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6044
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 92
|
https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/south-africa-approves-china-s-sinopharm-covid-vaccine/2496541
|
en
|
South Africa approves China’s Sinopharm COVID vaccine
|
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[
"China",
"COVID-19",
"SinoPharm",
"South Africa",
"vaccine",
"Anadolu Ajansı"
] | null |
[] | null |
Vaccine produces mild or moderate side effects during clinical trials - Anadolu Ajansı
|
https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/south-africa-approves-china-s-sinopharm-covid-vaccine/2496541
|
JOHANNESBURG
South Africa’s health regulator announced Monday that it had registered China’s Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for use in the country.
The South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (Sahpra) said it authorized use of the vaccine based on acceptable safety, quality and efficacy data submitted to Sahpra over the July 23 to Dec. 22, 2021 period.
“The authorization is, however, subject to a number of conditions which include that the vaccine is supplied and administered in accordance with the national COVID-19 vaccination program,” Sahpra said in a statement.
The vaccine's manufactures are also required to report the results of ongoing studies and conformance with pharmacovigilance activities as outlined in the approved risk management plan, including the submission of periodic safety updates.
The vaccine, initially developed by the Beijing Biological Products Institute, a unit of Sinopharm subsidiary China National Biotec Group (CNBG), showed mild or moderate side effects during clinical trials.
According to Sahpra’s statement, the drug will be given in two doses to people aged 18 years and above through intramuscular injection at an interval of two to four weeks, and each dose is 0.5 milliliters.
South Africa, which has the highest number of COVID-19 infections on the African continent at over 3.6 million cases as well as 96,021 fatalities, has fully vaccinated about 42% of its adult population. This translates to roughly 40 million of the country’s 60 million people.
|
|||||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 64
|
https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-starts-administering-sinopharm-coronavirus-vaccine/
|
en
|
Hungary starts administering China’s Sinopharm coronavirus vaccine
|
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[
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"Infectious diseases",
"Medicines",
"Patients",
"Pharma",
"Regulation",
"Research",
"Vaccines"
] | null |
[
"Helen Collis"
] |
2021-02-24T16:37:38+00:00
|
Hungary is the only EU country to have approved the use of the vaccine.
|
en
|
https://www.politico.eu/wp-content/themes/politico/assets/images/favicon/favicon.ico
|
POLITICO
|
https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-starts-administering-sinopharm-coronavirus-vaccine/
|
Hungary became Wednesday the first EU country to begin vaccinating against coronavirus with a jab made by China's Sinopharm.
“Today, we are starting the vaccination with Chinese batches,” Prime Minister Viktor Orbán said in a message on Facebook.
Hungary is the only EU country to have approved the use of the vaccine, on January 29, and has ordered a total of 5 million doses.
The country recently sent its state plane to Beijing, China, to collect its first shipment of 550,000 doses. Hungarian experts have also examined the manufacturing site of the state-owned enterprise’s vaccine.
One toxicologist, however, has raised concerns about its use in Hungary. In an online presentation, Gábor Zacher said there's a broad group of patients who shouldn't receive the vaccine, including those with an “unstable chronic disease, or an acute flare-up of a chronic disease, or a history of hypersensitivity,” he said, as reported by Index.
“It’s a big basket,” Zacher added.
Sinopharm has developed two COVID-19 vaccines. They've both been administered to higher-risk groups in China for several months under the country’s emergency vaccination program.
One of the vaccines was approved for public use in China in December, while the other was filed for a license today, according to Reuters, along with a vaccine from China’s CanSinoBIO.
It's not clear from reports which of the two Sinopharm vaccines Hungary is using.
|
||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 31
|
https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n912/rr-0
|
en
|
China's COVID-19 vaccine: not just about efficacy and price, but also its access in 2021; beware of discrimination by vaccine origin
|
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en
|
”/sites/default/themes/bmj/the_bmj/img/icon.png”/
|
The BMJ
|
https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n912/rr-0
|
Dear Editors
As we discovered from various sources, the cost of COVID-19 vaccine varies significantly and does not necessarily equate to reported efficacy/effectiveness.
This article cited sources which place the sale price per dose of Sinopharm's vaccine as between $19-$36 ($30 in China), which contrasts with the reported prices of other vaccines used in the EU and the US (Ref 1).
Specifically Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine is reported to be under $6 (as low as $2.15), while the vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer are generally sub $20 range per dose.
Russia's Sputnik V costs under $10 per dose according to the deal made with the African Union (Ref 2).
Johnson & Johnson/Janssen's vaccine also costs under $10 per dose, but unlike all other vaccines mentioned here so far, only requires a single dose rather than 2 doses.
Hence not withstanding the uncertainty about reported efficacy of Sinopharm vaccines and potential discounts afforded to sponsoring countries (EU.UK/US) who financially supported vaccine development by pharmaceutical companies, the pricing of Sinopharm vaccine is higher than expected.
If there is any immediate advantages for using Sinopharm vaccine, it is its availability to various third-world countries, particularly those in the the African Union. At least 223 million doses of Sinopharm vaccine have been reported to be already distributed worldwide (including 120 million in China), compared to 92 million doses of vaccine doses in EU (from various companies - Ref 3) whereas the US saw 238 million doses being distributed (ref 4).
It is evident that the inequity in geographic access (according to manufacturing sites) and advanced orders placed months ahead by various countries, compounded by export restrictions placed by countries where vaccine factories are located, pretty much dictated the availability of vaccines in 2021. There is some allegations that the Chinese government may be using vaccine diplomacy (Ref 5) to advocate or coerce their agenda to various developing countries, but frankly the antics of vaccine export restriction/delay from the EU, US and India leaves very little room for the China-skeptics to provide a viable alternate solution.
I foresee some dangers in such skewed distribution of vaccine. Some media reporting has already reflected the trend whereby vaccines from China and Russia, due to the lack of information, are being hinted at or even denigrated as second-class even though these products do fulfill WHO's guidelines of 50% efficacy threshold for vaccine against COVID-19 (Ref 6).
As the world starts to open for international travel toward the end of 2021, there may be much potential for vaccine casteism by various countries, to discriminate those vaccinated with products from China and Russia. As I pointed out, vaccine access in less-developed countries is not merely due to vaccine prices (Sinopharm vaccine in fact costs significantly more than others) but also relative availability for distribution.
There are dangers that discrimination by vaccine origin may not be due to local government border policies; airlines may also impose requirements upon passengers wanting to travel between continents to deny boarding to avoid potential penalties from local authorities at some destinations. As 'immunity passport' becomes a political hot potato within the UK and the US, I seriously doubt foreign citizen arrivals to these countries will be immune from similar controversy.
The WHO and the UN would need to pre-emptively address potential member country nationalism by vaccine origin.
|
|||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 72
|
https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/sinopharms-protein-based-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-gets-china-clinical-trial-nod
|
en
|
Sinopharm's protein-based Covid-19 vaccine candidate gets China clinical trial nod
|
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2021-04-10T13:20:10+08:00
|
It is based on protein cultivated in factories and does not require facilities with high biosafety levels. Read more at straitstimes.com.
|
en
|
/themes/custom/straitstimes/favicon.ico
|
The Straits Times
|
https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/sinopharms-protein-based-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-gets-china-clinical-trial-nod
|
BEIJING (REUTERS) - The China National Biotec Group Company (CNBG) has obtained regulatory approval to move a third Covid-19 vaccine candidate into the human testing stage in China, CNBG said on Saturday (April 10).
The subsidiary of state-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm) said that manufacturing the candidate, which is based on protein cultivated in factories, does not require facilities with high biosafety levels.
This means it could be easier to produce compared with the two CNBG vaccines already being used in China's mass vaccination drive, which involve active coronavirus during production.
More than 10 vaccine candidates led by Chinese scientists have entered different stages of clinical trials.
Four vaccines, two from Sinopharm CNBG, one from Sinovac Biotech and one from CanSino Biologics, have been cleared for use among the general public.
A fifth vaccine from the Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is also based on protein, has gained the green light for limited emergency use.
|
||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 84
|
https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202109/27/WS61510727a310cdd39bc6baae.html
|
en
|
Sinopharm crosses 'critical threshold' on vaccines
|
http://img2.chinadaily.com.cn/images/202109/27/61510727a310cdd3d80f9697.jpeg
|
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[
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"covid-19",
"sinopharm"
] | null |
[] |
2021-09-27T00:00:00
|
Chinese drugmaker Sinopharm reached an annual production capacity of 7 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses last month, as significant progress has been made in upgrading existing vaccines to tackle new variants and in developing vaccines of different technologies, the head of the company said on Sunday.
|
https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202109/27/WS61510727a310cdd39bc6baae.html
|
Chinese drugmaker Sinopharm reached an annual production capacity of 7 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses last month, as significant progress has been made in upgrading existing vaccines to tackle new variants and in developing vaccines of different technologies, the head of the company said on Sunday.
Liu Jingzhen, chairman of Sinopharm, said the company has "crossed the critical threshold "toward creating an mRNA vaccine against the novel coronavirus, and has completed early phases of clinical trials of a new protein-based COVID-19 vaccine.
Meanwhile, the company has completed research work on a broad-spectrum vaccine designed to protect against all known variants, he said during the Sustainable Development Forum 2021, which was held on Sunday in Beijing.
Sinopharm has already developed two inactivated COVID-19 vaccines that have been widely deployed around the world. Liu said the company has adapted its inactivated vaccines to the Beta and Delta variants.
He added that six research and production bases administered by Sinopharm in China have a combined annual manufacturing capacity of more than 7 billion doses, making the company capable of "satisfying global needs".
The company's COVID-19 vaccines have so far been given market approval in 10 other countries and have been authorized for emergency use or market access in 107 countries and regions, according to Liu.
To bolster the global fight against the disease and boost vaccine equity, the company signed an agreement in July with Gavi, formerly the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, to provide 170 million COVID-19 vaccine doses to COVAX, the international initiative that distributes vaccines to low- and middle-income countries.
Liu said the company has also reached cooperation deals with the United Arab Emirates, Serbia, Morocco and Hungary to produce its vaccines locally. He added that Sinopharm is now in discussion with many countries in Africa, Southeast Asia and the Americas on building vial-filling and packaging plants there.
"When an acute outbreak hits the world, companies should mobilize themselves promptly, reach out and connect to other businesses and international organizations, so as to form a global network and play a unique and significant role in fighting the virus," he said.
During the event, health experts also emphasized the urgent need for the international community to unite to combat the pandemic.
Margaret Chan Fung Fu-chun, former director-general of the World Health Organization and dean of Tsinghua University's Vanke School of Public Health, said complacency and poor preparedness have resulted in the missing of an opportunity to contain the virus globally.
However, she said it is never too late for the world to work together by curbing misinformation and conspiracy theories, scaling up vaccine production and fair allocation, and respecting fairness and cultural diversity.
Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of medical journal The Lancet, said that solidarity is not only a moral obligation, but also the key to ensuring human survival.
"The measure of our response to COVID-19 will be the extent to which we can take such a step toward solidarity," he said.
|
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6044
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 25
|
https://www.mitsubishicorp.com/jp/en/pr/archive/2009/html/0000008788.html
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en
|
Mitsubishi Corporation - Press Room - 2009 - Comprehensive Strategic Alliance with Sinopharm Group and Investment in Beijing Huahong
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Mitsubishi Corporation
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https://www.mitsubishicorp.com/jp/en/pr/archive/2009/html/0000008788.html
|
Press Room
Comprehensive Strategic Alliance with Sinopharm Group and Investment in Beijing Huahong
Mitsubishi Corporation（Mitsubishi）, MEDIPAL HOLDINGS CORPORATION . （MEDIPAL）and major, Shanghai-based Chinese pharmaceutical distributor and whole-seller Sinopharm Group Co., Ltd. （Sinopharm Group）, have signed a memorandum for a comprehensive strategic alliance. To begin this alliance, Mitsubishi and MEDIPAL have purchased shares of Sinopharm Group Beijing HuaHong Co.,Ltd. （Huahong）from Sinopharm Group and Beijing ChangXinYiDa Investment Consulting Co., Ltd. (ChangXinYiDa). and undertaken an increased issuance of Huahong stock. Through this joint venture investment, Mitsubishi and MEDIPAL plan to make inroads into China’s pharmaceutical distribution and wholesales business.
１．Background
In September 2005, Mitsubishi and MEDIPAL signed a memorandum for a comprehensive strategic alliance in the healthcare business. The companies have since been jointly developing operational support for hospitals and prescription drug store chains in Japan. Envisioning further expansion in this domain and its profit base, the partners have been looking more and more seriously into future business development in the rapidly growing Chinese market.
Over the last five years, the Chinese pharmaceutical industry has continued to achieve double-digit growth, and is currently a four trillion yen market. With increasing deregulations enticing further foreign investment, this market is expected to grow even more from hereon. There has been some inefficiency, however, among many of the pharmaceutical distributors, and strong customer support, which is often taken for granted in Japan, is lacking. Distributors are being pressed to increase their management efficiency, better maintain their distribution functions, and generally improve the quality of their services.
Sinopharm Group is a major entity among China’s State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC). It is the largest distributor in China and the only company capable of nationwide distribution. After numerous discussions, Mitsubishi, MEDIPAL and Sinopharm Group concluded that this alliance would allow them to marry their unique strengths for optimum development of the Chinese market. By investing in Huahong, and launching a joint venture in pharmaceutical distribution, Mitsubishi and MEDIPAL got the alliance off to a promising start. Huahong is a key subsidiary in Beijing, where pharmaceutical consumption is high.
２．Details
The main areas this alliance will cover are listed below. More in-depth discussions on each of these areas are planned via a project team, which is to be set up jointly by the three partners.
(1) Multi-Area Corporation of Pharmaceutical Distribution Business
(2) Pharmaceuticals and their constituents / Medical Care & Equipment Imports and Expansion of Sales.
(3) Joint Operation of Group Purchases, Deliveries and Management for Hospitals
(4) Development of Hospital Pharmaceutical Department Management
(5) Development of Prescription Pharmaceutical Chain Management
３．Investment in Huahong
１）Objective
Huahong is located in Beijing, where pharmaceutical consumption is the highest in China. The company began as a pharmaceutical distributor, and is expected to grow further from hereon. Mitsubishi and MEDIPAL have dispatched employees to the company to provide know-how in hospital management and internal operations based on their outsourcing business in Japan. This will set Huahong apart from the competition and help the company gain a larger market share in Beijing. For the time being marketing will be limited to Beijing; however, this may be expanded after discussions with Sinopharm Group. Furthermore, this investment will help strengthen the relationship with Sinopharm Group, facilitating greater access to sales channels throughout China. By utilizing Mitsubishi’s global sales network and MEDIPAL’s good relationship with Japanese Pharmaceutical Manufacturers, the partners should be able to expand these manufacturers’ business in the Chinese market.
２）Fundamental Scheme
Huahong is incorporated under Chinese law as a Limited Liability Company with a registered capital of 40,000,000RMB.
Sinopharm Group own 60% of Huahong, and ChangXinYiDa 40%.
Through this joint venture, Mitsubishi will acquire 9% interest in Huahong from Sinopharm Group and 16% interest from ChangXinYiDa, for a total of 25%. MEDIPAL will acquire 14% interest from ChangXinYiDa.
After completion of the stock transfer, Huahong’s capital will be increased. The increase in shares will be pro-rated between the four shareholders of Mitsubishi, MEDIPAL, Sinopharm Group, and ChangXinYiDa.
Huahong will then be re-registered as a Sino-Japan joint venture foreign company, with a capital of 80,000,000RMB.
＜Investment scheme＞
[Sinopharm Group Co., Ltd. Outline]
Operation
Pharmaceutical wholesales to hospitals and pharmacies, logistics and management of drugstores.
（Trade with 4,200 hospitals, approx.5,800 pharmacies,3,000 whole-sellers and 3,600 other medical institutes）
Group company of China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation which is directly controlled by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council（SASAC）,China’s largest and only nationwide distributor and whole-seller.
Head office
Shanghai
History
Jointly established in January 2003, by China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation and Fosun Pharmaceuticals (Group) Corporation.
Shareholders
Sinopharm Industrial Investment Co., Ltd. (96% *), China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation (4%).
（*China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation 51%, Fosun Pharmaceuticals (Group) Corporation 49%）
●China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation
Established in 1951. SASAC controlled Pharmaceutical Manufacturing & Distribution company.
（Major distribution is handled by Sinopharm Group.）
●Fosun Pharmaceuticals (Group) Corporation
Private enterprise established in 1994, involved in bio-medical and pharmaceutical operations, and manufacturing of products for clinical trials. Established and developed by four individuals from Fudan University and IPO at Hongkong market in July 2007.
Chairman
She YuLin（China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation CEO）
CEO
Fu MingZhong
Employee
11,123
Financials
Revenue 38.2 Billion RMB, profit after tax 818 Million RMB (end of 2008)
３）Outline of Huahong(after increasing capital)
（１）Co. Name
Sinopharm Medicine Holding Beijing Huahong Co., Ltd.
（２）Operation
Wholesales, import, export and sales of pharmaceuticals in China, medical equipment and group purchasing and supply management for hospitals.
（３）Place
Chongwen District, Beijing, China
（４）Representative
CEO：Hua WeiQiang
（５）Capital
80,000,000RMB〔approx.1.2 Billion Japanese yen〕
（６）# of employees
120
（７）Shareholders
Sinopharm Group：51％
ChangXinYiDa：10％
Mitsubishi：25％
MEDIPAL：14％
（８）Business
license period
30 years
（９）Fiscal year
January 1st to December 31st
（10）Established
April 29, 1998
（11）Launch date
End of October, 2009(Plan)
（12） Financials
（Fiscal Year 2008）
Revenues 1,053.38 Million RMB（15.8 Billion yen）
Net Profits 25.46 Million RMB（ 400 Million yen）
Total Assets 394.50 Million RMB（ 5.9 Billion yen）
* Figure of 〔 〕，calculated at 1 RMB ＝ 15 Japanese yen.
Inquiry Recipient
Mitsubishi Corporation
Telephone:+81-3-3210-2171 / Facsimile:+81-3-5252-7705
|
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6044
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dbpedia
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https://chinapower.csis.org/china-covid-medical-vaccine-diplomacy/
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en
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Is China's Covid-19 Diplomacy Succeeding?
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2021-09-23T19:26:51+00:00
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This ChinaPower feature provides a comprehensive assessment of the scope and impact of China's Covid-19 medical aid and vaccine diplomacy.
|
en
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https://chinapower.csis.org/wp-content/themes/chinapower/favicon.ico
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ChinaPower Project
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https://chinapower.csis.org/china-covid-medical-vaccine-diplomacy/
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Key Findings
The global impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic have offered China an unprecedented opportunity to shore up its international image and influence by providing the world with medical aid and vaccines. Based on analysis of Chinese activities from 2020 to present, ChinaPower has identified six main features of Beijing’s “Covid-19 diplomacy”:
China’s Covid-19 diplomacy is not primarily based on need or reciprocity. Political and strategic calculations—including the desire to strengthen existing relationships and forge new ones—figure prominently in Beijing’s decisions to provide medical aid or vaccines. As a result, Chinese activities have likely improved Beijing’s image and helped strengthen its relationships with countries that sought, or already enjoyed, strong relationships with China.
China’s provision of medical aid and vaccines has frequently come with “strings attached.” This includes Chinese requests that countries show gratitude towards Beijing and support Chinese foreign policy goals. This heavy-handed and abrasive approach has led to more criticism and growing distrust of China among many countries, especially wealthy democratic countries.
The overwhelming majority of China’s public health diplomacy has come in the form of commercial sales rather than donations. This stands in contrast to Beijing’s efforts to project the impression that most Chinese medical supplies and vaccines have been donated.
While the United States and many other wealthy countries have donated large quantities of vaccines to COVAX (a global initiative to promote equitable access to Covid-19 vaccines), China predominantly engages countries bilaterally to augment its bilateral influence. Only a small proportion of Chinese vaccine exports have been allocated to COVAX or other multilateral mechanisms.
Beijing has prioritized speed over quality in order to secure first-mover advantages. Concerns about the quality of Chinese medical supplies and vaccines have undercut China’s Covid-19 diplomacy.
China’s Covid-19 diplomacy has been accompanied by aggressive Chinese information and disinformation campaigns—a topic that will be covered in-depth in the next ChinaPower feature.
To holistically assess the scope and impact of China’s activities during the Covid-19 pandemic, ChinaPower collected thousands of data points to construct the Chinese Covid-19 Diplomacy Index (CCDI). The CCDI scores each country based on their performance within two sub-indices: the Medical Diplomacy Index and the Vaccine Diplomacy Index. Each sub-index is composed of two main pillars: Engagement and Response. The Engagement pillar assesses whether, and to what extent, China engaged a given country in terms of supplying either medical aid or vaccines. The Response pillar assesses whether, and to what extent, a recipient country’s government responded to Chinese engagement. Higher CCDI scores indicate greater Chinese influence through Covid-19 diplomacy.
The CCDI includes scores for 138 countries based on data available through mid-September 2021. The findings of the CCDI are preliminary since the pandemic is still ongoing and more data will become available over time, but it nevertheless provides unique insights into China’s Covid-19 diplomacy. At present, the CCDI shows a clear pattern: China’s activities have had the greatest impact in middle income countries along China’s periphery, as well as in Sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Europe.
The world’s largest economies (those in the G20) tend to score low in the CCDI, with the wealthiest countries such as the United States and most Western European countries earning particularly low scores. Only two high-income countries—Chile and Hungary—rank among the top ten within the CCDI. Conversely, countries with strong existing relationships with China tend to score higher. As one indicator of this, countries that have signaled their endorsement of China’s “Health Silk Road” (HSR) concept scored much higher. These trends indicate that China’s Covid-19 diplomacy was most significant in countries where China already had strong diplomatic relations and sizable influence before the start of the pandemic.
In addition to the topline findings of the CCDI, our survey of Chinese activities generated several important initial findings about China’s approach to medical diplomacy and vaccine diplomacy. These findings are discussed in detail in the sections that follow, but a summary of key insights is listed below.
Medical Diplomacy
In 2020, about 43 percent of global imports of personal protective equipment (PPE) came from China—up from 21 percent in 2019.
Over 99 percent of PPE imports from China came in the form of sales rather than donations.
In at least 86 countries, government officials of varying seniority participated in handover ceremonies to show gratitude for deliveries of Chinese medical supplies.
China provided pandemic-related medical assistance to at least 63 countries, either by sending in-person medical teams or providing virtual training sessions to local experts.
The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) delivered medical aid (including supplies and medical teams) to at least 52 countries.
China hosted high-level special meetings on COVID-19 and issued joint statements related to medical aid and cooperation within eight different regional multilateral settings.
Vaccine Diplomacy
As of September 7, 2021, China has finalized agreements to export 1.1 billion doses of vaccines. About 96 percent of Chinese vaccines were sold rather than donated, and 84 percent of Chinese vaccines were provided bilaterally, rather than through multilateral groupings such as COVAX.
Most Chinese vaccines have gone to middle-income countries, rather than low-income countries.
In 84 countries, government officials of varying seniority participated in handover ceremonies to show gratitude for deliveries of Chinese vaccines.
Since June 2020, 27 countries have hosted trials of Chinese vaccines.
At least 14 countries have signed agreements with China to locally produce Chinese vaccines.
Heads of state or government in 26 countries have publicly received jabs of Chinese vaccines.
Health authorities in at least 10 countries have suspended the use of Chinese vaccines, recommended pairing them with non-Chinese booster shots, or pushed back on them in some other way due to safety and efficacy concerns.
China’s Medical Diplomacy
As it gained control over the spread of Covid-19 at home, China quickly sought to take advantage of the pandemic to promote its influence abroad. In May 2020, President Xi Jinping delivered a triumphalist speech at the World Health Assembly in which he declared that China had “turned the tide on the virus” and was prepared to use its resources to help other countries do the same. By the time Xi gave that speech, China was already undertaking sweeping efforts to dispatch medical supplies and teams of medical aides around the world.
To gauge the impacts of Chinese medical aid activities, we constructed the Chinese Medical Diplomacy Index. The index captures the extent of China’s engagement and recipient countries’ responsiveness by assigning scores based on eight key indicators.
The results of the Medical Diplomacy Index indicate that the impacts of China’s activities were geographically far-reaching. Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern and Central Europe, and East Asia and the Pacific figure prominently in the top 10 within the index. Only two countries in the top ten—Hungary and the Czech Republic—are high-income countries; the other eight are middle-income countries.
Beijing may have successfully bolstered its influence in the countries boasting high scores in the index, but it is unclear how lasting the impacts will be; any boost China achieves may only be temporary. The top ten countries in the index already had substantial or strong relationships with China prior to the pandemic, indicating that China’s provision of medical aid likely did not allow Beijing to make major inroads in countries where it did not already have a significant amount of influence. In several countries—especially wealthy democratic ones—Beijing’s desire for public displays of gratitude were either ignored or provoked a backlash that diminished China’s image. As one indicator of this, neither the United States nor any western European country (other than Spain) sent government officials to welcome deliveries of Chinese medical supplies.
Assessing the Scope of China’s Medical Diplomacy
Providing countries with medical supplies has been one of the most high-profile elements of China’s Covid-19 diplomacy. Prior to the pandemic, China was already the world’s top supplier of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as face masks, respirators, face shields, gloves, soap, and cleaning supplies. In 2019, Chinese companies exported some $25.4 billion worth of PPE, well ahead of the next-biggest global suppliers, including Germany ($17.3 billion), the United States ($13.9 billion), Japan ($6.5 billion), and France ($6.3 billion).
Amid China’s Covid-19 outbreak in January and February 2020, Chinese companies dramatically ramped up production of various medical goods, especially PPE. According to the Chinese government’s National Development and Reform Commission, national capacity for face mask production surged fivefold during February, from 20 million units per day to 110 million per day. After China’s own outbreak was largely contained, Chinese companies began to flood global markets with exports of PPE. During 2020, China’s total PPE exports surged more than three-fold over the previous year to $78.3 billion. The other top global producers of PPE did not see similar increases in exports.
As the pandemic spread to other parts of the world, many countries became increasingly reliant on China for PPE. In 2019, China supplied 21.1 percent of global imports of PPE, but in 2020 that figure doubled to 42.9 percent. Wealthy countries were the largest purchasers of Chinese PPE. The United States, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom together took in half of all Chinese PPE exports in 2020. However, China saw its greatest gains in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the share of imports coming from China rose from 17 percent in 2019 to 45 percent in 2020. South Africa, for example, relied on China for 55.6 percent of its 2020 imports of PPE, compared to just 18.3 percent in 2019.
In addition to providing medical supplies, China also dispatched teams of medical professionals and advisors to assist at least 63 countries in handling the pandemic. All but four of these were developing countries (including low-, lower middle-, or upper middle-income), and 27 of them were in Sub-Saharan Africa. In some cases, China already had medical teams embedded in countries, and they were directed to assist in helping with combatting Covid-19. This was particularly common in Africa, where Chinese medical teams have been active for decades. Chinese medial teams also conducted virtual Covid-19 prevention trainings. In March 2020, for example, Chinese government officials and medical experts held a virtual information-sharing conference with officials and medical specialists from 10 Pacific Island countries.
The Chinese military played a distinct role in supporting China’s medical diplomacy. As of September 2021, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) had delivered medical supplies and aid to at least 52 countries. This was typically done in the form of military-to-military aid, but the PLA also supplied medical aid for broader consumption. Many of the countries that received medical supplies and aid from the PLA were both geographically and diplomatically close to China. In April 2020, for instance, the PLA delivered medical supplies and teams of military medics to Myanmar, Pakistan, and Laos. Official Chinese media coverage noted that the aid “shows the high-level of mutual trust and friendly relations between China and these countries.”
As it engaged in medical aid diplomacy, Beijing sought to leverage existing regional multilateral mechanisms to enhance its approach. In addition to regular engagement through global organizations like the United Nations and World Health Organization (WHO), China promoted targeted cooperation on medical aid in at least nine regional and multilateral settings, including:
A conference on Belt and Road international cooperation
A grouping of South Asian countries including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
A vice-ministerial conference with Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
A special vice-ministerial meeting with Caribbean countries
A special vice-ministerial meeting with Pacific Island countries
The ASEAN Plus Three summit
The G-20 Leaders’ Summit and G-20 Sherpa Meeting
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization
A key element of China’s multilateral engagement has been promoting the development of a “Health Silk Road” (HSR), which Beijing has elevated during the pandemic as a means of promoting the broader Belt and Road Initiative. In June 2020, a group of 25 countries signed onto a joint communique that explicitly promoted the HSR concept and called for sharing experiences and information and boosting connectivity to facilitate the flow of Covid-19 prevention supplies and other public health goods. Notably, these 25 countries tended to score highly in the medical diplomacy index: six of the top ten signed onto the communique.
The Mixed Results of China’s Medical Diplomacy
While China’s medical diplomacy was sweeping in scale, it achieved only mixed results. Beijing went to painstaking efforts to cast itself as a benevolent supplier of global public health goods, but its heavy-handed approach often backfired.
In the early days of the pandemic, China’s reputation in some countries was tarnished by accusations that it hoarded medical supplies. As China drastically increased imports of critical medical goods to address its domestic Covid-19 outbreak, it soaked up supplies of those goods globally, leading to skyrocketing prices on the world market. Many countries were left scrambling to purchase medical goods from China, which often resulted in bidding wars. In Australia, these dynamics led to heated public criticism that China “drained” Australia of medical supplies when the country needed it to combat the coronavirus. In Mexico, some noted that the medical supplies they received from China were those they had previously sold to Beijing, but now had to purchase back at a higher cost.
To combat this narrative and elevate China’s image, Beijing frequently sought to extract public expressions of gratitude from officials in countries where it sent medical supplies. At the encouragement of China, many recipient countries issued public statements acknowledging Chinese medical aid contributions. Italian foreign minister Luigi di Maio, for example, praised Chinese aid on social media, and Polish Foreign Minister Jacek Czaputowicz released a statement thanking China for its aid.
Where possible, Chinese embassies abroad requested that officials in recipient countries participate in handover ceremonies to showcase Chinese generosity. Many countries obliged. Through September 2021, at least 62 countries held such ceremonies, with more than half of these attended by officials from recipient countries at the rank of minister or cabinet level, or higher. In Eastern and Central Europe, these public events involved top leaders from countries that had strong and growing relationships with Beijing: Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, and Czech Republic Prime Minister Andrej Babiš all welcomed and praised Chinese medical supplies in person at the airport.
While some embraced these activities in order to strengthen relations with Beijing, others such as Poland felt pressured to do so as a quid pro quo for receiving Chinese medical supplies. They viewed Beijing’s requests to show gratitude as China taking advantage of the pandemic to bully countries reliant on China. Many countries, such as India and South Korea, did not engage in such public activities and others, such as Vietnam, only provided a token gesture by sending low-level officials.
China’s heavy-handed approach was in stark contrast to the approach of other major countries. Many countries, especially in Western Europe, quietly donated medical supplies to China during the height of its outbreak. Officials in these countries expressed annoyance with Beijing’s attempts to nurture the perception that it was donating much of its medical supplies, rather than selling them. In reality, over 99 percent of China’s PPE exports were in the form of commercial sales, not donations.
Several countries also complained that China did not reciprocate the large amounts of PPE donations that they provided to China. Data from China’s General Administration of Customs shows that in 2020 China exported $212 million worth of PPE donations and imported nearly $160 million worth of donated PPE. While China was overall a net exporter of PPE donations, several countries donated significantly more to China than they received in return. South Korea was the largest net donor to China, sending $22 million in PPE to China and only receiving $5.9 million in return. The United States, the Philippines, Germany, and Japan were also major net donors, sending China more than $5 million worth of PPE than they received from China. Even several smaller, less-developed countries such as Honduras, Guatemala, and Tunisia were net donors to China.
The soft power gains that Beijing reaped from providing medical supplies were sometimes watered down by concerns about quality. Many of the products that China exported—from face masks to medical test kits—were defective. A few Chinese companies also took advantage of the pandemic to sell fake or sub-par quality goods. These sales substantially damaged China’s reputation abroad. Criticism of faulty Chinese medical goods were most prominent among developed countries. Of the 34 European countries examined, over two-thirds had commented on quality issues associated with Chinese medical goods. In contrast, only a handful of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa publicly commented on the quality of Chinese medical supplies.
These dynamics indicate that China’s approach led to notable diplomatic and soft power gains in some countries, and limited success in other countries. In many developed democratic countries, Beijing’s heavy-handedness likely worsened its image.
China’s Vaccine Diplomacy
In addition to providing medical aid, China joined several other countries in marshalling its economic and technological resources to develop Covid-19 vaccines. As mass vaccination has emerged as the linchpin of a global recovery from the pandemic, the provision of vaccines has become a major potential source of soft power and diplomatic leverage—and China has positioned itself as one of the world’s top suppliers of vaccines.
Our Chinese Vaccine Diplomacy Index provides a unique and comprehensive assessment of the scope of China’s provision of vaccines, as well as how countries responded to Chinese efforts. Index scores for each country are determined by nine indicators.
Taken together, the index reveals a far more detailed picture of China’s vaccine diplomacy to date than simply counting where China has distributed vaccines. For instance, while only seven percent of Chinese vaccines have gone to high-income countries, three high-income countries (Chile, Hungary, and Trinidad and Tobago) rank among the top ten in the index. This is largely because these countries had greater financial resources to purchase large quantities of Chinese vaccines, and because their governments were highly receptive to Chinese engagement. At the same time, four middle-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa also rank among the top 10 in the index, largely because they are highly reliant on Chinese vaccines for all—or virtually all—of their vaccine supply.
China’s vaccine diplomacy may have generated goodwill in the top-scoring countries in the index, but beyond those, it is not clear that China’s provision of vaccines has significantly strengthened Beijing’s diplomatic influence. About 96 percent of the vaccines that China has provided to the world were purchased rather than donated. Similarly, China has delivered the vast majority of its vaccines bilaterally, rather than through multilateral mechanisms like COVAX. As a result, poor countries have largely lacked the resources to purchase Chinese vaccines, and to date they have only received small donations relative to the size of their populations.
Chinese vaccines also face tough competition from vaccines developed in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere. Concerns that Chinese vaccines are less safe and effective than their American and European counterparts have diminished their attractiveness. Many of the middle-income countries that have the resources to purchase vaccines have scrambled to acquire whatever they can get, meaning that their use of Chinese vaccines may reflect their desperation to inoculate their populations rather than a desire to enhance relations with Beijing. Meanwhile, few high-income countries have sought Chinese vaccines and instead have purchased American and European vaccines.
China’s Multi-Faceted Vaccine Diplomacy
Vaccine diplomacy is not simply about exporting doses of vaccines abroad. China took advantage of the multi-faceted vaccine development process to promote its vaccines abroad at multiple different junctures.
Beijing scored important diplomatic wins early in the pandemic by trialing its vaccines abroad. The first overseas trial of Chinese vaccines began in June 2020 when Clover Biopharmaceuticals initiated a small phase I trial of its SCB-2019 vaccine in Australia. The following month, stage III trials of both Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines kicked off in five countries (Bahrain, Brazil, Egypt, Jordan, and the UAE). The Chinese government widely touted overseas trials as a symbol of China’s largesse and a means of improving bilateral relations. In Pakistan, for example, Chinese state media heavily publicized a phase III trial of China’s CanSino vaccine in which 17,500 Pakistanis participated. Media coverage of the trials highlighted the close China-Pakistan relationship and quoted locals as “urgently awaiting” the vaccine amid a wave of Covid-19 cases and deaths.
Many of the countries trialing Chinese vaccines did so with the expectation of gaining priority access once the vaccines were ready for use. As of September 2021, 27 countries have participated in trials of eight different Chinese-developed vaccines. Two-thirds of these countries were middle-income countries, while the other third consisted of high-income countries. These countries that have trialed Chinese vaccines gained points in the Response pillar within the Vaccine Diplomacy Index. However, it is important to note that some additional countries, such as Cambodia, may have desired to host trials of Chinese vaccines, but were ineligible due to limited spread of the virus within their countries during trial periods.
As Chinese vaccine candidates progressed through stages of development, some countries took the additional step of signing agreements with China to jointly produce Chinese vaccines within their countries. As of September 2021, 14 countries have done so, including Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, Hungary, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates. These countries saw increases in their response scores within the Vaccine Diplomacy index, but as with trialing vaccines, it is important to note that not all countries have the resources to produce vaccines domestically.
China achieved a major milestone in May 2021 when the WHO approved China’s Sinopharm vaccine for emergency use. It marked the first time that any Chinese-developed vaccine has received emergency authorization from the WHO and was widely seen as a symbol of China’s growing technological prowess, as well an indication of the world’s desperate need for vaccines. The WHO followed up in June 2021 by also approving Sinovac’s vaccine for emergency use.
With multiple vaccines approved for use, Beijing intensified its efforts to supply the world with Chinese-made vaccines. As of September 7, 2021, China has finalized agreements to provide more than 1.1 billion Chinese-developed vaccines. This includes the sale of 929.3 million doses and the donation of 45.7 million doses to individual countries, as well as the sale of 174 million doses and donation of 315,000 doses to multilateral groupings (primarily COVAX).
In contrast to its provision of medical supplies, China has provided most of its vaccines to middle-income countries. Only about 2 percent of China’s vaccines have gone to low-income countries. These countries lack the financial wherewithal to purchase large quantities of vaccines, and so far, China has only donated about 5 million doses to them. About 7 percent of Chinese vaccines have gone to a handful of high-income countries. Most wealthy countries have sought vaccines produced by US and European developers Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech, Johnson & Johnson, and Oxford/AstraZeneca.
In terms of geographical distribution, more than half of Chinese vaccines have gone to two regions: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and East Asia and the Pacific (EAP). LAC has received more doses (323 million) than any other region, with Brazil (120 million), Mexico (67 million), and Chile (62 million) accounting for most of this. The EAP region has taken in 274 million doses, with the overwhelming majority going to countries in Southeast Asia. Indonesia alone purchased nearly 156 million doses making it the world’s largest recipient of Chinese vaccines by a margin of over 30 million doses. The remaining one-third of China’s vaccines are split up among three other regions, with countries like Turkey (100 million doses), Iran (51 million), Morocco (41 million), and Egypt (20 million) taking in much of this.
Several countries are highly dependent on China for vaccines. Six countries have so far procured 100 percent of their vaccine supply from China. All of them—Chad, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, and South Sudan—are low and lower middle-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Another 21 countries, predominantly comprising African and Asian countries, procured more than 50 percent of their vaccines from China.
Overall, of the 103 countries that have received Chinese vaccines, their total vaccine supplies have, on average, comprised 39 percent Chinese vaccines (meaning that 61 percent of their supplies have come from non-Chinese vaccines). Most of the countries that are highly reliant on Chinese vaccines have not received large quantities of Chinese doses. Among the six countries that received 100 percent of their vaccine supply from China, only one (Equatorial Guinea) has received enough vaccines from China to vaccinate more than 20 percent of its population. The other five have only received enough doses to cover less than 10 percent of their population.
In addition to bilateral sales and donations, China has finalized commitments of more than 174 million doses to multilateral organizations. This includes selling 174 million doses to COVAX and 50,000 doses to the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) and donating 300,000 doses to UN Peacekeeping Forces.
The Limitations of China’s Vaccine Diplomacy
China’s vaccine diplomacy appears to have bolstered China’s image and diplomatic leverage in some countries. Yet the full potential of China’s vaccine diplomacy has been watered down by concerns about the efficacy of Chinese vaccines, as well as Beijing’s tendency to sell vaccines bilaterally, rather than donating them to global efforts like COVAX.
As it did with medical supplies, Beijing sought to elevate the impact of delivery of vaccines by extracting public displays of gratitude from recipient country governments. Through mid-September 2021, at least 84 countries held handover ceremonies to publicly welcome the delivery of Chinese vaccines. Nearly two-thirds these countries sent a government official of the rank of minister or cabinet level, or higher. The presidents or prime ministers of five countries (Comoros, the Czech Republic, Lesotho, Hungary, Serbia, Zimbabwe) attended handover ceremonies in person, signaling strong high-level support for Chinese vaccines. Notably, 52 of the 84 countries that held vaccine handover ceremonies also held ceremonies to welcome Chinese medical supplies.
The leaders of some countries took this a step further. According to media reports, the heads of state or government of at least 26 countries have publicly received jabs of Chinese vaccines. Four of these— Comoros President Azali Assoumani, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić, and Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwa) were among the heads of state or government who also attended vaccine handover ceremonies in person. Importantly, however, the decision of foreign leaders to receive jabs of Chinese vaccines signal support for Chinese vaccines, but does not necessarily mean that Chinese vaccines are the preferred option of their governments or their population. For example, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte was vaccinated with China’s Sinopharm vaccine, but many other top officials in his government did not take Chinese vaccines.
China’s vaccine diplomacy may have offered Beijing leverage to ask some recipient countries to show more support for China’s interests. There is anecdotal evidence of recipients voicing more support for China, particularly immediately before, during, or after vaccine deliveries. This includes recipients releasing statements that support Chinese core interests related to Hong Kong, Xinjiang, and Taiwan. There are also reports of major Chinese vaccine recipients blocking larger regional efforts to criticize Chinese activities. Hungary, for example, blocked EU statements criticizing China in April 2021, just a few weeks after the country purchased millions of doses of Chinese vaccines.
Beijing may have also been able to successfully stifle criticism of China by withholding the provision of vaccines. In the case of Ukraine, China reportedly compelled Kyiv to retract its signature from a statement criticizing China for human rights abuses in Xinjiang by threatening to withhold access to Chinese vaccine and limit bilateral trade.
At the same time, there are signs that the promise of Chinese vaccines was not sufficient for Beijing to advance its interests. Bangladesh did not shy away from publicly pushing back against Chinese warnings about its relationship with the Quad shortly before receiving vaccines from Beijing. Similarly, the promise of receiving Chinese vaccines did not convince any of the 15 nations that maintain official diplomatic relations with Taiwan to switch recognition to mainland China in 2020 or 2021. Amid a painful Covid-19 outbreak, Paraguay publicly debated the possibility of switching ties to mainland China, but authorities in Asunción did not do so, and Paraguay did not receive Chinese vaccines.
Concerns about transparency and the efficacy of Chinese vaccines have been a key limiting factor in Beijing’s vaccine diplomacy push. Many health officials around the world have expressed reservations about Chinese vaccines, especially related to their efficacy (the ability to prevent Covid-19) and safety (risk of serious or adverse effects). Sinopharm’s and Sinovac’s claimed efficacy rates of 79 percent and 51 percent respectively were based on clinical trials that mainly enrolled people from the ages of 18 and 59. In Brazil, this led health authorities to note that local trials of Chinese vaccines could not determine their effectiveness on people aged 60 and over. Similarly, the WHO’s approval of Sinopharm and Sinovac for emergency use was accompanied by caveats that the organization had lower confidence in both vaccines for the elderly as well as those with underlying health problems.
Some countries, such as Costa Rica, ultimately ended discussions to purchase Chinese vaccines out of concerns that the vaccines are not effective enough. Vaccine efficacy concerns also led several governments to reconsider their approach after initially rolling out Chinese vaccines. At least six countries—Bahrain, Cambodia, Chile, Indonesia, Thailand, and the UAE—are recommending or offering a non-Chinese booster shot to those who received Sinovac or Sinopharm vaccines. Malaysia announced that it would phase out Sinovac altogether, switching over to Pfizer/BioNTech once its supply of Sinovac doses runs out. Similarly, Brunei’s Health minister YB Dato Dr Hj Mohd Isham Hj Jaafar announced in September 2021 that AstraZeneca would become the country’s default vaccine, unless people specifically requested Sinopharm.
Singapore’s health ministry decided to omit those who received Sinovac from its official vaccine tally, citing a lack of efficacy data. In one of the most severe blows to a Chinese vaccine, Brazilian authorities announced in September 2021 that they were suspending the use of 12.1 million doses of Sinovac vaccines for at least 90 days after discovering that vials containing the shots were filled at an unauthorized production base.
Another critical factor limiting the impact of China’s vaccine diplomacy has been Beijing’s decision to donate a small proportion of its vaccines compared to major players like the United States and several European countries. Based on finalized vaccine agreements as of September 7, 2021, China’s Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines account for only about 3.8 percent of global vaccine donations. By comparison, the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine developed by the United States and Germany accounts for over 44 percent of global donations. Even if China is able to fully deliver on President Xi’s commitment to donate 100 million more vaccines to developing countries before the end of 2021, Chinese donations would still make up a small portion of global donations, as well as a small proportion of Chinese vaccine exports.
China’s relatively small amount of donations is particularly stark with respect to its allocation of vaccines to COVAX, The United States has finalized commitments to donate 500 million doses to COVAX—about 50 times more than China’s existing commitments. Of the 2 billion doses Chinese President Xi Jinping has said that China will “strive” to donate globally, it is unclear what proportion will go to COVAX and how much of this has been contributed to date. It is also unclear how much of this will be in the form of sales versus donations. In terms of financial support, China has only pledged $100 million to COVAX compared to $3.5 billion from the United States. If Chinese contributions to COVAX primarily come in the form of sales, and if China does not up its financial contributions to the organization, it threatens to undermine Beijing’s efforts to be seen as a major benefactor of international efforts to combat Covid-19.
Summary
To date, China’s medical supplies and vaccine diplomacy has resulted in mixed results for Beijing in terms of its global image and influence. On the medical supplies front, countries were deeply reliant on Chinese medical supplies—especially PPE—during the pandemic. In many countries where China already had significant influence, leaders were willing to provide Beijing with the public displays of gratitude that it desired. In other countries, especially high-income countries, China’s heavy-handed approach to providing medical supplies generated frustration and complaints.
On the vaccine diplomacy front, China extracted displays of praise and support for Chinese vaccines in several countries. At the same time, China’s efforts were undercut by its decision to primarily sell rather than donate vaccines. Many of the countries most reliant on Chinese vaccines have purchased them; only a few countries have received sizable donations of vaccines. China’s vaccine diplomacy has also been limited by concerns about their efficacy, which has been exacerbated by the availability of highly effective competing vaccines.
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Update: China approves first self-developed COVID-19 vaccine - Xinhua
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COVID-19 inactivated vaccine products are packaged at a packaging plant of the Beijing Biological Products Institute Co., Ltd. in Beijing, capital of China, Dec. 25, 2020. (Xinhua/Zhang Yuwei)
- The interim results of its phase-3 clinical trials show 79.34 percent efficacy against COVID-19.
- "This vaccine will be provided free of charge to all Chinese people," said an official with the National Health Commission.
BEIJING, Dec. 31 (Xinhua) -- China announced on Thursday that it had granted conditional marketing authorization for its first self-developed COVID-19 vaccine.
The inactivated vaccine, which got the approval from the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), is developed by the Beijing Biological Products Institute Co., Ltd. under the China National Biotec Group (CNBG), which is affiliated with Sinopharm.
The interim results of its phase-3 clinical trials show 79.34 percent efficacy against COVID-19, meeting the standards of the World Health Organization and the NMPA, according to a press conference by the State Council joint prevention and control mechanism against COVID-19.
"This vaccine will be provided free of charge to all Chinese people," said Zeng Yixin, deputy head of the National Health Commission (NHC), at the press conference.
China has adopted five technological approaches in developing COVID-19 vaccines. Since July, a number of Chinese vaccine candidates have carried out phase-3 clinical trials overseas, said Zeng, adding that China has been at the global forefront of COVID-19 vaccine development.
China approved the emergency use of COVID-19 vaccines in June, targeting groups with high risks of infection. By the end of November, more than 1.5 million doses of Chinese COVID-19 vaccines had been distributed for emergency use, and 60,000 vaccinated people have traveled abroad to high-risk regions, with no severe adverse reactions reported, Zeng said.
On Dec. 15, China officially launched a vaccination program for this winter-spring period targeting a number of key groups, including those engaged in handling imported cold-chain products, customs officers, medical workers and people working in public transport and fresh markets. In the past 15 days, the number of doses of vaccination among the key groups exceeded 3 million.
"The 3 million vaccine doses, plus the previous 1.5 million doses, fully prove that Chinese vaccines are safe," Zeng noted.
After the COVID-19 vaccines are approved to enter the market, especially when production capacity increases, China will comprehensively vaccinate senior citizens, people with underlying conditions, and the general public in an orderly manner, the NHC official said. ■
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https://biotech-careers.org/company/beijing-institute-biological-products-sinopharm
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Beijing Institute of Biological Products Sinopharm
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Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products is devoted to the research, development, production, and supply of biological products.
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https://www.livemint.com/news/world/who-approves-china-s-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-11620403533298.html
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WHO approves China’s Sinopharm Covid vaccine for emergency use
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The UN health agency signed off on the two-dose vaccine, which is already being deployed in dozens of countries around the world.The move could help Beijing step up its vaccine diplomacy amid the surge in coronavirus vaccines in several countries
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https://www.livemint.com/news/world/who-approves-china-s-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-11620403533298.html
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In a big relief for China, the World Health Organization (WHO) on Friday finally approved the Sinopharm Covid-19 vaccine for emergency use -- the first Chinese jab to receive the WHO's green light.
The move could help Beijing step up its vaccine diplomacy amid the surge in coronavirus vaccines in several countries.
China has approved about five of its Covid-19 vaccines for emergency use and especially using Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines for both at home and abroad.
The UN health agency signed off on the two-dose vaccine, which is already being deployed in dozens of countries around the world.
China was eagerly awaiting the global health body’s nod for it to aggressively push the vaccine among different countries.
"This afternoon, WHO gave emergency use listing to Sinopharm Beijing's Covid-19 vaccine, making it the sixth vaccine to receive WHO validation for safety, efficacy and quality," WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus told a news conference.
"The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunisation, or SAGE, has also reviewed the available data, and recommends the vaccine for adults 18 years and older, with a two-dose schedule."
The Sinopharm vaccine is produced by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd, a subsidiary of China National Biotec Group (CNBG).
The two-jab vaccine is an inactivated vaccine called SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell). Its easy storage requirements make it highly suitable for low-resource settings, the WHO press release said.
An emergency use listing by the WHO paves the way for countries worldwide to quickly approve and import a vaccine for distribution, especially those states without an international-standard regulator of their own.
It also opens the door for the jabs to enter the Covax global vaccine-sharing scheme, which aims to provide equitable access to doses around the world and particularly in poorer countries.
The Sinopharm vaccine is already in use in 42 territories around the world, fourth behind AstraZeneca (166), Pfizer-BioNTech (94) and Moderna (46), according to an AFP tally.
Besides China, it is being used in Algeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Hungary, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Peru, the United Arab Emirates, Serbia and Seychelles, among others.
A clutch of other vaccines are on the road towards WHO emergency use listing, including a second Sinopharm product being made in Wuhan -- the city where coronavirus was first detected.
A decision is expected within days on Sinovac, a second Chinese-made vaccine already being used in 22 countries.
The WHO has already given emergency use listing to the vaccines being made by Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Johnson and Johnson, and the AstraZeneca jab being produced at separate sites in India and in South Korea.
Russia's Sputnik V vaccine is the next furthest ahead in the process.
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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/31/china-approves-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-for-general-use
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China approves Sinopharm Covid-19 vaccine for general use
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Rollout to begin ‘soon’ but about a million have already received injection under emergency approvals
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the Guardian
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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/31/china-approves-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-for-general-use
|
China’s health authorities have approved a Covid vaccine from state-owned Sinopharm for general use on the population, the government has announced.
At a press conference in Beijing a state taskforce announced the vaccine had exceeded World Health Organization standards and would help establish effective immunity in China.
Health officials said vulnerable groups would be prioritised ahead of the general population. Key groups have already been receiving vaccines under emergency approvals, including about a million receiving the Sinopharm vaccine.
Zeng Yixin, deputy head of the national health commission, said it was aiming for 60-70% vaccination coverage, which was expected to establish herd immunity. “As the Chinese vaccine is proved to be safe and effective, we would like to encourage our people to participate on a voluntary and informed basis, and with consent,” he said.
The officials did not give specific dates but said the rollout would begin “soon” at a “significantly reduced” cost.
Zheng Zhongwei, head of the vaccine research and development working group, said the vaccine was a public good and the cost of production was “the only basis for pricing”.
Zeng then added that the vaccine “must be provided free of charge for all people”, and state media subsequently reported that the vaccine will be free.
Sinopharm is a state-owned pharmaceutical company with two vaccine candidates among China’s five experimental treatments in international final stage trials. Public statements about Sinopharm vaccines do not appear to clarify which of the two candidates is being discussed.
The approval followed an announcement on Wednesday by Sinopharm that phase 3 trials had found its vaccine to be 79% effective. This followed trials conducted in the UAE reporting 86% efficacy earlier in December. The vaccines have not been trialled in China because the virus is not prevalent enough, authorities say.
Chinese vaccine developers have not released trial data. On Thursday a health official said the Sinopharm data would be published “later” in Chinese and foreign medical journals.
At an annual meeting of health workers on 22 December, Zhang Wenhong, head of infectious diseases at Fundan University’s Huasha hospital, said there was apprehension among Chinese people about the domestically produced vaccine, and party leaders should be vaccinated first to reassure the public. A recording of his comments spread quickly on Chinese social media before it was censored.
Sinopharm and rival developer Sinovac have created their vaccines via the more traditional method of using an inactive virus to trigger an immune response. They are more difficult to manufacture quickly than other types and have the potential to cause an imbalanced immune response, but have shown historic success.
Mao Junfeng, head of consumer products at China’s industry ministry, said vaccine producers had ramped up production capacity. “We believe China’s vaccine production will meet the demand for large scale vaccination, and looking ahead the ministry will follow the plans [of the central government] … and help enterprises expand production capacity and make sure a smooth production and supply chain will provide effective and accessible vaccines for the people.”
In September the UAE was the first country outside China to approve emergency use of a Sinopharm vaccine. It has since been made available in Bahrain and shipped to Egypt, while Morocco is planning to rely on it to vaccinate 80% of its adult population. Other countries have signed on to receive the Sinovac vaccine, China’s other domestically produced frontrunner. In October China announced it was joining Covax, the international initiative aimed at ensuring equitable global access to vaccines.
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https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/content/questions-about-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine
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Questions and Answers on Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine
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https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/content/questions-about-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine
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Q: How do I get vaccinated with Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: You can register and make online payment via application of Chulabhorn Royal Academy. Application “CRA SINOP” can be downloaded in App Store / Play Store. Once your transaction is completed, please contact Bangkok Hospital Headquarters for making your vaccination appointment.
Q: Can I register and make payment at Bangkok Hospital Headquarters?
Answer: No, you cannot. This vaccination scheme has been arranged by Chulabhorn Royal Academy.
Q: How much is Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: 777 THB/dose.
Q: How much is hospital service fee for Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: 500 THB/dose.
Q: When is the vaccination service for Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine available at Bangkok Hospital Headquarters?
Answer: The service will be available from 2-31 August 2021. Service hours start from 8.00 a.m. to 04.00 p.m. The service capacity is up to 300 cases/day.
Q: Where is vaccination service?
Answer: Bangkok Hospital’s Vaccine Center – Siam Paragon Hall, 5th floor, Siam Paragon
Q: How can I make an appointment for vaccination with Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: Call Center Tel. 02 755 1519.
Q: What is the type of Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine or BBIBP-CorV COVID-19 vaccine was approved by the Thai FDA under the name “COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated”. It is an inactivated virus vaccine produced by China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation (CNPG), which is the subsidiary of Sinopharm Group Co., Ltd – a Chinese pharmaceutical company. Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine was approved by the Chinese FDA on 31 December 2020. Under emergency circumstances, Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine has been widely used in more than 40 countries around the world.
Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine was approved by the World Health Organization (Emergency Use Listing Procedure or EUL) only for Beijing Institute of Biological Products or BBIBP-CorV from Beijing, China. Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine produced by Beijing Institute of Biological Products is also available in Thailand.
Q: What are benefits obtained from Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccines?
Answer: Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine using SARS-CoV-2 viruses whose genetic materials have been destroyed either by chemicals, radiation or heat. Once the capability of viral replication is debilitated, the viruses cannot multiply, but they can still trigger the immune system to build up antibodies to fight against COVID-19. Theoretically, technology used to produce an inactivated virus vaccine is considered safe since this traditional type of vaccine, e.g. some inactivated flu vaccines has been used for a long time.
Q: How efficacious is Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: A large multi-country Phase 3 trial has shown that 2 doses, administered at an interval of 21 days, have an efficacy of 79% against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection 14 or more days after the second dose. Vaccine efficacy against hospitalization was 79%. Nevertheless, the trial was not designed and powered to demonstrate efficacy against severe disease in persons with comorbidities, in pregnancy, or in people aged 60 years and above. Women were underrepresented in the trial. The median duration of follow-up available at the time of evidence review was 112 days. In addition, the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines might widely vary against different variants. (Information is as of 14 May 2021.)
Q: What is the recommended dosage regimen?
Answer: Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine is recommended for people aged 18 and above. The vaccine is given as 2 doses (0.5 ml) intramuscularly. WHO recommends an interval of 3–4 weeks between the first and second dose. If the second dose is administered less than 3 weeks after the first, the dose does not need to be repeated. If administration of the second dose is delayed beyond 4 weeks, it should be given at the earliest possible opportunity. It is recommended that all vaccinated individuals receive two doses.
Q: What are contraindications to Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine is not recommended for:
Anyone who developed serious allergic reactions from previous vaccination with Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine.
Anyone who is allergic to any vaccine components.
People aged below 18.
Pregnant women. Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine might be considered only if vaccine benefits outweigh the potential risks.
People who have fever or body temperature is greater than 38.5 ‘C.
Q: What are possible side effects caused by Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: Common side effected caused by Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine are:
Pain, swelling, redness at the injection site. Cold compress can be applied to alleviate pain.
Weakness or fatigue
Headache
Muscle pain or malaise
Fever or chills
Nausea
These side effects usually happen within a day or two of getting the vaccine. They are normal signs that your body is building up protection. These symptoms should subside and go away within a few days. In case that headache or fever exhibits, paracetamol can be taken as directed if no allergy history.
Nonetheless, if symptoms worsen or severe allergic reactions develop, e.g. skin rash, urticarial, breathing difficulty, abdominal pain and diarrhea, immediate medical assistance must be sought.
Q: Can people infected with COVID-19 be vaccinated with Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: For COVID-19 patients who have been treated with monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma therapy in the hospital, Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine administration can be considered at least 90 days after receiving COVID-19 treatment. For COVID-19 patients who did not receive monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma therapy, Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine can be administered once SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCT test shows negative result (not detected) for at least 1 month. In this case, only single dose of Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine is required.
Q: Can Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine be used interchangeably with other COVID-19 vaccines?
Answer: Due to a lack of firm clinical evidence in efficacy and safety, COVID-19 vaccines should not be used interchangeably. The first dose and second dose should be the same vaccine. However, if severe allergic reactions develop after the first dose, other alternative vaccines might be considered. Once administrative guideline for vaccine interchangeability becomes conclusive, the recommendations might be changed in accordance with standard guideline.
Q: Can Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine be used as a booster dose after 2 doses of Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine were fully given?
Answer: Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines are both inactivated virus vaccine protecting against COVID-19. There is no current evidence to demonstrate additional benefit of Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine as a booster dose after 2 doses of Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine were fully administered.
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China Promotes Vaccines Around the World, but Critics Point to Lower Efficacy
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[
"East Asia",
"Science & Health",
"China News",
"COVID-19 Pandemic",
"vaccine",
"Sinovac"
] | null |
[
"Carol Pearson"
] |
2021-12-15T06:20:04+00:00
|
China’s vaccines: are they safe? Are they effective? What are their advantages?
|
en
|
/Content/responsive/VOA/img/webApp/favicon.svg
|
Voice of America
|
https://www.voanews.com/a/china-promotes-vaccines-around-the-world-but-critics-point-to-lower-efficacy-/6355437.html
|
COVID-19 was first discovered in China, which became the first country to produce a vaccine. Sinovac and Sinopharm are China’s leading vaccine makers, and both manufacture World Health Organization-approved COVID-19 vaccines.
What’s the difference between the two companies?
Sinovac is a privately owned company, while Sinopharm is government-run. Scientists at both companies use the same method to make both vaccines.
How are the vaccines made?
Dr. Andrea Cox, a professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine with a special interest in immunization, has provided expert advice to VOA about COVID-19 vaccines. Cox told VOA that scientists take a type of bacteria — or in this case, a virus — and inactivate or kill it. They then inject it into people. Because the virus is dead, it can’t infect anyone. Then, if a vaccinated person is exposed to the live virus, that person’s body recognizes it and fights it off.
Are these vaccines effective?
According to Cox, the Chinese vaccines are not as effective as the Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson vaccines, so they aren’t the preferred jabs in countries that have access to the others. The Sinovac vaccine is about 50% effective, while Sinopharm’s effectiveness is higher, at 78%, WHO reported. Two doses are needed for both vaccines.
Vaccines are often mixed with an adjuvant, a harmless ingredient such as aluminum salts or a bubble of fat, to make them more effective. On its website, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says “aluminum is one of the most common metals found in nature and is present in air, food, and water,” so it’s not a foreign or dangerous ingredient, although anti-vax groups claim it is. For example, Sinovac uses aluminum hydroxide, an ingredient also used to treat an upset stomach. Sinopharm also uses an adjuvant in its vaccine.
Do the vaccines have advantages?
The Sinovac and Sinopharm vaccines have a major advantage over other COVID-19 vaccines: They are easy to store and need only normal refrigeration. That’s a huge plus in getting a COVID-19 vaccine to people in areas where there is little or no refrigeration.
“In an ideal world,” Cox said, “we wouldn’t need them. But at this point, we need a way to get the world vaccinated as rapidly and effectively as possible, and it may require a use of vaccines that we know are not as good but are better than not being vaccinated."
What will end the pandemic?
WHO says safe and effective vaccines are a game-changing tool, but for now and the foreseeable future, it recommends continued mask wearing, frequent hand-washing, good indoor ventilation, physical distancing, avoiding crowds and, above all, getting vaccinated when you can with whatever vaccine is available.
“Having the world’s best scientists — and I do really mean the world’s best scientists — thinking about how to make effective vaccines and deliver them to a global population is critical,” Cox said. “And the more data we get on these vaccines, the more we will be able to select out vaccines that do protect the largest number of the world’s population.”
As WHO says: “It’s not vaccines that will stop the pandemic, it’s vaccination.”
|
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dbpedia
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2
| 30
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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/16/how-effective-are-chinas-sinovac-and-sinopharm-vaccines
|
en
|
As Delta drives COVID surge, vaccines, strategies under scrutiny
|
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"Malaysia"
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[
"Al Jazeera"
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2021-07-16T00:00:00
|
Questions raised about level of efficacy of WHO-approved shots from China as several countries eye booster shots.
|
en
|
/favicon_aje.ico
|
Al Jazeera
|
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/16/how-effective-are-chinas-sinovac-and-sinopharm-vaccines
|
Malaysia’s health ministry has announced that it will stop using the COVID-19 vaccine produced by China’s Sinovac once its supplies end, while other Southeast Asian countries have said they are looking to mix and match the Chinese-made shots with those from western manufacturers amid a surge in cases driven by the highly-transmissible Delta variant.
Malaysian Health Minister Adham Baba announced on Thursday that about half its 16 million doses of Sinovac have already been distributed and the remainder will be used to cover second doses.
The country will then use the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA-type vaccine, having already secured about 45 million doses of the shot.
Malaysia’s decision on Sinovac’s inactivated virus vaccine comes amid questions elsewhere over the shot’s efficacy against new and more contagious variants of the coronavirus. The country reported a record 13,215 cases and 110 deaths on Thursday despite a prolonged lockdown, and has been ramping up its vaccination programme in an effort to bring the outbreak under control.
Sinovac as well as another China-made vaccine, Sinopharm, have received emergency use authorisation by the World Health Organization (WHO). Sinopharm is also classified under the inactivated virus vaccine category.
Malaysia has also approved the AstraZeneca jab, and on Friday announced the Drug Control Authority had approved the use of Johnson & Johnson as well as Sinopharm.
In neighbouring Thailand the government this week said it would give the AstraZeneca shot to those who had already received their first dose of the Sinovac vaccine, in an attempt to increase protection.
Thailand is the first country to publicly announce a plan to mix and match vaccines produced in China and ones developed by Western manufacturers.
Governments around the world are being forced to consider new approaches as the Delta variant – thought to be more transmissible and to become infectious to others more quickly – surges through their populations. Some are reviewing vaccine choices, as well as shortening the length of time between doses to ensure protection reaches the maximum level as quickly as possible.
A mixed schedule of vaccines has previously been tested in countries like Canada. A University of Oxford study published on June 28 also said that more antibodies were produced where a shot of Pfizer’s vaccine was given after an initial dose of AstraZeneca.
The World Health Organization (WHO), however, warned on July 12 against the practice, calling it a “dangerous trend” since there was little data available about the health effect, while Europe’s drug regulator made on July 14 said there were no definitive recommendations on switching doses.
‘Booster shot’
In Indonesia, which is battling Southeast Asia’s most severe coronavirus outbreak, the government has said it is considering a booster shot for those who have already received two doses of Sinovac.
Indonesia, which was the location of late-stage trials for Sinovac, has relied heavily on the Chinese-made vaccine for its immunisation programme but cases have continued to surge in the country of 270 million people.
The Philippines, meanwhile, has now received some 13 million doses of Sinovac doses after one million doses were delivered on Wednesday, according to the Philippine News Agency. The country expects to get 1.5 million more Sinovac doses on Saturday; the government has a total order of 26 million for the year.
On Friday, the health department confirmed at least 11 locally transmitted Delta variants of COVID-19 with at least one death.
Health officials have stressed that all the COVID-19 vaccines are effective, saying “the best vaccine is the one that’s available”.
In an interview with a Manila-based news channel, Philippine Food and Drug Administration chief Eric Domingo said that “theoretically” there was nothing bad about mixing China’s Sinovac with other brands. But because the practice had not been fully studied the government could not give its approval.
He says the country’s scientists are still doing a study looking into the use of Sinovac as first dose and other brands as a second dose or as a booster shot.
