines.” Zhao [82] notes that Chinese nationalism is rooted in its humiliating history. Chinese nationalism was triggered by suffering series of military confrontations with the West and Japan since the mid-1800s that show a vital feature of xenophobia [45, 29]. Overall, the CCP’s narrative successfully connects the vaccines to the Western bully, which leads to all Chinese sharing the same identity and goal to defend the same enemy—Western democracies’ bullying. By and large, the Chinese government successfully symbolized the vaccine as a national proudness product for global safety.
Chinese government’s “free and mandatory” vaccine policy not only targets the developing countries but also the domestic citizens. The Chinese citizens are mandatory to be vaccinated but for free. The Chinese government’s vaccine policy successfully constructed it as a responsible government support to eliminate the negative effect of its early responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Chinese government announced that all Chinese will be free to take the vaccines and set a goal that 50 million people will be free to vaccinate ahead of the 2021 Spring Festival holidays [9]. This policy enables the Chinese public to neglect the suffering they faced one year ago and focus on the current better situation of COVID-19 in China. Kloet, Lin, and Chow [31] find a sign of biopolitical nationalism during the pandemic that citizens pride themselves on living in a country with the “best” and “most efficient” containment measures. In other words, the Chinese public did not care about how the government controls the pandemic; as long as it controls the pandemic well, they will be satisfied with their government and believe their political system is superior to other countries’ political systems.
This is to be considered that the Chinese government faced several challenges from ordinary citizens at the early stage of the pandemic [78]. Doctor Li Wenling’s death also triggered intense confusion and anger. Li was first pronounced dead by the Global Times Twitter account, then its account deleted the previous post and claimed Li was alive and, finally, dead again [71]. Many Chinese started to question how the local Wuhan government handled the outbreak in the early stage of the pandemic, mourn Doctor Li and required the right of freedom of speech on the Internet. The situation was so grim that some scholars even described it as China’s “Chernobyl moment” [58]. However, the popular Chinese public perception of China’s government’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic shrifts from negative to positive since Western countries’ higher infection and death rates are higher than in China [31]. The public still somehow remains nervous of the Chinese government and CCP [69]. Hence, some Chinese citizens remain skeptical about China’s vaccine since vaccines lack public data. For instance, one Weibo users demonstrate that “I love China, but I will take the Western vaccines rather than Chinese vaccines since Western has more public data.” However, the “free” vaccine policy enables to distract the public’s attention from the reliability of vaccines to the efforts of CCP in benefiting citizens. Yin et al. [75] find that the affordances of the COVID-19 vaccine could play a complementary role in the public’s negative perception of side effects. People’s Daily argues that China is not the first country to develop vaccines since the Chinese government plans to expand the safest and reliable vaccines to many Chinese citizens. All Chinese are welcome to vaccinate for free. This article was reposted popular on Sina Weibo, and netizens celebrated on the digital platforms to share their happiness to be Chinese. The free charge of the COVID-19 vaccine causes the Chinese public to be proud of China’s involvement with vaccine development [75]. Overall, the “free” vaccine policy triggers a sense of vaccine nationalism among the public to make them satisfied with the rule of CCP and successfully frame CCP and the Chinese government as a responsible authority.
The Chinese government and CCP successfully link its vaccines and nationalism. Combined with undermining confidence in non-China vaccines and promoting China’s vaccines in the domestic market, it triggers a sense of vaccine nationalism [49]. The constructed “vaccine nationalism” [70] designed by the Chinese government and the CCP’s narrative build a sense of collective identity to defend foreign criticism. In this regard, their narrative also features them as a Good Samaritan, an essential global power, and a responsible and reliable government [66] to legitimacy their rule and better situation of controlling COVID-19 [84].
It is evidence that CCP’s constructed “vaccine nationalism” plays a significant role in stabilizing the internal political environment. China’s Internet is full of nationalism, showing intensified support for the CCP and distrust of the Western system [78, 84, 51]. Chinese bottom-up nationalist expression reveals the feature of confidence [84]. Hence, the public’s emotional tendency related to the COVID-19 epidemic was negative at the early stage of the pandemic, then changed from negative to neutral [85]. Finally, the trend was that negative emotions weakened, and positive emotions increased rapidly [85]. Overall, the public opinion of the Chinese government and CCP on handling COVID-19 was generally positive [24].
Geopolitical Game-changer or Internal Political Stabilizer?
The COVID-19 pandemic as a global health crisis significantly impacts international and domestic politics [83, 61, 66]. China’s COVID-19 vaccine policies have demonstrated its governance capacity and responsibility to be a great power. By China’s vaccine diplomacy, China is an essential global power and the largest producer of medical equipment to aid other foreign countries [66]. The Chinese government could publicize its generosity through China’s vaccine diplomacy, which also helps advance China’s economic influence [61]. Zhao S. [83] further suggests that the CCP also proved the Chinese authoritarian system’s superiority over Western democracy in effectively mobilizing vast resources during the crisis.
Despite China’s vaccine, policies did not translate into an easy triumph abroad; China’s ambitions for a global leader are based on the divide between democratic and authoritarian countries. China does not have sufficient resources to replace US global leadership in supplying the public good yet for two key reasons [83]. Firstly, China is not winning hearts and minds everywhere as China’s claim to global leadership has been undermined by its failure to prevent the spread of the virus and questions over the Chinese vaccine’s efficiency. People from various countries still cannot forget the expediency of China’s response to the outbreak, and others critiqued some of the measures Beijing used to contain the virus within its borders [59]. Moreover, Chinese officials required the European public thanks for distributing masks, and protective equipment with shoddy quality also made people angry [59], which did not help create meaningful friendships with many international powers [61].
Secondly, although many developing countries depend on China’s vaccines in short supply [27], China’s vaccines are not the only source for these countries. China’s vaccine is only an alternative for some developing countries to wait for the supply of American or European vaccines. China’s vaccines efficiency is debatable; officials in Brazil and Turkey have complained about flight delays [47]. The YouGov conducted a survey in 17 countries and regions, showing that most of them distrusted the COVID-19 vaccine made in China [60]. Moreover, China’s vaccine diplomacy was supposed to deliver a geopolitical win that showcased its scientific prowess and generosity but is plagued with doubts in reality [59]. The western media remain skeptical about China’s strategic and political intention behind the generous offer of its vaccine [62]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Chinese government “has advanced its interests in a spate of incidents that constituted a strategic blunder in China’s relations with neighbors” [83, pp. 7]. In the meantime, conflicts with Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, and India has also been observed during pandemic which further eliminates its effort to increase geopolitical power. According to The Pew Research Center, China’s image reached a historical low in 17 countries [59]. Although people in many countries believe China will strengthen its economy in the wake of the pandemic, a median of 78% says they have not too much or no confidence in China to do the right thing regarding world affairs [59].
On the contrary, China’s vaccine diplomacy has played a more positive role in stabilizing the domestic political environment. The Chinese government and the CCP successfully stabilize their rule by connecting vaccines and nationalism together. Tang, Chen, and Wu [64] note that although China is an authoritarian country, the Chinese government is more like a responding government of public opinion to the legitimacy of its rule. China’s vaccine is a tool catering primarily to the domestic audience to construct a scientific and diplomatic powerhouse and maintain regime diplomacy [59, 66]. Blaming the impediments from Western interfering, the Chinese government and CCP use the foreign criticism of China’s vaccine to construct solidarity and nationalist credentials [83]. The free charge of vaccines policy also triggers a sense of biopolitical nationalism [31] that enables the Chinese to be proud of living in the most efficient country to control COVID-19 in the world. It is evident that the Chinese government succeeded in making the Chinese forget their suffering happened a year ago and reinforced their dominant position through its vaccine policy. Han et al. [24] found that the Chinese perception of the Chinese government and CCP was generally positive since the outbreak.
As a whole, the COVID-19 vaccine indeed offers China an opportunity to “fill some vacuums by proposing Chinese vision for the world order and launching Beijing-led multilateral institutions to advance Beijing's priorities and values” [83, pp. 9]. However, China’s vaccine policies could not bring global success to achieve its expected global goal of promoting China’s geopolitical power and international image. Compared with global impacts, it is evidence that China’s vaccine policies have played a more positive role in strengthening the CCP’s rule and legitimacy.
