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7368
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dbpedia
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2
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https://antietam.aotw.org/exhibit.php%3Fexhibit_id%3D430
|
en
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The Battle of Antietam on the Web
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https://antietam.aotw.org/
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Welcome! The focus of this website is on the people who participated in the battle of Antietam (or Sharpsburg). We've collected information about many of them over the years.
In addition to thousands of individual soldier profiles, we have several ways to look at the battle and the campaign of September 1862: with interactive maps, narratives from the official to the personal, and special projects highlighting aspects of the history.
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dbpedia
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3
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https://firsttroop.com/history/
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en
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First Troop
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2021-07-12T18:34:25+00:00
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History History of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry Philadelphia (1774 – 1775) The First Continental Congress met in September 1774, in the Hall of Carpenters’ Company, Philadelphia. A Committee of Correspondence was elected by the citizens of Philadelphia to determine the most effective means of resisting the British and to carry out the nonimportation …
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en
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First Troop
|
https://firsttroop.com/history/
|
The First Continental Congress met in September 1774, in the Hall of Carpenters’ Company, Philadelphia. A Committee of Correspondence was elected by the citizens of Philadelphia to determine the most effective means of resisting the British and to carry out the nonimportation resolutions of the Congress. The Committee first met on the afternoon of Thursday, November 17, 1774, in the Pennsylvania State House. That evening three of the members, together with twenty-five other gentlemen, gathered according to tradition in Carpenters’ Hall and associated as the Light Horse of the City of Philadelphia, a name that was later changed to First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry.
This purely volunteer cavalry troop was the first organized in defense of the colonies. Today the Troop is certainly the oldest mounted military unit and quite possibly the oldest military unit of any kind that has been in continuous service to the Republic. The times that called it into being, and the character of the original members who fought through the seven years of the American Revolution, together forged concepts of service and a body of tradition that have given it a continuity of purpose for 230 years.
The gentlemen of the Philadelphia Light Horse were professional men, shipowners, importers, or traders, generally of conspicuous prominence in the affairs of the day. The membership was not to confine itself to public or civil life, for many were to hold commissions in the Continental service and in the Army and Navy of the State. The Rolls of the Troop ever since have been enriched by outstanding individual records in all branches of military life.
A number of social organizations played an important part in forming the new cavalry unit. The oldest of these was the Schuylkill Fishing Company, a club that numbered many Troopers among its officers. Other organizations from which the Light Horse drew its members were the Schuylkill Company of Fort St. Davids, the St. Andrew’s Society of Philadelphia, the Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, and the Society of the Sons of St. George. The Gloucester Fox Hunting Club had especial influence. The “round black hat bound with silver cord and buck’s tail” and the dark brown short coat faced and lined with white worn by the Trooper of the Revolution were similar to the hunting coat and cap in which its club members rode to hounds. Captain Samuel Morris was Gloucester’s first president and Captain Robert Wharton its last, and twenty-five Troopers were among its members during the War.
The associates who met on the evening of November 17, 1774, voted to equip and support themselves at their own expense and to offer their services to the Continental Congress. The company prepared for active duty by holding drills at five in the morning and five in the afternoon several times a week.
Abraham Markoe, a Danish subject, was chosen to be the first Captain because of his energy in organizing the Troop and his previous Danish military experience. Though prevented from open participation in the War as a result of the Neutrality Edict issued by then King Christian II of Denmark, Captain Markoe took an active part in the defeat of the enemy by all other available means.
At the time there was no common flag in use by any of the colonies. Not long after the news of the Battle of Lexington reached Philadelphia, Captain Markoe presented the Troop with the Standard that was to be carried in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, and Germantown, and on all parades until about 1830, when it was retired for safekeeping.
When George Washington was appointed Commander in Chief of the Continental Army in June of 1775, the Troop assumed varied duties. Close personal contact with the General developed as he was escorted to distant points in the Colonies. The command was frequently called upon to provide detachments to accompany prisoners and spies, to bear dispatches for the Committee of Safety, and to march with money for delivery to the Army.
The drift of political affairs in 1861 made it evident that the Troop might be called into active service. When the call for volunteers was made by the federal government on April 15th 1861, the Troop at once tendered its services. As a unit, First City Troop was the only volunteer cavalry organization accepted under President Lincoln’s first ninety-day call up of state militia units. Ultimately, First City Troop played an integral part in the Civil War, both as a Pennsylvania militia unit and by the actions of individual First City Troopers serving with other units. The impact of their involvement was deep and far-reaching.
In accordance with time-honored custom, Divine Service was attended at St. Peter’s Church on the Sunday preceding departure for active duty and on May 13th, 1861, the Troop was mustered into service for ninety days. Each man was equipped at his own expense with the uniform of the United States Dragoons. The War Department agreed to supply arms, horse furniture and camp equipage, but horses and many other necessities were unavailable from Washington. To meet these needs, $4,050 was contributed by members and friends of the unit.
The unit left on May 30th to join the 2nd U.S. Cavalry at Carlisle. and by June 7th it had reached Williamsport on the Potomac. The Troop led the main body across the river to Falling Water, VA. On reconnaisance the following day, the Troop encountered a small body of mounted Confederates who retreated without offering resistance. After a day of uneventful maneuvering, the Troop was again near Falling Water, when skirmishers on the front and right flank became engaged with the enemy. The forces of the Confederacy on that field were infantry commanded by Colonel “Stonewall” Jackson and cavalry commanded by Colonel J.E.B. Stuart. On the Union side the First Wisconsin, Eleventh Pennsylvania Rangers, McMullin’s Rangers, Perkins’ Battery and the First City Troop were brought to bear.
As the battle was joined, the Troop was hurried to the top of a hill in support of one section of Perkins’ Battery. There a brisk fire was opened upon the enemy. Although the encounter was brief and losses not heavy on either side, it was the first engagement of the Civil War in which troops had been used in any numbers in a systematic manner. Colonel J.J. Abercrombie, the brigade commander, wrote: “Captain Hudson’s second Light Battery and the City Troop under Captain (Thomas C.) James aided materially in driving the enemy from the field.”
Following this first battle, the Troop saw duty at Bunker Hill, Charlestown, Harper’s Ferry, Key’s Ferry and Sandy Hook, Maryland, as well as keeping pickets on the south side of the Potomac. Upon the expiration of its three month’s service the organization was ordered home. It was complimented in orders by its Commanding General and Colonel George H. Thomas, who commanded the Brigade, as well as by General Robert Patterson. In retrospect, as a “school for cavalry officers,” the Battle of Falling Water was invaluable. As the war increased in scope and ferocity, many additional cavalry units would be formed for federal service. Ultimately, forty-nine members of the Active Roll of April 15, 1861, as well as eight members of the Honorary and Non-Active Rolls, would serve as officers in these new federal units.
After federal service was complete, the Troop returned to Philadelphia and mustered out on August 17th, 1861. Many members of the Troop subsequently volunteered to join the Union Army. Concurrently, the Troop recruited new members to fill the vacancies of those marching off to battle in federal ranks. The Troop – as a unit – would continue its traditions and its service to the Commonwealth throughout the war.
In early May of 1862 the Troop offered its services to protect the City of Washington which again appeared to be in peril. Before the Troop’s offer could be accepted, however, the Confederate forces fell back. The subsequent disasterous campaign of the Virginia Peninsula caused alarm in the North and the Troop met daily to recruit and to train new members. In September, when the Confederate Army had crossed the Potomac and encamped at Frederick, the Troop planned to organize a cavalry regiment which would by officered by its current members. A large storeroom was rented as a recruiting station, and five hundred men were promptly enlisted. The project had to be abandoned however, because at this stage in the war, horses and other requisite equipment were unavailable from the state and difficult to procure in such numbers on the civilian economy.
On April 4th, 1863, The Governor of Pennsylvania signed the Act of Incorporation of the First Troop Philadelphia Cavalry, which had previously been approved by the State Legislature.
On June 15th, 1863, following the advance of the Confederate Army into the Cumberland Valley, President Lincoln called out 50,000 militia. At this stage, most members of First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry were serving with other federal units or had already become casualties of the war. The thirty one remaining members organized under Cornet Samuel J. Randall, furnished themselves with horses and equipment, and rode for Harrisburg, arriving there on June 19th. They were immediately accepted into service without swearing in and ordered to Gettysburg. At 4:00 AM on the 21st of June, the Troop was the first military unit to arrive on the scene of what was about to become the pivotal battle of the Cival War. The residents of Gettysburg, relieved to see Union soldiers, were extremely generous to the Troop, then and throughout the campaign. Given the paucity of the Troop’s commissary supplies, this generousity was greatly appreciated and long remembered.
At Gerrysburg, Cornet Randall reported to Major Granville O. Haller. In that no one was certain where General Lee and his vast force might be, Cornet Randall was immediately ordered to take a detail of ten men to reconnoiter the Chambersburg Turnpike toward Cashtown. There they captured two Confederate soldiers who were sent to the rear under the escort of three Troopers. The reconnaissance established the presence of Jenkins’ Brigade of Stuart’s Cavalry Corps, operating between Williamsport and Chambersburg, which was military intelligence of significant import at this preliminary stage of the battle.
The same afternoon, in response to rumors of a force approaching Fairfield, the remainder of the Troop was ordered out to reconnoiter, accompanied by Major Haller and Captain Bell with an additional squad of cavalry which had arrived. Just east of Fairfield they observed about one hundred and sixty Confederate mounted infantry scouting the countryside for forage and remounts. The main Confederate body was stationed on the outsikirts of the town while detachments were sent out in various directions. Major Haller left Captain Bell and his cavalry squad in place and cautiously led the First City Troopers to within a half mile of the town. From that point he ordered a charge that swept through the town, driving the enemy back to a nearby mountain pass.
For the next few days the Troop was employed on patrols covering roads leading in the direction of the enemy. Split into three detachments on June 25th, the Troop continued to live in the saddle, observing and reporting on the enemy’s movements. Shots were frequently exchanged on these missions as Troopers swung close to ememy formations or galloped in even closer in quest of prisoners needed for intelligence purposes.
In one instance, operating together on a mission to York, the entire Troop was nearly enveloped, narrowly escaping capture by riding long and hard. The Troop reached York so covered with mud and grime as to be unrecognizable as either Union or Confederate. From York the Troop moved to Wrightsville and from there across the Susquehanna to Columbia, where it spent the night. The next day it recrossed to observe the enemy advancing in force under General John B. Gordon. A formation of recently raised militia infantry, operating in that area, was engaged by Gordon’s force. Many of the Union militia were quickly enveloped and captured by the battle-hardened Confederate regulars. The Troop’s efforts were essential in preserving order among the many others who were near panic, particularly as the last of these companies approached the bridge over the Susquehanna with Gordon’s infantry hot on their heels. The military authorities on the scene determined to destroy the bridge which, with it’s twenty-one spans across the Susquehanna, was more than a mile long. Four Troopers detailed under the supervision of Major Knox of the 9th New York CIty Cavalry set to work setting fire to the bridge at sundown of June 28th. This heroic task took place under the guns of the Confederate soldiers. When the Confederates drove the Troopers from the bridge and attempted to extinguish the fires it was too late. The bridge was fully engulfed by the flames and, by midnight, the destruction was complete. General Gordon, writing years later, stated that the destruction of that single bridge at that moment in the battle eliminated any possibility of a march on Philadelphia.
A scouting party of twenty-one men crossed the Susquehanna on July 2nd in flat boats and proceeded toward York. Betrayed by an informer, the unit was forced to break off its march and take up defensive positions in a cemetary near Heidelburg. The men slept with sentries posted at the extremeties of a short crossroads, their horses tethered nearby, saddled and ready. In the early evening a thunder of hooves was heard on the main road from Harrisburg to Gettysburg and on a parallel road that branches off from York Springs and runs to Hunterstown. About 6,000 of J.E.B. Stuart’s cavalry were observed traversing these roads far into the night. During their passage they completely surrounded the cemetary but never discovered the squad. Sergeant Robert E. Randall hovered with this small command on the outskirts of the ensuing battle at Rommel’s Farm, taking a number of stragglers and sixty horses.
The detachement rejoined the Troop on July 6th near Harrisburg. On July 15th the entire Troop was ordered to Philadelphia, where a riot was threatened, opposing the draft newly ordered by President Lincoln. The Troop was discharged on July 31, after remaining on duty during the draft.
Although the Troop did not participate directly in any of the grinding and colossal battles which changed the course of the Civil War, history duly notes that the efforts of the First City Troop and Bell’s Cavalry alerted the Union forces to the presence and intentions of the Confederate formations, providing Union General Meade the insight he needed to correctly move and position his forces in the critical hours leading up to the historic engagement. In addition, historians agree that the various cavalry skirmishes which involved the Troop in the eastern gorges delayed the Confederate movement in force across South Mountain. In fact, so well did these “irregular” forces meet the enemy advance, Confederate leaders believed they were already confronting the battle tested forward security elements of the Army of the Potomac. This gave Federal troops much needed time to move into the Gettysburg area. The difference of a single day could have changed the outcome of the campaign in the Confederate’s favor.
First City Troop received the prestigious honor of escorting President Lincoln in June of 1864 on his visit to Philadelphia, but less than one year later an assassin’s bullet compelled the grief-stricken Troopers to don their uniforms for their President again, this time as escort and honor guard for the funeral procession of the slain Commander-in-Chief.
Many First City Troopers performed admirably throughout the war in Federal service, providing outstanding examples of sacrifice and duty. Captain James, commander of First City Troop during the first ninety-day call-up, later commanded the 9th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment and was considered to be among the best of the Union cavalry commanders. Lieutenant Price, another First City Troop officer, recruited the 2nd Pennsylvania Cavalry and became their Lieutenant Colonel, and much of the officer corps of the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry (Lancers) was comprised of First City Troopers.
The men of First City Troop acquitted themselves with honor, skill and courage throughout the Civil War and provided the country a shining example of the role of the citizen-soldier during one of the darkest periods in United States history.
At the October meeting of the Troop in 1865, Generals Grant, Meade, Sheridan, Thomas, Torbert and Crawford, as well as Admirals Farragut and Porter were elected to the Honorary Roll of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry. Generals Meade and Torbert were present as guests of the Troop at the Anniversary Dinner on November 17th, along with Generals Patterson and Cadwalader.
In 1867, the Militia Act of 1864 was amended and this secured for the Troop its “original vested rights, priveleges and immunities.” During these years the unit was reorganized with the strong backing of Generals Patterson, Meade and Cadwalader and the many members who had served as officers under other guidons during the War Between the States returned to the ranks of the Troop.
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dbpedia
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Battle_of_Baltimore
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en
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Battle of Baltimore facts for kids
|
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Learn Battle of Baltimore facts for kids
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en
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/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png
|
https://kids.kiddle.co/Battle_of_Baltimore
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Quick facts for kids
Battle of Baltimore Part of the War of 1812
Bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British. Engraved by John Bower Belligerents United States United Kingdom Commanders and leaders Samuel Smith
John Stricker
George Armistead Robert Ross †
Alexander Cochrane
Arthur Brooke Strength North Point:
3,000
infantry,
militia
Hampstead Hill
10,000 regulars
2,000-5000 infantry militia,
100+ Guns
Fort McHenry:
1,000 infantry milita
20 artillery pieces
Additional Defense:
8,000 militia
150 artillery pieces
Total:
22,000-25,000 Land:
5,000 infantry
Sea:
19 warships Casualties and losses North Point & Hampstead Hill:
24 killed,
139 wounded,
50 captured
Fort McHenry:
4 killed,
24 wounded
Total:
28 killed,
163 wounded,
50 captured North Point & Hampstead Hill:
39–46 killed,
251–295 wounded
Fort McHenry:
1 wounded
Total:
39–46 killed,
252–296 wounded
The Battle of Baltimore (September 12 – 15, 1814) was a sea/land battle fought between British invaders and American defenders in the War of 1812. American forces repulsed sea and land invasions off the busy port city of Baltimore, Maryland, and killed the commander of the invading British forces. The British and Americans first met at the Battle of North Point. Though the Americans retreated, the battle was a successful delaying action that inflicted heavy casualties on the British, halted their advance, and consequently allowed the defenders at Baltimore to prepare for an attack properly.
The resistance of Baltimore's Fort McHenry during bombardment by the Royal Navy inspired Francis Scott Key to compose the poem "Defence of Fort McHenry," which later became the lyrics for "The Star-Spangled Banner," the national anthem of the United States.
Future US President James Buchanan served as a private in the defense of Baltimore.
Background
Until April 1814, Britain was at war against Napoleonic France, which limited British war aims in America. Meanwhile, the British primarily used a defensive strategy and repelled American invasions of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. However, the Americans gained naval control over Lake Erie in 1813 and seized parts of western Ontario. In the Mississippi Territory, in an area in modern central Alabama General Andrew Jackson destroyed the military strength of the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814.
Although Great Britain was unwilling to draw military forces from the war with France, it still enjoyed a naval superiority on the ocean, and vessels of North America and West Indies Squadron, based at Bermuda, blockaded American ports on the Atlantic throughout the war, strangling the American economy (initially, the north-eastern ports were spared this blockade as public sentiments in New York and New England were against the war). The Royal Navy and Royal Marines also occupied American coastal islands and landed military forces for raids along the coast, especially around the Chesapeake Bay, encouraging enslaved blacks to defect to the Crown and recruiting them into the Corps of Colonial Marines.
Following the defeat of Napoleon in the spring of 1814, the British adopted a more aggressive strategy, intended to compel the United States to negotiate a peace that restored the pre-war status quo. Thousands of seasoned British soldiers were deployed to British North America. Most went to the Canadas to re-enforce the defenders (the British Army, Canadian militias, and their First Nations allies drove the American invaders back into the United States, but without naval control of the Great Lakes they were unable to receive supplies, resulting in the failure to capture Plattsburgh in the Second Battle of Lake Champlain and the withdrawal from US territory), but a brigade under the command of Major General Robert Ross was sent in early July with several naval vessels to join the forces already operating from Bermuda. The combined forces were to be used for diversionary raids along the Atlantic coast, intended to force the Americans to withdraw forces from Canada. Some historians claim that they were under orders not to carry out any extended operations and were restricted to targets on the coast. However, the British had in fact launched three major operations targeting the three largest ports of America at Baltimore, New York City (via Lake Champlain and the Hudson River), and New Orleans from August 1814 to February 1815 despite the Treaty of Ghent negotiations that started in August 1814. Each of these three expeditions had over 10,000 British Army troops, many of them the best soldiers and officers from the Peninsular War, so they were not just minor diversionary raids. Britain had already captured most of modern-day Maine and re-established the Crown colony of New Ireland in September 1814 and this could have been a blueprint of what they had in mind for New York City, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., New Orleans, West Florida, and the whole Louisiana Territory. Britain and their ally Spain voided all treaties and land deals made by Napoleon after his defeat in 1814, especially the Louisiana Purchase. The original British goal was to annex New Ireland permanently as well as other possible territories from the United States, but they failed to take New York City, Baltimore, and New Orleans. As a result they had to return New Ireland/Maine back to the United States after the ratification of the Treaty of Ghent in February 1815.
An ambitious raid was planned as the result of a letter sent to Bermuda on 2 June by Sir George Prévost, Governor General of The Canadas, who called for retaliation in response to the "wanton destruction of private property along the north shores of Lake Erie" by American forces under Colonel John Campbell in May, the most notable being the Raid on Port Dover. Prévost argued that,
... in consequence of the late disgraceful conduct of the American troops in the wanton destruction of private property on the north shores of Lake Erie, in order that if the war with the United States continues you may, should you judge it advisable, assist in inflicting that measure of retaliation which shall deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages.
The letter was considered by Ross and Vice-Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane (who had replaced Sir John Borlase Warren earlier that year as the Commander-in-Chief of the North America and West Indies Station of the Royal Navy, headquartered at Admiralty House in Bermuda) in planning how to use their forces. Cochrane's junior, Rear Admiral George Cockburn, had been commanding ships of the squadron in the operations on the Chesapeake Bay since the previous year. On 25 June he wrote to Cochrane stressing that the defenses there were weak, and he felt that several major cities were vulnerable to attack. Cochrane suggested attacking Baltimore, Washington and Philadelphia. On 17 July, Cockburn recommended Washington as the target, because of the comparative ease of attacking the national capital and "the greater political effect likely to result".
On 18 July, Cochrane ordered Cockburn that to "deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages ..." You are hereby required and directed to "destroy and lay waste such towns and districts as you may find assailable". Cochrane instructed, "You will spare merely the lives of the unarmed inhabitants of the United States".
In August, the vessels in Bermuda sailed from the Royal Naval Dockyard and St. George's to join those already operating along the American Atlantic coast. After defeating a US Navy gunboat flotilla, a military force totaling 4,370 (composed of British Army, Royal Marines, and Royal Navy detachments for shore service) under Ross was landed in Virginia. After beating off an American force of 1,200 on the 23rd, on the 24th they attacked the prepared defenses of the main American force of roughly 6,400 (US Army soldiers, militiamen, US Marines, and US Navy sailors) in the Battle of Bladensburg. Despite the considerable disadvantage in numbers (standard military logic dictates that a three-to-one advantage is needed in carrying out an attack on prepared defenses) and sustaining heavy casualties, the British force routed the American defenders and cleared the path into the capital (President James Madison and the entire government fled the city, and went North, to the town of Brookeville, Maryland).
On 24 August 1814, British troops led by Rear Admiral George Cockburn and Major General Robert Ross entered Washington and captured the city with a force of 4,500 "battle-hardened" men, during the burning of Washington. British troops, commanded by Ross, set fire to a number of public buildings, including the White House and the United States Capitol. Extensive damage to the interiors and the contents of both were subsequently reported. The British forces subsequently returned to the ships.
The British also sent a fleet up the Potomac to cut off Washington's water access and threaten the prosperous ports of Alexandria, just downstream of Washington, and Georgetown, just upstream. The mere appearance of the fleet cowed American defenders into fleeing from Fort Warburton without firing a shot, and undefended Alexandria surrendered. The British spent several days looting hundreds of tons of merchandise from city merchants and then turned their attention north to Baltimore, where they hoped to strike a powerful blow against the demoralized Americans. Baltimore was a busy port and was thought by the British to harbor many of the privateers who were raiding British shipping. The British planned a combined operation, with Ross launching a land attack at North Point, and Vice-Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane laying siege to Fort McHenry, which was the point defensive installation in Baltimore Harbor.
Baltimore's defenses had been planned in advance and overseen by the state militia commander, Major General Samuel Smith.