Western-made vaccines are also facing challenges as new variants emerge.
Last week, Israel’s Ministry of Health said the Pfizer vaccine’s efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 infection went down from 97 percent in May to 64 percent more recently – suggesting that a booster might be needed. Pfizer itself has been lobbying in the United States over booster shots.
Canadian researchers, meanwhile, said that two shots of Pfizer are 87 percent protective against symptomatic infection by the Delta variant.
“No vaccine is perfect and a high enough dose of virus can overcome vaccine-induced defenses enough to cause an infection, though vaccine-induced immunity will limit disease severity in most cases,” Angela Rasmussen, a virologist affiliated to Georgetown University’s Center for Global Health Science and Security, wrote on Twitter in a thread about the Delta variant. “All this suggests we can control delta with the interventions we already have at our disposal.”
‘Alternative strategies’
Singapore, which has largely managed to keep the virus in check but is now battling an outbreak that began in a karaoke lounge, has used the Pfizer and Moderna jabs for its national immunisation programme.
Sinovac has been available privately but the Health and Sciences Authority (HSA) had asked the company for more data in order to evaluate its wider use. The company provided the information earlier this month, according to the Straits Times newspaper, but it will take at least four weeks for the HSA to come to a decision.
Meanwhile, those who opted for the Sinovac shots have been excluded from the country’s official vaccine count.
“We don’t really have a medical or scientific basis or have the data now to establish how effective Sinovac is in terms of infection and severe illnesses on Delta,” Health Minister Ong Ye Kung told the media last week.
In Hong Kong, meanwhile, which has also effectively controlled the pandemic, the government has used shots from Pfizer and Sinovac. About a quarter of the city’s population are now fully vaccinated.
A study published on Friday by researchers at the University of Hong Kong found there could be a need for “alternative strategies” for those given Sinovac. The study in the Lancet Microbe journal found healthcare workers given Pfizer had 10 times more antibodies than those who received Sinovac.
“The difference in concentrations of neutralising antibodies identified in our study could translate into substantial differences in vaccine effectiveness.” the researchers said.
In an interview with the South China Morning Post, the report’s lead epidemiologist, Benjamin Cowling, stressed that even a moderate level of protection was better than none at all, and urged people to get vaccinated.
“Don’t the perfect be the enemy of the good,” he told the newspaper.
With the Delta variant becoming dominant, it is not only in Asia where governments are reviewing their vaccine strategies in order to protect populations and safeguard gains made through rapid inoculation schemes.
The United Arab Emirates, which initially used the Sinopharm shot, has announced that it has made the Pfizer vaccine available as a booster.
The government said a different vaccine could be provided as a booster shot but this was at the recipient’s discretion and health professionals did not make recommendations about any brands.
Bahrain had also announced in June that eligible candidates could receive a booster shot of the Pfizer or Sinopharm vaccine, regardless of which shot they had initially taken.
Bhutan’s Prime Minister Lotay Tshering also announced on June 24 that he was comfortable about mixing and matching COVID-19 vaccine doses to immunise a population of about 700,000 people in the tiny Himalayan nation. More than 63 percent of the country’s population have already received a first COVID-19 shot, including 93 percent of the eligible adult population.
Bhutan had received 550,000 doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine from India in January and March. This month, it received the first batch of 500,000 Moderna vaccines from the US. It has also received 350,000 AstraZeneca shots from Denmark, Croatia and Bulgaria as well as 50,000 doses of Sinopharm from China.
China itself is also running an early-stage trial on the mixed inoculation of one dose of the vaccine from CanSino Biologics (CanSinoBIO), followed by one dose of the shot provided by a unit of Chongqing Zhifei Biological Products.
Researchers are also reportedly doing trials using one dose of CanSinoBIO’s shot as a booster for those who have already received one or two doses of an inactivated vaccine.
|
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|
dbpedia
|
3
| 9
|
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-should-you-worry-about-the-side-effects
|
en
|
What to know about the Sinopharm COVID
|
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[
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"Harriet Pike",
"Ph.D"
] |
2021-05-18T13:25:00+00:00
|
This short feature looks at the known side effects of the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine and offers an overview of the outstanding data gaps.
|
en
|
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-should-you-worry-about-the-side-effects
|
The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, which the Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products (BBIBP) developed, is the first Chinese COVID-19 vaccine that the World Health Organization (WHO) has authorized for emergency use. This Snapshot feature discusses some of the common side effects that have occurred in clinical trials and the controversies surrounding the safety of the vaccine.
Coronavirus data
All data and statistics are based on publicly available data at the time of publication. Some information may be out of date. Visit our coronavirus hub for the most recent information on COVID-19.
The BBIBP in China has developed the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine BBIBP-CorV. Of the COVID-19 vaccines that Chinese companies have produced, BBIBP-CorV is the first one that the WHO has authorized for use against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
The WHO issued its emergency use listing for the Sinopharm vaccine on May 7, 2021, some 4 months after China’s National Medical Products Administration authorized it on December 31, 2020. A further 42 countries, including Hungary, Venezuela, and Sri Lanka, have approved the vaccine. However, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has not yet reviewed it for use in the European Union.
Sinopharm and the BBIBP opted to use a well-established technology to develop their COVID-19 vaccine. The two-dose vaccine incorporates inactivated virus to stimulate an immune response.
Coronavirus resources
For more advice on COVID-19 prevention and treatment, visit our coronavirus hub.
The Sinopharm vaccine contains SARS-CoV-2 that has undergone treatment with a chemical called beta-propiolactone. This chemical binds to the virus’s genetic material and stops it from replicating and causing COVID-19. The vaccine also contains an adjuvant in the form of aluminum hydroxide. Adjuvants help strengthen the body’s immune response to vaccines.
When an individual receives the vaccine, their body’s immune system identifies the inactivated virus as foreign and makes antibodies against it. If the vaccinated person subsequently comes into contact with SARS-CoV-2, their immune system launches an immune response against it.
The WHO recommends the Sinopharm vaccine for people aged 18 years and older, with a gap of 3–4 weeks between the two doses. The global health agency estimates overall vaccine efficacy to be about 78%, although it notes that trial data are lacking for adults over the age of 60 years.
Article highlights:
Published data to support Sinopharm’s BBIBP-CorV vaccine are lacking. Data from a small phase 1/2 trial that involved about 600 volunteers appeared in The Lancet Infectious Diseases in October 2020. The authors of the paper reported that the vaccine was safe and well-tolerated by trial participants.
The most commonly reported side effects in this trial were fever and pain at the injection site.
The WHO reviewed safety data from three clinical trials, which included data for 16,671 participants who received the Sinopharm vaccine. Most of these data relate to men aged 18–59 years.
Based on these data, the most common side effects were:
headaches
fatigue
injection site reactions
These side effects are similar to those of other authorized vaccines against COVID-19, and most were mild to moderate.
The WHO identified two serious adverse events that were possibly linked to the vaccine — serious nausea and a rare neurological disorder known as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. There was also one diagnosis of thrombus (blood clot) in the vaccine group.
The WHO also considered post-authorization data in the form of safety data gathered during China’s rollout of the vaccine. Among the 5.9 million people who had received the vaccine in China by December 30, 2020, there were 1,453 reported adverse events.
These side effects included local reactions of redness and swelling at the vaccination site. There were also 202 cases of fever, including 86 classed as severe. Although there were 11 reported cases of facial nerve symptoms, assessors concluded that these were unrelated to the vaccine.
Safety in older adults
Safety data from 1.1 million Sinopharm vaccine doses that older adults — aged 65 years and over — received in China list the most common side effects as dizziness, headaches, fatigue, nausea, fever, vomiting, and allergic dermatitis. There were no reported serious adverse events for this age group. However, the WHO highlights a gap in BBIBP-CorV’s evidence base for older adults.
There is still some controversy surrounding the vaccine, which a lack of detailed safety and efficacy data and the early rollout of the vaccine have fueled.
A January 2021 news article reported that Shanghai-based vaccine expert Tao Lina had uploaded a digital version of the vaccine’s manual to the web.
The manual listed the vaccine’s 73 local and systemic side effects, leading Tao to describe the vaccine as the “most unsafe vaccine in the world.” However, the number of side effects that the manual lists is not, in itself, an indication of the vaccine’s safety.
Taiwan News reported that censors took Tao’s post down in early January and that 2 days later, Tao retracted his criticism, saying that it was a joke.
Some individuals have also aired concerns over the vaccine’s efficacy. In April 2021, a Chinese official called Gao Fu said that the country’s COVID-19 vaccines “do not achieve very high protection rates.” Gao, head of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, later claimed that people had misinterpreted his comments.
|
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6044
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 93
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https://www.drugdiscoverytrends.com/sinopharms-covid-19-vaccine-is-86-effective-according-to-uae-regulators/
|
en
|
19 vaccine is 86% effective, according to UAE regulators
|
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[
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2020-12-10T22:04:44+00:00
|
The United Arab Emirates has approved a COVID-19 vaccine from Sinopharm, that is reportedly 86% effective.
|
en
|
Drug Discovery and Development
|
https://www.drugdiscoverytrends.com/sinopharms-covid-19-vaccine-is-86-effective-according-to-uae-regulators/
|
The United Arab Emirates has approved a COVID-19 vaccine from Sinopharm (OTCMKTS:SHTDY). The China-based pharma company concluded that that the vaccine was 86% effective, putting it ahead of the vaccine performance of the vaccine candidate from AstraZeneca (LON:AZN) but behind the vaccines from Pfizer (NYSE:PFE) and Moderna (NYSE:MRNA). Both of the latter two vaccines were 95% efficacious.
The UAE Ministry of Health stated that clinical trial data confirmed that the vaccine had no serious safety concerns. Furthermore, the vaccine was 100% effective at fending off moderate and severe COVID-19 infections.
Sinopharm’s vaccine also does not require storage in ultra-cold temperatures, unlike Pfizer’s vaccine.
The United Arab Emirates’ decision to allow emergency use of the vaccine marks the first time a country outside of China has approved its use. Morocco is also planning a Sinopharm-based vaccination program.
Given its use in China, the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine is likely the most extensively used globally, with nearly one million people receiving it to date.
But China, like Russia, had made the vaccine available before Phase 3 clinical trials had concluded. In Nov., Sinopharm submitted the vaccine for final approval.
In related news, the Sinopharm competitor Sinovac is facing controversy for allegations that its CEO has bribed China drug authorities for vaccine approvals, according to the Washington Post.
Filed Under: clinical trials, Drug Discovery, Infectious Disease
Brian Buntz
As the pharma and biotech editor at WTWH Media, Brian has almost two decades of experience in B2B media, with a focus on healthcare and technology. While he has long maintained a keen interest in AI, more recently Brian has made making data analysis a central focus, and is exploring tools ranging from NLP and clustering to predictive analytics.
Throughout his 18-year tenure, Brian has covered an array of life science topics, including clinical trials, medical devices, and drug discovery and development. Prior to WTWH, he held the title of content director at Informa, where he focused on topics such as connected devices, cybersecurity, AI and Industry 4.0. A dedicated decade at UBM saw Brian providing in-depth coverage of the medical device sector. Engage with Brian on LinkedIn or drop him an email at bbuntz@wtwhmedia.com.
|
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6044
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dbpedia
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https://visaguide.world/news/sinopharm-vaccine-approved-countries-list/
|
en
|
List of 102 Countries that Accept Sinopharm Vaccine for Travel
|
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[
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2021-09-22T12:41:34+00:00
|
As the vaccination rates are increasing each day, the majority of countries all over the world have decided to open their borders for travellers who have been fully vaccinated against COVID-19. Nonetheless, since every country’s health authorities have the right to decide on their own regarding the vaccines that they accept for travel, international travel […]
|
en
|
VisaGuide.News
|
https://visaguide.world/news/sinopharm-vaccine-approved-countries-list/
|
As the vaccination rates are increasing each day, the majority of countries all over the world have decided to open their borders for travellers who have been fully vaccinated against COVID-19.
Nonetheless, since every country’s health authorities have the right to decide on their own regarding the vaccines that they accept for travel, international travel has been complicated lately, VisaGuide.World reports.
Therefore, it is highly recommended that when travelling to another country, everyone checks whether the destination they plan on visiting recognizes as valid proof of immunity the vaccine they have been jabbed with. This can be done by using the vaccine-checker tool developed by VisaGuide.World.
Based on the data gathered from this tool, the following countries allow entry to all those who have been vaccinated with the Sinopharm vaccine:
[table “81” not found /]
Spain was among the first EU countries that decided to accept Sinopharm as valid proof of immunity. While other countries were allowing entry only to those immunized with an EMA-approved vaccine, the country’s authorities stated back then that all vaccines authorized for marketing by EMA or World Health Organization (WHO) would be accepted.
Is Sinopharm Accepted in the United States?
As for the United States, until now, the country has authorised the use of Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, and Johnson and Johnson vaccines for use. Nonetheless, since the US has been closed for international travellers it is still unclear whether the country will allow entry to those who have been immunized with another vaccine in early November, when the entry ban on 33 world countries, including the UK, Ireland and the Schengen Area countries, is set to end.
In regards to this, several universities, including Harvard, Colombia, Yale University, and several others, have announced that they would allow students who have been vaccinated with Sinopharm to follow their studies there.
Is Sinopharm Vaccine Accepted in the UK?
Additionally, the United Kingdom hasn’t approved the Sinopharm vaccine for use. This means that all persons who have been immunized with this type of vaccine are subject to restrictions when entering the UK’s territory. Currently, the UK recognizes only the vaccines that EMA has approved.
The Sinopharm vaccine was developed by a Chinese state-owned company and got emergency approval by WHO back in May. The vaccine was initially used within China and then was distributed to various other countries, mainly to those with a weaker economy.
It is recommended that for maximum protection against the COVID-19 disease, everyone over the age of 18 takes the two required doses of the vaccine.
Apart from Sinopharm, Sinovac is another vaccine manufactured by a Beijing-based pharmaceutical company. The vaccine is part of the WHO Emergency Use Listing and has been approved for use in 50 countries until now.
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2021-03-05T11:55:02+08:00
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Examining China's Promise to Make Its Vaccines A Global Public Good
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China COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker
(No longer being updated since December 28, 2022)
Our follow-up project – China’s Emerging Global Vaccine Footprint – looks at how China and other countries are supporting local vaccine manufacturing in the post-COVID era.
Since the outbreak of the pandemic, China has committed to making its COVID-19 vaccines a global public good. On multiple occasions, high-level Chinese officials have declared that China is fulfilling this pledge by exporting and donating its COVID-19 vaccines to as many countries that it can. This has generated a great deal of interest and discussion amongst experts from various fields. As an independent, mission-driven consultancy that tracks China’s impact on global health, Bridge Consulting aims to examine and offer a comprehensive picture of China’s vaccine outreach, hopefully enabling more informed discussions on this issue worldwide.
Read more about our methodology here.
1.853B (+0M) DOSES SOLD
328M (+0M) DOSES DONATED
1.653B (+0M) DOSES DELIVERED
Updated as of 13:00 pm (GMT+8), December 28, 2022.
This tracker is no longer being updated.
It includes all bilateral and multilateral sales, donations, and deliveries that have been officially reported through publicly accessible sources.
Contents
1 Total and Weekly Tracker Highlights
2 China’s Vaccines Around the World
3 Timeline of Vaccines Delivered by China
4 China’s Vaccines Across Regions
5 Top 10 Doses Delivered, Purchased, and Donated
5.1 China’s Vaccines in Africa
5.2 China’s Vaccines in Latin America
5.3 China’s Vaccines in Asia Pacific
5.4 China’s Vaccines in Europe
6 China’s Multilateral Vaccine Contributions
7 COVAX Deliveries of Chinese Vaccines
8 China’s Vaccines by Manufacturers
8.1 Sinovac – CoronaVac COVID-19 Vaccine
8.2 Sinopharm – Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co-Ltd. (BBIBP) COVID-19 Vaccine
8.3 CanSino – CONVIDECIA Ad5-nCoV-S recombinant vaccine
9 Overseas Manufacturers of Chinese Vaccines
10 Notes
11 Methodology
Total and Weekly Tracker Highlights
Africa Update: Total Sales – 126.4M (+0) | Total Pledged Donations – 152.8M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 153.2M (+0)
Asia Pacific Update: Total Sales – 944.9M (+0) | Total Pledged Donations – 143M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 909.8M (+0)
Europe Update: Total Sales – 123.5M (+0) | Total Pledged Donations – 5.6M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 59.5M (+0)
Latin America Update*: Total Sales – 397.9M (+o) | Total Pledged Donations – 13.4M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 296.8M (o)
COVAX Update*: Total Sales – 259.8M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 234.0M (+0)
*Weekly updates in brackets.
See #ChinaCOVID19Tracker on Twitter
[custom-twitter-feeds]
China’s Vaccines Around the World
This interactive map tracks the vaccine sales and donations that China and Chinese vaccine developers have made. It also tracks the number of delivered vaccines.
Timeline of Vaccines Delivered by China
Multiple global developments have impacted the amount of Chinese COVID-19 vaccine deliveries over time. The timeline illustrates the deliveries made to various countries since the beginning of the pandemic and below are some notable events since China started exporting COVID-19 vaccines in 2020.
Notable Events Impacting China’s Vaccine Delivery:
December 2020. First batch of Sinovac vaccine delivery to Indonesia and Turkey, kickstarting China’s global vaccine distribution.
March 2021. India’s vaccine export ban. China announced multiple pledges of donation and vaccine sales, which led to the first peak in deliveries. Notably, large quantities were pledged to the following countries: Indonesia (26M), Brazil (14M), Chile (7M), Mexico (7M).
June 2021. WHO’s Emergency Use Listing (EUL) of Sinopharm and Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use gave the green light for these vaccines to be rolled out worldwide. Together with higher global vaccine demand and newer production facilities being built by Sinovac to boost yearly production capacity, this led to a sharp increase.
July 2021. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and other COVAX partners announced the signing of a deal for 550 million Chinese COVID-19 vaccines.
August 2021. First Meeting of the International Forum on COVID-19 Vaccine Cooperation. President Xi Jinping pledged 2 billion vaccine doses to be provided by the end of the year and $100 million to COVAX.
September 2021. Partnerships established with overseas vaccine manufacturers to boost local productions such as with Egypt’s VACSERA to become a hub for further vaccine exports to Africa and joint vaccine manufacturing efforts with Morocco further increased the total amount of Chinese vaccines delivered.
October 2021. The highest peak in vaccine deliveries for 2021 was driven by consistent deliveries to key recipient countries. However, it was Iran’s effort to ramp up vaccination efforts in the country, by importing a large amount of Sinopharm vaccines (86.3M) which played the most important role for this sharp increase.
January 2022. Significant decline in Chinese vaccine deliveries. This can directly or indirectly be attributed to the following possible factors:
Many big vaccine purchase contracts such as that with Brazil and Indonesia ended in 2021 and was not renewed;
The pace of global exports by other vaccine producers such as Pfizer and Moderna had picked up in the second half of 2021;
The gradual lifting of the vaccine export ban by India meant more vaccine access for COVAX, thus possibly reducing the demand for Chinese vaccines among other countries.
More
China’s Vaccines Across Regions
China has directly provided vaccines to four geographical regions – a total of 119 countries around the world. Out of these four regions, Asia Pacific has received the most significant number of Chinese vaccines, with 39 countries receiving vaccines from China. Latin America has received the second most considerable number of Chinese vaccines, though only 22 countries have received them. In contrast, while Africa has 48 countries receiving vaccines from China, the region has received few Chinese vaccines.
Take a look at our slideshow below to see deliveries, sales, and donations of Chinese vaccines by Geographical Region.
Please press the arrows below to alternate between graphs.
Top 10 Doses Delivered, Purchased, and Donated
Here is a slideshow that shows the countries that have received the most doses through deliveries, purchases, and donations.
Please press the arrows below to alternate between tables.
China’s Vaccines in Africa
As part of the South-South Cooperation, China pledged in late February 2021 to provide COVID-19 vaccines to 19 African countries. Following the 8th FOCAC Ministerial Meeting that took place on 30 November 2021, China made a new pledge to provide 1 billion doses of vaccines to Africa, including 600 million doses as donation and 400 million doses to be provided through such means as joint production by Chinese companies and relevant African countries. To date, 47 African countries have been receiving vaccines from China. While the pace of these deals has picked up on several occasions, China’s total number of vaccines delivered to Africa has constantly remained low.
Out of the 186 million doses sold and 80 million pledged donations to Africa, China has delivered 125 million, of which 31 million have been donations. However, issues of affordability and accessibility are particularly critical for African countries with limited financial resources at their disposal. Alongside bilateral agreements, Africa has also been receiving vaccines through the COVAX initiative.
China’s Vaccines in Latin America
Latin America has received the second-largest quantity of Chinese vaccines, despite only 22 countries having vaccine deals with China. Like Africa, Latin America and China are also working under the South-South Cooperation and the Belt and Road Initiative. While China has donated only 12 million doses to the region, it has sold 396 million doses, and to date, delivered 293 million doses. China also provides the region with active ingredients to make Chinese and other vaccines, such as the AstraZeneca vaccine.
Latin America plays an especially significant role to Chinese vaccine developer Sinovac, which has sold 230 million doses (out of 848 million doses sold globally) to 8 Latin American countries.
China’s Vaccines in Asia Pacific
Asia has received the most significant number of Chinese vaccines out of all regions in donations and sales. Thus far, the continent has received delivery of 890 million doses, out of the 938 million sold and 141 million donated. 97 million of the delivered doses have been donations.
In recent months, there has been a shift in the perception of Chinese vaccines in the region as local cases surge despite healthcare workers and citizens being inoculated with these vaccines. These surges have been attributed to the rise of the Delta and Omicron variants, which is more contagious, and the latter is able to evade immune protection from vaccines as well. In light of this, some countries are considering administering booster shots or mixing Chinese vaccines with other vaccine brands to enhance immunity, especially for vulnerable populations like the elderly and frontline workers.
In November 2021, President Xipledged an additional 150 million doses to be provided to the ASEAN bloc as well as $5 million to its COVID-19 response fund.
In January 2022, at a virtual summit celebrating the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and five Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan), President Xi pledged an additional 50 million vaccine doses to be donated to the region.
In March 2022, atthe 48th session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in Pakistan, Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi pledged to provide an additional 300 million vaccine doses to Islamic countries and support the OIC’s member countries in Africa fighting the pandemic.
China’s Vaccines in Europe
As a region, Europe has received the fewest number of deliveries of Chinese vaccines. Thus far, only 59 million doses of Chinese vaccines have been delivered to 10 European countries, of which 5 million are donations. However, altogether China has sold 123 million doses to the region, most of which came from Turkey who penned a deal in November 2020 to buy 100 million doses of Sinovac. Turkey has redistributed doses via donations and sales to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Azerbaijan, Albania, and more.
One possible factor why Chinese vaccines are not widely used in European countries is because they have not yet received approval from the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The EMA is an agency of the European Union in charge of the evaluation and supervision of medicinal products. However, national medical regulators may authorize the vaccines for emergency use which some Central and Eastern European countries have done.
China’s Multilateral Vaccine Contributions
In recent months, Chinese vaccines have been endorsed by an increasing list of international organizations, making these vaccines available through multilateral streams.
June 30, 2021. Gavi announced that it had signed an advance purchase agreement (APA) with Clover Biopharmaceuticals for its SCB-2019 protein-based adjuvanted vaccine, the R&D of which is funded by (CEPI), making up to 414 million doses available to participants of the COVAX Facility.
July 12, 2021. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, announced that it had signed APAs with Sinopharm for its BBIBP-CorV inactivated virus vaccine and Sinovac for its CoronaVac inactivated virus vaccine. These agreements made 110 million doses immediately available to participants of the COVAX Facility, with options for additional doses, providing up to 550 million doses to the program.
February 8, 2022. CEPI, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, announced that it will expand its collaboration with Shanghai Zerun Bio and its parent company Walvax to advance the development of a COVID-19 variant vaccine. CEPI will invest up to an additional US$8.15 million to support a Phase I/II clinical trial in Mali which will evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of Zerun Bio’s prototype and multi-variant vaccine candidates.
March 22, 2022. The BRICS Vaccine R&D Center was launched as a joint effort between the five BRICS countries, and Sinovac took a leading role as the Chinese branch.
Chinese leaders have repeatedly emphasized that China wants to promote multilateral cooperation in the global response to COVID-19. China’s increasing participation in vital multilateral mechanisms is an encouraging step forward in fulfilling its promise of making Chinese COVID-19 vaccines a global public good and promoting multilateralism, on top of its many bilateral vaccine distribution deals.
COVAX Deliveries of Chinese Vaccines
COVAX is a partnership with CEPI, Gavi, the WHO, and UNICEF (a delivery partner). This initiatives has widened access to COVID-19 vaccines in an equitable manner, and also has improved the development and manufacturing of these vaccines. Read more about the initiative here.
China’s Vaccines by Manufacturers
Sinopharm and Sinovac have been the most prominent manufacturers of Chinese COVID-19 vaccines sold and donated worldwide. Outside of these two, CanSino and Anhui Zhifei have also provided vaccines, though fewer.
Sinovac remains the leading supplier of vaccine sales by China, having sold 848 million doses and supplied vaccines to 48 countries in total. On the other hand, Sinopharm has been the leading supplier of vaccine donations from China, supplying 103 million doses of donated vaccines to 79 countries.
Take a look at our slideshow to see sales and deliveries of manufacturers. Please press the arrows below to alternate between graphs.
Sinovac – CoronaVac COVID-19 Vaccine
On June 1, 2021, the World Health Organization officially listed the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine developed by Chinese biopharmaceutical company Sinovac Biotech Ltd. for emergency use. This is the second Chinese COVID-19 vaccine to receive this approval after the inactivated Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine was approved for emergency use in May 2021.
Sinopharm – Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co-Ltd. (BBIBP) COVID-19 Vaccine
On May 7, the World Health Organization officially listed the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine developed by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co-Ltd. (BBIBP) under the China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation (Sinopharm) for emergency use, marking a significant milestone as the first Chinese COVID-19 vaccine to receive this approval.
CanSino – CONVIDECIA Ad5-nCoV-S recombinant vaccine
On May 19, 2022, the World Health Organization officially listed the CanSino (CONVIDECIA) vaccine developed by CanSino Biologics Inc., the Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences for emergency use. This is the third vaccine developed by China to receive this approval. CanSino uses protein-coding technology delivered to the body by adenoviruses to create antibodies that fight COVID-19. This differs from the Sinovac and Sinopharm vaccines, which use the inactivated COVID-19 virus to generate an immune response against the disease.
Overseas Manufacturers of Chinese Vaccines
In addition to vaccine deliveries, Chinese COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers have been partnering with various developing countries to build up their local vaccine production capacities. At the Global Health Summit 2021, Chinese President Xi Jinping reiterated China’s support for its vaccine developers to transfer technologies to other developing countries and to carry out joint production. A total of 15 countries currently host vaccine joint production facilities: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, UAE, Uzbekistan, Serbia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia and Mexico.
Additional countries have only signed agreements but have not yet indicated production of vaccines or construction of vaccine facilities: Hungary, Russia, Bangladesh, Argentina, Turkey and Sri Lanka.
More Details on Overseas Manufacturers of Chinese Vaccines:
Manufacturing of Chinese COVID-19 vaccines has started or is about to start for these countries.
Algeria. Algerian pharmaceutical company Saidal received the green light to produce Sinovac vaccines domestically, with an aim to produce five million vaccine doses per month by January 2022 and to export vaccines to the rest of Africa. In late September 2021, Saidal started manufacturing the CoronaVac doses, with 20,000 produced in the first week, and by January 2022, was marketing the vaccine for sale. Currently, Saidal is producing vaccines at a rate of 60 million vaccines per year, however have stated that they can scale up production to 96 million vaccines per year depending on increased demand from other African countries.
Brazil. The local Butantan Institute initially planned for 100% domestic production of COVID-19 vaccines in early 2022 . On March 25, 2022, Butantan finished construction and opened a new vaccine plant which was meant to create locally produced COVID-19 vaccines. Sinovac Coronavac vaccines were subsequently produced at this site. However, experts state that the plant may only produce other types of vaccines depending on the demands of Brazil’s government agencies. Production in the plant on a large scale is scheduled to start in early 2023. In late June, 2022, the Butantan Institute reported that they had officially ended production of the CoronaVac vaccine as of October 2021 due to a lack of demand. The last batch of 110 million doses was sent to Brazil’s Ministry of Health in February 2022.
Cambodia. In May 2022, an MOU was signed between the Cambodian Pharmaceutical Enterprise and Sinovac for the construction of a vaccine packaging facility and license to fill and finish the Sinovac vaccines. The Cambodian government has already ordered over 104 million doses that the plant is projected to produce between 2024-2026.
Chile. In August 2021, Sinovac formed a partnership with the Innovation Center of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, with the support of the government and the Millennium Institute for the planned construction of a fill-and-finish site near Santiago, a R&D research centre in the Antogafasta region and office spaces for scientists in the University. Construction for the vaccine plant started in May 2022 with an expected completion date in early 2023, considerably later than previous plans for the start of operations in the second quarter of 2022. It will have an estimated 50 million doses per year capacity while the R&D centre will benefit future development and production of other vaccines.
Colombia. In August 2021, an MOE was signed between the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation and Sinovac for the packaging and filling of vaccines in the next 8 months following selection of a suitable plant, and a planned production of other vaccines over the next 2 years as part of a long-term plan to help Colombia rebuild its vaccine industry. In May 2022, Sinovac announced a USD $100 million investment for the project, including the construction of a vaccine plant in Bogotá with the capacity to package 50-60 million doses annually. Sinovac stated that the company is in the process of purchasing land in the country in order to create the vaccine plant.
Egypt. Under an agreement with Sinovac, Egypt’s state-owned VACSERA company produced its first batch of 1 million doses of the VACSERA-Sinovac vaccine in July 2021 using raw materials from China. By February 2022, it has produced over 30 million doses of the vaccine. It plans to fill and finish 200 million doses a year for national needs, and build a second factory that can produce 3 million doses every day for regional export needs. This would make Egypt the largest vaccine producer in Africa and in the Middle East. In October 2021, they approved an increase of 250 million doses of raw materials to be sent for 2023. In January 2022, they also signed a new cooperation agreement for the construction of an automated vaccine cold storage facility at VACSERA that is projected to be able to hold 150 million vaccine doses. The construction of this facility started in April and was completed into operation on September 25, 2022. On the same day, 10 million doses of Sinovac vaccines donated by China became the first batch handled by the cold storage facility.
Indonesia. On September 29, 2022, Indonesia’s National Agency of Drug and Food Control issued an Emergency Use Authorization for ‘AWcorna’ – an mRNA vaccine developed in China by Abogen-Yuxi Walvax. The AWcorna vaccine was registered by Jakarta-based bio-pharmaceuticals producer PT Etana Biotechnologies Indonesia (PT Etana). The vaccine will be locally produced by PT Etana through a vaccine-technology transfer with China. AWcorna received a halal fatwa (Islamic legal ruling on permits) from the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) and halal certification from the Halal Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH). On October 7, Chinese Ambassador to Indonesia Lu Kang attended the opening ceremony of the vaccine manufacturing base which is the first mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine factory in Southeast Asia. The facility can achieve 100 million doses per year.
Malaysia. On April 23, 2021, the filled-and-finished Sinovac vaccine by local company Pharmaniaga received conditional approval from Malaysia’s National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), allowing its use in mass vaccinations. As of November, over 20 million doses have been supplied to the National Immunisation Programme in both manufactured and finished form, and the vaccine has been exported overseas to Myanmar. In a joint press conference with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, Malaysian Foreign Minister Saifuddin Abdullah emphasized that Malaysia and China would collaborate in vaccine research, development and production. The Malaysian government has discussed the possibility to setting up production plants in Malaysia with several Chinese vaccine manufactures.
Mexico. Mexico partnered with Mexico to export active ingredients for its vaccines, which are then packaged in the country by Drugmex. CanSino stated that in 2021, it expected to make 1.2 million shots available per week to fulfil its agreement for 35 million doses. The deal was prematurely ended in May 2022 due to issues with meeting product delivery deadlines. Out of the 35 million doses in the deal, 14.1 million were completed.
Morocco. On July 6, 2021, Morocco announced that their local pharmaceutical firm Sothema would soon be producing 5 million doses of Sinopharm per month under a fill-and-finish license. Morocco has started the production of more than three million doses of Sinopharm vaccine each month. The production capacity will reach five million doses starting from February 2022, and more than 20 million by the end of 2022.
Myanmar. On December 13, 2021, Chairman of the State Administration Council and Prime Minister Senior General Min Aun Hlaing announced that Myanmar was currently looking to produce Chinese COVID-19 vaccines domestically. Joint production of Sinopharm vaccines, was planned to start from January with a target of producing five million units of vaccine per month. During April 29-30, 2022, Myanmar administered 1 million of the locally-produced ‘Myancopharm’ doses to individuals within the country.
Pakistan. Pakistan’s National Institute of Health (NIH) partnered with CanSino to process its vaccines locally from bulk ingredients. Local media reported that locally filling vaccine vials will reduce the vaccine price by up to 30 percent. The locally finished ‘PakVac’ started national rollout in June 2021, and later in October, CanSino expressed their support for “enhancing the existing local filling and production capacity of the not only for Covid-19 vaccine but also for some other vaccines.”
Serbia. On July 12, 2021, an official memorandum of understanding and cooperation was signed between Serbia, China, and the United Arab Emirates to co-finance and construct a vaccine-finishing factory in Serbia. The factory started construction in October 2021.
United Arab Emirates. After hosting clinical trials of their vaccine, the UAE’s G42 launched a joint venture with Sinopharm to locally package the vaccine as ‘Hayat-Vax’ in March 2021. A new plant in the UAE, built in the Khalifa Industrial Zone of Abu Dhabi (KIZAD), will have a production capacity of 200 million doses a year with three filling lines and five automated packaging lines. Hayat-Vax has already been exported to countries including Kazakhstan and Vietnam. On June 30th, 2022, Ali Obaid Al Dhaheri (UAE Ambassador to China) met with Liu Jinchen (the President of Sinopharm) to discuss how to further collaborate regarding COVID-19 vaccines.
Uzbekistan. In August 2021, Uzbek company Jurabek Laboratories JV LLC signed an agreement with China’s Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd to locally manufacture their vaccine, with an expected initial output of up to 10 million doses a month. It has rolled out the vaccines since October 2021.
Several Chinese vaccine manufacturers have initial stage agreements (MOUs, license to produce vaccines, public statements of intent) with these countries, however have yet to deliver concrete results. We will continue to monitor the situation with these agreements.
Argentina. In May 2021, Sinopharm and Argentinian pharmaceutical Sinergium Biotech agreed to produce vaccines in Argentina with discussions on technology transfer to follow. Political negotiations were initiated between the two countries regarding production, however no further updates have been announced.
Bangladesh. Under a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between the government, China’s Sinopharm and Bangladesh’s Incepta pharmaceutical firm in August 2021, the local vaccine producer will supply five million doses of the vaccine a month from its plant in Savar. So far, production has yet to begin.
Hungary. On September 10, 2021, Hungary’s government signed a letter of intent with Sinopharm executives to develop the required infrastructure within the next 10 months to produce the Chinese COVID-19 vaccine. No further updates regarding this have been announced.
Nigeria. Cui Jianchun, Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to Nigeria, announced on December 14, 2021, that China and Nigeria are currently undergoing talks regarding a potential collaboration to domestically produce Chinese COVID-19 vaccines.
Russia. In 2020, CanSino carried out a phase 3 trial of its vaccine in partnership with Petrovax in Russia, and in August 2021, Petrovax agreed to partner with the developer to carry out local manufacturing. No further updates have been announced.
Sri Lanka. In August 2021, Sinovac agreed to set up a manufacturing plant in Hambantota, Sri Lanka, with an initial plan to produce 13 million doses of the vaccine through Kelun Lifesciences. No further updates have been announced.
Turkey. Turkey was one of the first five countries to receive a license to locally manufacture vaccines from Sinovac in May 2021. No further updates have been announced.
Uganda. Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni met with Sinovac’s Ugandan representative and team in May 2022 to discuss plans for Sinovac to establish a vaccine and biotechnology centre in the country.
Notes
Additional information on procurements of Chinese vaccines:
Vaccine procurements:
Some vaccines procured by various countries with joint production agreements will be produced locally using active ingredients delivered by China.
The Chinese military has also donated vaccines to the military in countries including Cambodia, Congo Republic, Ethiopia, Mongolia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sudan, North Macedonia, Zimbabwe, Guinea, and Tunisia; some quantities are included in the reported data above, while others are undisclosed. Egypt has reportedly received an undisclosed amount of an undisclosed vaccine from the People’s Liberation Army.
Thailand’s total vaccine quantities might be higher than recorded, as specific numbers were undisclosed. The Chulabhorn Royal Academy has purchased some.
Turkey’s total vaccine quantities might be higher than recorded, as specific numbers were undisclosed.
China has offered vaccines to Nepal under “grant assistance”, which is not a complete donation.
Iraq and Kazakhstan have received vaccines that are assumed to be purchased from China.
Several countries have received donated vaccines directly from the Chinese Red Cross Society.
Some Sinovac vaccines were purchased by the Filipino-Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry Inc for the “Spring Sprout” program (春苗行动) in The Philippines.
There have been conflicting reports on the total number of delivered vaccines to Zimbabwe and Colombia. Our team has tracked the individual delivery batches, but some numbers might be undisclosed.
The Kachin Independence Army in Myanmar alleges that they have received 10,000 doses of an undisclosed Chinese vaccine from Yunan authorities. Among these doses, an unknown number of doses were donated by China. These numbers have temporarily not been included above.
In Vietnam, the Ministry of Health has licensed the state-owned Saigon Pharmaceutical Company Limited (Sapharco) to procure 5 million doses of Sinopharm. As of August 16, 2021, 2 million doses have been delivered to Ho Chi Minh City, where the firm is based.
China has directly donated 3,000 doses of Sinopharm to the National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) Party of Cambodia.
Egypt has reportedly received an undisclosed amount of an undisclosed vaccine from the People’s Liberation Army.
Additional procurements:
Turkey and Azerbaijan, two member states of the Turkic Council, and observer Hungary have announced that they will donate COVID-19 vaccines to the African countries in need. The vaccine shipment will include 211,000 doses of Sinopharm from Hungary, 200,000 Sinovac doses from Turkey and 100,000 Sinovac doses from Azerbaijan.
The UAE has donated vaccines to Seychelles, Jordan, Belize, Paraguay, Mauritius, and Indonesia; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
Turkey has provided vaccines to Libya, North Macedonia, and Azerbaijan; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
Chile has donated vaccines each to Ecuador and Paraguay; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
Antigua and Barbuda has donated vaccines to Trinidad and Tobago; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
China and Egypt have jointly pledged to donate 500,000 doses of Sinovac to the Gaza Strip.
Paraguay has received 20,000 doses of Sinovac from Colombia; the quantity has been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
Senegal has donated Sinopharm doses to Guinea-Bissau and Gambia; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
More
Methodology
This vaccine tracker is based entirely on data from reliable publicly accessible sources collected and compiled by Bridge Consulting with the help of Global Health Strategies (Brazil) and is updated every Monday by 7:00 PM (BJT GMT+8).
Where do we get our data?
Bridge collects and verifies data on Chinese vaccine sales, donations and deliveries every week. We source all our data from reliable, publicly accessible sources such as official government press releases, credible international and local news sources, and social media posts by government offices and verified officials.
How do you define ‘sales’, ‘donations’, ‘deliveries’?
Vaccine sales refers to the contractually committed vaccine doses that recipient countries have commercially purchased from Chinese vaccine developers.
Vaccine donations refers to the doses that a Chinese entity (government, vaccine developer, Red Cross etc.) has pledged to donate to a recipient country.
Vaccine deliveries refers to the doses that have physically been shipped from China to the recipient country.
How are countries and regions defined?
Our data is compiled and organized by country according to the United Nations’ M49 standard.
Why does our data change sometimes?
With the help of Global Health Strategies (Brazil), we constantly review our data for irregularities and correct them whenever new information becomes available.
Why does our data differ from other sources?
All our data is sourced manually by our team from publicly available sources. If you find that we have missed out on something, please let us know at vaccinetracker@bridgebeijing.com.
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Sieh dir auf Facebook Beiträge, Fotos und vieles mehr an.
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https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-should-you-worry-about-the-side-effects
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en
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What to know about the Sinopharm COVID
|
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2021-05-18T13:25:00+00:00
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This short feature looks at the known side effects of the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine and offers an overview of the outstanding data gaps.
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en
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https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-should-you-worry-about-the-side-effects
|
The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, which the Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products (BBIBP) developed, is the first Chinese COVID-19 vaccine that the World Health Organization (WHO) has authorized for emergency use. This Snapshot feature discusses some of the common side effects that have occurred in clinical trials and the controversies surrounding the safety of the vaccine.
Coronavirus data
All data and statistics are based on publicly available data at the time of publication. Some information may be out of date. Visit our coronavirus hub for the most recent information on COVID-19.
The BBIBP in China has developed the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine BBIBP-CorV. Of the COVID-19 vaccines that Chinese companies have produced, BBIBP-CorV is the first one that the WHO has authorized for use against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
The WHO issued its emergency use listing for the Sinopharm vaccine on May 7, 2021, some 4 months after China’s National Medical Products Administration authorized it on December 31, 2020. A further 42 countries, including Hungary, Venezuela, and Sri Lanka, have approved the vaccine. However, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has not yet reviewed it for use in the European Union.
Sinopharm and the BBIBP opted to use a well-established technology to develop their COVID-19 vaccine. The two-dose vaccine incorporates inactivated virus to stimulate an immune response.
Coronavirus resources
For more advice on COVID-19 prevention and treatment, visit our coronavirus hub.
The Sinopharm vaccine contains SARS-CoV-2 that has undergone treatment with a chemical called beta-propiolactone. This chemical binds to the virus’s genetic material and stops it from replicating and causing COVID-19. The vaccine also contains an adjuvant in the form of aluminum hydroxide. Adjuvants help strengthen the body’s immune response to vaccines.
When an individual receives the vaccine, their body’s immune system identifies the inactivated virus as foreign and makes antibodies against it. If the vaccinated person subsequently comes into contact with SARS-CoV-2, their immune system launches an immune response against it.
The WHO recommends the Sinopharm vaccine for people aged 18 years and older, with a gap of 3–4 weeks between the two doses. The global health agency estimates overall vaccine efficacy to be about 78%, although it notes that trial data are lacking for adults over the age of 60 years.
Article highlights:
Published data to support Sinopharm’s BBIBP-CorV vaccine are lacking. Data from a small phase 1/2 trial that involved about 600 volunteers appeared in The Lancet Infectious Diseases in October 2020. The authors of the paper reported that the vaccine was safe and well-tolerated by trial participants.
The most commonly reported side effects in this trial were fever and pain at the injection site.
The WHO reviewed safety data from three clinical trials, which included data for 16,671 participants who received the Sinopharm vaccine. Most of these data relate to men aged 18–59 years.
Based on these data, the most common side effects were:
headaches
fatigue
injection site reactions
These side effects are similar to those of other authorized vaccines against COVID-19, and most were mild to moderate.
The WHO identified two serious adverse events that were possibly linked to the vaccine — serious nausea and a rare neurological disorder known as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. There was also one diagnosis of thrombus (blood clot) in the vaccine group.
The WHO also considered post-authorization data in the form of safety data gathered during China’s rollout of the vaccine. Among the 5.9 million people who had received the vaccine in China by December 30, 2020, there were 1,453 reported adverse events.
These side effects included local reactions of redness and swelling at the vaccination site. There were also 202 cases of fever, including 86 classed as severe. Although there were 11 reported cases of facial nerve symptoms, assessors concluded that these were unrelated to the vaccine.
Safety in older adults
Safety data from 1.1 million Sinopharm vaccine doses that older adults — aged 65 years and over — received in China list the most common side effects as dizziness, headaches, fatigue, nausea, fever, vomiting, and allergic dermatitis. There were no reported serious adverse events for this age group. However, the WHO highlights a gap in BBIBP-CorV’s evidence base for older adults.
There is still some controversy surrounding the vaccine, which a lack of detailed safety and efficacy data and the early rollout of the vaccine have fueled.
A January 2021 news article reported that Shanghai-based vaccine expert Tao Lina had uploaded a digital version of the vaccine’s manual to the web.
The manual listed the vaccine’s 73 local and systemic side effects, leading Tao to describe the vaccine as the “most unsafe vaccine in the world.” However, the number of side effects that the manual lists is not, in itself, an indication of the vaccine’s safety.
Taiwan News reported that censors took Tao’s post down in early January and that 2 days later, Tao retracted his criticism, saying that it was a joke.
Some individuals have also aired concerns over the vaccine’s efficacy. In April 2021, a Chinese official called Gao Fu said that the country’s COVID-19 vaccines “do not achieve very high protection rates.” Gao, head of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, later claimed that people had misinterpreted his comments.
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UAE says China’s state-backed COVID-19 vaccine is 86% effective
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[
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2020-12-09T00:00:00
|
On Wednesday, the United Arab Emirates became the first country to approve a Chinese vaccine for public distribution.
|
en
|
/icons/favicons/favicon.ico
|
Fortune
|
https://fortune.com/2020/12/09/china-covid-19-vaccine-effective-uae-sinopharm/
|
A Chinese COVID-19 vaccine appears to have crossed the finish line—at least in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
On Wednesday, the UAE said a vaccine candidate from Chinese state-owned Sinopharm was 86% effective in protecting against COVID-19 infections based on data analysis from 31,000 volunteers, according to the UAE’s state-owned media outlet The National. The UAE has now officially registered the vaccine for public use, according to the report, and will begin widespread distribution to its population this week.
Eighty-six percent efficacy is just behind the rates reported by front-runners Pfizer and Moderna, who say their jabs stop 94% and 95% of COVID-19 infections, respectively.
The UAE’s approval of Sinopharm’s vaccine will “lead the way to comprehensively protecting the population and responsibly opening the economy,” the UAE’s Ministry of Health and Prevention told The National on Wednesday. The successful trials mark a “major step toward combating the global pandemic,” the health ministry said.
Sinopharm had tested two different vaccine candidates in the UAE that were both based on deploying inactivated forms of the virus to fight infections. In the announcement, the UAE indicated it has opted for one of the two candidates—a vaccine originally developed by the Beijing Institute of Biological Products, rather than the one made by the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products.
Sinopharm did not respond to Fortune’s request for comment.
Neither the UAE nor Sinopharm have yet to publish the Phase III trial data, and it is unclear if, or when, other countries would approve Sinopharm’s candidate based on data from UAE trials. Sinopharm has filed an application to distribute its vaccines in China, but the government has yet to respond to the request.
While Sinopharm awaits approval to distribute its vaccines to the general population, the Chinese government has been deploying Sinopharm’s vaccine to high-risk groups since July as part of the country’s controversial emergency use program. Scientists have cautioned against deploying vaccines before the conclusion of Phase III trials, but Sinopharm recently said over 1 million people in China had been injected with its vaccines outside of trials.
The UAE’s approval and rapid deployment of Sinopharm’s vaccine may reflect how quickly it has adopted China’s standards in the COVID-19 vaccine development process. In September, the UAE authorized its own emergency use program and distributed Sinopharm’s vaccines to high-risk groups before the conclusion of Phase III trials.
While experts have raised questions over Sinopharm distributing unproved vaccines, the company has distinct advantages over rivals in rolling out its vaccine. First, its inactivated virus technology means that its vaccine will likely be more accessible to lower- and middle-income countries. Sinopharm’s vaccines can be stored and shipped at normal refrigeration temperatures (2 to 8 degrees Celsius), whereas vaccine candidates from U.S. vaccine makers Pfizer and Moderna require expensive subzero cold-chain networks for distribution.
Second, the company says it will have the capacity to produce 1 billion doses of its candidate in 2021 and has established a large cohort of international partners via clinical trials. The company is testing its candidates in Bahrain, Morocco, and Peru, and claimed in September that it had made agreements for clinical trials in at least seven other countries.
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Coronavirus digest: Hungary to produce China's Sinopharm jab – DW – 05
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2021-05-31T11:43:28.484000+00:00
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The Hungarian government has announced plans to produce the Chinese-developed COVID-19 vaccine locally in a planned €157 million plant. Follow DW for the latest.
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dw.com
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https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-digest-hungary-to-produce-chinas-sinopharm-jab/a-57723883
|
The Hungarian goverment on Monday announced plans to produce the Chinese-developed Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine locally.
Hungary is the only EU country to inoculate its citizens with the Chinese jab after domestic regulators approved its use.
Speaking in China, Hungarian Foreign Minister Peter Szijjarto said officials would open a planned €157 million ($193 million) vaccine plant in the eastern town of Debrecen.
The announcement came after Szijjarto met with his Chinese counterpart, Wang Yi.
He said that the goal would be carrying out the entire production process inside Hungary.
MTI, the country's state news agency, reported that the move would make Hungary self-sufficient in vaccine production from the end of 2022.
Here's the latest on coronavirus from around the world.
Europe
France has decided to open up vaccination appointments to adults of all ages as the government looks to speed up its current jabbing drive.
From Monday, anyone over the age of 18 can sign up to get their first dose.
More than 48% of France’s adult population has had at least one dose, and more than 20% have had two, according to statistics compiled by the country's public health authorities.
After a slow start, France has now administered more than 36 million vaccine doses.
French President Emmanuel Macron said in a tweet that he has been vaccinated for COVID-19. He did not specify with which vaccine.
At a meeting in Brussels, Belgium, the European Commission signed off on a European Medicines Agency decision to allow 12 to 17-year-olds to receive the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.
The decision by the EU executive, which is the last legal formality in the approval process of drugs or medicines in Europe, clears the way for member states to accelerate their vaccination programs.
The FDA, the US regulator, issued a similar decision earlier this month that expanded the use of the German-developed jab for 12 to 15-year-olds.
Authorities in Russia say they will resume flights from Moscow to London from June 2 as the health situation improves in the United Kingdom. But the country's coronavirus task force decided to keep a flight ban in place on departures to Turkey and Tanzania until June 21 inclusive. It said there will be three flights per week from Moscow to London.
In Geneva, Switzerland, the head of the World Health Organization called for all of its member states to agree upon a new pandemic treaty.
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO director-general, told its annual ministerial assembly that the UN agency faced a “serious challenge” to maintain its COVID-19 response at the current level and required sustainable and flexible funding.
Earlier, health ministers from the 194 countries who are part of the WHO agreed to look at suggestions made by independent experts to strengthen the capacity of both the WHO and countries to contain new viruses.
They will meet from November 29 this year to decide whether to launch negotiations on the pandemic treaty.
Denmark's government has asked the country's health authorities to rethink their ban on the use of the Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines.
Officials excluded both vaccines over a potential link to a rare but serious form of blood clot.
"We are now further into the epidemic, and the vaccines from Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca have now been in use in Europe for some time, Health Minister Magnus Heunicke said.
"There is a larger data base worldwide to assess the effect and side effects of the vaccines," he said.
Portugal's northern region health authority on Sunday advised people who got up close to the Champions League fanfare in the city of Porto to avoid contact and monitor for coronavirus symptoms over the next 14 days.
In the days before Saturday's final between Chelsea and Manchester City, crowds of English fans gathered in Porto's riverside area to drink and chant team slogans.
The celebrations came amid concerns that the event could lead to a rise in the caseload after COVID-19 curbs were eased for the match and also because of the highly virulent COVID-19 variant, first identified in India, spreading in England.
Germany's Robert Koch Institute reported 1,978 new COVID cases on Monday, and 36 deaths related to the virus. The caseload continues to fall, with the seven-day incidence now at 35 cases per 100,000 people per week.
Meanwhile, live music shows are making a return tin the east of the country.
The Dresden Music Festival is to stage the city's first live concerts in over a year after a series of lockdowns and social distancing rules forced a slew of events to be canceled.
Americas
In Brazil, the city of Serrana has seen a 95% decline in coronavirus deaths after it finished inoculating almost all adults, TV Globo reported on Sunday
Around 45,000 people live in the city located in the southeastern state of Sao Paulo.
Serrana was the subject of research by Instituto Butantan, which produces the Coronavac vaccine developed by China's Sinovac Biotech in Brazil.
At the beginning of the study, the city was experiencing a swelling case tally but the outbreak was contained once 75% of the population was vaccinated.
In overall terms, Brazil has suffered the second-most coronavirus-related deaths of any country in the world after the US.
The Indianapolis Speedway in the United States on Sunday hosted the largest post-pandemic crowd in the world for a sports event on Sunday, with around 135,000 spectators permitted to attend the Indy 500.
The figure, deemed safe in the pandemic, was only 40% of the capacity.
Fans were allowed to attend if they could demonstrate they had been vaccinated, over 90,000 were inoculated at the speedway itself.
Asia-Pacific
In Australia, the second-most populated state of Victoria and the country's latest COVID-19 hotspot, 11 new cases of local transmission were reported on Monday. Victoria has been in a rigorous seven-day lockdown since Friday after new infections in the state capital of Melbourne broke its three-month streak of zero community transmissions.
Meanwhile, Australian cricketers were released from a hotel quarantine in Sydney after being evacuated from India amid a deadly second wave of COVID-19.
The players, including former captain Steve Smith and David Warner, had been in a two-week quarantine following the suspension of the Indian Premier League.
China has reimposed COVID-19 travel restrictions in the southern province of Guangdong after the region recorded 20 new local infections.
Taiwan's parliament on Monday earmarked over $15 billion for COVID-related economic and social aid for people and companies impacted by the ongoing outbreak.
The Serum Institute of India said on Monday that it would raise production of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine to about 90 million doses in June from the roughly 65 million per month that it is currently producing.
India recorded its lowest daily rise in infections since April 11 with 152,734 cases and 3,128 deaths in the previous 24 hours. The country has now registered a total of 28 million infections.
Vietnam is planning to test all 9 million people in its largest city for the coronavirus as it imposed further restrictions in Ho Chi Minh City on Monday to tackle a growing COVID-19 outbreak.
Residents in the city will now be allowed to leave their homes only for essential activities and public gatherings of more than 10 people have been banned for the next two weeks.
State newspaper Vietnam News said the authorities in the city, which is the country's economic hub, were planning to test its entire population with a testing capacity of 100,000 samples a day.
Vietnam's government also said on Monday that it would suspend incoming international flights to the capital, Hanoi. Ho Chi Minh City took a similar step for its airport late last week.
dvv/msh (AFP, AP, dpa, Reuters)
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https://www.cfr.org/blog/vaccine-diplomacy-china-and-sinopharm-africa
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Vaccine Diplomacy: China and SinoPharm in Africa
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2021-01-06T10:43:08-05:00
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On December 3, John Nkengasong, director, Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), announced a 60 percent vaccination target—one estimate of the level needed to achieve herd immunity from COVID-19—in Africa’s fifty-four countries.
|
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Council on Foreign Relations
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https://www.cfr.org/blog/vaccine-diplomacy-china-and-sinopharm-africa
|
Neil Edwards is an Open Source African Media Analyst at Novetta. Media analysis for this piece was enabled by Novetta data.
On December 3, John Nkengasong, director of the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) announced a 60 percent vaccination target—one estimate of the level needed to achieve herd immunity from COVID-19—in Africa’s fifty-four countries. Since American and European officials have pre-purchased vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna for domestic use, African governments and the Africa CDC are being forced to find alternative vaccine supplies. The immunization drive is expected to be among the largest in the continent’s history—the first being the campaign to eradicate polio, which required 9 billion oral vaccine doses, over the course of twenty-four years.
More on:
COVID-19
China
Sub-Saharan Africa
Public Health Threats and Pandemics
Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines
The World Health Organization’s COVAX program aims to help developing countries secure vaccines. However, the program will only cover the most vulnerable 20 percent of each country’s population. Assuming that each vaccine requires the administration of two doses, Africa, with a population of over 1.3 billion people, will need at least 1.6 billion doses to meet its 60 percent vaccination target. Africa CDC—after accounting for COVAX’s contribution—will need to secure 1.28 billion more doses at an estimated cost of $13.54 billion to close the remaining gap. More vaccines may be needed, however, as some will inevitably spoil during transport—Africa’s heat, rainy seasons, and poor road infrastructure provide logistical barriers to distribution.
Africa in Transition
Michelle Gavin, Ebenezer Obadare, and other experts track political and security developments across sub-Saharan Africa. Most weekdays.
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Weekdays.
The World This Week
A weekly digest of the latest from CFR on the biggest foreign policy stories of the week, featuring briefs, opinions, and explainers. Every Friday.
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To make up for COVAX’s limited reach, African governments are considering deals to buy vaccines that are viewed with skepticism in the West. In particular, several governments have expressed interest in China’s leading vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, developed by the China National Pharmaceutical Group (SinoPharm); Novetta’s Rumor Tracking Program revealed that Russia’s leading vaccine, Sputnik V, also remains popular on the continent. The SinoPharm vaccine received approval for distribution on January 4 after reporting a 79 percent efficacy rate in interim late-stage trials. The vaccine is now being lined up to inoculate 50 million people in China before January 15, with second shots to be delivered before February 5—all free of charge to Chinese citizens. However, medical experts have questioned the vaccine’s safety, citing China’s unwillingness to release publicly any of their trial results. Regardless, China could use vaccine access to bolster its economic and political influence in Africa and other regions struggling to secure enough vaccines.
In May, Chinese President Xi Jinping addressed developing countries’ need for vaccines, offering to provide the Chinese vaccine as a “public good” at an affordable price. On October 16, Liu Jingzhen, chairman of SinoPharm, told fifty African diplomats visiting a SinoPharm vaccine factory that “after the COVID-19 vaccine is developed and put into use, it will take the lead in benefiting African countries.” Those who visited offered messages of reassurance to their citizens regarding the vaccine. James Kimonyo, Rwanda’s Ambassador to China, commented on SinoPharm’s size and experience developing vaccines on polio, yellow fever, and smallpox, stating that the visit was “an eye-opener” that led him to “hope that we get the vaccines anytime soon.”
This “vaccine diplomacy” is a continuation of China’s efforts to frame itself as the solution to—rather than the cause of—the pandemic. Since the early days of the COVID-19 outbreak, China’s President Xi Jinping has focused on publicizing Chinese efforts to supply medical aid worldwide. According to state-owned China Global Television Network, an international language broadcasting network, from March to mid-October the Jack Ma Foundation delivered over four hundred tons of medical supplies across Africa, including monthly deliveries of thirty million testing kits, ten thousand ventilators, and eight million surgical masks. In addition, the Chinese government claims that it sent nearly two hundred experts to support medical personnel across the continent.
China’s planeloads of COVID-19 donations—including hospital gowns, nasal swabs, and surgical masks—were initially viewed positively, especially in countries like Zimbabwe, where equipment in public hospitals has been systemically looted over the years. However, in August, a corruption scandal emerged over Jack Ma’s medical donations in Kenya and Tanzania. Kenya’s Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission accused the Kenya Medical Supplies Authority of selling a consignment of medical equipment intended for the Kenyan people to a dozen Tanzanian companies in March. The scandal raised doubts over China’s ability to circumnavigate corrupt institutions and ensure that medical supplies—including vaccines—will arrive and be administered to their intended targets.
More on:
COVID-19
China
Sub-Saharan Africa
Public Health Threats and Pandemics
Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines
In another front of China’s public-relations offensive, state-owned news outlets are suggesting the SinoPharm vaccine has technological and logistical advantages over mRNA vaccines, such as those developed by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech. The Global Times, a Communist Party mouthpiece, emphasized SinoPharm’s use of an “inactivated” vaccine, a decades-old technique used for influenza and polio vaccinations that delivers a killed or weakened virus into the body to prompt an immune response. This was presented in contrast to Western firms using “less-proven technologies” to develop their vaccines. The Global Times further questioned whether African medical staff have the experience to deal with any adverse reactions from mRNA vaccines.
Chinese media assert that distribution networks in Africa are well-established due to existing commercial ties. Alibaba, Jack Ma’s e-commerce giant, has a firm footing on the continent; the company recently struck a deal with Ethiopian Airlines to ship vaccines to Africa. Media also highlight that SinoPharm’s inactivated vaccine can be transported in affordable, off-grid refrigeration units—a genuine advantage over mRNA vaccines, which need to be stored between -20 and -70 degrees Celsius. In Africa, tropical heat and a dearth of ultra-cold freezers—the machines can go for over $15,000, more than fifteen times the cost of off-grid units—make it especially challenging to deliver mRNA vaccines to rural communities and remote islands.
Yet despite Chinese media’s questioning of mRNA vaccines, one Chinese company, Fosun Pharmaceutical, partnered with Pfizer-BioNTech to develop and commercialize the mRNA vaccine that has been authorized in many Western countries. Furthermore, in December, following a strategic cooperation agreement between Fosun Pharmaceutical and SinoPharm, China agreed to receive 100 million doses of the popular mRNA vaccine—demonstrating an approach to stockpile both domestic and foreign-made vaccines.
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https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-should-you-worry-about-the-side-effects
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What to know about the Sinopharm COVID
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This short feature looks at the known side effects of the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine and offers an overview of the outstanding data gaps.
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https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-should-you-worry-about-the-side-effects
|
The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, which the Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products (BBIBP) developed, is the first Chinese COVID-19 vaccine that the World Health Organization (WHO) has authorized for emergency use. This Snapshot feature discusses some of the common side effects that have occurred in clinical trials and the controversies surrounding the safety of the vaccine.
Coronavirus data
All data and statistics are based on publicly available data at the time of publication. Some information may be out of date. Visit our coronavirus hub for the most recent information on COVID-19.
The BBIBP in China has developed the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine BBIBP-CorV. Of the COVID-19 vaccines that Chinese companies have produced, BBIBP-CorV is the first one that the WHO has authorized for use against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
The WHO issued its emergency use listing for the Sinopharm vaccine on May 7, 2021, some 4 months after China’s National Medical Products Administration authorized it on December 31, 2020. A further 42 countries, including Hungary, Venezuela, and Sri Lanka, have approved the vaccine. However, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has not yet reviewed it for use in the European Union.
Sinopharm and the BBIBP opted to use a well-established technology to develop their COVID-19 vaccine. The two-dose vaccine incorporates inactivated virus to stimulate an immune response.
Coronavirus resources
For more advice on COVID-19 prevention and treatment, visit our coronavirus hub.
The Sinopharm vaccine contains SARS-CoV-2 that has undergone treatment with a chemical called beta-propiolactone. This chemical binds to the virus’s genetic material and stops it from replicating and causing COVID-19. The vaccine also contains an adjuvant in the form of aluminum hydroxide. Adjuvants help strengthen the body’s immune response to vaccines.
When an individual receives the vaccine, their body’s immune system identifies the inactivated virus as foreign and makes antibodies against it. If the vaccinated person subsequently comes into contact with SARS-CoV-2, their immune system launches an immune response against it.
The WHO recommends the Sinopharm vaccine for people aged 18 years and older, with a gap of 3–4 weeks between the two doses. The global health agency estimates overall vaccine efficacy to be about 78%, although it notes that trial data are lacking for adults over the age of 60 years.
Article highlights:
Published data to support Sinopharm’s BBIBP-CorV vaccine are lacking. Data from a small phase 1/2 trial that involved about 600 volunteers appeared in The Lancet Infectious Diseases in October 2020. The authors of the paper reported that the vaccine was safe and well-tolerated by trial participants.
The most commonly reported side effects in this trial were fever and pain at the injection site.
The WHO reviewed safety data from three clinical trials, which included data for 16,671 participants who received the Sinopharm vaccine. Most of these data relate to men aged 18–59 years.
Based on these data, the most common side effects were:
headaches
fatigue
injection site reactions
These side effects are similar to those of other authorized vaccines against COVID-19, and most were mild to moderate.
The WHO identified two serious adverse events that were possibly linked to the vaccine — serious nausea and a rare neurological disorder known as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. There was also one diagnosis of thrombus (blood clot) in the vaccine group.
The WHO also considered post-authorization data in the form of safety data gathered during China’s rollout of the vaccine. Among the 5.9 million people who had received the vaccine in China by December 30, 2020, there were 1,453 reported adverse events.
These side effects included local reactions of redness and swelling at the vaccination site. There were also 202 cases of fever, including 86 classed as severe. Although there were 11 reported cases of facial nerve symptoms, assessors concluded that these were unrelated to the vaccine.
Safety in older adults
Safety data from 1.1 million Sinopharm vaccine doses that older adults — aged 65 years and over — received in China list the most common side effects as dizziness, headaches, fatigue, nausea, fever, vomiting, and allergic dermatitis. There were no reported serious adverse events for this age group. However, the WHO highlights a gap in BBIBP-CorV’s evidence base for older adults.
There is still some controversy surrounding the vaccine, which a lack of detailed safety and efficacy data and the early rollout of the vaccine have fueled.
A January 2021 news article reported that Shanghai-based vaccine expert Tao Lina had uploaded a digital version of the vaccine’s manual to the web.
The manual listed the vaccine’s 73 local and systemic side effects, leading Tao to describe the vaccine as the “most unsafe vaccine in the world.” However, the number of side effects that the manual lists is not, in itself, an indication of the vaccine’s safety.
Taiwan News reported that censors took Tao’s post down in early January and that 2 days later, Tao retracted his criticism, saying that it was a joke.
Some individuals have also aired concerns over the vaccine’s efficacy. In April 2021, a Chinese official called Gao Fu said that the country’s COVID-19 vaccines “do not achieve very high protection rates.” Gao, head of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, later claimed that people had misinterpreted his comments.
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Sinopharm Group Co Ltd Locations
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Have you found what you were looking for? From start-ups to market leaders, uncover what they do and how they do it.
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https://www.livemint.com/news/world/who-approves-china-s-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-11620403533298.html
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WHO approves China’s Sinopharm Covid vaccine for emergency use
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The UN health agency signed off on the two-dose vaccine, which is already being deployed in dozens of countries around the world.The move could help Beijing step up its vaccine diplomacy amid the surge in coronavirus vaccines in several countries
|
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https://www.livemint.com/news/world/who-approves-china-s-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-11620403533298.html
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In a big relief for China, the World Health Organization (WHO) on Friday finally approved the Sinopharm Covid-19 vaccine for emergency use -- the first Chinese jab to receive the WHO's green light.