The emergence of US and European vaccines in the developing world has severely undermined China version world order. This is due to the fact that the continuous supply on bilateral basis and positive study results in protection may weaken the China’s vaccine diplomacy especially in the countries where China’s vaccine arrived earlier than the USA such as Turkey, UAE, Indonesia, and Thailand. The Trump administration adopted a biased approach to develop vaccine without WHO-led framework and adopted for the US-led Operation Warp Speed (OWS) trigger nationalism without any substantial scientific justification against China’s efforts to work together. The refusal from the former US President Trump and his administration to engage vaccine development and production through multilateral efforts weakened the WHO mechanisms. In response, the USA called WHO and China corrupt’ and open criticism further anticipated for freezing the WHO funding [6]. This bring China’s absence from the COVAX list provided more maneuvers for the US- and European-led vaccines to exploit the convenience of vaccine in mitigating challenges at the core by sidelining the devastating conditions and disparity in the Global South and developing countries.
It has been believed that, if China’s vaccination were not at the disposal for the world at large, the whole globe would face with huge inequality posed from severe vaccine unfair distribution problems caused by the western developed countries. In this respect, President Xi highlighted that China would make its vaccine a global public good in his speech at World Health Assembly [50].
Conclusion
The COVID-19 virus broke out in a Chinese city, Wuhan, where it spread to the rest of the country and the world. China’s government initially received much criticism from both international and domestic regarding the data reported and its actions to remedy the situation [25]. Through its aggressive vaccine policies, the Chinese government restored its image and boost its geopolitical influence [69, 38, 27]. Many countries that have so far signed up for China’s vaccine have acknowledged that they could not afford to wait months for those made by the Americans or Europeans [47]. The Chinese government also offers free COVID-19 vaccines, loans to many countries [52]. The success has positioned China well, economically and diplomatically, to push back against the USA and others worried about its seemingly inexorable rise [47]. Through its vaccine diplomacy, China’s government increases its voice in international organizations, promoting its Chinese vision for the world order to advance Beijing’s priorities and values. The Chinese government aims to quest more than these [66], or even take international order leadership [61].
Although the COVID-19 pandemic as a global crisis can potentially leave a form a new international order [4], it is insufficient to demonstrate a sign of the emergence of a new China-led international order. We still live in the US-led constructed post-World War II international order, especially after Biden took office. There is increasingly more evidence, revealing that the COVID-19 will not significantly impact the geopolitical world order, like other global crises (SARS) witnessed in the past. Although the COVID-19 is still an ongoing pandemic that is hard to predict China’s vaccine diplomacy’s impact on the international order, the existing evidence shows limited implications of China’s vaccine foreign policies and diplomatic strategies on promoting its geopolitical power and international image.
Hence, the study suggests that the best situation for the Chinese government is that the unipolar world will not suit the global world of the influence of COVID-19 and vaccines. It will not happen if a country reverses the decision limiting the export of vaccines needed by its population after receiving a threatening phone call from another powerful country [57]. Hence, it is insufficient to expect China’s leading international role in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, the Chinese government is already successful in mobilizing national sentiment through pandemics and its vaccines. The Chinese government and the CCP will continually solidarity nationalism, construct their heroic image, and stimulate hostility towards the West. This pronounces that the Chinese inhabitants will persistently have confidence in the supremacy of the Chinese political system and imagined perfect China.
Declarations
Disclaimer
The working draft of the paper was presented at New York Conference on Asian Studies (NYCAS).
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Dechun Zhang, Email: ln.vinunediel.muh@gnahz.d.
Ahmed Bux Jamali, Email: moc.oohay@29ri_ba.
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China’s COVID vaccines have been crucial — now immunity is waning
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Billions of shots of China’s CoronaVac and Sinopharm vaccines have been given globally, but studies have questioned the length of protection they offer.
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sinopharm: Latest News & Videos, Photos about sinopharm
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sinopharm Latest Breaking News, Pictures, Videos, and Special Reports from The Economic Times. sinopharm Blogs, Comments and Archive News on Economictimes.com
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en
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https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/icons/etfavicon.ico
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The Economic Times
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https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/sinopharm
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Go To Page 1
Covid-19: China is developing its own mRNA vaccine - and it's showing early promise
The mRNA vaccines initially generated high levels of protection against getting COVID. And while the protection offered by two doses wanes over time and offers little protection against infection with omicron, the mRNA vaccines appear to offer the best protection against an omicron infection when used as boosters.
17 Feb, 2022, 10:07 AM IST
UAE approves Sinopharm's protein-based vaccine
The vaccine will be produced and distributed by a joint venture between the UAE's Group 42 and China National Biotec Group (CNBG), a unit of China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm), the ministry said in a statement on state media on Monday.
28 Dec, 2021, 12:21 PM IST
China's Sinovac COVID-19 booster weaker against Omicron: Hong Kong Study
Sinovac's CoronaVac and state-owned Sinopharm's BBIBP-CorV vaccine are the two most-used vaccines in China.
23 Dec, 2021, 04:29 PM IST
WHO approves Novavax as 10th authorised Covid jab
It is made from a more conventional technology than others already approved, which has led officials in Brussels to express hope that this will help persuade those hesitant about vaccination to come forward.
21 Dec, 2021, 11:02 PM IST
Most of the world’s vaccines likely will not prevent infection from Omicron
Preliminary data from South Africa suggest that with omicron, there is a much higher chance of people who already had COVID getting reinfected than there was with the original virus and previous variants.
21 Dec, 2021, 10:04 AM IST
Armenia will allow employers to fire unvaccinated workers
Armenia began its mass vaccination campaign in April with authorities planning to inoculate 700,000 of the country's 2.9 million citizens by the end of the year. However, only 516,989 citizens had been fully vaccinated by Dec. 6.
10 Dec, 2021, 10:35 PM IST
COVID-19: Sri Lanka ends domestic travel restrictions amidst warnings
The lifting of the travel ban came as the Sri Lanka Medical Association (SLMA) warned of a possible new wave with restrictions being relaxed. In a letter to President Gotabaya Rajapaksa, the SLMA said it was more important than ever before the precise steps are taken at this point of time.
31 Oct, 2021, 12:52 PM IST
China's Xi Jinping calls for mutual recognition of COVID-19 vaccines
In his remarks at the 16th Group of 20 Leaders' Summit, delivered via video link, Xi said China had provided over 1.6 billion doses of COVID shots to the world, and was working with 16 nations on the cooperative manufacturing of doses.
30 Oct, 2021, 06:41 PM IST
WHO experts back extra Covid jab for people with weak immune systems
Meanwhile, US pharma giant Merck also applied for emergency use authorization of its oral anti-Covid drug in the United States, a major step towards finding a simple pill to treat the disease.
11 Oct, 2021, 09:15 PM IST
Covid vaccines for kids? Strategies around the world
Earlier, India's Bharat Biotech, which completed the Phase 2/3 trials of COVID-19 vaccine Covaxin for use in children under 18 years of age, has submitted the data to the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation for its verification and subsequent approval for Emergency Use Authorisation for the jab.
08 Oct, 2021, 11:01 PM IST
CoronaVac vaccine: its results are patchy, but the world can't ignore its usefulness
The latter, developed by the Sinovac Biotech company, is the latest COVID-19 vaccine to be authorised for emergency use by the World Health Organization (WHO). Because of this, the CoronaVac vaccine could have a big role to play in turning the tide of the pandemic.
24 Jul, 2021, 02:52 PM IST
Covid pandemic rises again in many parts of the world
The number of confirmed cases only reflects a fraction of the actual number of infections, with different countries also having varying counting practices and levels of testing.
02 Jul, 2021, 08:46 PM IST
WHO decision challenges West to recognize Chinese vaccines
In addition to vaccines by Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna Inc., AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson, the WHO has also given the green light to the two Chinese jabs, made by Sinovac and Sinopharm.
01 Jul, 2021, 07:28 PM IST
UN: Any WHO-approved vaccine should be allowed for travel
The move could challenge Western countries to broaden their acceptance of two apparently less effective Chinese vaccines, which the U.N. health agency has licensed but most European and North American countries have not.
01 Jul, 2021, 06:41 PM IST
Ties may take a hit as China gets upset with Nepal over vaccine disclosure
Sinopharm and the Chinese Embassy in Nepal have expressed their displeasure to the Nepalese government over information leak, said Kathmandu-based officials aware of the matter.
22 Jun, 2021, 11:41 PM IST
China vaccine doses pass one billion mark
Some provinces are offering vaccines for free to encourage people to roll up their sleeves. Residents in central Anhui province have been given free eggs, while some living in Beijing have received shopping coupons.
20 Jun, 2021, 01:44 PM IST
Slow to start, China now vaccinating at a staggering pace
As of Wednesday, China had given out more than 704 million doses _ with nearly half of those in May alone. China's total is roughly a third of the 1.9 billion shots distributed globally, according to Our World in Data, an online research site.
03 Jun, 2021, 06:52 PM IST
China’s vaccine diplomacy in Nepal hits hurdle over clause on info secrecy
China's condition that Nepal sign a non-disclosure agreement for commercial procurement has put the Nepalese government officials in a fix, people in the know in Kathmandu told ET. A non-disclosure agreement implies a legally binding contract establishing a confidential relationship, which would mean many details, including the price, are not made public.