Opposing forces
American
10th Military District
Brigadier General William Winder, U.S. Army
Division Brigade Regiments and other
Third Division Maryland Militia
Major General Samuel Smith
First Brigade (Harford and Cecil Counties)
Brig. Gen. Thomas M. Forman
30th Regiment
40th Regiment
42nd Regiment
49th Regiment
Third Brigade (Baltimore city)
Brig. Gen. John Stricker
5th Regiment: Lt. Col. Joseph Sterrett
York Volunteers (PA): Capt. Michael L. Spangler
6th Regiment: Lt. Col. William McDonald
Marietta Volunteers (PA): Capt. John G. Dixon
27th Regiment: Lt. Col. Kennedy Long
39th Regiment: Lt. Col. Benjamin Fowler
Hanover Volunteers (PA): Capt. Frederick Metzger
Hagerstown Volunteers (MD): Capt. Thomas Quantrill
51st Regiment: Lt. Col. Henry Amey
1st Rifle Battalion: Maj. William Pinkney
Eleventh Brigade (Baltimore County)
Brig. Gen. Tobias E. Stansbury
7th Regiment
15th Regiment
36th Regiment
41st Regiment
46th Regiment
1st Regiment of Artillery
Lt. Col. David Harris
Baltimore Union Artillery: Capt. John Montgomery
Columbian Artillery: Capt. Samuel Moale
Franklin Artillery: Capt. John Myers
United Maryland Artillery: Capt. James Piper
1st Baltimore Volunteer Artillery: Capt. Abraham Pyke
Eagle Artillerists: Capt. George J. Brown
American Artillerists: Capt. Richard Magruder
First Marine Artillery of the Union: Capt. George Stiles
Steiner's Artillery of Frederick: Capt. Henry Steiner
5th Regiment of Cavalry
Lt. Col. James Biays
1st Baltimore Hussars
Independent Light Dragoons
Maryland Chasseurs
Fells Point Light Dragoons
Harbor defenses of Baltimore
Maj. George Armistead
Fort McHenry
Maj. George Armistead, commanding post
Evan's Company, U.S. Corps of Artillery: Capt. Frederick Evans
Bunbury's Company, U.S. Sea Fencibles: Capt. Matthew S. Bunbury
Addison's Company, U.S. Sea Fencibles: Capt. William H. Addison
Det. U.S. Infantry: Lt. Col. William Steuart (38th Infantry), Maj. Samuel Lane (14th Infantry)
Company, 12th Infantry: Capt. Thomas Sangster
Company, 36th Infantry: Capt. Joseph Hook
Company, 36th Infantry: Lt. William Rogers
Company, 38th Infantry: Capt. James H. Hook
Company, 38th Infantry: Capt. John Buck
Company, 38th Infantry: Capt. Sheppard C. Leakin
Company, 38th Infantry: Capt. Charles Stansbury
Det. 1st Regiment of Artillery, Maryland Militia
Washington Artillery: Capt. John Berry
Baltimore Independent Artillerists: Lt. Charles Pennington
Baltimore Fencibles: Capt. Joseph H. Nicholson
Det. U.S. Chesapeake Flotilla: Sailing Master Solomon Rodman
Fort Covington
Det. U.S. Navy: Lt. Henry S. Newcomb
Fort Babcock
Det. U.S. Chesapeake Flotilla: Sailing Master John A. Webster
Fort Lookout
Det. U.S. Navy: Lt. George Budd
Lazaretto Battery
Det. U.S. Chesapeake Flotilla: Lt. Solomon Frazier
Gun Barges
Det. U.S. Chesapeake Flotilla: Lt. Solomon Rutter
Hampstead Hill defenses US Navy
Commodore John Rodgers
Det. U.S Navy
Det. U.S. Marines
Virginia Militia
Brig. Gen. Singleton
Brig. Gen. Douglass
Pennsylvania Militia
Col. Frailey's Battalion
Lt. Col. Alexander Cobean's Battalion
British
North America and West Indies Station: Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane
Rear-Admiral Poultney Malcolm
Rear-Admiral Edward Codrington - Captain of the Fleet
Naval forces Bombardment squadron Ship Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, RN Bomb vessels
HMS Meteor: Capt. Thomas Alexander
HMS Volcano: Capt. David Price
HMS Aetna: Capt. Richard Kennah
HMS Devastation: Capt. Samuel Roberts
HMS Terror: Capt. John Sheridan
Rocket ship
HMS Erebus: Capt. David Bartholomew
Frigates
HMS Surprise: Capt. Thomas Cochrane
HMS Severn
HMS Euryalus: Capt. Charles Napier
HMS Hebrus
HMS Madagascar
HMS Havannah
HMS Seahorse: Capt. James Gordon
Schooners
HMS Cockchafer
HMS Wolverine
HMS Rover
British forces Brigade Regiment Maj. Gen. Sir Robert Ross (KIA, 9/12)
Col. Arthur Brooke
First (Light) Brigade
Maj. Timothy Jones
85th Regiment: Maj. Richard Gubbins
Light Company, 1/4th Regiment: Maj. Timothy Jones
Light Company, 21st Regiment: Maj. Norman Pringle
Light Company, 1/44th Regiment
Second Brigade
Col. Arthur Brooke
Lt. Col. Thomas Mullins
1st battalion 4th Regiment: Maj. Alured Faunce
1st battalion 44th Regiment: Maj. John Johnson
Provisional Marine Battalion from the Fleet: Capt. John Robyns, RM
Third Brigade
Lt. Col. William Patterson
21st Regiment: Maj. John Whitaker
2nd Battalion, Royal Marines: Lt. Col. James Malcolm, RM
plus 283 Marines from the fleet
3rd Battalion, Royal & Colonial Marines: Maj. George Lewis, RM
plus 107 Marines from HMS Seahorse and HMS Havannah
Reporting directly
Royal Marine Artillery: 1st Lt. John Lawrence, RM
Royal Artillery: Capt. John Mitchell
Detachment, Royal Artillery Drivers: Capt. William Lempiere
2nd Coy. 4th Battalion, Royal Sappers and Miners: Capt. Richard Blanchard
Rear Admiral Sir George Cockburn Naval Brigade
Naval Brigade Seaman: Capt. Edward Crofton, RN
Capt. Thomas Ball Sulivan, RN - HMS Weser
Capt. Rowland Money, RN - HMS Trave
Capt. Robert Ramsay, RN - HMS Regulus
Capt. Joseph Nourse, RN - HMS Severn
Battle
North Point
Main article: Battle of North Point
The British landed a force of 5,000 troops who marched toward Baltimore and first met heavy resistance at the Battle of North Point, which was fought on September 12 about 5 miles (8 km) from the city. The city's defense was under the overall command of Major General Samuel Smith, an officer of the Maryland Militia. He dispatched roughly 3,000 men under the command of General John Stricker to meet the British in a forward engagement. General Stricker was to stall the British invasion force to delay the British advance long enough for Major General Smith to complete the defenses in Baltimore.
The land invasion force for the British was led by Ross, who would be killed in the second shift of the American defense by an American sharpshooter (it has been suggested that either Daniel Wells or Henry McComas of Captain Aisquith's rifle company, of the 5th Maryland Militia regiment, was responsible, and both killed shortly afterwards).
After Ross's death, the British army came under the command of Colonel Arthur Brooke. However, the Americans had already begun to form an organized retreat back to the main defenses of Baltimore, where they awaited a British assault.
Hampstead Hill
Rodgers Bastion, also known as Sheppard's Bastion, located on Hampstead Hill (now part of Patterson Park), was the centerpiece of a 3-mile-wide earthworks from the outer harbor in Canton, north to Belair Road, dug to defend the eastern approach to Baltimore against the British. The redoubt was assembled and commanded by U.S. Navy Commodore John Rodgers, with General Smith in command of the overall line. At dawn on September 13, the day after the Battle of North Point, some 4,300 British troops advanced north on North Point Road, then west along the Philadelphia Road (now Maryland Route 7) toward Baltimore, which forced the U.S. troops to retreat to the main defensive line around the city. The British commander, Col. Arthur Brooke, established his new headquarters at the Sterret House on Surrey Farm (nowcalled Armistead Gardens), about two miles east-northeast of Hampstead Hill.
When the British began probing actions on Baltimore's inner defenses, the American line was defended by 100 cannons and more than 10,000 regular troops, including two shadowing infantry regiments commanded by general officers Stricker and Winder as well as a few thousand local militia and irregulars. The defenses were far stronger than the British anticipated. The American defenders at Fort McHenry successfully stopped British naval forces but a few ships were still able to provide artillery support. Once the British had taken the outer defenses, the inner defenses became the priority. The British infantry had not anticipated how well defended they would be so the first attack was a failure; however, Brooke's forces managed to outflank and to overrun American positions to the right. After a discussion with lower ranking officers, Brooke decided that the British should bombard the fort instead of risk a frontal assault and, at 3:00 a.m. on September 14, ordered the British troops to return to the ships.
Fort McHenry
At Fort McHenry, some 1,000 soldiers under the command of Major George Armistead awaited the British naval bombardment. Their defense was augmented by the sinking of a line of American merchant ships at the adjacent entrance to Baltimore Harbor in order to further thwart the passage of British ships.
The attack began on September 13, as the British fleet of some nineteen ships began pounding the fort with Congreve rockets (from rocket vessel HMS Erebus) and mortar shells (from bomb vessels Terror, Volcano, Meteor, Devastation, and Aetna). After an initial exchange of fire, the British fleet withdrew to just beyond the range of Fort McHenry's cannons and continued to bombard the American redoubts for the next 25 hours. Although 1,500 to 1,800 cannonballs were launched at the fort, damage was light because of recent fortification that had been completed prior to the battle.
After nightfall, Cochrane ordered a landing to be made by small boats to the shore just west of the fort, away from the harbor opening on which the fort's defense was concentrated. He hoped that the landing party might slip past Fort McHenry and draw Smith's army away from the main British land assault on the city's eastern border. That gave the British a good diversion for half an hour and allowed them to fire again and again. On the morning of September 14, the 30 ft × 42 ft (9.1 m × 12.8 m) oversized American flag, which had been made a year earlier by local flagmaker Mary Pickersgill and her 13-year-old daughter, was raised over Fort McHenry (replacing the tattered storm flag which had flown during battle). It was responded to by a small encampment of British riflemen on the right flank, who fired a round each at the sky and taunted the Americans just before they too returned to the shore line.
Originally, historians said that the oversized Star Spangled Banner Flag was raised to taunt the British, but that is not the case. The oversized flag was used every morning for reveille, as was the case on the morning of September 14.
Brooke had been instructed not to attack the American positions around Baltimore unless he was certain that there were fewer than 2,000 men in the fort. Because of his orders, Brooke had to withdraw from his positions and returned to the fleet, which would set sail for New Orleans.
Aftermath
Colonel Brooke's troops withdrew, and Admiral Cochrane's fleet sailed off to regroup before his next (and final) assault on the United States, at the Battle of New Orleans. Armistead was soon promoted to lieutenant colonel. Much weakened by the arduous preparations for the battle, he died at 38, only three years after the battle.
Three active battalions of the Regular Army (1-4 Inf, 2-4 Inf and 3-4 Inf) perpetuate the lineages of the old 36th and 38th Infantry Regiments, both of which were at Fort McHenry during the bombardment. The lineage of the 5th Maryland Infantry Regiment, which played a major role in the Battle of North Point, is perpetuated by the Maryland Army National Guard's 175th Infantry Regiment.
The battle is commemorated in the Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine.
Star Spangled Banner
An American lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, was on a mercy mission for the release of Dr. William Beanes, a prisoner of the British. Key showed the British letters from wounded British officers praising the care that they received from Dr. Beanes. The British agreed to release Beanes, but Key and Beanes were forced to stay with the British until the attack on Baltimore was over. Key watched the proceedings from a truce ship in the Patapsco River. On the morning of the 14th, Key saw the American flag waving above Fort McHenry. Inspired, he began jotting down verses on the back of a letter he was carrying. Key's poem was originally named "Defence on Fort McHenry" was printed on pamphlets by the Baltimore American.
Key's poem was later set to the tune of a British song called "To Anacreon in Heaven," the official song of the Anacreontic Society, an 18th-century gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in London. The song eventually became known as "The Star-Spangled Banner." The US Congress made it the national anthem of the United States in 1931.
See also
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Battery D, 1st Artillery Regiment (Light) :: New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center
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https://museum.dmna.ny.gov/application/files/9315/9121/8175/nysmm_bookmark_favicon.ico
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THE FOLLOWING IS TAKEN FROM NEW YORK IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, 1ST ED. FREDERICK PHISTERER. ALBANY: J. B. LYON COMPANY, 1912.
Battery D, Capt. Thomas W. Osborne, was recruited principally at Watertown, Gouv-erneur, Russell, Antwerp, Cape Vincent, Diana, Stone Mills, Pitcairn and Richville; and mustered in the United States service September 6, 1861, at Elmira. In June, 1862, some of the men of Battery A were transferred to it. It served at and near Washington, D. C, from November, 1861; in Hooker's Division, 3d Corps, Army of the Potomac, from March, 1862; in the 2d Division, 3d Corps, from June, 1862; in the Artillery Brigade, 3d Corps, from July, 1862; in the 1st Division, 9th Corps, from December, 1862; in the 2d. Division, 3d Corps, from February, 1863; in the Artillery Brigade, 3d Corps, from May, 1863; in the Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, from March, 1864, and in the Artillery Brigade, 5th Corps, from May, 1864. It was mustered out and honorably discharged, under Capt. Jas B. Hazelton, June 16, 1865, at Elmira.
THE FOLLOWING IS TAKEN FROM THE UNION ARMY: A HISTORY OF MILITARY AFFAIRS IN THE LOYAL STATES, 1861-65 -- RECORDS OF THE REGIMENTS IN THE UNION ARMY -- CYCLOPEDIA OF BATTLES -- MEMOIRS OF COMMANDERS AND SOLDIERS, VOLUME II: NEW YORK, MARYLAND, WEST VIRGINIA AND OHIO. MADISON, WI: FEDERAL PUB. CO., 1908.
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Prince George's County:
Over 300 years of History
MILITARY
Special Sources:
The MSA has a wealth of information on the Military Service of Marylanders dating from the Colonial period to the present century. Holdings in original records are strongest for the American Revolution, but service information can also be provided from later records as compiled in published sources. The original service records for most American Wars after the Revolution are Available at the National Archives.
Adams, Brett C. Road to Arson: The Debacle at Bladensburg. Rutger's College: 1991, [unpublished paper - History & Political Science Major]. Available at FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY, TOWNS
Andrews Air Force Base "Aerial Gateway to the Nation's Capital." San Diego: MARCOA Publishing Co., 1993. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY
Baltz, Shirley. A Prince George's Hero Recalled: Brig. Gen. Leonard Covington, 1768?-1813: 1989. [unpublished paper]. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY
Brumbaugh, Gaius Marcus, and Hodges, Margaret R. Revolutionary Records of Maryland: 1924. Repr. Baltimore: GPC, 1978, [56 pp., includes previously unpublished listings of loyal Civil Servants, 1775- 1783]. Available at MHSL; MD Room, PGCML, Hyattsville Branch; McKeldin Library, UM; MSL. DEMOGRAPHICS, MILITARY
Burkard, Dick J. Military Airlift Command: Historical Handbook 1941- 1984. Illinois: Scott AFB, USAF, 1984. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY-ANDREWS AFB
Camper, Charles, comp. Historical Records of the First Regiment Maryland Infantry, with an Appendix Containing a Register of the Officers and Enlisted Men, Biographies of Deceased Offices, etc., War of the Rebellion 1861-1865. Washington, D.C.: Gibson Bros., 1871. Available at MHSL; MD Room, PGCML, Hyattsville Branch. DEMOGRAPHICS, MILITARY
Census of Deceased Personnel Buried on Fort George G. Meade, MD. Ft. Meade: Local Troop, Boy Scouts of America, 1977, [88 pp., multilithed]. Available at the PGCGS. DEMOGRAPHICS, MILITARY
Clark, Charles Branch. Politics in Maryland During the Civil War. Chestertown, MD: 1952. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS, MILITARY
"Colonial Militia - 1740, 1748," Maryland Historical Magazine. Vol. VI, pp. 44, 180: 1911, [Militia lists by counties and companies]. Available at MHSL; FDML, PGCHS; PGCGS. MILITARY
Davis, Adjutant P.M. The Four Principal Battles of the Late War, Being a Full Detailed Account of the Battle of Chippeway, Fall & Destruction of the City of Washington, Battles of Baltimore & New Orleans. Harrisburg: 1832. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY
DeMarr, Fred S. The Second Invasion of Bladensburg: 1973, [25 pp., unpublished paper]. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY, TOWNS
Eisenberg, Gerson G. Marylanders Who Served the Nation. Annapolis: Maryland State Archives, 1992. Available at the History Division, M- NCPPC. MILITARY
Ferguson, Alice L. The Susquehannock Fort on Piscataway Creek: Alice Ferguson Foundation. Reprinted from Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 36, March 1941, 9 pp. Available at the AFF. MILITARY, SITES
Goldsborough, William W. Maryland Line in the Confederate Army 1861- 1865. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Printing Corp., 1972. Repr. Gaithersburg, MD: The Butternut Press, 1983. Available at MHSL, EPFL, McKeldin Library-UM, PGCHS. MILITARY
Hienton, Louise J., ed. Reminders of Revolutionary Days in Prince George's County. DAR and Prince George's County Mem. Library System: 1975, [36 pp.]. Available at MD Room, PGCML, Hyattsville Branch; FDML, PGCHS; PGCGS. MILITARY
Huntsberry, Thomas V. & Joanne M. North Point War of 1812. Baltimore, MD: J-Mart, 1985. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY
Ingraham, Edward Duncan. A Sketch of the Events Which Preceded the Capture of Washington by the British on the 24th of August, 1814. Philadelphia: Carey & Hart, 1849, [66 pp.]. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY
Jarvis, Grace H. "Pensioners Residing in Maryland, Delaware, and District of Columbia, 1 June 1840." Maryland Genealogical Society Bulletin, No. 19, (Winter 1978), pp. 52-57. Available at MHSL; MD Room, PGCML, Hyattsville Branch; FDML, PGCHS; PGCGS. MILITARY
Lewis, Louise Quales. Commission Publication 5, Index to the Maryland Line in the Confederate Army, 1861-1865. Annapolis, MD: Hall of Records Commission, 1945. Available at MSA/Hall of Records. MILITARY
Lloyd, Alan. The Scorching of Washington: The War of 1812. Washington: Robert B. Luce Co., Inc., 1974, LC # 74-15409, ISBN 0- 88331-070-8. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY
Lord, Walter. The Dawn's Early Light. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1972, ISBN 0-393-05452-7, [384 pp.]. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY
Marine, William M. The British Invasion of Maryland 1812-1815. 1913, Repr. Baltimore, MD: GPC, 1977, [519 pp., with an appendix containing 11,000 names, by Louis H. Dielman]. Available at MHSL; FDML, PGCHS; MSL. MILITARY
Maryland in the World War, 1917-1919, Military and Naval Service Records. Baltimore, MD: MHS, Maryland War Records Commission, 1933. Available at MHSL; MD Room, PGCML, Hyattsville Branch; MSL. MILITARY
Maryland in World War II. Register of Service Personnel, Baltimore, MD: MHS, War Records Division, 1965, 5 Vol. Available at MHSL; MD Room, PGCML, Hyattsville Branch; MSL. DEMOGRAPHICS, MILITARY
Maryland Loyalist Regiment. Orderly Book of the Regiment June 18, 1778 - Oct. 12, 1778, Including General Orders Issued by Sir Henry Clinton. New York, NY: Historical Printing Club, 1891. Available at MHSL. MILITARY
"Maryland Militia Revolutionary War, 1777-1782." Maryland Historical Genealogical Bulletin XIII: 1942. [56 pp., List of counties and their battalion organization]. Available at MHSL. DEMOGRAPHICS, MILITARY
Maryland Oaths of Fidelity, Vol. 1. [9,000 men who signed oath of allegiance and fidelity to Maryland during the Revolution], Westminster, Family Line Publishers: 1989. Available at the FDML, PGCHS; Vol. 2 is available at PGCGS. DEMOGRAPHICS, MILITARY
Maryland's Historical & Cultural Museums Directory. Maryland Historical & Cultural Publications, Crownsville, MD, June 1993, ISBN: 1-878399-52-7, pp. 19-23, Prince George's County Museums. [Airmen Memorial Museum, Belair Mansion & Belair Stable Museum, Calvert Mansion (Riversdale), Chesapeake Beach Railway Museum, College Park Airport Museum, Darnall's Chance, Ft. Washington Park, Greenbelt Museum, Howard B. Owens Science Ctr, Jefferson Patterson Park & Museum, Laurel Historical Society, Marietta Mansion, Montpelier Mansion (M-NCPPC), NASA/Goddard Visitor Center & Museum, National Colonial Farm, Accokeek Foundation/Piscataway Park, Prince George's County Hall of Fame, Surratt House Museum & Visitor Center, W.H. Duvall Tool Museum, William Sydney Pitman Museum & African-American Historical Society]. ARCHITECTURE, AVIATION, BLACK HISTORY, FAMILIES, GENERAL HISTORY, HOUSES, MILITARY, MUSEUMS, SITES, TECHNOLOGY, TOWNS, TRANSPORTATION
Maryland Revolutionary War Militia Lists. 3 Vol., Baltimore, MD: MHS, 1938-1941. Available at MHSL. DEMOGRAPHICS, MILITARY
McCafferty, Jane R., comp. "Ledger of Payment to Maryland Revolutionary War Pensions Under the Acts of 1818 and 1832, Payment Periods of 1833-1848." National Archives Vol. E, pp. 65-69, T718 roll 5, PGCGS Bulletin, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Sept. 1983), pp. 9-10. Available at PGCGS; MD Room, PGCML, Hyattsville Branch; National Archives. MILITARY
McCafferty, Jane R., comp. "Ledger of Payment to Maryland Revolutionary War Pensions Under the Act of 1818." National Archives Vol. A, pp. 313-365, T718, Roll 1., PGCGS Bulletin, Vol. 15, No. 2, (Oct. 1983), pp. 30-32; No. 3 (Nov. 1983), pp. 50-53. Available at PGCGS; MD Room, PGCML, Hyattsville Branch; National Archives. MILITARY
McCarty, William. History of the American War of 1812. Philadelphia: 1816. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY
McMurry, Donald L. Coxey's Army: A Study of the Industrial Army Movement of 1894. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1929. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY, TOWNS-BLADENSBURG
Muller, Charles G. The Darkest Day: 1814 -- The Washington-Baltimore Campaign. Phila. & NY: J.B. Lippincott Co., LC # 63-11757. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY
Muster Rolls and Other Records of Service of Maryland Troops in the American Revolution 1775-1783. Archives of Maryland XVIII: MHS, 1900. Repr. Baltimore, MD: GPC, 1972, [736 pp.]. Available at MHSL; MD Room, PGCML, Hyattsville Branch; PGCHS; MSL. DEMOGRAPHICS, MILITARY
NASA, The First 25 Years, 1958-1983, A Resource for Teachers: NASA, 1983. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY, TOWNS
Newman, Harry Wright. Maryland Revolutionary Records, (1938). Repr. Baltimore, MD: GPC, 1967. [155 pp.], Available from PGCGS, MHSL, McKeldin Library, UM, MSL. DEMOGRAPHICS, MILITARY
Patch, Joseph Dorst (Maj. Gen., USA, Ret.) The Battle of Bladensburg, August 24, 1914. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY, TOWNS
Prince George's County Salutes Andrews Air Force Base. San Diego: Military Publishers, 1979. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY
Reminders of Revolutionary Days in Prince George's County. Hyattsville: DAR, Toaping Castle Chapter, 1975. Call # 975.251D. [Compiled for the Bicentennial Committee of Bell Air Chapter, Brig. Gen. Rezin Beall Chapter, Marlborough Towne Chapter, & Toaping Castle Chapter, DAR]. Available at PGCML, DAR, PGCGS. MILITARY
Richardson, Hester Dorsey. Side-Lights on Maryland History. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1913. Reprint Baltimore, MD: Tidewater, 1967. [Vol. I, 500 pp., Vol. II, 564 pp., Includes Lords of the Manor, Maryland Colonial Militia, names of 1,000 settlers of Maryland and their earliest land surveys. Vol. II has much on early families.] Available at MHSL; PGCHS; MD Room, PGCML, Hyattsville Branch; MSL. FAMILIES, GENERAL HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY & MAPS, MILITARY.