The move could help Beijing step up its vaccine diplomacy amid the surge in coronavirus vaccines in several countries.
China has approved about five of its Covid-19 vaccines for emergency use and especially using Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines for both at home and abroad.
The UN health agency signed off on the two-dose vaccine, which is already being deployed in dozens of countries around the world.
China was eagerly awaiting the global health body’s nod for it to aggressively push the vaccine among different countries.
"This afternoon, WHO gave emergency use listing to Sinopharm Beijing's Covid-19 vaccine, making it the sixth vaccine to receive WHO validation for safety, efficacy and quality," WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus told a news conference.
"The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunisation, or SAGE, has also reviewed the available data, and recommends the vaccine for adults 18 years and older, with a two-dose schedule."
The Sinopharm vaccine is produced by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd, a subsidiary of China National Biotec Group (CNBG).
The two-jab vaccine is an inactivated vaccine called SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell). Its easy storage requirements make it highly suitable for low-resource settings, the WHO press release said.
An emergency use listing by the WHO paves the way for countries worldwide to quickly approve and import a vaccine for distribution, especially those states without an international-standard regulator of their own.
It also opens the door for the jabs to enter the Covax global vaccine-sharing scheme, which aims to provide equitable access to doses around the world and particularly in poorer countries.
The Sinopharm vaccine is already in use in 42 territories around the world, fourth behind AstraZeneca (166), Pfizer-BioNTech (94) and Moderna (46), according to an AFP tally.
Besides China, it is being used in Algeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Hungary, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Peru, the United Arab Emirates, Serbia and Seychelles, among others.
A clutch of other vaccines are on the road towards WHO emergency use listing, including a second Sinopharm product being made in Wuhan -- the city where coronavirus was first detected.
A decision is expected within days on Sinovac, a second Chinese-made vaccine already being used in 22 countries.
The WHO has already given emergency use listing to the vaccines being made by Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Johnson and Johnson, and the AstraZeneca jab being produced at separate sites in India and in South Korea.
Russia's Sputnik V vaccine is the next furthest ahead in the process.
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19 Vaccine Distribution
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2021-03-05T11:55:02+08:00
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Examining China's Promise to Make Its Vaccines A Global Public Good
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Bridge Beijing -
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https://bridgebeijing.com/our-publications/our-publications-1/china-covid-19-vaccines-tracker/
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China COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker
(No longer being updated since December 28, 2022)
Our follow-up project – China’s Emerging Global Vaccine Footprint – looks at how China and other countries are supporting local vaccine manufacturing in the post-COVID era.
Since the outbreak of the pandemic, China has committed to making its COVID-19 vaccines a global public good. On multiple occasions, high-level Chinese officials have declared that China is fulfilling this pledge by exporting and donating its COVID-19 vaccines to as many countries that it can. This has generated a great deal of interest and discussion amongst experts from various fields. As an independent, mission-driven consultancy that tracks China’s impact on global health, Bridge Consulting aims to examine and offer a comprehensive picture of China’s vaccine outreach, hopefully enabling more informed discussions on this issue worldwide.
Read more about our methodology here.
1.853B (+0M) DOSES SOLD
328M (+0M) DOSES DONATED
1.653B (+0M) DOSES DELIVERED
Updated as of 13:00 pm (GMT+8), December 28, 2022.
This tracker is no longer being updated.
It includes all bilateral and multilateral sales, donations, and deliveries that have been officially reported through publicly accessible sources.
Contents
1 Total and Weekly Tracker Highlights
2 China’s Vaccines Around the World
3 Timeline of Vaccines Delivered by China
4 China’s Vaccines Across Regions
5 Top 10 Doses Delivered, Purchased, and Donated
5.1 China’s Vaccines in Africa
5.2 China’s Vaccines in Latin America
5.3 China’s Vaccines in Asia Pacific
5.4 China’s Vaccines in Europe
6 China’s Multilateral Vaccine Contributions
7 COVAX Deliveries of Chinese Vaccines
8 China’s Vaccines by Manufacturers
8.1 Sinovac – CoronaVac COVID-19 Vaccine
8.2 Sinopharm – Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co-Ltd. (BBIBP) COVID-19 Vaccine
8.3 CanSino – CONVIDECIA Ad5-nCoV-S recombinant vaccine
9 Overseas Manufacturers of Chinese Vaccines
10 Notes
11 Methodology
Total and Weekly Tracker Highlights
Africa Update: Total Sales – 126.4M (+0) | Total Pledged Donations – 152.8M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 153.2M (+0)
Asia Pacific Update: Total Sales – 944.9M (+0) | Total Pledged Donations – 143M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 909.8M (+0)
Europe Update: Total Sales – 123.5M (+0) | Total Pledged Donations – 5.6M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 59.5M (+0)
Latin America Update*: Total Sales – 397.9M (+o) | Total Pledged Donations – 13.4M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 296.8M (o)
COVAX Update*: Total Sales – 259.8M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 234.0M (+0)
*Weekly updates in brackets.
See #ChinaCOVID19Tracker on Twitter
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China’s Vaccines Around the World
This interactive map tracks the vaccine sales and donations that China and Chinese vaccine developers have made. It also tracks the number of delivered vaccines.
Timeline of Vaccines Delivered by China
Multiple global developments have impacted the amount of Chinese COVID-19 vaccine deliveries over time. The timeline illustrates the deliveries made to various countries since the beginning of the pandemic and below are some notable events since China started exporting COVID-19 vaccines in 2020.
Notable Events Impacting China’s Vaccine Delivery:
December 2020. First batch of Sinovac vaccine delivery to Indonesia and Turkey, kickstarting China’s global vaccine distribution.
March 2021. India’s vaccine export ban. China announced multiple pledges of donation and vaccine sales, which led to the first peak in deliveries. Notably, large quantities were pledged to the following countries: Indonesia (26M), Brazil (14M), Chile (7M), Mexico (7M).
June 2021. WHO’s Emergency Use Listing (EUL) of Sinopharm and Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use gave the green light for these vaccines to be rolled out worldwide. Together with higher global vaccine demand and newer production facilities being built by Sinovac to boost yearly production capacity, this led to a sharp increase.
July 2021. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and other COVAX partners announced the signing of a deal for 550 million Chinese COVID-19 vaccines.
August 2021. First Meeting of the International Forum on COVID-19 Vaccine Cooperation. President Xi Jinping pledged 2 billion vaccine doses to be provided by the end of the year and $100 million to COVAX.
September 2021. Partnerships established with overseas vaccine manufacturers to boost local productions such as with Egypt’s VACSERA to become a hub for further vaccine exports to Africa and joint vaccine manufacturing efforts with Morocco further increased the total amount of Chinese vaccines delivered.
October 2021. The highest peak in vaccine deliveries for 2021 was driven by consistent deliveries to key recipient countries. However, it was Iran’s effort to ramp up vaccination efforts in the country, by importing a large amount of Sinopharm vaccines (86.3M) which played the most important role for this sharp increase.
January 2022. Significant decline in Chinese vaccine deliveries. This can directly or indirectly be attributed to the following possible factors:
Many big vaccine purchase contracts such as that with Brazil and Indonesia ended in 2021 and was not renewed;
The pace of global exports by other vaccine producers such as Pfizer and Moderna had picked up in the second half of 2021;
The gradual lifting of the vaccine export ban by India meant more vaccine access for COVAX, thus possibly reducing the demand for Chinese vaccines among other countries.
More
China’s Vaccines Across Regions
China has directly provided vaccines to four geographical regions – a total of 119 countries around the world. Out of these four regions, Asia Pacific has received the most significant number of Chinese vaccines, with 39 countries receiving vaccines from China. Latin America has received the second most considerable number of Chinese vaccines, though only 22 countries have received them. In contrast, while Africa has 48 countries receiving vaccines from China, the region has received few Chinese vaccines.
Take a look at our slideshow below to see deliveries, sales, and donations of Chinese vaccines by Geographical Region.
Please press the arrows below to alternate between graphs.
Top 10 Doses Delivered, Purchased, and Donated
Here is a slideshow that shows the countries that have received the most doses through deliveries, purchases, and donations.
Please press the arrows below to alternate between tables.
China’s Vaccines in Africa
As part of the South-South Cooperation, China pledged in late February 2021 to provide COVID-19 vaccines to 19 African countries. Following the 8th FOCAC Ministerial Meeting that took place on 30 November 2021, China made a new pledge to provide 1 billion doses of vaccines to Africa, including 600 million doses as donation and 400 million doses to be provided through such means as joint production by Chinese companies and relevant African countries. To date, 47 African countries have been receiving vaccines from China. While the pace of these deals has picked up on several occasions, China’s total number of vaccines delivered to Africa has constantly remained low.
Out of the 186 million doses sold and 80 million pledged donations to Africa, China has delivered 125 million, of which 31 million have been donations. However, issues of affordability and accessibility are particularly critical for African countries with limited financial resources at their disposal. Alongside bilateral agreements, Africa has also been receiving vaccines through the COVAX initiative.
China’s Vaccines in Latin America
Latin America has received the second-largest quantity of Chinese vaccines, despite only 22 countries having vaccine deals with China. Like Africa, Latin America and China are also working under the South-South Cooperation and the Belt and Road Initiative. While China has donated only 12 million doses to the region, it has sold 396 million doses, and to date, delivered 293 million doses. China also provides the region with active ingredients to make Chinese and other vaccines, such as the AstraZeneca vaccine.
Latin America plays an especially significant role to Chinese vaccine developer Sinovac, which has sold 230 million doses (out of 848 million doses sold globally) to 8 Latin American countries.
China’s Vaccines in Asia Pacific
Asia has received the most significant number of Chinese vaccines out of all regions in donations and sales. Thus far, the continent has received delivery of 890 million doses, out of the 938 million sold and 141 million donated. 97 million of the delivered doses have been donations.
In recent months, there has been a shift in the perception of Chinese vaccines in the region as local cases surge despite healthcare workers and citizens being inoculated with these vaccines. These surges have been attributed to the rise of the Delta and Omicron variants, which is more contagious, and the latter is able to evade immune protection from vaccines as well. In light of this, some countries are considering administering booster shots or mixing Chinese vaccines with other vaccine brands to enhance immunity, especially for vulnerable populations like the elderly and frontline workers.
In November 2021, President Xipledged an additional 150 million doses to be provided to the ASEAN bloc as well as $5 million to its COVID-19 response fund.
In January 2022, at a virtual summit celebrating the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and five Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan), President Xi pledged an additional 50 million vaccine doses to be donated to the region.
In March 2022, atthe 48th session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in Pakistan, Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi pledged to provide an additional 300 million vaccine doses to Islamic countries and support the OIC’s member countries in Africa fighting the pandemic.
China’s Vaccines in Europe
As a region, Europe has received the fewest number of deliveries of Chinese vaccines. Thus far, only 59 million doses of Chinese vaccines have been delivered to 10 European countries, of which 5 million are donations. However, altogether China has sold 123 million doses to the region, most of which came from Turkey who penned a deal in November 2020 to buy 100 million doses of Sinovac. Turkey has redistributed doses via donations and sales to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Azerbaijan, Albania, and more.
One possible factor why Chinese vaccines are not widely used in European countries is because they have not yet received approval from the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The EMA is an agency of the European Union in charge of the evaluation and supervision of medicinal products. However, national medical regulators may authorize the vaccines for emergency use which some Central and Eastern European countries have done.
China’s Multilateral Vaccine Contributions
In recent months, Chinese vaccines have been endorsed by an increasing list of international organizations, making these vaccines available through multilateral streams.
June 30, 2021. Gavi announced that it had signed an advance purchase agreement (APA) with Clover Biopharmaceuticals for its SCB-2019 protein-based adjuvanted vaccine, the R&D of which is funded by (CEPI), making up to 414 million doses available to participants of the COVAX Facility.
July 12, 2021. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, announced that it had signed APAs with Sinopharm for its BBIBP-CorV inactivated virus vaccine and Sinovac for its CoronaVac inactivated virus vaccine. These agreements made 110 million doses immediately available to participants of the COVAX Facility, with options for additional doses, providing up to 550 million doses to the program.
February 8, 2022. CEPI, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, announced that it will expand its collaboration with Shanghai Zerun Bio and its parent company Walvax to advance the development of a COVID-19 variant vaccine. CEPI will invest up to an additional US$8.15 million to support a Phase I/II clinical trial in Mali which will evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of Zerun Bio’s prototype and multi-variant vaccine candidates.
March 22, 2022. The BRICS Vaccine R&D Center was launched as a joint effort between the five BRICS countries, and Sinovac took a leading role as the Chinese branch.
Chinese leaders have repeatedly emphasized that China wants to promote multilateral cooperation in the global response to COVID-19. China’s increasing participation in vital multilateral mechanisms is an encouraging step forward in fulfilling its promise of making Chinese COVID-19 vaccines a global public good and promoting multilateralism, on top of its many bilateral vaccine distribution deals.
COVAX Deliveries of Chinese Vaccines
COVAX is a partnership with CEPI, Gavi, the WHO, and UNICEF (a delivery partner). This initiatives has widened access to COVID-19 vaccines in an equitable manner, and also has improved the development and manufacturing of these vaccines. Read more about the initiative here.
China’s Vaccines by Manufacturers
Sinopharm and Sinovac have been the most prominent manufacturers of Chinese COVID-19 vaccines sold and donated worldwide. Outside of these two, CanSino and Anhui Zhifei have also provided vaccines, though fewer.
Sinovac remains the leading supplier of vaccine sales by China, having sold 848 million doses and supplied vaccines to 48 countries in total. On the other hand, Sinopharm has been the leading supplier of vaccine donations from China, supplying 103 million doses of donated vaccines to 79 countries.
Take a look at our slideshow to see sales and deliveries of manufacturers. Please press the arrows below to alternate between graphs.
Sinovac – CoronaVac COVID-19 Vaccine
On June 1, 2021, the World Health Organization officially listed the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine developed by Chinese biopharmaceutical company Sinovac Biotech Ltd. for emergency use. This is the second Chinese COVID-19 vaccine to receive this approval after the inactivated Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine was approved for emergency use in May 2021.
Sinopharm – Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co-Ltd. (BBIBP) COVID-19 Vaccine
On May 7, the World Health Organization officially listed the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine developed by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co-Ltd. (BBIBP) under the China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation (Sinopharm) for emergency use, marking a significant milestone as the first Chinese COVID-19 vaccine to receive this approval.
CanSino – CONVIDECIA Ad5-nCoV-S recombinant vaccine
On May 19, 2022, the World Health Organization officially listed the CanSino (CONVIDECIA) vaccine developed by CanSino Biologics Inc., the Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences for emergency use. This is the third vaccine developed by China to receive this approval. CanSino uses protein-coding technology delivered to the body by adenoviruses to create antibodies that fight COVID-19. This differs from the Sinovac and Sinopharm vaccines, which use the inactivated COVID-19 virus to generate an immune response against the disease.
Overseas Manufacturers of Chinese Vaccines
In addition to vaccine deliveries, Chinese COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers have been partnering with various developing countries to build up their local vaccine production capacities. At the Global Health Summit 2021, Chinese President Xi Jinping reiterated China’s support for its vaccine developers to transfer technologies to other developing countries and to carry out joint production. A total of 15 countries currently host vaccine joint production facilities: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, UAE, Uzbekistan, Serbia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia and Mexico.
Additional countries have only signed agreements but have not yet indicated production of vaccines or construction of vaccine facilities: Hungary, Russia, Bangladesh, Argentina, Turkey and Sri Lanka.
More Details on Overseas Manufacturers of Chinese Vaccines:
Manufacturing of Chinese COVID-19 vaccines has started or is about to start for these countries.
Algeria. Algerian pharmaceutical company Saidal received the green light to produce Sinovac vaccines domestically, with an aim to produce five million vaccine doses per month by January 2022 and to export vaccines to the rest of Africa. In late September 2021, Saidal started manufacturing the CoronaVac doses, with 20,000 produced in the first week, and by January 2022, was marketing the vaccine for sale. Currently, Saidal is producing vaccines at a rate of 60 million vaccines per year, however have stated that they can scale up production to 96 million vaccines per year depending on increased demand from other African countries.
Brazil. The local Butantan Institute initially planned for 100% domestic production of COVID-19 vaccines in early 2022 . On March 25, 2022, Butantan finished construction and opened a new vaccine plant which was meant to create locally produced COVID-19 vaccines. Sinovac Coronavac vaccines were subsequently produced at this site. However, experts state that the plant may only produce other types of vaccines depending on the demands of Brazil’s government agencies. Production in the plant on a large scale is scheduled to start in early 2023. In late June, 2022, the Butantan Institute reported that they had officially ended production of the CoronaVac vaccine as of October 2021 due to a lack of demand. The last batch of 110 million doses was sent to Brazil’s Ministry of Health in February 2022.
Cambodia. In May 2022, an MOU was signed between the Cambodian Pharmaceutical Enterprise and Sinovac for the construction of a vaccine packaging facility and license to fill and finish the Sinovac vaccines. The Cambodian government has already ordered over 104 million doses that the plant is projected to produce between 2024-2026.
Chile. In August 2021, Sinovac formed a partnership with the Innovation Center of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, with the support of the government and the Millennium Institute for the planned construction of a fill-and-finish site near Santiago, a R&D research centre in the Antogafasta region and office spaces for scientists in the University. Construction for the vaccine plant started in May 2022 with an expected completion date in early 2023, considerably later than previous plans for the start of operations in the second quarter of 2022. It will have an estimated 50 million doses per year capacity while the R&D centre will benefit future development and production of other vaccines.
Colombia. In August 2021, an MOE was signed between the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation and Sinovac for the packaging and filling of vaccines in the next 8 months following selection of a suitable plant, and a planned production of other vaccines over the next 2 years as part of a long-term plan to help Colombia rebuild its vaccine industry. In May 2022, Sinovac announced a USD $100 million investment for the project, including the construction of a vaccine plant in Bogotá with the capacity to package 50-60 million doses annually. Sinovac stated that the company is in the process of purchasing land in the country in order to create the vaccine plant.
Egypt. Under an agreement with Sinovac, Egypt’s state-owned VACSERA company produced its first batch of 1 million doses of the VACSERA-Sinovac vaccine in July 2021 using raw materials from China. By February 2022, it has produced over 30 million doses of the vaccine. It plans to fill and finish 200 million doses a year for national needs, and build a second factory that can produce 3 million doses every day for regional export needs. This would make Egypt the largest vaccine producer in Africa and in the Middle East. In October 2021, they approved an increase of 250 million doses of raw materials to be sent for 2023. In January 2022, they also signed a new cooperation agreement for the construction of an automated vaccine cold storage facility at VACSERA that is projected to be able to hold 150 million vaccine doses. The construction of this facility started in April and was completed into operation on September 25, 2022. On the same day, 10 million doses of Sinovac vaccines donated by China became the first batch handled by the cold storage facility.
Indonesia. On September 29, 2022, Indonesia’s National Agency of Drug and Food Control issued an Emergency Use Authorization for ‘AWcorna’ – an mRNA vaccine developed in China by Abogen-Yuxi Walvax. The AWcorna vaccine was registered by Jakarta-based bio-pharmaceuticals producer PT Etana Biotechnologies Indonesia (PT Etana). The vaccine will be locally produced by PT Etana through a vaccine-technology transfer with China. AWcorna received a halal fatwa (Islamic legal ruling on permits) from the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) and halal certification from the Halal Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH). On October 7, Chinese Ambassador to Indonesia Lu Kang attended the opening ceremony of the vaccine manufacturing base which is the first mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine factory in Southeast Asia. The facility can achieve 100 million doses per year.
Malaysia. On April 23, 2021, the filled-and-finished Sinovac vaccine by local company Pharmaniaga received conditional approval from Malaysia’s National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), allowing its use in mass vaccinations. As of November, over 20 million doses have been supplied to the National Immunisation Programme in both manufactured and finished form, and the vaccine has been exported overseas to Myanmar. In a joint press conference with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, Malaysian Foreign Minister Saifuddin Abdullah emphasized that Malaysia and China would collaborate in vaccine research, development and production. The Malaysian government has discussed the possibility to setting up production plants in Malaysia with several Chinese vaccine manufactures.
Mexico. Mexico partnered with Mexico to export active ingredients for its vaccines, which are then packaged in the country by Drugmex. CanSino stated that in 2021, it expected to make 1.2 million shots available per week to fulfil its agreement for 35 million doses. The deal was prematurely ended in May 2022 due to issues with meeting product delivery deadlines. Out of the 35 million doses in the deal, 14.1 million were completed.
Morocco. On July 6, 2021, Morocco announced that their local pharmaceutical firm Sothema would soon be producing 5 million doses of Sinopharm per month under a fill-and-finish license. Morocco has started the production of more than three million doses of Sinopharm vaccine each month. The production capacity will reach five million doses starting from February 2022, and more than 20 million by the end of 2022.
Myanmar. On December 13, 2021, Chairman of the State Administration Council and Prime Minister Senior General Min Aun Hlaing announced that Myanmar was currently looking to produce Chinese COVID-19 vaccines domestically. Joint production of Sinopharm vaccines, was planned to start from January with a target of producing five million units of vaccine per month. During April 29-30, 2022, Myanmar administered 1 million of the locally-produced ‘Myancopharm’ doses to individuals within the country.
Pakistan. Pakistan’s National Institute of Health (NIH) partnered with CanSino to process its vaccines locally from bulk ingredients. Local media reported that locally filling vaccine vials will reduce the vaccine price by up to 30 percent. The locally finished ‘PakVac’ started national rollout in June 2021, and later in October, CanSino expressed their support for “enhancing the existing local filling and production capacity of the not only for Covid-19 vaccine but also for some other vaccines.”
Serbia. On July 12, 2021, an official memorandum of understanding and cooperation was signed between Serbia, China, and the United Arab Emirates to co-finance and construct a vaccine-finishing factory in Serbia. The factory started construction in October 2021.
United Arab Emirates. After hosting clinical trials of their vaccine, the UAE’s G42 launched a joint venture with Sinopharm to locally package the vaccine as ‘Hayat-Vax’ in March 2021. A new plant in the UAE, built in the Khalifa Industrial Zone of Abu Dhabi (KIZAD), will have a production capacity of 200 million doses a year with three filling lines and five automated packaging lines. Hayat-Vax has already been exported to countries including Kazakhstan and Vietnam. On June 30th, 2022, Ali Obaid Al Dhaheri (UAE Ambassador to China) met with Liu Jinchen (the President of Sinopharm) to discuss how to further collaborate regarding COVID-19 vaccines.
Uzbekistan. In August 2021, Uzbek company Jurabek Laboratories JV LLC signed an agreement with China’s Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd to locally manufacture their vaccine, with an expected initial output of up to 10 million doses a month. It has rolled out the vaccines since October 2021.
Several Chinese vaccine manufacturers have initial stage agreements (MOUs, license to produce vaccines, public statements of intent) with these countries, however have yet to deliver concrete results. We will continue to monitor the situation with these agreements.
Argentina. In May 2021, Sinopharm and Argentinian pharmaceutical Sinergium Biotech agreed to produce vaccines in Argentina with discussions on technology transfer to follow. Political negotiations were initiated between the two countries regarding production, however no further updates have been announced.
Bangladesh. Under a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between the government, China’s Sinopharm and Bangladesh’s Incepta pharmaceutical firm in August 2021, the local vaccine producer will supply five million doses of the vaccine a month from its plant in Savar. So far, production has yet to begin.
Hungary. On September 10, 2021, Hungary’s government signed a letter of intent with Sinopharm executives to develop the required infrastructure within the next 10 months to produce the Chinese COVID-19 vaccine. No further updates regarding this have been announced.
Nigeria. Cui Jianchun, Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to Nigeria, announced on December 14, 2021, that China and Nigeria are currently undergoing talks regarding a potential collaboration to domestically produce Chinese COVID-19 vaccines.
Russia. In 2020, CanSino carried out a phase 3 trial of its vaccine in partnership with Petrovax in Russia, and in August 2021, Petrovax agreed to partner with the developer to carry out local manufacturing. No further updates have been announced.
Sri Lanka. In August 2021, Sinovac agreed to set up a manufacturing plant in Hambantota, Sri Lanka, with an initial plan to produce 13 million doses of the vaccine through Kelun Lifesciences. No further updates have been announced.
Turkey. Turkey was one of the first five countries to receive a license to locally manufacture vaccines from Sinovac in May 2021. No further updates have been announced.
Uganda. Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni met with Sinovac’s Ugandan representative and team in May 2022 to discuss plans for Sinovac to establish a vaccine and biotechnology centre in the country.
Notes
Additional information on procurements of Chinese vaccines:
Vaccine procurements:
Some vaccines procured by various countries with joint production agreements will be produced locally using active ingredients delivered by China.
The Chinese military has also donated vaccines to the military in countries including Cambodia, Congo Republic, Ethiopia, Mongolia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sudan, North Macedonia, Zimbabwe, Guinea, and Tunisia; some quantities are included in the reported data above, while others are undisclosed. Egypt has reportedly received an undisclosed amount of an undisclosed vaccine from the People’s Liberation Army.
Thailand’s total vaccine quantities might be higher than recorded, as specific numbers were undisclosed. The Chulabhorn Royal Academy has purchased some.
Turkey’s total vaccine quantities might be higher than recorded, as specific numbers were undisclosed.
China has offered vaccines to Nepal under “grant assistance”, which is not a complete donation.
Iraq and Kazakhstan have received vaccines that are assumed to be purchased from China.
Several countries have received donated vaccines directly from the Chinese Red Cross Society.
Some Sinovac vaccines were purchased by the Filipino-Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry Inc for the “Spring Sprout” program (春苗行动) in The Philippines.
There have been conflicting reports on the total number of delivered vaccines to Zimbabwe and Colombia. Our team has tracked the individual delivery batches, but some numbers might be undisclosed.
The Kachin Independence Army in Myanmar alleges that they have received 10,000 doses of an undisclosed Chinese vaccine from Yunan authorities. Among these doses, an unknown number of doses were donated by China. These numbers have temporarily not been included above.
In Vietnam, the Ministry of Health has licensed the state-owned Saigon Pharmaceutical Company Limited (Sapharco) to procure 5 million doses of Sinopharm. As of August 16, 2021, 2 million doses have been delivered to Ho Chi Minh City, where the firm is based.
China has directly donated 3,000 doses of Sinopharm to the National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) Party of Cambodia.
Egypt has reportedly received an undisclosed amount of an undisclosed vaccine from the People’s Liberation Army.
Additional procurements:
Turkey and Azerbaijan, two member states of the Turkic Council, and observer Hungary have announced that they will donate COVID-19 vaccines to the African countries in need. The vaccine shipment will include 211,000 doses of Sinopharm from Hungary, 200,000 Sinovac doses from Turkey and 100,000 Sinovac doses from Azerbaijan.
The UAE has donated vaccines to Seychelles, Jordan, Belize, Paraguay, Mauritius, and Indonesia; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
Turkey has provided vaccines to Libya, North Macedonia, and Azerbaijan; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
Chile has donated vaccines each to Ecuador and Paraguay; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
Antigua and Barbuda has donated vaccines to Trinidad and Tobago; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
China and Egypt have jointly pledged to donate 500,000 doses of Sinovac to the Gaza Strip.
Paraguay has received 20,000 doses of Sinovac from Colombia; the quantity has been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
Senegal has donated Sinopharm doses to Guinea-Bissau and Gambia; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
More
Methodology
This vaccine tracker is based entirely on data from reliable publicly accessible sources collected and compiled by Bridge Consulting with the help of Global Health Strategies (Brazil) and is updated every Monday by 7:00 PM (BJT GMT+8).
Where do we get our data?
Bridge collects and verifies data on Chinese vaccine sales, donations and deliveries every week. We source all our data from reliable, publicly accessible sources such as official government press releases, credible international and local news sources, and social media posts by government offices and verified officials.
How do you define ‘sales’, ‘donations’, ‘deliveries’?
Vaccine sales refers to the contractually committed vaccine doses that recipient countries have commercially purchased from Chinese vaccine developers.
Vaccine donations refers to the doses that a Chinese entity (government, vaccine developer, Red Cross etc.) has pledged to donate to a recipient country.
Vaccine deliveries refers to the doses that have physically been shipped from China to the recipient country.
How are countries and regions defined?
Our data is compiled and organized by country according to the United Nations’ M49 standard.
Why does our data change sometimes?
With the help of Global Health Strategies (Brazil), we constantly review our data for irregularities and correct them whenever new information becomes available.
Why does our data differ from other sources?
All our data is sourced manually by our team from publicly available sources. If you find that we have missed out on something, please let us know at vaccinetracker@bridgebeijing.com.
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https://www.nature.com/nature-index/institution-outputs/china/china-national-pharmaceutical-group-sinopharm/5ed9eb814672c6720e31f02d
|
en
|
China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm)
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"China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm)"
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Research outputs, collaborations and relationships for China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm)
|
en
|
/nature-index/dist/img/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png
|
Nature Index
| null |
Nature Index 2024 China
China's status at the summit of the Nature Index remains unrivalled as the gap between it and the United States grows. The key question is where Chinese research will go next. As the nation seeks international recognition for its scientific achievements, betting big on large-scale experiments, it is also carving its own path in publishing and partnerships. Time will tell how these strategies will shift the status quo of the global research landscape.
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https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.21260362v1
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en
|
Virus neutralizing antibody responses after two doses of BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm, Beijing CNBG) vaccine
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Tamás Ferenci",
"Balázs Sarkadi"
] |
2021-07-15T00:00:00
|
medRxiv - The Preprint Server for Health Sciences
|
en
|
https://www.medrxiv.org/sites/default/files/images/favicon.ico
|
medRxiv
|
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.21260362v1
|
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Funding Statement
No specific funding was used to carry out the study.
Author Declarations
I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.
Yes
The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:
Used data were openly available to the public before the initiation of the study, as documented in the Data Sharing section.
All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.
Yes
I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).
Yes
I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.
Yes
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https://www.voanews.com/a/covid-19-pandemic_china-grants-first-approval-homegrown-covid-19-vaccine/6200170.html
|
en
|
China Grants First Approval of Homegrown COVID-19 Vaccine
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[
"East Asia",
"China News",
"COVID-19 Pandemic"
] | null |
[
"VOA News"
] |
2020-12-31T08:56:38+00:00
|
Vaccine developed by state-run Sinopharm granted conditional approval after drugmaker said it was 79% effective against virus
|
en
|
/Content/responsive/VOA/img/webApp/favicon.svg
|
Voice of America
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https://www.voanews.com/a/covid-19-pandemic_china-grants-first-approval-homegrown-covid-19-vaccine/6200170.html
|
A COVID-19 vaccine developed by a Chinese drugmaker is the first to be granted official approval by China’s government.
The government’s National Medical Products Administration announced Thursday that it had given conditional approval to a vaccine developed by Beijing Biological Products Institute, a subsidiary of state-owned Sinopharm. The regulatory agency granted the approval a day after Sinopharm said the vaccine had an efficacy rate of 79.3% against the coronavirus in a final large-scale clinical trial.
However, outside experts have questioned Sinopharm’s claims, since it has not provided the necessary data so it can be independently verified.
The newly approved vaccine is one of five developed by Chinese companies that have already been administered under its emergency use program while still undergoing Phase 3 trials. More than 4.5 million doses have been administered since July to essential workers and people considered high-risk, including 3 million since mid-December. Beijing is aiming to vaccinate as many as 50 million people by mid-February, when hundreds of millions of Chinese citizens are expected to travel for the annual Lunar New Year holiday.
China has pledged to provide hundreds of millions of doses of its homegrown vaccines to many developing nations around the world to promote global public good. Observers say the pledge is Beijing’s attempt to repair its image after failing to inform the world about the true nature of the virus, which was first detected in the central city of Wuhan one year ago.
Other vaccines
The United Arab Emirates granted emergency use approval for a Sinopharm-developed vaccine earlier this month after it was shown to be 86% effective in preventing moderate and severe cases of the virus in a late-stage clinical trial in September.
The Sinopharm vaccine joins other potential coronavirus vaccines to receive approval of governments around the world. Britain’s medical regulatory agency announced Wednesday that it has granted emergency authorization of a coronavirus vaccine developed jointly by British-Swedish pharmaceutical giant AstraZeneca and Oxford University.
Late-stage clinical trials of the AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine revealed it to be 70% effective against COVID-19. The vaccine had a 62% efficacy rate for participants given a full two doses, but tests of a smaller sub-group revealed it to be 90% effective when given a half-dose followed by a full dose weeks later.
The AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine is the second to be approved by Britain for its mass inoculation effort, which began earlier this month with the vaccine developed by U.S.-based Pfizer and Germany’s BioNTech. The new vaccine will be distributed across the country within days, with Britain having already ordered 100 million doses.
Unlike the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, which must be stored in super-cold refrigerators at temperatures below 70 degrees Celsius, the newly approved vaccine can be stored at normal temperatures of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, making it easier to transport and administer to people in poorer and remote nations.
However, the AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine has come under intense scrutiny over the number of people who took part in the smaller subgroup, which was just 2,741, and whether it is effective for people over age 55.
The new vaccines are coming as a more contagious strain of COVID-19 first detected several days ago in Britain has been identified at various points on the globe. Officials in California on Wednesday announced the variant has surfaced in the southern city of San Diego. The neighboring state of Colorado was the first in the United States to report the new strain earlier this week.
A different variant of the coronavirus has been detected in South Africa.
|
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| 89
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https://schengen.news/these-are-the-eu-countries-that-permit-entry-for-those-vaccinated-with-sinopharm/
|
en
|
These Are the EU Countries That Permit Entry for Those Vaccinated With Sinopharm
|
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[
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] | null |
[
"Shkurta Januzi"
] |
2021-09-08T20:24:21+00:00
|
Even though the COVID-19 Delta variant continues to be highly prevalent in the European continent and further in the world, the majority of the European Union and Schengen Area countries still welcome travellers who have been fully vaccinated against the disease. However, since a large share of the EU/Schengen Area countries does not recognise the […]
|
en
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SchengenNews
|
https://schengen.news/these-are-the-eu-countries-that-permit-entry-for-those-vaccinated-with-sinopharm/
|
Even though the COVID-19 Delta variant continues to be highly prevalent in the European continent and further in the world, the majority of the European Union and Schengen Area countries still welcome travellers who have been fully vaccinated against the disease.
However, since a large share of the EU/Schengen Area countries does not recognise the vaccine doses other than those approved for use by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the travel process has been complicated for quite some time now, .
Based on the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) figures, at the moment, all EU countries recognise the vaccine doses approved by EMA – Pfizer/BioNTech (Comirnaty), Moderna (Spikevax), AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria), and Johnson & Johnson (Janssen).
Still, when it comes to the shots that have been listed for emergency use by the World Health Organization (WHO), part of which is Sinopharm, the case is not the same. This is because Sinopharm has not been approved by EMA yet, making it less recognisable within the EU countries.
According to the data provided by a new vaccine-checker tool developed by VisaGuide.World, which enables travellers to check the validity of their vaccine, the following EU and Schengen Area countries accept Sinopharm as valid proof of immunity against COVID-19:
Austria
Cyprus
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
Finland
Switzerland
Spain is among the first countries to recognise the Sinopharm vaccine. While the other countries were permitting entry only to travellers immunised with an EMA-approved vaccine, back at that time, the country’s authorities highlighted that “any vaccine authorised for marketing by the European Medicines Agency, EMA and WHO will be accepted”.
In order to facilitate the travel process and in support of the free movement, Netherlands also decided to permit entry to all persons vaccinated with Sinopharm. The Netherlands accepts a vaccination certificate that indicates that the holder has been immunised with Sinopharm as long as the document contains all the necessary information.
Similarly, the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare announced that all travellers vaccinated with a vaccine approved by EMA or WHO are considered fully immunised when entering the country. As a result, those who are vaccinated with Sinopharm do not need to follow quarantine rules when travelling to Finland.
>> Which COVID-19 Vaccines Are Recognised for Travel to Finland
As for Austria, even though the country recognises Sinopharm as a valid proof of immunity, the authorities have noted that travellers vaccinated with the shot are not allowed to enter hotels, restaurants, or access other services while in the country.
“Sinovac/Sinopharm are not valid for entering hotels, restaurants etc., within Austria,” the Austrian authorities explained.
Several EU countries now also accept mixed COVID-19 vaccine doses. Earlier today, it was reported that among the countries that recognise combinations of shots are Denmark, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, and Norway.
Except for the countries mentioned above, other countries located in the continent of Europe that also recognise Sinopharm as valid proof of immunity are:
Georgia
North Macedonia
Montenegro
Serbia
|
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0
| 33
|
https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/07/china-coronavirus-vaccine-diplomacy-sinovac-sinopharm-mixed-results/
|
en
|
China’s Vaccine Diplomacy Has Mixed Results
|
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[
"James Palmer",
"A. Wess Mitchell",
"Carl Bildt",
"Stephen M. Walt",
"Elisabeth Braw",
"Azza Guergues"
] |
2021-04-07T00:00:00
|
Concerns about the efficacy of Sinovac and Sinopharm has dented their reputation, even among allies of Beijing.
|
en
|
Foreign Policy
|
https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/07/china-coronavirus-vaccine-diplomacy-sinovac-sinopharm-mixed-results/
|
Welcome to Foreign Policy’s China Brief.
The highlights this week: Doubts about China’s COVID-19 vaccines could dent its diplomacy efforts, Beijing’s Xinjiang propaganda raises questions about 2022 Winter Olympics boycotts, and China launches a digital yuan in trial stage.
If you would like to receive China Brief in your inbox every Wednesday, please sign up here.
Bolstered by its own success against the coronavirus, China—unlike the United States—has prioritized vaccine exports over domestic distribution. The comprehensive aid program intends to repair some of the damage done to Beijing’s reputation by the pandemic and to solidify its image as a generous donor and ally. China has exported over 115 million vaccine doses, nearly double the number of India and the European Union. There’s just one problem: The Chinese COVID-19 vaccines, Sinovac and Sinopharm, aren’t inspiring confidence.
Just how ineffective China’s vaccines are remains unclear, as no firm has yet published its late-stage test data. Earlier results for Sinovac in Brazil reported efficacy as low as 50.4 percent, while other tests show efficacy up to 80 percent. (China’s own science and medical sector also has recurrent problems with falsified or nonexistent data.) The World Health Organization has described the vaccines as reaching necessary standards, or above 50 percent; its advisory panel suggests that the data shows close to 70 percent efficacy.
These results are still far below the performance of some Western vaccines such as Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna, which have efficacy rates of more than 90 percent.
The poor reputation of the Chinese vaccines is already causing distribution problems, even in countries with close ties to Beijing. In Kyrgyzstan, some doctors are refusing Sinopharm doses, choosing to hold out for Russian vaccines instead. Only 39 percent of Hong Kongers say they will get the vaccine, likely due to China pushing its shots over Western alternatives. But many countries still facing a surge in coronavirus cases, such as Papua New Guinea, are eager for anything that can help stem the tide.
Most concerning is that some countries that use Chinese vaccines, including the United Arab Emirates and Chile, have relatively high vaccination rates, but new cases are still rising or stagnant. Death rates have fallen somewhat, however, suggesting the Chinese vaccines have some mitigating effect, even if they are not blocking transmission as well as the Western vaccines. (Chinese state media, meanwhile, has spread conspiracy theories about Western vaccines.)
If the Chinese vaccines remain at this level of efficacy, then China’s ultra-strict—and highly effective—lockdown measures are likely to remain in place for quite some time. That means occasional citywide lockdowns, such as the latest one in Ruili, near the border with Myanmar. Nationalism is likely to keep overriding logic in border control: Currently, only proof of vaccination with a Chinese shot allows people to evade barriers to entry and quarantines.
Olympic boycotts? The Biden administration remains ambivalent about the possibility of boycotting the Winter Olympics in Beijing next year over China’s human rights abuses in Xinjiang and elsewhere. In Canada, a winter sports powerhouse, there is strong public support for a boycott, even as Prime Minister Justin Trudeau hems and haws over deals with Beijing. The U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Committee has come out against boycotts, saying that athletes shouldn’t be “political pawns.”
But given the force with which the Chinese authorities are pushing propaganda about Xinjiang, it’s almost inevitable that the Olympic ceremonies would include some element of it, whether it’s happy dancers in Uyghur clothes or scenes of smiling laborers in the cotton fields. It’s also likely that China will try to sell attendance as endorsement. The official clothing contract has already been handed to a firm with ties to Xinjiang.
Meanwhile, attacks on critics of China’s abuses in Xinjiang are becoming more frequent by the day. Western brands that have refused to buy Xinjiang cotton are censored on Chinese TV, and a depiction of Chinese-born analyst Vicky Xu, who now lives in Australia, as a “female demon” now has more than 7 million views in China. Several Uyghurs living abroad who have spoken out told me that since the recent sanctions, they have seen an increase in threatening calls to them and pressure on their families at home, including arbitrary detention.
Whitsun Reef standoff. China’s maritime militia, which Beijing falsely identifies as peaceful fishing boats, continues to occupy the disputed Whitsun Reef in defiance of demands from the Philippines to leave. Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte, who is far more pro-China than his public, toned down the language on Wednesday and called for a peaceful resolution. But China’s brazen move—and the blatant implausibility of claims that the vessels were simply sheltering from bad weather—points to tense upcoming months at sea.
The situation is not helped by genuine Chinese fishing vessels that intrude into the territory of countries far from China’s coastline, such as Peru, because Chinese waters are essentially fished out.
Propaganda film push. Authorities have ordered Chinese movie theaters to promote at least two screenings of propaganda films each week until the end of the year, in anticipation of the upcoming 100th anniversary of the foundation of the Chinese Communist Party on July 1. As with everything else in China, promoting so-called Xi Jinping thought is now a necessity for cinemas, too.
As Amanda Morrison wrote in Foreign Policy recently, Chinese film is increasingly dominated by nationalistic themes and state incentives. Some propaganda movies are genuine popular blockbusters, but others, such as a recent Xinjiang-set musical, are dire flops.
Digital yuan launch. China has launched a digital yuan—the first for a major currency. The technology is currently only in trial stage among a group of around 100,000 citizens, but it is envisaged as eventually replacing cash and debit cards, allowing the government to effectively monitor all domestic transactions. The digital yuan could also allow Beijing to play a bigger role in international transfers, but setting up the infrastructure and norms for that is a long way off.
One major issue with the digital yuan is that nearly 40 percent of the Chinese population still isn’t regularly connected to the internet, and the cash economy is still the norm for hundreds of millions of people. It’s not uncommon for a poor family of four to share a single mobile phone, and it’s especially tricky for those who lack official identification, required to purchase a SIM card.
In theory, the digital currency can work offline or through a card rather than a mobile phone. It would also be an excellent way to get money to people quickly, whether for disaster relief or stimulus purposes—though unlike the United States, China has been reluctant about direct money transfers during the pandemic.
Dirty growth. Beijing has recorded its highest smog levels in two years, as factories recover from the pandemic recession. As China struggles to hit the goal of a “moderately prosperous society” by 2030, its dependence on coal, which makes up 58 percent of the energy supply, seems unlikely to go away. A push for renewable technologies has created a new criminal market to go with it, with gangs cornering local markets in renewable batteries—but it is slowly reducing China’s emissions per unit of GDP growth, if not yet overall.
Coronavirus losses. Despite—or perhaps because of—China’s success against the coronavirus through strict lockdowns, it is set to come off an economic loser by 2024, according to International Monetary Fund projections. China lost approximately 18 months of growth, whereas thanks to stimulus policies the United States is now predicted to grow by more than expected before the pandemic hit.
The relatively weak U.S. lockdowns, as well as generous stimulus policies compared to most countries, have both contributed to this change—but it also came at the cost of over half a million lives, compared to China’s official death toll of under 5,000 people.
The Taoist Body, by Kristofer Schipper
This 1994 introduction to Daoism, one of the world’s most misunderstood religions due to its fusion of philosophical tradition, theocratic hierarchy, and folk practice, is a key text for understanding Chinese culture and history.
Kristofer Schipper, the doyen of Daoist studies in the West, died at the age of 86 earlier this year. Ian Johnson’s obituary of Schipper in the New York Times this week shows the role he played in reconceiving the role of Chinese religion, which Schipper’s students Vincent Goossaert and David A. Palmer examine in their book about its devastation in the 20th century.
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https://fortune.com/2021/10/12/chinese-covid-vaccines-booster-third-dose-who-sinopharm-sinovac/
|
en
|
Hundreds of millions of Chinese jab recipients need to be vaccinated again
|
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[
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"Yvonne Lau",
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"Jason Del Rey",
"Lila MacLellan",
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2021-10-12T00:00:00
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Once opposed to booster campaigns, the WHO is recommending a third dose for some who've gotten Sinovac and Sinopharm vaccines.
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Fortune
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https://fortune.com/2021/10/12/chinese-covid-vaccines-booster-third-dose-who-sinopharm-sinovac/
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On Monday, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that people over age 60 get a third dose of vaccines from Chinese makers Sinovac and Sinopharm.
The inactivated jabs from Sinovac, a private vaccine maker based in Beijing, and Sinopharm, a state-run firm based in Shanghai, are among the most-used COVID-19 vaccines in the world, together making up the backbone of the world’s largest COVID-19 vaccine distribution effort. China has largely relied on Sinovac and Sinopharm to deliver 2.2 billion jabs to its citizens, while the two makers have contributed the vast majority of the 1.1 billion doses China has supplied to 123 foreign countries.
In total, the WHO’s recommendation for booster shots advises hundreds of millions of people to immediately get another jab.
The guidance from the UN expert group SAGE marks the first time the WHO has recommended a third dose specifically for its approved COVID-19 vaccines. (The expert committee also advised that all “moderately or severely immunocompromised” people fully vaccinated with any WHO-approved shot should also get a booster jab.)
SAGE wrote that countries using the Sinovac and Sinopharm jabs should maximize two-dose coverage of populations over 60 before starting on booster doses one to three months after completing the first two shots. The data on Sinopharm and Sinovac “clearly showed that in older age groups … the vaccine performs less well after two doses [than after three],” Joachim Hombach, secretary of the independent panel of experts, said at a press conference.
The WHO has been well aware of efficacy questions surrounding the Chinese jabs, and has long cautioned that it has seen little data on the safety or efficacy of either jab in older populations. In approving the vaccines this summer, the WHO expressed “low” and “moderate” confidence in the Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines, respectively, in preventing infections for people over age 60.
But the recommendations for booster doses stand out given the extent to which the WHO has blasted booster campaigns rolled out in wealthy nations like the U.S.
“I will not stay silent when the companies and countries that control the global supply of vaccines think the world’s poor should be satisfied with leftovers,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in September while calling for a global moratorium on supplying booster shots until 2022.
In other words, the WHO appears skeptical enough about the performance of Chinese jabs among older populations that it is willing to potentially divert some supplies away from younger populations to boost the immunity of older ones—not an easy concession for an organization bent on improving global vaccine equity.
“We are absolutely cognizant that [the decision on Sinovac and Sinopharm] has implications on supply,” Hombach said. “[But] we are saying very clearly that these populations require a primary [vaccination] series with three doses.”
The recommendation comes as the Chinese vaccines are losing popularity but gaining manufacturing might.
Ahead of the WHO’s new guidance, countries like the United Arab Emirates and Turkey began to supply booster shots for those inoculated with the Chinese jabs due to questions about the effectiveness of the two-dose regimen. Meanwhile, countries like Brazil and Thailand have started phasing out Chinese jabs entirely from domestic campaigns.
Still, the Chinese vaccine makers have built a massive global manufacturing network that could supply vaccines to much of the world for years to come.
Sinopharm and Sinovac have constructed factories in countries like Indonesia, Egypt, and the UAE that can produce over 500 million jabs combined by the end of this year. Sinopharm alone says it now has the capacity to produce 7 billion vaccines per year from factories in China and abroad. As of its latest update in April, Sinovac said it can produce 2 billion doses per year. By comparison, Pfizer recently said that it plans to produce 3 billion doses of its COVID mRNA vaccine in 2021, with capacity rising to 4 billion doses annually in 2022.
The WHO recommendation turns Sinopharm and Sinovac into a three-dose regimen for older recipients, and that’s certainly better than no shots at all.
“There’s still a market for the Chinese vaccines…simply because Western vaccines cannot meet the global demand right now,” Yanzhong Huang, a senior fellow in global health at the Council on Foreign Relations, recently told me.
Grady McGregor
grady.mcgregor@fortune.com
This edition of Eastworld was curated and produced by Yvonne Lau. Reach her at yvonne.lau@fortune.com
Eastworld News
Factory crisis
Vietnam’s factory workers are going home en masse, abandoning the country’s southern industrial cities, like Ho Chi Minh as the region continues to battle high COVID-19 infections amid a low vaccination rate. The government’s strict lockdown measures enacted in July trapped some workers in cramped urban housing. The mass exodus has crippled production at factors for many brands, such as Nike. The government predicts more workers may leave industrial cities, which will further aggravate the global supply chain crunch ahead of the key holiday season. Bloomberg
Widening crackdown
The anti-monopoly bureau of China’s State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) plans to hire more staff in its Beijing head office, according to a Tuesday Bloomberg report—a signal that the government’s regulatory pressure on the country’s private sector won’t let up anytime soon. The SAMR wants to increase its competition bureau headcount to 150 from 40. Last week, the SAMR fined food delivery giant Meituan $534 million for “monopolistic behavior”—a lower-than-expected fine that suggested to some investors that the state’s crackdown might be easing. Bloomberg
Rocky reopening
Singapore’s path to reopening—despite its flaws—still offers lessons to governments pivoting away from stringent 'COVID zero' strategies. Governments must be prepared for infections to surge alongside a small number of deaths as they relax restrictions. Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said on Saturday that the country remains committed to reopening and “living with COVID.” The island nation recently announced quarantine-free travel from 11 countries, including the U.S., U.K. and France. Singapore is currently battling a record wave of infections—recording over 3,000 cases per day, three times its previous high in the spring of 2020—despite an 83% vaccination rate. Fortune
Bond slump
Chinese property firms’ bonds were hit hard on Monday as embattled property developer Evergrande looked unlikely to meet its third bond repayment deadline in three weeks. Smaller developers are also struggling to pay debts. “It’s a disastrous day,” Clarence Tam, fixed income portfolio manager at Hong Kong’s Avenue Asset Management told Reuters. Some firms recorded a 20% hit to their bonds, he said. On the same day, Chinese developer Sinic Holdings announced it was also likely to default on its bonds—$250 billion due Oct. 18—while another developer, Modern Land, asked for a three-month extension for its U.S. dollar bond due Oct. 25. Reuters
Markets and movers
Lenovo – Shares of Hong Kong-listed Lenovo plunged roughly 17% on Monday—its biggest intraday drop in a decade—after the firm withdrew its $1.6 billion Shanghai IPO application on Friday. Beijing-based Lenovo, the world’s largest personal computer manufacturer, cited “capital market conditions” and lapsed financial information in its IPO prospectus as reasons for yanking the listing.
Westpac – Westpac, Australia’s second-largest lender by market cap, announced a $950 million profit hit in the second half of 2021. The bank said its losses were related to the sale of its life insurance unit in August, including settling customer lawsuits and payouts.
Alibaba – Alibaba’s share price has climbed 24% since dropping to a record low on Oct. 5. Investors seem to think the $533 million antitrust fine against delivery platform Meituan—a lower-than-expected penalty—signals that China’s tech crackdown is nearing an end.
Lanvin – Fosun Fashion Group has rebranded as Lanvin Group as the Chinese-owned conglomerate moves to grow via acquisition and e-commerce expansion, the company announced on Monday.
Huawei – More than three-fourths of Canadians say their government should ban China’s Huawei from the country’s 5G telecommunications network, according a new poll from Nanos Research. In 2019, 59% of Canadians were opposed to Huawei. Canada-China ties have been rocky since late 2018, when Canada arrested Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou and China imprisoned two Canadian business executives, Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig. All three were released in late September. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau will announce a decision on Huawei soon.
Final figure
$218.74
China’s coal futures soared to record highs on Monday as severe floods in northern China pummelled mining operations, displaced over 120,000 people, and worsened the country’s energy crunch. Coal futures traded on the Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange gained 11.6% to close at RMB 1,408.20 ($218.74) a tonne on Monday—roughly double the price at the start of 2021. Extreme rains and heavy floods hit Shanxi over the weekend, a major coal-producing province of China; local authorities said they suspended operations at over 60 coal mines.
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https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/sinopharm-group-co-ltd/
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Sinopharm Group Co Ltd Company Profile - Overview
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Sinopharm Group Co Ltd company profile analysis with the premuim data - Globaldata
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https://assets.globaldata.com/gdic/assets/img/icon/favicon.ico
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https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/sinopharm-group-co-ltd/
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Sinopharm Group Co Ltd - Company Profile
Powered by
All the data and insights you need on Sinopharm Group Co Ltd in one report.
$395 $295
Sinopharm Group Co Ltd (Sinopharm), a subsidiary of China National Pharmaceutical Group Corp, distributes pharmaceutical and healthcare products. The company offers distribution, logistics, and other value-added services to pharmaceutical, medical, and healthcare product manufacturers and suppliers both domestically and internationally. It serves hospitals, primary health service institutions, and retail drug stores. Sinopharm also manufactures and sells pharmaceuticals, chemical reagents, laboratory supplies, and carries out the development of pharmaceuticals, medical services, and other health-related industries. The company manages a chain of medicine stores in China through direct operations and franchises to market pharmaceutical and healthcare products. Sinopharm is headquartered in Shanghai, China.
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https://www.euractiv.com/section/china/news/hungary-reaches-deal-to-buy-chinas-sinopharm-vaccine/
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Hungary reaches deal to buy China’s Sinopharm vaccine
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"Euractiv.com with",
"Viktor Orbán",
"coronavirus vaccine",
"Global Europe",
"Peter Szijjarto"
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2021-01-14T16:40:40
|
Hungary's government said it has reached a deal with China's Sinopharm to buy its coronavirus vaccine, the country's latest move to break away from Brussels as it tries to speed up inoculations to lift curbs on the economy.
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https://www.euractiv.com/section/china/news/hungary-reaches-deal-to-buy-chinas-sinopharm-vaccine/
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Hungary’s government said on Thursday (14 January) it has reached a deal with China’s Sinopharm to buy its coronavirus vaccine, the country’s latest move to break away from Brussels as it tries to speed up inoculations to lift curbs on the economy.
Hungary would be the first EU country to accept a Chinese vaccine if approved by Hungarian authorities. Under European Union rules it would have to give an ultra-fast emergency use approval, rather than waiting for the European drug regulator EMA to give the go-ahead for the Chinese vaccine.
Britain took a similar approach in December before it exited the bloc. It approved Pfizer Inc’s COVID-19 vaccine on 2 December, jumping ahead of the rest of the world in the race to begin a mass inoculation programme.
Hungary’s nationalist government has sharply criticised the EU for what it said were way too slow vaccine purchases and deliveries that now threatened an economic rebound.
Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó said in a Facebook post on Thursday that due to the “scandalously” slow vaccine procurements of the European Commission, a fast rollout of vaccines could not happen early this year.
“If we look beyond the EU’s borders, we can see that in the US, in Britain and in Israel, people are vaccinated at warp speed,” Szijjártó said.
The government also passed a decree on Thursday allowing it to start procurements outside the EU’s centralised scheme.
Szijjártó’s spokesman told Reuters the approval process for the vaccine developed by Sinopharm’s Beijing-based affiliate, Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd (BIBP), was already “underway”.
Beyond the supply bottlenecks, Hungarians are fairly sceptical about the new vaccines, with just about one in five people definitely planning to get a shot based on a late-December survey by the Central Statistics Office.
Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s chief of staff Gergely Gulyas told a briefing on Thursday that vaccine shipments under the EU’s programme were arriving too slowly, with weekly shipments of less than 100,000 doses, and Hungary would continue talks with Russia and China about additional vaccine purchases.
“We have practically made an agreement with Sinopharm,” Gulyas said. “The first shipment could include up to one million doses.”
The timing of the Chinese shipment depends on how fast Hungarian health authorities authorize use of Sinopharm’s vaccine, which has been used to immunise some 20 million people, he added.
Gulyas said the second wave of the pandemic has peaked in Hungary and new infections have dropped but restrictions cannot be eased yet.
China approved the shot developed by Sinopharm’s BIBP in late December, its first COVID-19 vaccine for general public use.
No detailed efficacy data of the vaccine has been publicly released but BIBP has said the vaccine is 79.34% effective in preventing the disease based on interim data. Pakistan has already negotiated a supply deal for the vaccine.
The vaccine, along with another candidate developed by a Wuhan-based subsidiary of Sinopharm, is included in China’s emergency use programme launched in July, which targets limited groups of people facing high risk of virus exposure.
Since 11 November, all secondary schools have been closed in Hungary, as have hotels and restaurants except for takeaway meals, a 1900 GMT curfew has been in place, and gatherings have been banned.
Read more with Euractiv
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https://www.linkedin.com/company/china-national-biotec-group-company-limited
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China National Biotec Group Company Limited
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China National Biotec Group Company Limited | 790 followers on LinkedIn. China National Biotec Group (CNBG), is a subsidiary of China National Pharmaceutical Group corporation (SINOPHARM), and has 6 subordinate biological products research institutes in Beijing, Changchun, Chengdu, Lanzhou, Shanghai and Wuhan as well as Beijing Tiantan Biological Products Co., Ltd.
CNBG is a professional institute which has the longest history in vaccine and blood production research and development in China, and is the biggest biotech corporation combines research, development, production and supply in one. To date, the total assets of the group is 15.6 billion RMB, main operating revenue exceeds 5 billion RMB, is the fourth biggest vaccine manufacturer in the world.
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en
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https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca
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https://cn.linkedin.com/company/china-national-biotec-group-company-limited
|
China National Biotec Group (CNBG), is a subsidiary of China National Pharmaceutical Group corporation (SINOPHARM), and has 6 subordinate biological products research institutes in Beijing, Changchun, Chengdu, Lanzhou, Shanghai and Wuhan as well as Beijing Tiantan Biological Products Co., Ltd. CNBG is a professional institute which has the longest history in vaccine and blood production research and development in China, and is the biggest biotech corporation combines research, development, production and supply in one. To date, the total assets of the group is 15.6 billion RMB, main operating revenue exceeds 5 billion RMB, is the fourth biggest vaccine manufacturer in the world. The development of CNBG represents the development history of Chinese biological products industry. CNBG developed and produced the earliest vaccine of smallpox, cholera, typhoid and rabies as well as diphtheria antitoxin etc., separated the first Penicillium strain in China. Since the establishment of P.R.C, CNBG and it's subordinate biological products research institutes take the responsibility of production of biological products for preventing, controlling and eradiating of infectious diseases, made great contribution in China's endeavor of eradiating smallpox, eliminating polio, reducing the incidence of various infectious diseases including measles, diphtheria, pertussis, epidemic encephalitis B, DCSM and hepatitis B. CNBG has strong industrialization capacity, possesses production bases in six main cities with nearly one hundred production line up to GMP standard, with the ability of manufacture more than 200 biomedicine products for prevention, treatment and diagnoses, among which there are 24 national first and second-class new medicine, 34 types of vaccines preventing 24 viruses and bacteria whereas there are 41 types of vaccines preventing 26 viruses and bacteria can be produced in China. CNBG is the biological products corporation with the most types and the largest output of vaccines and blood products in China. CNBG does its best to serve the national immunity programme, takes more than 80% production assignment of vaccines for national immunity programme. Meanwhile, with its technology advantage, contribute to research, production, facility and technology upgrade for serious infectious diseases prevention and control products, made great contribution in fighting against "SARS", disaster relief and resisting globally spread H1N1. CNBG has tremendous scientific research strength, owning a biotec experts team including academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, more than 70 new medicine examination and approval experts of National Food and Drug Administration, more than 10 comment experts of National Science Foundation Committee, and more than 170 experts with national government allowances. CNBG is one of the first group of corporations with doctor and master degree-conferring qualification, owns 1 doctor site, 5 master sites and 5 post-doc sites. During 1989 to now, accumulatively over 700 master and 50 PHD students were trained here. CNBG has great achievement in scientific research, assumes responsibility of a lot of key projects of China 863 plan and "twelfth five" science support plan. There are more than 10 projects filled the blank in China and many production possessed intellectual property, 26 of them obtained the first and second prize of national science progress prize, more than 180 obtained provincial prize. In 2008, CNBG was named the first group of "innovative corporation" by National Scienceand Technology department, State Finance Authorities and Chinese National Federation of Trade Unions.
Website
http://www.cnbg.com.cn
External link for China National Biotec Group Company Limited
Industry
Biotechnology Research
Company size
10,001+ employees
Headquarters
Beijing, Beijing
Type
Public Company
Founded
1919
|
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https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/08/five-vaccinated-countries-with-high-covid-rates-rely-on-china-vaccines.html
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Six vaccinated countries have high Covid infection rates. Five of them rely on Chinese vaccines
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2021-07-08T00:00:00
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Vaccines made in China face rising doubts about their efficacy, compounded by a lack of data on their protection against the more transmissible delta variant.
|
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https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/08/five-vaccinated-countries-with-high-covid-rates-rely-on-china-vaccines.html
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Sovannara | Xinhua News Agency | Getty Images
Among countries with both high vaccination rates and high rates of Covid-19 infection, most rely on vaccines made in China, a CNBC analysis shows.
The findings come as the efficacy of Chinese vaccines faces growing scrutiny, compounded by a lack of data on their protection against the more transmissible delta variant. CNBC found that weekly Covid cases, adjusted for population, have remained elevated in at least six of the world's most inoculated countries — and five of them rely on vaccines from China.
CNBC identified 36 countries with more than 1,000 weekly new confirmed cases per million people as of July 6, using figures from Our World in Data, which compiles information from sources including the World Health Organization, governments and researchers at the University of Oxford. CNBC then identified countries among those 36 where more than 60% of the population has received at least one dose of Covid vaccine.
Those countries numbered six, and five of them use Chinese vaccines as a significant part of their national inoculation programs: United Arab Emirates, Seychelles, Mongolia, Uruguay and Chile. The one country among them that doesn't depend on Chinese vaccines is the United Kingdom.
Mongolian state-owned news agency Montsame reported in May that the country has received 2.3 million doses of vaccine by China's state-owned Sinopharm . That far exceeds the 80,000 doses of Russia's Sputnik V and around 255,000 doses of Pfizer-BioNTech shot that Mongolia received as of last week.
Chile administered 16.8 million doses of vaccines from Beijing-based Sinovac Biotech — compared with 3.9 million doses of Pfizer-BioNTech and smaller amounts of two other vaccines, Reuters reported last month.
The UAE and Seychelles depended heavily on the Sinopharm vaccine at beginning of their inoculation campaigns, but each has more recently introduced other vaccines. In Uruguay, Sinovac's shot is one of the two most-used vaccines, alongside Pfizer-BioNTech's.
Meanwhile, the United Kingdom has approved vaccines by Moderna, AstraZeneca-Oxford, Pfizer-BioNTech and Janssen. U.K. Covid cases have spiked in recent weeks as the more transmissible delta variant has spread there.
Sinopharm and Sinovac did not respond to CNBC requests for comment.
Several factors can cause a surge in Covid cases in countries with high vaccination rates. Vaccines don't offer 100% protection, so those who are inoculated can still be infected. At the same time, new variants of the coronavirus could prove better at overcoming vaccines.
The best option for many countries
Countries should not stop using Covid-19 vaccines from China, epidemiologists say, especially while the supply of vaccines is limited among low- and middle-income nations.
Many of the countries and territories that approved vaccines by Sinopharm and Sinovac are developing nations that can't compete with wealthier countries for vaccines developed in the United States and Europe.
watch now
Ben Cowling, a professor at The University of Hong Kong's School of Public Health, said countries may decide to use certain vaccines depending on their long-term objectives.
"Some countries may accept a low level of circulation as long as there are relatively few severe cases and deaths from COVID-19," Cowling, who heads the school's epidemiology and biostatistics division, told CNBC in an email. "That should be achievable with high coverage of any of the available vaccines."
Still, some countries are steering clear of China's vaccines. Costa Rica last month rejected a delivery of vaccines developed by Sinovac after concluding it isn't effective enough.
WHO approval
The World Health Organization approved vaccines from Sinopharm and Sinovac for emergency use.
The effectiveness of the two Chinese vaccines is lower than that of Pfizer -BioNTech and Moderna , both of which have shown more than 90% efficacy.
Sinopharm's vaccine has an efficacy of 79% against symptomatic Covid infections, the WHO says, but its effectiveness among certain groups — such as people 60 and older — isn't clear. The efficacy of Sinovac's shot has come in at around 50% to higher than 80%, depending on the country where trials were held.
Experts say findings between clinical trials can't be compared directly, because each trial is set up differently. But a Hong Kong study found "substantially higher" antibody levels in people that received the BioNTech shot, compared with those who got the Sinovac vaccine, the South China Morning Post reported.
Some experts suggest that the technology behind the different Covid vaccines could explain variations in their effectiveness.
Sinopharm and Sinovac's vaccines trigger an immune response by exposing the body to a weakened or "inactivated" virus — a tried and tested method that has been used by vaccines for decades. Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna based their vaccines on a technology called messenger RNA, which instructs the body to make viral proteins that induce an immune response.
"Inactivated vaccines are easy to manufacture and are known for their safety, but tend to produce a weaker immune response compared to some other vaccine types," Michael Head, senior research fellow in global health at the University of Southampton in the U.K., wrote in an article published on The Conversation website.
Still, large phase three clinical trials showed that inactivated vaccines have "high efficacy against severe disease and death" from Covid, said Cowling.
The professor told CNBC that the spikes in Covid cases among some countries that use Chinese vaccines "tend to be surges in mild infections with very few severe cases in fully vaccinated individuals."
'Herd immunity'
When vaccines have lower efficacy, more people need to be inoculated to reach "herd immunity." That happens when the virus no longer transmits rapidly because most people are immune from having been vaccinated or having recovered from an infection.
watch now
Some countries decided to try to achieve herd immunity early in the pandemic, but no countries are known to have succeeded. Some that said they would reach herd immunity, such as Sweden, wound up being hit much harder by Covid than neighboring countries that went the vaccination route.