29 May, 2021, 11:33 PM IST
Study: Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccines appear safe, effective
Scientists had been waiting for more details about the two vaccines, even though they already are being used in many countries, and one recently won the backing of the World Health Organisation for emergency use.
27 May, 2021, 08:17 PM IST
WHO sets dates for reviews of Sinopharm and Sinovac COVID-19 vaccines
So far COVID-19 vaccines made by Pfizer AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson have received a WHO listing - an endorsement of their safety and efficacy that helps to guide countries' regulatory agencies.
22 Apr, 2021, 05:26 PM IST
Alleged Chinese hand: Sri Lanka approves Sinopharm vaccine for emergency use
The approval was granted by National Medicines Regulatory Authority, State Minister of Production, Supply and Regulation of Pharmaceuticals Prof. Channa Jayasumana announced. This development occurred after the chief of NMRA, resigned a few days ago facing pressure for approving Sinopharm. He was not satisfied about third stage trial data.
20 Mar, 2021, 12:34 PM IST
Pakistan says China's Sinopharm vaccine not effective for people over 60 years
China has said that it is currently conducting field trials for 16 vaccines, while it has so far granted conditional approval to Sinopharm, even as it began supplying the shot to a number of countries, including Pakistan.
04 Feb, 2021, 10:33 PM IST
Pakistan: China to gift half million doses of Sinopharm vaccine
"They have said send your aircraft and airlift this vaccine immediately. So this is a happy bit of news for us, and we will hopefully be successful in protecting ourselves using this vaccine," Qureshi said at a press conference in Islamabad.
21 Jan, 2021, 06:29 PM IST
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China's Sinopharm vaccine approved for children aged over 3 in UAE - Xinhua
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Photo taken on June 1, 2021 shows a vial of the Sinopharm vaccine in Beijing, capital of China. (Xinhua)
The decision was "based on the results of clinical studies, the strict assessment to approve the emergency use of the vaccine and the local evaluation that complies with the approved regulations," said the UAE's state news agency WAM.
DUBAI, Aug. 4 (Xinhua) -- The United Arab Emirates (UAE) Ministry of Health and Prevention has approved the use of China's Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for children aged between 3 and 17 years old in the UAE.
The decision was "based on the results of clinical studies, the strict assessment to approve the emergency use of the vaccine and the local evaluation that complies with the approved regulations," the UAE's state news agency WAM said Monday.
"The approval for the vaccine comes as part of the UAE's efforts to combat COVID-19, and an affirmation of its proactive approach to ensure the health and safety of community members," the report added.
Sinopharm is being produced locally in the UAE, which has so far administered more than 15.5 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines, with more than 64 percent of its population having received over two doses to date.
In May, the UAE authorities also approved booster vaccine doses for local residents who had received their second doses at least six months earlier in order to ensure continuing immunity against the coronavirus. ■
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https://pmlive.com/pharma_news/sinopharms_covid-19_vaccine_scores_approval_in_china_1360725/
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19 vaccine scores approval in China
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2021-01-04T12:15:00+00:00
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Vaccine found to be 79% effective in top-line results
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PMLiVE
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https://pmlive.com/pharma_news/sinopharms_covid-19_vaccine_scores_approval_in_china_1360725/
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China’s state-owned pharmaceutical company Sinopharm has scored approval from Chinese health authorities after reporting a 79% efficacy rate in phase 3 trials.
The vaccine has been granted a conditional marketing approval, after 60,000 volunteers took part in phase 3 clinical trials across China, UAE and Bahrain.
Last week, the company said that the vaccine’s ‘protective efficacy’ against COVID-19 was 79.34%, slightly less than the previously reported efficacy rate of 86% in UAE.
In a separate statement, published on 2 January, Sinopharm added that “because the standards of diagnosis of infection cases and review process of phase 3 clinical trials vary in different countries, the 86% efficacy rate announced by UAE and 79.34% by China are both real and valid”.
The efficacy rate of other COVID-19 vaccines, namely those developed by Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech, have reported particular high efficacy rates of 94.1% and 95%, respectively.
AstraZeneca/Oxford University’s jab, which was recently approved in the UK, has a rate similar to Sinopharm’s vaccine, reporting a 70.4% efficacy rate in phase 3 trials.
“After a series of strict reviews, verification, test and data analysis in accordance with the law and procedures, it is concluded that the known and potential benefits of Sinopharm’s new inactivated coronavirus vaccine are bigger than the known and potential risks, and it fully meets the pre-set requirements of conditional marketing standards,” said Chen Shifei, deputy commissioner of China’s National Medical Products Administration.
Another vaccine, currently being developed by Chinese biotech Sinovac, produced neutralising antibodies in a mid-stage trial, according to results published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases last November.
The trial researchers found that a more robust antibody response against COVID-19 was generated and ‘longer persistence’ could be expected in the day 0 and 28 vaccination schedule compared to the day 0 and 14 schedule.
However, the study also found that the level of neutralising antibodies induced by the vaccine at day 28 was lower than that seen in patients who had recovered from COVID-19.
The researchers maintained that the vaccine could still provide ‘satisfying protection’ against COVID-19. This conclusion was based on researchers’ previous experience with other vaccines and preclinical data involving macaques.
Despite the range of efficacy rates observed across the various COVID-19 vaccines, each respective jab has succeeded in surpassing the bar for flu vaccines, which can be approved at only 50% efficacy.
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Study: Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccines appear safe, effective
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2021-05-27T14:00:50+00:00
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Two vaccines made by China’s Sinopharm appear to be safe and effective against COVID-19, according to a study published in a medical journal.
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AP News
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https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-africa-middle-east-business-coronavirus-pandemic-77f10dd19722e786438cd52c7e559c01
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JAKARTA, Indonesia (AP) — Two vaccines made by China’s Sinopharm appear safe and effective against COVID-19, according to a study published in a medical journal.
Scientists had been waiting for more details about the two vaccines, even though they already are being used in many countries, and one recently won the backing of the World Health Organization for emergency use.
The report, published online in the Journal of the American Medical Association, concluded the two vaccines are about 73% and 78% effective, as Sinopharm has previously claimed.
Researchers from Sinopharm and its local partners in the Middle East say the trial involved around 40,380 participants with the company’s two vaccines -- one developed by the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products and the other by the Beijing Institute of Biological Products — and a placebo. The trial was carried out in four countries — Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt and Jordan. However, the study provided data for just Bahrain and the UAE.
“There’s nothing very surprising. It’s consistent with what they have claimed previously, but it does not completely eliminate the doubts about Sinopharm,” said Jin Dong-yan, a medical professor at the University of Hong Kong who was not involved with the study.
He raised doubts about how protective the vaccine was based on a recent surge of cases in the island nation of Seychelles, which had vaccinated a large majority of its population with the Sinopharm vaccine.
The study, performed mostly in younger men, had little information about the vaccine’s effectiveness against severe disease. Some experts also expressed concern at the shortage of female participants, with nearly 85% being male.
“It’s important to make sure you have tested it in enough women to be able to start seeing any possible safety concerns,” said Ashley St. John, an associate professor at Duke-NUS Medical School in Singapore.
A spokesperson for the company did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
The vaccines, both of which are made with inactivated viruses, have already been given to millions of people across the world.
The World Health Organization cleared the Beijing Institute of Biological Products’ shot for emergency use in early May, making it the first Chinese vaccine to receive the certification.
Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi said in April that China has provided vaccines to more than 100 countries, although it has not identified them. While China has six vaccines in use, the majority of its exports come from two companies: Sinopharm and Sinovac.
___
Wu reported from Taipei, Taiwan.
___
The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
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COVID-19 Vaccines at Healthway Medical GP Clinics
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Healthway Medical is an MOH-approved COVID-19 vaccinations (Moderna and Sinopharm) provider. Learn more about the COVID-19 vaccines.
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Healthway Medical
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https://www.healthwaymedical.com/covid19-vaccines/
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Healthway Medical is an MOH-approved COVID-19 vaccinations (Moderna, Pfizer) provider.
The World Health Organisation has thoroughly assessed the data on quality, safety and efficacy of Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines.
Moderna COVID-19 vaccine uses messenger RNA (mRNA) to teach our cells how to make a protein—or even just a piece of a protein—that triggers an immune response inside our bodies. (source: CDC)
Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine contains messenger RNA (mRNA) that carries instructions to make the spike protein of the virus, which helps your immune system produce protection against COVID-19.