Riley, Hugh Ridgely. Roster of the Soldiers and Sailors Who Served in Organizations from Maryland During the Spanish-American War. Compiled under the authority of the House of Delegates of Maryland, Baltimore, MD: W.J.C. Dulany Co., 1901. [51 pp.] Available from MHSL, McKeldin Library, UM. DEMOGRAPHICS, MILITARY
Salute to the Servicemen, Glenn Dale, Maryland: 1947. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY, TOWNS
Souvenir Program of the Welcome Home Ceremonies to Members of Old Company F & World War Veterans of Hyattsville New National Guard Armory, 1919. Hyattsville. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY, TOWNS
Stein, Charles Francis. The German Battalion of the American Revolution: 1975. [Reprinted from Journal of German-American History, Report #36, 1975]. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY
Steuart, Rieman. The Maryland Line. A History of the Maryland Line in the Revolutionary War, 1775-1783. Baltimore, MD: the author, 1969, [169 pp.]. Available at MHSL, PGCHS. MILITARY
Toomey, Daniel Carroll. The Civil War in Maryland. Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1988, LC # 83-51066, ISBN 0-9612670-0-3. Available at the History Division, M-NCPPC. MILITARY
Washington, D.C. Salutes Andrews Air Force Base: An Unofficial Guide to Andrews. Lubbock, TX: C.F. Boone Nationwide Publications, 1966. Available at the FDML, PGCHS. MILITARY
Wilmer, L. Allison, et al. History and Roster of Maryland Volunteers, War of 1861-65. Baltimore, MD: Prepared under authority of Maryland General Assembly, 1898-1899, 2 v.. Available at MHSL, MSL; 1987 Reprint with Separate Volume Index available at PGCGS. DEMOGRAPHICS, MILITARY
Wright, F. Edward. Maryland Militia, War of 1812. Vol. 6, P.G. County, Family Line, Call # 973.5245W. Available at PGCGS. MILITARY
Return to the index of the Bibliographic Resource Guide
Prince George's History page.
Support our county history by joining the Prince George's Co. Historical Society
These pages were created as a part of the 1996 PG County Tricentennial celebration. Additional history resources are listed on the bibliography page. These pages are not being updated. They are now located on the Prince George's County Historical Society's web site. Contact links: web site manager - Society information. You can search the entire site through this search form.:
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Welcome to my website for Battle of Gettysburg buffs, old and new.
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[] |
[] |
[
"Soldiers' National Cemetery",
"Gettysburg Convention and Visitors Bureau",
"Lincoln Cemetery",
"Underground Railroad",
"ghosts of Gettysburg",
"Gettysburg Cyclorama",
"Gettysburg Battle Walks",
"Gettysburg civilians",
"Civil War art",
"Abraham Brian",
"Gettysburg National Military Park",
"Tillie Pierce",
"Battle of Hanover",
"Lutheran Theological Seminary cupola",
"General George Meade",
"General John Reynolds",
"General John Buford",
"General Winfield Hancock",
"Cemetery Ridge",
"Cemetery Hill",
"Seminary Ridge",
"Pickett's Charge",
"General Robert E. Lee",
"General James Longstreet",
"Rupp House History Center",
"Artillery Ridge Campground",
"Adams County Historical Society",
"Gettysburg Civil War Battle Reenactment",
"Cashtown Inn",
"Battle of Hunterstown",
"the railroad cut",
"Culp's Hill",
"Battle of Monterey Pass",
"the Springs Hotel",
"Devil's Den",
"copse of trees",
"Gettysburg rock carvings",
"Little Round Top",
"Barlow's Knoll",
"Alms House Cemetery",
"Camp Letterman",
"Evergreen Cemetery",
"Big Round Top",
"Coster Avenue mural",
"Power's Hill",
"Benner's Hill"
] | null |
[] | null |
I have tried to focus on the lesser known or visited areas of the battlefield and topics for those of you and your family who are interested in learning or doing more than the average visitor to Gettysburg.
| null |
More Odds and Ends
I hope you will find the topics and information on this page interesting and informative:
The Pipe Creek Circular
The Pipe Creek Circular, which was an order written by General George Meade late on the night of June 30, is usually given little thought by anyone studying the battle unless they read where it was used to criticize General Meade as being an indecisive and/or timid commanding general. That is truly a shame, for this order exemplifies, at least in my opinion, the brilliance of such a detailed and flexible plan that fully complied with his orders from Washington D.C. to locate and engage the enemy but while still covering both that city and Baltimore as well.
The Pipe Creek Circular, which thoroughly elaborated how, if the order needed to be carried out, all of the individual Union Corps would fall back to a roughly 20-mile long defensive position on the rolling hills along Big Pipe Creek from Middleburg, Maryland to Manchester, Maryland (see the map below):
(Map courtesy of Ronald A. Church)
The topography of this area also allowed the Union Army the option of switching to offensive operations, provided for good communications and a road network along the rear of the line and, in addition, to the main supply base only 8 miles away at Westminster, Maryland.
There is still some dispute as to whether or not all of the Union Corps commanders and General John Buford received the order that was actually sent out on July 1 but was later rescinded when General John Reynolds decided to stay and fight it out. It is important to remember that those who did receive the Pipe Creek Circular (like Generals Henry Slocum and Dan Sickles, for example) no doubt had it in mind when determining when and how they responded to the urgent pleas for support from General Howard and his XI Corps on the left wing that was already engaged in action.
Here is the text of the Pipe Creek Circular:
CIRCULAR
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
Taneytown, July 1, 1863
From information received, the commanding general is satisfied that the object of the movement of the army in this direction has been accomplished, viz, the relief of Harrisburg, and the prevention of the enemy's intended invasion of Philadelphia, &c., beyond the Susquehanna. It is no longer his intention to assume the offensive until the enemy's movements or position should render such an operation certain of success.
If the enemy assume the offensive, and attack, it is his intention, after holding them in check sufficiently long, to withdraw the trains and other impedimenta; to Withdraw the army from its present position, and form line of battle with the left resting in the neighborhood of Middleburg, and the right at Manchester, the general direction being that of Pipe Creek. For this purpose, General Reynolds, in command of the left, will withdraw the force at present at Gettysburg, two corps by the road to Taneytown and Westminster, and, after crossing Pipe Creek, deploy toward Middleburg. The corps at Emmitsburg will be withdrawn, via Mechanicsville, to Middleburg, or, if a more direct route can be found leaving Taneytown to their left, to withdraw direct to Middleburg.
General Slocum will assume command of the two corps at Hanover and Two Taverns, and withdraw them, via Union Mills, deploying one to the right and one to the left, after crossing Pipe Creek, connecting on the left with General Reynolds, and communicating his right to General Sedgwick at Manchester, who will connect with him and form the right.
The time for falling back can only be developed by circumstances. Whenever such circumstances arise as would seem to indicate the necessity for falling back and assuming this general line indicated, notice of such movement will be at once communicated to these headquarters and to all adjoining corps commanders.
The Second Corps now at Taneytown will be held in reserve in the vicinity of Uniontown and Frizellburg, to be thrown to the point of strongest attack, should the enemy make it. In the event of these movements being necessary, the trains and impedimenta will all be sent to the rear of Westminster.
Corps commanders, with their officers commanding artillery and the divisions, should make themselves thoroughly familiar with the country indicated, all the roads and positions, so that no possible confusion can ensue, and that the movement, if made, be done with good order, precision, and care, without loss or any detriment to the morale of the troops.
The commanders of corps are requested to communicate at once the nature of their present positions, and their ability to hold them in case of any sudden attack at any point by the enemy.
This order is communicated, that a general plan, perfectly understood by all, may be had for receiving attack, if made in strong force, upon any portion of our present position.
Developments may cause the commanding general to assume the offensive from his present positions.
The Artillery Reserve will, in the event of the general movement indicated, move to the rear of Frizellburg, and be placed in position, or sent to corps, as circumstances may require, under the general supervision of the chief of artillery.
The chief quartermaster will, in case of the general movement indicated, give directions for the orderly and proper position of the trains in rear of Westminster.
All the trains will keep well to the right of the road in moving, and, in case of any accident requiring a halt, the team must be hauled out of the line, and not delay the movements.
The trains ordered to Union Bridge in these events will be sent to Westminster.
General headquarters will be, in case of this movement, at Frizellburg; General Slocum as near Union Mills as the line will render best for him; General Reynolds at or near the road from Taneytown to l.
The chief of artillery will examine the line, and select positions for artillery.
The cavalry will be held on the right and left flanks after the movement is completed. Previous to its completion, it will, as now directed, cover the front and exterior lines, well out.
The commands must be prepared for a movement, and, in the event of the enemy attacking us on the ground indicated herein, to follow up any repulse.
The chief signal officer will examine the line thoroughly, and at once, upon the commencement of this movement, extend telegraphic communication from each of the following points to general headquarters near Frizellburg, viz, Manchester, Union Mills, Middleburg, and the Taneytown road.
All true Union people should be advised to harass and annoy the enemy in every way, to send in information, and taught how to do it; giving regiments by number of colors, number of guns, generals' names, &c. All their supplies brought to us will be paid for, and not fall into the enemy's hands.
Roads and ways to move to the right or left of the general line should be studied and thoroughly understood. All movements of troops should be concealed, and our dispositions kept from the enemy. Their knowledge of these dispositions would be fatal to our success, and the greatest care must be taken to prevent such an occurrence.
By command of Major-General Meade:
S. WILLIAMS,
Assistant Adjutant-General
MEMORANDA
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
July 1, 1863
So much of the instructions contained in the circular of this date, just sent to you, as relates to the withdrawal of the corps at Emmitsburg should read as follows:
The corps at Emmitsburg should be withdrawn, via Mechanics-town, to Middleburg, or, if a more direct route can be found leaving Taneytown to the left, to withdraw direct to Middleburg.
Please correct the circular accordingly.
By command of Major-General Meade:
S. WILLIAMS,
Assistant Adjutant-General
The monument and marker to the 26th Pennsylvania Emergency Regiment
While most battlefield visitors have more than likely seen the monument and two ground-level markers to the 26th Pennsylvania Emergency Regiment which are located 3 blocks west of the square at the “Y” intersection of Chambersburg Street (Route 30 West) and Springs Avenue, there is another smaller marker about 3 miles further west of town roughly 100 yards east of Marsh Creek on the north side of the road. This marker indicates the general area where this newly formed regiment (it was only mustered in on June 22 with about 750 men and included about 21 students of Pennsylvania College in Company A) had set up camp and briefly encountered General John B. Gordon’s Brigade on June 26. After their pickets fired a few rounds at the oncoming Confederate troops, the 26th Pennsylvania Emergency Regiment, commanded by Colonel William W. Jennings, wisely retreated to the northwest, ultimately reaching Harrisburg on June 28:
(Photo courtesy of Mike Waricher and the GNMP)
It is also important to note that at least some students of Pennsylvania College “volunteered” in other capacities during the battle. Two of those students were Michael Colver (a senior from Olivet, Pennsylvania) and Horatio J. Watkins (a junior from Hagerstown, Maryland), who would often assist in providing medical treatment to both wounded Union and Confederate soldiers at several locations in and around town during and after the battle. In the 1902 edition of the Spectrum, the yearbook of Pennsylvania College (which became Gettysburg College in 1921), both Colver and Watkins recounted their amazing stories a full thirty-nine years after the battle. For more information on the amazing accounts of those students, read the article “Students of Battle: Michael Colver, Horatio Watkins, and Pennsylvania College in the Crosshairs of Battle”at https://gettysburgcompiler.org/tag/alexander-dau.
The U.S. Regulars
While they may not have played a large role in one of the more well-known phases of the battle, the bravery and sacrifices of the two infantry brigades of U.S. Regulars in General Romeyn B. Ayres’ Second Division of General George Sykes’ Union V Corps on July 2 should not be overlooked or forgotten. The First Brigade, commanded by Colonel Hannibal Day, consisted of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment, 4th U.S. Infantry Regiment, 6th U.S. Infantry Regiment, 12th U.S. Infantry Regiment, and 14th U.S. Infantry Regiment. The Second Brigade, commanded by Colonel Sidney Burbank, consisted of the 2nd U.S. Infantry Regiment, 7th U.S. Infantry Regiment, 10th U.S. Infantry Regiment, 11th U.S. Infantry Regiment, and 17th U.S. Infantry Regiment. Comprised of relatively small regiments (the 10th U.S. Infantry Regiment only had 3 Companies, and two other regiments only had 4 Companies), the two brigades moved from their initial position on the northern slope of Little Round Top to Houck’s Ridge on the eastern edge of and then into the Wheatfield to support General John C. Caldwell’s Division of the Union II Corps. Encountering four brigades of Confederate infantry on their front and both flanks, the two brigades of U.S. Regulars eventually began to fall back as if on drill, stopping at intervals to turn around and return fire as they slowly and methodically retreated to their initial position on the northern slope of Little Round Top. When it was all said and done, these two brigades of U.S. Regulars totaling approximately 2,600 soldiers suffered roughly 800 casualties in about an hour. One Union soldier in a nearby state volunteer regiment is reported to have once said something like “For two years, the Regulars taught us how to act like soldiers. At Gettysburg, they showed us how to die like soldiers."
Most of the individual monuments to these regiments are easily visible along Ayres Avenue on the crest of Houck’s Ridge):
However, the monument to the 17th U.S. Infantry Regiment is located in a small ravine below a stone wall and roughly 40 yards south of the monument to the 11th U.S. Infantry Regiment:
In addition, the monument to the 14th U.S. Infantry Regiment is located roughly 55 yards southeast of the crest of Houck’s Ridge and about 55 yards west of Crawford Avenue:
It should also be noted that there was one more regiment of U.S. Regulars at Gettysburg, the 8th U.S. Infantry Regiment, which served as part of the Headquarters Provost Guard for General George Meade at the Lydia Leister house on the west side of the Taneytown Road behind Cemetery Ridge:
It is fitting, though, that one of the most prominent monuments on Cemetery Ridge is the tall obelisk monument honoring all of the U.S. Regular Army infantry, artillery, cavalry and engineer units that served in the Gettysburg Campaign:
They also served
There are at least two small markers on the battlefield to honor Union troops that did not take part in any real fighting but served necessary roles nonetheless. Located along the east side of the Baltimore Pike roughly 70 yards south of the entrance to the new Visitor Center is the small marker for the 10th Maine Infantry Battalion, commanded by Captain John D. Beardsley, which served as the Provost Guard for General Henry W. Slocum’s XII Corps headquarters:
Another small marker, located just a short distance west of the Baltimore Pike at the intersection of Granite School House Lane and Blacksmith Shop Road, is for the 4th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, commanded by Major Charles Ewing and was part of the First New Jersey Brigade (see the “Faces of the battle” section on my “Something Different” page). Companies A, C, and H served as the brigade’s Provost Guard while the rest of the regiment guarded the Union Artillery Reserve train:
And two women too...
One of the most noticeable and unusual monuments on the battlefield is the “castle” monument to the 12th New York and 44th New York Infantry Regimentson Little Round Top:
In addition to the unique exterior design, an unusual aspect of the monument is in the interior on the bronze tablets listing not only individual officers and lower ranking soldiers but also commissary sergeants, hospital stewards, band members, and sutlers. But what is truly unusual is that these plaques also include the names of two women: Lora A. Hudson Bissell and Harriet Weld Corning.
Lora A. Hudson Bissell, the daughter of a Baptist clergyman, was born near Albany, New York in 1839. She became a schoolteacher and wrote the words to the poem “Ellsworth Avengers” to honor Colonel Elmer Ellsworth of the 11th New York Infantry Regiment, the first Union officer killed in the Civil War in May of 1861. Members of the 44th New York Infantry Regiment learned of the song, called upon Miss Hudson and asked permission to adopt the words as its regimental song. Learning of her desire to serve her country, they invited her to accompany them as the "Daughter of the Regiment." Miss Hudson did so, and joined the regiment as a volunteer nurse, later marrying Dr. Elias Bissell, Assistant Surgeon of the 44th New York Infantry Regiment, in 1864.
(Image courtesy of Forest Lawn
Cemetery in Buffalo, New York)
Harriet Weld Corning was a member of the wealthy and eminent Weld family of Roxbury, Massachusetts. Born in 1793, she later married Erastus Corning, an enterprising businessman from Norwich, Connecticut who made his mark in hardware, nail and iron works, and other business ventures in and near Albany, New York. He also became involved in politics on the state level as well as serving as a U.S. Congressman in the late 1850’s and early 1860’s. As one of the plaques inside the monument states:
“And as a
Tribute to a
Patriotic Woman
Mrs. Harriet Weld Corning,
who presented the 44th regiment the colors
under which it fought, with the injunction to
"preserve it forever from the traitor's
touch and let no coward's hand trail it in the dust."
(Image courtesy of the Albany
Institute of History & Art)
And now you know about the only regimental monument on the Gettysburg battlefield which honors two women.
Original Massachusetts infantry regiment markers
The metal markers for the Massachusetts infantry regiments which can be found on the south side of the “copse of trees” on Cemetery Ridge (the 15th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, the 19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, and the 20th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment) are not original. To make a long story short, the stone monuments to these three regiments marking where they helped to repulse “Pickett’s Charge” were later moved to their original “line of battle” positions. Afterward, veterans of those units in the early 1900’s asked for and were given permission to have iron posts installed with signs denoting their “advanced positions”, but the signposts were later removed by the National Park Service in the 1950’s as being superfluous (The Civil War Round Table of Eastern Pennsylvania funded the replacement of these three signposts in 1993, and are the ones we see today --- for more information, read “Isn’t This Glorious!”: The 15th, 19th, and 20th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiments at Gettysburg’s Copse of Trees” by Edwin R. Root and Jeffrey D. Stocker). Although all of these original regimental signposts have long disappeared, some of the uniquely shaped bases can still be found elsewhere on the battlefield. One of these (most likely to the 33rd Massachusetts Infantry Regiment) is located on the east side of East Cemetery Hill along the north side of the second stone wall (out of the five parallel stone walls, and counting them from south to north) about halfway down to Wainwright Avenue:
(Photo courtesy of the GNMP and Mike Waricher)
Other bases can be found on Little Round Top, Munshower’s Knoll (the location of the equestrian monument to Union VI Corps commander General John Sedgwick) just north of Little Round Top, and the Wheatfield. So, if you are in the vicinity of a monument to a Massachusetts infantry regiment, take a look around and see if you can find one of those old bases:
18th Massachusetts (Little Round Top) --- at stone wall 25 yards northwest of the 83rd Pennsylvania
22 Massachusetts (Little Round Top) --- at stone wall 55 yards northwest of the 83rd Pennsylvania
32nd Massachusetts (Wheatfield) --- at stone wall 85 yards east of the 17th Maine
33rd Massachusetts (Cemetery Hill) --- at stone wall 80 yards west of 14th Indiana right flank marker
37th Massachusetts (Munshower’s Knoll) --- north of Battery C, 1st New York Artillery
Other monuments that have been moved
In addition to the well-known statue located along the east side of Stone Avenue on McPherson's Ridge of “citizen soldier” John Burns (see the “Speaking of John Burns” section on my “Odds and Ends” page), there are two other original bases of monuments that were moved which are also fairly easy to find.
One of them is the original base for the monument to the 5th New York Cavalry Regiment, commanded by Major John Hammond and one of the regiments that participated in the ill-fated cavalry charge by Union General Elon Farnsworth’s Brigade (see the “The South Cavalry Battlefield --- the other cavalry action on July 3” section on my “Off the Usual Path” page). The original base is roughly 4 feet by 8 feet and located about 20 yards off of the west side of South Confederate Avenue about halfway up the hill as you climb northward along the western base of Big Round Top and the large parking area on the left. Look for the twin trees on your left and only a few feet off the road (see the left photo below):
The other one is the original base for the monument to the 16th Vermont Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Wheelock G. Veazey. The monument was originally located approximately 1,000 yards west of its current position (as the bronze plaque that was attached to the new base after the monument was moved now indicates), which is on the east side of Hancock Avenue along Cemetery Ridge just north of Pleasonton Avenue. What is really interesting to me is that apparently the original base was not left where it was (as was in the case of the other bases mentioned above), but was moved approximately 1,120 yards (i.e., about 120 yards further east of the monument’s new location) directly to the east and then discarded along a small stone wall running parallel to Pleasonton Avenue. The monument may have been moved when Camp Colt was built in that area (see the “Camp Colt” section on my “Odds and Ends” page), and a larger base was necessary to accommodate the bronze plaque, but if the base shown in the bottom right photo is indeed the original base, then why was it discarded there ???
The monument to the 2nd Delaware Infantry Regiment commanded by Colonel William P. Baily was another monument that had been moved and the remnants its original base can still be found if you look carefully. The monument was initially placed roughly in the middle of the famous Wheatfield about 450 yards northeast of its current location on the east side of Brooke Avenue where it was later moved to its “line of battle” with the other monuments to the regiments of Colonel John R. Brooke’s Brigade approximately 250 yards southeast of the George Rose farm. The remnants of the original base are located in a tiny clump of brush roughly halfway between the monument to the 61st New York Infantry Regiment and the monument to Battery D of the 1st New York Light Artillery:
Here is a photo showing the original position of the monument to the 2nd Delaware Infantry Regiment (the monument to General Samuel Zook along the south side of the Wheatfield Road is visible in the background):
(Photo courtesy of the GNMP and Mike Waricher)
Here is a current photo taken in the approximate area as the photo above as well as photo of the monument on Brooke Avenue:
Yet another monument which was moved is the monument to the 5th Maine Infantry Regiment commanded by Colonel Clark S. Edwards. The monument, located roughly 50 yards north of the Wheatfield Road approximately 65 yards west of its intersection with Sedgwick Avenue north of Little Round Top, was originally located atop a rock on the northern slope of Little Round Top and roughly 200 yards south of its current position. The rock (with chisel marks still visible) can still be found roughly 75 yards west of the monument to the 121st New York Infantry Regiment (see the “Faces of the battle” section on my “Something Different” page) and 30 yards north of the monument to Battery L of the 1st Ohio Light Artillery commanded by Captain Frank C. Gibbs:
Another interesting monument which was also moved is the monument to the 16th Michigan Infantry Regiment commanded by Colonel Norval E. Welch. The monument, located on the lower “ledge” of the west side of Little Round Top, was originally placed at ground level but later moved atop a nearby boulder; the original base measuring approximately 44 inches by 88 inches can still be found roughly 15 yards southeast of the monument and on the east side of the rock wall:
For more information and photographs of the original locations of the monuments to the 2nd Delaware Infantry Regiment, the 5th Maine Infantry Regiment, and the 16th Michigan Infantry Regiment, I recommend the book “Gettysburg’s Battlefield Photographer – William H. Tipton” by Licensed Battlefield Guide Tim Smith (see my “Books Worth Reading” page”), who was extremely helpful in my search for the original rock base of the monument to the 5th Maine Infantry Regiment --- thank you very much, Tim !!!
The regiment with five monuments/markers
Many Union military units have more than one monument or marker on the battlefield (usually occurring as a result of newer and more elaborate monuments being constructed to replace an earlier one, with the original monument being moved to another location where that particular unit was also positioned during the battle). While the 95th New York Infantry Regiment (also known as the “Warren Rifles”) was not one of these units, it does have the distinction of having the most monuments/markers --- five !!!