A study the University of New South Wales's Kirby Institute in Sydney claimed that in the Australian state of New South Wales, herd immunity could be achieved if 66% of the population received vaccines with 90% efficacy against all infection.
The proportion of the population that needs to be vaccinated rises to 86% if the vaccine efficacy is 70%, and herd immunity is not achievable if the vaccine efficacy is below 60%, the study showed.
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China prepares large-scale rollout of COVID-19 vaccines
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] | null |
[
"ABC News"
] |
2020-12-06T00:00:00
|
Governments across China are placing orders for domestically made coronavirus vaccines, though health officials have yet to say how well they work.
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en
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/news-assets/favicon-32x32.png
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https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-06/china-prepares-large-scale-rollout-of-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine/12955286
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Provincial governments across China are placing orders for experimental, domestically made coronavirus vaccines, though health officials have yet to say how well they work or how they may reach the country's 1.4 billion people.
Developers are speeding up final testing, the Chinese foreign minister said on Thursday during a UN meeting, as Britain issued approval for emergency use of Pfizer's vaccine candidate and providers scrambled to set up distribution.
China's fledgling pharmaceutical industry has at least five vaccines from four producers being tested in more than a dozen countries including Russia, Egypt and Mexico.
Health experts say even if they are successful, the certification process for the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed countries might be too complex for them to be used there.
However, China said it will ensure the products are affordable for developing countries.
One developer, China National Pharmaceutical Group, known as Sinopharm, said in November it applied for final market approval for use of its vaccine in China.
Others have been approved for emergency use on health workers and other people deemed at high risk of infection.
"We must be prepared for large-scale production," said Vice-Premier Sun Chunlan, who has overseen much of the country's response, during a visit Wednesday to developers, according to the official Xinhua News Agency.
Ms Sun visited one of Sinopharm's Beijing subsidiary companies; another producer, Sinovac, and a research lab under the National Medical Products Administration, a regulatory agency that approves medical products for public use.
The Government has yet to say how many people it plans to vaccinate. Ms Sun said plans call for vaccinating border personnel and other high-risk populations this month.
Loading...
Vaccines can be stored at higher temperatures than Pfizer's, say companies
The companies are using more traditional techniques than Western developers.
They say unlike Pfizer's vaccine, which must be kept frozen at temperatures as low as minus 70 degrees Celsius, theirs can be stored at 2 to 8 degrees.
The Chinese producers have yet to say how they might be distributed.
More than 1 million people in China have received experimental vaccines under emergency use approval.
Health experts question why China is using them on such a vast scale now that the outbreak is largely under control within its borders.
Health officials previously said China will be able to manufacture 610 million doses by the end of this year and ramp up to 1 billion doses next year.
The Government of Jiangsu province, where the major city of Nanjing is located, issued a procurement notice for vaccines from Sinovac and Sinopharm on Wednesday for emergency use vaccinations.
Authorities in Sichuan province in the west, which has about 85 million people, announced Monday they were already buying vaccines.
An official newspaper in Anhui province, southeast of Beijing, said a local residential committee issued a notice asking whether residents want a vaccine.
The Sichuan and Anhui announcements said the vaccine, given in two shots, would cost a total of 400 yuan ($82).
Vaccines from Sinovac and Sinopharm were approved for emergency use in July.
In October, Zhejiang province south of Shanghai offered the public vaccination under emergency use authorisation. It said people considered high-risk would get priority.
In November, the Communist Party secretary for Sinopharm said almost 1 million people had received its vaccine.
In September, Sinovac's CEO said about 3,000 of its employees had taken their vaccine. He said the company provided tens of thousands of doses to the Beijing city government.
Developers have yet to disclose how effective their vaccines are and possible side effects.
Clinical trials by Chinese producers continue around the world
Sinopharm has clinical trials under way in 10 countries including the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Jordan, Peru and Argentina with nearly 60,000 volunteers. It has built two facilities in China capable of producing 200 million doses per year.
Sinovac has trials in Brazil, Turkey and Indonesia.
Its most recent publicised data, a study in the science journal the Lancet, showed its candidate produced lower levels of antibodies in people than those who had recovered from COVID-19.
The company projects it will be able to produce a few hundred million doses of the vaccine by February or March of next year.
Another producer, CanSino, is testing in Russia, Pakistan and Mexico and pursuing partnerships in Latin American countries.
Its vaccine, which has been used on an emergency basis with the Chinese military, uses a harmless adenovirus to carry genes into human cells to generate an immune response.
A fourth company, Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biologic Pharmacy Co, is conducting final stage trials across China.
AP
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6044
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dbpedia
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https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/china-approves-sinopharm-s-new-coronavirus-vaccine-for-clinical-trials-121041100291_1.html
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en
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China approves Sinopharm's new coronavirus vaccine for clinical trials
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"Business Standard"
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2021-04-11T13:50:00+05:30
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A new Covid-19 vaccine developed by China's Sinopharm has recently been approved for clinical trials.
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en
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https://www.business-standard.com/favicon.ico
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https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/china-approves-sinopharm-s-new-coronavirus-vaccine-for-clinical-trials-121041100291_1.html
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https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/1/122
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en
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Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid Immunity
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"Marija Vukčević",
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"Mateja Despot",
"Aleksandra Nikolić-Kokić",
"Aleksandra Vujović",
"Milan Nikolić",
"Duško Blagojević",
"Tanja Jovanović",
"Dragana Despot",
"Nikolić-Kokić"
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2024-01-17T00:00:00
|
Background: Several vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and licensed to enhance the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to provide significant protection against severe infection and hospitalization. Methods: We investigated the effect of three doses of the Sinopharm vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 infection on the specific immune response in 103 volunteers, measuring neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1 IgG, anti-RBD IgM, anti-N IgM, anti-N IgG antibodies, and INF γ. Results: Our results showed that the presence of cardiovascular diseases increased the level of anti-N-IgG antibodies, while endocrinological diseases decreased the level of neutralizing antibodies and anti-N IgG antibodies, suggesting that these diseases alter the effect of vaccine-induced immunity. In addition, there was a significant decrease in anti-S1 IgG levels at 6 months and in anti-N IgG levels 18 months post-infection, while neutralizing antibodies and INF γ levels were constant at 3, 6, and 18 months post-infection. Conclusions: Our results confirm the emergence of hybrid immunity, which is the strongest and most durable compared to natural immunity or vaccine-induced immunity. Significant positive correlations were found between humoral and cellular immunity markers: neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1 IgG and anti-N IgG antibodies, and INF γ, indicating a unique coordinated response specific to COVID-19.
|
en
|
MDPI
|
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/1/122
|
1
Institute for Biocides and Medical Ecology, Trebevićka 16, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
2
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića starijeg 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
3
Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Department of Physiology, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia
4
Dr “Simo Milošević“ Health Center, Požeška 82, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
5
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17010122
Submission received: 12 December 2023 / Revised: 30 December 2023 / Accepted: 12 January 2024 / Published: 17 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Biopharmaceuticals)
Abstract
:
Background: Several vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and licensed to enhance the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to provide significant protection against severe infection and hospitalization. Methods: We investigated the effect of three doses of the Sinopharm vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 infection on the specific immune response in 103 volunteers, measuring neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1 IgG, anti-RBD IgM, anti-N IgM, anti-N IgG antibodies, and INF γ. Results: Our results showed that the presence of cardiovascular diseases increased the level of anti-N-IgG antibodies, while endocrinological diseases decreased the level of neutralizing antibodies and anti-N IgG antibodies, suggesting that these diseases alter the effect of vaccine-induced immunity. In addition, there was a significant decrease in anti-S1 IgG levels at 6 months and in anti-N IgG levels 18 months post-infection, while neutralizing antibodies and INF γ levels were constant at 3, 6, and 18 months post-infection. Conclusions: Our results confirm the emergence of hybrid immunity, which is the strongest and most durable compared to natural immunity or vaccine-induced immunity. Significant positive correlations were found between humoral and cellular immunity markers: neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1 IgG and anti-N IgG antibodies, and INF γ, indicating a unique coordinated response specific to COVID-19.
1. Introduction
SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family Coronaviridae, genus Betacoronavirus. The morphology and structural features of the new virus are identical to those of other human coronaviruses. Although the mutation rate was low in the beginning, the number of variants, some of which are of concern (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, omicron variants, and subvariants of omicron), has increased with the prolonged spread of the virus [1]. Previously acquired immunity, induced through infection or vaccination, leads to cross-protection against severe clinical forms of the disease, even against infections caused by the new variants of the virus [2,3,4,5]. The quantities of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies vary widely among patients and depend on numerous factors, such as the severity of clinical presentation, age, associated comorbidities, and patients’ immunocompetence, as well as the methods used to measure specific antibody titers [5,6]. Patients with certain diseases, such as cardiovascular (CVD) [7] and endocrinological diseases [8], are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19, and these patients are more prone to developing severe clinical presentations of the infection, such as critical conditions and death. Therefore, such individuals were of particular interest to our research. However, despite the differences in serological values, reinfections by the same viral variant were not as frequent. This is confirmed by numerous studies conducted after the introduction of the vaccine, which showed that seropositive individuals had a significantly lower risk of reinfection than seronegative individuals at least six months after the previous infection [9]. Numerous studies have demonstrated differences in the quality of the immune response following infection/vaccination based on the tracking of markers of humoral and cellular immunity [10]. Although there are no specific correlates for the protective role of the immune response, the most important marker of the efficiency of the immune response is the presence of neutralizing antibodies, namely anti-RBD epitope antibodies and anti-S1 antigen antibodies, which enable the virus to bind to the ACE2 receptor [9]. Given the importance of the cellular immune response, especially CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, for the efficient elimination of infected cells, the most common marker of the protection provided by cellular immunity is the concentration of interferon-gamma [11,12]. Most of the licensed vaccines induce immunity against the S protein. These vaccines are mainly based on mRNA and recombinant DNA technology and are designed to induce vaccine immunity against the viral S antigen; therefore, they induce no change in nucleocapsid antibody titers in immunized individuals [13,14,15]. The difference between these vaccines and the Sinopharm vaccine is that the latter contains completely inactivated virus particles. Therefore, following the immune response after immunization with the Sinopharm vaccine is particularly interesting, as it is expected to induce immunity against all viral antigens, including nucleocapsid antigens. Also of interest was the investigation of hybrid immunity, i.e., the immune protection of individuals vaccinated with the COVID-19 vaccine in whom at least one SARS-CoV-2 infection was registered before or after vaccination. In other words, we investigated the influence of the vaccine on naturally acquired immunity and vice versa.
2. Results
Humoral and cellular immune responses in 103 individuals (28 males and 75 females) after SARS-CoV-2 infection and six months after receiving the third dose of the Sinopharm vaccine showed positive values for anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, anti-N IgG antibodies, anti-S1 IgG antibodies, and the cellular immune response (IFN γ), while levels of anti-RBD IgM antibodies and anti-N IgM antibodies were considered negative, as the values were lower than <18 U/mL and <0.8.
Our results showed that age (participants were divided into ten-year interval age groups: 20–30; 30–40; 40–50; 50–60) did not influence the analyzed parameters: humoral anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies-NA (F = 1.02, p > 0.05), anti-S1 IgG antibodies (F = 0.21, p > 0.05), anti-N IgG antibodies (F = 0.17, p > 0.05), and cellular immune response (IFN γ) (F = 1.03, p > 0.05). When we divided all the patients by sex, the results similarly showed no difference between the analyzed parameters: humoral anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies-NA (F = 12.58, p > 0.05), anti-N IgG antibodies (F = 1.029, p > 0.05), anti-S1 IgG antibodies (F = 0.492, p > 0.05), and cellular immune response (IFN γ) (F = 1.157, p > 0.05). However, levels of neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1 IgG, anti-N IgG, and IFN γ were significantly higher in individuals who had COVID-19 before vaccination than in those vaccinated but without a history of COVID-19 infection (Figure 1). The values of anti-RBD IgM antibodies in individuals vaccinated following a COVID-19 infection are statistically significant and enter positive values (>18 U/mL).
When all subjects were additionally separated by sex and history of COVID-19, and a two-way ANOVA was performed, results showed that sex did not affect the immune response. However, in participants who have had COVID-19, we saw increased levels of INF γ, anti-N IgG, and anti-S1 IgG antibodies (two-way ANOVA, statistically significant effect of infection) (Figure 2).
Some of the participants included in our study suffered from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). So, when we divided the participants into those with and those without CVD, statistical analysis showed that participants with CVD produced elevated anti-N IgG levels (Figure 3).
Although IgM values were below the positivity threshold, in subjects with CVD, we saw higher anti-N IgM antibody levels to a statistically significant extent (Figure 3). Interestingly, after adding the history of COVID-19 as a second parameter and performing a two-way ANOVA, participants with CVD showed a statistically significant increase only in anti-N IgM levels regardless of whether having had the infection or not (Figure 4). Our study showed that endocrinological disorders did not influence the observed parameters: humoral anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies-NA (F = 2.91, p > 0.05), anti-S1 IgG antibodies (F = 1.33, p > 0.05), anti-N IgG antibodies (F = 1.095, p > 0.05), and cellular immune response (IFN γ) (F = 2.069, p > 0.05). However, when COVID-19 infection was added as a second parameter, results showed that endocrine disorders attenuated the elevation of neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated individuals with no history of COVID-19 (Figure 5).
Our results showed that COVID-19 infection elevated neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1 IgG, and anti-N IgG antibodies (Figure 5). Since the presence of endocrinological disorders and a prior history of COVID-19 showed no significance at the level of either humoral or cellular response, except neutralizing antibodies, we singled out the group of subjects who have not had COVID-19 and divided them into two groups—with and without endocrine disorders. A statistical T-test showed that neutralizing antibodies and anti-N IgG antibodies decreased significantly in the Endo/No group, implying that subjects with endocrine disorders who were vaccinated with the Sinopharm vaccine and had no history of COVID-19 had a lower humoral response than the vaccinated subjects without endocrine disorders (Figure 6).
To determine the extent of change in antibody levels over time, participants were divided into three subgroups based on the period elapsed between the last clinical presentation of COVID-19 symptoms and the time of testing (up to 3 months, 3 to 6 months, and up to 18 months since the previous symptoms). The results show no decrease in neutralizing antibodies and IFN γ 3, 6, and 18 months after COVID-19, while there is a significant decrease in anti-S1 IgG 6 months after and anti-N IgG 18 months after COVID-19. The significance was also confirmed for anti-N IgM levels, although the value was below the threshold (Figure 7).
Correlation analysis performed on the complete sample showed that, in vaccinated individuals, significant positive correlations exist between humoral and cellular markers of immunity: neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1 IgG, anti-N IgG, and INF γ, suggesting a unique coordinated response specific for COVID-19 (Table 1).
3. Discussion
Vaccination against COVID-19 began in Serbia in January 2021. This study analyzed the markers of vaccine-induced immune response six months after receiving the third dose of the Sinopharm vaccine. There are several reasons why this study included only 103 subjects, but two reasons have emerged as the most important. Firstly, in our country, individuals were allowed to choose the type of booster vaccine. For this reason, in many cases, people who had received two doses of the inactivated vaccine chose the mRNA vaccine for a booster, as they did not have detectable levels of neutralizing antibodies in the days before the booster dose (unpublished data). Secondly, many people chose not to receive a booster dose of the vaccine, either because they believed they were not in the high-risk group for COVID-19 or because they already had the vaccine and did not believe they would benefit from a booster dose. For this reason, they were also excluded from the study. All participants were vaccinated with the Sinopharm vaccine with the inactivated Wuhan virus strain, regardless of whether new variants of concerns were actually circulating. Based on genome sequencing analysis of viruses isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs from March 2020 to March 2022, three epidemiological waves of COVID-19 were observed during the vaccination period in Serbia: the dominance of the alpha variant from late December 2020 to April 2021, the delta variant from July 2021 to 31 December 2021, and the Omicron variant from 31 December 2021 to March 2022 (our unpublished data). All subjects who showed symptoms of COVID-19 after infection (27 subjects) became ill from January to March 2022, when the Omicron variant prevailed. A total of 16 study participants had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 before the start of immunization from November 2020 to September 2021.
The protective immune response to SARS-CoV-2 results from a combination of humoral and cellular immune responses [16]. Of the four structural proteins of coronaviruses (S, E, M, N), the two most abundant are the S and N antigens. The surface spike S glycoprotein is crucial for the first step of infection, as it mediates viral entry by binding to the host ACE2 receptor and fusing the virus-host membrane. The S antigen consists of the subunits S1 and S2. The epitopes for neutralizing antibodies and the epitopes for cellular immune response are located within the RBD domain [17,18]. The N protein is immunodominant and is highly expressed in infected cells. Within the N antigen are epitopes for the cellular immune response of CD4- and CD8-positive T lymphocytes, as well as epitopes targeted by non-neutralizing antibodies [19]. Therefore, most tests measuring the efficacy of the immune response are based on these two antigens. It is known that antibodies produced during infection with different human coronaviruses (HcoV-OC43, HcoV-HKU1, HcoV-229E, HcoV-NL63), especially from the same genus, have a potential for cross-reactivity [20]. Antibodies against the S1 and RBD domains of the S protein were found to be hypervariable and subtype-specific. This is in contrast to the N antigen and the S2 subunit of the S antigen, which are highly conserved in human coronaviruses. However, antibodies against N and S2 antigens formed during previous infections with human coronaviruses cannot protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection [6,20,21].
Since most vaccines are designed to elicit an immune response to the S antigen only, tests that detect the presence of neutralizing antibodies are most commonly used to monitor the efficacy of vaccination [22,23,24]. However, the Sinopharm vaccine elicits a response to all individual antigens (including the S and N antigens). Hence, determining the serological profile in infected and vaccinated individuals is of great interest. According to the literature, the efficacy of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines after the administration of two doses is 70–80% [25,26]. Therefore, a third booster dose was recommended, which, according to our results, induced longer-term immunity against the original virus variant [27]. Using biomarkers of humoral and cellular immunity as indicators, we found that all recipients of three doses of the Sinopharm vaccine developed an effective humoral and cellular response regardless of gender and age.
Humoral and cellular immunity biomarkers were analyzed separately in vaccinated individuals with COVID-19. These individuals have hybrid immunity consisting of natural and vaccine-induced immunity. In the literature, this type of “hybrid immunity” is called superior immunity. In vaccinated individuals without SARS-CoV-2 infection, a significant decrease in anti-S1 IgG and IFN α levels was observed within 3 to 6 months. However, individuals who acquire natural immunity through infection and are subsequently vaccinated develop stronger immunity to SARS-CoV-2 [26,28]. Many authors emphasize the importance of memory immunity. It has been shown that the number of memory B cells is increased 5- to 10-fold in hybrid immunity compared to natural infection or vaccination alone [29]. According to the data available in the literature, previous infection alone and previous infection in combination with the last vaccination provide high and sustained protection against hospitalization or severe disease [30]. As there is limited data in the scientific literature on serological status after vaccination with the Sinopharm vaccine, we considered our results in light of serological markers detected after vaccination with an mRNA vaccine. After one dose of an mRNA vaccine, humoral immunity is 10–45 times higher in people who have already had an infection than in people who have not yet been infected [31,32]. The administration of the second dose leads to a threefold increase in antibodies in non-immune individuals but does not have this effect in individuals with a previous infection. Individuals who have been fully immunized with two doses of an mRNA vaccine and have a previous infection have six times higher antibody levels than those who have only been naturally infected or fully immunized. It has also been shown that vaccination of previously infected individuals leads to significantly higher levels of cross-neutralizing antibodies than in fully vaccinated individuals [33].
In our study, the participants who had COVID-19 before vaccination and were fully immunized with three doses of the Sinopharm vaccine showed a statistically significant increase in all types of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, especially anti-S1 IgG and anti-N IgG. The titer of neutralizing antibodies was also higher in the participants with the previous infection group, as was the IFN level. Our results confirm the emergence of hybrid immunity, which provides the greatest and most durable protection based on humoral biomarkers. Several participants, especially those with COVID-19 immediately before and after vaccination, had positive anti-RBD IgM antibodies. The presence of subtype-specific IgM antibodies is likely because the virus variant in the vaccine differs from the variant that caused the infection, which stimulates the de novo production of IgM antibodies.
In addition, this study was focused on patients with diseases that may affect the immune system. This applies also to responses to vaccination, including anti-SARS-2 immunization. It is well-known that individuals with cardiovascular and endocrinological disease have a higher risk of complications and death after infection with SARS-CoV-2, and the humoral immune response is also lower in these groups of patients after natural infection [34]. It was expected that vaccination programs would increase the protection of these patients; therefore, booster vaccinations were proposed to enhance the response to viral infection. According to the literature, cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension, is an important cofactor for severe COVID-19 [35,36,37,38]. About 85% (27 out of 32) of the patients with CVD included in our study use ACE inhibitors as part of their treatment. Studies have provided evidence that hypertension, among other cardiovascular diseases, is a risk factor for a reduced antibody response after vaccination with the mRNA vaccine; treatment against hypertension has, in contrast, been linked to clinical benefits in COVID-19. These benefits are supposedly related to improved antibody production through positive effects on inflammatory pathways and antigen presentation [34]. Given the fact that older persons in this study were treated for hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases, the positive relation between hypertension or cardiovascular disease and the antibody response could be a treatment effect. However, in our study, there were no statistically significant differences in markers of humoral and cellular immune response between patients with cardiovascular disease and other participants, except for anti-N-IgM, which was higher in CVD patients (Figure 4).
Endocrine disorders also influence the efficacy of the immune response [39,40]. According to our study, patients with endocrine disorders show a statistically significant impairment of the humoral immune response after vaccination, with lower values for all antibodies tested (neutralizing antibodies, anti-S1-IgG, anti-N-IgG), which means that subjects with endocrine disorders have a lower humoral response after Sinopharm vaccination. However, these differences were lost in the group of participants with a history of COVID-19 and endocrine disorders, and there was no difference in humoral and cellular markers.
The level of neutralizing and anti-IgG antibodies specific for each antigen decreased significantly after 3 to 6 months following two doses of the Sinopharm vaccine. An additional booster dose is essential to increase protection against COVID-19. Overall, these results show that people with a history of COVID-19 who have been vaccinated with three doses of the inactivated vaccine develop hybrid immunity. This means that participants with hybrid immunity have the best adoptive immunity, likely against both the original strain and the variants in question. Neutralizing antibody and IFN γ titers remained unchanged during the study period in our group of participants with COVID-19 infection. However, anti-S1 IgG and anti-N IgG antibodies showed a statistically significant decrease in titer when sampled 18 months post-infection (Figure 7). Our results confirm that the inactivated Sinopharm vaccine, like mRNA and vector-based vaccines, induces effective production of neutralizing antibodies. Natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 are clearly involved in protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. The results also point to the contribution of the T-cell response to protection, in particular, immunological memory as a source of protective immunity. Correlation analysis also showed that immunity was established through positive cooperativity between anti-S1 IgG and anti-N IgG, which stimulate each other as well as NA and IFN γ, via independent and separate pathways (Figure 8). According to our results, this connection represents the main pathway for establishing protection in COVID-19 hybrid immunity. Therefore, our study supports the importance of vaccination for boosting immunity and suggests the possibility of a long-term antiviral immune response after administration of the Sinopharm vaccine.
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design
This study aimed to measure humoral and cellular immune response in immunized individuals six months after receiving the third dose of the SARS-CoV-2 Sinopharm vaccine. All participants included in the study voluntarily signed an informed consent form, completed a self-questionnaire (Appendix A), and had their blood drawn to perform the testing. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Institute for Biocides and Medical Ecology, Belgrade (protocol number 05-01 468/3-1, approved on 23 February 2022).
4.2. Participant Selection and Serum Collection
All participants who met the inclusion criteria and signed the informed consent were included in the study and divided into groups based on gender, history of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection, and presence of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and autoimmune diseases, diseases of the endocrine and nervous system, and liver and kidney diseases.
Serum samples were obtained by collecting 4 to 6 mL of whole blood in VACUETTE® Serum Tubes (Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Kremsmünster, Austria). The blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min (Gyrozen 416 centrifuge) before aliquoting the serum. Upon testing, the serum was stored at −20 °C. The samples for measuring SARS-CoV-2 T-cell specific response were obtained by collecting 4 to 6 mL of whole blood in VACUETTE® Heparin Tubes (Greiner Bio-One GmbH) and processed immediately according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All the samples were collected between March and June 2022.
The study involved 103 participants in total, 28 males and 75 females. Anamnestic data for participants are presented in Table 2. Of the 103 subjects, 36 had cardiovascular diseases, 11 had endocrinological diseases, 13 had allergic reactions, and 4 had lung diseases (Table 2). None of them were pregnant, breastfeeding, had primary and secondary immuno-deficiencies, or diseases of the hematopoietic system. Thirty-two (32) of the 36 individuals with cardiovascular diseases had hypertension; one participant had myocarditis, one had pericarditis, and two of them had heart valve diseases (Table 2). When analyzing the influence of age on the observed parameters, the group was divided into groups with ten-year intervals (20–30, n = 4; 30–40, n = 25; 40–50, n = 34; 50–60, n = 26, and 60+, n = 14).
4.3. SARS-CoV-2 Serological Analyses
In this study, we used 5 different commercial SARS-CoV-2 ELISA tests to detect the humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Details about the ELISA test used in this study are shown in Appendix A.
4.4. T-Cell Response
The SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response was determined by a commercial interferon-gamma (IFN γ) release assay (IGRA) using the Quant-T-Cell SARS-CoV-2 (product No. ET 2606-3003) and Quant-T-Cell ELISA (product No. EQ 6841-9601), manufactured by EUROIMMUN AG, Lübeck, Germany. The specific T-cell response was quantified according to the manufacturer’s instructions, with values > 100 mIU/mL marked as low positive, >200 mIU/mL marked as positive, and 100–200 mIU/mL as the grey zone.
4.5. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed according to the protocols described by Hinkle et al. [41]. Groups were analyzed using analyses of variance ANOVA, post hoc comparisons were made by Tukey’s HSD t-test, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Pearson’s correlation protocol was performed for correlation analysis.
4.6. SARS-CoV-2 Serological Analyses
SARS-CoV-2 serology was determined with semi-quantitative and quantitative commercial ELISA tests, as listed in Table A1. All tests were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions, using a fully automated ELISA apparatus: EuroImmun I Analyzer (for EuroImmun tests) (Germany, Lübeck) and DS2 Dynex Technologies (for TestLine tests and Shanghai GeneoDx Biotech Co., Ltd.; Shanghai, China).
5. Conclusions
In our study, the effects of three doses of the Sinopharm vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 infection on the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 were investigated in 103 volunteers. Our results show that cardiovascular diseases increased the level of anti-N-IgG antibodies, while endocrinological diseases decreased neutralizing antibody and anti-N IgG antibodies, suggesting that these diseases may alter vaccine-induced immunity. A significant decrease in anti-S1 IgG levels was observed six months post-infection, and in anti-N IgG levels 18 months post-infection, while neutralizing antibodies and INF γ levels remained constant over the same periods. The study confirmed the emergence of “hybrid immunity”, a combination of natural and vaccine-induced immunity, and appears stronger and more durable than either form of immunity alone. A significant positive correlation was found between humoral and cellular immunity markers, suggesting a coordinated, COVID-19-specific response.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, D.D.; K.Š. and M.V.; methodology, M.V. and A.V.; validation, A.V. and M.V.; formal analysis, M.V.; investigation, M.V.; resources, K.Š.; data curation, D.B. and M.D.; writing—original draft preparation, T.J. and A.N.-K.; writing—review and editing, T.J., D.B., M.N. and A.N.-K.; funding acquisition, D.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
All costs for this research were provided by the Institute for Biocides and Medical Ecology, Belgade Serbia.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Institute for Biocides and Medical Ecology, Belgrade (protocol number 05-01 468/3-1, approved on 23 February 2022).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
Data are contained within the article.
Acknowledgments
Gratitude to all of the Institute for Biocides and Medical Ecology staff who contributed to the realization of this study through their work.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest concerning publishing the results.
Appendix A
Participant self-questionnaire
All participants who gave their informed consent voluntarily filled out a self-questionnaire with the following inquiries:
History of previous SARS-CoV-2 infections with the date on which the symptoms appeared or the date of the last positive PCR result;
History of vaccination (date and name of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine);
Diseases of the cardiovascular system (hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, heart valve diseases, myocarditis, endocarditis, pericarditis, deep vein thrombosis, etc.);
Diseases of the endocrine system (diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome, etc.);
Diseases of the nervous system (cerebrovascular diseases, stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, polyneuropathy, neuroborreliosis, etc.).
Liver diseases (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cirrhosis, etc.);
Autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, etc.);
Pulmonary diseases (asthma, COPD, emphysema, pulmonary hypertension, etc.);
Kidney diseases (hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, hydronephrosis, chronic renal insufficiency, etc.);
The presence of allergic reactions (atopy, allergic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, etc.);
Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies (yes or no, and which);
Severe diseases of the hematopoietic system (yes or no, and which);
Oncological diseases (yes or no, and which);
Pregnancy and breastfeeding status.
Appendix B
Table A1. Commercial test used for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
Commercial ELISA NamePurpose of DetectionReference ValuesAutomated Systemanti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies–NANovel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Detection Kit (ELISA) Shanghai GeneoDx Biotech Co, Ltd.neutralizing antibodies
(NA)<79 U/mL: negative
≥79 to <81 U/mL: borderline
≥81 U/mL: positiveDYNEX DS2®, Dynex Technologiesanti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG S1Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA (IgG), EUROIMMUN AG, Lübeck, GermanyIgG antibodies against S1 (including RBD)<8 RU/mL: negative
≥8 to <11 RU/mL: borderline
≥11 RU/mL: positiveEuroImmun I Analyzeranti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM NAnti-SARS-CoV-2 NCP ELISA (IgM), EUROIMMUN AG, Lübeck, GermanyIgM antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein (N)Ratio < 0.8: negative
Ratio ≥ 0.8 to <1.1: borderline
Ratio ≥ 1.1: positiveEuroImmun I Analyzeranti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG NEIA COVID-19 NP IgG, TestLine Clinical DiagnosticsIgG antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein (N)<18 U/mL: negative
≥8 to <22 U/mL: borderline
≥22 U/mL: positiveDYNEX DS2®, Dynex Technologiesanti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM RBDEIA COVID-19 RBD IgM, TestLine Clinical DiagnosticsIgM antibodies against the RBD domain<18 U/mL: negative
≥8 to <22 U/mL: borderline
≥22 U/mL: positiveDYNEX DS2®, Dynex Technologies
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Figure 1. Markers of humoral and cellular immune response after vaccination with 3 doses of Sinopharm vaccine based on COVID-19 history. No—subjects had no COVID-19; Yes—subjects had COVID-19; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.005; below ------- negative values.
Figure 2. Markers of humoral and cellular immune response after vaccination with 3 doses of Sinopharm vaccine depending on sex and COVID-19 history (Cov19). F/No—women who did not have COVID-19; F/Yes—women who had COVID-19; M/No—men who did not have COVID-19; M/Yes—men who had COVID-19. N.S. Not significant; below ------- negative values.
Figure 3. Markers of humoral and cellular immune response after vaccination with 3 doses of Sinopharm vaccine relating to the presence of cardiovascular diseases. No—participants who do not have cardiovascular disease; CVD—participants with cardiovascular diseases; below ------- negative values. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01.
Figure 4. Markers of humoral and cellular immune response after vaccination with 3 doses of Sinopharm vaccine depending on the presence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and COVID-19 history (Cov19). No CVD/No—participants who do not have cardiovascular diseases and who have not had COVID-19; No CVD/Yes—participants who do not have cardiovascular diseases and who have had COVID-19; CVD/No—participants with cardiovascular diseases who have not had COVID-19; and CVD/Yes—participants with cardiovascular diseases who have had COVID-19; below ------- negative values.
Figure 5. Markers of humoral and cellular immune response after vaccination with 3 doses of Sinopharm vaccine based on the presence of endocrine disorders (Endo) and COVID-19 history (Cov19). No Endo/No—subjects who do not have endocrine disorders and have not had COVID-19; No Endo/Yes—subjects who do not have endocrine disorders and have had COVID-19; Endo/No—participants who have endocrine disorders and who have not yet had a COVID-19; and Endo/Yes—subjects who have endocrine disorders and have had COVID-19; below ------- negative values.
Figure 6. Markers of humoral and cellular immune response after vaccination with 3 doses of Sinopharm vaccine in the presence of endocrine disorders (Endo) and no COVID-19 history (No). No Endo/No—participants who do not have endocrine disorders and who have not had COVID-19; Endo/No—participants who have endocrine disorders and who have not had COVID-19; * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.005; below ------- negative values.
Figure 7. Markers of humoral and cellular immune response after vaccination with 3 doses of Sinopharm vaccine based on the time elapsed between the last clinical presentation of COVID-19 symptoms and the testing time. * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.005; below ------ negative values.
Figure 8. Schematic representation of the coordinated course of the immune response to vaccination.
Table 1. Correlation analysis of neutralizing antibodies, IFN γ, anti-N IgG antibodies (Nucleocapsid), anti-RBD IgM antibodies (Receptor Binding Domen), anti-N IgM antibodies, and anti-S1 IgG antibodies (i RBD) performed on the complete sample. Red-colored numbers represent a statistically significant correlation between the examined parameters.
Neutralizing AntibodiesAnti-S1 IgG AntibodiesAnti-RBD IgM AntibodiesAnti-N IgM AntibodiesAnti-N IgG AntibodiesIFN γNeutralizing antibodiesanti-S1 IgG antibodies0.400 ***anti-RBD IgM antibodies0.05250.0923anti-N IgM antibodies0.0780.00020.098anti-N IgG antibodies0.240 ***0.666 ***−0.099−0.039IFN γ0.1420.392 ***0.1960.09230.336 ***
Table 2. Principal features of the participants included in the study.
Anamnestic DataNumber of ParticipantsTotal number103COVID-19 historyYes43Before 3rd dose16After 3rd dose27No60SexF75M28Presence of
cardiovascular diseasesYes36Hypertension (n = 32)Myocarditis (n = 1)Pericarditis (n = 1)Heart valve diseases (n = 2)No67Presence of diseases of the nervous systemYes1No102Presence of endocrinological
diseasesYes11Diabetes mellitus (n = 3)Thyroid gland diseases (n = 7)Pituitary gland diseases (n = 1)No92Presence of liver diseasesYes2No101Presence of kidney diseasesYes1No102Presence of pulmonary diseasesYes4No99Presence of allergic reactionsYes13No99Presence of autoimmune diseasesYes2No101
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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MDPI and ACS Style
Vukčević, M.; Šerović, K.; Despot, M.; Nikolić-Kokić, A.; Vujović, A.; Nikolić, M.; Blagojević, D.; Jovanović, T.; Despot, D. Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid Immunity. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17010122
AMA Style
Vukčević M, Šerović K, Despot M, Nikolić-Kokić A, Vujović A, Nikolić M, Blagojević D, Jovanović T, Despot D. Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid Immunity. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(1):122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17010122
Chicago/Turabian Style
Vukčević, Marija, Katarina Šerović, Mateja Despot, Aleksandra Nikolić-Kokić, Aleksandra Vujović, Milan Nikolić, Duško Blagojević, Tanja Jovanović, and Dragana Despot. 2024. "Humoral and Cellular Immune Response after Three Doses of Sinopharm [Vero Cell]-Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Combination with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Hybrid Immunity" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 1: 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17010122
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https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55212787
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Covid: What do we know about China's coronavirus vaccines?
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2020-12-09T00:02:42+00:00
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Sinovac and Sinopharm's jabs are yet to finish final trials, but are already being shipped overseas.
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en
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https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55212787
|
As the global race to produce a Covid-19 vaccine continues, China appears to have made huge strides, with vaccines from two front-runners - Sinovac and Sinopharm - already making their way abroad.
But what do we know about China's vaccines and how do they compare to those being developed elsewhere?
How does the Sinovac vaccine work?
The Beijing-based biopharmaceutical company Sinovac is behind the CoronaVac, an inactivated vaccine.
It works by using killed viral particles to expose the body's immune system to the virus without risking a serious disease response.
By comparison the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines being developed in the West are mRNA vaccines. This means part of the coronavirus' genetic code is injected into the body, triggering the body to begin making viral proteins, but not the whole virus, which is enough to train the immune system to attack.
"CoronaVac is a more traditional method [of vaccine] that is successfully used in many well known vaccines like rabies," Associate Prof Luo Dahai of the Nanyang Technological University told the BBC.
"mRNA vaccines are a new type of vaccine and there is [currently] no successful example [of them] being used in the population," Prof Luo adds.
On paper, one of Sinovac's main advantages is that it can be stored in a standard refrigerator at 2-8 degrees Celsius, like the Oxford vaccine, which is made from a genetically engineered virus that causes the common cold in chimpanzees.
Moderna's vaccine needs to be stored at -20C and Pfizer's vaccine at -70C.
It means that both Sinovac and the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine are a lot more useful to developing countries which might not be able to store large amounts of vaccine at such low temperatures.
How effective is it?
It's hard to say at this point in time.
One Chinese study published in scientific journal The Lancet, only has information from the first and second phase trials of CoronaVac in China.
Zhu Fengcai, one of the paper's authors, said those results - based on 144 participants in the phase one trial and 600 in the phase two trial - meant the vaccine was "suitable for emergency use".
CoronaVac has been undergoing phase three trials in various countries. Interim data from late-stage trials in Turkey and Indonesia showed that the vaccine was 91.25% and 65.3% effective respectively.
Researchers in Brazil initially said it was 78% effective in their clinical trials, but in January 2021 revised that figure to 50.4% after including more data in their calculations. Earlier in November, their trials were briefly halted after the reported death of a volunteer, but resumed after the death was found to have no links to the vaccine.
Sinovac has been approved for emergency use in high-risk groups in China since July.
In September, Mr Yin of Sinovac said tests were performed on more than 1,000 volunteers, of which "some only showed minor fatigue or discomfort… no more than 5%".
Prof Luo had said ahead of the phase three results that it was difficult to make comments about the vaccine's efficacy at that point in time "given the limited information available".
"Based on the preliminary data... CoronaVac is likely an effective vaccine, but we do need to wait for the results of the phase three trials," he said.
"These trials are randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled... with thousands of participants. This is the only way to prove a vaccine is safe and effective to be used at the population level."
What about the Sinopharm vaccine?
Sinopharm, a Chinese state-owned company, is developing two Covid-19 vaccines, which, like Sinovac are also inactivated vaccines that work in a similar way.
Sinopharm announced on 30 December that phase three trials of the vaccine showed that it was 79% effective - lower than that of Pfizer and Moderna.
However, the United Arab Emirates, which approved a Sinopharm vaccine earlier this month, said the vaccine was 86% effective, according to interim results of its phase three trial.
A company spokeswoman declined to explain the discrepancy, and said detailed results would be released later, said a Reuters report.
But even ahead of the phase three trial results, the vaccine had already been distributed to nearly a million people in China under an emergency programme.
Professor Dale Fisher, of the National University of Singapore, said then that it was "unconventional" to ramp up a vaccine programme without first going through last stage trials.
"It is normal to wait for an analysis of phase three trials before ramping up a vaccine programme through emergency use authorisation," he told news site CNBC.
Earlier in December, Peru suspended trials for the Sinopharm vaccine due to a "serious adverse event" affecting a volunteer. It later said that it lifted the suspension.
A pause in a clinical trial is not unusual. In September, the UK paused trials for another Covid-19 vaccine after a participant had a suspected adverse reaction, resuming after the vaccine was ruled out as the cause.
The spread of the coronavirus within China has for the most part been contained - and life is slowly but surely returning to a "new normal".
Any other vaccine candidates?
At least two other Covid-19 vaccines are under development in China, according to a recent article in The Conversation.
One of them is CanSino Biologics, which is reportedly in phase three clinical trials in countries including Saudi Arabia.
The other is being developed by Anhui Zhifei Longcom. Its vaccine uses a purified piece of the virus to trigger an immune response, and has recently entered phase three trials, according to the report.
Which countries are signing up for China's vaccines?
Several Asian countries including Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines have signed deals with Sinovac, and in January 2021 Indonesia began rolling out its mass vaccination campaign with their vaccine.
Turkey has also approved the Sinovac vaccine for emergency use. The company is also known to have secured other deals with Brazil and Chile.
The United Arab Emirates and Bahrain have approved the Sinopharm vaccine.
How would rollout work for China's vaccines?
It's not clear how much it might cost, but earlier this year, a BBC team in the Chinese city of Yiwu saw that nurses were administering the injections for a fee of around 400 yuan ($60; £45).
Bio Farma, a state-owned firm in Indonesia said it would cost around 200,000 rupiah ($13.60; £10) locally.
That is still far higher than the Oxford vaccine, which costs $4 a dose, but lower than Moderna's at $33 per dose. Moderna has said it aims to ship 500 million doses in 2021 and AstraZeneca has said it will produce 700 million doses by the end of the first quarter of 2021.
Reporting by Yvette Tan.
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Sinopharm - Developer of vaccines for infectious diseases. Acquired by Nuance Pharma. Raised funding over 1 round from 3 investors. Founded by Mahmoud Aziz and Lee Leonardo in the year 2009. Sinopharm has 373 competitors.
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Sinopharm company profile
Developer of vaccines for infectious diseases
2009•Beijing ( China )•Acquired
Sinopharm Key Metrics
Latest Funding Round
Undisclosed
Series A, Dec 04, 2015
Investors
6 Dimensions Capital
& 2 more
Ranked
41st
among 310 active competitors
Investment & Acquisitions
Xingmai Technology
& 3 more
Similar Companies
Moderna
& 345 more
Exit Details
Acquired
by Nuance Pharma (Jan 06, 2022)
Sinopharm - About the company
What does Sinopharm do?
Developer of vaccines for infectious diseases. The company's lead product is the enterovirus vaccine (EV71 inactivated vaccine) to reduce the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children. It has R & D for polio vaccines, COVID-19 and pneumonia. Also, it develops in vitro diagnostic kits, medical consumables, medical protective materials, smart wearables equipment, and other product lines.
Which sectors and market segments does Sinopharm operate in?
Sinopharm serves in the B2B space in the Life Sciences, Sustainability Tech market segments.
The primary business model of Sinopharm are :Life Sciences > Infectious Diseases > ***** **** > ***** ******Sustainability Tech > Infectious Diseases > ***** **** > ***** ******
Sinopharm's acquisition details
Sinopharm got acquired by Nuance Pharma on Jan 06, 2022.
Click here to take a look at Sinopharm 's acquisition in detail
Sinopharm's funding and investors
How much funding has Sinopharm raised till date?
Sinopharm has raised funding over 1 round.
List of recent funding rounds of Sinopharm
Date of funding
Funding Amount
Round Name
Post money valuation
Revenue multiple
Investors
Dec 04, 2015
Undisclosed
Series A
5128792
9718000
-
Access funding benchmarks and valuations. Sign up today!
Who are Sinopharm's investors?
Sinopharm has 3 institutional investor s including 6 Dimensions Capital, Frontline BioVentures and Alpview Capital.
View details of Sinopharm funding rounds and investors
Sinopharm's founders and board of directors
Founder? Claim Profile
Who are the founders of Sinopharm?
The founders of Sinopharm are Mahmoud Aziz and Lee Leonardo.
Who is the current CEO of Sinopharm?
Mahmoud Aziz is the CEO of Sinopharm .
Sinopharm's Competitors and alternates
Who are the competitors of Sinopharm?
Top competitor s of Sinopharm include Moderna, Adaptive Biotechnologies and Dynavax.
Sinopharm ranks 41 st among 310 active competitors. 95 of its competitors are funded while 71 have exited. Overall, Sinopharm and its competitors have raised over $10.6B in funding across 382 funding rounds involving 808 investors. There is 1 private unicorn, 46 public and 25 acquired companies in the entire competition set.
Below is a comparison of top competitors of Sinopharm
Sinopharm
Description
Developer of vaccines for infectious diseases
Developer of mRNA-based therapeutics for a wide range of diseases
Provider of clinical diagnostics, and drug discovery for immune diseases
Developer of products to prevent and treat infectious and inflammatory diseases and cancer
Founded Year
2009
2010
2009
1996
Location
Beijing (China)
Cambridge (United States)
Seattle (United States)
Berkeley (United States)
Company Stage
Acquired
Public
Public
Public
Unicorn Rating
-
-
-
-
Total Funding
-
$2.78B
$419M
$73.9M
Funding Rounds
1
17
11
9
Latest Round
Series A, Undisclosed, Dec 04, 2015
Grant (prize money), $56M, Oct 08, 2020
Series F, Undisclosed, Jan 22, 2018
Post IPO, Undisclosed, Aug 27, 2021
Investor Count
3
30
22
25
Top Investors
Tracxn Score What is this?
52/100
79/100
75/100
70/100
Overall Rank
41st
1st
2nd
3rd
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Sinopharm's Investments and acquisitions
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Sinopharm has not made any acquisitions yet. Sinopharm has made 4 investments. Here is the list of latest three investments:
Date of Investment/Acquisition
Type
Company Name
Founded Year
Location
Aug 03, 2022
Investments
2017
Shanghai, China
Apr 26, 2022
Investments
2016
Beijing, China
Mar 03, 2022
Investments
2018
Haidian, China
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Reports related to Sinopharm
Here is the latest report on Sinopharm's sector:
Free
Infectious Diseases - Sector Report
Edition: Jul 12, 2024 (77 Pages)
News related to Sinopharm
Filter this list
Media has covered Sinopharm for 1 event in last 1 year , It was about partnerships .
•
Pfizer signs strategic cooperation pact with China's SinopharmZawya•Apr 13, 2023•Sinopharm , Pfizer
•
Sinopharm partners with Elekta to bring radiation therapy across ChinaChina Daily•Mar 23, 2023•Sinopharm , Elekta
•
Elekta forms radiotherapy partnership with Sinopharm in ChinaMassDevice•Mar 14, 2023•Elekta, Sinopharm
•
GE HealthCare and Sinopharm to form joint venture in ChinaSeeking Alpha•Feb 24, 2023•GE Healthcare, Sinopharm
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Frequently asked questions about Sinopharm
When was Sinopharm founded?
Sinopharm was founded in 2009.
Where is Sinopharm located?
Sinopharm is located in Beijing, China.
Is Sinopharm an acquired company?
Sinopharm got acquired by Nuance Pharma on Jan 06, 2022.
When was the latest funding round of Sinopharm?
Sinopharm's latest funding round was on Dec 04, 2015.
Is Sinopharm a Infectious Diseases company?
The primary sector of Sinopharm is Infectious Diseases.
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http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-12/31/c_139632402.htm
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China approves first self-developed COVID-19 vaccine - Xinhua
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2020-12-31T00:00:00
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A staff member works at a packaging plant of the COVID-19 inactivated vaccine products in the Beijing Biological Products Institute Co., Ltd. in Beijing, capital of China, Dec. 25, 2020. China announced on Thursday that it had granted conditional marketing authorization for its first self-developed COVID-19 vaccine. The inactivated vaccine, which got the approval from the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), is developed by the Beijing Biological Products Institute Co., Ltd. under the China National Biotec Group (CNBG), which is affiliated with Sinopharm. "This vaccine will be provided free of charge to all Chinese people," said Zeng Yixin, deputy head of the National Health Commission. (Xinhua/Zhang Yuwei)
BEIJING, Dec. 31 (Xinhua) -- China announced on Thursday that it had granted conditional marketing authorization for its first self-developed COVID-19 vaccine.
The inactivated vaccine, which got the approval from the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), is developed by the Beijing Biological Products Institute Co., Ltd. under the China National Biotec Group (CNBG), which is affiliated with Sinopharm.
The interim results of its phase-3 clinical trials show 79.34 percent efficacy against COVID-19, meeting the standards of the World Health Organization and the NMPA, according to a press conference by the State Council joint prevention and control mechanism against COVID-19.
"This vaccine will be provided free of charge to all Chinese people," said Zeng Yixin, deputy head of the National Health Commission (NHC), at the press conference.
China has adopted five technological approaches in developing COVID-19 vaccines. Since July, a number of Chinese vaccine candidates have carried out phase-3 clinical trials overseas, said Zeng, adding that China has been at the global forefront of COVID-19 vaccine development.
China approved the emergency use of COVID-19 vaccines in June, targeting groups with high risks of infection. By the end of November, more than 1.5 million doses of Chinese COVID-19 vaccines had been distributed for emergency use, and 60,000 vaccinated people have traveled abroad to high-risk regions, with no severe adverse reactions reported, Zeng said.
On Dec. 15, China officially launched a vaccination program for this winter-spring period targeting a number of key groups, including those engaged in handling imported cold-chain products, customs officers, medical workers and people working in public transport and fresh markets. In the past 15 days, the number of doses of vaccination among the key groups exceeded 3 million.
"The 3 million vaccine doses, plus the previous 1.5 million doses, fully prove that Chinese vaccines are safe," Zeng noted.
After the COVID-19 vaccines are approved to enter the market, especially when production capacity increases, China will comprehensively vaccinate senior citizens, people with underlying conditions, and the general public in an orderly manner, the NHC official said. Enditem
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https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3115801/chinas-sinopharm-says-its-covid-19-vaccine-nearly-80-cent
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China’s Sinopharm reports strong interim results for its Covid-19 vaccine
|
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[
"South China Morning Post",
"News",
"Opinion",
"China",
"Hong Kong",
"World",
"US",
"Asia",
"Business",
"Economy",
"Technology",
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[
"Simone McCarthy"
] |
2020-12-30T13:03:36+08:00
|
Few details were released in the announcement but the company is seeking conditional listing from Chinese regulator.
|
en
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https://assets-v2.i-scmp.com/production/favicon.ico
|
South China Morning Post
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https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3115801/chinas-sinopharm-says-its-covid-19-vaccine-nearly-80-cent
|
On December 9, UAE health authorities said the vaccine had proven to be 86 per cent effective in an interim analysis of late-stage clinical trials. The vaccine has already been approved in the UAE and Bahrain.
The vaccine is among those already in use in China under an emergency use authorisation programme launched in July.
Health authorities earlier this month said they were evaluating data from vaccines that were advanced in final phase trials on a rolling basis, and would release data to the public “in time” after trials were unblinded.
Data for the vaccine candidate from the institute’s sister company, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, has yet to be released.
Another Chinese firm, Sinovac, has a candidate in human trials in Brazil, Turkey and Indonesia, but reporting of its detailed results were postponed until next month. Turkey’s health authority announced last week that its trial showed this vaccine to be 91.25 per cent effective, but the finding was based on preliminary results from a small clinical trial and none of the data has been peer reviewed.
Shanghai vaccine expert Tao Lina said the efficacy results for the Beijing Institute vaccine – which uses conventional inactivated technology involving a killed virus – was lower than most vaccines using the same method – such as those for polio, hepatitis A or hand, foot and mouth disease.
Nevertheless, it was not a bad result against a new virus and industry processes could be improved in time to improve efficacy, he said.
“At the beginning, we thought a vaccine with 70 per cent efficacy would be good enough, but the high efficacy reported by Moderna and BioNTech set the bar too high and people might feel disappointed when comparing the efficacy rates,” he said. The two mRNA vaccines have shown efficacy of more than 94 per cent.
“The difference in technology means mRNA vaccines will have a higher efficacy than the inactivated vaccines. It is like, one vaccine targets the ammunition in the key point, and the other [targets] all the points, so naturally the effect will be weaker.”
But Tao said the efficacy of the Beijing Institute’s vaccine had surpassed the approval threshold and its excellent safety data was an important aspect that needed to be considered in evaluating the different vaccines.
“From the published data, the inactivated Covid-19 vaccines have much fewer and lighter adverse events. It is something to be taken into consideration when hundreds of millions of people are to take vaccines,” he said.
The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, which regulates China National Pharmaceutical Group, the parent company of the Beijing Institute of Biological Products, said in a statement on Wednesday that the vaccines should be assessed according to their overall performance and not just a single parameter of efficacy.
All of the vaccines approved for emergency use had produced high levels of antibodies that could in theory fight off the coronavirus, it said.
The Sinopharm vaccine also had the advantage of convenient transport and storage, as well as a guaranteed production capacity, it added.
“The inactivated Covid-19 vaccines by Sinopharm can be transported and stored at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius (35.6 to 46.4 Fahrenheit) and remain stable for 24 months, which is an obvious advantage. The cold chain involved fits in what is already available in most countries, therefore significantly increasing the accessibility of the vaccines,” the statement said.
According to the statement, production capacity of the two Sinopharm facilities in Wuhan and Beijing will reach 1 billion doses next year, matching the production capacity of other global vaccine candidates.
This article appeared in the South China Morning Post print edition as: Sinopharm jab is 79pc effective, maker says
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http://english.www.gov.cn/news/photos/202106/02/content_WS60b72f7dc6d0df57f98da9a0.html
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en
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19 vaccine to COVAX in production
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China on June 1 said the first batch of Chinese vaccines supplied to COVAX officially rolled off the production line, which is another important reflection of China's commitment to making its COVID-19 vaccines global public goods with concrete actions.
|
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BEIJING — China on June 1 said the first batch of Chinese vaccines supplied to COVAX officially rolled off the production line, which is another important reflection of China's commitment to making its COVID-19 vaccines global public goods with concrete actions.
Foreign Ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin made the remarks during a daily press briefing after the first batch of the Sinopharm vaccine to COVAX officially rolled off the production line on May 31.
China has always supported COVAX and has decided to provide 10 million COVID-19 vaccine doses to the COVAX cause. Relevant companies are doing their best to ensure vaccine supply, Wang noted.
China will continue to support enterprises to strengthen communication and coordination with the sponsors of COVAX and continue to make China's contribution to the global fight against the pandemic at an early date, the spokesperson said.
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https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-023-08103-4
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Reactogenicity within the first week after Sinopharm, Sputnik V, AZD1222, and COVIran Barekat vaccines: findings from the Iranian active vaccine surveillance system
|
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] | null |
[
"Sahab-Negah",
"Mangolian Shahrbabaki",
"Ansari-Moghaddam",
"Shahraki-Sanavi",
"Mohammad Hassan"
] |
2023-03-10T00:00:00
|
This study aimed to evaluate the reactogenicity effects of COVID-19 vaccines, used in Iran. At least 1000 people were followed up with phone calls or self-report in a mobile application within 7 days after vaccination. Local and systemic reactogenicities were reported overall and by subgroups. The presence of one or more local and systemic adverse effects after the first dose of vaccines was 58.9% [(95% Confidence Intervals): 57.5–60.3)] and 60.5% (59.1–61.9), respectively. These rates were reduced to 53.8% (51.2–55.0) and 50.8% (48.8–52.7) for the second dose. The most common local adverse effect reported for all vaccines was pain in the injection site. During the first week after the first dose of vaccines, the frequency of the pain for Sinopharm, AZD1222, Sputnik V, and Barekat was 35.5%, 86.0%, 77.6%, and 30.9%, respectively. The same rates after the second dose were 27.3%, 66.5%, 63.9%, and 49.0%. The most common systemic adverse effect was fatigue. In the first dose, it was 30.3% for Sinopharm, 67.4% for AZD1222, 47.6% for Sputnik V, and 17.1% for Barekat. These rates were reduced to 24.6%, 37.1%, 36.5%, and 19.5%, in the second dose of vaccines. AZD1222 had the highest local and systemic adverse effects rates. The odds ratio of local adverse effects of the AZD1222 vaccine compared to the Sinopharm vaccine were 8.73 (95% CI 6.93–10.99) in the first dose and 4.14 (95% CI 3.32–5.17) in the second dose. Barekat and Sinopharm had the lowest frequency of local and systemic adverse effects. Compared to Sinopharm, systemic adverse effects were lower after the first dose of Barekat (OR = 0.56; 95% CI 0.46–0.67). Reactogenicity events were higher in women and younger people. Prior COVID-19 infection increased the odds of adverse effects only after the first dose of vaccines. Pain and fatigue were the most common reactogenicities of COVID-19 vaccination. Reactogenicities were less common after the second dose of the vaccines. The adverse effects of AZD1222 were greater than those of other vaccines.
|
en
|
/static/img/favicons/bmc/apple-touch-icon-582ef1d0f5.png
|
BioMed Central
|
https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-023-08103-4
|
Background
This study aimed to evaluate the reactogenicity effects of COVID-19 vaccines, used in Iran.
Methods
At least 1000 people were followed up with phone calls or self-report in a mobile application within 7 days after vaccination. Local and systemic reactogenicities were reported overall and by subgroups.
Results
The presence of one or more local and systemic adverse effects after the first dose of vaccines was 58.9% [(95% Confidence Intervals): 57.5–60.3)] and 60.5% (59.1–61.9), respectively. These rates were reduced to 53.8% (51.2–55.0) and 50.8% (48.8–52.7) for the second dose. The most common local adverse effect reported for all vaccines was pain in the injection site. During the first week after the first dose of vaccines, the frequency of the pain for Sinopharm, AZD1222, Sputnik V, and Barekat was 35.5%, 86.0%, 77.6%, and 30.9%, respectively. The same rates after the second dose were 27.3%, 66.5%, 63.9%, and 49.0%. The most common systemic adverse effect was fatigue. In the first dose, it was 30.3% for Sinopharm, 67.4% for AZD1222, 47.6% for Sputnik V, and 17.1% for Barekat. These rates were reduced to 24.6%, 37.1%, 36.5%, and 19.5%, in the second dose of vaccines. AZD1222 had the highest local and systemic adverse effects rates. The odds ratio of local adverse effects of the AZD1222 vaccine compared to the Sinopharm vaccine were 8.73 (95% CI 6.93–10.99) in the first dose and 4.14 (95% CI 3.32–5.17) in the second dose. Barekat and Sinopharm had the lowest frequency of local and systemic adverse effects. Compared to Sinopharm, systemic adverse effects were lower after the first dose of Barekat (OR = 0.56; 95% CI 0.46–0.67). Reactogenicity events were higher in women and younger people. Prior COVID-19 infection increased the odds of adverse effects only after the first dose of vaccines.
Conclusions
Pain and fatigue were the most common reactogenicities of COVID-19 vaccination. Reactogenicities were less common after the second dose of the vaccines. The adverse effects of AZD1222 were greater than those of other vaccines.
Study design and participant
This prospective observational study evaluated the reactogenicity adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines, including Sinopharm (inactivated vaccine), Sputnik V (a human adenovirus vector-based vaccine), AZD1222 (a chimpanzee adenovirus vector-based vaccine), and COVIran Barekat (Inactivated vaccine), based on WHO protocol [13]. This study was performed in seven cities in Iran (Shahroud, Rasht, Zahedan, Sanandaj, Birjand, Kerman, and Mashhad) and its protocol has been published previously [14]. The study population included all eligible individuals who received one of the different types of COVID-19 vaccine according to the Iranian guidelines for COVID-19 vaccination. Signing the written informed consent by people vaccinated with the first dose of COVID-19 vaccines at one of the vaccination centers participating in the study was considered as inclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria were included: individuals who were already vaccinated with any COVID-19 vaccines before study enrolment, and unable to comply with study procedures. Participants had the right to withdraw from the study for any reason at any time.
The necessary information, including contact information, demographic characteristics, and history of underlying diseases (diabetes, hypertension, immunodeficiency, cancer, chronic heart disease, and respiratory, renal, hepatic, neurological, and psychiatric diseases) were collected during enrolment. Also, all the details of the injected vaccine, including the vaccine brand, vaccination date, and the vaccine’s batch number, were recorded in the designed registration system. Weight and height were also self-reported, and obesity was defined as a Body Mass Index (BMI) equal to or more than 30 kg/m2.
Data collection
This study used telephone calls and electronic methods (mobile application and web pages) to collect data for at least 1000 participants of each vaccine. The local and systemic reactions after vaccination were recorded on days 1 to 7 after each dose of the vaccine. A reminder SMS was sent if the participants did not report the adverse effect data to the application by 16:00. If the data were not entered after the SMS, the trained experts actively followed and recorded the occurrence of adverse effects using telephone calls. For participants who were reluctant to use the web application, all data were collected by daily phone calls. Participants could also enter free textual reports about their post-vaccination experience and adverse events. In order to minimize loss to follow-up rate, the participants were contacted by phone up to twice a day. If they could not be reached, their next kin was followed up, and finally, if none of these worked, the call of that day was recorded as missed. A participant was considered lost to follow up after two unsuccessful attempts to contact them by phone, followed by one unsuccessful attempt to contact their next of kin.
Outcomes
The main objective of this study was to estimate the reactogenicity within 7 days after each COVID-19 vaccine dose, and the primary outcome was the proportion of individuals who reported local or systemic adverse effects within 7 days of the first and second vaccine doses. The local and systemic reactogenicities included pain at the injection site, redness, swelling, induration, warmness, itching, fever, nausea, malaise, chills, headache, joint pain, myalgia, and fatigue. The severity of reactogenicities was also assessed for every reaction by asking about the extent to which adverse effects interfere with the participant’s daily activities.
Statistical analysis
The proportion of systemic and local adverse effects within 7 days of vaccination was calculated and reported with 95% confidence intervals. Observed-to-expected analyses were performed for systemic reactogenicities using the collected data for the 3 days before vaccination. The duration (in days) was calculated for each type of event and their mean and standard deviation were reported. Separate logistic regression models were conducted for each vaccine dose to calculate and compare the odds ratio (OR) of local and systemic adverse effects while adjusting for age, sex, BMI, comorbidities and prior COVID-19 disease. The significance level was considered ≤ 0.05.
Out of 4639 people who received the first dose of vaccines from April 7, 2021, to January 11, 2022, 2908 (62.7%) received the second dose. The participants completed follow up in 7 days after vaccination with each dose of vaccines. The mean age of those who received the first dose was 46.7 (Standard Deviation [SD]: 18.5) years. The age and sex distribution of participants is provided in Table 1. Participants in the Sinopharm and Barekat groups had higher mean ages than other vaccine groups. The mean BMI of participants was 25.5 (SD: 4.3), which was higher in those receiving the Barekat [26.6 (SD: 4.2)] compared to participants receiving other vaccines (Table 1).
Considering that the enrolment was started with high-risk groups and those with a history of underlying diseases, the prevalence of underlying diseases was high in participants with 62.6% (95% CI 61.2–64.0) having a history of underlying diseases.
Among first-dose recipients, 58.9% (95% CI 57.5–60.3) had one or more local adverse effects, and 60.5% (95% CI 59.1–61.9) had one or more systemic adverse effects. Among second-dose recipients, 53.1% (95% CI 51.2–55.0) had one or more local adverse effects, and 50.8% (95% CI 48.8–52.7) had one or more systemic adverse effects. The frequency of one or more local and systemic adverse effects was also highest in the first dose of the AZD1222 vaccine. Except for local adverse effects in Barekat recipients, the frequency of local and systemic adverse effects was lower after the second dose of vaccines compared to the first dose (Table 1). The observed systemic adverse effects were significantly higher than the expected rates. As depicted in Fig. 1, even on the 7th day after vaccination, the ratio of observed to expected systemic reactogenicities is high (nearly four), and its lower bounds are higher than one.
Figures 2 and 3 present the local and systemic adverse effects in different vaccine brands in 7 days after the first and second doses of vaccines. The most common local adverse effect reported in all vaccines was pain at the injection site, and the most common systemic adverse effect in all vaccines was fatigue. Most adverse effects had lower frequency after the second dose of vaccines. The systemic adverse effects were higher in each dose in the first 24 h after injection (Fig. 3). Except for redness, itching, and bruising, a similar pattern was also present for local adverse effects (Fig. 2). Compared to Sinopharm and Barekat, AZD1222 and Sputnik V had a higher frequency of local and systemic adverse effects (Table 2, Figs. 2 and 3).
The average days with at least one local adverse effect after receiving all vaccines’ first and second doses was 1.81 and 1.05 days, respectively. It was higher for AZD1222 than other vaccines. Moreover, the average number of days with pain in injection site in the first and second doses were higher than other adverse effects. The average days with at least one systematic adverse effect in individuals after receiving the first and second doses of all vaccines were 3.71 and 2.87 days, respectively. Again, it was higher for AZD1222 than other vaccines. Also, the average number of days with fatigue in the first, and fever in the second dose were higher than other adverse effects (Table 3).
Compared to Sinopharm, both local and systemic adverse effects of AZD122 and Sputnik vaccines were higher after the first or second doses. The systemic adverse effects of Barekat were lower than Sinopharm (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.46–0.67) while its local adverse effects were similar to Sinopharm (P value: 0.969) after the first dose of vaccines. In the second dose, while the systemic adverse effects of Barekat were similar to Sinopharm (P value = 0.443), its local adverse effects were higher than Sinopharm (OR = 2.98, 95% CI 2.29–3.87). There were no significant differences between the local and systemic adverse effects of AZD1222 and Sputnik vaccines for the second doses. Local and systemic adverse effects of Barekat were lower than AZD1222 and Sputnik in both doses of vaccines (Table 4). Except for systemic adverse effects after the second dose of vaccines, local and systemic adverse effects decreased with an increase in age. All local and systemic adverse effects were higher in female participants. Prior COVID-19 disease increased the odds of local and systemic adverse effects only after the first dose of vaccines. Among the comorbidities, allergy and hypertension increased the odds of local adverse effects after the first dose of vaccines. Allergy, cardiac diseases, and cancers increased the odds of systemic adverse effects after the first dose of vaccines. Cancers were the only comorbidity that increased the odds of systemic adverse effects after the second dose of vaccines (OR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.25–2.80), as shown in Table 4.
Multiple Logistic regression results for the odds of local and systemic side effects after the first dose of vaccines are shown in Table 5. All local and systemic adverse effects were higher in female participants and decreased with an increase in the age of participants. The odds of redness, induration, itching and swelling were higher in obese participants. Prior COVID-19 disease increased the odds of pain at injection site and systemic adverse effects except for nausea and fever. Headache was lower in participants with comorbidities (OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.69–0.96).