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Impact of the Sinopharm’s BBIBP-CorV vaccine in preventing hospital admissions and death in infected vaccinees: Results from a retrospective study in the emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UA
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"Walid Abbas Zaher",
"Fatima AlSayedsaleh AlDhaheri",
"Shereena Al Mazrouie",
"Tahir Aziz Rizvi",
"Farah Mustafa"
] |
2022-03-18T00:00:00
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This is a community-based, retrospective, observational study conducted to determine effectiveness of the BBIBP-CorV inactivated vaccine in the real-world setting against hospital admissions and death.Study participants were selected from 214,940 PCR-positive ...
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en
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico
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PubMed Central (PMC)
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8857641/
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1. Introduction
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have afflicted > 400 million people in a worldwide pandemic, leading to the deaths of over 5.8 million people so far [1]. To thwart its spread, over 300 vaccines have so far been developed at an unprecedented rate using various vaccine platforms, ranging from the classical inactivated virus to the more innovative adenoviral-vectored, DNA, and mRNA-based vaccines [2]. Of these, 33 vaccines have been approved by at least one country, while 10 vaccines have obtained Emergency Use Listing (EUL) status from the World Health Organization (WHO), including Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Oxford-AstraZeneca/Covishield, Janssen/Johnson & Johnson [3]. The China-based pharmaceutical company, Sinopharm’s inactivated whole virus vaccine, BBIBP-CorV [4] is the first Chinese vaccine that was granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in May 2021 by WHO as the fifth such vaccine [5]. It is also the first inactivated vaccine approved for phase 1 and 2 clinical trials in the world that began in April 12, 2020, just 4–5 months into the start of the pandemic [6], [7]. Now, CoronaVac developed by another China-based pharmaceutical company, Sinovac, and Covaxin developed by Bharat Biotech has joined this growing list of WHO-approved inactivated vaccines for emergency use [3].
By June 2020, Sinopharm had initiated phase 3 clinical trials of its BBIBP-CorV vaccine in seven countries, including United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, Peru, and Argentina consisting of 45,000 volunteers [8]. In the UAE, the phase 3 clinical trial encompassed ∼ 31,000 individuals, with 15,000 volunteers only in the Emirates of Abu Dhabi, its largest emirate [9]. Initial results of the trial across the UAE and Bahrain with 40,411 participants that received inactivated vaccines from two different viral strains (HB02 (i.e., BBIBP-CorV) and WIV04 strains) has shown vaccine efficacy of 78.1% (for BBIBP-CorV) and 72.8% (for WIV04) against symptomatic cases, 100% protection against severe disease, and 99% rate of seroconversion [9]. As of October 2021, the BBIBP-CorV vaccine has been approved in 66 countries with over 1.5 billion doses delivered worldwide [3], [10].
Data evaluating post-vaccine effectiveness in the real-world scenario are available for either high risk groups (such as the healthcare workers or the elderly) or other COVID-19 vaccine platforms, such as mRNA or adenoviral-vectored vaccines that have primarily come from Denmark, US, UK, Israel, and now Qatar [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24]. For instance, early surveillance of the Oxford AstraZeneca adenoviral-vectored vaccine and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines in 383,812 adults in the UK have shown that new infections in the population dropped by 61% and 66% after the first dose and ∼ 80% after the second dose, respectively [19]. Israel has reported the most extensive results from their mass vaccination drive in which 6.5 million people were vaccinated with two doses of the Pfizer-BNT162b2 vaccine [21]. Their analysis of 4.71 million such vaccinated individuals revealed a much higher vaccine efficacy of 91–97% in preventing new infections, asymptomatic and symptomatic infections, hospitalization and severe COVID, as well as death [21]. A single dose of Pfizer-BNT162b2 vaccine was also observed to be effective in a smaller cohort of ∼ 1.2 million people, but at a lower range of 57–72% for the same outcomes, as observed in the UK study [19].
Not much is known about vaccine effectiveness of inactivated viral vaccines like BBIBP-CorV in the real-world setting, a scenario in which many factors are less controlled than the clinical trials. These include less stringent adherence to vaccine schedules, different age spectrum of the population compared to the ideal age group of the trial participants, variable health status of the general population compared to trial volunteers that are primarily healthy, appearance of different spectrum of viral variants with time during the course of vaccination drives compared to the trials, etc. Only recently has the first study been published revealing the effectiveness of the inactivated vaccine platform developed by Sinovac in the Chilean population [26]. This study revealed a vaccine efficacy of 65.9% for preventing infection, 87.5% for preventing hospitalizations, 90.3% for preventing critical care hospital admissions, and 86.3% in preventing death.
Based on the initial promising results of phase 3 clinical trials of this vaccine, the Abu Dhabi Department of Health (DOH) issued recommendations to vaccinate Abu Dhabi residents 15 year or older to receive the Sinopharm’s BBIBP-CorV COVID-19 vaccine on September 1, 2020. As of October 2021, over 20 million doses had been administered in the UAE and >86% of the population had been vaccinated, mostly with the Sinopharm vaccine [27], [28]. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of the Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV vaccine under the real-world scenario in preventing hospital & critical care admissions as well as death in the general Abu Dhabi population that had already been infected with the virus.
3. Results
The demographic characterization of study cases is shown in . A majority of participants were males (64.8%) with 76.4% of the infected individuals from nationalities other than Emirati (UAE citizens). Most cases were between the age of 20–49, with only 5.6% of the cases below the age of 19, while 14.8% were above the age of 50 years ( ). Within this cohort of 176,640 individuals, 35.6% (n = 62,931) were fully vaccinated, while 12.3% (n = 21,768) were partially vaccinated, leaving 52% of the cohort (n = 91,941) unvaccinated ( ). The age distribution of the fully-, partially-, and non-vaccinated groups essentially mirrored each other, revealing appropriate age-matching between the control and test groups (Supplementary Fig. 1).
Table 1
No. (%)Fully VaccinatedPartially VaccinatedNot VaccinatedOverall SampleCharacteristicn = 62,931 (35.6)n = 21,768 (12.3)n = 91,941 (52)n = 176,640Age groups15–191,550 (2.5)778 (3.6)7,624 (8.3)9,952 (5.6)20–244,671 (7.4)1,694 (7.8)7,842 (8.5)14,207 (8)25–298,522 (13.5)3,309 (15.2)13,435 (14.6)25,266 (14.3)30–3411,743 (18.7)4,199 (19.3)16,984 (18.5)32,926 (18.6)35–3912,015 (19.1)4,142 (19)14,966 (16.3)31,123 (17.6)40–449,051 (14.4)2,941 (13.5)10,467 (11.4)22,459 (12.7)45–496,106 (9.7)1,876 (8.6)6,642 (7.2)14,624 (8.3)50–544,344 (6.9)1,296 (6)4,940 (5.4)10,580 (6)55–592,562 (4.1)690 (3.2)3,627 (3.9)6,879 (3.9)60–641,340 (2.1)396 (1.8)2,349 (2.6)4,085 (2.3)65–69605 (1)238 (1.1)1,417 (1.5)2,260 (1.3)70–74246 (0.4)113 (0.5)792 (0.9)1,151 (0.7)75–79103 (0.2)59 (0.3)421 (0.5)583 (0.3)80+73 (0.1)37 (0.2)435 (0.5)545 (0.3)SexFemale41,731 (45.4)6,437 (29.6)13,913 (22.1)62,081 (35.1)Male50,192 (54.6)15,328 (70.4)49,005 (77.9)114,525 (64.8)Null18 (0)3 (0)13 (0)34 (0)NationalityNationals14,099 (22.4)4,132 (19)23,527 (25.6)41,758 (23.6)Expatriates48,832 (77.6)17,636 (81)68,414 (74.4)134,882 (76.4)
The completely- and partially-vaccinated groups were compared to the non-vaccinated group using survival analysis to determine three specific outcomes 14 days post-vaccination that included: admission to 1) hospital general ward, 2) critical units, and 3) death. As can be seen, when it came to hospital admissions in the general ward, the incidence rate (per 1000 person-years) was 30.5 (95% CI, 28.2–33), while admission to the critical care units was 2.7 (95% CI, 2.1–3.5) for the fully vaccinated group. This resulted in a vaccine effectiveness of 80% (95% CI, 78–81.4) for the general hospital admission and 92.2% (95% CI, 89.7–94.1) for the critical care admission, respectively, compared to the non-vaccinated group ( ). No protection was observed for the partially vaccinated group for either of these outcomes. When it came to protection from death, the incidence rate (per 1000 person-years) was 0 (95% CI, 0–0.3 for the fully vaccinated group, resulting in a vaccine effectiveness of 97% (95% CI, 83–99.9) which was highly desirable ( ). The partially vaccinated group showed an incidence rate of 1.2 (95% CI, 0.6–2.5), resulting in a vaccine effectiveness of 27.9% (95% CI, −61–72.6) ( ), which shows some reduction in the death rate; however, it was not statistically significant, and well below the 50% threshold set by WHO and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines [29].