Commanded by Colonel George H. Biddle (and then by Major Edward Pye after Biddle was wounded on July 1), the 95th New York Infantry Regiment (Second Brigade, First Division of the Union I Corps) has its monument on the east side of Reynolds Avenue monument along the south side of the famous “railroad cut”:
There are also four small stone markers on the battlefield that are often overlooked (three of them in the various areas of the fighting the regiment was involved in on July 1, and one on Culp’s Hill where it was positioned on July 2 and 3:
1. On the east side of Stone Avenue on McPherson’s Ridge roughly 50 yards north of the John Burns monument and about 10 yards off the road behind the wooden fence:
2. On the north side of Wadsworth Avenue at the 90-degree bend in the road about 200 yards east of the “T” intersection with Buford Avenue and Reynolds Avenue:
3. On Seminary Ridge at the southeast corner of the “T” intersection of the Chambersburg Pike (Route 30) and West Confederate Avenue:
4. On the east side of the summit of Culp’s Hill approximately 25 yards to the right of the monument to the 7th Indiana Infantry Regiment and about 5 yards off the road:
The “faugh a ballaugh” monument
In addition to the famous “Irish Brigade” monument (which honors the 63rd New York Infantry Regiment, the 69th New York Infantry Regiment, and the 88th New York Infantry Regiment) with the depiction of an Irish wolfhound (see the “Regimental animal mascots and monuments” section on my “Something Different” page), there is one monument nearby that contains the phrase “faugh a ballaugh”, which is a Gaelic phrase meaning “clear the way”. That monument, located roughly 50 yards further west around the bend in the loop on Sickles Avenue, is to the 28th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, another regiment in that brigade:
Yet another regiment in the Irish Brigade, the 116th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment composed primarily of Irish immigrants from Philadelphia, has its monument just 20 yards away on the other side of the road and does not have that historic phrase. I wonder why only the monument to the 28th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment has that phrase “faugh a ballaugh” ???
The monument with two bases
There are several monuments to infantry regiments of General Frank Wheaton’s Third Brigade, Third Division, of General John Sedgwick’s Union VI Corps along the east side of the dirt lane to the John Weikert farm (REMEMBER --- THE RESIDENCE IS ON PRIVATE PROPERTY) located north of the "T" intersection of Wheatfield Road and Crawford Avenue. These are the monuments (in the order from south to north as you go up the lane) to the 139th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, the 93rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, the 62nd New York Infantry Regiment, the 102nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, and the 98th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment (located roughly 60 yards behind the house). These regiments were among the reinforcements sent in to the “Valley of Death” near Little Round Top on July 2.
If you look closely at the monument to the 93rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment commanded by Major John I. Nevin, you will see remnants of the original base that were removed when the original monument was replaced by a newer monument that was placed on top of the lower section of the original base:
The original monument is roughly 400 yards to the east and only 20 yards off to the west side of Sedgwick Avenue almost directly across from the equestrian monument to General John Sedgwick about 150 yards north of the intersection of Sedgwick Avenue and Sykes Avenue:
The monument (and flank markers) to the regiment that wasn’t there
While there are several markers and tablets on the battlefield to military units that were involved in the Gettysburg Campaign but not actually at the battle, there is one monument located just north of the Pennsylvania Monument on the south side of Pleasonton Avenue to the 84th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. Commanded by Colonel Milton Opp, the regiment was guarding their division’s supply trains in Westminster, Maryland. Although that information is stated on the monument, if you look nearby, you will see something even more interesting --- flank markers for the regiment !!!
It is my understanding that the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association, which was formed on April 30, 1864, had specific rules it adopted in 1887 for the placement of monuments, including:
VI. The monument must be on the line of battle held by the brigade unless the regiment was detached, and if possible the right and left flanks of the regiment or battery must be marked with stones not less than two feet in height.
So, why were flank markers either required or approved even though the regiment was indeed on detached duty during the battle ???
Union regiments and batteries which do not have monuments
There were several Union Army units, all part of the VI Corps, which were indeed present at the Battle of Gettysburg but do not have any monument or marker:
33rd New York Infantry Regiment
1st Rhode Island Light Artillery, Battery C
1st Rhode Island Light Artillery, Battery G
In the case of the 33rd New York Infantry Regiment, only a small detachment was present and was unofficially attached to the 49th New York Infantry Regiment. Why the Rhode Island legislation of 1885 providing for monuments at Gettysburg did not include these two artillery batteries is unknown.
The other flagpole
In addition to the flagpole on the East Cavalry Battlefield honoring Union Lieutenant William Brooke-Rawle (see the “Lesser known and visited monuments and small markers” section on my “Off the Usual Path” page), there is a flagpole on Barlow’s Knoll that marks the spot where Colonel Douglas Fowler, while commanding the 17th Connecticut Infantry Regiment on July 1, was struck and killed by an artillery shell. Located only 20 yards north of the regiment’s monument (which, by the way, has “Douglass Fowler” on it), the plaque on this flagpole, however, simply reads “ERECTED BY THE 17TH CONN. VOLS. ASS’N.” and does not mention Colonel Fowler at all:
Battle damaged structures
I would venture a guess that perhaps the most well known structure in Gettysburg that still shows battle damage is the Farnsworth House Inn located at 401 Baltimore Street (during the battle, it was the home of the Harvey Sweney family):
You can see many other structures with similar damage, such as the Jacob Stock house at 407 South Washington Street:
What is really interesting is that there are nine structures with artillery shells embedded in their walls (written accounts for some of the structures state that the shell is an unexploded one that was never removed, while accounts for others say the shell entered the structure but did not explode and then was later placed in the wall to commemorate the fact that the structure sustained battle damage):
George Crass-Henry Barbehenn house 218 N. Stratton St. 3-inch Reed shell
Gettysburg Female Institute 66-68 W. High St. 3-inch Reed shell
Gettysburg Methodist Parsonage 304 Baltimore St. 12-pounder cannon ball
John Kuhn house 221 N. Stratton St. 3-inch Hotchkiss shell
Moses McClean house 11 Baltimore St. 20-pounder Parrott shell
Caroline (Carrie) Sheads house 331 Buford Ave. 10-pounder Parrott shell
Samuel Schmucker house Seminary Ridge Ave. 10-pounder Parrott shell
David Troxell house 221 Chambersburg St. 3-inch Schenkl shell
Tyson Brothers photography studio 9 York St. 3-inch Hotchkiss shell
To read more about these structures, their occupants, and the artillery shells, I highly recommend the section “A Tour of Gettysburg’s Visual Battle Damage” by Licensed Battlefield Guide Tim Smith in the 1996 Volume 2 booklet entitled “Adams County History” published by the Adams County Historical Society and the Summer 2007 Edition (Volume 24, Issue 2) of the Blue & Gray Magazine (go to http://bluegraymagazine.com/store/index.html).
What's in a name
I would think that almost every Battle of Gettysburg buff knows a few of the other names that Little Round Top went by before the battle, such as "Sugar Loaf Hill” or just “Sugarloaf" or the "granite spur of Round Top", but there are many areas and geographic features that goes by more than one name. For example, Big Round Top was once referred to as Adam Lynn’s Hill (Adam Lynn was one of the earliest settlers of the area).
Other examples include those that were given a new name as a result of a specific military officer associated with the fighting there, such as Blocher’s Knoll being referred to as Barlow’s Knoll (after General Francis C. Barlow, and McKnight’s Hill being referred to as Stevens’ Knoll (after Captain Greenleaf T. Stevens). In addition, Raffensberger’s Hill became known as East Cemetery Hill, and McPherson’s Woods is used interchangeably with Herbst’s Woods (although McPherson’s Woods is actually a little farther east).
Local features which already had more than one name include Brickyard Lane, which was also known as Winebrenner’s Lane (located east of Cemetery Hill near present-day Wainwright Avenue); another example is Stevens’ Run, also known as “the Tiber”, and runs roughly north to south and is located roughly 250 yards east of Seminary Ridge:
It is also important to realize that the Farnsworth House Inn was actually the Harvey Sweney house (see the “Battle damaged structures” section on this page) during the time of the battle, and that General Elon Farnsworth never stayed or lived there.
Town names, as is often the case, have also changed. The present-day village of Barlow (renamed for General Francis C. Barlow), located about 5 miles south of Gettysburg on the Taneytown Road, was called Horner’s Mills at the time of the battle, and the present-day village of Flora Dale, located about 9 miles north of Gettysburg just above Biglerville, was called Wrightsville and should not be confused when reading about the town of Wrightsville in nearby York County.
I wonder how many people, though, know that Culp’s Hill was at one time also called “Raspberry Hill” because of the many raspberry bushes that grew there in abundance. So the next time you are exploring Culp’s Hill, see if you can spot some of the raspberry bushes which can still be found there.
In February of 2010, I was contacted by a Civil War reenactor and semi-retired educator who emailed me the text of a July 6, 1863 New York Times article by famous Civil War newspaper correspondent Samuel Wilkeson (whose son, Lieutenant Bayard Wilkeson, was mortally wounded on July 1 on Barlow’s Knoll while commanding Battery G of the 4th U.S. Artillery). In the newspaper article, the general vicinity of the famous “copse of trees” on Cemetery Ridge is referred to as “Crow Hill” !!!
West Point graduates at the Battle of Gettysburg
One often reads about Union generals who were West Point graduates that fought against fellow classmates in the Confederate Army, but I had never really thought much about it until I received an email asking me if I knew (or could find out) exactly how many West Point graduates fought at Gettysburg. I did not know the answer, and the question was an interesting one, so I emailed Gettysburg National Park Service Ranger/Historian John Heiser. John informed me that according to a data sheet in the GNMP library files, there were 115 Union officers and 42 Confederate officers at Gettysburg who were West Point graduates. John also mailed me a copy of that data sheet, which was the basis for the charts I compiled below:
UNION WEST POINT GRADUATES
Adams, Julius W. (Captain) Hall, Norman J. (Colonel) Patrick, Marsena R. (General) Ames, Adelbert (General) Hamilton, Frank B. (Lieutenant) Paul, Gabriel R. (General) Andrews, John N. (Captain) Hancock, David P. (Captain) Pennington, Alexander C. (Lieutenant) Ayres, Romeyn B. (General) Hancock, Winfield S. (General) Pettes, William H. (Colonel) Baker, Eugene M. (Captain) Hardin, Martin D. (Colonel) Platt, Edward R. (Colonel) Bankhead, Henry C. (Colonel) Haupt, Herman (General) Pleasonton, Alfred (General) Barlow, John W. (Lieutenant) Hays, Alexander (General) Poland, John S. (Colonel) Barnes, James (General) Hays, William (General) Randol, Alanson M. (Captain) Beaumont, Eugene B. (Captain) Hazlett, Charles E. (Lieutenant) Reese, Chauncey B. (Captain) Benham, Henry W. (General) Howard, Oliver O. (General ) Remington, Philip H. (Lieutenant) Best, Clermont L. (Colonel) Howe, Albion P. (General) Reynolds, John F. (General) Bryan, Timothy (Colonel) Humphreys, Andrew A. (General ) Ruger, Thomas H. (General) Buford, John (General) Hunt, Henry J. (General) Russell, David A. (General) Burbank, Sidney (Colonel) Ingalls, Rufus J. (General) Ryan, George (Captain) Bush, Edward G. (Captain) Kellogg, Josiah H. (Colonel) Sanderson, James A. (Lieutenant) Calef, John H. (Lieutenant) Kent, Jacob F. (Colonel) Sawtelle, Charles G. (Colonel) Carroll, Samuel S. (Colonel) Kilpatrick, Judson (General) Schaff, Morris ((Lieutenant) Carter, Eugene (Major) Lancaster, James M. (Lieutenant) Schriver, Edmund (General) Claflin, Ira W. (Captain) Lockwood, Henry H. (General) Sedgwick, John (General) Clarke, Henry F. (Colonel) Lord, Richard S. (Captain) Slocum, Henry W. (General) Cushing, Alonzo (Lieutenant) Lynn, Daniel D. (Lieutenant) Sykes, George (General) Custer, George A. (General) Mackenzie, Ranald S. (Lieutenant) Tidball, John C. (Captain) Davis, Benjamin F. (Colonel) Martin, Leonard (Lieutenant) Torbert, Alfred T. A. (General) Davis, Nelson H. (Major) Martin, James P. (Captain) Turnbull, Charles N. (Captain) Day, Hannibal (Colonel) McCleary, John (Captain) Tyler, Robert O. (General) Doubleday, Abner (General) McCrea, Tulley (Captain) Upham, John J. (Captain) Edie, John R. (Lieutenant) McIntire, Samuel B. (Lieutenant) Upton, Emory (Colonel) Egan, John (Lieutenant) McKee, Samuel A. (Captain) Warner, Charles N. (Lieutenant) Eustis, Henry L. (Colonel) McQuesten, James F. (Lieutenant) Warner, Edward R. (Colonel) Flagler, Daniel W. (Captain) Meade, George G. (General) Warren, Gouverneur K. (General) Floyd-Jones, Delaney (Major) Mendell, George H. (Captain) Watson, Malbone F. (Lieutenant) Freedley, Henry W. (Captain) Merritt, Wesley W. (General) Webb, Alexander S. (General) Fuller, William D. (Lieutenant) Morgan, Charles H. (Colonel) Weed, Stephen H. (General) Garrard, Kenner (Colonel) Neill, Thomas H. (General) Whiting, Charles J. (Major) Gibbon, John (General) Newton, John (General) Williams, Seth (General) Gillespie, George L. (Lieutenant) Nicodemus, W. J. L. (Captain) Woodruff, George A. (Lieutenant) Greene, George S. (General) Norris, Charles E. (Captain) Wright, Horatio G. (General) Gregg, Daniel M. (General) Noyes, Henry E. (Captain) Griffin, Charles (General) O’Rorke, Patrick H. (Colonel)
CONFEDERATE WEST POINT GRADUATES
Alexander, E. Porter (Colonel) Henry, Mathias W. (Major) Magruder, William T. (Captain) Anderson, Richard H. (General) Heth, Henry (General) McCreery, Jr., William (Captain) Baker, Laurence S. (Colonel) Hill, Ambrose P. (General) Mercer, John T. (Colonel) Beckham, Robert F. (Major) Hood, John B. (General) Pender, William D. (General) Bryan, Goode (Colonel) Huger, Frank (Major) Pendleton, William N. (General) Chambliss, John R. (Colonel) Johnson, Edward (General) Pickett, George E. (General) Chilton, Robert H. (Colonel) Jones, John M. (General) Ramseur, Stephen D. (General) Cole, Robert G. (Colonel) Jones, William E. (General) Robertson, Beverly H. (General) Corley, James L. (Colonel) Lee, Fitzhugh (General) Smead, Abner (Colonel) Daniel, Junius (General) Lee, Robert E. (General) Smith, W. Proctor (Colonel) Davis, J. Lucius (Colonel) Lomax, Lunsford L. (Colonel) Steuart, George H. (General) Early, Jubal A. (General) Long, Armistead L. (Colonel) Stuart, James E. B. (General) Ewell, Richard S. (General) Longstreet, James P. (General) Trimble, Isaac R. (General) Garnett, Richard B. (General) McLaws, Lafayette (General) Wilcox, Cadmus M. (General)
Virginia Military Institute graduates at the Battle of Gettysburg
The Virginia Military Institute, founded in Lexington, Virginia in 1839, is often referred to as the “West Point of the South”. Listed below is a list of VMI graduates who were at the Battle of Gettysburg:
Allen, Robert C. (Colonel) Hambrick, Joseph A. (Major) Patton, Waller T. (Colonel) Baldwin, Briscoe G. (Colonel) Hannah, George B. (Lieutenant) Phillips, James J. (Captain) Bell, Robert F. (Captain) Harrison, Walter H. (Major) Pitzer, Andrew L. (Lieutenant) Bentley, William W. (Captain) Heth, Stockton (Lieutenant) Powell, William L. (Captain) Berkeley, Edmund (Major) Hill, Francis T. (Captain) Pryor, William H. (Major) Berkeley, Norborne (Colonel) Hill, John W. (Lieutenant) Randolph, William L. (Lieutenant) Boyd, Waller M. (Captain) Hutter, James R. (Captain) Rodes, Robert E. (General) Bray, William H. (Captain) James, John T. (Lieutenant) Selden, Miles C. Jr. (Lieutenant) Brown, Benjamin Jr. (Captain) Jones, Charles H. (Lieutenant) Smith, Frederick W. (Lieutenant) Burgwyn, Henry Jr. (Colonel) Jones, John W. (Captain) Smith, George H. (Colonel) Cabell, Henry C. (Colonel) Kyle, George G. (Captain) Smith, Thomas H. (Lieutenant) Callcote, Alexander D. (Colonel) Lane, James H. (General) Stockton, John N. C. (Adjutant) Carter, Edward (Captain) Latimer, Joseph W. (Major) Stuart, William D. (Colonel) Carter, Thomas H. (Colonel) Logan, Richard, Jr. (Captain) Taliaferro, William T. (Lieutenant) Carrington, Henry A. (Colonel) Macon, Miles C. (Captain) Terry, William R. (Colonel) Chamberlain, George (Captain) Mahone, William (General) Turner, Thomas, T. (Lieutenant) Coleman, Henry E. (Colonel) Marshall, James K. (Colonel) Walker, James A. (General) Darden, James D. (Captain) Mayo, Joseph M. (Colonel) Walker, Reuben L. (Colonel) Edmonds, Edward C. (Colonel) Mayo, Robert M. (Colonel) Walthall, James A. (Lieutenant) Ellis, John T. (Colonel) McCulloch, Robert (Captain) Ward, John C. (Captain) Eyster, George H. (Captain) Munford, Thomas T. (Colonel) Watson, John D. (Captain) Flowerree, Charles C. (Colonel) Moore, Charles W. (Lieutenant) Wharton, Richard G. (Lieutenant) Fry, William T. (Captain) Morrison, Joseph G. (Lieutenant) Whiting, Henry A. (Major) Gantt, Henry (Colonel) Niemeyer, John C. (Lieutenant) Williams, Lewis (Colonel) Gilliam, Joseph S. (Lieutenant) Norton, George F. (Captain) Williamson, William G. (Lieutenant) Griggs, George K. (Captain) Otey, Kirkwood (Major) Wingfield, John S. (Lieutenant) Grigsby, Benjamin P. (Lieutenant) Paxton, James G. (Major) Wilson, Nathaniel C. (Major)
In addition, Abner C. Beckham served as a volunteer aide-de-camp to General James Kemper, Rodes, Virginius H. Rodes served as a volunteer aide-de-camp to General Robert Rodes (his brother), and that James D. Hunter served with the rank of “cadet” at General Robert E. Lee’s headquarters. It is my understanding that this rank of “cadet” allowed very young men to serve in a sense as “apprentices” on the staffs of generals.
It should also be noted that Colonel Birkett D. Fry of the 13th Alabama Infantry Regiment (in General James Archer’s Brigade) attended but did not graduate from VMI, as was also the case of Major Walter H. Taylor of General Robert E. Lee's staff (in the book "Lee's Adjutant: the Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor", it says Taylor was forced to drop out after two years upon the death of his father but was later made an honorary member). Colonel William H. F. Payne of the 2nd North Carolina Cavalry Regiment (who was captured on June 30 during the Battle of Hanover), did not graduate from VMI but was also later made an honorary member. (My sincere thanks to Michael King for his extensive research on this interesting topic !!!)
The other railroad cuts
Any student of the battle is well aware of the famous “railroad cut” north of the Chambersburg Pike, but little is mentioned of the importance of two other “cuts” which played a role in the hard-fought action on the morning and afternoon of July 1. The well-known railroad cut is actually the center cut, and is the area where the 6th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, part of General Solomon Meredith’s First Brigade (“The Iron Brigade”) of General James S. Wadsworth’s First Division of the Union I Corps, along with the 95th New York Infantry Regiment and the 14th Brooklyn Infantry Regiment (also known as the 84th New York Infantry Regiment) of General Lysander Cutler’s Second Brigade of that division, attacked northward across the Chambersburg Pike and routed the 2nd Mississippi Infantry Regiment and the 42nd Mississippi Infantry Regiment, two of the four regiments of General Joseph R. Davis’ Brigade of General Henry Heth’s Division of General A. P. Hill’s III Corps. The Union attack resulted in the capture of more than 200 Confederate soldiers who had taken cover in the railroad cut:
(view from the eastern cut looking west toward the center cut)
The western cut, located roughly 250 yards west of the center cut, is the area where the 149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, one of the three regiments in Colonel Roy Stone’s Second Brigade of General Thomas A. Rowley’s Third Division of the Union I Corps, used the northern lip of the cut as a firing platform to inflict damage on the 45th North Carolina Infantry Regiment and the 2nd North Carolina Infantry Battalion, two of the five units in General Junius Daniel’s Brigade of General Robert E. Rodes’ Division in General Richard S. Ewell’s II Corps, as they advanced as the right flank of the brigade in their assault on Union troops on Oak Ridge. After soon being forced out of the cut by Confederate artillery fire, the 149th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment later made a charge and forced the 45th North Carolina Infantry Regiment and the 2nd North Carolina Infantry Battalion out of the same railroad cut which they occupied after that Union regiment had been forced to withdraw:
(view of the western cut from the southeast)
(view of the western cut from the
north side of the center cut)
(view of the western cut looking west)
(view of the north side of the western cut)
The eastern cut, located roughly 275 yards east of the center cut, is the area where the remnants of the 16th Maine Infantry Regiment commanded by Colonel Charles W. Tilden surrendered on the afternoon of July 1 after being sacrificed to serve as a “rear guard” for the rest of their brigade (General Gabriel R. Paul’s First Brigade of General John C. Robinson’s Second Division of the Union I Corps) and allow their fellow soldiers to retreat toward town and Cemetery Hill. An interesting and often overlooked fact is that the soldiers of the 16th Maine Infantry Regiment tore their flag into pieces and hid the shreds among themselves in order to keep it from falling into Confederate hands (see the “Miscellaneous small markers” section on my “Off the Usual Path” page):
Flank markers
Flank markers are commonplace on the battlefield but are often overlooked despite their importance for those studying the movement and positions of a particular regiment. In addition to their importance, they are also interesting in themselves. While it is understandable that most (but not all) infantry regiments would have flank markers, some (but not all) batteries have them as well. In addition, despite the fact that the positions of cavalry units were obviously more fluid, some (but not all) cavalry units also have flank markers. It is important to note that not all flank markers mark the exact location of a unit's flanks due to the sheer distances involved (for example, normal spacing between cannons on the firing line was roughly 14 yards, and Union batteries normally had 6 cannons).
Among other things, the size, shape, amount of inscription and detail, and height above the ground of flank markers also varies. Generally speaking, though, there does appear to be two most common shapes: the square marker with the flat top and the square marker with the pointed top:
Examples of just a few of the other shapes include those of the 137th New York Infantry Regiment on Culp's Hill (see the photo below on the left) and those of the 12th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment on the east side of the Emmitsburg Road (see the photo below on the right):
In addition, the flank markers for Massachusetts infantry regiments are larger and with a more rectangular shape that includes a pointed top:
Perhaps the most unusual shape for flank markers has to be those that are in the shape of a tree stump for the 90th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment (see the "Unusual monuments" section on my "Something Different" page):
In regard to the amount of inscription and detail, some simply have initials such as "LF" or "L.F." or "LEFT FLANK" or "LEFT" while others also identify which regiment and occasionally have their Union Corps symbol as well:
I know of at least one set of flank markers, those of the 14th Indiana Infantry Regiment on East Cemetery Hill along the west side of Wainwright Avenue, that includes brief text as well:
What is also interesting is that the monument to the 14th Indiana Infantry Regiment is nowhere near the flank markers and is located about 100 yards to the west and up on the crest of East Cemetery Hill near the equestrian monument to General Winfield S. Hancock. The left flank marker is to the north of the monument to the 153rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment and the right flank marker is to the south of the monument to the 41st New York Infantry Regiment.