In another multiple logistic regression models the associated factors with local and systemic adverse effects after the second dose of vaccines were investigated and presented in Table 6. The results were almost similar to the above findings for the first dose. All local and systemic adverse effects were higher in female participants. Except for warmness, itching and swelling, other local and systemic adverse effects decreased with an increase in age. Comorbidities only increased the odds of pain at injection site (P value = 0.048) and were not associated with other local and systemic adverse effects. Obesity only increased the odds of redness after the second dose of vaccines. Prior COVID-19 disease increased the odds of pain at injection site and all systemic adverse effects except nausea.
The findings indicate that the local and systemic adverse effects in all vaccines did not interfere with or even partially interfere with participants’ daily activities. Also, after receiving the second dose of vaccines, the interference with daily activities is less than the first dose. The severity of adverse effects in the Barekat vaccine was lower than the other three vaccines, and the malaise, chills, headache, and myalgia interfered more with people’s daily activities than other adverse effects. Besides, these side effects were reported more in the first dose of AZD1222 (Fig. 4).
In this study, performed in several cities in Iran, the local and systemic reactogenicities of the COVID-19 vaccines were investigated. AZD1222 and Sputnik had highest local and systemic adverse effects frequency, while most adverse effects were the lowest in Barekat recipients. Except for AZD1222, the incidence of local and systemic adverse effects was mild to moderate and did not interfere with the daily activities of most individuals. The adverse effects in the second dose were less than in the first. Similar to our findings other studies reported a higher rate of reactogenicity after the first dose of AstraZeneca [15, 16] and Sputnik V [17]. Adverse events after the first dose of Janssen vaccine were also higher than its second dose [16]. However, in some studies [8, 18,19,20], it has been shown that adverse effects in the second dose were more than in the first dose. This could be due to the nature of the vaccines used, the response of the individual's immune system, the study methods and location, and age and sex differences between studies. Considering our results and the findings of a systematic review and meta-analysis study [21], it can be confirmed that first dose of adenovirus vectored vaccines is more reactogenic than the second one. For the mRNA and protein subunit vaccines, the opposite is true. For the Sinopharm, we also find similar results to AZD1222 and Sputnik regarding comparing adverse effects in two doses of vaccines. This finding was similar to the results of another study in the UAE [22]. However, in another inactivated vaccine (Barekat), the frequency of at least one local adverse effect was higher after the second dose, and for the systemic adverse effects, the difference between the two doses was not significant. This pattern was similar to the results of another study on CoronaVac, which is an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine [23]. It seems that the pain in injection site, which was higher after the second dose of the Barekat vaccine, caused a higher frequency of at least one local adverse effect after the second dose of Barekat. Considering the limited evidence for reactogenicity events of the Barekat vaccine, more studies with a higher sample size are needed to justify the above findings. Another study in Turkey [24], showed a higher incidence of reactogenicities after the second dose of Covaxine (an inactivated vaccine similar to Barekat) and a lower incidence of reactogenicities after the second dose of Covishield.
After each dose, the most commonly reported reactions were pain at the injection site and fatigue, followed by malaise in all vaccines. Various studies [8, 17, 25,26,27,28,29,30,31] showed that pain at the injection site is the most common local reactogenicity reported. Also, studies conducted in the third phase of the clinical trials [32, 33] indicated that pain at the injection site was reported as the most common complication. Moreover, injection site pain has been commonly reported as a local reaction in other COVID-19 vaccines [34].
Adverse effects after the AZD1222 vaccination were higher than other vaccines. Other studies also showed similar findings [8, 30, 35]. It is believed that the high local and systemic adverse effects of AZD1222 might be because it is a non-reproducible adenovirus carrier vaccine and uses a protein similar to the protein produced by the SARS-CoV2 virus following a natural infection [36, 37]. Lower frequency of adverse effects after vaccination with Barekat and Sinopharm can be attributed to their nature, which are inactivated vaccines. Many other studies [21,22,23,24, 35] also reported a lower frequency of local and systemic adverse effects in recipients of inactivated vaccines. Differences in vaccine platforms and structures, immunogenicity, and mechanism of action are the main reasons for the discrepancy between the reactogenicities of COVID-19 vaccines.
This study found that pain at the injection site and fatigue were the most common local and systemic adverse effects of the Sinopharm vaccine, which was consistent with studies carried out in the Czech Republic [38], Iraq [35], China [39], and the United Arab Emirates [31]. The most common adverse effects of the Sputnik V vaccine were also pain at the injection site and fatigue. In a clinical trial conducted in Russia [7], this vaccine’s most common adverse effects were pain at the injection site, fever, and chills. Also, in a study conducted on health workers [17], it was shown that pain at the injection site and fatigue were the most common adverse effects of Sputnik V and these reactogenicities were significantly more common in women and young people. In the current study, similar to other vaccines, the most common adverse effects of Barekat were pain at the injection site and fatigue.
Several risk factors related to local and systemic adverse effects after vaccination were identified in the present study. These risk factors include younger age, female sex, and BMI greater than 30 kg/m2. These findings are similar to the findings of studies carried out in the Czech Republic [36], Netherlands [40], Iraq [35], the United Kingdom [8], Saudi Arabia [27], Jordan [28, 41, 42], India [29] as well as the findings of the third phase of several clinical trials [32, 33, 43]. However, a study in Saudi Arabia [25] showed that the reactogenicities were higher in men than women, possibly due to the high proportion of men participating in that study [43].
The female gender was considered a significant risk factor for adverse effects following vaccination. Women generally have more robust immune responses than men [43]. Hence, they are more likely to have frequent and severe adverse effects. This difference may be related to genetic or hormonal differences between women and men [44].
In this study, allergy, hypertension, cardiac diseases and cancer were the underlying diseases that increased the odds of adverse effects. Other studies in Iraq [35] and the Netherlands [40] showed that asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory diseases are significant risk factors for post-vaccination adverse effects. Similarly, food and/or drug allergies and chronic diseases were associated with a higher frequency of post-vaccination side effects [45,46,47]. On the other hand, in a study done in France [26], no association was observed between disease history and vaccines’ reactogenicity. Although most studies showed a positive association between the presence of chronic diseases and reactogenicities, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Interaction of vaccines with medications used, different immunological responses, better reporting and perceptions of adverse effects, and lower tolerance to adverse effects (in the case of cancers) are among the proposed mechanisms which should be investigated exclusively. The differences in the age groups, vaccine brands, prevalence of comorbidities, and sample size may be the reasons for the difference in studies’ results.
Our results showed that prior COVID-19 infection increased the odds of local and systemic adverse effects only after the first dose of vaccines. A study in Mexico on people who received the BNT162b2 vaccine [48], and another on BNT162b2, mRNA-1273 and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines [20] also reported similar findings. Higher T-cell and antibody responses in participants with a history of COVID-19 infection may be the reason for this finding. It has been shown that T-cell responses and anti-spike antibodies were higher after the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in people with prior COVID-19 infection compared to infection-naive people. These responses were similar after two doses of the vaccine in infection-naive people and people with prior COVID-19 infection [49]. In fact, the first vaccine dose boosts the immune responses in people with prior COVID-19 infection, while the second vaccine dose results in little increase in immune responses [50]. Finally, other studies reported a higher frequency of adverse effects in participants with prior COVID-19 infection [8, 35, 40, 51, 52].
In the current study, most reported local and systemic adverse effects were mild to moderate in severity. In a clinical trial [32] on the AZD1222 vaccine and another study in Saudi Arabia [25], it was observed that the severity of adverse effects was mild to moderate. Also, in other studies on the Sinopharm vaccine [28, 29, 31, 41], the adverse effects have been mild. The severity of local and systemic adverse effects is influenced by the nature of the vaccines [28], the number of doses received, and the age and gender of participants.
The present study has various strengths, including using a standard protocol provided by WHO, active daily contact and direct monitoring of the study’s implementation, comparing four different vaccines, and using online methods and telephone calls to report adverse effects. However, the sample size for the second dose of Barekat did not reach 1000 participants, which might be a limitation of the current study. As another limitation, the participants’ weight and height did not measure and were based on self-reporting.
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Coronavirus: How effective are the Chinese vaccines? – DW – 02
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"Fabian Schmidt"
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2021-01-28T15:52:05.299000+00:00
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Some countries have already approved vaccines from China or are currently participating in trials. But how effective and safe are the vaccines?
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en
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/images/icons/favicon-16x16.png
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dw.com
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https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-how-effective-are-the-chinese-vaccines/a-56370802
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Three vaccines are currently far along in development in China. They are the vaccines from the companies Sinopharm, Sinovac Biotech and CanSino.
Only partial data on the efficacy of the vaccines has been released from their respective phase II and III trials. Sinopharm was the first company to officially announce data at the turn of 2020.
The situation is also still unclear with regard to approval of the vaccines. More than a million people have already been vaccinated with Sinopharm's vaccine, but this was done either as part of studies or with emergency approval.
Vaccine nationalism — the other way around
Meanwhile, correspondents in China for Germany's public broadcaster ARD and the daily newspaper FAZ report on a campaign currently underway in Chinese state media questioning the efficacy and safety of vaccines approved in Western countries.
One accusation is that Western media are concealing the dangers of BioNTech-Pfizer's vaccine. A prominent presenter on the state-controlled broadcaster joined in these accusations on Twitter.
Paradoxically, China is actually procuring vaccines from BioNTech-Pfizer via the company Fosun Pharma. There are many indications that the Chinese government is using this media campaign to deflect criticism over the lack of transparency about its own vaccine manufacturers, possibly because its own development is not delivering the desired results.
The data on vaccines from China so far tend to indicate somewhat lower efficacy than their Western competitors. Here is an overview of the vaccines, where they are already being used, and what is known about their efficacy.
Sinopharm
The vaccine called Vero is based on an inactivated virus. The company Sinopharm developed it in collaboration with the Wuhan Institute of Virology and the Institute of Biological Products. Such vaccines — also called inactivated vaccines — have been tried and tested for decades. For example, they are successfully used against diphtheria, hepatitis B, polio, whooping cough and tetanus.
Phase III trials for Vero have been conducted in 10 countries worldwide, including the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Peru, Morocco, Argentina, Jordan and Pakistan. Test in Serbia were planned, but not implemented. One reason for the research outside the People's Republic is that in China, case numbers dropped so sharply in the summer due to the strict lockdown that it was difficult to obtain any meaningful data at all.
So far, Vero is the only Chinese vaccine for which the manufacturer has published official data. On December 29, 2020, Sinopharm reported 79% efficacy in an interim evaluation. The vaccine was licensed in China one day later.
Data from other countries does not present a consistent picture — the Emirates confirmed even higher efficacy in their study: 86%.
The authorities there were even quicker to approve the vaccine than the Chinese. The vaccine was allowed to be administered from the beginning of December. Serbia also approved the vaccine in January.
Things were less promising in Peru. Authorities there halted clinical trials in December after one patient suffered paralysis in his arms as a result of vaccination.
Sinovac Biotech
The vaccine, called CoronaVac, is also based on inactivated viruses. It has been tested in various phase III trials since the summer, including in Brazil (which approved the vaccine on January 19), Indonesia, Bangladesh and Turkey. The manufacturer has not released official figures on the efficacy of the CoronaVac vaccine, but evaluations by the Brazilian collaborators suggest an efficacy of up to 78%. Indonesian health authorities report an efficacy of about 65%.
Although this means that the vaccine is not as effective as the mRNA vaccines approved for use in Europe and the US, it does reach and exceed values that are common for influenza vaccines. Some of these are only 30-60% effective.
Potentially interested countries like Malaysia and Singapore are still hesitant. Thailand plans to introduce the vaccine despite its moderate efficacy. In China, the vaccine has received emergency approval.
Sinovac hopes to increase efficacy by prolonging the interval between doses. However, further studies are needed before this can happen. Prolonging the time between the first vaccination and the booster shot also increases the risk of mutations occurring.
CanSino Biologics
The vaccine called Ad5-nCoV or Convidecia, which the company CanSino Biologics developed together with the Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, is a vector virus vaccine based on an adenovirus type 5.
This means that a harmless transport virus brings non-replicable surface proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen to the cells and triggers the immune reaction there. In terms of its mode of action, the vaccine is comparable to the British-Swedish vaccine developed by AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford.
Phase III trials have started in Pakistan, Russia, Mexico and Chile. A study is also planned in Saudi Arabia.
In Canada, however, a trial was cancelled because China had not delivered the vaccine doses as agreed to its partner, the Canadian Center for Vaccinology in Halifax. It is possible that one reason for the failure of the envisaged collaboration is a diplomatic dispute between the People's Republic and Canada, which remains unresolved. However, none of the partners involved have commented on the matter.
In China, the vaccine has been administered to military personnel since June 2020. The manufacturer has not yet released efficacy data.
This article has been updated on February 1, 2021
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https://www.drugdiscoverytrends.com/sinopharms-covid-19-vaccine-is-86-effective-according-to-uae-regulators/
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19 vaccine is 86% effective, according to UAE regulators
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2020-12-10T22:04:44+00:00
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The United Arab Emirates has approved a COVID-19 vaccine from Sinopharm, that is reportedly 86% effective.
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en
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Drug Discovery and Development
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https://www.drugdiscoverytrends.com/sinopharms-covid-19-vaccine-is-86-effective-according-to-uae-regulators/
|
The United Arab Emirates has approved a COVID-19 vaccine from Sinopharm (OTCMKTS:SHTDY). The China-based pharma company concluded that that the vaccine was 86% effective, putting it ahead of the vaccine performance of the vaccine candidate from AstraZeneca (LON:AZN) but behind the vaccines from Pfizer (NYSE:PFE) and Moderna (NYSE:MRNA). Both of the latter two vaccines were 95% efficacious.
The UAE Ministry of Health stated that clinical trial data confirmed that the vaccine had no serious safety concerns. Furthermore, the vaccine was 100% effective at fending off moderate and severe COVID-19 infections.
Sinopharm’s vaccine also does not require storage in ultra-cold temperatures, unlike Pfizer’s vaccine.
The United Arab Emirates’ decision to allow emergency use of the vaccine marks the first time a country outside of China has approved its use. Morocco is also planning a Sinopharm-based vaccination program.
Given its use in China, the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine is likely the most extensively used globally, with nearly one million people receiving it to date.
But China, like Russia, had made the vaccine available before Phase 3 clinical trials had concluded. In Nov., Sinopharm submitted the vaccine for final approval.
In related news, the Sinopharm competitor Sinovac is facing controversy for allegations that its CEO has bribed China drug authorities for vaccine approvals, according to the Washington Post.
Filed Under: clinical trials, Drug Discovery, Infectious Disease
Brian Buntz
As the pharma and biotech editor at WTWH Media, Brian has almost two decades of experience in B2B media, with a focus on healthcare and technology. While he has long maintained a keen interest in AI, more recently Brian has made making data analysis a central focus, and is exploring tools ranging from NLP and clustering to predictive analytics.
Throughout his 18-year tenure, Brian has covered an array of life science topics, including clinical trials, medical devices, and drug discovery and development. Prior to WTWH, he held the title of content director at Informa, where he focused on topics such as connected devices, cybersecurity, AI and Industry 4.0. A dedicated decade at UBM saw Brian providing in-depth coverage of the medical device sector. Engage with Brian on LinkedIn or drop him an email at bbuntz@wtwhmedia.com.
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https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-21/pacific-nations-to-roll-out-chinese-made-covid-19-vaccinations/100151672
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19 vaccine launches in the Pacific
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2021-05-21T00:00:00
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Solomon Islands becomes the first country in the Pacific to use China's Sinopharm as part of its national COVID-19 response, amid talks of a regional vaccine diplomacy battle with Australia.
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en
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/news-assets/favicon-32x32.png
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https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-21/pacific-nations-to-roll-out-chinese-made-covid-19-vaccinations/100151672
|
A Chinese COVID-19 vaccine has been launched in the Pacific, with the Deputy Prime Minister of Solomon Islands receiving the first Sinopharm shot in the region.
China delivered 50,000 doses of Sinopharm to the capital Honiara before the vaccine was approved, but Friday's launch clears its use across the Pacific nation.
"Solomon Islands is the first country to put Sinopharm vaccines into its national roll-out plan," Li Ming, China's ambassador to the Solomon Islands, said.
Solomon Islands will offer Sinopharm alongside the AstraZeneca vaccine to frontline workers and "special groups", including students who plan to travel to China, in what officials say is an integral step to get the population vaccinated.
"Had we not had this second option [of the Sinopharm vaccine] we will be placed in a very difficult situation where certain parts of our country may not be able to have the chance to be vaccinated," said Health Minister Culwick Togamana.
It comes the same week as Australia offers a further 60,000 doses of its locally-made AstraZeneca vaccine to the Pacific nation, in what some say points to a growing diplomatic rivalry between China and Australia in the region.
China has also pledged to provide 200,000 doses of Sinopharm to Papua New Guinea, which is working to control a growing outbreak.
How do the vaccines compare?
Sinopharm was approved for emergency use by the World Health Organization earlier this month — the first COVID-19 vaccine developed by a non-Western nation to receive this backing.
The reported efficacy of Sinopharm is 79 per cent.
The green light allows it to be included in COVAX, a global initiative to provide vaccines to low-income countries.
But that facility is only committed to providing 20 per cent of a country's vaccine needs, which means many Pacific nations will need to find international donors to fill the gaps.
Australia has already made 58,000 doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine available to Pacific countries, including PNG, Fiji, Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste.
Recent updates from AstraZeneca suggest an efficacy of 76 per cent, up from the initial 62-70 per cent reported from phase 3 clinical trials.
Pacific health officials say they are not concerned about where their vaccines come from — just that they will protect their citizens.
"Where it's approved by WHO, and if it's in the country, we are to use and roll that out," Pauline McNeil, Solomon Islands' permanent secretary for health and medical services, said.
But there are some early concerns over Sinopharm's efficacy.
United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, both early adopters of the vaccine, have recently announced the roll-out of a third booster shot amid complaints of an insufficient antibody response following the first two Sinopharm doses.
Professor Fiona Russell from the University of Melbourne — who is on a WHO technical working group for COVID-19 vaccinations in the Western Pacific — said the possible need for three doses of Sinopharm "might be an issue" for Pacific countries with limited health budgets.
"If this is going to be an annual thing, then that's a real pain, it's just really difficult," Professor Russell said.
She also raised concerns around challenges Pacific health workers might face in administering both the Sinopharm and AstraZeneca vaccines.
Both brands require at least two doses, but have differing schedules around when those shots need to be given and the number of doses per vial.
"It does make things more complicated ... particularly [for] small countries, which have got fewer human resources," Professor Russell said.
"If there are two different vaccines going on in the community in the small countries at the same time, that makes it even more challenging."
Solomon Islands has delivered special training to health workers to help them administer the Sinopharm vaccine correctly.
Jelta Wong, PNG's Health Minister, said he welcomed the additional vaccines donated by China.
"We think that it is good to have a variety of vaccines in the country for our people," he said.
Mr Wong earlier indicated Sinopharm would only be made available to Chinese citizens, but now says locals who want it instead of AstraZeneca can have it too.
"If they are not comfortable with taking the AstraZeneca, at least we have another vaccine that they're comfortable to take," he said.
Vaccine diplomacy in the Pacific
Sinopharm is said to be a key component of China's "vaccine diplomacy", where hundreds of millions of doses of Chinese-made vaccines are being offered to low-and middle-income countries around the world.
"China will also readily consider providing COVID-19 vaccines to these countries in light of their needs through various ways, making China's contribution by ensuring the accessibility and affordability of vaccines in the Pacific island countries," Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying said earlier this year.
In the Pacific, China's attempts to woo government leaders have faced further scrutiny amid accusations it is expanding its geopolitical base.
Less than two years ago, Beijing convinced Solomon Islands and Kiribati to sever ties with Taipei, and Australian leaders have warned of China's growing threat in the Indo-Pacific.
Jonathan Pryke from the Lowy Institute said, in the case of COVID-19 vaccines, the perception of a diplomatic rivalry can be beneficial for small Pacific states.
"Every area is now framed in this geopolitical competition in the Pacific and it does help generate more momentum and more ambition," Mr Pryke said.
But he believes there is a more important objective at stake.
"Ultimately it's in everyone's interest to have a well-vaccinated Pacific so we can all open up to each other faster and safely," he said.
Pacific public health expert Dr Colin Tukuitonga doesn't think many Pacific islanders will care where vaccines come from, just that they provide protection against COVID-19.
"China's in the region with the support of many governments and clearly they see some benefit," he said.
"The vaccine supply to developing countries and particularly small island states is always going to be fragile."
Solomon Islands is considered COVID-free, without a single case of community transmission.
Ask us your coronavirus questions
|
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dbpedia
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3
| 73
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https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-starts-administering-sinopharm-coronavirus-vaccine/
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en
|
Hungary starts administering China’s Sinopharm coronavirus vaccine
|
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[
"Helen Collis"
] |
2021-02-24T16:37:38+00:00
|
Hungary is the only EU country to have approved the use of the vaccine.
|
en
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https://www.politico.eu/wp-content/themes/politico/assets/images/favicon/favicon.ico
|
POLITICO
|
https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-starts-administering-sinopharm-coronavirus-vaccine/
|
Hungary became Wednesday the first EU country to begin vaccinating against coronavirus with a jab made by China's Sinopharm.
“Today, we are starting the vaccination with Chinese batches,” Prime Minister Viktor Orbán said in a message on Facebook.
Hungary is the only EU country to have approved the use of the vaccine, on January 29, and has ordered a total of 5 million doses.
The country recently sent its state plane to Beijing, China, to collect its first shipment of 550,000 doses. Hungarian experts have also examined the manufacturing site of the state-owned enterprise’s vaccine.
One toxicologist, however, has raised concerns about its use in Hungary. In an online presentation, Gábor Zacher said there's a broad group of patients who shouldn't receive the vaccine, including those with an “unstable chronic disease, or an acute flare-up of a chronic disease, or a history of hypersensitivity,” he said, as reported by Index.
“It’s a big basket,” Zacher added.
Sinopharm has developed two COVID-19 vaccines. They've both been administered to higher-risk groups in China for several months under the country’s emergency vaccination program.
One of the vaccines was approved for public use in China in December, while the other was filed for a license today, according to Reuters, along with a vaccine from China’s CanSinoBIO.
It's not clear from reports which of the two Sinopharm vaccines Hungary is using.
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https://www.euractiv.com/section/china/news/hungary-reaches-deal-to-buy-chinas-sinopharm-vaccine/
|
en
|
Hungary reaches deal to buy China’s Sinopharm vaccine
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[
"Georgi Gotev",
"Euractiv.com with",
"Viktor Orbán",
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"Global Europe",
"Peter Szijjarto"
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2021-01-14T16:40:40
|
Hungary's government said it has reached a deal with China's Sinopharm to buy its coronavirus vaccine, the country's latest move to break away from Brussels as it tries to speed up inoculations to lift curbs on the economy.
|
en
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https://www.euractiv.com/wp-content/themes/euractiv_com/favicon.ico
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www.euractiv.com
|
https://www.euractiv.com/section/china/news/hungary-reaches-deal-to-buy-chinas-sinopharm-vaccine/
|
Hungary’s government said on Thursday (14 January) it has reached a deal with China’s Sinopharm to buy its coronavirus vaccine, the country’s latest move to break away from Brussels as it tries to speed up inoculations to lift curbs on the economy.
Hungary would be the first EU country to accept a Chinese vaccine if approved by Hungarian authorities. Under European Union rules it would have to give an ultra-fast emergency use approval, rather than waiting for the European drug regulator EMA to give the go-ahead for the Chinese vaccine.
Britain took a similar approach in December before it exited the bloc. It approved Pfizer Inc’s COVID-19 vaccine on 2 December, jumping ahead of the rest of the world in the race to begin a mass inoculation programme.
Hungary’s nationalist government has sharply criticised the EU for what it said were way too slow vaccine purchases and deliveries that now threatened an economic rebound.
Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó said in a Facebook post on Thursday that due to the “scandalously” slow vaccine procurements of the European Commission, a fast rollout of vaccines could not happen early this year.
“If we look beyond the EU’s borders, we can see that in the US, in Britain and in Israel, people are vaccinated at warp speed,” Szijjártó said.
The government also passed a decree on Thursday allowing it to start procurements outside the EU’s centralised scheme.
Szijjártó’s spokesman told Reuters the approval process for the vaccine developed by Sinopharm’s Beijing-based affiliate, Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd (BIBP), was already “underway”.
Beyond the supply bottlenecks, Hungarians are fairly sceptical about the new vaccines, with just about one in five people definitely planning to get a shot based on a late-December survey by the Central Statistics Office.
Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s chief of staff Gergely Gulyas told a briefing on Thursday that vaccine shipments under the EU’s programme were arriving too slowly, with weekly shipments of less than 100,000 doses, and Hungary would continue talks with Russia and China about additional vaccine purchases.
“We have practically made an agreement with Sinopharm,” Gulyas said. “The first shipment could include up to one million doses.”
The timing of the Chinese shipment depends on how fast Hungarian health authorities authorize use of Sinopharm’s vaccine, which has been used to immunise some 20 million people, he added.
Gulyas said the second wave of the pandemic has peaked in Hungary and new infections have dropped but restrictions cannot be eased yet.
China approved the shot developed by Sinopharm’s BIBP in late December, its first COVID-19 vaccine for general public use.
No detailed efficacy data of the vaccine has been publicly released but BIBP has said the vaccine is 79.34% effective in preventing the disease based on interim data. Pakistan has already negotiated a supply deal for the vaccine.
The vaccine, along with another candidate developed by a Wuhan-based subsidiary of Sinopharm, is included in China’s emergency use programme launched in July, which targets limited groups of people facing high risk of virus exposure.
Since 11 November, all secondary schools have been closed in Hungary, as have hotels and restaurants except for takeaway meals, a 1900 GMT curfew has been in place, and gatherings have been banned.
Read more with Euractiv
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https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55212787
|
en
|
Covid: What do we know about China's coronavirus vaccines?
|
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[
"BBC News"
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2020-12-09T00:02:42+00:00
|
Sinovac and Sinopharm's jabs are yet to finish final trials, but are already being shipped overseas.
|
en
|
/bbcx/apple-touch-icon.png
|
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55212787
|
As the global race to produce a Covid-19 vaccine continues, China appears to have made huge strides, with vaccines from two front-runners - Sinovac and Sinopharm - already making their way abroad.
But what do we know about China's vaccines and how do they compare to those being developed elsewhere?
How does the Sinovac vaccine work?
The Beijing-based biopharmaceutical company Sinovac is behind the CoronaVac, an inactivated vaccine.
It works by using killed viral particles to expose the body's immune system to the virus without risking a serious disease response.
By comparison the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines being developed in the West are mRNA vaccines. This means part of the coronavirus' genetic code is injected into the body, triggering the body to begin making viral proteins, but not the whole virus, which is enough to train the immune system to attack.
"CoronaVac is a more traditional method [of vaccine] that is successfully used in many well known vaccines like rabies," Associate Prof Luo Dahai of the Nanyang Technological University told the BBC.
"mRNA vaccines are a new type of vaccine and there is [currently] no successful example [of them] being used in the population," Prof Luo adds.
On paper, one of Sinovac's main advantages is that it can be stored in a standard refrigerator at 2-8 degrees Celsius, like the Oxford vaccine, which is made from a genetically engineered virus that causes the common cold in chimpanzees.
Moderna's vaccine needs to be stored at -20C and Pfizer's vaccine at -70C.
It means that both Sinovac and the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine are a lot more useful to developing countries which might not be able to store large amounts of vaccine at such low temperatures.
How effective is it?
It's hard to say at this point in time.
One Chinese study published in scientific journal The Lancet, only has information from the first and second phase trials of CoronaVac in China.
Zhu Fengcai, one of the paper's authors, said those results - based on 144 participants in the phase one trial and 600 in the phase two trial - meant the vaccine was "suitable for emergency use".
CoronaVac has been undergoing phase three trials in various countries. Interim data from late-stage trials in Turkey and Indonesia showed that the vaccine was 91.25% and 65.3% effective respectively.
Researchers in Brazil initially said it was 78% effective in their clinical trials, but in January 2021 revised that figure to 50.4% after including more data in their calculations. Earlier in November, their trials were briefly halted after the reported death of a volunteer, but resumed after the death was found to have no links to the vaccine.
Sinovac has been approved for emergency use in high-risk groups in China since July.
In September, Mr Yin of Sinovac said tests were performed on more than 1,000 volunteers, of which "some only showed minor fatigue or discomfort… no more than 5%".
Prof Luo had said ahead of the phase three results that it was difficult to make comments about the vaccine's efficacy at that point in time "given the limited information available".
"Based on the preliminary data... CoronaVac is likely an effective vaccine, but we do need to wait for the results of the phase three trials," he said.
"These trials are randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled... with thousands of participants. This is the only way to prove a vaccine is safe and effective to be used at the population level."
What about the Sinopharm vaccine?
Sinopharm, a Chinese state-owned company, is developing two Covid-19 vaccines, which, like Sinovac are also inactivated vaccines that work in a similar way.
Sinopharm announced on 30 December that phase three trials of the vaccine showed that it was 79% effective - lower than that of Pfizer and Moderna.
However, the United Arab Emirates, which approved a Sinopharm vaccine earlier this month, said the vaccine was 86% effective, according to interim results of its phase three trial.
A company spokeswoman declined to explain the discrepancy, and said detailed results would be released later, said a Reuters report.
But even ahead of the phase three trial results, the vaccine had already been distributed to nearly a million people in China under an emergency programme.
Professor Dale Fisher, of the National University of Singapore, said then that it was "unconventional" to ramp up a vaccine programme without first going through last stage trials.
"It is normal to wait for an analysis of phase three trials before ramping up a vaccine programme through emergency use authorisation," he told news site CNBC.
Earlier in December, Peru suspended trials for the Sinopharm vaccine due to a "serious adverse event" affecting a volunteer. It later said that it lifted the suspension.
A pause in a clinical trial is not unusual. In September, the UK paused trials for another Covid-19 vaccine after a participant had a suspected adverse reaction, resuming after the vaccine was ruled out as the cause.
The spread of the coronavirus within China has for the most part been contained - and life is slowly but surely returning to a "new normal".
Any other vaccine candidates?
At least two other Covid-19 vaccines are under development in China, according to a recent article in The Conversation.
One of them is CanSino Biologics, which is reportedly in phase three clinical trials in countries including Saudi Arabia.
The other is being developed by Anhui Zhifei Longcom. Its vaccine uses a purified piece of the virus to trigger an immune response, and has recently entered phase three trials, according to the report.
Which countries are signing up for China's vaccines?
Several Asian countries including Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines have signed deals with Sinovac, and in January 2021 Indonesia began rolling out its mass vaccination campaign with their vaccine.
Turkey has also approved the Sinovac vaccine for emergency use. The company is also known to have secured other deals with Brazil and Chile.
The United Arab Emirates and Bahrain have approved the Sinopharm vaccine.
How would rollout work for China's vaccines?
It's not clear how much it might cost, but earlier this year, a BBC team in the Chinese city of Yiwu saw that nurses were administering the injections for a fee of around 400 yuan ($60; £45).
Bio Farma, a state-owned firm in Indonesia said it would cost around 200,000 rupiah ($13.60; £10) locally.
That is still far higher than the Oxford vaccine, which costs $4 a dose, but lower than Moderna's at $33 per dose. Moderna has said it aims to ship 500 million doses in 2021 and AstraZeneca has said it will produce 700 million doses by the end of the first quarter of 2021.
Reporting by Yvette Tan.
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Sinopharm crosses 'critical threshold' on vaccines
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2021-09-27T00:00:00
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Chinese drugmaker Sinopharm reached an annual production capacity of 7 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses last month, as significant progress has been made in upgrading existing vaccines to tackle new variants and in developing vaccines of different technologies, the head of the company said on Sunday.
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https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202109/27/WS61510727a310cdd39bc6baae.html
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Chinese drugmaker Sinopharm reached an annual production capacity of 7 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses last month, as significant progress has been made in upgrading existing vaccines to tackle new variants and in developing vaccines of different technologies, the head of the company said on Sunday.
Liu Jingzhen, chairman of Sinopharm, said the company has "crossed the critical threshold "toward creating an mRNA vaccine against the novel coronavirus, and has completed early phases of clinical trials of a new protein-based COVID-19 vaccine.
Meanwhile, the company has completed research work on a broad-spectrum vaccine designed to protect against all known variants, he said during the Sustainable Development Forum 2021, which was held on Sunday in Beijing.
Sinopharm has already developed two inactivated COVID-19 vaccines that have been widely deployed around the world. Liu said the company has adapted its inactivated vaccines to the Beta and Delta variants.
He added that six research and production bases administered by Sinopharm in China have a combined annual manufacturing capacity of more than 7 billion doses, making the company capable of "satisfying global needs".
The company's COVID-19 vaccines have so far been given market approval in 10 other countries and have been authorized for emergency use or market access in 107 countries and regions, according to Liu.
To bolster the global fight against the disease and boost vaccine equity, the company signed an agreement in July with Gavi, formerly the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, to provide 170 million COVID-19 vaccine doses to COVAX, the international initiative that distributes vaccines to low- and middle-income countries.
Liu said the company has also reached cooperation deals with the United Arab Emirates, Serbia, Morocco and Hungary to produce its vaccines locally. He added that Sinopharm is now in discussion with many countries in Africa, Southeast Asia and the Americas on building vial-filling and packaging plants there.
"When an acute outbreak hits the world, companies should mobilize themselves promptly, reach out and connect to other businesses and international organizations, so as to form a global network and play a unique and significant role in fighting the virus," he said.
During the event, health experts also emphasized the urgent need for the international community to unite to combat the pandemic.
Margaret Chan Fung Fu-chun, former director-general of the World Health Organization and dean of Tsinghua University's Vanke School of Public Health, said complacency and poor preparedness have resulted in the missing of an opportunity to contain the virus globally.
However, she said it is never too late for the world to work together by curbing misinformation and conspiracy theories, scaling up vaccine production and fair allocation, and respecting fairness and cultural diversity.
Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of medical journal The Lancet, said that solidarity is not only a moral obligation, but also the key to ensuring human survival.
"The measure of our response to COVID-19 will be the extent to which we can take such a step toward solidarity," he said.
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2024-08-16T00:00:00
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Dividends History for Sinopharm Group Co Ltd (WKN A0N99U, ISIN CNE100000FN7): all Ex Dates, Pay Dates, Payouts and Splits.
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As an aristocrat you get access to the dividend growth rate and all important dividend figures tailored to your portfolio.
Become an aristocrat →
Sinopharm Group Co Ltd pays a dividend yield (FWD) of 4.81%.
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WHO approves Chinese COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use
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2021-05-07T16:33:00-04:00
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A COVID-19 vaccine produced in China has been given the green light for global rollout, potentially paving the way for its use in underserved countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced on Friday. |
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The UN agency has approved the Sinopharm vaccine for emergency use, which is a prerequisite for inclusion in the global vaccine solidarity initiative, COVAX.
The vaccine is easy to store, making it suitable for locations with limited resources, and proved 79 per cent effective in clinical trials.
“The addition of this vaccine has the potential to rapidly accelerate COVID-19 vaccine access for countries seeking to protect health workers and populations at risk”, said Dr Mariângela Simão, WHO Assistant-Director General for Access to Health Products.
“We urge the manufacturer to participate in the COVAX Facility and contribute to the goal of more equitable vaccine distribution.”
A vaccine first
The Sinopharm vaccine is produced by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd, a subsidiary of China National Biotec Group (CNBG).
It is the first vaccine to carry a vaccine vial monitor. The vials have a small sticker that changes colour as the vaccine is exposed to heat, so health workers know whether it can be safely used.
The vaccine is recommended for adults 18 and older, with a two-dose schedule spaced over a period of three to four weeks.
Although few people over 60 participated in the clinical trials, WHO did not recommend an upper age limit for use as data suggests the vaccine is likely to have a protective effect in older persons.
Safely expediting vaccines
WHO emergency use listing (EUL) allows countries to expedite their own regulatory approval to import and administer COVID-19 vaccines.
The EUL process assesses the suitability of new medicines, vaccines and diagnostics during public health emergencies.
The goal is to make them available as rapidly as possible, while maintaining strict criteria of safety, efficacy and quality.
The Sinopharm vaccine is the sixth to receive the EUL approval. The others are by Pfizer/BioNTech, Astrazeneca-SK Bio, Serum Institute of India, Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) and Moderna.
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China’s Sinopharm vaccine has 86% efficacy against Covid-19, says UAE
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2020-12-09T00:00:00
|
An experimental coronavirus vaccine developed by Chinese state-owned pharmaceutical giant Sinopharm has 86% efficacy, the United Arab Emirates Health Ministry said in a statement Wednesday.
|
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https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/09/asia/uae-china-vaccine-intl-hnk/index.html
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An experimental coronavirus vaccine developed by Chinese state-owned pharmaceutical giant Sinopharm has 86% efficacy, the United Arab Emirates Health Ministry said in a statement Wednesday.
The Health Ministry said the results for the vaccine were based on interim analysis of the late-stage clinical trials which the UAE started in July, according to the statement which was carried by the state news agency.
Though few details were provided, the statement marks the first publicly released information regarding the performance of the Chinese vaccine, developed by the China National Biotec Group (CNBG), a unit of Sinopharm. The UAE approved emergency use for frontline workers in September.
“The analysis shows no serious safety concerns,” the statement said, though it did not make clear whether individual participants suffered any specific side effects, or how many volunteers were given the vaccine or a placebo.
The statement added that the “official registration” of the Covid-19 vaccine is “a major step towards combating the global pandemic.” The statement did not elaborate on what official registration would entail.
The clinical trials included 31,000 volunteers across 125 nationalities in the UAE, the statement said. So far, almost 100,000 people across the Emirates have also received the vaccine as part of a voluntary program, Jamal Al Kaabi, a top UAE health official told CNN.
UAE Vice President and Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum was pictured receiving the jab during trials in November.
CNN has reached out to Sinopharm for more details.
China currently has five coronavirus candidates from four companies which have reached phase 3 clinical trials, the last and most important step of testing before regulatory approval is sought.
Having largely eliminated the spread of coronavirus inside its borders, Chinese drugmakers had to look abroad for places to test the efficacy of their vaccines. Together, they have rolled out phase 3 trials in at least 16 countries.
In exchange, many of the host countries have been promised early access to the successful vaccines – and in some cases, the technology know-how to manufacture them locally.
The UAE company in partnership with Sinopharm has previously said it hopes to produce between 75 and 100 million doses next year.
In November, Sinopharm chairman Liu Jingzhen said that dozens of countries had requested to buy the company’s vaccines. He did not name the countries or elaborate on the amount of doses they proposed, but he said CNBG was capable of producing more than one billion doses in 2021.
“China not only has the political will (for its vaccine diplomacy), it also has the robust capacity to make that happen,” Huang said.
Compared with Pfizer and Moderna, most Chinese vaccines do not require freezing temperatures for storage, making transport and distribution much easier, especially in developing countries that lack cold storage capacities.
The Pfizer vaccine has received approval for use in the United Kingdom, which began vaccinating people this week, while the Moderna jab is still in final stage trials in multiple countries.
Both Pfizer and Moderna’s vaccines use pieces of genetic material called messenger RNA (mRNA) to prompt the body to make synthetic pieces of the coronavirus and stimulate an immune response – a new technology that has not been used in existing vaccines.
But mRNA is vulnerable to degradation at room temperature. Moderna’s vaccine has to be stored at -20 degree Celsius (-4 degrees Fahrenheit), or at refrigerator temperatures for up to 30 days, while the Pfizer vaccine has to be stored at an ultra-cold temperature of -75˚C (-103˚F), and used within five days once refrigerated at higher temperatures.
Sinopharm, meanwhile, uses a longstanding approach that has proven effective in other vaccines, such as polio and flu shots. Their coronavirus vaccines employ an inactivated whole virus to prompt the body to develop immunity, and only need to be stored at standard refrigerator temperatures of 2˚C to 8˚C (36˚F to 46˚F). Other Chinese vaccines in production can be kept at similar temperatures.
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19 Vaccines: Authorized vaccines
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https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/covid19-industry/drugs-vaccines-treatments/vaccines.html
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Moderna Spikevax COVID-19 vaccine
About the vaccine, how it works, how it is given, ingredients, allergies, possible side effects, safety monitoring
Pfizer-BioNTech Comirnaty COVID-19 vaccine
About the vaccine, how it works, how it is given, ingredients, allergies, possible side effects, safety monitoring
Novavax Nuvaxovid COVID-19 vaccine
About the vaccine, how it works, how it is given, ingredients, allergies, possible side effects, safety monitoring
mRNA vaccines
About mRNA vaccines, how they work, safety, effectiveness, monitoring
Viral vector-based vaccines
About viral vector-based vaccines, how they work, safety, effectiveness, monitoring
Protein subunit vaccines
About protein subunit vaccines, how they work, safety, effectiveness, monitoring
Plant-based vaccines
About protein subunit vaccines, how they work, safety, effectiveness, monitoring
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19 Vaccine Distribution
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2021-03-05T11:55:02+08:00
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Examining China's Promise to Make Its Vaccines A Global Public Good
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China COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker
(No longer being updated since December 28, 2022)
Our follow-up project – China’s Emerging Global Vaccine Footprint – looks at how China and other countries are supporting local vaccine manufacturing in the post-COVID era.
Since the outbreak of the pandemic, China has committed to making its COVID-19 vaccines a global public good. On multiple occasions, high-level Chinese officials have declared that China is fulfilling this pledge by exporting and donating its COVID-19 vaccines to as many countries that it can. This has generated a great deal of interest and discussion amongst experts from various fields. As an independent, mission-driven consultancy that tracks China’s impact on global health, Bridge Consulting aims to examine and offer a comprehensive picture of China’s vaccine outreach, hopefully enabling more informed discussions on this issue worldwide.
Read more about our methodology here.
1.853B (+0M) DOSES SOLD
328M (+0M) DOSES DONATED
1.653B (+0M) DOSES DELIVERED
Updated as of 13:00 pm (GMT+8), December 28, 2022.
This tracker is no longer being updated.
It includes all bilateral and multilateral sales, donations, and deliveries that have been officially reported through publicly accessible sources.
Contents
1 Total and Weekly Tracker Highlights
2 China’s Vaccines Around the World
3 Timeline of Vaccines Delivered by China
4 China’s Vaccines Across Regions
5 Top 10 Doses Delivered, Purchased, and Donated
5.1 China’s Vaccines in Africa
5.2 China’s Vaccines in Latin America
5.3 China’s Vaccines in Asia Pacific
5.4 China’s Vaccines in Europe
6 China’s Multilateral Vaccine Contributions
7 COVAX Deliveries of Chinese Vaccines
8 China’s Vaccines by Manufacturers
8.1 Sinovac – CoronaVac COVID-19 Vaccine
8.2 Sinopharm – Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co-Ltd. (BBIBP) COVID-19 Vaccine
8.3 CanSino – CONVIDECIA Ad5-nCoV-S recombinant vaccine
9 Overseas Manufacturers of Chinese Vaccines
10 Notes
11 Methodology
Total and Weekly Tracker Highlights
Africa Update: Total Sales – 126.4M (+0) | Total Pledged Donations – 152.8M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 153.2M (+0)
Asia Pacific Update: Total Sales – 944.9M (+0) | Total Pledged Donations – 143M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 909.8M (+0)
Europe Update: Total Sales – 123.5M (+0) | Total Pledged Donations – 5.6M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 59.5M (+0)
Latin America Update*: Total Sales – 397.9M (+o) | Total Pledged Donations – 13.4M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 296.8M (o)
COVAX Update*: Total Sales – 259.8M (+0) | Total Deliveries – 234.0M (+0)
*Weekly updates in brackets.
See #ChinaCOVID19Tracker on Twitter
[custom-twitter-feeds]
China’s Vaccines Around the World
This interactive map tracks the vaccine sales and donations that China and Chinese vaccine developers have made. It also tracks the number of delivered vaccines.
Timeline of Vaccines Delivered by China
Multiple global developments have impacted the amount of Chinese COVID-19 vaccine deliveries over time. The timeline illustrates the deliveries made to various countries since the beginning of the pandemic and below are some notable events since China started exporting COVID-19 vaccines in 2020.
Notable Events Impacting China’s Vaccine Delivery:
December 2020. First batch of Sinovac vaccine delivery to Indonesia and Turkey, kickstarting China’s global vaccine distribution.
March 2021. India’s vaccine export ban. China announced multiple pledges of donation and vaccine sales, which led to the first peak in deliveries. Notably, large quantities were pledged to the following countries: Indonesia (26M), Brazil (14M), Chile (7M), Mexico (7M).
June 2021. WHO’s Emergency Use Listing (EUL) of Sinopharm and Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use gave the green light for these vaccines to be rolled out worldwide. Together with higher global vaccine demand and newer production facilities being built by Sinovac to boost yearly production capacity, this led to a sharp increase.
July 2021. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and other COVAX partners announced the signing of a deal for 550 million Chinese COVID-19 vaccines.
August 2021. First Meeting of the International Forum on COVID-19 Vaccine Cooperation. President Xi Jinping pledged 2 billion vaccine doses to be provided by the end of the year and $100 million to COVAX.
September 2021. Partnerships established with overseas vaccine manufacturers to boost local productions such as with Egypt’s VACSERA to become a hub for further vaccine exports to Africa and joint vaccine manufacturing efforts with Morocco further increased the total amount of Chinese vaccines delivered.
October 2021. The highest peak in vaccine deliveries for 2021 was driven by consistent deliveries to key recipient countries. However, it was Iran’s effort to ramp up vaccination efforts in the country, by importing a large amount of Sinopharm vaccines (86.3M) which played the most important role for this sharp increase.
January 2022. Significant decline in Chinese vaccine deliveries. This can directly or indirectly be attributed to the following possible factors:
Many big vaccine purchase contracts such as that with Brazil and Indonesia ended in 2021 and was not renewed;
The pace of global exports by other vaccine producers such as Pfizer and Moderna had picked up in the second half of 2021;
The gradual lifting of the vaccine export ban by India meant more vaccine access for COVAX, thus possibly reducing the demand for Chinese vaccines among other countries.
More
China’s Vaccines Across Regions
China has directly provided vaccines to four geographical regions – a total of 119 countries around the world. Out of these four regions, Asia Pacific has received the most significant number of Chinese vaccines, with 39 countries receiving vaccines from China. Latin America has received the second most considerable number of Chinese vaccines, though only 22 countries have received them. In contrast, while Africa has 48 countries receiving vaccines from China, the region has received few Chinese vaccines.
Take a look at our slideshow below to see deliveries, sales, and donations of Chinese vaccines by Geographical Region.
Please press the arrows below to alternate between graphs.
Top 10 Doses Delivered, Purchased, and Donated
Here is a slideshow that shows the countries that have received the most doses through deliveries, purchases, and donations.
Please press the arrows below to alternate between tables.
China’s Vaccines in Africa
As part of the South-South Cooperation, China pledged in late February 2021 to provide COVID-19 vaccines to 19 African countries. Following the 8th FOCAC Ministerial Meeting that took place on 30 November 2021, China made a new pledge to provide 1 billion doses of vaccines to Africa, including 600 million doses as donation and 400 million doses to be provided through such means as joint production by Chinese companies and relevant African countries. To date, 47 African countries have been receiving vaccines from China. While the pace of these deals has picked up on several occasions, China’s total number of vaccines delivered to Africa has constantly remained low.
Out of the 186 million doses sold and 80 million pledged donations to Africa, China has delivered 125 million, of which 31 million have been donations. However, issues of affordability and accessibility are particularly critical for African countries with limited financial resources at their disposal. Alongside bilateral agreements, Africa has also been receiving vaccines through the COVAX initiative.
China’s Vaccines in Latin America
Latin America has received the second-largest quantity of Chinese vaccines, despite only 22 countries having vaccine deals with China. Like Africa, Latin America and China are also working under the South-South Cooperation and the Belt and Road Initiative. While China has donated only 12 million doses to the region, it has sold 396 million doses, and to date, delivered 293 million doses. China also provides the region with active ingredients to make Chinese and other vaccines, such as the AstraZeneca vaccine.
Latin America plays an especially significant role to Chinese vaccine developer Sinovac, which has sold 230 million doses (out of 848 million doses sold globally) to 8 Latin American countries.
China’s Vaccines in Asia Pacific
Asia has received the most significant number of Chinese vaccines out of all regions in donations and sales. Thus far, the continent has received delivery of 890 million doses, out of the 938 million sold and 141 million donated. 97 million of the delivered doses have been donations.
In recent months, there has been a shift in the perception of Chinese vaccines in the region as local cases surge despite healthcare workers and citizens being inoculated with these vaccines. These surges have been attributed to the rise of the Delta and Omicron variants, which is more contagious, and the latter is able to evade immune protection from vaccines as well. In light of this, some countries are considering administering booster shots or mixing Chinese vaccines with other vaccine brands to enhance immunity, especially for vulnerable populations like the elderly and frontline workers.
In November 2021, President Xipledged an additional 150 million doses to be provided to the ASEAN bloc as well as $5 million to its COVID-19 response fund.
In January 2022, at a virtual summit celebrating the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and five Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan), President Xi pledged an additional 50 million vaccine doses to be donated to the region.
In March 2022, atthe 48th session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in Pakistan, Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi pledged to provide an additional 300 million vaccine doses to Islamic countries and support the OIC’s member countries in Africa fighting the pandemic.
China’s Vaccines in Europe
As a region, Europe has received the fewest number of deliveries of Chinese vaccines. Thus far, only 59 million doses of Chinese vaccines have been delivered to 10 European countries, of which 5 million are donations. However, altogether China has sold 123 million doses to the region, most of which came from Turkey who penned a deal in November 2020 to buy 100 million doses of Sinovac. Turkey has redistributed doses via donations and sales to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Azerbaijan, Albania, and more.
One possible factor why Chinese vaccines are not widely used in European countries is because they have not yet received approval from the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The EMA is an agency of the European Union in charge of the evaluation and supervision of medicinal products. However, national medical regulators may authorize the vaccines for emergency use which some Central and Eastern European countries have done.
China’s Multilateral Vaccine Contributions
In recent months, Chinese vaccines have been endorsed by an increasing list of international organizations, making these vaccines available through multilateral streams.
June 30, 2021. Gavi announced that it had signed an advance purchase agreement (APA) with Clover Biopharmaceuticals for its SCB-2019 protein-based adjuvanted vaccine, the R&D of which is funded by (CEPI), making up to 414 million doses available to participants of the COVAX Facility.
July 12, 2021. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, announced that it had signed APAs with Sinopharm for its BBIBP-CorV inactivated virus vaccine and Sinovac for its CoronaVac inactivated virus vaccine. These agreements made 110 million doses immediately available to participants of the COVAX Facility, with options for additional doses, providing up to 550 million doses to the program.
February 8, 2022. CEPI, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, announced that it will expand its collaboration with Shanghai Zerun Bio and its parent company Walvax to advance the development of a COVID-19 variant vaccine. CEPI will invest up to an additional US$8.15 million to support a Phase I/II clinical trial in Mali which will evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of Zerun Bio’s prototype and multi-variant vaccine candidates.
March 22, 2022. The BRICS Vaccine R&D Center was launched as a joint effort between the five BRICS countries, and Sinovac took a leading role as the Chinese branch.
Chinese leaders have repeatedly emphasized that China wants to promote multilateral cooperation in the global response to COVID-19. China’s increasing participation in vital multilateral mechanisms is an encouraging step forward in fulfilling its promise of making Chinese COVID-19 vaccines a global public good and promoting multilateralism, on top of its many bilateral vaccine distribution deals.
COVAX Deliveries of Chinese Vaccines
COVAX is a partnership with CEPI, Gavi, the WHO, and UNICEF (a delivery partner). This initiatives has widened access to COVID-19 vaccines in an equitable manner, and also has improved the development and manufacturing of these vaccines. Read more about the initiative here.
China’s Vaccines by Manufacturers
Sinopharm and Sinovac have been the most prominent manufacturers of Chinese COVID-19 vaccines sold and donated worldwide. Outside of these two, CanSino and Anhui Zhifei have also provided vaccines, though fewer.
Sinovac remains the leading supplier of vaccine sales by China, having sold 848 million doses and supplied vaccines to 48 countries in total. On the other hand, Sinopharm has been the leading supplier of vaccine donations from China, supplying 103 million doses of donated vaccines to 79 countries.
Take a look at our slideshow to see sales and deliveries of manufacturers. Please press the arrows below to alternate between graphs.
Sinovac – CoronaVac COVID-19 Vaccine
On June 1, 2021, the World Health Organization officially listed the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine developed by Chinese biopharmaceutical company Sinovac Biotech Ltd. for emergency use. This is the second Chinese COVID-19 vaccine to receive this approval after the inactivated Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine was approved for emergency use in May 2021.
Sinopharm – Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co-Ltd. (BBIBP) COVID-19 Vaccine
On May 7, the World Health Organization officially listed the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine developed by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co-Ltd. (BBIBP) under the China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation (Sinopharm) for emergency use, marking a significant milestone as the first Chinese COVID-19 vaccine to receive this approval.
CanSino – CONVIDECIA Ad5-nCoV-S recombinant vaccine
On May 19, 2022, the World Health Organization officially listed the CanSino (CONVIDECIA) vaccine developed by CanSino Biologics Inc., the Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences for emergency use. This is the third vaccine developed by China to receive this approval. CanSino uses protein-coding technology delivered to the body by adenoviruses to create antibodies that fight COVID-19. This differs from the Sinovac and Sinopharm vaccines, which use the inactivated COVID-19 virus to generate an immune response against the disease.
Overseas Manufacturers of Chinese Vaccines
In addition to vaccine deliveries, Chinese COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers have been partnering with various developing countries to build up their local vaccine production capacities. At the Global Health Summit 2021, Chinese President Xi Jinping reiterated China’s support for its vaccine developers to transfer technologies to other developing countries and to carry out joint production. A total of 15 countries currently host vaccine joint production facilities: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, UAE, Uzbekistan, Serbia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia and Mexico.
Additional countries have only signed agreements but have not yet indicated production of vaccines or construction of vaccine facilities: Hungary, Russia, Bangladesh, Argentina, Turkey and Sri Lanka.
More Details on Overseas Manufacturers of Chinese Vaccines:
Manufacturing of Chinese COVID-19 vaccines has started or is about to start for these countries.
Algeria. Algerian pharmaceutical company Saidal received the green light to produce Sinovac vaccines domestically, with an aim to produce five million vaccine doses per month by January 2022 and to export vaccines to the rest of Africa. In late September 2021, Saidal started manufacturing the CoronaVac doses, with 20,000 produced in the first week, and by January 2022, was marketing the vaccine for sale. Currently, Saidal is producing vaccines at a rate of 60 million vaccines per year, however have stated that they can scale up production to 96 million vaccines per year depending on increased demand from other African countries.
Brazil. The local Butantan Institute initially planned for 100% domestic production of COVID-19 vaccines in early 2022 . On March 25, 2022, Butantan finished construction and opened a new vaccine plant which was meant to create locally produced COVID-19 vaccines. Sinovac Coronavac vaccines were subsequently produced at this site. However, experts state that the plant may only produce other types of vaccines depending on the demands of Brazil’s government agencies. Production in the plant on a large scale is scheduled to start in early 2023. In late June, 2022, the Butantan Institute reported that they had officially ended production of the CoronaVac vaccine as of October 2021 due to a lack of demand. The last batch of 110 million doses was sent to Brazil’s Ministry of Health in February 2022.
Cambodia. In May 2022, an MOU was signed between the Cambodian Pharmaceutical Enterprise and Sinovac for the construction of a vaccine packaging facility and license to fill and finish the Sinovac vaccines. The Cambodian government has already ordered over 104 million doses that the plant is projected to produce between 2024-2026.
Chile. In August 2021, Sinovac formed a partnership with the Innovation Center of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, with the support of the government and the Millennium Institute for the planned construction of a fill-and-finish site near Santiago, a R&D research centre in the Antogafasta region and office spaces for scientists in the University. Construction for the vaccine plant started in May 2022 with an expected completion date in early 2023, considerably later than previous plans for the start of operations in the second quarter of 2022. It will have an estimated 50 million doses per year capacity while the R&D centre will benefit future development and production of other vaccines.
Colombia. In August 2021, an MOE was signed between the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation and Sinovac for the packaging and filling of vaccines in the next 8 months following selection of a suitable plant, and a planned production of other vaccines over the next 2 years as part of a long-term plan to help Colombia rebuild its vaccine industry. In May 2022, Sinovac announced a USD $100 million investment for the project, including the construction of a vaccine plant in Bogotá with the capacity to package 50-60 million doses annually. Sinovac stated that the company is in the process of purchasing land in the country in order to create the vaccine plant.
Egypt. Under an agreement with Sinovac, Egypt’s state-owned VACSERA company produced its first batch of 1 million doses of the VACSERA-Sinovac vaccine in July 2021 using raw materials from China. By February 2022, it has produced over 30 million doses of the vaccine. It plans to fill and finish 200 million doses a year for national needs, and build a second factory that can produce 3 million doses every day for regional export needs. This would make Egypt the largest vaccine producer in Africa and in the Middle East. In October 2021, they approved an increase of 250 million doses of raw materials to be sent for 2023. In January 2022, they also signed a new cooperation agreement for the construction of an automated vaccine cold storage facility at VACSERA that is projected to be able to hold 150 million vaccine doses. The construction of this facility started in April and was completed into operation on September 25, 2022. On the same day, 10 million doses of Sinovac vaccines donated by China became the first batch handled by the cold storage facility.
Indonesia. On September 29, 2022, Indonesia’s National Agency of Drug and Food Control issued an Emergency Use Authorization for ‘AWcorna’ – an mRNA vaccine developed in China by Abogen-Yuxi Walvax. The AWcorna vaccine was registered by Jakarta-based bio-pharmaceuticals producer PT Etana Biotechnologies Indonesia (PT Etana). The vaccine will be locally produced by PT Etana through a vaccine-technology transfer with China. AWcorna received a halal fatwa (Islamic legal ruling on permits) from the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) and halal certification from the Halal Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH). On October 7, Chinese Ambassador to Indonesia Lu Kang attended the opening ceremony of the vaccine manufacturing base which is the first mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine factory in Southeast Asia. The facility can achieve 100 million doses per year.
Malaysia. On April 23, 2021, the filled-and-finished Sinovac vaccine by local company Pharmaniaga received conditional approval from Malaysia’s National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), allowing its use in mass vaccinations. As of November, over 20 million doses have been supplied to the National Immunisation Programme in both manufactured and finished form, and the vaccine has been exported overseas to Myanmar. In a joint press conference with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, Malaysian Foreign Minister Saifuddin Abdullah emphasized that Malaysia and China would collaborate in vaccine research, development and production. The Malaysian government has discussed the possibility to setting up production plants in Malaysia with several Chinese vaccine manufactures.
Mexico. Mexico partnered with Mexico to export active ingredients for its vaccines, which are then packaged in the country by Drugmex. CanSino stated that in 2021, it expected to make 1.2 million shots available per week to fulfil its agreement for 35 million doses. The deal was prematurely ended in May 2022 due to issues with meeting product delivery deadlines. Out of the 35 million doses in the deal, 14.1 million were completed.
Morocco. On July 6, 2021, Morocco announced that their local pharmaceutical firm Sothema would soon be producing 5 million doses of Sinopharm per month under a fill-and-finish license. Morocco has started the production of more than three million doses of Sinopharm vaccine each month. The production capacity will reach five million doses starting from February 2022, and more than 20 million by the end of 2022.
Myanmar. On December 13, 2021, Chairman of the State Administration Council and Prime Minister Senior General Min Aun Hlaing announced that Myanmar was currently looking to produce Chinese COVID-19 vaccines domestically. Joint production of Sinopharm vaccines, was planned to start from January with a target of producing five million units of vaccine per month. During April 29-30, 2022, Myanmar administered 1 million of the locally-produced ‘Myancopharm’ doses to individuals within the country.
Pakistan. Pakistan’s National Institute of Health (NIH) partnered with CanSino to process its vaccines locally from bulk ingredients. Local media reported that locally filling vaccine vials will reduce the vaccine price by up to 30 percent. The locally finished ‘PakVac’ started national rollout in June 2021, and later in October, CanSino expressed their support for “enhancing the existing local filling and production capacity of the not only for Covid-19 vaccine but also for some other vaccines.”
Serbia. On July 12, 2021, an official memorandum of understanding and cooperation was signed between Serbia, China, and the United Arab Emirates to co-finance and construct a vaccine-finishing factory in Serbia. The factory started construction in October 2021.
United Arab Emirates. After hosting clinical trials of their vaccine, the UAE’s G42 launched a joint venture with Sinopharm to locally package the vaccine as ‘Hayat-Vax’ in March 2021. A new plant in the UAE, built in the Khalifa Industrial Zone of Abu Dhabi (KIZAD), will have a production capacity of 200 million doses a year with three filling lines and five automated packaging lines. Hayat-Vax has already been exported to countries including Kazakhstan and Vietnam. On June 30th, 2022, Ali Obaid Al Dhaheri (UAE Ambassador to China) met with Liu Jinchen (the President of Sinopharm) to discuss how to further collaborate regarding COVID-19 vaccines.
Uzbekistan. In August 2021, Uzbek company Jurabek Laboratories JV LLC signed an agreement with China’s Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd to locally manufacture their vaccine, with an expected initial output of up to 10 million doses a month. It has rolled out the vaccines since October 2021.
Several Chinese vaccine manufacturers have initial stage agreements (MOUs, license to produce vaccines, public statements of intent) with these countries, however have yet to deliver concrete results. We will continue to monitor the situation with these agreements.
Argentina. In May 2021, Sinopharm and Argentinian pharmaceutical Sinergium Biotech agreed to produce vaccines in Argentina with discussions on technology transfer to follow. Political negotiations were initiated between the two countries regarding production, however no further updates have been announced.
Bangladesh. Under a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between the government, China’s Sinopharm and Bangladesh’s Incepta pharmaceutical firm in August 2021, the local vaccine producer will supply five million doses of the vaccine a month from its plant in Savar. So far, production has yet to begin.
Hungary. On September 10, 2021, Hungary’s government signed a letter of intent with Sinopharm executives to develop the required infrastructure within the next 10 months to produce the Chinese COVID-19 vaccine. No further updates regarding this have been announced.
Nigeria. Cui Jianchun, Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to Nigeria, announced on December 14, 2021, that China and Nigeria are currently undergoing talks regarding a potential collaboration to domestically produce Chinese COVID-19 vaccines.
Russia. In 2020, CanSino carried out a phase 3 trial of its vaccine in partnership with Petrovax in Russia, and in August 2021, Petrovax agreed to partner with the developer to carry out local manufacturing. No further updates have been announced.
Sri Lanka. In August 2021, Sinovac agreed to set up a manufacturing plant in Hambantota, Sri Lanka, with an initial plan to produce 13 million doses of the vaccine through Kelun Lifesciences. No further updates have been announced.
Turkey. Turkey was one of the first five countries to receive a license to locally manufacture vaccines from Sinovac in May 2021. No further updates have been announced.
Uganda. Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni met with Sinovac’s Ugandan representative and team in May 2022 to discuss plans for Sinovac to establish a vaccine and biotechnology centre in the country.
Notes
Additional information on procurements of Chinese vaccines:
Vaccine procurements:
Some vaccines procured by various countries with joint production agreements will be produced locally using active ingredients delivered by China.
The Chinese military has also donated vaccines to the military in countries including Cambodia, Congo Republic, Ethiopia, Mongolia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sudan, North Macedonia, Zimbabwe, Guinea, and Tunisia; some quantities are included in the reported data above, while others are undisclosed. Egypt has reportedly received an undisclosed amount of an undisclosed vaccine from the People’s Liberation Army.
Thailand’s total vaccine quantities might be higher than recorded, as specific numbers were undisclosed. The Chulabhorn Royal Academy has purchased some.
Turkey’s total vaccine quantities might be higher than recorded, as specific numbers were undisclosed.
China has offered vaccines to Nepal under “grant assistance”, which is not a complete donation.
Iraq and Kazakhstan have received vaccines that are assumed to be purchased from China.
Several countries have received donated vaccines directly from the Chinese Red Cross Society.
Some Sinovac vaccines were purchased by the Filipino-Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry Inc for the “Spring Sprout” program (春苗行动) in The Philippines.
There have been conflicting reports on the total number of delivered vaccines to Zimbabwe and Colombia. Our team has tracked the individual delivery batches, but some numbers might be undisclosed.
The Kachin Independence Army in Myanmar alleges that they have received 10,000 doses of an undisclosed Chinese vaccine from Yunan authorities. Among these doses, an unknown number of doses were donated by China. These numbers have temporarily not been included above.
In Vietnam, the Ministry of Health has licensed the state-owned Saigon Pharmaceutical Company Limited (Sapharco) to procure 5 million doses of Sinopharm. As of August 16, 2021, 2 million doses have been delivered to Ho Chi Minh City, where the firm is based.
China has directly donated 3,000 doses of Sinopharm to the National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) Party of Cambodia.
Egypt has reportedly received an undisclosed amount of an undisclosed vaccine from the People’s Liberation Army.
Additional procurements:
Turkey and Azerbaijan, two member states of the Turkic Council, and observer Hungary have announced that they will donate COVID-19 vaccines to the African countries in need. The vaccine shipment will include 211,000 doses of Sinopharm from Hungary, 200,000 Sinovac doses from Turkey and 100,000 Sinovac doses from Azerbaijan.
The UAE has donated vaccines to Seychelles, Jordan, Belize, Paraguay, Mauritius, and Indonesia; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
Turkey has provided vaccines to Libya, North Macedonia, and Azerbaijan; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
Chile has donated vaccines each to Ecuador and Paraguay; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
Antigua and Barbuda has donated vaccines to Trinidad and Tobago; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
China and Egypt have jointly pledged to donate 500,000 doses of Sinovac to the Gaza Strip.
Paraguay has received 20,000 doses of Sinovac from Colombia; the quantity has been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
Senegal has donated Sinopharm doses to Guinea-Bissau and Gambia; the quantities have been omitted from all charts and graphics above.