Table 2
OutcomeFully vaccinatedPartially vaccinatedNot vaccinatedHospital admissionsNo. of participants62,93121,76891,941No. of incident cases6221,0043,909Person-years20,414.35,556.225,948.6Incidence density per 1000 person-years (95% CI)30.5(28.2–33)180.7 (169.9–192.2)150.6 (146–155.5)Vaccine effectiveness (95% CI), %79.8 (78–81.4)−20 (-28.6--11.8)[Reference]Critical care admissionsNo. of participants62,93121,76891,941No. of incident cases55189909Person-years20,488.45,734.326,558.8Incidence density per 1000 person-years (95% CI)2.7(2.1–3.5)33(28.6–38)34.2 (32.1–36.5)Vaccine effectiveness (95% CI), %92.2 (89.7–94.1)3.7 (-12.8–18.1)[Reference]DeathsNo. of participants62,93121,76891,941No. of incident cases1745Person-years20,494.75,776.626,772.5Incidence density per 1000 person-years (95% CI)0(0–0.3)1.2(0.6–2.5)1.7 (1.3–2.3)Vaccine effectiveness (95% CI), %97.1 (83–99.9)27.9 (-61–72.6)[Reference]
Multivariate analysis based on Cox proportional hazard regression models corroborated the unadjusted findings and reached the same qualitative conclusions with respect to vaccine effectiveness for the three outcomes under consideration ( ). Additionally, subjects aged 30–59 years old experienced significantly higher risk for all outcomes compared with those below 30 years old; while the same finding would generally apply to individuals above 60 years old, the small percentage of this population limits conclusions with regard to the ability of the vaccine to prevent hospital admissions and death in this age group. Female subjects had a higher risk for hospital admissions, but lower risk for either critical admissions or death. Finally, expatriates (non-UAE citizens) reported lower risk for all three outcomes compared with UAE citizens.
Table 3
VariableHospital admissionsCritical admissionsDeathsHazard ratio
(95% CI)PHazard ratio
(95% CI)PHazard ratio
(95% CI)PFully vaccinated0.26
(0.24–0.28)<0.0010.09
(0.07–0.12)<0.0010.04
(0.01–0.31)0.002Partially vaccinated1.35
(1.26–1.45)<0.0011
(0.85–1.17)0.9590.88
(0.39–1.95)0.749Age 30–59 years old2.21
(2.05–2.38)<0.0015.93
(4.47–7.87)<0.0015.14
(0.64–41.24)0.124Age 60 + years old9.52
(8.73–10.38)<0.00154.88
(41.35–72.85)<0.001254.06
(35–1844.32)<0.001Female1.55
(1.46–1.64)<0.0010.78
(0.69–0.88)<0.0010.59
(0.34–1.04)0.069Expatriate0.4
(0.37–0.42)<0.0010.54
(0.47–0.61)<0.0010.22
(0.12–0.39)<0.001No. of subjects176,640176,626176,640No. of failures5,5351,15353
Analysis of the cumulative risk of these outcomes with time confirmed the results obtained. As can be seen, the fully-vaccinated group (green color in ) could be distinctly separated from the non-vaccinated group (blue color in ) and partially-vaccinated group (pink color in ) throughout the time course since entry of the subjects into the study for hospitalizations into either the general ward ( A) or critical care units ( B), respectively. The non-vaccinated group overlapped with the partially-vaccinated group for entry into the general ward of the hospital as well as the critical care units ( A & B), confirming that essentially no protection could be observed from one dose of the vaccine 14 days post vaccination. The same was observed for protection from death where the fully-vaccinated group could be easily separated from the non-vaccinated or partially-vaccinated group ( C). The unusual presentation of the last graph ( C) is most likely due to the small number of deaths observed in the fully-vaccinated group; however, it does not affect the overall results and conclusions which show no difference between the non-vaccinated and partially-vaccinated groups.
4. Discussion
This study evaluated effectiveness of the Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV vaccine administered to the population of the emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE 14 days post vaccine administration in fully- or partially-vaccinated individuals. Vaccine effectiveness normally is defined as the ability to “prevent” new infections in real-world settings; while, in our case, we measured the ability of the vaccine to prevent severe COVID-19 or death and not newly acquired infections, as the population analyzed was already PCR (+) for SARS-CoV-2. Thus, due to its design, it made our study a more unbiased account of vaccine efficacy by comparing “the severity of breakthrough infections in already vaccinated individuals versus infections in non-vaccinated” individuals. The vaccine effectiveness in fully vaccinated individuals was 80%, 92%, and 97% in preventing hospital admissions, critical care admissions, and death, respectively ( ). This was similar or better than the interim results of the phase 3 trial of the vaccine reported from UAE and Bahrain which showed that 2 doses of this vaccine, administered to individuals > 18 years of age at an interval of 21 days, had an efficacy of 78.1% against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and 100% protection against severe COVID-19 [9].
Interestingly, the single dose of the vaccine was found to be ineffective in preventing critical care admission with limited protection against death due to COVID-19. Several confounding factors could have led to the lack of effectiveness of the single dose of vaccine in the real-world setting, including the nature of the vaccine. Inactivated viral vaccines tend to initiate weaker immune responses needing multiple doses since the virus cannot replicate or infect cells. Being a retrospective study, data pertaining to the immunological responses of the vaccinees receiving a single vaccine dose in our cohort was not available. However, data from the phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of this vaccine has shown that a vast majority of the participants seroconverted by day 14 after the first dose of the vaccine, while only a minority could induce neutralizing antibodies during this time period; furthermore, the magnitude of these responses in both cases was low initially and improved with time and addition of extra doses [6], [7]. Thus, this insufficient but developing immune response against the virus after the single dose may explain the slight and statistically insignificant protection against death that was observed in our cohort receiving only one dose of the vaccine. Additionally, other factors could also have been involved in the lack of effectiveness of the single vaccine dose, including individual behavior of the vaccinated individuals towards measures designed to prevent infection, such as social distancing, wearing masks, washing hands, variability in the use of general screening tests prevalent in Abu Dhabi, and/or biological factors such as the appearance of viral variants, possibilities of reinfection, differences in duration of vaccine immunity, etc.
UAE is among the countries with the highest coverage of COVID-19 vaccination in the world, with more than 70% of the population already vaccinated by the end of June 2021 [27], [28]. Despite that, there was a peak in the numbers of COVID-19 cases during the period of data collection in January 2021[30], which could be due to reinfection since the country was open for travel and January was the peak of winter travelling when there was a heavy influx of travelers from around the world [31]. During this time, the number of individuals that were vaccinated with only one dose of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine were more; however, the cases started to gradually fall in numbers after the peak when more people had been vaccinated with two doses of the vaccine [31]. Since then, the cases started to go up again which could have resulted in the introduction and spread of newer variants of the SARS-CoV-2 that have been emerging in various parts of the world [32]. During the period of data collection for this study, a majority of cases belonged to the Alpha and Beta variants of the virus [33]. Therefore, the present study also gives a fair estimate of the effectiveness of the vaccine against these variants that could have a higher potential to escape from the host immunity. Although we cannot give accurate estimates of its effectiveness against these variants, the drop in the number of cases after the peak as the vaccination rates increased is highly suggestive that the vaccine was probably effective against these variants. It is important to highlight that during the period of study, the Delta variant was not present; therefore, the effectiveness of the vaccine might change after the emergence of new variants such as Delta. According to the Genetic Testing Registry (GTR), by June 27, 2021 the circulating variants in the UAE included the Beta variant at 39.2%, followed by the Delta variant at 33.9%, while the Alpha variant was present at 11.3%, revealing the infectious nature of the newer variants and the potential of the vaccine to prevent their spread [34]. The Delta variant is the most contagious variant so far that is steadily replacing the other variants [35]. This may be due in part to its higher replication rate, revealing viral loads at ∼ 1000 times higher in the upper respiratory tract than the original variants early in infection, possible escape from the vaccine-generated immune response, and duration of vaccine protection [32], [35]. Thus, surveillance and analysis of post vaccine efficacy in vaccinated populations is critical in informing public health policy measures, especially in the midst of an ensuing pandemic where the rates of infection and vaccine availability may suddenly change, as is being observed in countries around the world.