The reason for this is that the 14th Indiana Infantry Regiment and other regiments of their brigade commanded by Colonel Samuel S. Carroll in the Union II Corps were rushed over from their positions on Cemetery Ridge to help repulse the Confederate attack by troops commanded by General Harry T. Hays and Colonel Isaac E. Avery on East Cemetery Hill on the evening of July 2. These flank markers indicate the regiment’s furthermost point reached in their counterattack as well as indicating the position where they remained for the remainder of the battle. The monument to the 14th Indiana Infantry Regiment was originally placed between the flank markers but later moved to its original “line of battle” position on the crest of East Cemetery Hill with monuments of their “sister” regiments.
The height above the ground of the flank markers also varies, sometimes even of those to the same regiment, as in the case of those of the 23rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment on the left side of Slocum Avenue as you head up Culp's Hill:
I know of two regiments that have a third flank marker in addition to the standard left flank and right flank markers. The 13th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, whose monument is located southeast of Spangler's Spring south of Culp's Hill along the west side of Carmen Avenue, has a left center flank marker located roughly 30 yards north of the monument and on the other side of the road:
Another regiment with a third flank marker is the 15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment, who does not have their own monument but is commemorated by the monument to the First New Jersey Brigade, located roughly 65 yards off to the east side of Sedgwick Avenue south of the intersection with United States Avenue (see the "Faces of the battle" section on my "Something Different" page). There is a right center flank marker located roughly 60 yards north of the monument and on the east side of a "T" stone wall, and it also serves as the right flank marker for the 2nd New Jersey Infantry Regiment (if you look carefully, the "15" may appear to be a "16", but that is due to the aging/chipping of the marker:
This brings us to the subject of "shared" flank markers, and I know of several others, including the one nearby along the south side of the stone wall that serves as the left flank marker for the 1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment and as the right flank marker for the 15th New Jersey Infantry Regiment (as mentioned above, if you look carefully, the "15" may appear to be a "16", but that is due to the aging/chipping of the marker):
Also nearby along the south side of the same stone wall is the one that serves as the left flank marker for the 2nd New Jersey Regiment and as the right flank marker for the 3rd New Jersey Infantry Regiment:
Several New York regiments also "share" flank markers, such as the one on Cemetery Ridge along the east side of Hancock Avenue about 100 yards north of The Angle. This one serves as the left flank marker for the 125th New York Infantry Regiment and as the right flank marker for the 39th New York Infantry Regiment:
Another example is that of the one on East Cemetery Hill along the west side of Wainwright Avenue that serves as the left flank marker for the 68th New York Infantry Regiment and as the right flank marker for the 54th New York Infantry Regiment:
Other "shared" flank markers occur between regiments from different states, such as the one for the 147th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment and the 5th Ohio Infantry Regiment roughly 20 yards south of the monument to the 147th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment (see the photo below on the left) in the southwest corner of the intersection of Wheatfield Road and Sykes Avenue just north of Little Round Top. The inscription for the 5th Ohio Infantry Regiment is clearly visible on the south side of the marker, but you have go around to the back to the west side to see the inscription for the 147th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment (see the photo below on the right):
What is also interesting is that neither side of the marker indicates whether it was the right flank or the left flank of that regiment, and that the other flank marker for the 147th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment located roughly 10 yards north of the monument also has no inscription as to which flank it was. Perhaps the surviving veterans felt it was simply understood which was which ???
Another example is the one west of the Wheatfield just north of the Loop on Sickles Avenue and is located roughly 30 yards off the road about halfway between the monument to the 1st Michigan Infantry Regiment and the monument to the 118th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. Both regiments have their own left flank and right flank markers nearby as well as this "shared" marker:
Looking for flank markers can often be perplexing, since some of them have disappeared over time due to being damaged by storms, accidents, or being removed due to road widening or other reasons. In some instances, a regimental monument itself may represent the position of one of the flanks. One such monument is the monument to the 68th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment located along the north side of the Wheatfield Road across from the Peach Orchard. The inscription that is on the front of the monument reads "THIS MONUMENT MARKS THE LEFT OF THE REGIMENT WHILE SUPPORTING CLARK'S BATTERY JULY 2, 1863":
There is a similar monument but interestingly enough, it marks the position of not the left or right flank but of the left center of a regiment. The monument to the 14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, located on Cemetery Ridge along the west side of Hancock Avenue across the road from the equestrian monument to General George G. Meade, contains an inscription on its south side that reads "LEFT CENTRE OF REGT.":
Another similar monument is the monument to the 28th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment (also featured further above on this page) located on the western edge of the Wheatfield on the south side of the upper portion of the loop on Sickles Avenue. The words “RIGHT FLANK” are inscribed at the bottom of the monument, and yet there is also a small “Right Flank” marker only a few feet away:
Located south of the Wheatfield in the southeast corner of the intersection of Sickles Avenue and Ayres Avenue is the monument to the 5th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment; the left flank marker located roughly 60 yards directly south of the monument is “ALL LEFT”:
There is a set of flank markers that are interesting for an entirely different and unusual reason. The monument and the flank markers for the 8th New York Cavalry Regiment are located on McPherson's Ridge along the east side of Reynolds Avenue and just south of the Chambersburg Pike. However, if you look closely, you will notice that the monument in the middle of the flank markers is not that of the 8th New York Cavalry Regiment but that of the 8th Illinois Cavalry Regiment ---- the monument to the 8th New York Cavalry Regiment was originally placed in the wrong position and was later moved approximately .2 of a mile further south, but the flank markers were never moved or removed:
Another set of interesting and confusing flank markers are those of Captain Robert H. Fitzhugh's Battery K, 1st New York Light Artillery. The monument was originally located near the northeast corner of Hancock and Pleasonton Avenues, but was later moved around 1903 approximately .4 of a mile to the north roughly 100 yards north of The Angle on the east side of Hancock Avenue. The flank markers, however, still remain at their original positions on either side of Pleasonton Avenue:
(Image from the “Final Report on the Battlefield of Gettysburg by the New York
Monuments Commission for the Battlefields of Gettysburg and Chattanooga”)
It is my understanding that Captain Fitzhugh personally paid for the relocation of the monument once it was acknowledged to be in the wrong position. I wonder why they didn't bother to move the flank markers ???
There is at least one flank marker that has its own unique mystery --- it is completely blank !!! Located right along the west side of the Emmitsburg Road in front of the Joseph Sherfy house and roughly 15 yards north of the monument to the 114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, one could make an argument that it must be the right flank marker for that regiment, but I have yet to find a corresponding left flank marker near the monument, marked or unmarked, on that side of the road -- the monument to the 57th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment just to the north has both their flank markers, and the clearly marked left flank marker a short distance to the north on the east side of the road is understood to be for the monument to the 105th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. So therein lies the mystery --- it sure looks like a flank marker, but for which regiment and why is it blank ???
Then there are the flank markers for the 84th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, located on either side of the monument along the south side of Pleasonton Avenue on Cemetery Ridge. The only problem is, the regiment was never on the battlefield but was guarding their division's supply trains in Westminster, Maryland (see the "The monument (and flank markers) to the regiment that wasn’t there" section on this page). And finally, there are the small stone bases that appear to be flank markers but aren't flank markers at all. Located on East Cemetery Hill right along the east side of the Baltimore Pike directly across from the entrance to the Evergreen Cemetery are six small stone bases for the cannonball and chain fencing during much earlier times and used in various areas of the park to delineate roadways from Park land like a curbstone would today:
(Photo courtesy of the GNMP and Steve Floyd)
So, while it is always important and interesting to look at and learn from the monuments on the battlefield, perhaps you will take the time to investigate the nearby flank markers -- they are important and interesting in their own right !!!
Chasseurs and Zouaves
While Civil War buffs are familiar with Zouave regiments, there was also another type of French-inspired military unit with similar looking uniforms, the Chasseurs, and four Union regiments with such a designation participated in the Battle of Gettysburg. They were the 65th New York Infantry Regiment, the 84th New York Infantry Regiment (also known as the 14th Brooklyn Infantry Regiment), the 62nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, and the 83rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment (and which is sometimes mistakenly referred to as a Zouave regiment). Of these regiments, only the 84th New York Infantry Regiment (14th Brooklyn Infantry Regiment) was still wearing their uniquely designed Chasseur uniforms by the time of the Battle of Gettysburg. The others had discarded the Chasseur uniforms, most of which had come from France as a gift to the Federal government, due to sizing and fitting difficulties.
Only one Union regimental monument, however, actually has the word “Chasseurs” (the French word, in essence, for “Light Infantry”) inscribed on it -- the monument to the 65th New York Infantry Regiment located on Culp’s Hill about one-half of the way up from Spangler’s Spring on the left side of Slocum Avenue roughly 100 yards past the statue of General John W. Geary:
There were ten Union Zouave regiments that participated in the Battle of Gettysburg: the 10th New York Infantry Regiment, the 41st New York Infantry Regiment, the 44th New York Infantry Regiment, the 73rd New York Infantry Regiment, the 146th New York Infantry Regiment, the 23rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, the 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, the 95th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, the 114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, and the 155th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment (which did not become a Zouave regiment until 1864).
Many of the regiments had discarded all or most of their colorful Zouave uniforms by the summer of 1863 for the standard Union uniform, but generally speaking, three regiments did appear in full Zouave or Zouave-inspired uniforms at the Battle of Gettysburg: the 84th New York Infantry Regiment (14th Brooklyn Infantry Regiment), the 146th New York Infantry Regiment, and the 114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, while a few others wore a “mix” (like the 95th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, which had retained only the Zouave jacket). Of course, there were no doubt exceptions to the rule in each and every regiment.
On the Confederate side, the “Louisiana Tigers” of General Harry T. Hays’ Brigade in General Jubal A. Early’s Division of General Richard S. Ewell’s II Corps is often mistakenly believed that they wore Zouave uniforms at the Battle of Gettysburg, but that was not the case although the original “Louisiana Tigers” of Major Chatham R. Wheat’s Battalion did wear them earlier in the war. (A personal note: my sincere thanks to NPS Park Ranger/Historian John Heiser for his assistance and detailed information provided for this interesting topic of Chasseurs and Zouaves -- thank you very much, John !!!)
Vivandieres
A vivandiere (or vivandere) was a combination nurse, cook, seamstress, and laundress who travelled with the Zouaves. Vivandieres appeared in European armies, especially in France, as women who were part of a regiment and provided the sale of spirits and other comforts, and attended to the sick. The women were known to wear the uniform of the regiment. Generally speaking, a vivandiere adopted the style of clothing of her regiment, but with men's pants under a knee-length skirt and usually carried a cask (slung over a shoulder) which was generally filled with water, wine, or brandy. Most vivandieres were sent home when the heavy fighting started, but there was at least one exception at the Battle of Gettysburg: Marie Brose Tepe of the 114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment (“Collis’ Zouaves”).
Also known as “French Mary”, she is considered the only enlisted woman at Gettysburg, where she carried water and treated the wounded during the heaviest of the fighting. She was in 13 battles, and carried a .44 caliber pistol. From the book “Women at Gettysburg" by E. J. Conklin, “When the regiment was not in action, she cooked, washed, mended for the men. She drew the pay of a soldier and was allowed 25 cents per day extra for hospital and headquarters services, maker her pay $21.45 per month for over two years. Then some friction in the Paymaster's Department about the enlistment of women stopped her pay, but did not dampen her patriotism."
For several weeks following the Battle of Gettysburg, “French Mary” served as a nurse in a field hospital located on the Taneytown Road. She then went back to her regiment, and it is believed that “French Mary” was still with the 114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment in Washington, D.C. for the Grand Review of the Union Army held on May 23, 1865, followed by the mustering out of the regiment a few days later.
(1863 photo of “French Mary” Tepe by the Tyson Brothers Studio in Gettysburg)
A grave topic
While not specifically tied to the Battle of Gettysburg, two fellow members of the York Civil War Roundtable pointed out to me in 2009 an interesting G.A.R. grave marker at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Hanover, Pennsylvania. While I was well aware of the more common G.A.R. marker in the shape of a five-pointed star (shown in the photo below on the left), I had never seen one in the shape of a Civil War canteen (shown in the photo below on the right):
Another canteen-shaped marker was found by those same members in the Red Mount United Methodist Church cemetery near East Berlin, Pennsylvania, as well as other similar canteen-shaped markers that they found in March of 2010 in Fairview Cemetery in Wrightsville, Pennsylvania, that contained the name of the G.A.R. Post:
I also discovered other variations of the G.A.R. five-pointed star and other interesting markers at http://www.usgwarchives.net/pa/1pa/tscarvers/veteran-markers/veteran-markers-civil-war.htm, which also included photographs of two types of Confederate markers, one of which is shown in the photo below at the grave of General Lafayette McLaws located in Laurel Grove Cemetery in Savannah, Georgia:
(Photo courtesy of Ed Doadt)
The most interesting grave marker I have seen so far was also one that my two fellow members of the York Civil War Roundtable discovered in Fairview Cemetery:
Sergeant Charles D. Marquette was a member of the 93rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment (see the “The monument with two bases” section on my “More Odds and Ends” page) and is listed on the Pennsylvania Monument (spelled as “CHAS MARQUETT”) as being on the regimental roster at Gettysburg; he was awarded the Medal of Honor for gallantry in action at the Battle of Petersburg in April of 1865.
Here is a photo submitted by Mark Leik of a different type of G.A.R. grave marker at the John McGarah Post 132 in Portland, Michigan:
I am continuing my research on Civil War grave markers, and if anyone else has also seen these canteen-shaped markers or any other different style Civil War grave marker, please email me at randydrais@gmail.com. Thanks !!!
An Australian in Pickett’s Charge?
As all Civil War buffs know, the ranks of both armies were comprised of not only American-born citizens (and occasionally Native American Indians as well) but also hundreds of thousands of immigrants from many, many nations (I have read of estimates of approximately 500,000 foreign-born soldiers in the Union Army and approximately 100,000 foreign-born soldiers in the Confederate Army).
The largest groups were from Germany, Ireland, and England, but there were soldiers from a multitude of other countries, including Canada, Italy, France, Scotland, Russia, Hungary, Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, and Portugal. In fact, the 39th New York Infantry Regiment (also known as the “Garibaldi Guards”) was originally comprised of three German Companies, three Hungarian Companies, one Italian Company, one Swiss Company, one French Company, and one Company of Spaniards and Portuguese. The Spanish/Portuguese Company also had individuals from Cuba, Nicaragua and Chile.
According to Civil War historian/author Thomas L. Elmore (who graciously allowed me to share the following information), approximately 28,000 Union troops (roughly one out of every four soldiers) and about 3,500 Confederate troops at Gettysburg were born in another country. Here are just a few of his examples:
Private Richard Flanagan (72nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment) -- Australia
Private Albert Oss (11th New Jersey Infantry Regiment) -- Belgium
Assistant Adjutant General Francis L. Price (to General Jerome Robertson) -- Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
Lieutenant Colonel Federico Fernandez Cavada (114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment) -- Cuba
Private George D. Lustin (15th Louisiana Infantry Regiment) -- Indonesia or India
Private Jose Antonio Candida (10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment) -- Mexico
Private Thomas R. Morris (15th Alabama Infantry Regiment) -- New Zealand
Private Nichole Danilovich (10th Louisiana Infantry Regiment) -- Russia
First Sergeant George T. Chase (2nd Massachusetts Infantry Regiment) -- South Africa
In addition, Chinese immigrants served in the Union Navy, and some researchers estimate that approximately 50 served in the Union Army with at least a few serving in the Confederate Army. At least two Chinese soldiers (who often adopted American names) who fought at the Battle of Gettysburg were Private Joseph L. Pierce of the 14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment and Corporal John Tommy/Tomny/Tomney of the 70th New York Infantry Regiment (who lost both legs in the fighting on July 2 and eventually died of his wounds).
Which brings us to the question: was there an Australian in Pickett’s Charge? Private William Mitchel of the 1st Virginia Infantry Regiment was one of the many soldiers killed during Pickett’s Charge. One of three sons born to Irish patriot John Mitchel, who had been exiled to Tasmania, Australia, by the British government around 1850, William lived there with his family until they all escaped by ship with several other exiles, eventually arriving in New York City in 1853. When the Civil War broke out, John moved his family to Richmond, Virginia, working as a newspaper editor and served in the Ambulance Corps. All of the sons enlisted in the Confederate Army: John Jr. enlisted in the 1st South Carolina Permanent (Light) Artillery, and James and William enlisted in the 1st Virginia Infantry Regiment.
Private William Mitchel was hastily buried by his comrades on the Nicholas Codori farm with his name on a piece of paper fastened to a piece of board to mark his grave. Sadly, the Codori family did not bother to maintain any of the grave markers on the farm, and Private Mitchel’s remains were disinterred with others in 1872 and sent in the second shipment to Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond. Private William Mitchel, of Ireland and Australia, is interred in the Gettysburg section of that cemetery as an “Unknown” !!! (A personal note: my sincere thanks to NPS Park Ranger/Historian John Heiser for his assistance and detailed information provided regarding Private William Mitchel -- thank you very much, John !!!)
The other Gettysburgs
In addition to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, there are two other Gettysburgs in the United States. One of them is Gettysburg, Ohio, with a current population of approximately 500 people. Located in Darke County, the village of Gettysburg was founded by natives of Adams County, Pennsylvania in the late 1820’s and officially adopted its now-famous name in 1842.
The other municipality is Gettysburg, South Dakota, with a current population of approximately 1,000 people. Located in Potter County, its nickname is “Where the Battle Wasn’t”, but it does have a strong connection to that Civil War battle.
In early 1883, a joint stock company was formed to establish a colony for Civil War veterans in Potter County, South Dakota (at that time, it was the Dakota Territory). The first permanent settlers arrived on May 21, 1883, including veterans O. L. Mann, J. Q. Walker, J. B. Weeks, James Bryson, K. W. Pearce, Asheal Todd, and several others.
The first choice for the name of the new town was “Meade”, but it was rejected by the United States Post Office Department due presumably to another town with or applying for the same name; the second choice, which has long since been forgotten, was also rejected.
The third choice, “Gettysburg”, was suggested by former Captain John W. Kennedy of the 134th New York Infantry Regiment, who had fought at Gettysburg. A review of historical records provided by the Dakota Sunset Museum of Gettysburg, South Dakota includes the following settlers of that town and/or county of former Union Army soldiers (or their relatives) whose regiments saw action at the Battle of Gettysburg:
Christopher Baum 5th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment Menzo Benster 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment George Carver 5th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment Charles Dean 20th Indiana Infantry Regiment Edward Dreblow 3rd and 26th Wisconsin Infantry Regiments Nicholas Frankhauser 8th Ohio Infantry Regiment David Goodnow 8th New Jersey Infantry Regiment James Griffith 140th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment George Hammel 15th U.S. Infantry Regiment and 43rd New York Infantry Regiment Benjamin Hart 2nd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment Hudson Jack 3rd Massachusetts Infantry Regiment Elpinston Kent 8th Illinois Cavalry Regiment Almond McLaughlin 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment Conrad Miller 55th Ohio Infantry Regiment Albert Moulton 37th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment Andrew Murdy 1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment Amos Newland* 17th U.S. Infantry Regiment James Rodenhurst 146th New York Infantry Regiment Moses Slawso 107th New York Infantry Regiment James Som(m)erville 5th New Jersey Infantry Regiment William Trumbull 65th New York Infantry Regiment David Warner 134th New York Infantry Regiment Frederick Warner 7th Ohio Infantry Regiment Charles Welch 19th Indiana Infantry Regiment William Whitford 5th Michigan Cavalry Regiment William Wright 12th Illinois Cavalry Regiment Frank Young 6th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment *killed at the Battle of Gettysburg on July 2, 1863
Eventually, roughly 180 Union Army veterans settled in Potter County, home of Gettysburg, South Dakota. The historical records also indicate approximately 70 Confederate Army veterans settled in South Dakota, but none in the town of Gettysburg. One wonders if the name of the town was the reason, doesn’t it? A final note about Captain John W. Kennedy, who died there in 1918: on his tombstone, the following phrase is carved --- “He fought at Gettysburg and he died at Gettysburg” !!!
“Those damned wagons …”
One of the many controversies surrounding the Battle of Gettysburg involves, of all things, captured Union supply wagons. As most Civil War history buffs know, as Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart moved behind Union lines on his way north to link up with General Richard S. Ewell’s II Corps, he encountered an opportunity on June 28 near Rockville, Maryland to attack and/or capture a large Union supply train consisting of 150 wagons. Knowing that one of his military objectives was to collect provisions along with information, Stuart attacked and captured 125 of the 150 Union supply wagons (25 were damaged and/or destroyed). There is no doubt that bringing those wagons with him slowed General Stuart’s cavalry as they advanced northward, but how much of a role this decision played in causing the Confederate Army to lose the Battle of Gettysburg is debated to this very day.
What is overlooked is the interesting fact that these wagons were possibly made by wagon makers John, Henry and Clem Studebaker, who were born just 3 miles north of Hunterstown, which is roughly 7 miles north of Gettysburg. Their father began building carriages and wagons in 1830 in his nearby shop and later moved his family to South Bend, Indiana. His sons carried on the family tradition, forming H. & C. Studebaker in 1852. The company was one of the businesses with contracts with the U.S. government to build wagons and other equipment during the Civil War. I believe I read somewhere that over 600,000 Union wagons were built by all the contractors combined --- what are the odds that those 125 wagons would be captured and then perhaps travel past the very area where the wagon makers were born? That would be a truly ironic example, both figuratively and literally, of “what goes around, comes around …”
A tale of two spies
During the early morning hours of June 28, 1863, Union General George Gordon Meade was appointed commander of the Army of the Potomac while at his corps headquarters near Frederick, Maryland. Later that same day, a spy brought news about the location of Meade's army to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, a distance of fifty miles, where Confederate General Robert E. Lee and General James Longstreet were headquartered. Based solely on that information, Lee ordered his dispersed army to move immediately toward a small crossroads town in south-central Pennsylvania. Thus was the beginning of the historic three-day battle known as Gettysburg.
That spy was Henry T. (Thomas) Harrison, whose full identity was not known until 1986 when historian James O. Hall uncovered information in the Civil War records at the National Archives. Later research by Mr. Hall proved conclusively that Harrison did appear on stage in Richmond on a bet but he was anything but a professional actor. Born near Nashville, Tennessee in 1832, Harrison joined the 12th Mississippi Infantry Regiment in the spring of 1861 as a private, but in November of 1861 he was discharged and eventually became a Confederate spy. Eventually assigned to General Longstreet in March of 1863, Harrison was dispatched to spy for General D.H. Hill in North Carolina and captured by Union soldiers but eventually convinced his captors that he was an innocent civilian avoiding conscription. Reporting back to General Longstreet in April of 1863, Harrison performed his duty admirably as a spy which culminated in his now-famous report on June 28 that so dramatically affected the Gettysburg Campaign.
Released from duty in September of 1863, Harrison soon married Laura Broders in, of all places, Washington, D.C., and after traveling to New York for their honeymoon, he continued his espionage activities in Washington, D.C. and New York for the remainder of the war, dying in 1923 in Covington, Kentucky at the age of 91.