More
Methodology
This vaccine tracker is based entirely on data from reliable publicly accessible sources collected and compiled by Bridge Consulting with the help of Global Health Strategies (Brazil) and is updated every Monday by 7:00 PM (BJT GMT+8).
Where do we get our data?
Bridge collects and verifies data on Chinese vaccine sales, donations and deliveries every week. We source all our data from reliable, publicly accessible sources such as official government press releases, credible international and local news sources, and social media posts by government offices and verified officials.
How do you define ‘sales’, ‘donations’, ‘deliveries’?
Vaccine sales refers to the contractually committed vaccine doses that recipient countries have commercially purchased from Chinese vaccine developers.
Vaccine donations refers to the doses that a Chinese entity (government, vaccine developer, Red Cross etc.) has pledged to donate to a recipient country.
Vaccine deliveries refers to the doses that have physically been shipped from China to the recipient country.
How are countries and regions defined?
Our data is compiled and organized by country according to the United Nations’ M49 standard.
Why does our data change sometimes?
With the help of Global Health Strategies (Brazil), we constantly review our data for irregularities and correct them whenever new information becomes available.
Why does our data differ from other sources?
All our data is sourced manually by our team from publicly available sources. If you find that we have missed out on something, please let us know at vaccinetracker@bridgebeijing.com.
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China’s Sinopharm vaccine has 86% efficacy against Covid-19, says UAE
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2020-12-09T00:00:00
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An experimental coronavirus vaccine developed by Chinese state-owned pharmaceutical giant Sinopharm has 86% efficacy, the United Arab Emirates Health Ministry said in a statement Wednesday.
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CNN
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https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/09/asia/uae-china-vaccine-intl-hnk/index.html
|
An experimental coronavirus vaccine developed by Chinese state-owned pharmaceutical giant Sinopharm has 86% efficacy, the United Arab Emirates Health Ministry said in a statement Wednesday.
The Health Ministry said the results for the vaccine were based on interim analysis of the late-stage clinical trials which the UAE started in July, according to the statement which was carried by the state news agency.
Though few details were provided, the statement marks the first publicly released information regarding the performance of the Chinese vaccine, developed by the China National Biotec Group (CNBG), a unit of Sinopharm. The UAE approved emergency use for frontline workers in September.
“The analysis shows no serious safety concerns,” the statement said, though it did not make clear whether individual participants suffered any specific side effects, or how many volunteers were given the vaccine or a placebo.
The statement added that the “official registration” of the Covid-19 vaccine is “a major step towards combating the global pandemic.” The statement did not elaborate on what official registration would entail.
The clinical trials included 31,000 volunteers across 125 nationalities in the UAE, the statement said. So far, almost 100,000 people across the Emirates have also received the vaccine as part of a voluntary program, Jamal Al Kaabi, a top UAE health official told CNN.
UAE Vice President and Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum was pictured receiving the jab during trials in November.
CNN has reached out to Sinopharm for more details.
China currently has five coronavirus candidates from four companies which have reached phase 3 clinical trials, the last and most important step of testing before regulatory approval is sought.
Having largely eliminated the spread of coronavirus inside its borders, Chinese drugmakers had to look abroad for places to test the efficacy of their vaccines. Together, they have rolled out phase 3 trials in at least 16 countries.
In exchange, many of the host countries have been promised early access to the successful vaccines – and in some cases, the technology know-how to manufacture them locally.
The UAE company in partnership with Sinopharm has previously said it hopes to produce between 75 and 100 million doses next year.
In November, Sinopharm chairman Liu Jingzhen said that dozens of countries had requested to buy the company’s vaccines. He did not name the countries or elaborate on the amount of doses they proposed, but he said CNBG was capable of producing more than one billion doses in 2021.
“China not only has the political will (for its vaccine diplomacy), it also has the robust capacity to make that happen,” Huang said.
Compared with Pfizer and Moderna, most Chinese vaccines do not require freezing temperatures for storage, making transport and distribution much easier, especially in developing countries that lack cold storage capacities.
The Pfizer vaccine has received approval for use in the United Kingdom, which began vaccinating people this week, while the Moderna jab is still in final stage trials in multiple countries.
Both Pfizer and Moderna’s vaccines use pieces of genetic material called messenger RNA (mRNA) to prompt the body to make synthetic pieces of the coronavirus and stimulate an immune response – a new technology that has not been used in existing vaccines.
But mRNA is vulnerable to degradation at room temperature. Moderna’s vaccine has to be stored at -20 degree Celsius (-4 degrees Fahrenheit), or at refrigerator temperatures for up to 30 days, while the Pfizer vaccine has to be stored at an ultra-cold temperature of -75˚C (-103˚F), and used within five days once refrigerated at higher temperatures.
Sinopharm, meanwhile, uses a longstanding approach that has proven effective in other vaccines, such as polio and flu shots. Their coronavirus vaccines employ an inactivated whole virus to prompt the body to develop immunity, and only need to be stored at standard refrigerator temperatures of 2˚C to 8˚C (36˚F to 46˚F). Other Chinese vaccines in production can be kept at similar temperatures.
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China Sinopharm International Co., Ltd. - Company Profile and Products
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https://www.ualberta.ca/china-institute/news/the-latest/2021/july/vaccine-diplomacy.html
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“Vaccine Diplomacy”? - China’s Global Vaccine Efforts and Controversies
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2021-07-21T00:00:00+00:00
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As Canada races ahead in its COVID-19 vaccination programme and tops the world in percentage of population having received at least one dose, it is worth thinking about one of the key players in the global race towards immunity - China. Canada’s vaccination successes have been built on vaccines designed and manufactured in the west - the now familiar names Pfizer, Moderna, and AstraZeneca. China has played almost no role in Canada’s vaccination procurement - apart from an ill-fated partnership with CanSino Biologics.
In such a situation, the role China has played in the global vaccination effort can be easy to neglect . However the vaccine situation for much of the world is very different. While Pfizer, Moderna, and AstraZeneca have been widely distributed throughout North America and Europe (and were designed by Western companies and are manufactured mostly in Western countries), the rest of the world has been put on the proverbial back burner. Particularly early in the global vaccine rollout, these manufacturers gave priority to Western countries in a form of “vaccine nationalism”. This includes the United States “using wartime measures to force manufacturers to fill massive U.S. government orders first” and effectively preventing exports of vaccines from the United States. This approach has been seen in many vaccine producing countries.
This reality has forced countries unable to secure western vaccines to turn to other sources such as China. China’s vaccine efforts, however, have been often described as “vaccine diplomacy.” What do China’s global vaccine efforts look like, and why have observers linked vaccines so closely with China’s diplomatic and geopolitical goals?
Background
Since becoming the leader of China in 2012, President Xi Jinping has taken an extremely proactive approach to increasing the country’s standing in international circles. China has, under President Xi, become increasingly assertive on both regional and global issues. Broadly, Xi’s plan has mainly been predicated on a two pronged approach to foreign policy. On one hand is the aggressive and pointed “Wolf Warrior Diplomacy” towards perceived rivals; this contrasts with China’s second, softer approach using investment, trade and other economic means to gain influence and promote expanded ties with other countries. The so-called “Wolf Warrior Diplomacy” approach includes taking aggressive diplomatic stances on key issues and confronting critics directly, while the latter approach includes elements such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Now,in 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting opportunity for vaccine diplomacy has given President Xi a new avenue to increase Chinese influence on the international stage.
With wide distribution of China-made Covid vaccines China would become a country that other nations, especially those in the developing world, could rely on for support in times of crisis and need. This would be similar to the role the United States has been playing since the mid 20th century. Many countries are not able to produce the vaccines necessary to fight COVID-19 domestically, and are instead forced to purchase them from foreign entities primirary in the Western world. Most of these countries, in Africa and South-East Asia, are located in the Global South. These are places where China had already been investing heavily through the BRI and building influence.Thus, the development and distribution of vaccines as a means of improving relations is not necessarily a new development. Instead of building roads, ports, pipelines and other forms of infrastructure in these countries, China is using vaccines as a means of improving relations and building influence.
In addition, however, China might also be looking to repair the damage that has been done. The lack of transparency and inefficiency in managing the initial outbreak of the corona virus from Wuhan has damaged the global reputation of China in the opinion of some observers, which is a major wrench in the plans of President Xi when it comes to foreign relations. This gives China another motivating factor behind its emphasis on vaccine diplomacy, as many countries feel that China is in some respects responsible for not containing the spread of COVID-19 inside China, and not warning the rest of the world in time about the potential for danger. Vaccine diplomacy gives China a powerful avenue to repair some of the damage done to its international reputation, as well as gain influence in countries unable to produce their own vaccines.
China’s Vaccine Offerings
Figure 1: A vial of BBIBP-CorV, manufactured by Sinopharm. (Source: Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0)
The backbone of China’s vaccine diplomacy efforts are, of course, the vaccines themselves. China was at the forefront of the global scramble to be the first to develop a COVID-19 vaccine, being responsible for half of the 10 vaccine candidates that had entered clinical trials during the summer of 2020. As of June 4, 2021, China has 20 vaccine candidates in clinical stages, eight of which are in phase 3. Given that a comprehensive overview of China’s vaccines and vaccine candidates is beyond the scope of this article, we will focus on three leading vaccines most significant to China’s vaccine diplomacy efforts.
Vaccine Name
Company
Type
Regimen
Reported Efficacy
BBIBP-CorV
Sinopharm (Beijing)
Inactivated virus
Two doses
78.1%
CoronaVac
Sinovac
Inactivated virus
Two doses
50.65% (Brazil trial); 91.25% (Turkey Trial)
Convidecia (AD5-nCOV)
CanSino
Viral Vector
One dose
65.28%
Figure 1: A table of the basic features of the three most prominent vaccines of Chinese origin. Data sourced from the New York Times and McGill University’s Vaccine Tracker.
Of these, the Sinopharm (Beijing) and Sinovac vaccines have been at the forefront of China’s vaccine diplomacy. Sinopharm’s jab has obtained approval (full or emergency) in 53 nations, while Sinovac’s vaccine has received full or emergency approval in 29 countries. The WHO approved the Sinopharm (Beijing) and Sinovac vaccines on May 7, 2021 and June 1, 2021, respectively.
China’s Initial Vaccine Efforts
The selling point: speed, numbers, and logistics
Figure 2: Coronavac (i.e. the Sinovac vaccine) is used at a vaccination centre in Uruguay in March 2021. Source: Jimmy Baikovicius, CC BY-SA 2.0
For a vaccine diplomacy effort to be successful, China had to offer some advantage or benefit to their vaccines in comparison with the West. The strength of China’s vaccine diplomacy efforts has been built on three key pillars: the speed in which China rolled out vaccines to countries with few other options, the scale (in the number of vaccines shipped by China around the world), and simpler logistics compared with Western vaccines.
The greatest soft power coup for China was the speed in which their vaccines arrived on the shores of many nations - particularly low-income nations in the Global South. As wealthy nations bought up much of the supply of the West’s cutting edge mRNA vaccines, China focused its efforts on low and middle income countries.Throughout the bulk of late 2020 and early 2021, China was one of the few sources of a vaccine for much of the world.
The speed with which China’s vaccine diplomacy efforts took off was backed by the considerable number of doses committed to foreign sales and donations by both the Chinese government and the vaccine manufacturers themselves. Throughout the first few months of 2021, it was reported that China had prioritized exports over a then sluggish domestic rollout. An examination of Bridge Consulting’s Chinese vaccine tracker reveals that China has delivered an impressive 302 million vaccines worldwide as of June 2021.
Finally, both the Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines require only standard refrigeration (at 2-8°C as compared to extreme sub-zero temperatures required for Pfizer and Moderna) ; this is an advantage for many low and middle-income countries in the Global South, as many face poor logistical systems and a hot climate.
Early Challenges: Distrust, Opaque Science, and Efficacy Issues
Despite the strengths of China’s vaccine diplomacy efforts - speed, numbers, and easier logistics - the country still ran into numerous difficulties and considerable distrust that plagued early vaccine diplomacy efforts. Even as Chinese vaccines arrived, many countries and populations were reluctant to use them. In one notable case, shipments of Sinovac sat unused for months in Singaporean warehouses as authorities hesitated to approve it. In another case, vaccination centres in the Philippines offering Pfizer shots were overwhelmed, while clinics with Sinovac vaccines sat empty. This distrust can be summed up along three fronts - existing pre-pandemic distrust in a Chinese designed vaccine, skepticism due to China’s opaque scientific processes with respect to the vaccines’ development, and concern over low efficacy (applicable in particular to Sinopharm and Sinovac).
Before China’s vaccine program had even gotten off the ground, there were many who already distrusted it. From a series of vaccine safety and quality scandals to doubts about China’s scientific practices and capabilities, faith in a Chinese vaccine was already low before the first shot had even been delivered. China’s vaccine efforts hit two further stumbling blocks early in the process having started from this difficult position.
Despite being among the first vaccines in the world to begin clinical trials, both the Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines received skepticism due to the slowness of both manufacturers to publish trial data. Further, doubts emerged regarding the transparency of that data even after publication. Sinopharm did not publish interim results from its Phase III trials until May 2021, after more than 200 million doses had already been administered worldwide. Moreover, WHO experts voiced “very low confidence” in Sinopharm’s data about BBIBP-CorV’s risk of serious side effects. Sinovac was also criticized for a lack of published trial data and the WHO expressed a “low level of confidence” on data related to adverse reactions for those over the age of 60.
Sinopharm and Sinovac did publicize efficacy data early on, however, which attracted further controversy. Sinovac in particular faced sharp criticism over efficacy, after various Phase III trials reported inconsistent efficacy numbers; the worst result came from the vaccine’s Brazil trial, which reported an efficacy of only 50.4%, barely above the regulatory minimum of 50% efficacy. Gao Fu, director of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, was reported saying “...that current vaccines don’t have very high protection rates,” a quote taken by many as an admission of the vaccines’ low efficacy (although Gao Fu and Chinese state media would later claim his remarks were misrepresented).
Taken together, these controversies certainly damaged, but did not totally discredit, China’s vaccine diplomacy efforts. Doubts and worries over scientific transparency and efficacy were, for many, insufficient to discredit the unique benefits of a Chinese vaccine - speed, numbers, and logistics -particularly where no other vaccine was available. In the early days of vaccine rollouts, some protection from a Chinese vaccine immediately was better than the promise of better protection from a Western vaccine months or even years later.
New Developments
As the pace of global vaccination efforts continues to pick up, what is next for China and Chinese vaccine diplomacy? There are two important developments to keep track of in the coming months and perhaps years.
Current global vaccine numbers: China vs the West
Finally, it is worthwhile to compare the numbers of vaccines delivered by China versus the West. The absolute numbers of vaccines promised and delivered by both China and the West do not show a complete picture of the global vaccine situation; China’s early efforts give it a considerable advantage. Moreover, a simple dichotomy of “China versus the West” does not truly capture the complexities of the global challenge of manufacturing and distributing various vaccines; Russia, India, and other nations all must also factor into the global vaccine picture. Nonetheless, this comparison tells us about the scale of China’s vaccine diplomacy efforts, and how much ground the West is looking to make up. Note that, however, a fulsome comparison accounting for both the vaccines sold and donated to low and middle income nations by both China and the West is beyond the scope of this analysis.
Beijing-based Bridge Consulting reports that, as of July 19, 2021, China has sold 884 million vaccine doses abroad, and donated 27 million doses. Of these, 472 million doses have been delivered. According to the Bridge tracker, the vast majority of these doses have been the Sinopharm or Sinovac vaccines. The scale of these numbers is undoubtedly impressive, speaking to the speed and volume of China’s vaccine efforts highlighted earlier.
It is more difficult to measure the western effort in vaccine diplomacy thus far- there is no single, consolidated tracker or measure available. In any case, much of the stock from western manufacturers has been bought up by western governments. For example, while 3 billion doses of the Pfizer-BioNtech vaccine are expected to be produced throughout 2021, much will be eaten up by commitments such as the 20 million doses promised to Canada. Thus, we will merely focus on the commitments by western governments to donate vaccines - not an insignificant factor in the global race to get vaccines to low and middle income nations.
The West arrives
Figure 3: G7 leaders pose for the “family photo” during the 2021 summit in Cornwall. Source: The White House
It was noted earlier that one of China’s biggest selling points for their vaccines was the sheer inaccessibility of Western vaccines - both in terms of the inability of many countries to obtain them and complications in refrigeration and other logistics. This situation is beginning to change, as the West has rolled out its vaccines to the rest of the world, stepping into the vaccine diplomacy fray - both through sales
The most significant competition to China’s vaccine diplomacy efforts is the United States. President Biden’s announcement that the United States would buy and donate half a billion Pfizer shots, to be distributed through COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX). This initiative is set to provide low-income nations with more effective vaccine alternatives. In tandem, G7 leaders agreed to add an additional billion doses to their commitments. Canada’s contribution to this effort totals 100 million vaccine doses. While the Biden administration and Western nations cannot turn back the clock and match the speed in which China shipped vaccines to low-income countries, these commitments, if filled, will help match the numbers of Chinese vaccines arriving in countries around the world. Moreover, Western vaccines - particularly the mRNA Pfizer and Moderna shots - have significant advantages in terms of efficacy and public trust.
The worldwide appeal of western vaccines over Chinese products is apparent even in China itself. On the one hand, Fosun Pharma has partnered with BioNtech to produce a version of the Pfizer-BioNtech vaccine that will likely win the approval of Chinese regulators in the coming weeks. Meanwhile, Western countries have been reluctant to recognize Chinese vaccines, despite WHO requests to do so.
Safety and data concerns fade, but efficacy doubts return
Faced with stiffer competition from the West, what do China’s vaccines have to offer? As more data has been released and millions of doses have been administered, concerns over safety and a lack of data have gradually faded. Importantly, the WHO’s listing of the Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines for emergency use was a significant vote of confidence in the safety Chinese-made vaccines, validating China’s vaccine efforts worldwide.
However, efficacy problems continue to trouble China’s vaccine efforts. In some of the nations that had benefited from China’s speedy vaccine rollout there has been a sharp uptick in cases, despite the fact that these countries had already vaccinated a significant part of their populations. In the Seychelles, for example, a third of new cases had already received a vaccine shot. Given the increased availability of western mRNA vaccines and the surge in cases of the highly virulent Delta variant, questions of efficacy have returned to the forefront. Bahrain, for example, is now offering Pfizer booster shots to those who received Sinopharm jabs. Costa Rica recently rejected the Sinovac vaccine due to efficacy concerns.
What’s next?
In many ways, China has already reaped much of the benefits from their vaccine diplomacy efforts. The speed in which China shipped large numbers of vaccines to nations with few other options was the keystone of China’s vaccine diplomacy efforts, and that cannot be replicated. However, it seems efficacy concerns will continue to trouble China’s vaccine efforts moving forward.
For the most part, China aims to solve this problem with new and more effective vaccines. The most prominent of these is Convidecia, a viral vector vaccine developed by CanSino Biologics. China is looking to use this vaccine as a booster shot for existing vaccines. China is also producing its own mRNA vaccine to compete with the Pfizer and Moderna shots.
Much of China’s vaccine diplomacy effort has already occurred. Millions of Chinese vaccines have arrived on the shores of nations all around the world in the early months of the global vaccine rollout, when no other vaccine was available to much of the world (particularly the Global South). However, the global vaccine rollout still has a long way to go. As the West, China, and other nations/actors continue to roll out new and existing vaccines to the world, it is clear that the vaccine picture will only become more complicated. The role that Chinese vaccines will play in the future remains uncertain, and is likely dependent on what new vaccines and technologies continue to emerge from China; however, it is clear they will continue to play a significant part in the global effort against COVID-19.
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6044
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dbpedia
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10220323/
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The Prevalence of Side Effects of Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine: An Experience From Pakistan
|
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[
"Taimur Haider",
"Syeda Rakshan Zehra Abidi",
"Mehwish Fatima",
"Aimen Zafar",
"Rabeeya Qutub Uddin Siddiqui",
"Wadan Khan",
"Tazeen Saeed",
"Adnan Anwar",
"Atif A Hashmi"
] |
2023-04-29T00:00:00
|
IntroductionVaccination for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) helps develop protective immunity against COVID-19 without experiencing potentially severe illness. Many vaccines are used worldwide, but there is little data on the efficacy and side effects ...
|
en
|
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico
|
PubMed Central (PMC)
|
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10220323/
|
Introduction
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), also recognized as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, has rapidly spread globally. The disease's outbreak has significantly threatened global healthcare systems and financial plans [1]. As of April 16, 2023, more than 763 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and over 6.9 million deaths were reported globally [2]. The deadly pandemic has spread through most of the world's nations in four waves, and it has produced a variety of clinical indications in the general populace [3]. The highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 has variable mortality outbreak patterns and a high prevalence of transmission [4].
Restriction measures were implemented worldwide to halt the spread of the COVID-19 infection. According to the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME), it was announced to restrict traffic based on suspected risk in geographical areas, limit the number of workers at jobs, introduce online working at home, make mask wear compulsory in public areas, and raise public awareness through social media [5]. Every time these limitations were implemented, there was a subsequent drop in suspected cases and fatalities; conversely, ignoring the restrictions and the COVID-19 preventative measures (wearing a mask, keeping oneself isolated from others, and disinfecting one's hands) resulted in a new wave [6]. Despite the numerous pharmaceuticals suggested for COVID-19, more research is still required to establish their efficacy and potency. The best method of disease management may involve developing and administering vaccines [7]. The vaccination is considered an effective long-term solution to eliminating SARS-CoV-2 because it greatly reduces the chance of infection, severity, and fatalities of the disease [8].
Major international biopharmaceutical companies have developed several COVID-19 vaccines. One of the two deactivated viral vaccines in COVID-19 is called Sinopharm, also known as the BBIBP-CorV vaccine. In July 2021, Sinopharm received an emergency use license. At first, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia were the only regions where Sinopharm could be used [9,10]. Sinopharm has 79.3% efficacy after two doses [10]. It may have adverse effects, just like any other medication or vaccine that makes claims of healing and protection.
The Sinopharm vaccine is an inactivated vaccine that delivers SARS-CoV-2 antigens to the body through two injections, separated by 14 or 21 days. The intramuscular injection of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine uses the virus' dead antigens to produce antibodies that boost the immune system to combat subsequent COVID-19 viral attacks [11]. Traditional whole-virus-inactivated vaccines do not cause symptomatic illness. Using this method, the inactivated viruses in vivo retain their capacity to reproduce while exhibiting minimal or no symptoms [12]. Experimental trials for the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine's phases 1 and 2 were conducted in China, with one study for each phase. A COVID-19-counteracting antibody reaction was elicited by the vaccine with a minimal incidence of side effects, according to data from 640 participants. Fever and pain at the injection site were the most reported side effects, although they were minor, self-recovering, and did not require medical attention [13]. With 69 000 participants overall, phase III was conducted over IV trials in developing nations, such as the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Bahrain, Argentina, Jordan, and Peru. The United Arab Emirates approved the vaccine on December 9, 2020, and the initial findings of its phase 3 trial proposed that the vaccine was 86% effective [9].
Despite the Sinopharm vaccine being widely used in some nations, there is little research on its side effects. Therefore, this study was intended to assess the incidence of reported side effects of the Sinopharm vaccine among participants.
Discussion
The COVID-19 vaccinations have changed the epidemic's trajectory, prevented the loss of tens of millions of lives worldwide, and reduced morbidity and disabilities brought on by COVID-19 infection and its complications [14]. The vaccine protects individuals and communities by limiting the spread of diseases in a community, and vaccines are the safest method currently available for defending people from fatal illnesses [15]. Immunization was crucial in reducing COVID-19 cases and fatalities during the pandemic [16]. Nevertheless, some individuals are concerned about the safety of vaccinations globally. Therefore, the present study illustrated the adverse reactions reported by participants who received the Sinopahrm vaccine.
Meo AS et al., in a study conducted in Pakistan, found that pain at the injection site, overall tiredness, muscle pain, body ache, minimal fever, and headaches were the frequent side effects following doses one and two. After receiving the first dose instead of the second, the subjects reported more severe symptoms and side effects that occurred more frequently [17]. These results were comparable to a study conducted in the United Arab Emirates by Saeed BQ et al., targeted to determine the most frequent Sinopharm side effects. They discovered that following the first dosage of vaccines, 42.2% of participants experienced pain at the injection site, followed by tiredness in 12.2% and headaches in 9.6% of participants. There were no side effects reported by 24.4% of individuals. Moreover, they also found that the most frequent side effects of the second dosage were pain at the injected site (32.6%), tiredness (13.7%), and fatigue (16.3%) [18]. The present study was inconsistent with the previously reported research and showed that participants experienced fever, burning, swelling, and pain at the injection site after receiving both doses.
A study on AstraZeneca, Sinopharm, and Pfizer in Iraq indicated comparable side effects of the vaccine, which revealed reactions at the injection site (54.5%), tiredness (40.9%), fever (37.8%), muscle pain (36.3%), and headache (33.3%) [19]. These findings were not corroborated with the present study, which indicated that the most commonly reported side effects after the first and second doses of the Sinopharm vaccine were fever (first dose: n=308, 51.3%; second dose: n=254, 42.3%). Subsequently, there was pain at the injection site after the first dose (n=228, 38.0%) and the second (n=236, 39.3%).
Likewise, another study by Thonginnetra et al., conducted in Thailand, evaluated the safety of the Sinopharm vaccine among vaccinated recipients. It was observed that pain and tenderness at the site of injection were seen in 37.93% of individuals; fatigue was found in 37.89%; muscular pain was observed in 33.56%; and headaches were reported in 26.76% of individuals. They observed that two dosages of Sinopharm vaccines in adolescents resulted in mild-to-moderate side effects [20]. Similarly, another study in Bahrain investigated the adverse effects of both doses of various vaccines. They noticed that of the four vaccines (Sinopharm, Pfizer-BioNTech, Sputnik, and AstraZeneca), Sinopharm vaccine recipients experienced minimal side effects [21]. The present study did not support the earlier research and revealed that fever, burning, and pain at the injection site were reported side effects. These side effects were minor and required no hospitalization.
Interestingly, the study conducted by Saeed BQ et al., involving 1080 participants, observed that injection site pain and fever were the most common side effects; however, all were temporary and self-resolving, and no treatment was needed [18]. Similar findings were reported in another study [11]. These findings showed similarities with our study and revealed that fever and pain were side effects that were noticed following the two doses of the Sinopharm vaccine.
A study by Riad et al. conducted in Turkey reported that more than 10% of the participants had headaches (18.7%), fatigue (23.6%), and pain at the injection site (41.5%) [22]. The present study was partially similar to the above findings and showed that pain at the injection site was observed after receiving both doses (38.0% vs. 39.3% [first vs. second dose]), whereas fatigue (29.7% vs. 16.7%) and headache were reported in 24.7% after the first dose and in 16.7% after the second dose.
Likewise, another study revealed that the incidence of side effects after receiving the second dose was marginally greater as compared to the first dose, excluding nausea (1.5% vs. 1.1%), allergy (1.1% vs. 0.0%), cough (1.1% vs. 0.7%), intestinal discomfort (1.85% vs. 1.5%), and backache (4.1% vs. 3.0%) [14]. The reaction of the immune system could be used to interpret this result. The immune system may cause symptoms like the flu that persist for a few days after vaccination. Cytokines produced by the immune system may have an inflammatory response involving the vascular system, muscle, and other tissues [23]. These results concurred with those of newly published research [24,25]. These findings were inconsistent with the above-reported studies and indicated that after getting the first dose, adverse symptoms were more common than after receiving the second dose, except for pain at the site of injection (38.0% vs. 39.3% [first vs. second dose]), nausea (2.0% vs. 4.74%), flu (7.3% vs. 22.3%), myalgia (20.3% vs. 23.3%), swelling of the glands (17.3% vs. 28.0%), breathlessness (22.7% vs. 28.3%), diarrhea (12.0% vs. 16.7%), and chest pain (9.3% vs. 27.3%).
Similarly, further research reported that the vaccinated participants had comorbidities such as 7.80% having diabetes and 6.30% having hypertension [18]. The present study was inconsistent with the above-cited studies, indicating that 130 (21.7%) and 138 (23.0%) participants had hypertension and diabetes, respectively.
Similarly, one of the studies performed in Iran studied Sinopharm-vaccinated participants who were older; their mean age was 73.54 years, and 860 (54.9%) participants had co-existing diseases, where the most prevalent disease was diabetes, which existed in 355 cases. Around 979 (62.6%) Sinopharm recipients did not notice any side effects following both doses. Additionally, tiredness, chills or fever, dizziness or headache, and local responses were the most prevalent side effects after receiving the first and second dosages of the Sinopharm vaccine [26]. The present study did not agree with the previously reported study, which reported that the mean age of the participants was 42.79±14.44 years and that comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension existed in 138 (23.0%) and 130 (21.7%) participants, respectively. Regarding side effects after vaccination, fever was experienced after both doses of the Sinopharm vaccine. Subsequently, there was pain and burning at the site of the injection.
This study had a few limitations as it was a cross-sectional study based on expressed adverse consequences that might be affected by recipients' biases and misconceptions regarding vaccines. Secondly, the sample size was limited compared to the large population that received the vaccine. Moreover, other comorbidities, including DM and hypertension, were not recorded. However, the reality that the Sinopharm vaccine with side effects has received very little research attention to date, despite being the most widely used vaccine in some nations is one of our study's strengths.
|
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3
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https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202103/1217366.shtml
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en
|
China's Sinopharm to raise vaccine production to 3 billion per year
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] | null | null |
A staff member displays a sample of the COVID-19 inactivated vaccine at a vaccine production plant of China National Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (Sinopharm) in Beijing, capital of China, April 10, 2020. (Xinhua/Zhang Yuwei)
China's pharmaceutical giant Sinopharm will expand COVID-19 vaccine production capacity to 3 billion doses per year, becoming the world's biggest vaccine producer for the virus, Chairman of Sinopharm Group Yu Qingming told the media.
Besides vaccine production plants in Beijing and Wuhan, the group is expanding production and packaging capacity by also making use of its institutes in Changchun, Shanghai, Lanzhou and Chengdu, Yu said during interviews with the People's Daily.
All of China's more than 5,000 national-level lawmakers and political advisors who have congregated in Beijing for the ongoing legislative two sessions have received Sinopharm's COVID-19 vaccines, he said.
After realizing yearly production capacity of 3 billion, Sinopharm will be the largest vaccine producer in the world, according to Yu.
Yu, also a deputy to the National People's Congress, proposed during this year's two sessions to improve domestic medicine logistics system and promote domestic medical device development and manufacturing considering the shortages in these areas exposed during the COVID-19 epidemic, according to Yu's proposals the Global Times obtained from Sinopharm.
So far, two COVID-19 vaccines separately developed by Sinopharm's biological institutes in Beijing and Wuhan have been granted conditional market approval, along with another two separately developed by Beijing-based Sinovac Biotech and Tianjin-based CanSinoBIO.
Sinopharm's COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for market in five countries - United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, China, Bolivia and Seychelles. The vaccines have also been approved for emergency use in 40 countries including Serbia being the first European country and Hungary the first EU member for the inoculation, according to Yu.
Another 80 countries and international organizations have also expressed interest in Sinopharm vaccines, Yu said, noting that the group has sent more than 100 million doses to domestic and overseas markets and 60 million shots of them have been administered without serious side effects reported.
As to concerns over the efficacy and safety of the COVID-19 vaccines on senior citizens, Yu said the Wuhan institute's vaccine was approved for people aged 18 and above on February 25, including the elderly group.
The oldest recipient of Sinopharm vaccines is nearly 100 years old, he noted.
Data from Phase III clinical trials show that the Sinopharm vaccines are also safe and effective on the 3-17 age group, according to Yu.
Recent experiments also showed that Sinopharm vaccines are effective to prevent infections of 10 coronavirus variants, including those discovered in South Africa and the UK, he said.
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https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/COVID-vaccines/WHO-approves-Sinopharm-vaccine-for-emergency-use
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en
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WHO approves Sinopharm vaccine for emergency use
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2021-05-07T16:34:01+00:00
|
SHANGHAI -- One of China's COVID-19 vaccines gained crucial recognition Friday, nearly one year after its debut, as the World Health Organization appr
|
en
|
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|
Nikkei Asia
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https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/COVID-vaccines/WHO-approves-Sinopharm-vaccine-for-emergency-use
|
SHANGHAI -- One of China's COVID-19 vaccines gained crucial recognition Friday, nearly one year after its debut, as the World Health Organization approved the shot for emergency use.
The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine by China National Biotec Group (CNBG) -- a unit of state-owned Sinopharm -- joined five Western peers on the WHO's emergency list.
|
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https://www.voanews.com/a/covid-19-pandemic_who-approves-chinese-covid-vaccine-emergency-use-worldwide/6205567.html
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WHO Approves Chinese COVID Vaccine for Emergency Use Worldwide
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"East Asia",
"Europe",
"COVID-19 Pandemic"
] | null |
[
"VOA News"
] |
2021-05-07T18:09:34+00:00
|
Vaccine was developed by Chinese drugmaker Sinopharm
|
en
|
/Content/responsive/VOA/img/webApp/favicon.svg
|
Voice of America
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https://www.voanews.com/a/covid-19-pandemic_who-approves-chinese-covid-vaccine-emergency-use-worldwide/6205567.html
|
The World Health Organization (WHO) has approved a COVID-19 vaccine developed in China for emergency use worldwide.
The vaccine, from China's state-owned drugmaker Sinopharm, is the first vaccine manufactured by a non-Western country to be endorsed by WHO.
Friday's move was also the first time the global public health group granted emergency approval to a Chinese vaccine for an infectious disease.
China's Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine has already been administered to hundreds of millions of people in China and in other parts of the world, along with a second Chinese vaccine.
WHO's decision allows the Sinopharm vaccine to be included in COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access, or COVAX, an initiative to distribute vaccines to mainly poor countries.
WHO has said it could decide on China's second main vaccine, made by Sinovac Biotech, as early as next week.
China has released little information about either of its two vaccines, with the exception of efficacy numbers. Previously, a group advising WHO on vaccines had said data were particularly scarce on the use of the Sinopharm vaccine in people 60 and older.
Alejandro Cravioto, head of the WHO advisory group on immunizations, said Friday that the group had concluded "there is enough evidence of safety and the capacity of the vaccine to prevent severe disease or symptomatic and hospitalized cases up to 79%."
"The information we have for people over 60 is still very scarce," he said. But, he added, "there is no reason to think that the vaccine would behave differently in this older age group."
WHO previously approved for emergency use vaccines developed by AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech.
India
The COVID-19 outbreak continues to ravage India, putting pressure on Prime Minister Narendra Modi to lock down the country to control the outbreak.
A "coordinated countrywide strategy" is needed, Srinath Reddy, president of the Public Health Foundation of India, told The Associated Press. He said the lockdowns some Indian states have imposed are not enough in the battle to defeat COVID-19 in India.
India's main opposition leader, Rahul Gandhi, urged Modi in a letter Friday to implement a national lockdown, accelerate the vaccination campaign and increase tracking of the virus and its mutations.
"Allowing the uncontrollable spread of the virus in our country will be devastating not only for our people but also for the rest of the world," Gandhi said.
India's health ministry reported record-breaking statistics Friday for the previous 24-hour period: 414,188 new COVID-19 cases and 3,915 deaths. Officials believe the tolls are likely higher.
United States
The White House COVID-19 Response Team said Friday its focus is on meeting the president's new goal of fully vaccinating 160 million Americans by July 4, as infections, hospitalizations and deaths continue to decline.
At the team's briefing, White House COVID-19 Response Coordinator Jeff Zients said that by the end of the day, 110 million Americans will have been fully vaccinated and 150 million Americans, or 57%, will have had at least one shot.
Zients said that to help meet the president's goal, the government will make walk-up, no-appointment shots available at 20,000 pharmacies around the country. The Federal Emergency Management Agency will also be shipping vaccines from high-volume vaccination centers around the country to smaller community-based sites, where they are more in demand.
Global
In Mexico City, health officials announced that the occupancy rate in public hospitals dedicated to COVID-19 care was 16%, the lowest rate since the pandemic began. The rate was a marked change from January, when COVID-19 infections peaked in the city.
Spain is relaxing nationwide coronavirus pandemic measures this weekend; however, regional restrictions will remain in place in certain areas.
Australians who were banned from entering their country if they had traveled to India will be allowed to return home starting May 15, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison said Friday. Australians will not, however, be allowed to board the repatriation flights out of India if they test positive for the coronavirus.
The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed more than 3.2 million lives around the world, the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center reported Friday. The U.S. has suffered the most deaths, according to Johns Hopkins, with nearly 581,000. Brazil is rapidly catching up with the U.S. death toll, with more than 419,000 deaths, followed by India, with more than 234,000 deaths.
There have been more than 156.4 million global infections, according to Johns Hopkins. The U.S. remains the location with the most infections, with more than 32.6 million, followed by India, with 21.5 million infections, and Brazil, with 15.1 million.
|
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6044
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3
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https://www.caixinglobal.com/2021-05-05/sinopharms-vaccine-nears-emergency-use-approval-by-who-101705423.html
|
en
|
Sinopharm’s Vaccine Nears Emergency
|
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2021-05-05T00:00:00
|
Sinopharm’s Vaccine Nears Emergency-Use Approval by WHO - U.N. agency’s experts find 78.1% effectiveness for ages 18-59 but cite insufficient data for assessing the shot in people ages 60 and older or with underlying conditions
|
en
|
https://www.caixinglobal.com/2021-05-05/sinopharms-vaccine-nears-emergency-use-approval-by-who-101705423.html
|
World Health Organization experts said one of China’s Covid-19 vaccines is 78.1% effective in adults ages 18-59 years old but found that there is insufficient trial data to demonstrate effectiveness in protecting older people and people with underlying medical conditions.
The United Nations organization’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization published the assessment in a report on BBIBP-CorV, the Covid-19 vaccine developed by state-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group Corp. (Sinopharm). The finding could play a key role in approval by the World Health Organization (WHO) of Sinopharm’s vaccine for emergency use, making it eligible for deployment in lower-income nations through the Covid-19 Vaccines Global Access (Covax) initiative, which is suffering a supply crunch.
The WHO is expected to clear vaccines made by Sinopharm and Sinovac Biotech Ltd., another Chinese company, by the end of this week, said Mariangela Simao, WHO assistant director-general for drug access, vaccines and pharmaceuticals, at a press conference Monday. If both vaccines receive the WHO green light, China could become the world’s largest vaccine supplier, providing 2 billion doses this year.
The agency’s 78.1% efficacy finding for the Sinopharm vaccine is close to the Chinese company’s previous self-assessment showing 79% effectiveness. Experts said the vaccine is effective at preventing confirmed Covid-19 in adults ages 18-59 years, moving the Chinese vaccine closer to receiving WHO authorization.
But the WHO experts said they have “low confidence” in the quality of evidence that two doses of the vaccine are effective in protecting adults ages 60 and older. They also have “very low confidence” in the quality of evidence that the risk of serious adverse events following one or two doses of the vaccine in older adults and people with comorbidities or poor health conditions, the report said.
Sinopharm’s vaccine was approved in China for general use in December 2020. According to Sinopharm’s data, 5.9 million people received the vaccine by the end of last year. Among them, 1,453 reported adverse effects and eight had serious adverse reactions.
Relatively few people ages 60 and older were included in the trial data. The data showed only 209 elderly people in the vaccinated group and 206 in the placebo group. As there were no confirmed cases that age group, the data didn’t provide the vaccine’s efficacy rate for the group.
Due to the small number of people with hypertension and diabetes in the trial data, the calculation of protection rates for these populations is uncertain, the report said.
Several studies of the vaccine are underway in the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Pakistan, Peru and Argentina. In addition, the vaccine is under extensive safety monitoring in China for the elderly and patients with underlying diseases, the report said.
China has been speeding up its nationwide vaccination program in a drive to protect its population. As of April 10, China administered more than 164 million doses of Covid-19 vaccines in its population of 1.4 billion.
The government has so far approved five coronavirus vaccines for public use. More than 60 countries have authorized the use of Chinese vaccines, according to state media.
Contact reporter Denise Jia (huijuanjia@caixin.com) and editor Bob Simison (bobsimison@caixin.com)
Download our app to receive breaking news alerts and read the news on the go.
|
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6044
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dbpedia
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1
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https://www.rafflesmedicalgroup.com/covid-19/vaccines/sinopharm/
|
en
|
COVID-19 Vaccines - Sinopharm
|
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2021-06-29T03:36:07+00:00
|
Sinopharm vaccine uses a traditional method of inactivated virus to protect against COVID-19 and is developed by the Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd.
|
en
|
Raffles Medical Group
|
https://www.rafflesmedicalgroup.com/covid-19/vaccines/sinopharm/
|
Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine
What you need to know about Sinopharm vaccine
Single-dose vaccine
Double-dose vaccine
On this page:
What's different about Sinopharm vaccine?
Who is eligible for the Sinopharm vaccine?
How does Sinopharm vaccine work?
How effective is Sinopharm?
How safe is Sinopharm?
Register your interest in Sinopharm vaccine
Frequently Asked Questions about Sinopharm vaccine
What’s different about the Sinopharm vaccine?
It uses inactivated virus to fight against COVID-19
Sinopharm uses a traditional and widely known method of inactivated virus to protect against COVID-19.
The virus is inactivated through chemical treatment
Beta-propiolactone is the chemical that binds to the SARS-CoV-2 virus’ genetic material and inactivates it, preventing it from replicating and causing COVID-19.
It is stored at normal fridge temperatures
Like the traditional flu vaccination, Sinopharm can be stored at normal refrigerator temperatures.
Who is eligible for taking Sinopharm?
Individuals aged 18 years and older, with no history of anaphylaxis.
Individuals with a history of anaphylaxis or any form of severe allergic reactions to medication/food/vaccination should not be administered with the vaccine.
Individuals with a body temperature over 38.5ºC should postpone vaccination until the fever subsides.
What is the recommended dosage for administration?
According to WHO, the recommendation is two-dose with an interval of 3-4 weeks between first and second dose.
How does Sinopharm vaccine work?
Similar to Sinovac, Sinopharm vaccine is a vaccine that uses inactivated COVID-19 virus to teach your immune system to make antibodies against COVID-19, creating an immune response to COVID-19.
When introduced to your body, your immune system will make antibodies against the coronavirus, attaching to viral proteins. As the vaccine uses a dead or inactivated virus, the vaccine can be safely injected into the arm without causing the individual to develop COVID-19.
Once the vaccine is in your system, some of the inactivated viruses will be absorbed by a type of immune cell called the anti-gen presenting cell. This type of cell will then display some of the fragments of inactivated virus on its surface, then known as a helper T cell. If the fragment fits onto the surface protein of the cell, it then can be activated and gets other immune cells to also respond to the vaccine.
When you are vaccinated with Sinopharm, your body’s immune system can respond to an infection of live coronaviruses by producing antibodies to block the virus.
How effective is Sinopharm?
Efficacy rate of 75% against symptomatic COVID-19 infection and an efficacy of 75% against hospitalisation.
How safe is Sinopharm?
SAGE (Strategic Advisory Group of Experts) from WHO has thoroughly assessed the data on quality, safety and efficacy of the vaccine and has recommended its use for people aged 18 and above.
The most commonly reported side effects in this trial were fever and pain at the injection site. Based on the data from clinical trials, the most common side effects recorded were:
headaches
fatigue
injection site reactions
These side effects were mild to moderate, and similar to those of other authorized vaccines against COVID-19.
Register your interest for Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine
FAQs: Frequently asked questions about Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine
After a thorough review by SAGE, WHO assessed the vaccine efficacy for Sinopharm is up to 75 percent.
On 7 May 7 2021, WHO approved the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, allowing the vaccine to be distributed globally. The Sinopharm vaccine is produced by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd, subsidiary of China National Biotec Group (CNBG).
SAGE has thoroughly assessed the data on quality, safety and efficacy of the vaccine and has recommended its use for people aged 18 and above.
Due to the small number of participants above 60 years of age, there is limited data on the safety of the vaccines for this age group. While there are no salient differences in the safety profile of the vaccine in older adults compared to the younger age groups, persons aged 60 and above that are considering Sinopharm should seek medical advice and be actively monitored.
The COVID-19 Sinopharm vaccine triggers the immune system to produce a response to the inactivated version of the COVID-19 virus. MRNA vaccines work by injecting the COVID-19 genetic code into the body, triggering the production of viral proteins that trains the immune system to defend against the virus.
WHO recommends the Sinopharm vaccine for people aged 18 years and above. Those who have had COVID-19 in the past are eligible for vaccination post six months after COVID-19 infection. Lactating women are eligible to be administered with the Sinopharm vaccine, and able to continue breastfeeding post-vaccination.
Individuals with a history of anaphylaxis or any form of severe allergic reactions to medication/food/vaccination should not be administered with the vaccine.
Individuals with a body temperature over 38.5ºC should postpone vaccination until the fever subsides.
Based on the data from clinical trials, the common side effects are headaches, fatigue and fever. These reported side effects were mild to moderate, like the other approved COVID-19 vaccines.
All the vaccines approved by WHO Emergency Use Listing are highly effective in preventing severe disease and hospitalization due to COVID-19.
Under the special access route (SAR), Raffles Medical Group has received approval to import the Sinopharm vaccines. You may register your interest, and you will be notified on next steps once the vaccine is available. Do note that registration of interest does not guarantee access to vaccines as it is subjected to availability and prevailing criteria.
Two doses are required with an interval of 3-4 weeks between first and second dose.
In case of any clarifications, seek advice from your medical doctor to assess your suitability. You may visit one of our clinics to do so or send in an enquiry.
Footnotes & references:
The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine: What you need to know
Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine: Should you worry about the side effects?
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https://hongkongfp.com/2021/01/25/covid-19-hong-kong-npc-delegates-ask-beijing-to-send-sinopharm-vaccines-as-survey-shows-that-61-of-medics-prefer-chinas-sinovac/
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en
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Covid-19: Hong Kong NPC delegates ask Beijing to send Sinopharm vaccines as survey shows that 61% of medics prefer China's Sinovac
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"Candice Chau"
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2021-01-25T00:00:00
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Hong Kong representatives to China’s top legislature have requested the Chinese government to send Chinese Sinopharm coronavirus vaccines to Hong Kong, while a survey showed that 61 per cent of local medical workers preferred China’s Sinovac vaccine over other options. Tam Yiu-chung, Hong Kong delegate to the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), said on […]
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Hong Kong Free Press HKFP
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https://hongkongfp.com/2021/01/25/covid-19-hong-kong-npc-delegates-ask-beijing-to-send-sinopharm-vaccines-as-survey-shows-that-61-of-medics-prefer-chinas-sinovac/
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Hong Kong representatives to China’s top legislature have requested the Chinese government to send Chinese Sinopharm coronavirus vaccines to Hong Kong, while a survey showed that 61 per cent of local medical workers preferred China’s Sinovac vaccine over other options.
Tam Yiu-chung, Hong Kong delegate to the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), said on Friday that he had delivered a joint letter co-signed by 36 of Hong Kong’s representatives to Li Zhanshu, Chairman of the NPCSC, requesting Beijing to send Sinopharm vaccines to the city.
NPCSC’s Hong Kong delegates were vaccinated in Shenzhen on Friday ahead of the annual “Two Sessions” meetings in March, where the NPC and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference meet in Beijing.
Former secretary for food and health Ko Wing-man was among those who received the Sinopharm jab. Ko said that, while the type of vaccine was not his personal choice, he had full confidence in the Chinese vaccine.
Sinopharm’s Covid-19 vaccine, developed by state-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group, is reported to have a 79 per cent efficacy. Meanwhile, there was confusion over the efficacy of the vaccine developed by the Beijing-based biopharmaceutical firm Sinovac. Late stage trials in Turkey showed it was 91.25 per cent effective, though one in Indonesia showed it was 65.3 per cent effective and – in Brazil – 50.4 per cent effective.
David Hui, Chinese University infectious disease expert and government expert adviser on the pandemic, said on a radio show on Friday that Sinopharm had yet to publish results from their third phase of trials in medical journals.
Hui added that Sinovac was first to contact Hong Kong, and that Sinovac Biotech should be given an opportunity to provide data to the government for consideration.
Hong Kong’s advisory panel on Covid-19 vaccines announced last Monday that it would recommend the use of Germany’s BioNTech vaccines. The panel added that they would need more information from Sinovac Biotech before deciding if they would recommend it.
Medics’ preference
A survey of 930 medical workers carried out by several medical workers’ groups showed that 78 per cent of surveyed medics would want to receive a coronavirus vaccine, while 5 percent of respondents said the would prefer not to. 17 per cent said they were undecided.
The survey was conducted by Medical Conscience, the Hong Kong Dental Association, the Association of Private Medical Specialists of Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Doctors Union, and the Hong Kong Women Doctors Association.
It also showed that 61 per cent of all respondents would prefer the Sinovac vaccine, while 22 per cent chose BioNTech. 11 per cent of respondents said they would take the AstraZeneca vaccine, developed by the British-Swedish multinational.
The group also suggested that the government should provide training and detailed instructions about the vaccines to medical workers responsible for vaccination, as well as giving 24-hour hotline support to citizens who had issues after being vaccinated.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine
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Sinopharm BIBP COVID
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine
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Vaccine against COVID-19
For other uses, see Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine.
BBIBP-CorVVaccine descriptionTargetSARS-CoV-2Vaccine typeInactivatedClinical dataOther namesZhong'aikewei (Chinese: 众爱可维), Hayat-VaxRoutes of
administrationIntramuscularATC codeLegal statusLegal status
BR: Emergency use (COVAX)[1]
Full list of Sinopharm BIBP authorizations
IdentifiersCAS NumberDrugBank
The Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine, also known as BBIBP-CorV,[2] the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine,[3] or BIBP vaccine,[3][4][5] is one of two whole inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinopharm's Beijing Institute of Biological Products (sometimes written as Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products,[6] resulting in the two different acronyms BBIBP and BIBP for the same vaccine). It completed Phase III trials in Argentina, Bahrain, Egypt, Morocco, Pakistan, Peru, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with over 60,000 participants.[7] BBIBP-CorV shares similar technology with CoronaVac and Covaxin, other inactivated virus vaccines for COVID-19.[8][9] Its product name is SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell),[10][11][12] not to be confused with the similar product name of CoronaVac.[13][14]
Peer-reviewed results published in JAMA of Phase III trials in United Arab Emirates and Bahrain showed that the vaccine is 78.1% effective against symptomatic cases and 100% against severe cases (21 cases in vaccinated group vs. 95 cases in placebo group).[15] In December 2020, the UAE previously announced interim results showing 86% efficacy.[16]
While mRNA vaccines like the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine showed higher efficacy of over 90%, those present distribution challenges for some nations as they require deep-freeze facilities and trucks. The BIBP vaccine could be transported and stored at normal refrigerated temperatures.[17]
The vaccine is being used in vaccination campaigns by certain countries in Asia,[18][19][20] Africa,[21][22][23] South America,[24][25][26] and Europe.[27][28][29] Sinopharm expects to produce one billion doses of the vaccine in 2021.[30] By May, Sinopharm had supplied 200 million doses.[31]
On 7 May 2021, the World Health Organization approved the BIBP vaccine for use in COVAX.[32][33] Sinopharm has signed purchase agreements for 170 million doses from COVAX.[34]
The similarly named Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine is also an inactivated virus vaccine.
Medical uses
The vaccine is given by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle. The initial course consists of two doses, and there is no evidence that a third booster dose is needed. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an interval of 3 to 4 weeks between doses.[35]
Effectiveness
A vaccine is generally considered effective if the estimate is ≥50% with a >30% lower limit of the 95% confidence interval.[36] Effectiveness is generally expected to slowly decrease over time.[37]
Real-world test-negative analysis in Bahrain (based on 14 days post 2nd dose) indicated a vaccine effectiveness of 90% (95% CI, 88– 91%) for adults aged 18–59, and 91% ( ) for those 60 year old or older.[38] While confident in its overall efficacy, WHO experts expressed very low confidence in their current ability to determine the safety of the BIBP vaccine for people with comorbidities, pregnant women, and the elderly as they were under-represented in the studies.[39]
In April 2021, a study by the Abu Dhabi Public Health Centre found the vaccine was 93% effective in preventing hospitalization and 95% effective against admission to intensive care. The study found no deaths related to COVID-19 in patients who received both doses. It was unknown how many people were included in the research.[40]
On 1 July, the Ministry of Health of Argentina reported the vaccine reduced deaths by 62% after the first dose and by 84% after the second dose.[41]
On 22 July, Peru's National Institute of Health reported the vaccine reduced deaths by 94% after analyzing data from 361,000 people.[42]
On 13 August, a study with 400,000 health workers in Peru from February to June 2021, during a wave mostly caused by the Lambda and Gamma variants, found a vaccine effectiveness of 50% ( ) against infection and 94% ( ) against death after two doses. With a single dose, the effectiveness was 17% ( ) against infections and 46% ( ) against death.[43][44]
On 24 August, preliminary results from a non-randomized study of one million people in Bahrain, of whom 569,054 received the BIBP vaccine, found that the vaccine continued to reduce infection, hospitalization, and death when the Delta variant became dominant, though not as effectively as Pfizer–BioNTech, Oxford–AstraZeneca and Sputnik V.[45]
Initial effectiveness by variant Doses Severity of illness Delta Alpha 1 Symptomatic Not reported Not reported Hospitalization Not reported Not reported 2 Asymptomatic Not reported 69% ( )[A] Symptomatic Not reported Not reported Hospitalization Not reported Not reported Death Not reported 88% ( )[A]
Efficacy
In December 2020, UAE's Ministry of Health and Prevention previously announced interim analysis showing the vaccine to have a 86% efficacy against COVID-19 infection and nearly 100% efficacy in preventing moderate and severe cases.[47]
On 7 May 2021, the World Health Organization reported a vaccine efficacy of 79% (95% CI, 66– 88%) against symptomatic disease and 79% ( ) against hospitalization.[35]
In 26 May, peer-reviewed results published in JAMA of Phase III trials in United Arab Emirates and Bahrain showed the vaccine 74% ( ) effective against cases including asymptomatic and symptomatic infections, 78% (95% CI, 65– 86%) effective against symptomatic cases, and nearly 100% against severe cases (0 cases in vaccinated group, 2 cases in placebo group). 12,726 people received the vaccine and 12,737 people received the placebo in these trials.[15]
As of 1 July, six of the 71 COVID-19 deaths in Seychelles were among the fully vaccinated people. Only one of the six was fully vaccinated by the BIBP vaccine, the remaining five had been fully vaccinated by Covishield, which was mainly reserved for people aged 60 years or more.[48]
Variants
In February, lab studies of twelve serum samples taken from recipients of BBBP-CorV and ZF2001 retained neutralizing activity against the Beta variant although with weaker activity than against the original virus.[49] For the BIBP vaccine, geometric mean titers declined by 1.6-fold, from 110.9 to 70.9, which was less than antisera from mRNA vaccine recipients with a 6-folds decrease.[50] Preliminary clinical data from Novavax and Johnson & Johnson also showed they were less effective in preventing COVID-19 in South Africa, where the new variant is widespread.[49]
In June, a pre-print study with 282 recipients of the vaccine in Sri Lanka showed that:
95% seroconverted following 2 doses, a similar rate seen in natural infection, with significantly lower seroconversion for >60 year-olds (93%) compared to 20-39 year-olds (99%)
81% had ACE2 receptor blocking antibodies capable of naturalizing the virus at 6 weeks, with the antibody titres at a level also similar to natural infection
the antibody levels against Delta and Beta were at similar levels seen in natural infection, although much lower against Alpha
there was a 1.38-fold reduction in antibody titres against Delta compared to the original strain, in contrast with 10-fold reduction against Beta
the vaccine also induced T cell and memory B cell responses,[51][52] although at lower magnitudes than some other vaccines[53]
Manufacturing
As an inactivated vaccine like CoronaVac and Covaxin, the BIBP vaccine uses a more traditional technology[8] that is similar to the inactivated polio vaccine. Initially, a sample of SARS-CoV-2 strain 19nCoV-CDC-Tan-HB02 (HB02) from China capable of rapid multiplication was chosen.[54] Then, it was used to grow large quantities of the virus using vero cells. From then on, the viruses are soaked in beta-propiolactone, which deactivates them by binding to their genes, while leaving other viral particles intact. The resulting inactivated viruses are then mixed with the adjuvant aluminium hydroxide.[9][38]
Sinopharm's Chairman Yang Xioyun has said the company could produce one billion doses in 2021.[30]
In March 2021, Sinopharm and Abu Dhabi G42 announced plans to produce up to 200 million doses annually in the UAE at a new plant to become operational in 2021. The vaccine will be branded Hayat-Vax.[55]
In December 2020, Egypt announced an agreement between Sinopharm and Egypt's VACSERA for the vaccine to be manufactured locally.[56]
In March 2021, Serbia announced plans to produce 24 million doses of the BIBP vaccine annually starting in October.[57]
In April 2021, Bangladesh approved local production of the BIBP vaccine.[58]
In July 2021, Morocco's Société Thérapeutique Marocaine announced it would produce 5 million doses a month.[59]
In November 2021, Sinopharm announced that it will build a sterile bottling plant in Singapore to enhance the distribution of the vaccine.[60]
History
Clinical trials
Main article: COVID-19 vaccine
Phases I and II
In April 2020, China approved clinical trials for a candidate COVID-19 vaccine developed by Sinopharm's Beijing Institute of Biological Products (BIBP)[2] and the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP).[61] Both vaccines are chemically inactivated whole virus vaccines for COVID-19.
On 15 October, the Beijing Institute of Biological Products published results of its Phase I (192 adults) and Phase II (448 adults) clinical studies for the BIBP vaccine, showing it to be safe and well-tolerated at all tested doses in two age groups. Antibodies were elicited against SARS-CoV-2 in all vaccine recipients on day 42. These trials included individuals older than 60.[2]
The vaccine may have characteristics favorable for vaccinating people in the developing world. While mRNA vaccines, such as the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine showed higher efficacy of +90%, mRNA vaccines present distribution challenges for some nations, as some may require deep-freeze facilities and trucks. By contrast, the BIBP vaccine can be transported and stored at normal refrigeration temperatures.[17] While Pfizer and Moderna are among developers relying on novel mRNA technology, manufacturers have decades of experience with the inactivated virus technology Sinopharm is using.[17]
Phase III
In July 2020, Sinopharm began trials with 31,000 volunteers in the UAE in collaboration with G42 Healthcare, an Abu Dhabi-based company.[62] In June 2021, Sinopharm began Phase III trials for children and adolescents aged 3–17 with 1,800 volunteers.[63]
In September 2020, Sinopharm began trials in Casablanca and Rabat on 600 people.[64][65] In September, Egypt started trials with 6,000 people.[66]
In August, Sinopharm began trials in Bahrain with 6,000 people,[67] later increased to 7,700 people.[68] Also in August, Jordan began trials with 500 people.[69][70]
In September, Peru began trials with 6,000 people[71] which later expanded to 12,000 people.[72] On 26 January, a volunteer in the placebo group of the trials had died from COVID-19 related pneumonia.[73]
In September, Argentina began trials with 3,000 people.[74]
In Pakistan, University of Karachi conducted a trial with 3,000 volunteers.[75]
Authorizations
In China, Sinopharm obtained an EUA in July 2020.[76] On 30 December 2020, China's National Medical Products Administration approved the BIBP vaccine for general use.[18] In July 2021, China approved the EUA for children and adolescents aged 3–17.[77]
In September 2020, UAE approved for emergency use authorization.[78] In December 2020, UAE approved for full authorization.[79] In August 2021, UAE approved the EUA for children and adolescents aged 3–17.[80]
On 3 November 2020, Bahrain granted emergency use authorization for frontline workers.[68] In December 2020, Bahrain approved the vaccine.[81]
On 7 May 2021, the World Health Organization added the vaccine to the list of vaccines authorized for emergency use for COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX).[32][33]
In May 2021, Zambia approved use of the vaccine.[82]
In June 2021, Philippines approved the BIBP vaccine for emergency use.[83]
On 5 May 2021, EMA's human medicines committee (CHMP) has started a rolling review of the vaccine. The EU applicant for this medicine is the Italian company Life'On S.r.l.[84]
Society and culture
Economics
By May, Sinopharm had supplied 200 million doses across all countries.[31] In July, Sinopharm signed advanced purchase agreements with GAVI to supply COVAX 60 million doses in the third quarter of 2021 and up to a total of 170 million doses by the first half of 2022.[85][34]
Asia
On 10 June, Afghanistan received a donation of 700,000 doses of the BIBP vaccine from China.[86]
In July, Armenia approved the purchase of doses of the BIBP vaccine.[87]
In April 2021, Bangladesh approved emergency use[88] and had received 7 million doses by August. The country will purchase 60 million doses.[89]
In February 2021, Brunei received the first batch of the vaccine donated by China,[90] which has been approved for emergency use.[91]
In February 2021, Cambodia granted emergency use authorization[92] and started the vaccination campaign on 10 February.[93] By July the country had received 5.2 million doses.[94]
In April 2021, Indonesia approved emergency use.[95] In May, a donation of 500,000 doses from the UAE arrived.[96] By July, 7.5 million out of 15 million doses had arrived for a private vaccination program called "Gotong Royong", where companies could arrange a free COVID-19 vaccine rollout for their employees.[97]
In February 2021, Iran approved emergency use[98] and received 650,000 doses by 15 April of the same year, including 400,000 dose donation from Red Cross Society of China.[99] Spokesperson of the Food and Drug Administration (Iran): What is offered and consumed from Sinopharm vaccine in Iran is its main platform and is licensed for emergency use by the World Health Organization.[100]
In January 2021, Iraq approved emergency use.[101] On 2 March, the first 50,000 dose arrived as a donation from China, with the Health Ministry indicating intention to purchase further 2 million doses.[102]
In January 2021, Jordan approved emergency use,[103] By July 1.37 million people had received their first dose and 833,000 people had received their second.[104]
In April 2021, Kazakhstan approved emergency use of the vaccine,[105] for which it had ordered 1 million doses.[106]
In March 2021, Kyrgyzstan received a donation of 150,000 doses from China[107] and began vaccinations on 29 March.[108] The country later purchased 1.25 million doses which arrived in August.[109]
In January 2021, Laos began vaccinating healthcare workers in Vientiane[110] and received another 300,000 doses in early February.[111]
In April 2021, Lebanon received a donation of 90,000 doses from China[112][113] after granting emergency use authorization on 2 March.[114]
In February 2021, Macau received the first 100,000 doses of 400,000 doses.[115]
In March 2021, Maldives granted emergency approval for use.[116] 100,000 doses were received on 25 March out of a total of 200,000 Chinese-donated doses.[117]
By May 2021, Mongolia had received 4 million doses, with 300,000 doses as a donation from China.[118] On 10 March, Governor of Ulaanbaatar D. Sumiyabazar and Deputy Prime Minister S. Amarsaikhan received the first doses.[119]
In February 2021, Nepal approved the vaccine for emergency use.[120] On 12 July, AP reported that China had donated 1.8 million doses, and was selling 4 million doses to Nepal.[121]
In January 2021, Pakistan approved the vaccine for emergency use[122] and began a vaccination campaign on 2 February.[20] The country has purchased up to 23 million doses[123] and received 6 million doses by July, including 1 million doses as a donation from China.[124]
In March 2021, Palestine received 100,000 doses donated by China.[125]
In April 2021, Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte received the vaccine after the food and drug regulator approved compassionate use of 10,000 doses for his security team.[126]
In July 2021, Singapore began importing the vaccine under the Special Access Route framework.[127]
In April 2021, Syria received 150,000 dose donated by China.[128]
In March 2021, Sri Lanka approved emergency use.[129] The country ordered 14 million doses on top of 1.1 million doses previously donated by China.[130]
In April 2021, Turkmenistan began vaccinating school teachers and medical personnel with the Sinopharm vaccine.[131]
On 14 September 2020, the United Arab Emirates approved the vaccine for front-line workers following interim Phase III trials.[62] In December, the country registered the BIBP vaccine after it reviewed the results of the interim analysis.[47] In March, a small number of people who have reduced immunity against diseases, chronic illnesses, or belong to high-risk groups have been given a third booster dose.[132] In May, due to concerns about effectiveness, Bahrain planned to give a third booster dose to some groups at risk, and the United Arab Emirates extended its third booster dose to anyone who had received the second dose more than six months ago.[133]
In June 2021, Thailand received one million doses.[134][135]
In June 2021, Vietnam received a donation of 500,000 doses from China[136] and later licensed importing of 5 million more doses.[137]
On 11 August 2021 Philippines received 100,000 doses from United Arab Emirates, also will received 1,000,000 doses from China on 21 August.[138]
Africa
In February, Algeria received a donation of 200,000 doses from China.[139]
In March, Angola received a donation of 200,000 doses from China.[140]
In April, Cameroon took delivery of 200,000 donated doses from China.[141][142]
In January, Egypt approved use of the vaccine[143] and had purchased 20 million doses, of which 1.5 million had arrived by April.[144] President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi announced a vaccination campaign starting 24 January.[21]
In March, Ethiopia received a donation of 300,000 doses from China.[145]
In February, Equatorial Guinea received a Chinese donation of 100,000 doses which arrived on 10 February. The country began vaccinations on 15 February.[146]
In March, Gabon received a Chinese donation of 100,000 doses which was the second vaccine approved for use in the country.[147]
In May, Kenya announced plans to buy the vaccine.[148]
In August, Libya received 2 million doses of the vaccine.[149]
Morocco has ordered 40.5 million doses, of which 8.5 million had been delivered by May.[150] Morocco had granted emergency use approval on 23 January.[151]
In March, Mauritania received a donation of 50,000 doses from China[152] and started its vaccination campaign on 26 March.[153]
In April, Mauritius received a donation of 100,000 doses from China and ordered an additional 500,000 doses.[154][155]
In February, Mozambique received a donation of 200,000 doses from China[156] and planned to start vaccinations on 8 March.[157]
In March, Namibia received a donation of 100,000 doses from China and announced the start of vaccinations in the Khomas and Erongo regions.[158][159]
In March, Niger received a donation of 400,000 doses from China and began vaccinations on 27 March.[160]
In February, Senegal received 200,000 doses that it purchased[161] and began vaccinating health workers on 22 February.[162]
In February, Sierra Leone received a donation of 200,000 doses from China.[163] It was approved for emergency use and vaccinations began on 15 March.[164]
In January, Seychelles began administering vaccinations with 50,000 doses it had received as a gift from the UAE.[165][166]
In April, Somalia received a donation of 200,000 doses from China[167] and started vaccinations with the vaccine on 14 April.[168][169]
In March, Sudan received a donation of 250,000 doses from China.[170][171]
In March, Republic of the Congo received 100,000 Chinese-donated doses with vaccinations prioritizing the medically vulnerable and those over 50.[172]
In February, Zimbabwe purchased 600,000 doses on top of 200,000 doses donated by China,[173] and started vaccinations on 18 February.[23] Zimbabwe purchased an additional 1.2 million doses.[174]
Europe
In February, Belarus received a donation of 100,000 doses from China[175] and began using the vaccine on 15 March.[29]
In July, Bosnia and Herzegovina ordered 500,000 doses.[176]
In May, Georgia began vaccinations with the BIBP vaccine[177] and received 1 million doses by July.[178]
In January, Hungary became first member of the European Union to approve the BIBP vaccine, signing a deal for 5 million doses.[179] Prime Minister Viktor Orbán was vaccinated with the BIBP vaccine on 28 February.[180] 5.2 million doses were delivered to Hungary by May, fulfilling the contract.[181]
In March, Moldova received 2,000 doses donated by the UAE[182] which will be used to vaccinate doctors starting on 22 March.[183]
In May, Montenegro received 200,000 doses, which was used to launch the vaccination campaign starting 4 May.[184]
In April, North Macedonia received the first 200,000 of 800,000 doses which arrived from Serbia[185] which was used in the vaccination campaign starting 4 May.[186]
On 19 January, Serbia started vaccinations with the BIBP vaccine and was the first country in Europe to approve the vaccine. By April, Serbia has received 2.5 million doses. In March, Serbia had signed an agreement for an additional 2 million doses.[187]
North America
In February, the Dominican Republic ordered 768,000 doses of the BIBP vaccine.[188]
In March, Dominica received 20,000 donated doses of the BIBP vaccine from China which it began using in its vaccination campaign on 4 March.[189][190]
In March, Mexico announced it would order 12 million doses of the BIBP vaccine pending approval by its health regulator,[191] which was granted in August.[192]
In May, Trinidad and Tobago received a donation of 100,000 doses from China. Another 200,000 and 800,000 doses were purchased and arrived 14 June and 13 July, respectively; bringing total doses of the BIBP vaccine received to 1.1 million.[193]
In April, Barbados announced it would receive 30,000 doses of Chinese donated the BIBP vaccine, according to Prime Minister Mia Mottley.[194]
Oceania
In April, Solomon Islands received a donation of 50,000 doses from China.[195]
In May, Papua New Guinea approved use of 200,000 Chinese donated doses,[196] which arrived on 1 July.[197]
South America
In February, Argentina authorized emergency use of the BIBP vaccine.[198] Eligibility was expanded to include people older than 60 on 25 March.[24] By 4 June million doses had arrived and 6 million more were ordered.[199]
In February, Bolivia started its vaccination campaign with the BIBP vaccine.[26] In June, Bolivia purchased 6 million doses in addition to 2.7 million doses it had already received.[200]
In March, Guyana received a donation of 20,000 doses from China[201] and later purchased another 100,000 doses. Vaccinations started with elderly and healthcare workers.[202]
In January, Peru purchased 38 million doses of the BIBP vaccine.[203] Peru granted emergency approval on 27 January[204] and started vaccinations on 9 February.[25]
In March, Venezuela granted approval for the vaccine[205] and received a donation of 500,000 doses from China on 2 March.[206]
Controversies
See also: Vacunagate
In February 2021, it was revealed that former Peruvian President Martín Vizcarra and other senior politicians were vaccinated in November 2020 before the vaccines were made available to health professionals and the public. They were vaccinated with extra doses that were brought in for the Phase III trials being conducted by Cayetano Heredia University in Lima with 12,000 volunteers.[207][72]
In May 2021, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte apologized for taking the BIBP vaccine which was not approved at the time. In response, Duterte said China should in the future only send CoronaVac, a separate vaccine which was approved in the Philippines at the time. Duterte said he only got the vaccine under a compassionate use clause, on recommendation from his doctor to get vaccinated.[208] Later in June, the BIBP vaccine was approved for emergency use.[83]
References
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0
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https://time.com/5919257/china-covid-19-vaccine-cnbg/
|
en
|
Chinese COVID-19 Vaccine Is 86% Effective, UAE Says
|
[
"https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/china-vaccine.jpg?quality=85&w=640 640w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/china-vaccine.jpg?quality=85&w=750 750w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/china-vaccine.jpg?quality=85&w=828 828w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/china-vaccine.jpg?quality=85&w=1080 1080w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/china-vaccine.jpg?quality=85&w=1200 1200w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/china-vaccine.jpg?quality=85&w=1440 1440w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/china-vaccine.jpg?quality=85&w=1690 1690w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/china-vaccine.jpg?quality=85&w=1920 1920w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/china-vaccine.jpg?quality=85&w=2400 2400w"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Bloomberg"
] |
2020-12-09T10:31:43+00:00
|
China’s state-backed COVID-19 vaccine protected 86% of people in trials conducted in the United Arab Emirates, state media reported.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
TIME
|
https://time.com/5919257/china-covid-19-vaccine-cnbg/
|
China’s state-backed coronavirus vaccine protected 86% of people against Covid-19 in trials conducted in the United Arab Emirates, state media there reported, giving credence to the quickly developed shot that Beijing intends to distribute around the developing world.