Compared to these results, the inactivated Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV vaccine initially showed less effectiveness (72.8 and 78%, depending upon the viral strain used in the vaccine), as assessed by the interim phase 3 clinical trials [9]. In the real-world setting, the early results presented in this study reveal comparable vaccine effectiveness when it comes to two doses of the vaccine, effectiveness that has ranged from 80% to 97%, depending upon the outcome studied ( , ). Granted that our study design did not let us consider prevention of new infections, we were still able to assess how well the patients did once exposed to the virus post complete vaccination compared to non-vaccinated patients or those vaccinated with a single dose. This effectiveness is similar to the vaccine efficacy revealed by the mRNA-based vaccines in the real-world setting [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], vaccines that are much more expensive and inaccessible to the developing world due to challenges imposed by their requirement for subzero temperatures for their transportation unlike the BBIBP-CorV vaccine that only requires routine refrigerated temperature (4OC) for its shipment and storage. It is no surprise that the single dose provided little to no protection in preventing general and critical care admissions, or death since the first dose only primes the immune system, while the second dose is needed to elicit the dominant immune response. This suggests that a second dose is critical for developing an effective immune response and further boosters may be needed to increase and retain vaccine effectiveness in the population either with the same (homologous) or a different (heterologous) vaccine. As a result, UAE has already allowed a third dose of the vaccine after six months, and even allowed using Pfizer-BNT162b2 for boosting the current responses, a so-called mix and match approach [10], [36]. Similarly, Saudi Arabia has published new guidelines making it mandatory for pilgrims to get a booster with BNT162B2 or other mRNA or viral vector vaccines, if initially inoculated with an inactivated vaccine [37].
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Sinopharm Group (Wuhan Institute of Biological Products) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Wuhan Institute of Virology)
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2020-05-18T10:06:51+00:00
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Candidate: Vaccine to prevent COVID-19 Category: VAX Type: Inactivated vaccine using nonliving viruses, bacteria or other pathogens that have lost disease-producing capacity to stimulate the immune system to develop an immune response. 2021 Status: In study data published May 26 in JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association), a team of Chinese researchers showed a 72.8% […]
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/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/favicon-16x16-new.png
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GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News
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https://www.genengnews.com/news/sinopharm-group-wuhan-institute-of-biological-products-and-chinese-academy-of-sciences-wuhan-institute-of-virology/
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Candidate: Vaccine to prevent COVID-19
Category: VAX
Type: Inactivated vaccine using nonliving viruses, bacteria or other pathogens that have lost disease-producing capacity to stimulate the immune system to develop an immune response.
2021 Status: In study data published May 26 in JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association), a team of Chinese researchers showed a 72.8% efficacy rate for SARS-CoV-2 WIV04 (5 µg/dose), the vaccine developed by the Wuhan Institute of Virology and China National Biotech Group Co Ltd (CNBG), the vaccine and bioscience subsidiary of state-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm Group).
The data came from a prespecified interim analysis of a randomized clinical trial included 40,382 participants who received at least one dose of a two-dose inactivated vaccine series eveloped from either WIV04 or another vaccine candidate co-developed by Sinopharm and Beijing Institute of Biological Products, SARS-CoV-2 HB02 (4 µg/dose) strains, or an aluminum hydroxide–only control. The study’s primary endpoint was the incidence of symptomatic COVID-19 at least 14 days after the second injection.
2020 Status: China National Biotech Group Co Ltd (CNBG), the vaccine and bioscience subsidiary of state-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm Group), said June 23 that it received approval to conduct a Phase III trial in the United Arab Emirates of one of its two vaccine candidates, but did not specify if it was the CNBG/Wuhan candidate or a candidate that CNBG is co-developing with another of its entities, the Beijing Institute of Biological Products, and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
CNBG said on June 16 that the vaccine developed by Sinopharm and a CNBG entity, the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, produced high-titer antibodies in a Phase I/II trial.
The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolled 1,120 healthy volunteers ages 18-59, who received two doses of the vaccine at undisclosed low, medium, or high dosages at 14, 21, and 28 days. Patients who received two medium doses at 14 and 21 days experienced a neutralizing antbody conversion rate of 97.6%, while the seroconversion rate for patients receiving those doses at 28 days was 100%. The rates for low- and high-dose patients were also not disclosed, though CNBG did say no adverse reactions occurred during the trial.
The results were revealed in a blind review and phased blinding meeting attended by Sinopharm researchers and officials from the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism Vaccine Class, and the National Ministry of Science and Technology Biotechnology Development Center.
China’s National Medical Products Administration approved Phases I and II simultaneously through a fast-track channel based on solid results from preclinical studies, state-owned China Daily reported April 30.
State-run news agency Xinhua reported on April 25 that the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products and the Wuhan Institute of Virology, part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, had advanced their COVID-19 vaccine candidate to a Phase II trial that began a day earlier. The virology institute has been linked by U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to “enormous evidence” that it is the source of the global COVID-19 pandemic, a contention denied by Chinese officials.
Sinopharm announced that 96 participants in three age groups had received the vaccine in Phase I as of April 23. “The vaccine has shown good safety so far and vaccine receivers are still under observation,” Xinhua reported.
Sinopharm is China’s largest pharmaceutical company with more than 1,500 subsidiaries, including six publicly listed entities. Sinopharm has set aside a fund of 1 billion yuan (about $142 million) to support R&D of the vaccine, and another which it is codeveloping with CNBG and another of its entities, Beijing Institute of Biological Products, as well as the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
Through the state-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, China has offered both vaccines to employees of some large state-owned companies who plan to travel overseas, Bloomberg News reported in June, citing unnamed “people familiar with the matter.”
As of May, both CNBG vaccine candiates had been tested on 2,000 people with no reported “no obvious adverse reaction,” Sinopharm Chairman Liu Jingzhen told China’s Surging News Network during a media event showcasing the Beijing Institute of Biological Products’ new “crown” vaccine production facility. According to that report. batch production exceeds 3 million doses, and the annual production capacity after the mass production reaches 100-120 million doses—a figure that will double when the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products completes its own vaccine plant.
COVID-19: 300 Candidates and Counting
To navigate through the >300 potential therapeutic and vaccine options for COVID-19, GEN has grouped the candidates into four broad categories based on their developmental and (where applicable) clinical progress:
● FRONT RUNNER – the most promising therapeutics/vaccines based on clinical progress, favorable data or both.
● DEFINITELY MAYBE – earlier phases with promising partners, or more advanced candidates in development that have generated uneven data.
● KEEPING AN EYE ON… – interesting technology, attracting notable partners, or both, but preliminary data.
● TOO SOON TO TELL – longshots pending additional experimental and/or clinical data.
GEN has also tagged the most common treatment types:
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6044
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https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-coronavirus-pandemic-health-26f3a36ec882c8807ea729fb30eb0381
|
en
|
WHO panel OKs emergency use of China’s Sinopharm vaccine
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[
"JAMEY KEATEN"
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2021-05-07T16:26:17+00:00
|
The World Health Organization has given its authorization for emergency use of a COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by China’s Sinopharm.
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
|
AP News
|
https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-coronavirus-pandemic-health-26f3a36ec882c8807ea729fb30eb0381
|
GENEVA (AP) — The World Health Organization gave emergency use authorization Friday to a COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by China’s Sinopharm, potentially paving the way for millions of the doses to reach needy countries through a U.N.-backed program rolling out coronavirus vaccines.
The decision by a WHO technical advisory group — a first for a Chinese vaccine — opens the possibility that Sinopharm’s offering could be included in the U.N.-backed COVAX program in coming weeks or months and distributed through UNICEF and the WHO’s Americas regional office.
Aside from efficacy numbers, the Chinese manufacturer has released very little public data about its two vaccines — one developed by its Beijing Institute of Biological Products and the other by the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products.
The Beijing shot is one the WHO advisory group considered for the emergency use listing.
“This afternoon, WHO gave emergency use listing to sign off on Beijing’s COVID-19 vaccine, making it the sixth vaccine to receive WHO validation for safety, efficacy and quality,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhahom Ghebreysus told reporters.
.The Sinopharm vaccine will join ones made by Pfizer-BioNTech, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and a version of the AstraZeneca vaccine made by the Serum Institute of India, in receiving the coveted authorization from the U.N. health agency.
The announcement raised the prospect that the Chinese vaccine, which has already been exported by millions of doses in some countries, could join the U.N.’s arsenal against COVID-19 at a time when supplies of other Western-made or -developed vaccines have been lacking.
“The addition of (the Sinopharm) vaccine has the potential to rapidly accelerate COVID-19 vaccine access for countries seeking to protect health workers and populations at risk,” said Dr. Mariangela Simao, WHO assistant director general for access to health products.
Arnaud Didierlaurent, a professor at the University of Geneva’s medical school who chairs the advisory group, said it had requested additional studies from Sinopharm, and that there would be “continuous evaluation” of the vaccine.
“In fact, the work does not stop after the listing,” he said.
Medical regulators in the European Union, Britain and the United States have not examined the Sinopharm jab, which relies on relatively old vaccine technology.