(Image courtesy of Bernie Becker)
Another Confederate spy during the Gettysburg Campaign, however, was not so fortunate. Written accounts from Union soldiers on July 5, 1863 tell the story of pickets outside of Frederick, Maryland observing a civilian on horseback apparently taking notes. When challenged by the pickets, the man attempted to escape but was soon captured by Union cavalry. He was discovered to have accurate descriptions and drawings indicating the positions of Union forces located at Frederick, Monocacy and Harpers Ferry as well as several military passes signed by both Union and Confederate officers. The man has been tentatively identified by George Brigham of Middletown, Maryland as George William Richardson, a man about sixty years old from Baltimore and who was recognized by many Union soldiers as a sutler who had been coming into their camps as early as 1862. According to Union soldier Abner N. Hard in “History of the Eighth Cavalry Regiment, Illinois Volunteers”:
“He confessed to having just come from the rebel lines, but said he had been to visit his three sons, who were in the Confederate service. General Buford carefully examined the papers, and then said "hang him." No further trial was had. A few moments were given him to prepare to die, in which he tried to make his escape, but was recaptured. A rope was placed around his neck, one end thrown over the limb of a tree, and three soldiers drew him, fastened the rope and left him dangling in the air.”
On orders by General John Buford, the following note was pinned to Richardson’s body:
"Tried, convicted and hung as a spy.
Any one cutting down this body without orders will take his place .
By order of Major-General John Buford, Commanding Cavalry"
George Richardson’s body remained suspended for three or four days before his body was cut down and buried beneath the tree. Passersby reportedly took his clothes and even bark from the tree as souvenirs. Richardson's brother, Thomas, asked to take the body home, but was refused. According to recent research by George Brigham of Middletown, Maryland, when Richardson’s widow died in 1906, she left a burial plot empty so he could be placed next to her. However, they never re-interred his body and apparently is still buried where he was hanged. What entirely different endings for Henry Thomas Harrison and George William Richardson in “a tale of two spies” !!!
The Gettysburg National Military Park Commission Annual Reports
Not long after the Battle of Gettysburg was over, efforts were begun to preserve the land on which so many valiant soldiers fought and died. Led by Gettysburg lawyer David McConaughy, land acquired through personal funds ultimately led to the creation of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association, which was incorporated on April 30, 1864 by an Act of the Pennsylvania Legislature. Years later, Secretary of War Daniel S. Lamont appointed a three-member Gettysburg National Military Park Commission on May 25, 1893 and federal legislation initiated by New York Congressman Daniel E. Sickles officially created the Gettysburg National Military Park on February 11, 1895, transferring all assets and debts of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association to the U.S. government.
Administration of the newly-created park was now under the auspices of the War Department with the three-member Gettysburg National Military Park Commission (the original members were John P. Nicholson, John B. Bachelder, and William H. Forney) responsible for the supervision, maintenance, and improvement of the park. One of the annual requirements of the chairman of this commission was to submit an annual report at the end of each fiscal year to the Secretary of War. These reports are an invaluable resource for serious historians and buffs alike, providing written and photographic evidence as well as statistical data of how the Gettysburg National Military Park evolved from 1893 up until 1933 when federal administration of the Gettysburg National Military Park (and Soldiers’ National Cemetery) was transferred by Executive Order 6166 to the U.S. Department of the Interior.
Actual hard copies of these individual annual reports are extremely rare, as well as the book published in 1905 by the Government Printing Office that contained all of the annual reports from 1893 through 1904. This book has been available online and can be downloaded by going to this link and can also be found by going to the website at http://archive.org/details/annualreportsofg00gettiala:
Unfortunately, there was apparently no similar book printed for the annual reports from 1905 through 1933, although the Gettysburg Discussion Group posted the text (but no photos) from most of those reports (to my knowledge, they still have been unable to find the reports for 1921 through 1926) at their link at http://www.gdg.org/Research/Authored%20Items/BCRReports/rprthm.html.
One final report of interest is the 449-page “Administrative History of the Gettysburg National Military Park” report printed in 1991 by the National Park Service/U.S. Department of the Interior. To view this report, go to https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/gett/adhi.pdf.
As of January of 2018, all of the reports mentioned above were still available online. However, since there is no guarantee that they will be available indefinitely, I recommend downloading any and all of them now that you may be interested in for future reference and enjoyment.
Gettysburg National Military Park Seminar Papers
In the Spring of 1992, the Gettysburg National Military Park held its First Annual “Seminar” focusing on the changing interpretations of the Battle of Gettysburg. There have now been fourteen highly successful Spring seminars to date (the seminar series switched from an annual event to a biennial one after 1998, although there will also be one in 2013 because of the 150th anniversary of the battle) with themes ranging from “Battlefields as Sacred Ground” and “Unsung Heroes of Gettysburg” to “Leadership in the Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg” and “Gettysburg in History and Memory.” With the exception of the first three Spring Seminars (1992-1994), the Seminar papers from the presentations were published in limited quantities and made available to those who attended and usually available for purchase by the public while supplies lasted. Most of the publications are available online at http://npshistory.com/series/symposia/gettysburg_seminars/index.htm and are well worth reading !!!
A guarded past
Like just about everything, the Gettysburg National Military Park has changed in so many ways ranging from the terrain and topography (both natural and manmade) to the general public’s interest in a specific location or on a facet or hero(es) of the battle. What has also changed is how the Park has been “guarded.” In the early years, park roads were fenced in on both sides and signs were present (such as the one still remaining on the boulder containing the monument to Union General Gouverneur K. Warren on Little Round Top) warning people to stay off the monuments. In addition, from roughly the 1890’s to sometime in the 1920’s, there were five guards (or watchmen) and five guard shacks located in the Park.
As mentioned in various annual reports of the Gettysburg National Military Park Commission, the guards were employed “to prevent desecration and injury of the public works on the battlefield by thoughtless or mischievous visitors, and particularly the mutilation of monuments by the sacrilegious relic hunters that sometimes infest the grounds with the sense of reverence wholly undeveloped.” They were each “required to file a written report every evening covering their observations and work done during the day, indicating what monuments or roads require repair or attention, also the number of articles, in any, which they have found on the field, so that needful orders may be given and everything on the field properly cared for.” They also had “the authority of deputy marshals” and were each paid roughly $40.00 per month.
It is my understanding that the five guard shacks were located on Cemetery Ridge, Seminary Ridge, East Cavalry Field, near Spangler’s Spring, and near Little Round Top. Shown below are photographs of the one on Seminary Ridge, on East Cavalry Field, and the one near Spangler’s Spring:
(L to R: Robert Long, Calvin Lady,Tip Lott, Frank Auman, William Spangler, and William Tawney)
(Photos courtesy of Mike Waricher and the GNMP)
Of the five guard shacks that existed, there is only one foundation that still exists. The foundation (approximately 6 foot by 8 foot in size) is located about 45 yards south of the northern end of the parking lot on Little Round Top on the east side of the road about 20 yards into the woods:
Field manuals
Mike O'Dell, a good friend of mine from my high school days who is also a longtime Civil War re-enactor/collector, showed me in March of 2012 one of his most prized Civil War artifacts, General George Meade’s copy of the Revised 1861 U.S. Army Regulations to June 25, 1863 printed in Washington, D.C. by the Government Printing Office:
Every field officer, from second lieutenant to general, was to know the regulations or at least have an understanding of them and how they were to be applied in camp ranging from quartermaster issues to discipline and everything in between. Many officers had a copy of the regulations stuck in their baggage or field desks beside a copy of the drill manual, but it is unlikely that each and every officer in the Union Army would carry a copy of the field manual, perhaps relying instead of an adjutant or sergeant major having a copy between them for reference.
The U. S. Army Regulations were first revised in 1861 primarily to address the regulations' use for volunteers and to update some of the requirements for tracking equipment, ordnance and rations. They were revised again in 1863 and once more before the end of the war, sometime during the winter months of 1864 - 1865. Even the smallest change or minor update was considered to be a revision to the entire set (if you wish to read the entire text of the 1863 version, go to http://books.google.com/books?id=_G4DAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false). A condensed version of the regulations was also published during the latter half of the war. August Kautz, a former cavalry officer, expanded on this condensed version and in 1866 published "The 1865 Customs of Service for Non-Commissioned Officers and Soldiers", which was a rank by rank description condensed right from the regulations of the duties each soldier of rank was expected to perform.
The Gettysburg National Military Park has four copies of the U. S. Army Regulations in their collection (including one belonging to Colonel John P. Nicholson, Chairman of the Gettysburg National Park Commission from 1893 - 1922) - two published in 1861 and two in 1862. One copy of the 1861 and both of the 1862 editions were printed by George W. Childs of 628 & 630 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. He may have been contracted by the Government Printing Office to print additional copies to meet the growing demand, or as a printer, to cash in on the need for newly commissioned officers to outfit themselves. The title pages are missing from the other 1861 edition so the publisher is unknown.
General Meade’s copy measures roughly 5 1/2" by 8 3/4" and contains 594 pages, some of which have notations made by General Meade as evidenced in the last photo above. One can only wonder when General Meade obtained this field manual --- could it have been that fateful morning in June of 1863 when he was given command of the Army of the Potomac only a few short days before the Battle of Gettysburg ??? If that book could only talk ….
(A personal note: my sincere thanks to Mike O’Dell, NPS Ranger/Historian John Heiser, and NPS Museum Specialist Paul Shevchuk for their assistance and detailed information provided for this interesting historical artifact – thank you all very much !!!)
A terrible way to die
The Civil War was a period of military innovation and invention with the development of the observation balloon, the submarine, land mines, sea mines (called “torpedoes”), the Gatling gun, and much more. One invention that is often overlooked is the exploding Minié ball. Referred to as an “explosive shell” by its creator, electrician-inventor Samuel Gardiner from New York, this bullet (which came in both .54 and .58 caliber) contained a cavity within the bullet packed with an explosive compound of phosphorus and mercury fulminate and fused to explode approximately 1½ seconds after being fired.
Gardiner wrote a letter to the War Department in November of 1861 about his invention but never received a reply. Undaunted, Gardiner visited West Point in the Spring of 1862 and demonstrated his invention, prompting a recommendation by an ordnance officer there about procurement for the Union Army. After still no reply from the War Department, Gardiner later resorted to making a personal appeal to President Lincoln, who supported the idea of issuing this new type of ammunition. Even so, General James W. Ripley, head of the Ordnance Department and who thought such a bullet was barbaric, was able to resist all pressure to procure and distribute this explosive bullet until December of 1862 when an order was made for approximately 100,000 rounds. Some of the ammunition was soon requisitioned by General Joseph Hooker of the Army of the Potomac, who conducted his own field tests with disappointing results, as quality control on the mass-produced bullets did not compare with the rounds Gardiner had supplied for testing. Nevertheless, the records of the Ordnance Department indicate that 33,350 of these bullets were actually issued to Union troops in the early part of the war, including some to the 2nd New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, which became the first Union regiment to use them in combat one unforgettable day during the Battle of Gettysburg.
Before receiving a Confederate infantry assault on the afternoon of July 2, the 2nd New Hampshire Infantry Regiment commanded by Colonel Edward L. Bailey endured a lengthy barrage by Southern artillery while supporting Captain Nelson Ames’ Battery G of the 1st New York Light Artillery near the Peach Orchard. During that time, one soldier of the regiment was killed and another badly wounded when artillery fragments struck their cartridge boxes and ignited the new Gardiner “explosive shells.” The following excerpt is taken from “A History of the Second Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry, in the War of the Rebellion":
“There were lulls in the artillery firing, but Ames gave the rebels the best he had whenever they demonstrative, batteries could work, both to the left of the peach orchard and along the Emmitsburg road, but the interest of the Second was centered upon Ames. The regiment, from its position, caught a good share of the missiles hurled at the battery, and many men were hit; the wounds being mostly of the horrible character incident to artillery work. Several cartridge boxes were exploded. A shell struck and burst on the box of Corporal Thomas Bignall, of Company C. The cartridges were driven into his body and fired, and for nearly half a minute the devilish "musket shells" issued at Washington were exploding in his quivering form. But death was mercifully quick. The next moment a fragment of shell explored the cartridge box of Sergeant James M. House, of Company I. The rapidity with which he tore off the infernal machine hanging by his side was astonishing, and he escaped with only a severe wound.”
As word of these explosive shells spread, public opinion grew to disallow their use by Union troops and the Ordnance Department eventually responded by shelving the remaining supply, which was destroyed after the war ended. In addition, government records report that roughly 10,000 rounds were simply abandoned on battlefields, some of which were apparently “requisitioned” by Confederate troops and later used in combat as well. According to “The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion (1861-1865)” prepared in accordance with Acts of Congress under the direction of Surgeon General Joseph K. Barnes, 130 cases of wounded Union soldiers were attributed to explosive bullets were recorded, including soldiers who had fought at Fair Oaks and Malvern Hill in 1862, Chancellorsville in 1863, and the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Petersburg, Cold Harbor, and Piedmont in 1854. General U. S. Grant is reported to have complained that "their use is barbarous because they produce increased suffering without any increased advantage to using them." This unusual and perhaps macabre topic, however, leaves a few intriguing unanswered questions:
1. The reports of wounded Union soldiers hit by these explosive shells at the Battle of Fair Oaks and the Battle of Malvern Hill occurred months before December of 1862 when the order was made for approximately 100,000 rounds, obviously long before they could have been found abandoned on the battlefields by Confederate troops. Keeping in mind the exploding and bone-shattering impact of the regular Minié ball, could the cause of some of the wounds have been “misinterpreted” by the wounded soldier and/or surgeon? Some of the poor castings of bullets in Confederate arsenals probably contributed to the mistaken diagnosis of explosive bullets. Were the Confederates also experimenting with such an explosive bullet as well?
2. How many Union soldiers were killed by “requisitioned” Gardiner explosive shells? With the ghastly multiple wounds suffered by so many soldiers, perhaps there was no way to tell, and “dead men tell no tales” as they say.
Corporal Thomas W. Bignall was born on August 3, 1840 in the western New Hampshire town of Acworth. The son of J. P. Bignall and Harriet C. Beckworth, his occupation was listed as a mechanic and he was wounded at the Battle of Second Bull Run in 1862. If you look at the 49 graves in the New Hampshire section of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery in Gettysburg, you will not find Corporal Bignall’s name. Among those 49 graves are 11 marked “Unknown” --- perhaps he is one of those, like so many, many soldiers who were so sadly buried. And that, perhaps, is the most terrible way to die …..
Casualties after the battle
According to the Gettysburg National Military Park, there were roughly 160,000 soldiers (about 85,000 Union troops and about 75,000 Confederate troops) at the Battle of Gettysburg, and there were approximately 51,000 casualties: 23,049 Union (3,155 dead; 14,529 wounded; 5,365 missing/captured) and 28,063 Confederate (3,903 dead; 18,735 injured; and 5,425 missing/captured). But perhaps an argument could be made that there were other “casualties” after the battle and after the Civil War, such as Lieutenant Gulian V. Weir, commander of Battery C, 5th U.S. Artillery at Gettysburg.
Three of Weir’s six guns were overrun on the afternoon of July 2, and Weir, acting without orders, sent his three remaining guns to withdraw to the rear. Even though the three guns that were overrun were eventually recovered, accusations of cowardice by his superior officers (including General Winfield S. Hancock) followed Weir, and the accusations continued long after the war.
Weir apparently never forgave himself for the loss of those three guns on July 2 and never overcame the charges/accusations of cowardice. Weir visited the Gettysburg battlefield in 1885, and wrote that he had returned home a “broken man”. Still serving in the U.S. Army at Fort Patterson, New York, Weir’s fellow officers found that after he returned from Gettysburg, he was “noticeably depressed” as well as “moody” and “discouraged.” Only a few months later, on July 18, 1886, Gulian Weir died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound ……
(Photo courtesy of the GNMP)
Captured battle flags
To say the least, regimental battle flags were extremely prized and honored and fiercely defended. The position of color sergeant as well as the other soldiers (usually corporals) in the regimental color guard were signs of honor, and countless, countless men on both sides died defending their flags during the Civil War. Several of the Union monuments depict the actual likeness of some of those brave soldiers who paid the ultimate price -- men such as Sergeant Benjamin H. Crippen of the 143rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Sergeant Roland B. Morris of the 13th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Sergeant Heinrich Michel of the 54th New York Infantry Regiment, and even a colonel, Colonel Harrison H. Jeffords of the 4th Michigan Infantry Regiment at the southern end of the Wheatfield. Located at the "T" intersection of De Trobriand Avenue and Sickles Avenue, this beautifully carved monument shows Colonel Jeffords with the regimental flag he died defending, having been bayoneted after refusing to surrender it (see the “Faces of the battle” section on my “Something Different” page).
An unusual and extreme method of keeping regimental colors from falling in the hands of the enemy was used by the men of the 16th Maine Infantry Regiment. Commanded by Colonel Charles W. Tilden, the regiment was ordered to “make a stand” on Oak Ridge on the afternoon of July 1 in a “rear guard” action in order to allow the rest of their brigade, General Gabriel R. Paul’s First Brigade, Second Division, of the Union I Corps, to retreat toward town and Cemetery Hill. Eventually being overrun and forced to surrender, the soldiers of the 16th Maine Infantry Regiment tore their flag into pieces and hid the shreds among themselves in order to keep it from falling into Confederate hands (see the “Miscellaneous small markers” section on my “Off the Usual Path” page).
It should be noted that captured battle flags were not
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https://antietam.aotw.org/exhibit.php%3Fexhibit_id%3D19
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The Battle of Antietam on the Web
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Welcome! The focus of this website is on the people who participated in the battle of Antietam (or Sharpsburg). We've collected information about many of them over the years.
In addition to thousands of individual soldier profiles, we have several ways to look at the battle and the campaign of September 1862: with interactive maps, narratives from the official to the personal, and special projects highlighting aspects of the history.
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https://astronomynow.com/2017/10/16/first-light-detected-from-violent-neutron-star-collision/
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First light detected from violent neutron star collision – Astronomy Now
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2017-10-16T00:00:00
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https://astronomynow.com/2017/10/16/first-light-detected-from-violent-neutron-star-collision/
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For the first time, NASA scientists have detected light tied to a gravitational-wave event, thanks to two merging neutron stars in the galaxy NGC 4993, located about 130 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Hydra.
Shortly after 8:41 a.m. EDT on Aug. 17, NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope picked up a pulse of high-energy light from a powerful explosion, which was immediately reported to astronomers around the globe as a short gamma-ray burst. The scientists at the National Science Foundation’s Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) detected gravitational waves dubbed GW170817 from a pair of smashing stars tied to the gamma-ray burst, encouraging astronomers to look for the aftermath of the explosion. Shortly thereafter, the burst was detected as part of a follow-up analysis by ESA’s (European Space Agency’s) INTEGRAL satellite.
NASA’s Swift, Hubble, Chandra and Spitzer missions, along with dozens of ground-based observatories, including the NASA-funded Pan-STARRS survey, later captured the fading glow of the blast’s expanding debris.
“This is extremely exciting science,” said Paul Hertz, director of NASA’s Astrophysics Division at the agency’s headquarters in Washington. “Now, for the first time, we’ve seen light and gravitational waves produced by the same event. The detection of a gravitational-wave source’s light has revealed details of the event that cannot be determined from gravitational waves alone. The multiplier effect of study with many observatories is incredible.”
Neutron stars are the crushed, leftover cores of massive stars that previously exploded as supernovas long ago. The merging stars likely had masses between 10 and 60 percent greater than that of our Sun, but they were no wider than Washington, D.C. The pair whirled around each other hundreds of times a second, producing gravitational waves at the same frequency. As they drew closer and orbited faster, the stars eventually broke apart and merged, producing both a gamma-ray burst and a rarely seen flare-up called a “kilonova.”
“This is the one we’ve all been waiting for,” said David Reitze, executive director of the LIGO Laboratory at Caltech in Pasadena, California. “Neutron star mergers produce a wide variety of light because the objects form a maelstrom of hot debris when they collide. Merging black holes — the types of events LIGO and its European counterpart, Virgo, have previously seen — very likely consume any matter around them long before they crash, so we don’t expect the same kind of light show.”
“The favored explanation for short gamma-ray bursts is that they’re caused by a jet of debris moving near the speed of light produced in the merger of neutron stars or a neutron star and a black hole,” said Eric Burns, a member of Fermi’s Gamma-ray Burst Monitor team at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “LIGO tells us there was a merger of compact objects, and Fermi tells us there was a short gamma-ray burst. Together, we know that what we observed was the merging of two neutron stars, dramatically confirming the relationship.”
Within hours of the initial Fermi detection, LIGO and the Virgo detector at the European Gravitational Observatory near Pisa, Italy, greatly refined the event’s position in the sky with additional analysis of gravitational wave data. Ground-based observatories then quickly located a new optical and infrared source — the kilonova — in NGC 4993.
To Fermi, this appeared to be a typical short gamma-ray burst, but it occurred less than one-tenth as far away as any other short burst with a known distance, making it among the faintest known. Astronomers are still trying to figure out why this burst is so odd, and how this event relates to the more luminous gamma-ray bursts seen at much greater distances.
NASA’s Swift, Hubble and Spitzer missions followed the evolution of the kilonova to better understand the composition of this slower-moving material, while Chandra searched for X-rays associated with the remains of the ultra-fast jet.
When Swift turned to the galaxy shortly after Fermi’s gamma-ray burst detection, it found a bright and quickly fading ultraviolet (UV) source.
“We did not expect a kilonova to produce bright UV emission,” said Goddard’s S. Bradley Cenko, principal investigator for Swift. “We think this was produced by the short-lived disk of debris that powered the gamma-ray burst.”
Over time, material hurled out by the jet slows and widens as it sweeps up and heats interstellar material, producing so-called afterglow emission that includes X-rays.
But the spacecraft saw no X-rays — a surprise for an event that produced higher-energy gamma rays.
NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory clearly detected X-rays nine days after the source was discovered. Scientists think the delay was a result of our viewing angle, and it took time for the jet directed toward Earth to expand into our line of sight.
“The detection of X-rays demonstrates that neutron star mergers can form powerful jets streaming out at near light speed,” said Goddard’s Eleonora Troja, who led one of the Chandra teams and found the X-ray emission. “We had to wait for nine days to detect it because we viewed it from the side, unlike anything we had seen before.”
On Aug. 22, NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope began imaging the kilonova and capturing its near-infrared spectrum, which revealed the motion and chemical composition of the expanding debris.
“The spectrum looked exactly like how theoretical physicists had predicted the outcome of the merger of two neutron stars would appear,” said Andrew Levan at the University of Warwick in Coventry, England, who led one of the proposals for Hubble spectral observations. “It tied this object to the gravitational wave source beyond all reasonable doubt.”
Astronomers think a kilonova’s visible and infrared light primarily arises through heating from the decay of radioactive elements formed in the neutron-rich debris. Crashing neutron stars may be the universe’s dominant source for many of the heaviest elements, including platinum and gold.
Because of its Earth-trailing orbit, Spitzer was uniquely situated to observe the kilonova long after the Sun moved too close to the galaxy for other telescopes to see it. Spitzer’s Sept. 30 observation captured the longest-wavelength infrared light from the kilonova, which unveils the quantity of heavy elements forged.
“Spitzer was the last to join the party, but it will have the final word on how much gold was forged,” says Mansi Kasliwal, Caltech assistant professor and principal investigator of the Spitzer observing program.
Numerous scientific papers describing and interpreting these observations have been published in Science, Nature, Physical Review Letters and The Astrophysical Journal.
Gravitational waves were directly detected for the first time in 2015 by LIGO, whose architects were awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery.
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https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/george-washington/
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National Museum of the United States Army
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https://www.thenmusa.org/wp-content/themes/nmusa/assets/favicons/favicon.ico
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https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/george-washington/
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George Washington
General of the Armies
Continental Army
February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799
Few figures loom as large in American military history as George Washington. In many ways, he is viewed almost as a mythical figure and is typically remembered for his momentous achievements. He led the Continental Army to victory in the Revolutionary War, helped create the U.S. Constitution, and served as the first president of the United States. In particular, his superb leadership qualities allowed him to succeed throughout his life. Though not without faults, he established a precedent of selfless service and moral integrity in the American armed forces, a legacy that lives on in the nation he helped create.