The data was from trials that included 31,000 volunteers in the UAE, which found the vaccine was highly effective in preventing moderate and severe cases of Covid-19 and had no serious safety concerns, according to the report, which cited the country’s Ministry of Health and Prevention.
That’s expected to pave the way for full public use of the vaccine and a re-opening of the Gulf nation’s economy, the ministry said. In an early sign of how the vaccine could be a game-changer, Abu Dhabi officials said that they would start working with local authorities to “resume all activities within two weeks,” including economic, tourism and cultural operations.
The emirate’s public health authority didn’t immediately respond to requests for comment, but a recorded message offered the option of booking an appointment for the shot at its primary health-care centers.
Developed by Sinopharm unit China National Biotec Group Co., the vaccine has already been administered to hundreds of thousands of people under emergency authorization in China, but it’s yet to receive public use approval from any drug regulators. CNBG did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
With an 86% efficacy rate, the vaccine would almost meet the high bar set by Western front-runners, but those companies have disclosed more detail. It’s part of President Xi Jinping’s promise to make any Chinese shot a “global public good” as part of the effort to rehabilitate the Asian country’s image after the pandemic emerged from its city of Wuhan.
The protection rate of CNBG’s shot is also higher than the results from the vaccine developed by AstraZeneca Plc and the University of Oxford. Data last month showed their shot was 70% effective on average in a late-stage study.
The CNBG vaccine could become a more favorable option to vaccinate large swathes of the developing world. While mRNA vaccines from Pfizer Inc. and Moderna Inc. showed higher efficacy of more than 90%, those present distribution challenges for some nations as they require deep-freeze facilities and trucks. CNBG’s vaccine can be transported and stored at normal refrigerated temperatures.
Inactivated Vaccines
The Chinese vaccine, made using an inactivated version of the coronavirus to prime human immune systems to fight it, was among the first candidates that raced into the crucial final stage of human trials. While Pfizer and Moderna are among developers relying on novel technology, manufacturers have decades of experience with the method that the Chinese company is using.
Still, those inactivated vaccines can require multiple booster shots to achieve strong immunity, and production means handling large amounts of the virus. In theory, mRNA vaccines should be much faster to manufacture, because they require only tiny volumes of raw material to produce millions of doses.
Nearly a year into the pandemic, over 68 million people have been infected and and more than 1.5 million killed. Countries like Indonesia and Pakistan have already signed deals with CNBG and others are now likely to emerge, given the vaccine’s suitability for developing countries.
China has two other developers conducting final-stage trials globally. One of them, Beijing-based Sinovac Biotech Ltd., is in the midst of analyzing data from its Phase III trial in Brazil and could release efficacy data within days.
–With assistance from Claire Che and James Paton.
|
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6044
|
dbpedia
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1
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https://time.com/5919257/china-covid-19-vaccine-cnbg/
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en
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Chinese COVID-19 Vaccine Is 86% Effective, UAE Says
|
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[] |
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Bloomberg"
] |
2020-12-09T10:31:43+00:00
|
China’s state-backed COVID-19 vaccine protected 86% of people in trials conducted in the United Arab Emirates, state media reported.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
TIME
|
https://time.com/5919257/china-covid-19-vaccine-cnbg/
|
China’s state-backed coronavirus vaccine protected 86% of people against Covid-19 in trials conducted in the United Arab Emirates, state media there reported, giving credence to the quickly developed shot that Beijing intends to distribute around the developing world.
The data was from trials that included 31,000 volunteers in the UAE, which found the vaccine was highly effective in preventing moderate and severe cases of Covid-19 and had no serious safety concerns, according to the report, which cited the country’s Ministry of Health and Prevention.
That’s expected to pave the way for full public use of the vaccine and a re-opening of the Gulf nation’s economy, the ministry said. In an early sign of how the vaccine could be a game-changer, Abu Dhabi officials said that they would start working with local authorities to “resume all activities within two weeks,” including economic, tourism and cultural operations.
The emirate’s public health authority didn’t immediately respond to requests for comment, but a recorded message offered the option of booking an appointment for the shot at its primary health-care centers.
Developed by Sinopharm unit China National Biotec Group Co., the vaccine has already been administered to hundreds of thousands of people under emergency authorization in China, but it’s yet to receive public use approval from any drug regulators. CNBG did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
With an 86% efficacy rate, the vaccine would almost meet the high bar set by Western front-runners, but those companies have disclosed more detail. It’s part of President Xi Jinping’s promise to make any Chinese shot a “global public good” as part of the effort to rehabilitate the Asian country’s image after the pandemic emerged from its city of Wuhan.
The protection rate of CNBG’s shot is also higher than the results from the vaccine developed by AstraZeneca Plc and the University of Oxford. Data last month showed their shot was 70% effective on average in a late-stage study.
The CNBG vaccine could become a more favorable option to vaccinate large swathes of the developing world. While mRNA vaccines from Pfizer Inc. and Moderna Inc. showed higher efficacy of more than 90%, those present distribution challenges for some nations as they require deep-freeze facilities and trucks. CNBG’s vaccine can be transported and stored at normal refrigerated temperatures.
Inactivated Vaccines
The Chinese vaccine, made using an inactivated version of the coronavirus to prime human immune systems to fight it, was among the first candidates that raced into the crucial final stage of human trials. While Pfizer and Moderna are among developers relying on novel technology, manufacturers have decades of experience with the method that the Chinese company is using.
Still, those inactivated vaccines can require multiple booster shots to achieve strong immunity, and production means handling large amounts of the virus. In theory, mRNA vaccines should be much faster to manufacture, because they require only tiny volumes of raw material to produce millions of doses.
Nearly a year into the pandemic, over 68 million people have been infected and and more than 1.5 million killed. Countries like Indonesia and Pakistan have already signed deals with CNBG and others are now likely to emerge, given the vaccine’s suitability for developing countries.
China has two other developers conducting final-stage trials globally. One of them, Beijing-based Sinovac Biotech Ltd., is in the midst of analyzing data from its Phase III trial in Brazil and could release efficacy data within days.
–With assistance from Claire Che and James Paton.
|
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https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-21/pacific-nations-to-roll-out-chinese-made-covid-19-vaccinations/100151672
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2021-05-21T00:00:00
|
Solomon Islands becomes the first country in the Pacific to use China's Sinopharm as part of its national COVID-19 response, amid talks of a regional vaccine diplomacy battle with Australia.
|
en
|
/news-assets/favicon-32x32.png
|
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-21/pacific-nations-to-roll-out-chinese-made-covid-19-vaccinations/100151672
|
A Chinese COVID-19 vaccine has been launched in the Pacific, with the Deputy Prime Minister of Solomon Islands receiving the first Sinopharm shot in the region.
China delivered 50,000 doses of Sinopharm to the capital Honiara before the vaccine was approved, but Friday's launch clears its use across the Pacific nation.
"Solomon Islands is the first country to put Sinopharm vaccines into its national roll-out plan," Li Ming, China's ambassador to the Solomon Islands, said.
Solomon Islands will offer Sinopharm alongside the AstraZeneca vaccine to frontline workers and "special groups", including students who plan to travel to China, in what officials say is an integral step to get the population vaccinated.
"Had we not had this second option [of the Sinopharm vaccine] we will be placed in a very difficult situation where certain parts of our country may not be able to have the chance to be vaccinated," said Health Minister Culwick Togamana.
It comes the same week as Australia offers a further 60,000 doses of its locally-made AstraZeneca vaccine to the Pacific nation, in what some say points to a growing diplomatic rivalry between China and Australia in the region.
China has also pledged to provide 200,000 doses of Sinopharm to Papua New Guinea, which is working to control a growing outbreak.
How do the vaccines compare?
Sinopharm was approved for emergency use by the World Health Organization earlier this month — the first COVID-19 vaccine developed by a non-Western nation to receive this backing.
The reported efficacy of Sinopharm is 79 per cent.
The green light allows it to be included in COVAX, a global initiative to provide vaccines to low-income countries.
But that facility is only committed to providing 20 per cent of a country's vaccine needs, which means many Pacific nations will need to find international donors to fill the gaps.
Australia has already made 58,000 doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine available to Pacific countries, including PNG, Fiji, Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste.
Recent updates from AstraZeneca suggest an efficacy of 76 per cent, up from the initial 62-70 per cent reported from phase 3 clinical trials.
Pacific health officials say they are not concerned about where their vaccines come from — just that they will protect their citizens.
"Where it's approved by WHO, and if it's in the country, we are to use and roll that out," Pauline McNeil, Solomon Islands' permanent secretary for health and medical services, said.
But there are some early concerns over Sinopharm's efficacy.
United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, both early adopters of the vaccine, have recently announced the roll-out of a third booster shot amid complaints of an insufficient antibody response following the first two Sinopharm doses.
Professor Fiona Russell from the University of Melbourne — who is on a WHO technical working group for COVID-19 vaccinations in the Western Pacific — said the possible need for three doses of Sinopharm "might be an issue" for Pacific countries with limited health budgets.
"If this is going to be an annual thing, then that's a real pain, it's just really difficult," Professor Russell said.
She also raised concerns around challenges Pacific health workers might face in administering both the Sinopharm and AstraZeneca vaccines.
Both brands require at least two doses, but have differing schedules around when those shots need to be given and the number of doses per vial.
"It does make things more complicated ... particularly [for] small countries, which have got fewer human resources," Professor Russell said.
"If there are two different vaccines going on in the community in the small countries at the same time, that makes it even more challenging."
Solomon Islands has delivered special training to health workers to help them administer the Sinopharm vaccine correctly.
Jelta Wong, PNG's Health Minister, said he welcomed the additional vaccines donated by China.
"We think that it is good to have a variety of vaccines in the country for our people," he said.
Mr Wong earlier indicated Sinopharm would only be made available to Chinese citizens, but now says locals who want it instead of AstraZeneca can have it too.
"If they are not comfortable with taking the AstraZeneca, at least we have another vaccine that they're comfortable to take," he said.
Vaccine diplomacy in the Pacific
Sinopharm is said to be a key component of China's "vaccine diplomacy", where hundreds of millions of doses of Chinese-made vaccines are being offered to low-and middle-income countries around the world.
"China will also readily consider providing COVID-19 vaccines to these countries in light of their needs through various ways, making China's contribution by ensuring the accessibility and affordability of vaccines in the Pacific island countries," Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying said earlier this year.
In the Pacific, China's attempts to woo government leaders have faced further scrutiny amid accusations it is expanding its geopolitical base.
Less than two years ago, Beijing convinced Solomon Islands and Kiribati to sever ties with Taipei, and Australian leaders have warned of China's growing threat in the Indo-Pacific.
Jonathan Pryke from the Lowy Institute said, in the case of COVID-19 vaccines, the perception of a diplomatic rivalry can be beneficial for small Pacific states.
"Every area is now framed in this geopolitical competition in the Pacific and it does help generate more momentum and more ambition," Mr Pryke said.
But he believes there is a more important objective at stake.
"Ultimately it's in everyone's interest to have a well-vaccinated Pacific so we can all open up to each other faster and safely," he said.
Pacific public health expert Dr Colin Tukuitonga doesn't think many Pacific islanders will care where vaccines come from, just that they provide protection against COVID-19.
"China's in the region with the support of many governments and clearly they see some benefit," he said.
"The vaccine supply to developing countries and particularly small island states is always going to be fragile."
Solomon Islands is considered COVID-free, without a single case of community transmission.
Ask us your coronavirus questions
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View Sinopharm Group Co Ltd company headquarters address along with its other key offices and locations.
|
en
|
https://assets.globaldata.com/gdic/assets/img/icon/favicon.ico
|
https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/sinopharm-group-co-ltd/locations/
|
Have you found what you were looking for? From start-ups to market leaders, uncover what they do and how they do it.
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6044
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| 8
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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/7/who-approves-emergency-use-of-chinas-sinopharm-covid-vaccine
|
en
|
WHO approves emergency use of China’s Sinopharm COVID vaccine
|
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2021-05-07T00:00:00
|
Sinopharm could now be included in the UN-backed COVAX programme distributing COVID jabs to lower income countries.
|
en
|
/favicon_aje.ico
|
Al Jazeera
|
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/7/who-approves-emergency-use-of-chinas-sinopharm-covid-vaccine
|
The World Health Organization has approved the emergency use of a COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by China’s Sinopharm.
Friday’s decision by a WHO technical advisory group, a first for a Chinese vaccine, opens the possibility that Sinopharm’s offering could be included in the United Nations-backed COVAX programme in coming weeks or months, and distributed through United Nations children’s agency UNICEF and WHO’s Americas regional office.
Aside from efficacy numbers, the Chinese manufacturer has released very little public data about its two vaccines – one developed by its Beijing Institute of Biological Products and the other by the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products.
The Beijing-made Sinopharm shot is one the WHO advisory group considered for the emergency use listing.
“This afternoon, WHO gave emergency use listing to sign off on Beijing’s COVID-19 vaccine, making it the sixth vaccine to receive WHO validation for safety, efficacy and quality,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhahom Ghebreyesus said.
The Sinopharm vaccine will join ones made by Pfizer-BioNTech, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and a version of the AstraZeneca vaccine made by the Serum Institute of India, in receiving the coveted authorisation from the UN health agency.
“This expands the list of vaccines that COVAX can buy and gives countries confidence to expedite their own regulatory approval and to import and administer a vaccine,” Tedros said at a Geneva news conference.
‘Very confident’
Previously, a separate group advising WHO on vaccines said it was “very confident” the Sinopharm vaccine protects people aged 18-59.
The group said it had a “low level of confidence” in the vaccine’s efficacy for people 60 and over.
Its members said they had “very low confidence” in the available data about serious side effects in that age group.
Sinopharm has not published its late-stage test results in scientific journals, so the WHO requested a breakdown of its data, which come mostly from the United Arab Emirates.
A summary posted online by WHO suggests the vaccine is about 78 percent effective, with the caveat that all but a few hundred of the study volunteers were younger than 60.
Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, which co-runs COVAX, welcomed WHO’s approval of emergency use.
“This means the world has yet another safe and effective tool in the fight against this pandemic,” the alliance said.
The public-private partnership said it was in discussions with several manufacturers, including Sinopharm, “to expand and diversify the portfolio further and secure access to additional doses” for countries in the COVAX programme.
COVAX aims to send vaccines for free to 92 lower-income countries and to help another 99 countries and territories procure them.
It was not immediately clear when the Chinese vaccine might be made available to the COVAX portfolio.
Senior WHO adviser Bruce Aylward said it would be up to Sinopharm to say how many doses of its vaccine it can provide to the programme, but added: “They are looking at trying to provide substantial support, make substantial doses available while at the same time of course trying to serve China’s population.”
“Its easy storage requirements make it highly suitable for low-resource settings,” a WHO statement said.
Tedros said that, following the approval, its separate Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) had recommended that adults over 18 receive two doses of the Sinopharm vaccine.
“On the basis of all available evidence, WHO recommends the vaccine for adults 18 years and older, in a two-dose schedule with a spacing of three to four weeks,” the WHO statement said.
The WHO has said it could reach a decision on China’s other main COVID-19 vaccine, made by Sinovac Biotech, next week. The technical experts reviewed it on Wednesday.
Arnaud Didierlaurent, chair of WHO’s technical advisory group, told the press conference: “We have started to review the report from Sinovac. We actually requested additional information to the manufacturer … which we hope to receive very soon to make a decision.”
China has deployed around 65 million doses of the Sinopharm vaccine and more than 200 million doses of the Sinovac shot.
Both have been exported to many countries, particularly in Latin America, Asia and Africa, many of which have had difficulty securing supplies of vaccines developed in the West
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https://www.who.int/news/item/07-05-2021-who-lists-additional-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations
|
en
|
WHO lists additional COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use and issues interim policy recommendations
|
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WHO today listed the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, giving the green light for this vaccine to be rolled out globally. The Sinopharm vaccine is produced by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd, subsidiary of China National
Biotec Group (CNBG). “The addition of this vaccine has the potential to rapidly accelerate COVID-19 vaccine access for countries seeking to protect health workers and populations at risk,” said Dr Mariângela Simão, WHO Assistant-Director General for
Access to Health Products. “We urge the manufacturer to participate in the COVAX Facility and contribute to the goal of more equitable vaccine distribution.”WHO’s Emergency Use Listing (EUL) is a prerequisite for COVAX Facility vaccine supply. It also allows countries to expedite their own regulatory approval to import and administer COVID-19 vaccines. The EUL assesses the quality, safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as risk management plans and programmatic suitability, such as cold chain requirements. The assessment is performed by the product evaluation group, composed by regulatory
experts from around the world and a Technical Advisory Group (TAG), in charge of performing the risk-benefit assessment for an independent recommendation on whether a vaccine can be listed for emergency use and, if so, under which conditions.In the case of the Sinopharm vaccine, the WHO assessment included on-site inspections of the production facility. The Sinopharm product is an inactivated vaccine called SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell). Its easy storage requirements make it highly suitable for low-resource settings. It is the also first vaccine that will carry a vaccine vial monitor, a small sticker
on the vaccine vials that change color as the vaccine is exposed to heat, letting health workers know whether the vaccine can be safely used.WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) has also completed its review of the vaccine. On the basis of all available evidence, WHO recommends the vaccine for adults 18 years and older, in a two-dose schedule with a spacing
of three to four weeks. Vaccine efficacy for symptomatic and hospitalized disease was estimated to be 79%, all age groups combined. Few older adults (over 60 years) were enrolled in clinical trials, so efficacy could not be estimated in this age group. Nevertheless, WHO is not recommending an upper age limit for the vaccine because preliminary data and supportive immunogenicity
data suggest the vaccine is likely to have a protective effect in older persons. There is no theoretical reason to believe that the vaccine has a different safety profile in older and younger populations. WHO therefore recommends that
countries using the vaccine in older age groups conduct safety and effectiveness monitoring to make the recommendation more robust.WHO emergency use listing The emergency use listing (EUL) procedure assesses the suitability of novel health products during public health emergencies. The objective is to make medicines, vaccines and diagnostics available as rapidly as possible to address the emergency, while
adhering to stringent criteria of safety, efficacy and quality. The assessment weighs the threat posed by the emergency as well as the benefit that would accrue from the use of the product against any potential risks.The EUL pathway involves a rigorous assessment of late phase II and phase III clinical trial data as well as substantial additional data on safety, efficacy, quality and a risk management plan. These data are reviewed by independent experts and WHO
teams who consider the current body of evidence on the vaccine under consideration, the plans for monitoring its use, and plans for further studies.As part of the EUL process, the company producing the vaccine must commit to continue to generate data to enable full licensure and WHO prequalification of the vaccine. The WHO prequalification process will assess additional clinical data generated from
vaccine trials and deployment on a rolling basis to ensure the vaccine meets the necessary standards of quality, safety and efficacy for broader availability.WHO also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for emergency use on 31 December 2020; two AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccines on 15 February 2021, produced by AstraZeneca-SKBio (Republic of Korea) and the Serum Institute of India; and COVID-19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S
developed by Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) on 12 March 2021.ListingsWHO has also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech, Astrazeneca-SK Bio, Serum Institute of India, Janssen and Moderna vaccines for emergency use.See EUL listingsSAGESAGE is the principal advisory group to WHO for vaccines and immunization. It is charged with advising WHO on overall global policies and strategies, ranging from vaccines and technology, research and development, to delivery of immunization and its linkages
with other health interventions. SAGE is concerned not just with childhood vaccines and immunization, but all vaccine-preventable diseases.SAGE has issued recommendations on Pfizer
(8 January 2021), Moderna (25 January 2021), AstraZeneca (21 April 2021), and Janssen COVID (17 March 2021) vaccines, as well as issued a framework for access and population prioritization roadmap. SAGE and EUL are complementary but independent processes. The EUL process is centered on determining if a manufactured product is quality-assured, safe and effective. SAGE is policy oriented. Policy recommendations for a vaccine are only of value
to a vaccination campaign when the product has been listed or authorized for use. In the context of COVID-19 and due the pressing need for vaccines, the Secretariat of SAGE and the EUL team have been working in parallel to allow WHO EUL and policy recommendations, based on the available evidence, to be issued in a synchronized manner. The SAGE Interim Recommendations can be found at this location: https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization/covid-19-materials
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
https://www.who.int/news/item/07-05-2021-who-lists-additional-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations
|
WHO today listed the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, giving the green light for this vaccine to be rolled out globally. The Sinopharm vaccine is produced by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd, subsidiary of China National Biotec Group (CNBG).
“The addition of this vaccine has the potential to rapidly accelerate COVID-19 vaccine access for countries seeking to protect health workers and populations at risk,” said Dr Mariângela Simão, WHO Assistant-Director General for Access to Health Products. “We urge the manufacturer to participate in the COVAX Facility and contribute to the goal of more equitable vaccine distribution.”
WHO’s Emergency Use Listing (EUL) is a prerequisite for COVAX Facility vaccine supply. It also allows countries to expedite their own regulatory approval to import and administer COVID-19 vaccines.
The EUL assesses the quality, safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as risk management plans and programmatic suitability, such as cold chain requirements. The assessment is performed by the product evaluation group, composed by regulatory experts from around the world and a Technical Advisory Group (TAG), in charge of performing the risk-benefit assessment for an independent recommendation on whether a vaccine can be listed for emergency use and, if so, under which conditions.
In the case of the Sinopharm vaccine, the WHO assessment included on-site inspections of the production facility.
The Sinopharm product is an inactivated vaccine called SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell). Its easy storage requirements make it highly suitable for low-resource settings. It is the also first vaccine that will carry a vaccine vial monitor, a small sticker on the vaccine vials that change color as the vaccine is exposed to heat, letting health workers know whether the vaccine can be safely used.
WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) has also completed its review of the vaccine. On the basis of all available evidence, WHO recommends the vaccine for adults 18 years and older, in a two-dose schedule with a spacing of three to four weeks. Vaccine efficacy for symptomatic and hospitalized disease was estimated to be 79%, all age groups combined.
Few older adults (over 60 years) were enrolled in clinical trials, so efficacy could not be estimated in this age group. Nevertheless, WHO is not recommending an upper age limit for the vaccine because preliminary data and supportive immunogenicity data suggest the vaccine is likely to have a protective effect in older persons. There is no theoretical reason to believe that the vaccine has a different safety profile in older and younger populations. WHO therefore recommends that countries using the vaccine in older age groups conduct safety and effectiveness monitoring to make the recommendation more robust.
WHO emergency use listing
The emergency use listing (EUL) procedure assesses the suitability of novel health products during public health emergencies. The objective is to make medicines, vaccines and diagnostics available as rapidly as possible to address the emergency, while adhering to stringent criteria of safety, efficacy and quality. The assessment weighs the threat posed by the emergency as well as the benefit that would accrue from the use of the product against any potential risks.
The EUL pathway involves a rigorous assessment of late phase II and phase III clinical trial data as well as substantial additional data on safety, efficacy, quality and a risk management plan. These data are reviewed by independent experts and WHO teams who consider the current body of evidence on the vaccine under consideration, the plans for monitoring its use, and plans for further studies.
As part of the EUL process, the company producing the vaccine must commit to continue to generate data to enable full licensure and WHO prequalification of the vaccine. The WHO prequalification process will assess additional clinical data generated from vaccine trials and deployment on a rolling basis to ensure the vaccine meets the necessary standards of quality, safety and efficacy for broader availability.
WHO also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for emergency use on 31 December 2020; two AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccines on 15 February 2021, produced by AstraZeneca-SKBio (Republic of Korea) and the Serum Institute of India; and COVID-19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S developed by Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) on 12 March 2021.
Listings
WHO has also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech, Astrazeneca-SK Bio, Serum Institute of India, Janssen and Moderna vaccines for emergency use.
See EUL listings
SAGE
SAGE is the principal advisory group to WHO for vaccines and immunization. It is charged with advising WHO on overall global policies and strategies, ranging from vaccines and technology, research and development, to delivery of immunization and its linkages with other health interventions. SAGE is concerned not just with childhood vaccines and immunization, but all vaccine-preventable diseases.
SAGE has issued recommendations on Pfizer (8 January 2021), Moderna (25 January 2021), AstraZeneca (21 April 2021), and Janssen COVID (17 March 2021) vaccines, as well as issued a framework for access and population prioritization roadmap.
SAGE and EUL are complementary but independent processes. The EUL process is centered on determining if a manufactured product is quality-assured, safe and effective. SAGE is policy oriented. Policy recommendations for a vaccine are only of value to a vaccination campaign when the product has been listed or authorized for use.
In the context of COVID-19 and due the pressing need for vaccines, the Secretariat of SAGE and the EUL team have been working in parallel to allow WHO EUL and policy recommendations, based on the available evidence, to be issued in a synchronized manner.
The SAGE Interim Recommendations can be found at this location: https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization/covid-19-materials
|
|||||
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| 45
|
https://www.euronews.com/2021/02/24/hungary-becomes-first-eu-nation-to-use-china-s-sinopharm-vaccine-against-covid-19
|
en
|
Hungary becomes first EU nation to use China's Sinopharm vaccine against COVID-19
|
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2021-02-24T00:00:00
|
"Today we are starting vaccinations with the Chinese batches," said Prime Minister Viktor Orban in a brief message on Facebook.
|
en
|
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euronews
|
https://www.euronews.com/2021/02/24/hungary-becomes-first-eu-nation-to-use-china-s-sinopharm-vaccine-against-covid-19
|
Hungary on Wednesday started using COVID-19 vaccines produced by the Chinese laboratory Sinopharm, becoming the first EU country to do so.
"Today we are starting vaccinations with the Chinese batches," said Prime Minister Viktor Orban in a brief message on Facebook.
Hungary's regulator granted emergency-use approval for the use of the Chinese COVID vaccine on January 29.
It purchased five million vaccines from Sinopharm - enough to treat 2.5 million people in the country of nearly 10 million - which has not yet been approved by the European Medicines Agency.
Local doctors are tasked with organising the vaccine rollout.
"When we offer a vaccine, no matter from which company, we are aware of the patient's condition and illnesses. We know the patient's age, and we know what vaccine is available at the time. With these facts, we can decide if that certain vaccine is good for the patient or not," family doctor Melinda Kiss-Végh told Euronews.
It comes amid efforts by the government to limit what authorities have labelled a third wave of the virus.
A government decree streamlined Hungary’s vaccine approval process by allowing any vaccine administered to at least 1 million people worldwide to be used without undergoing review by the country’s medicines regulator.
Hungarian officials, including Prime Minister Viktor Orban, have been critical of the EU's common vaccine procurement programme, claiming the bloc's slow rollout of jabs is costing lives.
"If vaccines aren’t coming from Brussels, we must obtain them from elsewhere ... One cannot allow Hungarians to die simply because Brussels is too slow in procuring vaccines," Orban said last month.
The EU signed collective contracts for more than two billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines with European and US-based pharmaceutical companies, but member states are also permitted to strike their own deals outside these agreements.
Hungary is also the first EU country to greenlight the Russian Sputnik V jab, which has also not been approved yet by the EU medicines regulator.
Under a deal between Budapest and Moscow, Russia is set to send two million doses of its jab - enough for one million people to be vaccinated - to Hungary.
Hospitals began administering the vaccine in Budapest at the start of February.
Orban has claimed the additional vaccines from Russia and China will enable Hungary to vaccinate millions more people by the end of May than other European countries with similar populations.
“As things stand now, (we can vaccinate) 6.8 million people by the end of May or beginning of June,” he said in a radio interview. “I think this is huge.”
Orban has previously said he would personally choose to be inoculated with the Sinopharm vaccine since he trusts it the most.
“I think the Chinese have known this virus for the longest and they probably know it the best,” he said.
The Sinopharm vaccine, which the developer says is nearly 80% effective, is already in use in Hungary’s non-EU neighbour, Serbia, where around half a million people, including ethnic Hungarians, have already received the jab. The company has not yet released data on the results of the vaccine's Stage 3 trials.
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Sinopharm BIBP COVID
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine
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Vaccine against COVID-19
For other uses, see Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine.
BBIBP-CorVVaccine descriptionTargetSARS-CoV-2Vaccine typeInactivatedClinical dataOther namesZhong'aikewei (Chinese: 众爱可维), Hayat-VaxRoutes of
administrationIntramuscularATC codeLegal statusLegal status
BR: Emergency use (COVAX)[1]
Full list of Sinopharm BIBP authorizations
IdentifiersCAS NumberDrugBank
The Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine, also known as BBIBP-CorV,[2] the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine,[3] or BIBP vaccine,[3][4][5] is one of two whole inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinopharm's Beijing Institute of Biological Products (sometimes written as Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products,[6] resulting in the two different acronyms BBIBP and BIBP for the same vaccine). It completed Phase III trials in Argentina, Bahrain, Egypt, Morocco, Pakistan, Peru, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with over 60,000 participants.[7] BBIBP-CorV shares similar technology with CoronaVac and Covaxin, other inactivated virus vaccines for COVID-19.[8][9] Its product name is SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell),[10][11][12] not to be confused with the similar product name of CoronaVac.[13][14]
Peer-reviewed results published in JAMA of Phase III trials in United Arab Emirates and Bahrain showed that the vaccine is 78.1% effective against symptomatic cases and 100% against severe cases (21 cases in vaccinated group vs. 95 cases in placebo group).[15] In December 2020, the UAE previously announced interim results showing 86% efficacy.[16]
While mRNA vaccines like the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine showed higher efficacy of over 90%, those present distribution challenges for some nations as they require deep-freeze facilities and trucks. The BIBP vaccine could be transported and stored at normal refrigerated temperatures.[17]
The vaccine is being used in vaccination campaigns by certain countries in Asia,[18][19][20] Africa,[21][22][23] South America,[24][25][26] and Europe.[27][28][29] Sinopharm expects to produce one billion doses of the vaccine in 2021.[30] By May, Sinopharm had supplied 200 million doses.[31]
On 7 May 2021, the World Health Organization approved the BIBP vaccine for use in COVAX.[32][33] Sinopharm has signed purchase agreements for 170 million doses from COVAX.[34]
The similarly named Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine is also an inactivated virus vaccine.
Medical uses
The vaccine is given by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle. The initial course consists of two doses, and there is no evidence that a third booster dose is needed. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an interval of 3 to 4 weeks between doses.[35]
Effectiveness
A vaccine is generally considered effective if the estimate is ≥50% with a >30% lower limit of the 95% confidence interval.[36] Effectiveness is generally expected to slowly decrease over time.[37]
Real-world test-negative analysis in Bahrain (based on 14 days post 2nd dose) indicated a vaccine effectiveness of 90% (95% CI, 88– 91%) for adults aged 18–59, and 91% ( ) for those 60 year old or older.[38] While confident in its overall efficacy, WHO experts expressed very low confidence in their current ability to determine the safety of the BIBP vaccine for people with comorbidities, pregnant women, and the elderly as they were under-represented in the studies.[39]
In April 2021, a study by the Abu Dhabi Public Health Centre found the vaccine was 93% effective in preventing hospitalization and 95% effective against admission to intensive care. The study found no deaths related to COVID-19 in patients who received both doses. It was unknown how many people were included in the research.[40]
On 1 July, the Ministry of Health of Argentina reported the vaccine reduced deaths by 62% after the first dose and by 84% after the second dose.[41]
On 22 July, Peru's National Institute of Health reported the vaccine reduced deaths by 94% after analyzing data from 361,000 people.[42]
On 13 August, a study with 400,000 health workers in Peru from February to June 2021, during a wave mostly caused by the Lambda and Gamma variants, found a vaccine effectiveness of 50% ( ) against infection and 94% ( ) against death after two doses. With a single dose, the effectiveness was 17% ( ) against infections and 46% ( ) against death.[43][44]
On 24 August, preliminary results from a non-randomized study of one million people in Bahrain, of whom 569,054 received the BIBP vaccine, found that the vaccine continued to reduce infection, hospitalization, and death when the Delta variant became dominant, though not as effectively as Pfizer–BioNTech, Oxford–AstraZeneca and Sputnik V.[45]
Initial effectiveness by variant Doses Severity of illness Delta Alpha 1 Symptomatic Not reported Not reported Hospitalization Not reported Not reported 2 Asymptomatic Not reported 69% ( )[A] Symptomatic Not reported Not reported Hospitalization Not reported Not reported Death Not reported 88% ( )[A]
Efficacy
In December 2020, UAE's Ministry of Health and Prevention previously announced interim analysis showing the vaccine to have a 86% efficacy against COVID-19 infection and nearly 100% efficacy in preventing moderate and severe cases.[47]
On 7 May 2021, the World Health Organization reported a vaccine efficacy of 79% (95% CI, 66– 88%) against symptomatic disease and 79% ( ) against hospitalization.[35]
In 26 May, peer-reviewed results published in JAMA of Phase III trials in United Arab Emirates and Bahrain showed the vaccine 74% ( ) effective against cases including asymptomatic and symptomatic infections, 78% (95% CI, 65– 86%) effective against symptomatic cases, and nearly 100% against severe cases (0 cases in vaccinated group, 2 cases in placebo group). 12,726 people received the vaccine and 12,737 people received the placebo in these trials.[15]
As of 1 July, six of the 71 COVID-19 deaths in Seychelles were among the fully vaccinated people. Only one of the six was fully vaccinated by the BIBP vaccine, the remaining five had been fully vaccinated by Covishield, which was mainly reserved for people aged 60 years or more.[48]
Variants
In February, lab studies of twelve serum samples taken from recipients of BBBP-CorV and ZF2001 retained neutralizing activity against the Beta variant although with weaker activity than against the original virus.[49] For the BIBP vaccine, geometric mean titers declined by 1.6-fold, from 110.9 to 70.9, which was less than antisera from mRNA vaccine recipients with a 6-folds decrease.[50] Preliminary clinical data from Novavax and Johnson & Johnson also showed they were less effective in preventing COVID-19 in South Africa, where the new variant is widespread.[49]
In June, a pre-print study with 282 recipients of the vaccine in Sri Lanka showed that:
95% seroconverted following 2 doses, a similar rate seen in natural infection, with significantly lower seroconversion for >60 year-olds (93%) compared to 20-39 year-olds (99%)
81% had ACE2 receptor blocking antibodies capable of naturalizing the virus at 6 weeks, with the antibody titres at a level also similar to natural infection
the antibody levels against Delta and Beta were at similar levels seen in natural infection, although much lower against Alpha
there was a 1.38-fold reduction in antibody titres against Delta compared to the original strain, in contrast with 10-fold reduction against Beta
the vaccine also induced T cell and memory B cell responses,[51][52] although at lower magnitudes than some other vaccines[53]
Manufacturing
As an inactivated vaccine like CoronaVac and Covaxin, the BIBP vaccine uses a more traditional technology[8] that is similar to the inactivated polio vaccine. Initially, a sample of SARS-CoV-2 strain 19nCoV-CDC-Tan-HB02 (HB02) from China capable of rapid multiplication was chosen.[54] Then, it was used to grow large quantities of the virus using vero cells. From then on, the viruses are soaked in beta-propiolactone, which deactivates them by binding to their genes, while leaving other viral particles intact. The resulting inactivated viruses are then mixed with the adjuvant aluminium hydroxide.[9][38]
Sinopharm's Chairman Yang Xioyun has said the company could produce one billion doses in 2021.[30]
In March 2021, Sinopharm and Abu Dhabi G42 announced plans to produce up to 200 million doses annually in the UAE at a new plant to become operational in 2021. The vaccine will be branded Hayat-Vax.[55]
In December 2020, Egypt announced an agreement between Sinopharm and Egypt's VACSERA for the vaccine to be manufactured locally.[56]
In March 2021, Serbia announced plans to produce 24 million doses of the BIBP vaccine annually starting in October.[57]
In April 2021, Bangladesh approved local production of the BIBP vaccine.[58]
In July 2021, Morocco's Société Thérapeutique Marocaine announced it would produce 5 million doses a month.[59]
In November 2021, Sinopharm announced that it will build a sterile bottling plant in Singapore to enhance the distribution of the vaccine.[60]
History
Clinical trials
Main article: COVID-19 vaccine
Phases I and II
In April 2020, China approved clinical trials for a candidate COVID-19 vaccine developed by Sinopharm's Beijing Institute of Biological Products (BIBP)[2] and the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP).[61] Both vaccines are chemically inactivated whole virus vaccines for COVID-19.
On 15 October, the Beijing Institute of Biological Products published results of its Phase I (192 adults) and Phase II (448 adults) clinical studies for the BIBP vaccine, showing it to be safe and well-tolerated at all tested doses in two age groups. Antibodies were elicited against SARS-CoV-2 in all vaccine recipients on day 42. These trials included individuals older than 60.[2]
The vaccine may have characteristics favorable for vaccinating people in the developing world. While mRNA vaccines, such as the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine showed higher efficacy of +90%, mRNA vaccines present distribution challenges for some nations, as some may require deep-freeze facilities and trucks. By contrast, the BIBP vaccine can be transported and stored at normal refrigeration temperatures.[17] While Pfizer and Moderna are among developers relying on novel mRNA technology, manufacturers have decades of experience with the inactivated virus technology Sinopharm is using.[17]
Phase III
In July 2020, Sinopharm began trials with 31,000 volunteers in the UAE in collaboration with G42 Healthcare, an Abu Dhabi-based company.[62] In June 2021, Sinopharm began Phase III trials for children and adolescents aged 3–17 with 1,800 volunteers.[63]
In September 2020, Sinopharm began trials in Casablanca and Rabat on 600 people.[64][65] In September, Egypt started trials with 6,000 people.[66]
In August, Sinopharm began trials in Bahrain with 6,000 people,[67] later increased to 7,700 people.[68] Also in August, Jordan began trials with 500 people.[69][70]
In September, Peru began trials with 6,000 people[71] which later expanded to 12,000 people.[72] On 26 January, a volunteer in the placebo group of the trials had died from COVID-19 related pneumonia.[73]
In September, Argentina began trials with 3,000 people.[74]
In Pakistan, University of Karachi conducted a trial with 3,000 volunteers.[75]
Authorizations
In China, Sinopharm obtained an EUA in July 2020.[76] On 30 December 2020, China's National Medical Products Administration approved the BIBP vaccine for general use.[18] In July 2021, China approved the EUA for children and adolescents aged 3–17.[77]
In September 2020, UAE approved for emergency use authorization.[78] In December 2020, UAE approved for full authorization.[79] In August 2021, UAE approved the EUA for children and adolescents aged 3–17.[80]
On 3 November 2020, Bahrain granted emergency use authorization for frontline workers.[68] In December 2020, Bahrain approved the vaccine.[81]
On 7 May 2021, the World Health Organization added the vaccine to the list of vaccines authorized for emergency use for COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX).[32][33]
In May 2021, Zambia approved use of the vaccine.[82]
In June 2021, Philippines approved the BIBP vaccine for emergency use.[83]
On 5 May 2021, EMA's human medicines committee (CHMP) has started a rolling review of the vaccine. The EU applicant for this medicine is the Italian company Life'On S.r.l.[84]
Society and culture
Economics
By May, Sinopharm had supplied 200 million doses across all countries.[31] In July, Sinopharm signed advanced purchase agreements with GAVI to supply COVAX 60 million doses in the third quarter of 2021 and up to a total of 170 million doses by the first half of 2022.[85][34]
Asia
On 10 June, Afghanistan received a donation of 700,000 doses of the BIBP vaccine from China.[86]
In July, Armenia approved the purchase of doses of the BIBP vaccine.[87]
In April 2021, Bangladesh approved emergency use[88] and had received 7 million doses by August. The country will purchase 60 million doses.[89]
In February 2021, Brunei received the first batch of the vaccine donated by China,[90] which has been approved for emergency use.[91]
In February 2021, Cambodia granted emergency use authorization[92] and started the vaccination campaign on 10 February.[93] By July the country had received 5.2 million doses.[94]
In April 2021, Indonesia approved emergency use.[95] In May, a donation of 500,000 doses from the UAE arrived.[96] By July, 7.5 million out of 15 million doses had arrived for a private vaccination program called "Gotong Royong", where companies could arrange a free COVID-19 vaccine rollout for their employees.[97]
In February 2021, Iran approved emergency use[98] and received 650,000 doses by 15 April of the same year, including 400,000 dose donation from Red Cross Society of China.[99] Spokesperson of the Food and Drug Administration (Iran): What is offered and consumed from Sinopharm vaccine in Iran is its main platform and is licensed for emergency use by the World Health Organization.[100]
In January 2021, Iraq approved emergency use.[101] On 2 March, the first 50,000 dose arrived as a donation from China, with the Health Ministry indicating intention to purchase further 2 million doses.[102]
In January 2021, Jordan approved emergency use,[103] By July 1.37 million people had received their first dose and 833,000 people had received their second.[104]
In April 2021, Kazakhstan approved emergency use of the vaccine,[105] for which it had ordered 1 million doses.[106]
In March 2021, Kyrgyzstan received a donation of 150,000 doses from China[107] and began vaccinations on 29 March.[108] The country later purchased 1.25 million doses which arrived in August.[109]
In January 2021, Laos began vaccinating healthcare workers in Vientiane[110] and received another 300,000 doses in early February.[111]
In April 2021, Lebanon received a donation of 90,000 doses from China[112][113] after granting emergency use authorization on 2 March.[114]
In February 2021, Macau received the first 100,000 doses of 400,000 doses.[115]
In March 2021, Maldives granted emergency approval for use.[116] 100,000 doses were received on 25 March out of a total of 200,000 Chinese-donated doses.[117]
By May 2021, Mongolia had received 4 million doses, with 300,000 doses as a donation from China.[118] On 10 March, Governor of Ulaanbaatar D. Sumiyabazar and Deputy Prime Minister S. Amarsaikhan received the first doses.[119]
In February 2021, Nepal approved the vaccine for emergency use.[120] On 12 July, AP reported that China had donated 1.8 million doses, and was selling 4 million doses to Nepal.[121]
In January 2021, Pakistan approved the vaccine for emergency use[122] and began a vaccination campaign on 2 February.[20] The country has purchased up to 23 million doses[123] and received 6 million doses by July, including 1 million doses as a donation from China.[124]
In March 2021, Palestine received 100,000 doses donated by China.[125]
In April 2021, Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte received the vaccine after the food and drug regulator approved compassionate use of 10,000 doses for his security team.[126]
In July 2021, Singapore began importing the vaccine under the Special Access Route framework.[127]
In April 2021, Syria received 150,000 dose donated by China.[128]
In March 2021, Sri Lanka approved emergency use.[129] The country ordered 14 million doses on top of 1.1 million doses previously donated by China.[130]
In April 2021, Turkmenistan began vaccinating school teachers and medical personnel with the Sinopharm vaccine.[131]
On 14 September 2020, the United Arab Emirates approved the vaccine for front-line workers following interim Phase III trials.[62] In December, the country registered the BIBP vaccine after it reviewed the results of the interim analysis.[47] In March, a small number of people who have reduced immunity against diseases, chronic illnesses, or belong to high-risk groups have been given a third booster dose.[132] In May, due to concerns about effectiveness, Bahrain planned to give a third booster dose to some groups at risk, and the United Arab Emirates extended its third booster dose to anyone who had received the second dose more than six months ago.[133]
In June 2021, Thailand received one million doses.[134][135]
In June 2021, Vietnam received a donation of 500,000 doses from China[136] and later licensed importing of 5 million more doses.[137]
On 11 August 2021 Philippines received 100,000 doses from United Arab Emirates, also will received 1,000,000 doses from China on 21 August.[138]
Africa
In February, Algeria received a donation of 200,000 doses from China.[139]
In March, Angola received a donation of 200,000 doses from China.[140]
In April, Cameroon took delivery of 200,000 donated doses from China.[141][142]
In January, Egypt approved use of the vaccine[143] and had purchased 20 million doses, of which 1.5 million had arrived by April.[144] President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi announced a vaccination campaign starting 24 January.[21]
In March, Ethiopia received a donation of 300,000 doses from China.[145]
In February, Equatorial Guinea received a Chinese donation of 100,000 doses which arrived on 10 February. The country began vaccinations on 15 February.[146]
In March, Gabon received a Chinese donation of 100,000 doses which was the second vaccine approved for use in the country.[147]
In May, Kenya announced plans to buy the vaccine.[148]
In August, Libya received 2 million doses of the vaccine.[149]
Morocco has ordered 40.5 million doses, of which 8.5 million had been delivered by May.[150] Morocco had granted emergency use approval on 23 January.[151]
In March, Mauritania received a donation of 50,000 doses from China[152] and started its vaccination campaign on 26 March.[153]
In April, Mauritius received a donation of 100,000 doses from China and ordered an additional 500,000 doses.[154][155]
In February, Mozambique received a donation of 200,000 doses from China[156] and planned to start vaccinations on 8 March.[157]
In March, Namibia received a donation of 100,000 doses from China and announced the start of vaccinations in the Khomas and Erongo regions.[158][159]
In March, Niger received a donation of 400,000 doses from China and began vaccinations on 27 March.[160]
In February, Senegal received 200,000 doses that it purchased[161] and began vaccinating health workers on 22 February.[162]
In February, Sierra Leone received a donation of 200,000 doses from China.[163] It was approved for emergency use and vaccinations began on 15 March.[164]
In January, Seychelles began administering vaccinations with 50,000 doses it had received as a gift from the UAE.[165][166]
In April, Somalia received a donation of 200,000 doses from China[167] and started vaccinations with the vaccine on 14 April.[168][169]
In March, Sudan received a donation of 250,000 doses from China.[170][171]
In March, Republic of the Congo received 100,000 Chinese-donated doses with vaccinations prioritizing the medically vulnerable and those over 50.[172]
In February, Zimbabwe purchased 600,000 doses on top of 200,000 doses donated by China,[173] and started vaccinations on 18 February.[23] Zimbabwe purchased an additional 1.2 million doses.[174]
Europe
In February, Belarus received a donation of 100,000 doses from China[175] and began using the vaccine on 15 March.[29]
In July, Bosnia and Herzegovina ordered 500,000 doses.[176]
In May, Georgia began vaccinations with the BIBP vaccine[177] and received 1 million doses by July.[178]
In January, Hungary became first member of the European Union to approve the BIBP vaccine, signing a deal for 5 million doses.[179] Prime Minister Viktor Orbán was vaccinated with the BIBP vaccine on 28 February.[180] 5.2 million doses were delivered to Hungary by May, fulfilling the contract.[181]
In March, Moldova received 2,000 doses donated by the UAE[182] which will be used to vaccinate doctors starting on 22 March.[183]
In May, Montenegro received 200,000 doses, which was used to launch the vaccination campaign starting 4 May.[184]
In April, North Macedonia received the first 200,000 of 800,000 doses which arrived from Serbia[185] which was used in the vaccination campaign starting 4 May.[186]
On 19 January, Serbia started vaccinations with the BIBP vaccine and was the first country in Europe to approve the vaccine. By April, Serbia has received 2.5 million doses. In March, Serbia had signed an agreement for an additional 2 million doses.[187]
North America
In February, the Dominican Republic ordered 768,000 doses of the BIBP vaccine.[188]
In March, Dominica received 20,000 donated doses of the BIBP vaccine from China which it began using in its vaccination campaign on 4 March.[189][190]
In March, Mexico announced it would order 12 million doses of the BIBP vaccine pending approval by its health regulator,[191] which was granted in August.[192]
In May, Trinidad and Tobago received a donation of 100,000 doses from China. Another 200,000 and 800,000 doses were purchased and arrived 14 June and 13 July, respectively; bringing total doses of the BIBP vaccine received to 1.1 million.[193]
In April, Barbados announced it would receive 30,000 doses of Chinese donated the BIBP vaccine, according to Prime Minister Mia Mottley.[194]
Oceania
In April, Solomon Islands received a donation of 50,000 doses from China.[195]
In May, Papua New Guinea approved use of 200,000 Chinese donated doses,[196] which arrived on 1 July.[197]
South America
In February, Argentina authorized emergency use of the BIBP vaccine.[198] Eligibility was expanded to include people older than 60 on 25 March.[24] By 4 June million doses had arrived and 6 million more were ordered.[199]
In February, Bolivia started its vaccination campaign with the BIBP vaccine.[26] In June, Bolivia purchased 6 million doses in addition to 2.7 million doses it had already received.[200]
In March, Guyana received a donation of 20,000 doses from China[201] and later purchased another 100,000 doses. Vaccinations started with elderly and healthcare workers.[202]
In January, Peru purchased 38 million doses of the BIBP vaccine.[203] Peru granted emergency approval on 27 January[204] and started vaccinations on 9 February.[25]
In March, Venezuela granted approval for the vaccine[205] and received a donation of 500,000 doses from China on 2 March.[206]
Controversies
See also: Vacunagate
In February 2021, it was revealed that former Peruvian President Martín Vizcarra and other senior politicians were vaccinated in November 2020 before the vaccines were made available to health professionals and the public. They were vaccinated with extra doses that were brought in for the Phase III trials being conducted by Cayetano Heredia University in Lima with 12,000 volunteers.[207][72]
In May 2021, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte apologized for taking the BIBP vaccine which was not approved at the time. In response, Duterte said China should in the future only send CoronaVac, a separate vaccine which was approved in the Philippines at the time. Duterte said he only got the vaccine under a compassionate use clause, on recommendation from his doctor to get vaccinated.[208] Later in June, the BIBP vaccine was approved for emergency use.[83]
References
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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/14/chinas-sinopharm-vaccine-how-effective-is-it-and-where-will-it-be-rolled-out
|
en
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China's Sinopharm Covid vaccine: how effective is it and where will it be rolled out?
|
[
"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035250&cv=2.0&cj=1&cs_ucfr=0&comscorekw=Coronavirus%2CChina%2CScience%2CPeru%2CUnited+Arab+Emirates",
"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2521cec3cc63cc5c7b6d65e9273abe97c7b00e8a/0_116_3500_2101/master/3500.jpg?width=465&dpr=1&s=none"
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2020-12-14T00:00:00
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Trials have claimed 86% efficacy, but Peru has suspended tests because of ‘an adverse event’ and there is concern about lack of transparency
|
en
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the Guardian
|
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/14/chinas-sinopharm-vaccine-how-effective-is-it-and-where-will-it-be-rolled-out
|
Trials in the United Arab Emirates have shown that China’s Sinopharm vaccine has 86% efficacy. So what is the Chinese treatment, where is it being trialled and will it challenge the vaccines being developed in western countries?
What is the Sinopharm vaccine?
Sinopharm Group is a state-owned pharmaceutical company with two vaccine candidates among China’s five experimental treatment in international final stage trials. The vaccines are not being trialled in China because the domestic prevalence of the virus is so low. Sinopharm’s vaccine and bioscience subsidiary is the China National Biotec Group Co Ltd (CNBG). Public statements about Sinopharm vaccines do not appear to clarify which of the two candidates are being discussed.
Sinopharm is among two Chinese pharmaceutical companies (the other is fellow frontrunner Sinovac) to have created their vaccine via the more traditional method of using an inactive virus to trigger an immune response. They are more difficult to manufacture quickly than the others, and have the potential to cause an imbalanced immune response, but have shown historic success.
Is it more effective that the other ones?
Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna have both reported 95% efficacy with their vaccines, while AstraZeneca’s 70% efficacy in full trials rose to 90% for the group who were given a half dose of the vaccine initially, followed by a full dose four weeks later.
This week the United Arab Emirates said clinical trials of Sinopharm’s vaccine – including 31,000 volunteers across 125 nationalities in the federation of sheikdoms – found 86% efficacy.
Last month Sinopharm announced that about 1 million people had been given emergency doses, and “only individual patients have had some mild symptoms”, but the lack of transparency has prompted some concern among health experts.
Professor Terry Nolan, head of the Peter Doherty Institute’s vaccine and immunisation research group, told the Guardian the statement, taken at face value, was “a pretty good early indication about the safety of one of the vaccine types”.
“And frankly it’s the type which would be more likely to have adverse effects,” he said referring to development method of using an inactive virus.
China has not yet published any late-stage information about any of its vaccine candidates, despite its rollout. Without that data, it is unclear how safe and effective any of the experimental Chinese vaccines are.
Where is it being used?
A Sinopharm vaccine has been approved for emergency use in a few countries and the company has been conducting late-stage clinical trials in 10 nations including Argentina, the UAE and Morocco. It has also been trialled in Peru but the country suspended tests due to a “serious adverse event” that occurred with one of the volunteers for the study, the Peruvian government said on Saturday.
In September, the UAE was the first country outside China to approve emergency use of a Sinopharm vaccine. Jamal Al Kaabi, a senior UAE health official told CNN this week almost 100,000 volunteers had received the vaccine so far.
In Bahrain the vaccine is now available to frontline healthcare workers after 7,700 people participated in clinical trials, and Egypt received its first shipment of a Chinese coronavirus vaccine on Thursday. Morocco is also planning to rely on the Sinopharm jab to meet its ambitious aim to vaccinate 80% of its adults.
China has made potentially conflicting promises to a number of developing countries and regions of priority access to its vaccines, in what some analysts have dubbed “vaccine diplomacy”, but they have not specified which ones.
In October, China announced it was joining Covax, the international initiative aimed at ensuring equitable global access.
How many doses are being made?
Specific information on doses is not available. Some media reports have said Sinopharm’s subsidiary could supply 100m doses this year, potentially expanding capacity to produce 300m. Last week health authorities said China would have 600m doses ready for market by the end of this year.
At a briefing in Wuhan, Wang Junzhi, deputy head of an expert task force on vaccine development, did not say which company’s vaccines would be rolled out but described them as “inactive” vaccines, narrowing it down to those being developed by Sinopharm and Sinovac.
Additional reporting by AP
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Sinopharm Group Co Ltd Company Profile - Overview
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Sinopharm Group Co Ltd company profile analysis with the premuim data - Globaldata
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https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/sinopharm-group-co-ltd/
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Sinopharm Group Co Ltd - Company Profile
Powered by
All the data and insights you need on Sinopharm Group Co Ltd in one report.
$395 $295
Sinopharm Group Co Ltd (Sinopharm), a subsidiary of China National Pharmaceutical Group Corp, distributes pharmaceutical and healthcare products. The company offers distribution, logistics, and other value-added services to pharmaceutical, medical, and healthcare product manufacturers and suppliers both domestically and internationally. It serves hospitals, primary health service institutions, and retail drug stores. Sinopharm also manufactures and sells pharmaceuticals, chemical reagents, laboratory supplies, and carries out the development of pharmaceuticals, medical services, and other health-related industries. The company manages a chain of medicine stores in China through direct operations and franchises to market pharmaceutical and healthcare products. Sinopharm is headquartered in Shanghai, China.
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https://www.scmp.com/topics/sinopharm
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Sinopharm: Latest News and Updates
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2024-02-22T01:36:21+00:00
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Sinopharm is a joint venture between state-owned China National Pharmaceutical Group and privately run Fosun Pharmaceutical. The company is the largest wholesaler and retailer of pharmaceuticals and medical devices in China. It produced the first Chinese vaccine against Covid-19.
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South China Morning Post
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https://www.scmp.com/topics/sinopharm
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Experimental jab is similar to more effective foreign vaccines and is designed to target the Omicron variant.
Sun Yat-sen University research, which has not been peer-reviewed, suggests immune response cannot be endlessly boosted and there will be a ‘turning point’ after repeated vaccination.
The jab shows significantly weaker neutralising activity against the variant than against an older strain, researchers say.
It is being developed to provide protection against Delta and Beta strains, and clinical trials of a booster shot are also under way, CNBG vice-president says.
Interim phase 3 results suggest two products have efficacy above 70 per cent for symptomatic cases but there is little data on elderly and vulnerable groups.
The green light given to Sinopharm comes more than four months after the WHO handed out its first emergency use listing for a Covid-19 vaccine to US pharmaceutical company Pfizer and German company BioNTech.
Elsewhere, Taiwan will form its first travel bubble of the pandemic with the tiny Pacific nation of Palau, and Japan is to lift a state of emergency in the Tokyo area.
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https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202105/1223457.shtml
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Sinopharm to produce 5b doses per year with foreign partners: firm executives
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Sinopharm Photo:VCG
China's Sinopharm is expanding the production capacity to five billion doses per year with accelerating overseas cooperation after one of its COVID-19 vaccines was included in the Emergency Using List of the World Health Organization (WHO), company executives said at a forum on Thursday in Shanghai.
Sinopharm has produced more than 400 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines and more than 200 million doses have been supplied at home and abroad, Sinopharm executives said.
Sinopharm is expected to further expand its production capacity to five billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines per year globally as the Chinese pharmaceutical giant is working on the construction and expansion of vaccine-producing plants, and cooperating with foreign countries, including the UAE, to make Sinopharm vaccine overseas, according to Sinopharm chairman Liu Jingzhen.
More than 100 countries and international organizations have expressed interest in China's Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, said Yang Xiaoming, chairman of Sinopharm China National Biotec Group (CNBG), a Sinopharm subsidiary.
The vaccine has been registered for market or approved for emergency use by 80 countries, regions and international organizations, covering people from 196 countries [and regions], Yang said at a Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine-themed forum in Shanghai on Thursday.
"The Sinopharm vaccine has become the world's safest, most widely-used and acclaimed COVID-19 vaccine," Yang noted.
Sinopharm have created three COVID-19 vaccines, including two inactivated and one recombinant one. The two inactivated vaccines have been approved for market by Chinese authorities and been used widely around the world, while the recombinant one is under Phase I/II clinical trials that kicked off in Central China's Henan Province in April.
One of the two inactivated vaccines made by a Beijing-based institute under the CNBG obtained emergency approval from the WHO on May 7.
WHO's approval would be a stepping stone and key for Sinopharm to promote their COVID-19 vaccines in the international market, company executives said at the forum.
The WHO experts' final report on the Sinopharm vaccines said that the experts have low confidence in the vaccine's efficacy on people aged 60 and above and other groups with underlying diseases.
A domestic trial covering more than 100,000 volunteers, of which 40 percent will be elderly people, to observe our vaccines' safety and side effects on these groups will be conducted. Data on research on those aged 3-17 have been obtained and submitted to the national authority, Zhang Yuntao, CNBG vice president and chief scientist, said at the forum.
Thirteen women have gotten pregnant after getting Sinopharm's shots and one of them gave birth to a healthy baby this month, which shows promise for pregnant women in the future, Zhang said.
Research on simultaneous vaccinations of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccines against other respiratory diseases is also underway. Dose studies on people with underlying diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure and AIDS are also being conducted, according to Zhang.
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China’s COVID vaccines have been crucial — now immunity is waning
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Billions of shots of China’s CoronaVac and Sinopharm vaccines have been given globally, but studies have questioned the length of protection they offer.
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Hungary reaches deal to buy China's Sinopharm vaccine, PM aide says
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2021-01-15T00:00:00
|
Hungary's government said on Thursday it has reached a deal with China's Sinopharm to buy its coronavirus vaccine, a move making Hungary the first Europe Union (EU) country to accept a Chinese vaccine.
|
en
| null |
Hungary's government said on Thursday it has reached a deal with China's Sinopharm to buy its coronavirus vaccine, a move making Hungary the first European Union (EU) country to accept a Chinese vaccine.
Under the EU rules, it would have to give an ultra-fast emergency use approval, rather than waiting for the European drug regulator to give the go-ahead for the Chinese vaccine.
Britain took a similar approach in December before it exited the bloc. It approved Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine on December 2, jumping ahead of the rest of the world in the race to begin a mass inoculation program.
Hungary's nationalist government has sharply criticized the EU for what it said were way too slow vaccine purchases and deliveries that now threatened an economic rebound.
Foreign Minister Peter Szijjarto said in a Facebook post on Thursday that due to the "scandalously" slow vaccine procurement of the European Commission, a fast rollout of vaccines could not happen early this year.
"If we look beyond the EU's borders, we can see that in the U.S., in Britain, and Israel, people are vaccinated at warp speed," Szijjarto said.
The government also passed a decree on Thursday allowing it to start procurement outside the EU's centralized scheme.
Szijjarto's spokesman said the approval process for the vaccine developed by Sinopharm's Beijing-based affiliate, Beijing Institute of Biological Products (BIBP), was already "underway".
Prime Minister Viktor Orban's chief of staff Gergely Gulyas told a briefing on Thursday that vaccine shipments under the EU's program were arriving too slowly, with weekly shipments of less than 100,000 doses, and Hungary would continue talks with Russia and China about additional vaccine purchases.
"We have practically agreed with Sinopharm," Gulyas said. "The first shipment could include up to one million doses."
The timing of the Chinese shipment depends on how fast Hungarian health authorities authorize the use of Sinopharm's vaccine, which has been used to immunize some 20 million people, he added.