The WHO, in what it called a first, said the vaccine would come a small sticker on the vaccine vials that changes color as it is exposed to heat, which will inform health workers about whether the vaccine can be safely used.
Previously, a separate group advising WHO on vaccines said it was “very confident” the Sinopharm vaccine protects people ages 18-59. The group said it had a “low level of confidence” in the vaccine’s efficacy for people 60 and over. Its members said they had “very low confidence” in the available data about serious side effects in that age group.
Sinopharm hasn’t published its late-stage test results in scientific journals, so the WHO requested a breakdown of its data, which come mostly from the United Arab Emirates.
″(We) came to the conclusion that there is enough evidence of safety and the capacity of the vaccine to prevent severe disease or symptomatic and hospitalized cases up to 79%,” said Dr. Alejandro Cravioto, who heads the WHO advisory group on immunizations. “The information we have for people over 60 is still very scarce.”
“There is no reason to think that the vaccine would behave differently in this older age group,” he added.
Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, which co-runs COVAX, welcomed the announcement.
“This means the world has yet another safe and effective tool in the fight against this pandemic,” the alliance said. The public-private partnership said it was in discussions with several manufacturers, including Sinopharm, “to expand and diversify the portfolio further and secure access to additional doses” for countries in the COVAX program.
COVAX aims to send vaccines for free to 92 lower-income countries and to help another 99 countries and territories procure them. It was not immediately clear when the Chinese vaccine might be made available to the COVAX portfolio
The program, which has already distributed over 54 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines but faces limited supplies from Western countries and India, has been working hard to strike deals as part of its goal to procure 2 billion doses by the end of the year.
Suerie Moon, co-director of the Global Health Program at Geneva’s Graduate Institute, said the WHO decision on the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine and other Chinese vaccines will “carry a lot of weight” because of limited information publicly available about them.
“The decision is also sure to be scrutinized all around for any whiff of political bias, and no doubt the committee members were very well aware of this,” she said, noting that the decision could also be a boon for developing countries in need of coronavirus vaccines.
“If there is a greenlight, these vaccines could boost the thin stream of supplies that has been channeled through COVAX to date,” she said, as the program has been hit hard by export bans limiting vaccine supply from India. India has kept those doses amid a surge of cases at home.
Moon also said if Chinese suppliers start channeling large volumes, “this would signal a step-change in their participation in global vaccine markets.” Before the pandemic, India was a well-integrated player in the global health vaccine supply system, but China was not, she said.
WHO’s decision on Sinopharm, months in the making, was particularly complex because the vaccine has not faced the high-level scrutiny of a rigorous medicines regulator like those in Europe and the U.S.
The WHO panel relied frequently on those Western agencies’ findings when it came to vaccines that it has already approved emergency use.
Many officials in countries without such regulatory structures rely on WHO’s emergency use listings to authorize vaccine rollouts for their populations.
Hundreds of millions of Chinese vaccines have already been delivered to dozens of countries around the world through bilateral deals as many scrambled to secure supplies after rich countries had reserved the vast majority of supplies from Western pharmaceutical makers.
While China has five shots in use, the majority of its exports abroad come from two companies: Sinopharm and Sinovac. A decision on Sinovac is expected next week, WHO said.
The Chinese vaccines are “inactivated” vaccines, made with killed coronavirus. Most other COVID-19 vaccines being used around the world, particularly in the West, are made with newer technologies that instead target the “spike” protein that coats the surface of the coronavirus.
Sinopharm said last month that over 100 million doses of its two vaccines have been used across the world.
Sinovac, by comparison, has shared relatively more data. Last month, a study published by a team of scientists in Brazil confirmed a previously reported efficacy rate of over 50%. A real-world study in Chile also last month found an efficacy rate of 67%.
___
Huizhong Wu in Taipei, Taiwan, and AP Medical Writers Lauran Neergaard in Washington and Maria Cheng in London contributed to this report.
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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/7/who-approves-emergency-use-of-chinas-sinopharm-covid-vaccine
|
en
|
WHO approves emergency use of China’s Sinopharm COVID vaccine
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2021-05-07T00:00:00
|
Sinopharm could now be included in the UN-backed COVAX programme distributing COVID jabs to lower income countries.
|
en
|
/favicon_aje.ico
|
Al Jazeera
|
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/7/who-approves-emergency-use-of-chinas-sinopharm-covid-vaccine
|
The World Health Organization has approved the emergency use of a COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by China’s Sinopharm.
Friday’s decision by a WHO technical advisory group, a first for a Chinese vaccine, opens the possibility that Sinopharm’s offering could be included in the United Nations-backed COVAX programme in coming weeks or months, and distributed through United Nations children’s agency UNICEF and WHO’s Americas regional office.
Aside from efficacy numbers, the Chinese manufacturer has released very little public data about its two vaccines – one developed by its Beijing Institute of Biological Products and the other by the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products.
The Beijing-made Sinopharm shot is one the WHO advisory group considered for the emergency use listing.
“This afternoon, WHO gave emergency use listing to sign off on Beijing’s COVID-19 vaccine, making it the sixth vaccine to receive WHO validation for safety, efficacy and quality,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhahom Ghebreyesus said.
The Sinopharm vaccine will join ones made by Pfizer-BioNTech, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and a version of the AstraZeneca vaccine made by the Serum Institute of India, in receiving the coveted authorisation from the UN health agency.
“This expands the list of vaccines that COVAX can buy and gives countries confidence to expedite their own regulatory approval and to import and administer a vaccine,” Tedros said at a Geneva news conference.
‘Very confident’
Previously, a separate group advising WHO on vaccines said it was “very confident” the Sinopharm vaccine protects people aged 18-59.
The group said it had a “low level of confidence” in the vaccine’s efficacy for people 60 and over.
Its members said they had “very low confidence” in the available data about serious side effects in that age group.
Sinopharm has not published its late-stage test results in scientific journals, so the WHO requested a breakdown of its data, which come mostly from the United Arab Emirates.
A summary posted online by WHO suggests the vaccine is about 78 percent effective, with the caveat that all but a few hundred of the study volunteers were younger than 60.
Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, which co-runs COVAX, welcomed WHO’s approval of emergency use.
“This means the world has yet another safe and effective tool in the fight against this pandemic,” the alliance said.
The public-private partnership said it was in discussions with several manufacturers, including Sinopharm, “to expand and diversify the portfolio further and secure access to additional doses” for countries in the COVAX programme.
COVAX aims to send vaccines for free to 92 lower-income countries and to help another 99 countries and territories procure them.
It was not immediately clear when the Chinese vaccine might be made available to the COVAX portfolio.
Senior WHO adviser Bruce Aylward said it would be up to Sinopharm to say how many doses of its vaccine it can provide to the programme, but added: “They are looking at trying to provide substantial support, make substantial doses available while at the same time of course trying to serve China’s population.”
“Its easy storage requirements make it highly suitable for low-resource settings,” a WHO statement said.
Tedros said that, following the approval, its separate Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) had recommended that adults over 18 receive two doses of the Sinopharm vaccine.
“On the basis of all available evidence, WHO recommends the vaccine for adults 18 years and older, in a two-dose schedule with a spacing of three to four weeks,” the WHO statement said.
The WHO has said it could reach a decision on China’s other main COVID-19 vaccine, made by Sinovac Biotech, next week. The technical experts reviewed it on Wednesday.
Arnaud Didierlaurent, chair of WHO’s technical advisory group, told the press conference: “We have started to review the report from Sinovac. We actually requested additional information to the manufacturer … which we hope to receive very soon to make a decision.”
China has deployed around 65 million doses of the Sinopharm vaccine and more than 200 million doses of the Sinovac shot.
Both have been exported to many countries, particularly in Latin America, Asia and Africa, many of which have had difficulty securing supplies of vaccines developed in the West
|
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https://www.massdevice.com/ge-healthcare-partnering-with-sinopharm-in-china/
|
en
|
GE HealthCare is expanding its partnership with Sinopharm in China
|
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[
"Chris Newmarker"
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2023-03-03T17:15:26+00:00
|
GE HealthCare is forming a long-term joint venture with Sinopharm as it seeks to make additional inroads in China's medical device market.
|
en
|
MassDevice
|
https://www.massdevice.com/ge-healthcare-partnering-with-sinopharm-in-china/
|
GE HealthCare (Nasdaq:GEHC) is forming a long-term joint venture with Sinopharm as it seeks to make additional inroads in China’s medical device market.
Shanghai-based Sinopharm is one of the largest life science products companies in the world. Its pharmaceutical business alone — with roughly $60 billion in annual revenue — places it at No. 2 in our sister publication Drug Discovery & Development‘s Pharma 50 report of the world’s largest pharma companies. In addition to drug development, Sinopharm operates a substantial China-based logistics network for drugs and medical devices.