Born on February 22, 1732, to Augustine and Mary Ball Washington, the future president grew up in Virginia. His father, a justice of the peace, died in 1743, and Washington inherited part of his estate at Ferry Farm near Fredericksburg. Born into moderate wealth, Washington did not attend school but received a robust education in mathematics and land surveying. He began working as a surveyor in 1748 and completed several expeditions to the Shenandoah Valley. By the age of 20, Washington was a socially-connected, well-educated, wealthy landowner. Yet, Washington desired military service and received a commission in the Virginia Militia in 1752.
Washington, then a major, inadvertently started the French and Indian War in 1754 when his forces attacked and killed a French officer in a scouting party in the Ohio River Valley. French and Native American forces retaliated, defeating Washington’s militia force. The following year, Washington fought at the disastrous Battle of Monongahela on July 9, 1755, where the French and their Indian allies routed a large British and militia force. He continued to serve in the war, leading provincial units until he resigned in 1758. Though the British won the war, Washington’s reputation was far from certain. British leadership regarded him as a poor commander, while colonists viewed him as a hero for his bravery and steady leadership in battle.
After the war, he returned to Mount Vernon, which he would inherit from his brother Lawrence in 1761. He wished to make the farm profitable and spent considerable money to expand the property. Using the labor of over one hundred enslaved individuals, Washington successfully developed Mount Vernon into a prosperous plantation. In 1758, he was elected to a seat in the Virginia legislature. The following year, he married Martha Dandridge Custis, a wealthy widow. She and her two young children joined Washington at Mount Vernon. As the years went on, Washington grew increasingly interested in politics. By 1771, Washington openly criticized the British for what he viewed as oppressive tax policies towards the colonies. He was elected by the Virginia legislature to represent the colony at the First Continental Congress in 1774. After the eruption of open conflict in Massachusetts in April 1775, Washington attended the Second Continental Congress. On June 14th, Congress resolved to create a Continental Army. The following day, Washington was selected as the new army’s commander-in-chief. His personal integrity, military experience, and hero status all contributed to his selection. In many ways, he was viewed as the only man who could do the job.
On July 2, 1775, Washington arrived outside Boston to take command of the forces gathering there and create a regular army out of a ragtag band of poorly equipped militiamen and volunteers. Washington rapidly organized the Continental Army and selected several officers from the ranks, such as Maj. Gen. Henry Knox. Under Washington’s direction, Knox daringly moved 59 cannons over 300 miles from Fort Ticonderoga, New York, to Dorchester Heights outside of Boston. The plan worked and the British left Boston in March 1776. Though he had won his first major confrontation of the war, Washington and the Continental Army’s success was short-lived. Attempting to capture New York, British general Sir William Howe decimated the Continental Army in a series of battles. By the end of 1776, Washington’s Army was demoralized and shaken. Ninety percent of the troops he had commanded in Boston were either killed, wounded, captured, or had left the Army. With morale low, Washington launched a surprise attack on December 26, 1776 against the British allied Hessian forces camped in New Jersey at Trenton and Princeton. Caught by surprise, the Americans routed the Hessian forces and Washington achieved an important victory for his Army.
Over the course of the next few years, Washington enjoyed few battlefield successes as he was regularly defeated by superior British forces. Yet, Washington’s stalwart leadership, integrity, and dignity held the Army together, presenting a credible threat to the British. After Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates’ army defeated the British at the battles of Saratoga in September and October 1777, France entered the war and allied with the Americans in 1778. This provided Washington with the weapons, supplies, and reinforcements he needed to achieve a decisive victory.
After a large French force commanded by the Comte de Rochambeau joined Washington’s forces in 1781, the two generals planned a pivotal strike. Though Washington favored attacking New York, Rochambeau and the French believed the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia to be the best target to isolate and capture an entire British army. After a French fleet commanded by the Comte de Grasse successfully blockaded the Chesapeake Bay, the Franco-American forces besieged a large British army at Yorktown, Virginia. The British surrendered on October 19, 1781, effectively ensuring victory in war and independence.
Near the end of war, Washington successfully stopped a coup attempt by Continental Army officers at Newburgh, New York, in March 1783. Yet again, Washington’s personal qualities and leadership proved invaluable. On September 3, 1783, the Revolutionary War officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Some believed Washington might not resign his commission and attempt to seize power, as he was extremely popular with the troops and the public. However, Washington resigned his commission and returned to Mount Vernon, bowing to Congress in a short ceremony on December 23, 1783, at Annapolis, Maryland. For this act alone, King George III called Washington, “the greatest man in the world.”
Initially, Washington intended to enjoy his retirement from public service, content to spend his life as a farmer at Mount Vernon. However, his retirement was interrupted when he was once again called on to serve his country. Washington was a unanimous choice to head the Constitutional Convention in 1787. His stalwart leadership, hero status, and dignified manner made him perhaps the only person capable of leading the assembly. He worked with the delegates for over a year to create and ratify the Constitution. Washington continued to lead and was unanimously elected the first President of the United States.
Washington reluctantly accepted a position of power once again, serving two full terms as president. His qualities as a natural and dignified leader made him an ideal choice for the job. Working closely with Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, who had served under Washington in the Revolutionary War, Washington created an energetic and centralized federal government, setting a precedent for the new American experiment. He helped establish a national bank, suppressed the Whiskey Rebellion, and established a trade relationship with Great Britain. After eight years in office, Washington again willingly stepped away from power, establishing the precedent of American presidents only serving two terms. He penned an emotional farewell address in 1796, where he warned against the dangers of political parties, foreign influence, and valuing a single state over the entire nation. He retired to Mount Vernon in 1797.
Washington devoted himself to improving Mount Vernon in his retirement. On December 12, 1799, he became ill after riding his horse through rain and sleet. His condition rapidly worsened and he died on December 14, 1799. At his funeral, Maj. Gen. Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee stated that Washington was, “First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.” These words accurately summarize Washington’s legacy. He was first in war as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, leading the charge for American independence. He was first in peace as a farmer, a husband, and the first President of the United States. And he was first in the hearts of his countrymen as a beloved hero for all Americans. His superb leadership abilities and humble example of giving up power set a precedent for Army leadership that continues to this day.
A.J. Orlikoff
Lead Education Specialist
Sources
“George Washington: The Father of the Nation.” American Battlefield Trust. Accessed May 3, 2021. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/george-washington.
Chernow, Ron. “George Washington: The Reluctant President.” Smithsonian Magazine, February 2011. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-washington-the-reluctant-president-49492/.
Ellis, Joseph J. “Washington Takes Charge.” Smithsonian Magazine, January 2005. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/washington-takes-charge-107060488.
“Biography of George Washington.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Accessed May 3, 2021. https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/biography/.
Kladky, William P. “Continental Army.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Accessed May 3, 2021. https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/continental-army.
Knott, Stephen. “George Washington: Life before the Presidency.” Miller Center. Accessed May 3, 2021. https://millercenter.org/president/washington/life-before-the-presidency.
Additional Resources
Chernow, Ron. Washington: A Life. New York: Penguin Press, 2009.
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https://connecticuthistory.org/gun-wheel-of-the-first-light-battery-connecticut-volunteers/
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Gun Wheel of the First Light Battery, Connecticut Volunteers - Connecticut History
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2021-05-15T10:00:41-04:00
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A wheel damaged in battle now resides at the Connecticut State Capitol to commemorate the Civil War service of the First Light Battery Connecticut Volunteers.
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Connecticut History | a CTHumanities Project - Stories about the people, traditions, innovations, and events that make up Connecticut's rich history.
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https://connecticuthistory.org/gun-wheel-of-the-first-light-battery-connecticut-volunteers/
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By Mike Blanker
On May 15, 1864, during the Civil War Battle of Proctor’s Creek in Virginia, a Confederate artillery shot struck and damaged a gun wheel on one of the cannons belonging to the First Connecticut Light Battery. Soldier Curtis Bacon of Simsbury died as a result. The wheel now resides at the Connecticut State Capitol in Hartford as a memorial to the contributions and sacrifices of the men of the regiment. Historian and veteran of the First Light Battery, Herbert Beecher of New Haven, recognized that “the First Connecticut Light Battery was composed of men who believed that liberty was a sacred thing and offered their lives on the altar of freedom.”
The Story of the Wheel
The First Light Battery was engaged near Richmond, Virginia, during the fourth day of the five-day Battle of Proctor’s Creek that took place from May 12 to 16, 1864. A Confederate artillery shot fired that Sunday morning hit the hub of the gun wheel, and the band ricocheted off and struck Curtis Bacon. William Davis of Guilford, who was “thumbing the vent” of the gun (a method of preventing fragments from the previous cartridge flaring up and creating a premature discharge) received wounds in the face and chest from splinters and iron shards. Comrades of Bacon and Davis believed Davis’s wounds were mortal, but expected Bacon to survive. In fact, Davis had no serious injuries, while Bacon died on July 10, 1864, from gangrene that developed as a result of his wounds.
The First Light Battery, Connecticut Volunteers organized in October 1861. Volunteers came from all over the state, with many from New Haven and Guilford. The regiment sailed with 156 men to Port Royal, South Carolina. The First Light Battery fell under the authority of the Union Department of the South until April 1864 when authorities ordered its transfer to Virginia under the command of General Alfred Terry of Hartford. The unit was mustered out of Richmond in June 1865 and was the first Connecticut regiment to return to the state at the end of the war, on June 14, 1865, with 120 men.
What was a Light Battery?
There were two types of Civil War artillery: heavy (foot) and light (field). In addition, there were two types of light artillery: horse, in which all soldiers rode horses, and mounted, in which men marched alongside of the cannons. A typical light battery consisted of six guns, each attached to a limber pulled by six horses. The caisson, connected to a limber and pulled by six additional horses, carried two chests of ammunition and a spare wheel. Each light battery carried around 1,200 rounds.
Battles of the First Light Battery
The First Light Battery fought in 20 engagements during the Civil War. Two battles stand out in particular in the regimental history. The first was the Battle of Chester Station in Virginia on May 10, 1864. During the fight, Company A of the Battery ran out of ammunition, and its troops and guns became vulnerable to capture from a Confederate surge. This they avoided thanks to the timely arrival of two other sections of the First Light Battery and several companies of infantry, including the Seventh Connecticut, sent by General Terry. Historians consider the outcome of this battle a draw.
The second prominent engagement was the Battle of Proctor’s Creek, in which the gun wheel sustained the previously mentioned damage. Early in the battle the battery exchanged heavy fire with Confederate guns that covered advancing Confederate troops. But with the support of Union infantry regiments, the First Light Battery held. The battery also repulsed a Confederate charge at sunset on the third day of the battle. Historians generally consider Proctor’s Creek a Confederate victory, however.
Casualties of the First Light Battery
The regiment lost two soldiers killed in action. Twenty soldiers died from disease during active service. Officially, 13 men from the unit received wounds during the war. An additional 16 soldiers show up in post-war pension reports as having been injured. In total, the unit suffered 51 casualties.
The first death in the battery occurred before the regiment even engaged in battle. Henry Bullard of Guilford died of typhoid just as the battery arrived at Beaufort, South Carolina, near Port Royal, after its week-long sea journey from New York. First Lieutenant George Metcalf of Hartford died on May 14, 1864, from wounds received at the Battle of Proctor’s Creek. Metcalf had been commissioned by Connecticut Governor William Buckingham to recruit the battery. The members of the regiment elected him Second Lieutenant in 1861. (Election of officers by soldiers was common practice in volunteer regiments during the Civil War.) Metcalf received a promotion to First Lieutenant in February 1863. Henry Wilmot of East Haven enlisted on January 18, 1864. He also died in action at the Battle of Proctor’s Creek on May 14, 1864. Curtis Bacon of Simsbury, who died as a result of the gun wheel incident at Proctor’s Creek, was the first man to enlist from his town in October of 1861. He chose to re-enlist as a veteran on December 19, 1863. Bacon died in a hospital a little over six months later.
Captain Rockwell
Perhaps the most acknowledged hero of the First Light Battery was Captain Alfred P. Rockwell of Norwich. Historians credit him with decisive actions that saved the regiment at both the Battle of Chester Station and the Battle of Proctor’s Creek. At Chester Station, it was “A. P.” Rockwell’s perception that Company A of the battery was out of ammunition that alerted General Terry of the need to send in reinforcements. On the first day at Proctor’s Creek, a Union colonel ordered Captain Rockwell to take the battery into what Rockwell considered an indefensible position. Rockwell shared his objections with General Terry, who deferred to Rockwell’s judgment. Rockwell did not move the battery into the dangerous position and thus, according to regimental veterans, saved the unit from “annihilation.”
Rockwell was born in Norwich on October 15, 1834. After his service to the First Light Battery, he received a promotion to Colonel of the Sixth Connecticut Volunteers in June 1864, and then to Brigadier General in March of 1865. After the war, he became professor of mining at Yale University and the Institute of Technology in Boston. He served as Chairman of the Board of Fire Commissioners for the city of Boston. Later, he served as president and executive of several mining and manufacturing companies. It was no accident he was elected the first president of the First Light Battery Veterans Association at its initial reunion in 1868.
The First Light Battery and African Americans
The soldiers of the First Light Battery had regular encounters with African Americans, both civilians and soldiers, while the regiment was fighting in the South. Beecher described these encounters throughout the regimental history he authored. Battery soldiers recognized the achievements of African Americans in combat and their ability to withstand the especially brutal treatment they received when captured by Confederates.
At the same time, however, soldiers of the First Light Battery from Connecticut maintained many of the racist stereotypes and hostile approaches to African American relations commonly associated with life in the Confederate South. Beecher told of the perpetuation of derogatory stereotypes, such as blacks only being interested in living off government rations. More troubling, he recounted how Union authorities actually rounded up African Americans and forced them to work for the Army. These are just a few examples of how the soldiers of the First Light Battery, like many white Northerners, had a complex and ambiguous relationship with African Americans. They risked and sometimes lost their lives to end slavery, while at the same time they accepted and perpetuated racism.
Reunions of the First Light Battery
The First Light Battery Veterans Association began holding annual reunions in towns around the state beginning in 1868. Rockwell soon moved to Boston, and Edward Griswold of Guilford became president and served for many years. Herbert Beecher, who wrote the regimental history, became vice-president of the Association. Guilford and New Haven became the centers of reunion activities, in part because so many men of the regiment originally came from those towns. At the 17th Reunion in 1884, veterans set up a week-long encampment in Guilford. A typical reunion, such as the one held in West Haven in 1899, drew 42 regiment veterans and 32 guests.
Around 1900, the First Light Battery Veterans Association began advocating for the construction of a monument to the regiment. In 1903, the State of Connecticut appropriated $3,000 each to several regimental veterans associations, including the Sixth, Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth Infantry units and the First Light Battery for the purpose of building a Civil War monument. The First Light Battery pledged to raise an additional $10,000. In 1904, the veterans associations of different regiments agreed to unite with civic organizations to facilitate the creation of a Civil War monument. On June 16, 1905, officials unveiled a monument to the First Light Battery and the Seventh and Tenth Infantry regiments in New Haven. The last record of the First Light Battery Veterans Association in the Hartford Courant was in 1904, when the Association passed a resolution in commemoration of A. P. Rockwell, who died the previous year.
How the Gun Wheel Came to the State House
After the gun wheel was damaged at the Battle of Proctor’s Creek, Captain Rockwell sent it north. In the years after the war, he offered it to a number of historical societies around the state, but none expressed interest. In 1881, Rockwell donated the wheel to the First Light Battery Veterans Association. It is possible, though this is speculation, that the painted battle names and dates were added around the wheel at this time by the men who knew them best—the veterans of the First Light Battery. By 1882, C. E. Longley put the wheel on display in his storefront on Church Street in New Haven. That same year a special committee of the Battery Veterans Association formed and it obtained permission to have the wheel placed as a war relic in the Hall of Flags at the State House in Harford. The gun wheel of the First Light Battery, Connecticut Volunteers arrived at the Connecticut State Capitol in December 1883.
Mike Blanker teaches history at New Britain High School.
This article was published as part of a semester-long graduate student project at Central Connecticut State University that examined Civil War monuments and their histories in and around the State Capitol in Hartford, Connecticut.
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http://all-biographies.com/soldiers/james_shaw.htm
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General James Shaw, Jr., U.S.V.
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Brevet Brigadier-General James Shaw, Jr., U.S.V.
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Brevet Brigadier-General James Shaw, Jr., U.S.V.
Brevet Brigadier-General James Shaw, Jr., son of General James and Eliza Field (Godfrey) Shaw, was born in Providence, Rhode Island, September 25, 1830. His father commanded the First Light Infantry from 1830 to 1835, and ordered the firing on the mob in 1831,-the first instance in the country where a mob had been suppressed by the militia; was active on the side of " law and order" during the " Dorr War," and was afterwards commander of the First Brigade Rhode Island Militia.
General James Shaw, Jr., was educated in the public schools of Providence, graduating from the High School in 1846. He was an active member of the First Light Infantry from 1850 to 1857. At the commencement of the Rebellion, being unable to go with the First Regiment, he suggested to the citizens of the Sixth Ward the formation of ward companies for the purpose of learning to drill. He was made first lieutenant and then captain of the Sixth Ward Guards. This example was followed by every ward in the city and every town in the State.
Owing to Captain Shaw's exertions a regiment was formed from these companies, and he was elected colonel. In the spring of 1862 the following despatch was received from the Secretary of War: " Enemy advancing on Washington; send every available man immediately," and Colonel Shaw was called on by the governor to organize the Tenth Rhode Island Volunteers. In thirty hours after the call a regiment was formed, armed, clothed, equipped, and en rorctc for Washington. Waiving the right to the command, Colonel Shaw asked for one who had received a military education for colonel, and took the lieutenant-colonelcy May 26, 1862; was promoted to colonel August 6 of the same year, and served in the defences of Washington. At the end of three months the command was mustered out. He re-entered the service December 31, 1862, as lieutenant-colonel of the Twelfth Rhode Island Volunteers, and served with the Ninth Army Corps before Fredericksburg, Newport News, and in Kentucky.
When the Twelfth Regiment was mustered out he appeared before "Casey's Board," and was the fifth out of seven hundred examined to receive the grade of colonel, and was appointed October 27, 1863, to the command of the Seventh United States Colored Troops. He joined the regiment November 12, 1863, in Maryland; was post commander at Jacksonville, Florida; commanded brigade in the expedition to Cedar Creek and Camp Melton; participated in the battle on John's Island; was commended for wisdom and bravery in action; returned to Virginia and moved on Richmond; he commanded First Brigade, Third Division, Tenth Army Corps, August 13 to 21, August 25 to September 25, and October 25 to December 4, 1864. Commanded First Brigade, Second Division, Twenty-fifth Army Corps, from its formation, December 4, 1864, until it was disbanded in 1866. Commanded Second Division, Twenty-fifth Army Corps, February 21 to March 13, 1865, and participated in the capture of Petersburg and the triumph at Appomattox. He commanded the sub-district of Victoria and Central District of Texas from February 21 to May 9, 1866, and was mustered out with his regiment November 16, 1866, bearing on his flag, by authority, the names of the battles of Cedar Creek, Baldwin, Kingsland Road, Fuzzel's Mills, White Point, John's Island, Fort Gilmer, Darbytown Road, Armstrong's Mills, Petersburg, and Appomattox Court House.
General Shaw married, September 22, 1853, Elizabeth Williams, daughter of James and Amanda (Potter) Fisher, of Pawtuxet, Rhode Island. They have had three children,-James, Walter Arnold (died May 3, 1873), and Howard Armington.
Source: Officers of the Volunteer Army and Navy who served in the Civil War, published by L.R. Hamersly & Co., 1893, 419 pgs.
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https://civilwarintheeast.com/us-regiments-batteries/maryland/maryland-battery-a/
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Battery A 1st Maryland Light Artillery in the American Civil War
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2015-09-30T13:25:30+00:00
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History of Battery A, 1st Maryland Light Artillery in the American Civil War, with timeline of important events, movements and battles.
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en
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The Civil War in the East
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https://civilwarintheeast.com/us-regiments-batteries/maryland/maryland-battery-a/
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Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
Captain John W. Wolcott commanded the battery at Antietam. The battery fought near the Mumma Farm and was armed with eight 3″ Ordnance Rifles. It lost one man killed, eleven wounded and two missing in action.
From the monument at the intersection of Smoketown Road and Mumma Lane at Antietam:
The battery under the command of Capt. John W. Wolcott occupied a line 100 feet in rear of this marker and facing Dunkard Church. Loss 1 killed, 11 wounded.
Battle of Gettysburg
Battery A was commanded at the Battle of Gettysburg by Captain James H. Rigby. It brought four officers and 102 enlisted men to the field and was armed with six Ordnance Rifles. The battery was posted on Powell Hill, where it supported the 12th Corps fighting around Culp’s Hill. It suffered no casualties.
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https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/maryland-campaign-1862
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The Maryland Campaign of 1862
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2009-02-06T16:03:00-05:00
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Historian and author Scott Hartwig describes Robert E. Lee's 1862 Maryland Campaign which culminated in the Battle of Antietam.
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/themes/client/abt/favicon.ico
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American Battlefield Trust
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https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/maryland-campaign-1862
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The architect of the Confederate victories in the east, General Robert E. Lee, sought to exploit the opportunity his victory at Second Manassas offered. Lee understood from the beginning of the war that the Confederacy’s best hope for independence rested upon the morale of the Northern people. If they believed the war could not be won, or could only be won at too high a cost, then Southern independence became a real possibility. Confederate military successes were the means to erode morale and create this political climate. The fall elections in the North were approaching. England and France stood on the sidelines watching closely, carefully weighing whether they should recognize the Confederacy. Lee sensed a great opportunity was at hand. He believed the Union army was disorganized and demoralized. He also knew that it was receiving many reinforcements in the form of newly raised regiments in answer to President Lincoln’s July call for 300,000 volunteers. Only one move would force the Federals to place their army in the field before they had reorganized and offered the best chance to do further damage to Northern morale: Invade the border state of Maryland.
“The army is not properly equipped for an invasion of an enemy’s territory,” Lee wrote Confederate President Jefferson Davis, but he nevertheless understood that this was his best move. He determined to enter Maryland east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and advance to Frederick, Maryland. Here his army would threaten Baltimore and Washington, as well as Pennsylvania. The Federals would have no choice but to leave the Washington fortifications to confront him. When they did, he planned to march west from Frederick, crossing the Catoctin Mountains and South Mountain, to Hagerstown. The idea was to draw the Union army far from its supply depots and fortifications, where they might be dealt a more decisive blow. By September 3 Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia numbered some 70,000 troops of all arms, but logistically the army was in possibly the worst condition it would be in during the entire war. The troops were poorly fed and uniformed, which contributed to long sick lists. Lax discipline combined with the chronically short and poor rations issued to the men encouraged massive straggling, and the army would leak thousands of stragglers as it moved across Maryland.
On September 4, advance elements of the army crossed the Potomac into Maryland near Leesburg, Virginia. Over the next three days the main body of the army forded the river and advanced without opposition to Frederick.