Gulyas said the second wave of the pandemic has peaked in Hungary, and new infections have dropped, but restrictions cannot be eased yet.
|
||||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 65
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https://www.doh.gov.ae/en/covid-19/national-vaccination
|
en
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Department of Health Abu Dhabi
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As part of the continuous efforts to curb the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 vaccine is now available for all community members. Find out more information about the vaccination centres in Abu Dhabi, Al Ain and Al Dhafra Region.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
| null |
As part of the continuous efforts to curb the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 vaccine is now available for all community members, except the following groups and they can obtain an exemption from vaccination:
Exempt groups are
Active Covid-19 patients
Participants in vaccine clinical trials
Pregnant women
Former Covid-19 patients following medical evaluation.
Those who have previously had severe allergies to vaccines or components of vaccines
Those who have diseases that may be incompatible with the vaccine following medical evaluation.
How to get an official exemption
|
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6044
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dbpedia
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1
| 67
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https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202103/1217366.shtml
|
en
|
China's Sinopharm to raise vaccine production to 3 billion per year
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] | null | null |
A staff member displays a sample of the COVID-19 inactivated vaccine at a vaccine production plant of China National Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (Sinopharm) in Beijing, capital of China, April 10, 2020. (Xinhua/Zhang Yuwei)
China's pharmaceutical giant Sinopharm will expand COVID-19 vaccine production capacity to 3 billion doses per year, becoming the world's biggest vaccine producer for the virus, Chairman of Sinopharm Group Yu Qingming told the media.
Besides vaccine production plants in Beijing and Wuhan, the group is expanding production and packaging capacity by also making use of its institutes in Changchun, Shanghai, Lanzhou and Chengdu, Yu said during interviews with the People's Daily.
All of China's more than 5,000 national-level lawmakers and political advisors who have congregated in Beijing for the ongoing legislative two sessions have received Sinopharm's COVID-19 vaccines, he said.
After realizing yearly production capacity of 3 billion, Sinopharm will be the largest vaccine producer in the world, according to Yu.
Yu, also a deputy to the National People's Congress, proposed during this year's two sessions to improve domestic medicine logistics system and promote domestic medical device development and manufacturing considering the shortages in these areas exposed during the COVID-19 epidemic, according to Yu's proposals the Global Times obtained from Sinopharm.
So far, two COVID-19 vaccines separately developed by Sinopharm's biological institutes in Beijing and Wuhan have been granted conditional market approval, along with another two separately developed by Beijing-based Sinovac Biotech and Tianjin-based CanSinoBIO.
Sinopharm's COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for market in five countries - United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, China, Bolivia and Seychelles. The vaccines have also been approved for emergency use in 40 countries including Serbia being the first European country and Hungary the first EU member for the inoculation, according to Yu.
Another 80 countries and international organizations have also expressed interest in Sinopharm vaccines, Yu said, noting that the group has sent more than 100 million doses to domestic and overseas markets and 60 million shots of them have been administered without serious side effects reported.
As to concerns over the efficacy and safety of the COVID-19 vaccines on senior citizens, Yu said the Wuhan institute's vaccine was approved for people aged 18 and above on February 25, including the elderly group.
The oldest recipient of Sinopharm vaccines is nearly 100 years old, he noted.
Data from Phase III clinical trials show that the Sinopharm vaccines are also safe and effective on the 3-17 age group, according to Yu.
Recent experiments also showed that Sinopharm vaccines are effective to prevent infections of 10 coronavirus variants, including those discovered in South Africa and the UK, he said.
|
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6044
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dbpedia
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1
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https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-covid-vaccine-china-sinopharm/31053091.html
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en
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Serbia Becomes First European Nation To Use China's Sinopharm Vaccine
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[
"News",
"Serbia"
] | null |
[
"RFE/RL"
] |
2021-01-20T00:46:52+00:00
|
Serbia became the first European country to begin a mass inoculation campaign using China’s Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, with health officials and hundreds of uniformed soldiers lining up to get their jabs in the capital, Belgrade.
|
en
|
/Content/responsive/RFE/img/webApp/favicon.svg
|
RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
|
https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-covid-vaccine-china-sinopharm/31053091.html
|
Serbia became the first European country to begin a mass inoculation campaign using China’s Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, with health officials and hundreds of uniformed soldiers lining up to get their jabs in the capital, Belgrade.
"It is the only way to return to normal life," Health Minister Zlatibor Loncar said on January 19 as he became the first person to receive the vaccine in an event broadcast live on state television.
"These are all very safe vaccines," Loncar said from Belgrade’s virology institute.
Meanwhile, at an exhibition hall in the capital, hundreds of soldiers in camouflage uniforms bared their arms to receive their shots from dozens of nurses.
Defense Minister Nebojsa Stefanovic said that he and more than 700 members of the military had been vaccinated with the Chinese-made vaccine.
The Sinopharm vaccine has become a source of controversy in many Western countries.
China approved the shot developed by Sinopharm's BIBP late last year. No detailed efficacy data has been released, but BIBP has said the vaccine is 79 percent effective based on interim data.
That number is below the efficacy rates of around 95 percent reported by Western-made vaccines, such as those produced by Pfizer/BioNTech or Moderna.
Serbia, which last week received 1 million doses of the Sinopharm vaccine, has close ties with Beijing, and Chinese companies have invested billions of euros in the Western Balkan country of 7 million people.
"I have been inoculated with the Chinese vaccine, which we completely trust.... I've said I will get the same vaccine as our troops," defense chief Stefanovic told reporters.
Serbia, which also has close ties to Russia, began using the Sputnik-V vaccine on January 6, with top officials getting the first jabs to boost public trust in the shot.
Russians are also being inoculated with the Sputnik-V vaccine after it was approved by Moscow in August 2020 despite a lack of large-scale clinical trials and perceived shortcomings in data to support its safety and efficacy.
Serbia and Belarus are the only European countries using the Russian vaccine, which does not have the approval of the European Medicines Agency or the World Health Organization.
Serbia launched its coronavirus vaccination program using the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in December 2020 when Prime Minister Ana Brnabic received the shot, which alongside the Moderna vaccine has been approved for use in the EU and North America.
But with supplies of the Pfizer-BioNTech limited for now, Serbia is seeking to diversify its sourcing of vaccines.
Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic over the weekend said the country expects to get another 250,000 doses of the Sputnik-V vaccine and 20,000 doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in the coming days.
Vucic on January 19 said vaccinations will be administered at some 300 locations in Serbia's biggest cities. He added that he will receive his dose this weekend.
Serbia is vaccinating essential workers such as police officers, teachers, and soldiers after it last month began to treat the elderly in care homes and medical workers.
Serbia has recorded 3,771 deaths from COVID-19 and 347,111 overall cases.
In the Western Balkan region, vaccinations have begun in Serbia and Albania, but Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, and North Macedonia have not yet received vaccine supplies.
|
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6044
|
dbpedia
|
2
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https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/sinopharm-vero-cell---inactivated-covid-19-vaccine
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Sinopharm [Vero Cell]- Inactivated, COVID-19 vaccine
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[] | null |
The SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (VeroCell) is an inactivated vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which stimulates the body’s immune system without risk of causing disease. This document has been updated in English: version 03 June 2022.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/sinopharm-vero-cell---inactivated-covid-19-vaccine
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Overview
This vaccine resource provides key vaccine-specific information for the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine (vero cell) inactivated vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
This document has been updated in English: version 03 June 2022.
|
|||||
6044
|
dbpedia
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1
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https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202208/16/WS62faeeefa310fd2b29e725db.html
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en
|
Sinopharm has the Rx to realize high-quality development
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[] |
2022-08-16T00:00:00
|
China National Pharmaceutical Group, also known as Sinopharm, will step up efforts in innovation to propel high-quality development that is featured by further improvements in industrial, supply and value chains, according to senior company executives on Monday.
|
//global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202208/16/WS62faeeefa310fd2b29e725db.html
|
China National Pharmaceutical Group, also known as Sinopharm, will step up efforts in innovation to propel high-quality development that is featured by further improvements in industrial, supply and value chains, according to senior company executives on Monday.
Liu Jingzhen, Sinopharm chairman, said at a news conference in Beijing that the company will better coordinate industrial development and capital market utilization to complete its layout in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industry and stimulate formation of independently developed new technologies to meet the nation's need for safeguarding its people's health.
The nation's largest healthcare company, Sinopharm ranked 80th on the latest Fortune Global 500 list with revenue hitting $108.78 billion last year.
This means the company not only made the top 100 enterprises on the list for the first time, but it was also the only pharmaceutical company in the world to be ranked among the top 100 enterprises on the list in general, beating many global pharmaceutical giants.
Since it debuted on the Fortune Global 500 list in 2013 in 446th place, the company has been included on the list for 10 successive years to move up to its current position.
Dong Zenghe, deputy general manager of Sinopharm, said the company will accelerate research and development of innovative products and key technologies to further increase its presence in sectors such as innovative medicines, digital and intelligent manufacturing, and innovative medical devices.
"We will promote deep integration of innovation and industrial chains and increase efforts to further tap potential in life sciences and medicine sectors on the premise of meeting requirements from national agendas," Dong said.
During the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-20), Sinopharm invested more than 13.42 billion yuan ($1.98 billion) in R&D, with a compound annual growth rate of more than 23 percent. The ratio of its R&D investment to revenue in 2021 was 7.45 percent, which was much higher than the average level of less than 6 percent in the domestic pharmaceutical industry, according to some statistics.
Zhu Jingjin, vice-president of China National Biotec Group－Sinopharm's biotech subsidiary－said three virus antibody drugs for COVID-19 have all entered clinical trials with steady progress. The company also expects to finish clinical trials on Omicron-specific vaccines by September, and will closely track any mutations of the new coronavirus variant to develop new vaccines, he said.
Sinopharm is the only enterprise in the world to have independently developed four COVID-19 vaccines via three technical platforms－two inactivated vaccines, one genetic recombinant vaccine and one mRNA vaccine.
To date, COVID-19 vaccines made by Sinopharm have been approved for use or market entry by more than 119 countries, regions and international organizations. By the end of 2021, the company had supplied the world with 3.5 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines through production both at home and abroad.
Chen Jia, a researcher at the International Monetary Institute of Beijing-based Renmin University of China, said Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises must reinforce R&D and innovation capabilities to further improve their competitiveness.
"The best way to increase their presence on the global stage is through continuous improvement in product and service quality," Chen said.
|
|||||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 87
|
https://www.vox.com/2020/9/11/21431416/coronavirus-vaccine-china-sinopharm-sinovac-emergency-authorization
|
en
|
China has quietly vaccinated more than 100,000 people for Covid-19 before completing safety trials
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[
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[
"Lili Pike"
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2020-09-11T00:00:00
|
Public health experts warn that the wide-reaching emergency use program poses risks.
|
en
|
/static-assets/icons/favicon.ico
|
Vox
|
https://www.vox.com/2020/9/11/21431416/coronavirus-vaccine-china-sinopharm-sinovac-emergency-authorization
|
China has taken a shortcut in the global sprint to develop and deliver vaccines for the novel coronavirus. Sinopharm, the state-owned company developing two of China’s leading vaccine candidates, told China National Radio on Monday that it has already vaccinated hundreds of thousands of Chinese citizens — even though the company’s phase 3 clinical trials have not yet concluded.
Individuals received one of two Sinopharm vaccines in development in an emergency use program launched by the Chinese government in late July, which also authorized a third vaccine, CoronaVac, developed by the privately owned drugmaker Sinovac Biotech. Under Chinese vaccine law, such authorization is allowed within a certain scope and time frame during a health emergency. China’s top vaccine official mentioned front-line medical workers and customs officials when he first announced the program, implying these high-risk groups had been prioritized to receive the still-experimental vaccines.
Phase 3 clinical trials, which look at the efficacy of a vaccine candidate at preventing a virus from spreading in a community, for the three Chinese vaccines had just begun overseas when they were approved for emergency use domestically. In July, Sinopharm initiated phase 3 trials for its two vaccine candidates in the United Arab Emirates; one of the vaccines also began trials in Morocco and Peru in August, according to the New York Times vaccine tracker. Sinovac launched CoronaVac’s phase 3 trials in July in Brazil, followed by Indonesia the following month. (The trials are being conducted outside of China because the vaccines’ protectiveness can be better evaluated in regions where Covid-19 transmission is high.)
China and Russia are the only countries that have provisionally greenlit vaccines that have yet to be deemed safe and effective through phase 3 trials.
In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has told states to prepare to distribute vaccines to high-risk groups by the end of October or early November, stirring concerns that the vaccine approval process may be politicized ahead of the 2020 election. However, nine leading vaccine developers pledged to not submit their vaccines for approval until data from phase 3 trials shows that they meet predetermined safety and efficacy thresholds. No Chinese companies signed the pledge.
So far, China has not reported any serious issues with its emergency vaccine program. But vaccine experts told Vox that skipping or shortening phase 3 trials is risky and could subject citizens to an ineffective or unsafe vaccine. The risks are even higher in China, where vaccine producers have a history of scandals and the media is largely unable to play a watchdog role because of state control.
Although transmission has reportedly been very low in China since February, controlling local hot spots is still a priority for the government, said Yanzhong Huang, a professor of global health at Seton Hall and author of Toxic Politics, an examination of China’s environmental health crisis. “They have this strong incentive to develop vaccines to show Chinese high-tech capacity, and also [to] give people the sense of national pride,” Huang added.
Here’s what we know about how China’s emergency vaccine program is playing out so far.
China’s stealth emergency use vaccine program, explained
In the crowd of pharmaceutical companies that have jumped into the vaccine effort, Chinese companies got a swift and aggressive start. Of the 211 vaccines in development worldwide as of September 11, nine vaccines are in phase 3 trials, and four of the nine are from Chinese companies.
These trials allow scientists to determine the vaccines’ efficacy and identify side effects that may not have appeared in phase 1 or phase 2 trials.
But rather than waiting for trial results, the Chinese government started allowing certain workers to be vaccinated on a separate track.
The emergency program was only made public in late August during a carefully orchestrated segment on China’s vaccine development that aired on the country’s state-run television station CCTV. The program had been approved by the State Council on June 24 and was officially launched on July 22, Zheng Zhongwei, the leader of China’s vaccine program, explained on air.
Zheng said the program applies only to certain groups of people, pointing to medical workers treating Covid-19 and other illnesses, customs officials, food market workers, transportation workers, and some service industry personnel. The emergency use program is regulated through nine plans covering medical consent, the monitoring of side effects, and compensation, Zheng said.
The extent of the program had remained under wraps until early September, when new information revealed that participation had not been as limited as the government initially suggested. Sinopharm disclosed that hundreds of thousands of people have received their vaccines as part of the program. The CEO of Sinovac, the other vaccine maker involved, said 90 percent of the company’s employees and their family members — up to 3,000 people — have taken the vaccine voluntarily, Reuters reported. To justify the vaccine’s emergency use, the CEO explained it would help ensure the company’s workers could continue to produce vaccines.
The protocol for who, exactly, gets to receive the vaccine under the emergency program remains unclear. “That is still pretty much shrouded in mystery,” said Huang.
Outside of this official emergency program, the Chinese military in late June authorized the use of a vaccine candidate created by CanSino Biologics for military personnel. Separately, workers of state-owned companies traveling overseas were also allowed to take one of the two Sinopharm vaccines in June.
The risks of circumventing phase 3 trials
After China’s initial outbreak peaked in February, the government swiftly brought the spread under control, reporting zero local cases by mid-March. Since then, new hot spots have emerged in regions such as Beijing and Xinjiang. In Xinjiang, where over a million Uighurs and other ethnic minorities have been put in detention over the past three years, the Chinese government has imposed a strict lockdown to rein in the spread, and some residents have reported being forced to drink Chinese traditional medicine.
Outside of these hot spots, transmission in China has remained very limited since March.
“The irony is that in China, at the moment infection rates are really very low,” said John Moore, an immunologist at Weill Cornell Medical College. “They are actually in a situation where they could afford to wait for the outcome of ongoing phase 3 trials, understand the safety and efficacy properly, without compromising their population.”
With occasional clusters of domestic transmission and imported cases, China still has an incentive to roll out a vaccine. However, introducing a vaccine prematurely comes with serious risks. Phase 3 trials require a large group of people, in part so that rarer side effects not discovered in earlier trials can be identified. Vaccinating hundreds of thousands of people before phase 3 trials conclude means those people could be harmed by any of these potential side effects. The World Health Organization recently emphasized that phase 3 trials are essential to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Covid-19 vaccine candidates.
“One needs to carefully conduct clinical trials of adequate size with adequate time for follow-up, look at both efficacy and safety, and those data have to be very carefully reviewed before you start giving the vaccine to people outside of a carefully designed clinical trial,” said Daniel Salmon, director of the Institute for Vaccine Safety at Johns Hopkins.
So far, Sinopharm reports that no one who has received its vaccines through the emergency program has experienced obvious adverse effects, and none have been infected with Covid-19. Interim results from the company’s phase 1 and 2 trials of the vaccine developed by subsidiary Wuhan Institute of Biological Products showed low rates of adverse effects. Sinopharm has yet to publish results from the phase 1 and 2 trials of its other vaccine, developed by the Beijing Institute of Biological Products.
Sinovac hasn’t published a peer-reviewed study of its phase 1 and 2 data, either, but it reported no severe side effects in those trials, and the company’s CEO told Reuters that the rate of adverse reaction has so far been very low across all the inoculated people.
When China first began allowing workers traveling overseas to get vaccinated, a couple of Chinese academics and a pharmaceutical executive expressed concerns about the practicality and ethics of the decision, as reported by the New York Times. But Huang said he hasn’t seen explicit criticism of the emergency use program from Chinese scientists.
Will Chinese vaccine makers be held accountable if safety issues with the Covid-19 vaccines arise?
The recent history of Sinopharm and Sinovac raises questions about their ability to produce safe vaccines. In 2018, the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products — the subsidiary company of Sinopharm Group that is developing one of its vaccines — was found to have sold more than 400,000 faulty diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus vaccines in two Chinese provinces.
The company was fined and nine employees were punished. Production at their factories restarted later that year following inspections, and China’s National Institutes for Food and Drug Control pledged to redouble supervision of the vaccine industry.
Sinovac also has a checkered past. The company was charged with bribing a Chinese official in charge of drug approval from 2002 to 2014, the New York Times reported.
Huang said this history does “not bode well for the quality of the Covid vaccines,” especially in the “rush to develop a vaccine without even following the typical protocols.”
China’s chokehold on the media may also inhibit accountability for any issues with the emergency use program. Huang pointed to the government’s strict media censorship, which could block reports about side effects or bad reactions to the vaccine.
China’s vaccine program is proceeding on two separate tracks
More Chinese people will likely be eligible for the emergency use program in the coming months, per Zheng Zhongwei’s CCTV interview. “In order to prevent the disease spread in the fall and winter, we are considering a moderate expansion in the program,” Zheng said. “The purpose would be to first build an immunity barrier among special groups in the population.”
Airline industry workers in China have already been notified that they will soon be given the vaccine on a voluntary basis, Reuters reported last week.
China’s vaccine development has been a source of national pride on social media, Seton Hall’s Huang said, and deals for Chinese vaccine shipments are already being offered to China’s allies. But if “there [are] reports suggesting that the vaccine is not effective, or could cause severe or adverse reactions,” Huang said, “that is going to tarnish the reputation of the Chinese vaccines.”
Lili Pike is a science, health, and environmental reporting (SHERP) master’s student at NYU and a freelance journalist with a focus on China.
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https://www.livemint.com/news/world/who-approves-china-s-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-11620403533298.html
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en
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WHO approves China’s Sinopharm Covid vaccine for emergency use
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2021-05-07T21:39:26+05:30
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The UN health agency signed off on the two-dose vaccine, which is already being deployed in dozens of countries around the world.The move could help Beijing step up its vaccine diplomacy amid the surge in coronavirus vaccines in several countries
|
en
|
mint
|
https://www.livemint.com/news/world/who-approves-china-s-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-11620403533298.html
|
In a big relief for China, the World Health Organization (WHO) on Friday finally approved the Sinopharm Covid-19 vaccine for emergency use -- the first Chinese jab to receive the WHO's green light.
The move could help Beijing step up its vaccine diplomacy amid the surge in coronavirus vaccines in several countries.
China has approved about five of its Covid-19 vaccines for emergency use and especially using Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines for both at home and abroad.
The UN health agency signed off on the two-dose vaccine, which is already being deployed in dozens of countries around the world.
China was eagerly awaiting the global health body’s nod for it to aggressively push the vaccine among different countries.
"This afternoon, WHO gave emergency use listing to Sinopharm Beijing's Covid-19 vaccine, making it the sixth vaccine to receive WHO validation for safety, efficacy and quality," WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus told a news conference.
"The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunisation, or SAGE, has also reviewed the available data, and recommends the vaccine for adults 18 years and older, with a two-dose schedule."
The Sinopharm vaccine is produced by Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd, a subsidiary of China National Biotec Group (CNBG).
The two-jab vaccine is an inactivated vaccine called SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell). Its easy storage requirements make it highly suitable for low-resource settings, the WHO press release said.
An emergency use listing by the WHO paves the way for countries worldwide to quickly approve and import a vaccine for distribution, especially those states without an international-standard regulator of their own.
It also opens the door for the jabs to enter the Covax global vaccine-sharing scheme, which aims to provide equitable access to doses around the world and particularly in poorer countries.
The Sinopharm vaccine is already in use in 42 territories around the world, fourth behind AstraZeneca (166), Pfizer-BioNTech (94) and Moderna (46), according to an AFP tally.
Besides China, it is being used in Algeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Hungary, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Peru, the United Arab Emirates, Serbia and Seychelles, among others.
A clutch of other vaccines are on the road towards WHO emergency use listing, including a second Sinopharm product being made in Wuhan -- the city where coronavirus was first detected.
A decision is expected within days on Sinovac, a second Chinese-made vaccine already being used in 22 countries.
The WHO has already given emergency use listing to the vaccines being made by Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Johnson and Johnson, and the AstraZeneca jab being produced at separate sites in India and in South Korea.
Russia's Sputnik V vaccine is the next furthest ahead in the process.
|
|||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 26
|
https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/China-approves-first-domestic-COVID-vaccine-developed-by-Sinopharm
|
en
|
China approves first domestic COVID vaccine, developed by Sinopharm
|
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[
"China",
"approves",
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"domestic",
"COVID",
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"developed",
"Sinopharm"
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[
"CK TAN"
] |
2020-12-31T08:49:21+00:00
|
SHANGHAI -- China approved the country's first domestically made COVID-19 vaccine on Thursday, paving the way for mass inoculation and recognition ove
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?ez
|
Nikkei Asia
|
https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/China-approves-first-domestic-COVID-vaccine-developed-by-Sinopharm
|
SHANGHAI -- China approved the country's first domestically made COVID-19 vaccine on Thursday, paving the way for mass inoculation and recognition overseas.
Developed by the Beijing Biological Products Institute under China National Pharmaceutical Group, or Sinopharm, the vaccine showed 79.34% efficacy and a 99.52% antibody positive conversion rate in Phase 3 clinical trial results, the institute announced a day earlier.
|
||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 73
|
https://www.imc-healthcare.com/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine/
|
en
|
Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine now available at IMC Camden
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"International Medical Clinic"
] |
2021-10-22T07:56:23+00:00
|
where to get the Sinopharm covid-19 vaccine in Singapore. IMC Camden now has the vaccine, Please call our Camden branch at 6733 4440 to book
|
en
|
IMC Medical Clinic
|
https://www.imc-healthcare.com/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine/
|
IMC Camden now taking bookings for the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine – Call our Camden branch at 6733 4440 or click here to book an appointment.
The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine is an inactivated vaccine with an adjuvant similar to many other vaccines like the inactivated Polio vaccine.
An inactivated vaccine presents an inactivated version of the virus to the immune system to cause an immune response.
This contrasts with the mRNA vaccines (like the Pfizer-Comirnaty and Moderna vaccines) which cause the body to temporarily produce the COVID virus spike protein to cause the immune system to build antibodies against it.
The Sinopharm vaccine was approved by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for emergency use on 7 May 2021.
They reported a vaccine efficacy of 79% against symptomatic disease and 79% against hospitalization.
Side effects may include headache, fatigue and fever and are usually mild to moderate in intensity.
The Sinopharm vaccine is available to those 18 years and older.
The Singapore Ministry of Health (MOH) recommends that Sinopharm vaccine should be given intramuscularly in three doses. The second dose should be 21-28 days after the first and the third, 90 days after the second. You have to be at least 18 years of age to get this vaccine.
Pregnancy is not a contraindication to vaccinating with this vaccine but do discuss this with your doctor.
Who should not take this vaccine?
Persons with a history of anaphylaxis to any component of the vaccine.
Persons with a fever of over 38.5ºC should postpone the vaccination until the fever is over.
You can read more about this vaccine here.
How can I book an appointment for the vaccine?
COVID vaccines are only given by appointment. Please call our Camden branch at 6733 4440 or click here to book an appointment.
You will need to wait in the clinic for 30 minutes after the vaccine to check for any allergic reaction.
|
|||||
6044
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 85
|
https://qz.com/2107603/are-sinovac-and-sinopharm-effective-against-omicron
|
en
|
How well do China’s vaccines work against omicron?
|
[
"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6770184&cv=4.4.0&cj=1",
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[] |
[] |
[
"Quartz"
] | null |
[
"Aurora Almendral"
] |
2021-12-29T07:05:32-05:00
|
Studies suggest that the two most widely used Chinese vaccines are significantly less effective against omicron.
|
en
|
Quartz
|
https://qz.com/2107603/are-sinovac-and-sinopharm-effective-against-omicron
|
With donations and sales, China made its covid shots accessible to the developing world even as the US and EU hoarded vaccines for their own populations. Days after the World Health Organization named omicron a variant of concern, leader Xi Jinping announced that China would be donating 1 billion doses of covid vaccines to Africa, the continent with the lowest vaccination rate.
According to Beijing-based Bridge Consulting, as of Dec. 27, China has sold 1.6 billion doses of vaccines to other countries, and donated another 133 million. With China’s population included, about 4.5 billion doses of Sinopharm and Sinovac’s CoronaVac have been supplied globally as of mid-December 2021.
But preliminary research suggests China’s vaccines are significantly less effective against omicron—even with a booster. Though the studies are small in scale and are not yet peer reviewed, they signal that countries that relied on these vaccines for their rollouts may need to consider pricier mRNA shots for further doses.
Sinovac’s efficacy against omicron
Even prior to omicron, Sinovac’s efficacy rates were lower than those of other vaccines, offering about 51% protection against symptomatic infection (though much better protection against severe disease). In July, a study in Thailand found that antibodies from a double shot of the Sinovac vaccine halved every 40 days against the original covid strain.
Researchers at Hong Kong University found that two doses followed by a booster of Sinovac’s CoronaVac do not provide enough antibodies to neutralize omicron, though a booster of a Pfizer vaccine improved protection.
The finding has has implications for the biggest users of this vaccine, including Chile, the United Arab Emirates, and Indonesia, which suffered a severe covid wave in August. In July, Indonesia began administering Moderna boosters to medical professionals previously inoculated with Sinovac, after some became seriously ill or died from covid. (The country intends to begin a booster program for the wider public in January 2022.)
Sinopharm and omicron
Similarly, a booster may not make Sinopharm significantly more effective against omicron. Sinopharm has said its vaccine is 79% effective against symptomatic infection from the original covid strain.
A study (pdf) by Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine found that a booster shot of Sinopharm produced significantly lower antibodies against omicron, compared with the protection it provided for the variant discovered in Wuhan in early 2020.
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https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/12/30/1143696652/chinas-covid-vaccines-do-the-jabs-do-the-job
|
en
|
China's COVID vaccines: Do the jabs do the job?
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Michaeleen Doucleff"
] |
2022-12-30T00:00:00
|
As case counts surge in China, rumors circulate about the effectiveness and safety of the made-in-China vaccines in use there. Here's what we know about CoronaVac and Sinopharm.
|
en
|
NPR
|
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/12/30/1143696652/chinas-covid-vaccines-do-the-jabs-do-the-job
|
China is in the midst of its first major COVID surge, and it's one of the world's largest.
China rolled back COVID restrictions in early December, and now scientists estimate that the country could be facing more than 10 million new cases each day. Over the next several months, several hundred thousand people could die, perhaps more, several teams predict.
There's also concern that widespread COVID in China could lead to new variants, but variants can emerge anywhere in the world right now as COVID continues to circulate.
The actual death toll – and the total impact of this surge – depends largely on one key factor: How well China's vaccines work.
The two main shots deployed in the country are CoronaVac and Sinopharm, both developed and manufactured in China.
About 90% of the population has received at least two doses of one of these vaccines.
Rumors and misinformation run rampant about COVID vaccines no matter where they're manufactured. But, as NPR has reported, such myths and misconceptions are especially problematic for vaccines made in China. Issues with past vaccines have made segments of the population leery about the made-in-China COVID vaccines. But the misinformation about these vaccines doesn't arise only from inside China or on social media, says global health researcher Xi Chen at Yale University.
"The American media has shared a lot of misinformation about the Chinese vaccines," Chen says. "I read both Chinese and English media stories, and I see some news stories, like from Fox News and others, translated into Chinese." New stories in the U.S. have even questioned the efficacy of these vaccines, despite the fact that both have been approved by the World Health Organization.
Given that more than 700 million people will likely catch COVID in China over the next few months, we thought it would be a good time to dig deep into the science of the Chinese vaccines and analyze what the data show, especially when it comes to two major aspects of the vaccines: efficacy and safety.
Rumor #1: I've heard the Chinese vaccines don't work very well? Is that true?
"No, that's not true," says epidemiologist Ben Cowling at the University of Hong Kong. "Our research in Hong Kong has shown that's not true. I don't have a concern about the effectiveness of the Chinese vaccine."
The Chinese vaccines are not "mRNA vaccines," like the ones Pfizer and Moderna manufacture. Instead both CoronaVac and Sinopharm use an older, but well-proven, technology: they contain an inactivated – or killed – form of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
But – and this is key – in a study by Cowling and his team, the Chinese vaccines offered just as much protection against severe disease as the mRNA vaccines for adults under age 60.
Last winter, Hong Kong suffered a massive omicron surge. And this outbreak allowed Cowling and his colleagues to test how well the Chinese vaccine CoronaVac fared compared to the Pfizer vaccine in a faced-to-face match. About half the population in Hong Kong had received CoronaVac and the other half had received the Pfizer vaccine. Altogether, more than 13 million doses had been administered to Hong Kong's 7.4-million people.
And guess what happened?
"We showed very clearly that both vaccines provide a high level of protection against severe COVID," Cowling says.
In the study, Cowling and his team analyzed data from about 20,000 COVID cases, ranging from mild to fatal. They found that two doses of either vaccine offered a high level of protection against severe disease for adults under age 60. Specifically, two doses of the Pfizer vaccine offered 95 to 97% protection, while two doses of CoronaVac offered between 89 and 94% efficacy, the team reported in the Lancet Infectious Disease this past October.
For older adults, the Pfizer vaccine proved significantly more effective after only two doses. Specifically, the Pfizer vaccine offered about 87-to-92% protection for this group while CoronaVac offered only 64-to-75% protection. But, Cowling points out, an extra booster – or third dose – of CoronaVac lifts the protection to about 98%, the same protection observed with three doses of Pfizer.
"There's a very good level of protection for three doses of either vaccine," Cowling says. And remember, health experts in the U.S. also recommend people over age 60 receive at least three doses of the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine as well.
Cowling thinks the misinformation about CoronaVac or Sinopharm may stem from early data, looking at the vaccines effectiveness against infection (not severe disease).
Initial data found the Chinese vaccines have a lower level of protection against infection than the mRNA vaccines. "Something around 50 or 60% effective,' Cowling says. By contrast, at first, the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines showed extremely high levels of protection against symptomatic infections against the original strains of the virus.
But with the emergence of the immune-evading variants, such as delta and omicron, eventually all vaccines wound up being basically ineffective against infection, especially more than three to four months after the inoculation.
Meanwhile, there is some uncertainty around the longevity of this protection against severe disease. One study in Brazil, which analyzed COVID cases for more than 3 million people, found evidence that the protection against severe disease waned more quickly for CoronaVac than for the Pfizer vaccine. But that study didn't separate the data by age, and other studies have shown that protection, across the board, declines more quickly for older people. Nevertheless, the Chinese health officials recommend older adults and those with weakened immune systems receive a fourth shot, or second booster, the Global Times reported earlier this month.
Myth #2: I've heard the Chinese vaccines aren't safe or haven't been tested very well. Is that true?
In the initial clinical trials for CoronaVac and Sinopharm, scientists tested the vaccines only on adults under age 60, says epidemiologist Jennifer Bouey at Georgetown University and the nonprofit RAND corporation. On top of that the first two vaccination campaigns in China didn't focus on elders.
That exclusion from both the trials and vaccination campaigns has led to the relatively low vaccination rate among elders in China. "And it has also led to concerns about whether the vaccines were safe and effective among the elders," Bouey explains.
However, since then, both CoronaVac and Sinopharm have each been tested in more than a dozen international studies including one in Turkey with about 12,000 participants, one in Brazil with more than 3 million participants and one in Chile that surveyed more than 10 million vaccinations. In one study, looking specifically at the safety of CoronaVac, researchers at the University of São Paulo oversaw the immunization of about 12,000 people. They documented "67 serious adverse events ... and all were determined to be unrelated to vaccination," the team reported. Given these results, "the data available to date indicate that Sinovac-CoronaVac is generally well tolerated and consistent with the safety profile of other licensed, alum-adjuvanted inactivated vaccines," WHO wrote in May 2021.
CoronaVac and Sinopharm have been administered to several billion people in over a 100 countries. They made up about half of all shots administered worldwide in 2021. "I've never seen any reports of severe side effects with these vaccines," Bouey says.
Nevertheless, the initial concerns about the safety, especially for elders, has continued. "Physicians in China aren't sure if the vaccines are safe for the elders," Bouey says. "So there's altogether some distrust and confusion about these vaccines – which the government has pushed so heavily. I read quite a lot of misinformation about the vaccine's side effects on Chinese social media."
The Chinese government has done very little to counter the narrative, she adds. "The government should probably do more to convince people that these vaccines are safe for elders and more vulnerable groups. Because these people not only need the most protection, she says, they need the most shots. "The elders and the more vulnerable need more frequent boosters," she says.
Because once this massive COVID surge ends, China won't be out of the woods, Another surge will surely follow.
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https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/04/philippines-duterte-receives-first-dose-of-sinopharms-covid-vaccine.html
|
en
|
Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte receives first dose of China's Sinopharm Covid vaccine
|
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[
"Sinovac Biotech Ltd",
"Sinopharm Group Co Ltd",
"business news"
] | null |
[
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2021-05-04T00:00:00
|
Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte received his first dose of Sinopharm's vaccine against Covid on Monday to encourage reluctant Filipinos to get inoculated.
|
en
|
https://sc.cnbcfm.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/img/favicon.ico
|
CNBC
|
https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/04/philippines-duterte-receives-first-dose-of-sinopharms-covid-vaccine.html
|
Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte received his first dose of Sinopharm's vaccine against Covid-19 on Monday to encourage reluctant Filipinos to get inoculated and help stop the spread of the virus, his closest aide said.
Duterte, 76, got inoculated to protect himself from Covid-19 and encourage the public to get vaccinated, Christopher Go, a senator and his closest aide, said in a statement.
Ahead of receiving his first dose, which was streamed live on Facebook, Duterte said: "I feel good and I have been expecting this shot, vaccination a long time ago."
Six of 10 Filipinos are unwilling to be vaccinated because of safety concerns, according to Pulse Asia's survey of 2,400 respondents between Feb. 22 and March 3. In a similar poll in November, only 47% said they would refuse vaccination.
The Philippines has recorded 1.06 million Covid-19 cases and 17,525 deaths, the second highest in Southeast Asia, next to Indonesia. Among those who contracted and later recovered from Covid-19 are Duterte's spokesman and defense minister.
Sinopharm's emergency use application in the Philippines is still pending, but the country's food and drugs regulator has approved the "compassionate use" of 10,000 Sinopharm doses for Duterte's security detail.
The vaccine, administered to Duterte by the health minister, was covered by the compassionate use permit, said presidential spokesman Harry Roque.
Duterte had repeatedly expressed his preference for vaccines made by China and Russia.
The Philippines has administered 1.9 million doses of Covid-19 vaccines, most of which were from China's Sinovac Biotech , since it started the immunization drive on March 1.
It plans to vaccinate up to 70 million of its 108 million population this year to achieve herd immunity and safely reopen the pandemic-battered economy.
|
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| 5
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https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-what-you-need-to-know
|
en
|
The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine: What you need to know
|
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The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization has issued Interim recommendations for the use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BIBP developed by Sinopharm/China National Pharmaceutical Group.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-what-you-need-to-know
|
Updated on 10 June 2022, pursuant to revised interim recommendations.
The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) has issued interim recommendations for the use of the Sinopharm vaccine against COVID-19. This article provides a summary of those interim recommendations; you may access the full guidance document here.
Here is what you need to know.
Who can be vaccinated?
The vaccine is safe and effective for all individuals aged 18 and above. In line with the WHO Prioritization Roadmap and the WHO Values Framework, older adults, health workers and immunocompromised persons should be prioritised.
The Sinopharm vaccine can be offered to people who have had COVID-19 in the past. But individuals may choose to delay vaccination for 3 months following the infection.
Should pregnant and breastfeeding women be vaccinated?
The available data on the COVID-19 vaccine Sinopharm in pregnant women are insufficient to assess either vaccine efficacy or vaccine-associated risks in pregnancy. However, this vaccine is an inactivated vaccine with an adjuvant that is routinely used in many other vaccines with a documented good safety profile, including in pregnant women. The effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine Sinopharm in pregnant women is therefore expected to be comparable to that observed in non-pregnant women of similar age.
In the interim, WHO recommends the use of the COVID-19 vaccine Sinopharm in pregnant women when the benefits of vaccination to the pregnant woman outweigh the potential risks. To help pregnant women make this assessment, they should be provided with information about the risks of COVID-19 in pregnancy; the likely benefits of vaccination in the local epidemiological context; and the current limitations of safety data in pregnant women. WHO does not recommend pregnancy testing prior to vaccination. WHO does not recommend delaying pregnancy or considering terminating pregnancy because of vaccination.
Vaccine effectiveness is expected to be similar in breastfeeding women as in other adults. WHO recommends the use of the COVID-19 vaccine Sinopharm in breastfeeding women as in other adults. WHO does not recommend discontinuing breastfeeding after vaccination.
Who is the vaccine not recommended for?
Individuals with a history of anaphylaxis to any component of the vaccine should not take it.
Anyone with a body temperature over 38.5ºC should postpone vaccination until they no longer have a fever.
Is it safe?
SAGE has thoroughly assessed the data on quality, safety and efficacy of the vaccine and has recommended its use for people aged 18 and above.
Safety data are limited for persons above 60 years of age (due to the small number of participants in clinical trials). While no differences in safety profile of the vaccine in older adults compared to younger age groups can be anticipated, countries considering using this vaccine in persons older than 60 years should maintain active safety monitoring.
How efficacious is the vaccine?
A large multi-country Phase 3 trial has shown that 2 doses, administered at an interval of 21 days, have an efficacy of 79% against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection 14 or more days after the second dose. Vaccine efficacy against hospitalization was 79%.
The trial was not designed and powered to demonstrate efficacy against severe disease in persons with comorbidities, in pregnancy, or in persons aged 60 years and above. Women were underrepresented in the trial. The median duration of follow-up available at the time of evidence review was 112 days.
Two other efficacy trials are under way but data are not yet available.
What’s the recommended dosage?
SAGE recommends the use of Sinopharm vaccine as 2 doses (0.5 ml) given intramuscularly.
SAGE recommends that a third, additional dose of the Sinopharm vaccine be offered to persons aged 60 and above as part of an extension of the primary series. Current data does not indicate the need for an additional dose in persons under 60 years of age.
SAGE recommends that severe and moderately immunocompromised persons should be offered an additional dose of vaccine. This is due to the fact that this group is less likely to respond adequately to vaccination following a standard primary vaccination series and are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease.
WHO recommends an interval of 3–4 weeks between the first and second dose of primary series. If the second dose is administered less than 3 weeks after the first, the dose does not need to be repeated. If administration of the second dose is delayed beyond 4 weeks, it should be given at the earliest possible opportunity. When administering an additional dose to over 60s, SAGE recommends countries should initially aim at maximizing 2-dose coverage in that population, and thereafter administer the third dose, starting with the oldest age groups.
Is a booster dose recommended for this vaccine?
A booster dose may be considered 4 – 6 months after completion of the primary vaccination series, starting with the higher priority-use groups, in accordance with the WHO Prioritization Roadmap.
The benefits of booster vaccination are recognized following increasing evidence of waning vaccine effectiveness against mild and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection over time.
Either homologous (a different vaccine product to Sinopharm) or heterologous (a booster dose of Sinopharm) doses can be used. A study in Bahrain found that heterologous boosting resulted in a superior immune response compared to homologous boosting.
Can this vaccine be ‘mixed and matched’ with other vaccines?
SAGE accepts two heterologous doses of WHO EUL COVID-19 vaccines as a complete primary series.
To ensure equivalent or favourable immunogenicity or vaccine effectiveness either of the WHO EUL COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (Pfizer or Moderna) or the WHO EUL COVID-19 vectored vaccines (AstraZeneca Vaxzevria/COVISHIELD or Janssen) can be used as a second dose following a first dose with the Sinopharm vaccine dependent on product availability.
Does it prevent infection and transmission?
There is currently no substantive data available related to the impact of Sinopharm on transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 disease.
In the meantime, WHO reminds of the need to maintain and strengthen public health measures that work: masking, physical distancing, handwashing, respiratory and cough hygiene, avoiding crowds and ensuring adequate ventilation.
Does it work against new variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus?
SAGE currently recommends using this vaccine, according to the WHO Prioritization Roadmap.
As new data becomes available, WHO will update recommendations accordingly. This vaccine has not yet been evaluated in the context of circulation of widespread variants of concern.
How does this vaccine compare to other vaccines already in use?
We cannot compare the vaccines head-to-head due to the different approaches taken in designing the respective studies, but overall, all of the vaccines that have achieved WHO Emergency Use Listing are highly effective in preventing severe disease and hospitalization due to COVID-19.
This webpage was updated on 10 June 2022 to update the latest guidance and ensure consistency of information and formatting.
|
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https://ejrnm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43055-023-00999-x
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en
|
"Sinopharm", "Oxford-AstraZeneca", and "Pfizer-BioNTech" COVID-19 vaccinations: testing efficacy using lung CT-volumetry with comparative analysis of variance (ANOVA)
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Rania Ahmed",
"Abdel-Kerim",
"Amr A"
] |
2023-03-06T00:00:00
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Several clinical studies tested the efficacy of the different COVID-19 vaccinations while very few radiological researches targeted this issue before. To verify the additive role of lung CT-Volumetry in testing the efficacy of three widely distributed COVID-19 vaccinations; namely the "Sinopharm", "Oxford-AstraZeneca", and "Pfizer-BioNTech" vaccinations, with comparative analysis of variance (ANOVA). This study was retrospectively conducted on 341 COVID-19 patients during the period between June/2021 and March/2022. Based on the immunization status, they were divided into four groups; group (A) included 156/341 (46%) patients who did not receive any vaccination (control group), group (B) included 92/341 (27%) patients who received "Sinopharm" vaccine, group (C) included 55/341 (16%) patients who received "Oxford-AstraZeneca" vaccine, group (D) included 38/341 (11%) patients who received "Pfizer-BioNTech" vaccine. Every group was subdivided based on the medical history into three groups; group (1) patients without comorbidities, group (2) patients with comorbidities, and group (3) immunocompromised patients. Automated CT volumetry was calculated for the pathological lung parenchyma. Five CT-severity scores were provided (score 0 = 0%, score 1 = 1–25%, score 2 = 25–50%, score 3 = 51–75%, and score 4 = 76–100%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) including Tukey HSD testing was utilized in comparison to the non-immunized patients. The "Phizer-Biontech" vaccine succeeded to eliminate severity in patients without and with comorbidity, and also decreased severity in immunocompromised patients (from 79 to 17%). The "Oxford-AstraZeneca" vaccine and to a lesser extent "Sinopharm" vaccine also decreased the clinical severity in patients with comorbidities and immunocompromised patients (from 15 to 9% & 10% as well as from 79 to 20% & 50% respectively). Significant variance was proved regarding the use of "Sinopharm", "Oxford-AstraZeneca", and "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines in patients without comorbidities (f-ratio averaged 4.0282, 10.8049, and 8.4404 respectively, also p-value averaged 0.04632, 0.001268, and 0.004294). Significant variance was proved regarding the use of "Oxford-AstraZeneca", and "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines in patients with comorbidities and immunocompromised patients (f-ratio averaged 4.7521, and 4.1682 as well as 11.7811, and 15.6 respectively, also p-value averaged 0.03492, and 0.04857, as well as both 0.003177, and 0.0009394 respectively, all < 0.05). No significant variance was proved regarding the use of the "Sinopharm" vaccine. In addition to the decline of clinical severity rates & CT severity scores, a significant variance was proved regarding the use of the "Sinopharm", "Oxford-AstraZeneca", and "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines in patients without comorbidities. Significant variance was also proved regarding the use of the "Oxford-AstraZeneca" and "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines in patients with comorbidities and immunocompromised patients. Despite that, no significant variance could be proved regarding the use of the "Sinopharm" vaccine in these patients, it decreases the percentage of clinical severity and CT severity scores.
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SpringerOpen
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https://ejrnm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43055-023-00999-x
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A flow-diagram is demonstrating the study design, methodology, and brief results. (Fig. 1)
This study was retrospectively conducted on 341 patients, proved with COVID-19 infection by PCR testing, and were eligible for chest CT examinations, during the period between June/2021 and March/2022. They were divided based on the immunization status into four groups, including patients with negative history of vaccination (control group A), and patients who received a full regimen of either "Sinopharm" or "Oxford-AstrZeneca" or "Pfizer-BioNTech" vaccine (group B, C, and D). COVID-19 infection was proved after one month to six months from receiving a full vaccination regimen. Every group was furtherly subdivided based on patients' general health and medical history into three groups; group (1) including healthy subjects without comorbidities, group (2) including patients with chronic comorbidities, and group (3) including immuno-compromised patients. HRCT was performed for each group. Automated CT volumetry was calculated for the pathological lung areas. Five scoring grades were divided based on CT-volumetry score (score 0 = 0%, score 1 = 1–25%, score 2 = 25–50%, score 3 = 51–75%, and score 4 = 76–100%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) including Tukey HSD testing was utilized.
The inclusion criteria were as follows (1) patients proved with COVID-19 infection by PCR testing and did not receive any kind of vaccination, and (2) patients proved with COVID-19 infection by PCR and received a full regimen of either "Sinopharm", or "Oxford-AstraZeneca", or "Phizer" vaccination one to six months before infection.
The exclusion criteria were as follows (1) poor quality of CT images because of patient tachypnea and unavoidable respiratory motion artifacts, (2) patients who did not complete the immunization regimen, and (3) patients infected during the first month after completing their vaccination regimen because of insufficient duration for antibodies development.
The study was approved by the "Institutional Ethics Committee". After assuring full respect for the confidentiality of the personal data and the medical records, the "Research Ethics Board" waived patient consent.
This manuscript does not overlap with any previously published works.
Three expert consulting radiologists and a single consulting pulmonologist participated in this study; the radiological experience ranged from 11 to 26 years while the clinical experience averaged 17 years. The radiologists worked together in a consensus and they were blinded from the clinical data and the immunization history.
CT-scanning and CT-volumetry
The chest high-resolution CT (HRCT) examinations were performed on several multi-detector CT machines as follows: (1) SOMATOM Sensation 64, Siemens Medical Systems, Germany, (2) Canon Medical Systems; Toshiba Aquilion 64, Japan, and (3) Canon Medical Systems; Toshiba Aquilion CXL/CX 128, Japan.
The scanning parameters for the chest CT examinations were as follows: [1] The slice thickness: 1–1.25 mm, [2] The tube rotation: 0.6–0.9 s, [3] The detector Collimation 1 mm, [4] 120–130 kVp, and 200 mA, and [5] FOV = 350 mm × 350 mm. The examinations were performed without intravenous contrast administration.
The CT-Volumetry was carried out using OsiriX MD 11.0 software (Pixmeo SARL, Geneva, Switzerland), therefore the variability of the CT machines did not impact this quantitative assessment. An automated calculation of the pathological and total lung volumes was performed using the threshold interval adjustment during the region of interest (ROI) 2D/3D color-coded reconstruction. The interval for the total lung volume calculation ranged between (0:− 1024 Hu), meanwhile, the interval for the pathological lung volume estimation ranged between (0:− 700 Hu).
Five grades of severity were divided based on CT-volumetry score (score 0 = 0%, score 1 = 1–25%, score 2 = 25–50%, score 3 = 51–75%, and score 4 = 76–100%).
Morphologic CT-assessment was also performed based on the universal CT-signs of COVID-19 diagnosis, particularly the CT signs of severity including the “crazy-paving pattern” [9].
Clinical contribution
The main clinical role was gathering a detailed history of the immunization status. Furtherly, a correlation with clinical course and outcome was carried out. It followed the universal criteria for the classification of clinical severity including; Oxygen saturation in room air (O2-RA), presence and grade of dyspnea, and respiratory rate (RR) [10]. Severe or critically ill patients with O2-RA < 93% and RR > 30/min were admitted to a hospital or even intensive care unit (ICU) receiving specific protocol of management including steroids, anti-viral drugs, and respiratory support starting from the initial high flow nasal oxygen therapy up to the mechanical ventilation [10].
Statistical analysis
It included: (1) Estimation of the prevalence and ratios of the demographic factors, clinical severity, and CT severity scores. (2) Estimation of the mean, standard deviation (SD), normality, skewness, and excess kurtosis for each main and subgroup of patients in addition to the f-ratio, p-value, effect size, and η2 (variance from average) from the ANOVA analysis with Tukey HSD using an online calculator (https://www.https://www.statskingdom.com/180Anova1way.html). The p-value (< 0.05) was considered statistically significant.
Based on the immunization status, 341 COVID-19 patients were divided into four groups; group (A) included 156/341 (46%) patients who did not receive any vaccination before and were considered as the control group, group (B) included 92/341 (27%) patients who received two doses of "Sinopharm" vaccine, group (C) included 55/341 (16%) patients who received two doses of "Oxford-AstraZeneca" vaccine, group (D) included 38/341 (11%) patients who received a single dose of "Pfizer-BioNTech" vaccine. The patients in each group were furtherly subdivided based on the presence or absence of comorbidity or immunocompromised status.
The radiological and clinical severity generally accounted for 7 and 12.1% in the vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients respectively. Strikingly it was increased in immunocompromised patients compared to other patients without or with commodities (reaching 79% in non-vaccinated patients and ranges 17–50% in vaccinated patients).
Patients with good general health and absent comorbidity
The "Phizer-Biontech" vaccine succeeded to eliminate severity in infected patients with good general health and absent comorbidity.
Despite that the clinical severity averaged 3% in the non-immunized patients as well as the "Sinopharm" received patients and the "Oxford-AstraZeneca" received patients, the CT severity scores had declined in the "Oxford-AstraZeneca" received patients (score 2) and the "Sinopharm" received patients (score 2–3) in comparison to the non-immunized patients (reached score 4).
This is detailed as follows:
Non-immunized patients (control group)
They were 110/156 (71%) patients. Their age ranged from 18 to 56 years with a male-to-female ratio of 3:2. (Table 1) Clinically, 107/110 (97%) patients were mild. By CT-volumetry, 25 (23%) patients scored (0) and 82 (74%) patients scored (1). Meanwhile, 3/110 (3%) patients were clinically severe or critical, showed a "crazy paving pattern" in HRCT, and were admitted to the hospital. one (1%) patient scored (2), one (1%) patient scored (3) and one (1%) patient scored (4). (Tables 1, 2).
"Sinophram" received patients
They were 63/92 (68%) patients. Their age ranged from 29 to 69 years with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. (Table 1) Clinically, 61/63 (97%) patients were mild. By CT-volumetry, 35 (56%) patients scored (0) and 26 (41%) patients scored (1) (Fig. 2). Meanwhile, 2/63 (3%) patients were clinically severe or critical, showed a "crazy paving pattern" in HRCT, and were admitted to the hospital. One (1.5%) patient scored (2) (Fig. 3), and one (1.5%) patient scored (3). (Tables 1, 2).
"Oxford-AstraZeneca" received patients
They were 38/55 (69%) patients. Their age ranged from 30 to 69 years with a male-to-female ratio of 4:1. (Table 1) Clinically, 37/38 (97%) patients were mild. By CT-volumetry, 27 (71%) patients scored (0) and 10 (26%) patients scored (1) (Fig. 4). Meanwhile, 1/38 (3%) patients was clinically severe, showed a "crazy paving pattern" in HRCT, were admitted to the hospital, and scored (2). (Tables 1, 2).
"Pfizer-BioNTech" received patients
They were 26/38 (68%) patients. Their age ranged from 35 to 67 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1. (Table 1) All patients were clinically mild. By CT-volumetry, 18 (69%) patients scored (0) and eight (31%) patients scored (1) (Fig. 5). (Tables 1, 2).
Patients with comorbidity
The "Phizer-Biontech" vaccine again succeeded to eliminate severity in infected patients with comorbidity.
The "Oxford-AstraZeneca" vaccine and to a lesser extent the "Sinopharm" vaccine also decreased the clinical severity (averaged 9% and 10% respectively), compared to 15% clinical severity detected in non-immunized patients. The CT severity scores also declined in the "Oxford-AstraZeneca" received patients (score 2) and the "Sinopharm" received patients (score 2–3) in comparison to the non-immunized patients (reached score 4).
This is detailed as follows:
Non-immunized patients (control group)
They were 32/156 (21%) patients. Their age ranged from 39 to 71 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1:3. The classification of comorbidities was described in (Table 1). Clinically, 27/32 (84%) patients were mild. By CT-volumetry, 5 (16%) patients scored (0) and 22 (69%) patients scored (1). Meanwhile, 5/32 (16%) patients were clinically severe or critical, showed a "crazy paving pattern" in HRCT, and were admitted to the hospital. Two (6%) patients scored (2), one (3%) patient scored (3) and two (6%) patients scored (4). (Tables 1, 2).
"Sinophram" received patients
They were 19/92 (21%) patients. Their age ranged from 41 to 73 years with a male-to-female ratio of 2:3. The classification of comorbidities was described in (Table 1). Clinically, 17/19 (89%) patients were mild. By CT-volumetry, 2 (11%) patients scored (0) and 15 (79%) patients scored (1). Meanwhile, 2/19 (11%) patients were clinically severe or critical, showed a "crazy paving pattern" in HRCT, and were admitted to the hospital. One (5%) patient scored (2) (Fig. 6), and one (5%) patient scored (3) (Fig. 7). (Tables 1, 2).
"Oxford-AstraZeneca" received patients
They were 12/55 (22%) patients. Their age ranged from 41 to 70 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1:3. The classification of comorbidities was described in (Table 1). Clinically, 11/12 (91%) patients were mild. By CT-volumetry, 7 (58%) patients scored (0) and 4 (33%) patients scored (1). Meanwhile, 1/12 (9%) patients was clinically severe, showed a "crazy paving pattern" in HRCT, were admitted to the hospital, and scored (2) (Fig. 8). (Tables 1, 2).
"Pfizer-BioNTech" received patients
They were 6/38 (16%) patients. Their age ranged from 43 to 69 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2. (Table 1) All patients were clinically mild. By CT-volumetry, four (67%) patients scored (0) and two (33%) patients scored (1) (Fig. 9). (Tables 1, 2).
Immunocompromised patients with a history of malignancy
The "Phizer-Biontech" vaccine, the "Oxford-AstraZeneca" vaccine, and to a lesser extent the "Sinopharm" vaccine had decreased the clinical severity in the immunocompromised infected patients (averaged 17%, 20%, and 50% respectively), compared to 79% severity in the non-immunized patients.
The CT severity scores also declined in the "Phizer-Biontech" and the "Oxford-AstraZeneca" vaccines' received patients (score 2 at both), and to a lesser extent in the "Sinopharm" received patients (score 2–3) in comparison to the non-immunized patients (reached score 4).
This is detailed as follows:
Non-immunized patients (control group)
They were 14/156 (90%) patients. Their age ranged from 21 to 67 years with a male-to-female ratio of 2:3. (Table 1) Clinically, 3/14 (21%) patients of them were mild and scored (1) by CT-volumetry. Meanwhile, 11/14 (79%) patients were clinically severe or critical, showed a "crazy paving pattern" in HRCT, and were admitted to the hospital. Five (36%) patients scored (2), four (29%) patients scored (3) & two (15%) patients scored (4). (Tables 1, 2).
"Sinophram" received patients
They were 10/92 (11%) patients. Their age ranged from 34 to 79 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1:4. (Table 1) Clinically, 5/10 (50%) patients were mild. By CT-volumetry, 1 (10%) patient scored (0) and 4 (40%) patients scored (1). Meanwhile, 5/10 (50%) patients were clinically severe or critical, showed a "crazy paving pattern" in HRCT, and were admitted to the hospital. Two (20%) patients scored (2), two (20%) patients scored (3), and one (10%) patient scored (4) (Fig. 10). (Tables 1, 2).
"Oxford-AstraZeneca" received patients
They were 5/55 (9%) patients. Their age ranged from 41 to 76 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1:4. (Table 1) Clinically, 4/5 (80%) patients were mild. By CT-volumetry, 3 (60%) patients scored (0) and one (20%) patient scored (1). Meanwhile, 1/5 (20%) patients was clinically severe, showed a "crazy paving pattern" in HRCT, were admitted to the hospital, and scored (2). (Tables 1, 2).
"Pfizer-BioNTech" received patients
They were 6/38 (16%) patients. Their age ranged from 39 to 73 years with a male-to-female ratio of 2:3. (Table 1) Clinically, 5/6 (83%) patients were mild. By CT-volumetry, 4 (67%) patients scored (0) and one (17%) patient scored (1). Meanwhile, 1/6 (17%) patients was clinically severe, showed a "crazy paving pattern" in HRCT, were admitted to the hospital, and scored (2). (Tables 1, 2).
Comparative efficacy [analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey HSD/Tukey Kramer]: (Table 3)
In patients with good general health and absent co-morbidity
In addition to the previously mentioned efficacy results based on the prevalence and ratio of the clinical and the CT-severity scores, the ANOVA testing with Tukey HSD / Tukey Kramer revealed significant variance regarding the use of the "Sinopharm", the "Oxford-AstraZeneca", and the "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines in comparison to the non-immunized patients (f-ratio averaged 4.0282, 10.8049, and 8.4404 respectively, also p-value averaged 0.04632, 0.001268, and 0.004294, all < 0.05). (Table 3).
Meanwhile, no significant variance was proved between the use of either type of the above-mentioned vaccines in comparison to the rest. (Table 3).
In patients with co-morbidities
In addition to the previously mentioned efficacy results based on the prevalence and ratio of the clinical and the CT-severity scores, the ANOVA testing with Tukey HSD / Tukey Kramer revealed significant variance regarding the use of the "Oxford-AstraZeneca", and the "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines in comparison to the non-immunized patients (f-ratio averaged 4.7521, and 4.1682 respectively, also p-value averaged 0.03492, and 0.04857, both < 0.05). (Table 3).
On the other hand, and despite the percentages of the decline of the clinical severity, the results of ANOVA testing (f-ratio averaged 0.1784, and p-value averaged 0.6746 > 0.05) did not show significant variance regarding the use of the "Sinopharm" vaccine. (Table 3).
Consequently, a significant variance was proved between the use of the "Oxford-AstraZeneca" and the "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines in comparison to the "Sinopharm" vaccine. Meanwhile, no significant variance was proved between the use of the "Oxford-AstraZeneca" against the "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines themselves. (Table 3).
In immunocompromised patients
In addition to the previously mentioned efficacy results based on the prevalence and ratio of the clinical and the CT-severity scores, the ANOVA testing with Tukey HSD / Tukey Kramer revealed significant variance regarding the use of the "Oxford-AstraZeneca", and the "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines in comparison to the non-immunized patients (f-ratio averaged 11.7811, and 15.6 respectively, also p-value averaged 0.003177, and 0.0009394, both < 0.05). (Table 3).
On the other hand, and despite the percentages of the decline of the clinical severity, the results of ANOVA testing (f-ratio averaged 1.4856, and p-value averaged 0.2358 > 0.05) did not show significant variance regarding the use of the "Sinopharm" vaccine. (Table 3).
Again, a significant variance was proved between the use of the "Oxford-AstraZeneca" and the "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines in comparison to the "Sinopharm" vaccine. Meanwhile, no significant variance was proved between the use of the "Oxford-AstraZeneca" against the "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines themselves. (Table 3).
Globally in all patients
The ANOVA testing with Tukey HSD / Tukey Kramer revealed significant variance regarding the use of the "Oxford-AstraZeneca", and the "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines in comparison to the non-immunized patients (f-ratio averaged 18.5913, and 15.6817 respectively, also p-value averaged 0.00002495, and 0.0001055, both < 0.05). (Table 3).
On the other hand, and despite the percentages of the decline of the clinical severity, the results of ANOVA testing (f-ratio averaged 2.6941, and p-value averaged 0.102 > 0.05) did not show significant variance regarding the use of the "Sinopharm" vaccine. (Table 3).
Consequently, a significant variance was proved between the use of the "Oxford-AstraZeneca" and the "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines in comparison to the "Sinopharm" vaccine. Meanwhile, no significant variance was proved between the use of the "Oxford-AstraZeneca" against the "Phizer-Biontech" vaccines themselves. (Table 3).
Several factors are currently responsible for the reported incidences of COVID-19 breakthrough infections. They included the percentage of vaccinated people, the type of available vaccine, the duration elapsed since vaccination, and the viral variants [11,12,13,14].
Several clinical-laboratory pieces of research compared the efficacy of different vaccines in different countries all over the world but very few researches were performed on the radiological role. This may be attributed to the fact that the need for chest CT examinations had much regressed after the availability of vaccinations, particularly among the asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients. Consequently, a longer duration is acquired to obtain a reasonable cohort that includes patients of different age groups, different medical histories, and of course different clinical courses and outcomes.
In this study, all symptomatic patients were eligible for chest CT examinations based on their work regulations, particularly health workers and co-workers. Also, the asymptomatic patients were eligible for chest CT examinations before hospitalization for other causes than COVID-19 infection. Eventually, this increased the variations within the selected cohort and decreased its bias. In the current experience, the authors compared three widely distributed different kinds of COVID-19 vaccinations applied in their country.
According to Olliaro P et al. [15], the efficacy of the vaccination was measured by comparing the attack rates without and with vaccinations, referred to as “relative risk reduction". Many other pieces of research correlated the efficacy of the vaccination to the clinical outcome of the disease, particularly regarding the percentage of hospitalization, the percentage of intense care unit admission, and the total hospital stay. They correlated the history of vaccination with the risk of reduction manifested by the less likely disease progression, need for hospitalization, or mechanical ventilation.
Tenforde MW et al. [16] clinical study included 314 vaccinated and 1669 control COVID-19 patients compared to 185 and 156 patients in this study respectively. The clinical severity in their study accounted for 15.8–21.9% and 54.8–61.8% in the vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients respectively compared to 7 and 12.1% in this study. The higher percentage of clinical severity in their study is attributed to the predominance of alpha and delta variants of the virus, meanwhile, this study was performed during the predominance of delta and omicron variants. The hospitalization in their study was four times increased in the immunocompromised patients compared to the ten times increase in this study.
This study matched Karimi M et al. [17] clinical study on vaccinated COVID-19 patients with hemoglobinopathies which reported the disease severity in 7% of their patients compared to 8% of patients with variable comorbidities in this study.
This study also agreed with Edan MH et al. [18] clinical study regarding the stronger immunity given by the “Phizer-BionTech” vaccine compared to the “Sinopharm” vaccine.
The results of the Al-Khazrajy DF et al. [19] clinical study almost matched the results of this study regarding the presence of significant variance between immunity of the “Phizer-BionTech” and the “AstraZeneca” vaccinated patients versus the non-vaccinated control patients. Their study generally found no significant variance between the “Sinopharm” vaccinated patients compared to the non-vaccinated control patients. The current study restricted this result to the patients with morbidities and immunocompromised patients, meanwhile, a significant variance was detected in the vaccinated patients without comorbidities.
The results of the current study mismatched that of Ghiasi N et al. [20] clinical study which reported 100% protection from clinical severity in “Sinopharm” vaccinated patients compared to a general 90% in this study. The current study furtherly classified this protection to be 97% in patients without comorbidities, 90% in patients with comorbidities, and 50% in immunocompromised patients.
Very few studies utilized the quantitative and qualitative role of CT. They used the original semi-quantitative method of pulmonary lobar sections’ division.
Lee JE et al. [21] reported positive chest CT examinations with pneumonia in 78% and 41% of non-vaccinated and vaccinated patients respectively, compared to 81% and 55% in this study. Furthermore, this study particularly agrees with Modi SD et al. [22] regarding the low CT severity scores in the vaccinated patients with comorbidities compared to the non-vaccinated patients. It also matches similar general results of Madhu P et al. [2] study.
This study added to the literature the novel use of quantitative volumetric CT results instead of the previous semi-quantitative methods. The other advantage of this study was the detailed classification of patients according to the presence or absence of comorbidities or immunocompromised status. It benefited the utilization of the volumetric CT-scoring lowering rates side by side with the ANOVA results for more accurate results. Bias was reduced as possible by widening the selection criteria to include the asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients. Additionally, it correlated the results to the clinical severity and morphologic CT signs of severity such as the “crazy-paving pattern”.
The main limitation of this study was the moderate number of included patients, also the data about the virus variants were deficient. Therefore, further larger group research with detailed knowledge is recommended.
This study did not target the effectiveness or safety of the vaccinations which should be evaluated by other dedicated professional researchers.
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