Meanwhile, GE HealthCare is No. 6 in Medical Design & Outsourcing’s Medtech Big 100 report of the largest medical device companies.
In an SEC filing from Feb. 24, GE HealthCare said it has an existing joint venture relationship with Sinopharm that it made through Hangwei, a medical equipment manufacturing company formed in 1991. The new long-term joint venture is with Sinopharm’s China National Medical Device Co. (CMDC). It initially involves providing non-premium CT and general imaging ultrasound solutions for primary care and rural health.
GE HealthCare said the two companies may further expand the agreement as the joint venture develops.
Said GE HealthCare: “In line with GE HealthCare’s business strategy to grow in emerging markets with a local approach tailored to customer needs, the purpose of the new joint venture is to develop, manufacture, and commercialize medical equipment to address the growing needs of China’s healthcare market.”
The formation of the joint venture is subject to required Chinese government regulatory approvals.
GE HealthCare has been making a slew of deals amid its spinoff with GE, which went into effect in January. Just yesterday, it announced a 10-year agreement with Advantus Health Partners worth up to $760 million. The agreement provides GE HealthCare’s healthcare technology management services to Advantus’ clients.
China is a huge market for GE HealthCare
Roughly 13% of GE HealthCare’s $18.3 billion in revenue in 2022 came from China, according to the company’s most recent annual report. The company has 7,200 employees in China, just under half the 16,300 employees that GE HealthCare has in the U.S.
The company’s revenue out of China was down 6%. On top of COVID-19 lockdowns, U.S. medtech companies have had to wrestle with Chinese government efforts to hold down healthcare costs through changes to the procurement process for the country’s national health system. In its annual report, GE HealthCare noted a policy that effectively prohibits the sale of products through multi-layer distributors (even between wholly owned subsidiaries).
Just this week, Zimmer Biomet spine and dental tech spinoff ZimVie said its spine tech business is exiting the market because of the Chinese government’s volume-based procurement decisions.
GE HealthCare, however, appears to be going in the opposite direction.
|
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6044
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dbpedia
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0
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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/5/beijing-starts-mass-covid-19-vaccination-drive
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en
|
Mass COVID-19 vaccination drive under way in Beijing
|
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2021-01-05T00:00:00
|
China wants to inoculate millions ahead of the Lunar New Year which falls in the middle of February.
|
en
|
/favicon_aje.ico
|
Al Jazeera
|
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/5/beijing-starts-mass-covid-19-vaccination-drive
|
Thousands of people have been lining up in Beijing to receive their vaccinations against COVID-19, as China steps up a mass vaccination drive ahead of the Lunar New Year, which falls in February and is the country’s busiest travel season.
Tens of thousands of people in cities from Beijing to Shanghai and Shenzhen have received their first dose of the Sinopharm vaccine since the campaign got under way at the beginning of the month, according to state media.
Vaccinations are also under way in provinces including Shandong and Shanxi as China tries to ensure 50 million people are vaccinated before the Lunar New Year in middle of next month.
Health authorities on December 31 granted conditional approval to a vaccine developed by Chinese pharmaceutical giant Sinopharm, which the company said had been found to have a 79.34 percent efficacy rate in Phase III trials. The vaccine requires two doses.
A journalist with the AFP news agency saw people being bused into a temporary vaccine centre at a central park, after being instructed to fill in electronic forms about their health status and any allergies at an outside gate.
Some were wearing two layers of surgical face masks.
One man surnamed Gu, a catering worker in his 30s, told the news agency his employer had booked him a vaccine appointment at the centre and that he wanted the jab “for peace of mind.”
“I believe any adverse effects will be controllable,” he said.
China wants to vaccinate millions of citizens before the Lunar New Year in mid-February when people traditionally return to their hometowns. Under an emergency use programme, which started last July, authorities say 4.5 million people – mostly front-line health workers and government officers going overseas – have already been vaccinated with one of three experimental vaccines.
Production stepped up
Sinopharm and more than a dozen other vaccine manufacturers have stepped up production to meet the surge in demand, the state-backed newspaper China Daily reported on Tuesday.
The state-owned pharmaceutical company has built three new factories to manufacture the doses, as well as new facilities for filling the vials and packaging the product, it said. Annual production capacity is expected to reach one billion doses by the end of the year, compared with 120 million now.
“The goal is to bring qualified doses to every person who needs the vaccine at a faster rate,” Yang Xiaoming, chairman of China National Biotech Group, a unit of Sinopharm, was quoted as saying by China Daily.
Footage from state broadcaster CCTV showed queues outside local hospitals and community health centres as people waited to read consent forms and have their temperatures taken before getting the jab.
Health officials said last week that the elderly and those with underlying conditions would be first in line for inoculations, after announcing conditional regulatory approval for the Sinopharm vaccine.
They stressed the product’s safety, urging people to accept the vaccine and help China achieve collective immunity from the virus.
The first cases of COVID-19 – then considered a “mysterious” new form of pneumonia – emerged in the central Chinese city of Wuhan late in 2019. The government sealed off the city and its surrounding provinces as the Lunar New Year got under way. The four-month lockdown effectively ended the outbreak within China’s borders, while local lockdowns and mass testing have helped keep subsequent outbreaks at bay.
China reported 33 cases of COVID-19 on Tuesday, 17 of them locally-transmitted.
|
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dbpedia
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https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/covid-19-vaccines-us.html
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Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of COVID-19 Vaccines
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Find interim clinical considerations for the use of COVID-19 vaccines for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States.
|
en
|
/TemplatePackage/4.0/assets/imgs/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png
|
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/covid-19-vaccines-us.html
|
On June 27, 2024, the CDC Director adopted ACIP’s recommendations for use of 2024–2025 COVID-19 vaccines if authorized or approved by FDA, in people ages 6 months and older. CDC will recommend updated 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccination for everyone ages 6 months and older. CDC does not expect the interval between doses to differ from 2023–2024 COVID-19 vaccine recommendations. CDC will continue to recommend an initial vaccination series for previously unvaccinated children ages 6 months–4 years and people with moderate or severe immunocompromise, as well as additional doses for people of all ages with moderate or severe immunocompromise. For fall 2024, CDC does not expect to initially recommend an additional dose of 2024–2025 COVID-19 vaccine for people ages 65 years and older who are not moderately or severely immunocompromised. ACIP will continue to evaluate evidence and update recommendations as needed, including for people ages 65 years and older. This page will be updated to align with the new recommendations following FDA approval or authorization of 2024–2025 COVID-19 vaccines. Learn more
Some 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccines will expire in summer 2024
Expiration dates vary by manufacturer and vaccine. Always check the expiration date or beyond-use date/time to ensure it has not passed. Never use expired vaccine or diluent.
See the Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of COVID-19 Vaccines in the United States for information on interchangeability of COVID-19 vaccines.
|
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https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/business/economy/china-sinopharm-vaccine-who.html
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China's Sinopharm Vaccine Approved for Emergency Use By W.H.O.
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2021-05-07T00:00:00
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The World Health Organization has approved a Chinese vaccine for emergency use. The announcement comes at a time when officials in the country are warning of a domestic shortage.
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https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/business/economy/china-sinopharm-vaccine-who.html
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Developing countries racing for coronavirus vaccines now have another dependable option, according to the World Health Organization. And China’s reputation as a rising scientific superpower just got a big boost.
On Friday, the global health agency declared a vaccine made by a Chinese company, Sinopharm, to be a safe and reliable way to fight the virus. The declaration marks a significant step toward clearing up doubts about the vaccine, after little late-phase clinical trial data was disclosed by the Chinese government and the company.
The W.H.O. emergency use approval allows the Sinopharm vaccine to be included in Covax, a global initiative to provide free vaccines to poor countries. The possible inclusion in Covax raises hopes that more people — especially those in developing nations — will get access to shots at a crucial moment.
Rich countries are hoarding doses of vaccines. India, a major vaccine maker, has stopped exports to address its worsening coronavirus crisis. Safety concerns led health authorities in some countries to temporarily pause the use of vaccines made by AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson.
“The addition of this vaccine has the potential to rapidly accelerate Covid-19 vaccine access for countries seeking to protect health workers and populations at risk,” Dr. Mariângela Simão, W.H.O. assistant director general for access to health products, said in a statement.
Reliable vaccine access could improve even further next week when the W.H.O. considers another Chinese shot, made by a company called Sinovac. But the fanfare may be short-lived. While China has claimed it can make up to five billion doses by the end of this year, Chinese officials say the country is struggling to manufacture enough doses for its own population and are cautioning a pandemic-weary world to keep expectations in check.
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