In Washington, news that the Confederates were pouring into Maryland in large numbers created a crisis for President Lincoln. The defeat at Manassas had resulted in ugly accusations and finger pointing. Pope claimed that McClellan and the Army of the Potomac had not sustained him as they should have, and he even levied charges against several key officers. Lincoln understood that the army had lost confidence in Pope and he needed to go, but he hoped to have some breathing space to select a new field commander. As a temporary measure he placed McClellan in command of all the troops within the capital’s fortifications. Feelings against McClellan were so strong among members of Lincoln’s cabinet, that several of them presented a declaration for the President stating that they did not believe it was safe to entrust McClellan with the command of “any of the armies of the United States.” But Lee gave Lincoln no respite and the Confederate invasion of Maryland forced him to place an army in the field. Given the pace of events, Lincoln had no choice but to place McClellan in command. McClellan had the army’s confidence. As one of his soldiers put it, “the effect of this man’s presence upon the Army of the Potomac – in sunshine or rain, in darkness or in daylight, in victory or defeat – was electrical.”
There was great irony in Lincoln’s decision for he hoped that McClellan and the army would serve as a tool to not only turn back the Confederate tide, but to provide the opportunity for a war-changing measure. Sensing that the time had come that he might up the ante in the war, Lincoln had prepared an Emancipation Proclamation, a document presaging profound change by adding emancipation to the North’s heretofore single objective of preserving the Union. Lincoln knew that many Northern soldiers and civilians opposed emancipation, on grounds of race, or because of their ambivalence towards slavery or the belief that introducing such an objective would only encourage Southerners to fight more desperately. The Democrats were firmly in this camp and one of the staunchest supporters of this viewpoint was McClellan. Earlier in the war, he expressed his opinion, “I am fighting to preserve the integrity of the Union and the power of the Govt – on no other issue. To gain that end we cannot afford to mix up the negro question – it must be incidental and subsidiary.” But the issue of slavery was hardly incidental or subsidiary. It entangled itself with nearly everything about this war. Slaves formed the economic backbone of the Confederacy. Slaves enabled the Confederacy to mobilize more of its young white men for military service. Even setting the emotional issue of slavery aside, an attack upon slavery struck at the underpinnings of the Southern economy and the Confederates’ ability to wage war. But Lincoln needed to issue his proclamation from a position of strength, or else risk having his measure look like a desperate act of a sinking administration. He needed a battlefield victory and he counted on McClellan and the Army of the Potomac to deliver it.
When the Army of Northern Virginia occupied Frederick, Lee expected the Union garrisons at Harper’s Ferry and Martinsburg would be withdrawn, clearing the way for him to establish communications through the Shenandoah Valley. But Union General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck ordered the garrisons to remain, leaving them both isolated but astride Lee’s intended line of communications. Confident that the Army of the Potomac would advance slowly from Washington, Lee conceived a bold plan to destroy or capture these garrisons. The plan called for three columns to converge upon them. Walker’s division would re-cross the Potomac and capture Loudoun Heights, overlooking Harper’s Ferry south of the junction of the Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers. Lafayette McLaws with his own and Richard Anderson’s division was tasked with capturing Maryland Heights, the key to the possession of Harper’s Ferry. Major General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson commanded the strongest column, consisting of three divisions. Their mission was to march west from Frederick, cross the Potomac, capture or smash the Martinsburg garrison, or drive it back upon Harper’s Ferry, then complete the capture or destruction of the Harper’s Ferry garrison by sealing off its escape routes to the west. The balance of the army would march to Boonsboro, a village nestled against the western side of South Mountain. The army marched on September 10. Lee expected the operation could be wrapped up by September 12.
As the Confederate columns made their way across western Maryland, the Army of the Potomac advanced slowly out of Washington. McClellan assembled a force of some 80,000 men of all arms, although nearly 20,000 of his infantry were raw recruits, most of whom had little training. Later in the campaign reinforcements would raise his strength to around 85,000. The army moved out from Washington between September 4 and 6 in three columns along a line of advance designed to screen both Baltimore and Washington. On September 12 advance elements of the army entered Frederick. McClellan possessed a plenitude of reports about Confederate activity but they left him utterly baffled as to Lee’s intentions. “From all I can gather secesh is skedadelling,” he concluded in a letter to his wife. But on September 13 several non-commissioned officers of the 27th Indiana discovered a copy of Lee’s orders for the Harper’s Ferry operation, Special Orders no. 191, lying on the ground wrapped around three cigars in a recently abandoned Confederate camp. The discovery of the orders cleared much of the fog from the operational picture. Harper’s Ferry was in grave danger, but Lee’s army was divided and ripe for defeat in detail. McClellan drew up a plan up for a two-pronged offensive on September 14. Some 19,000 men from the Sixth Corps and Fourth Corps, under Major General William B. Franklin would spearhead the effort to relieve Harper’s Ferry, by smashing their way through Crampton’s Gap in South Mountain and attacking McLaws’s rear. The rest of the army, the First, Second, Ninth, and Twelfth Corps, and George Sykes’s Fifth Corps division – nearly 60,000 men – would cross South Mountain at Turner’s Gap, descend to Boonsboro and interpose themselves between Lee’s forces at Boonsboro and the rest of the Army of Northern Virginia. The plan had merit but it presumed that Turner’s Gap, which was only some two miles from Boonsboro, could be easily secured, and Franklin’s force was light considering the importance of its mission.
Unknown to McClellan, Lee was even more vulnerable than Special Orders no. 191 suggested. The Confederate had further divided his army after leaving Frederick, marching to Hagerstown with Major General James Longstreet’s command of two divisions and leaving Major General D. H. Hill’s division alone at Boonsboro. And, the Harper’s Ferry operation had not met its timetable. Although the Confederates managed to bottle up both Union garrisons at Harper’s Ferry, and held all the key positions around that place by September 13, the Federals continued to hold out. That same day Lee learned that elements of the Army of the Potomac were advancing toward South Mountain. He dispatched a warning to Jackson and McLaws to hasten the capture of Harper’s Ferry and he ordered D. H. Hill to defend Turner’s Gap. He also decided to take the added precaution of marching Longstreet’s command back to Boonsboro the next morning.
On the morning of September 14, advance elements of the Army of the Potomac attempting to clear Turner’s Gap encountered part of D. H. Hill’s division. A confusing and sharp action developed in the rough mountain terrain of South Mountain, and although Longstreet reinforced Hill in the afternoon, by nightfall the Union First and Ninth Corps had captured the key positions that rendered the Confederates’ position untenable. Five miles to the south, at Crampton’s Gap, the Sixth Corps overcame fierce resistance by a small Confederate force and smashed their way through Crampton’s Gap into Pleasant Valley on the west side. Union losses for the day were 2,346. The Confederates lost more than 4,100 men. That night as Lee assessed the situation he decided his campaign had failed and he made plans to withdraw Longstreet and D. H. Hill to Virginia by way of Sharpsburg and to break off the Harper’s Ferry operation, which he knew still had not concluded. McLaws ignored Lee’s orders to retreat to Virginia and during the early morning hours of September 15 he assembled a defensive line across Pleasant Valley, facing Franklin’s Sixth Corps. Even before he received Lee’s orders to break off the operations against Harper’s Ferry, Jackson had sent a courier speeding through the night with news that the surrender of the Union garrison was imminent. When Lee received Jackson’s report on the morning of the 15th, he had already modified his plan to withdraw Longstreet and D. H. Hill to Virginia immediately, and ordered both commands to halt behind Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg. Here he would wait to see how McClellan responded to his success at South Mountain. If he pressed hard, Longstreet and Hill could still withdraw to Virginia. But if he moved cautiously, Lee might be able to concentrate his army and offer battle in Maryland. The reasons and the wisdom of Lee’s decision to try and make a stand in Maryland have been debated ever since. He never fully explained his reasons, but by remaining in Maryland and hazarding a battle, he kept alive the possibilities the Maryland invasion had promised. If he could check McClellan and the Federals withdrew, then operations could be maintained on the Confederate frontier north of the Potomac and pressure continued on the North. If he withdrew to Virginia those opportunities were lost.
The early morning of September 15 at Harpers Ferry opened with a heavy artillery bombardment. By 8 a.m. the Union garrison of some 13,000 men, out of long-range ammunition for their artillery, were forced to surrender. At a cost of perhaps 400 casualties Stonewall Jackson won one of the most complete victories of the war for the Confederates. Meanwhile, McClellan learned that Lee had retreated from South Mountain, and reports from the front led him to believe that the Rebels had been badly thrashed and were in rapid retreat for Virginia. He commenced an immediate pursuit of what he presumed was a fleeing enemy. But his euphoria was dashed that afternoon when reports came in of an enemy line of battle forming behind Antietam Creek, and Franklin reported a strong Confederate force standing defiantly across the approach to Harper’s Ferry.
Severe straggling had reduced Longstreet’s command and Hill’s division to about 11,000 men, but Lee and Longstreet skillfully deployed them on the undulating terrain around Sharpsburg so that the Federals who observed them estimated their strength at four times that. All day on September 15 the Army of the Potomac poured over South Mountain and massed around Keedysville. Lee watched and waited anxiously. It was now a matter of time. Could his scattered divisions reunite before McClellan struck?
Within hours of arranging for the surrender of the garrison at Harper’s Ferry, Jackson set out with two of his three divisions, leaving A. P. Hill’s division behind to carry out the details of the surrender. Walker’s division followed Jackson, and McLaws withdrew his two divisions unmolested by Franklin from Pleasant Valley to Harper’s Ferry.
McClellan spent the morning of September 16 waiting for a fog to lift, and then when it did, he busied himself with reconnaissance of the Confederate positions. While the hours ticked by, Jackson’s two divisions and Walker’s division joined Lee at Sharpsburg. Straggling had reduced their strength by thousands, but they raised Lee’s manpower to about 21,000. McClellan had about 60,000 effectives on hand. The odds were still long and Lee sent urgent messages to McLaws to hurry to Sharpsburg. The Georgian, whose men were desperately short of rations, marched through the night, losing perhaps one-third of his strength to straggling, but he reached Sharpsburg before daylight on the 17th. With McLaws and Anderson up, Lee had about 35,000 men. His army held a strong position with one flank anchored on the Potomac and the other on Antietam Creek.
Lee knew he would be attacked on the 17th. On the afternoon of September 16, McClellan at last set his army in motion, sending Major General Joseph Hooker’s 1st Corps across Antietam Creek to find Lee’s left flank. Just at dusk Hooker bumped into Hood’s division and the two forces skirmished until dark. The night was pitch dark with a slight drizzle. “I shall not, however, soon forget that night,” wrote Union General Alpheus Williams, “so dark, so obscure, so mysterious, so uncertain.”
The Battle of Antietam commenced at first light on the 17th. Because McClellan fed his army corps into the battle piecemeal, the battle developed into three distinct phases. All shared one common characteristic - it was the bloodiest and most shocking battle any of the combatants had yet seen. “The roar of the infantry was beyond anything conceivable to the uninitiated,” wrote General Williams. The action opened on Lee’s left, where the battle raged from first light to about 10 a.m., then the main action shifted to the center until early afternoon, when it moved to the Confederate right. Lee came perilously close to defeat several times, but McClellan’s uncoordinated attacks enabled him to parry blows by shifting troops from quiet sectors to threatened points. The battle ended in high drama, when Lee’s right flank began to crumble under an attack by the Union Ninth Corps. A. P. Hill’s division arrived from Harper’s Ferry at this critical moment, counterattacked the Federals and restored the line. By sunset, 2,108 Union soldiers were dead, 9,549 wounded and 753 missing. Incomplete Confederate figures gave their losses at 10,291. Some 23,000 men were casualties; most of them killed or wounded, in a single day. The battlefield, wrote one Union officer, was “indescribably horrible.” No other day of the war would surpass Antietam in carnage.
During the night thousands of stragglers rejoined Lee, nearly making good his losses of the 17th. Lee decided to stand his ground again on the 18th. He had little to gain by doing so. McClellan also received reinforcements, but he chose not to renew the battle, a decision endorsed by nearly all his generals. Lee ordered a retreat on the night of the September 18 and by the next morning the Confederates were across the Potomac and in Virginia. McClellan ordered a cautious pursuit and on September 20, elements of the Fifth Corps crossed the Potomac near Shepherdstown. Lee reacted vigorously and sent A. P. Hill to drive them back, which he did, inflicting 363 casualties.
The Maryland Campaign was over. Although the Confederates could celebrate a brilliant victory at Harper’s Ferry, the campaign had failed. At a cost of thousands of battle and non-battle casualties, no real damage had been done to Northern morale and the odds of European recognition grew dimmer. For the Union, despite the Harper’s Ferry disaster and the indecisive nature of Antietam, the campaign and battle proved a crucial strategic victory. The Confederate invasion was turned back and Antietam seemed enough of a success that Lincoln felt confident to issue his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22. Antietam marked a watershed in American history. Lincoln’s proclamation sounded the trumpets that after this bloody battle the country would never be the same again. It would be a revolution now, a grim war to the finish. Either the Confederacy would prevail or they would be conquered and slavery destroyed. Any chance for a negotiated settlement that preserved slavery had gone up in the smoke and flame of Antietam.
Learn More: The Battle of Antietam
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Dwarf Galaxies Burned Off the Cosmic Fog to Shine the First Light on the Early Universe
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2024-03-06T18:20:26+00:00
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Using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), astronomers found some of the earliest starlight in dwarf galaxies during the universe's reionization period.
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SYFY Official Site
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https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/dwarf-galaxies-shined-the-first-light-on-the-early-universe
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Physically exploring the universe comes with some pretty serious limitations. Our most distant spacecraft is NASA’s Voyager 1. It launched on September 5, 1977, and nearly 50 years later it’s a little more than 15 billion miles from home. After a while, measuring distances in miles becomes prohibitive so we switch to measuring in AU (the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, roughly 93 million miles) or light-years (the distance light travels through space in a year, roughly 5.88 trillion miles).
Using those units, Voyager 1 is about 163 AU or 0.00257 light-years. If it keeps going at the same pace, it will have traveled 1% of a light-year about 150 years from now. By then, we might have more advanced spacecraft capable of traveling greater distances in shorter times. Maybe one day, some undreamt-of spacecraft will pass by Voyager on its way to the stars.
SYFY’s The Ark imagines one such spacecraft, an interstellar cargo ship ferrying humanity’s last hope to Proxima centauri, 4.2 light-years away. Even with a century of additional technology at their disposal, their journey to the star next door was years long, and it’s not over yet. Of course, those limitations only apply to physically sending things. Using telescopes and other astronomical instruments, astronomers are investigating the most distant locales in both space and time.
Recently, an international team of astronomers set their sights on the most distant stars possible to see. They went in search of the universe’s first light, and they found it in the faint glow of newborn dwarf galaxies which formed less than a billion years after the Big Bang. The discovery was published in the journal Nature.
For More on Stars:
What We Know about Mizar-Alcor, the Home of Resident Alien's Harry Vanderspeigle
Parasitic Black Holes Could Be Eating Some Stars (Including the Sun) from the Inside
MACHO Star System Has Supersonic Tidal Waves Taller Than the Sun
Searching for the First Starlight After the Universal Dark Ages
In popular consciousness, the Big Bang is often imagined as a brilliant explosion of light in the darkness, but that’s probably not what it looked like. In the beginning, as it were, the whole of existence was a thick soup of intermixed electrons, protons, and neutrons. There was nothing to shine a light with, and it couldn’t have gotten through the cosmic muck even if there were.
Roughly 380,000 years after the Big Bang, once the universe had expanded and cooled a bit, those particles began combining into light elements, mostly hydrogen and helium, during what’s known as the recombination period. The universe transformed from a murky soup of atomic ingredients to a transparent collection of atoms. The true first light comes from this event, the light created by the recombination of atoms created the microwave background radiation glow that still lingers over the whole of the cosmos.
What came next is known as the dark ages, so-called because there weren’t yet any stars and the universe was filled with a haze of neutral hydrogen. The first stars formed about 200 million years later, but their light couldn’t cut through the great cosmic fog of un-ionized hydrogen. We don’t know much about those earliest stars but we know they cleared the way, their radiation ionizing the gas around them and burning off the fog bit by bit. That transition is known as the reionization period, because radiation from the earliest stars knocked electrons around and reionized the universe’s hydrogen, jumpstarting the formation of future generations of stars and galaxies.
Taking advantage of all that relatively tightly packed matter, those earliest stars would have been huge, tens or hundreds of times the mass of the Sun. They would have burned hot and fast, gobbling up their fusible materials in just a few million years before exploding as supernovae to enrich the next generation of stars. Astronomers know it must have happened, but they weren’t sure precisely how reionization occurred, until now.
Dwarf Galaxies Cleared the Darkness from the Universe
Using the combined power of the James Webb Space Telescope’s advanced instruments and a gravitational lens assist (massive objects like black holes or galaxy clusters can bend space-time and magnify objects behind them) from the galaxy cluster Abell 2744, astronomers were able to study young, low-mass dwarf galaxies near the birth of the universe. There, they identified energetic stars capable of ionizing the surrounding gas and kicking off the reionization period.
“Something turned on that started pumping out very high energy photons into the intergalactic void. These sources worked like cosmic lighthouses that burned off the fog of neutral hydrogen. Whatever this was, it was so energetic and so persistent, that the entire universe became re-ionized,” study author Joel Leja said, in a statement. “If the other low-mass galaxies in the universe are as common and energetic as these, we think we finally understand the lighthouses that burned off the cosmic fog. They were incredibly energetic stars in many, many tiny little galaxies.”
Each individual galaxy may not have had much of an impact on the reionization effort of the overall universe, but there were a lot of them. According to the team’s models, the radiation from their combined light spread across the hazy cosmos, and was enough to clear the stage and turn up the house lights on existence.
“We found that small galaxies outnumbered massive galaxies by about a hundred to one during this epoch of reionization of the Universe. These novel observations also reveal that these small galaxies produced a considerable amount of ionizing photons, exceeding by four times the canonical values usually assumed for distant galaxies. This means that the total flux of ionizing photons emitted by these galaxies far exceeds the threshold required for reionization,” said the study’s first author, Hakim Atek, in a statement.
At present, the findings are based on a localized sample of early dwarf galaxies and the assumption that early dwarf galaxies in other parts of the universe behave the same way. Future studies will confirm that those galaxies are representative of the wider population across the early universe.
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http://www.americancivilwar101.com/units/csa-ms/ms-art-01-lt-reg.html
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The 1st Mississippi Light Artillery Regiment
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The 1st Mississippi Light Artillery Regiment
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Mississippi: 1st Light Artillery Regiment
(aka Withers' Light Artillery)
If any information is missing, Incorrect or you want to add Information then Send us an EMail
Unit History
Organized in early 1862.
Regiment surrendered after the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863.
Regiment was paroled at Vickburg later in July.
Declared exchanged on September 12, 1863.
The regiment was surrendered by Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor, commanding the Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana, at Citronelle, Alabama on May 4, 1865. (See individual batteries following)
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In February 1862, the Vaiden Battery, described as a new company of artillery, with six guns, was sent from the command of General Lovell, headquarters New Orleans, to reinforce the army in Tennessee. Assigned to Chalmers' Brigade in organization of March 9, 1862.
On April 3, General Ruggles reported Bains' Battery not ready for field service. "Bains' Battery is not to go," is the Adjutant-General's endorsement. Lt. Sanderson, however, with a detachment, manned two guns of the Stanford Battery, in place of men who were sick, and was in the hottest of the fight at Shiloh, temporarily losing the guns, which were soon recaptured. Several men were killed and wounded.
Report of May 6, Lt. R. H. Smith Thompson, commanding heavy artillery at Corinth, a 24-pounder siege gun, rifled, which commands the Farmington road for nearly 3/4 of a mile, manned by Captain Bains' company of light artillery.
After the evacuation, at Columbus several months, drilled as heavy artillery. Bains' Artillery company, in Beltzhoover's command at Vicksburg, January, 1863. Became Company L, First Artillery, as per report of March, 1863.
The regiment assembled in camp of instruction near Jackson in May 1862, and elected field officers. Colonel Withers, in General Orders No. 1, dated May 16, appointed James J. Calloway Acting Adjutant, William D. Elder Acting Sergeant-Major, Charles F. Trumbull and Andrew Trumbull Aides, Dr. M. W. Boyd Surgeon, Dr. C. A. Rive Assistant Surgeon, Capt. Thomas C. Fearn Commissary, Capt. William T. Hickle Quartermaster and Rev. Dr. W. W. Dovel Chaplain. Soon afterward, the regiment was called to Vicksburg on account of the attack upon that place by fleets from New Orleans and Memphis.
In his report of the defense of Vicksburg during the bombardment, May 26-July 27, 1862, Gen. Earl VanDorn said: "Withers' Light Artillery was placed in such position as to sweep all near approaches." Lt. Col. Parker was in command, according to M. L. Smith's report. Three divisions of the picket front were reinforced by batteries from the artillery regiment. Captain Ridley, supported by infantry and cavalry, was posted toward Warrenton on May 25. Herrod's, the other six-gun company, was sent from Jackson about the same time to the mouth of the Big Black to protect the gunboat General Quitman.
The return of July, 1862, shows 24 officers and 399 men on duty, 877 present and absent.
On August 1 the regiment was in camp at the Marshall Place, "Camp Parker." J.L. Power was appointed Adjutant August 6. The return of August shows the following aggregate enrolled: Ridley, 225; Herrod, 152; Turner, 156; Wofford, 142; Sanderson, 116; Bradford, 145; Cowan, 138; Ralston, 99; Bowman, 123; Abbay, 142;. total 1,472, of which 1,022 were present. The regimental headquarters were at Snyder's Bluff October 4, and at Vicksburg January 19, 1863.
Ralston's company was reported detached at Port Hudson in August, 1862. They crossed the river and became a part of the Confederate forces afterward under the command of Gen. Richard Taylor. [Note from elsewhere in "Military History of Mississippi, 1803-1898" regarding Ralston’s Company: In action at Grand Gulf, 1862; ordered to Port Hudson after the close of bombardment of Vicksburg; fired the first gun at the Essex in August; ordered to the Trans-Mississippi department in September, 1862. With Gen. Alfred Mouton's command, in the LaFourche district, and in battle of Donaldsonville, October 27, suffered severely. Captain Ralston was wounded and captured. "This officer managed his battery with coolness and ability and deserves much praise," Mouton said. Engagements to close of war, Bayou Lafourche, Franklin, La., Milliken Bend, Lake Providence, Red River, Pineville, Grand Ecore. Federal report, November, 1864, Connor Battery, commanded by Lieutenant Foulk, ordered back to Monroe, La., time of Price's raid in Missouri. Mississippi Battery, Capt. Benjamin Wade, in Trans-Mississippi Army, reported December 31, 1864, attached to Semmes' Battalion Horse Artillery, Maxey's Cavalry Division. At Alexandria January, 865.] Herrod's, Bradford's and Abbay's companies were sent to Port Hudson later in 1862.
Five companies of the regiment were in the Vicksburg campaign of December 1862. Gen. Stephen D. Lee, in command of the Chickasaw Bayou line, from the city to Snyder's Mill on the Yazoo, the line attacked by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, mentioned Col. Withers, given a brigade command, "..who exhibited high soldierly qualities and great gallantry, first in holding the enemy in check after landing and in repulsing him when my right flank was threatened. His dispositions were excellent...Of the artillery, I would particularly mention Major Holmes. Captain Wofford exhibited great gallantry and coolness, and to him is due more credit than to any one else for such defenses as were at Chickasaw Bayou, he having planned and executed most of them. Lieutenants Johnston, Duncan, Tarleton and Weems behaved well."
On December 26, when Sherman effected a landing, driving in Lee's pickets, Col. Withers, with the Seventeenth Louisiana, two companies of the 46th Mississippi, and Capt. Wofford with a howitzer of Company D, held the Federal skirmishers in check near Mrs. Lake's plantation, in good style, driving them back into the woods. Under a heavier attack next morning, Withers took position and held it, in a woods a short distance up the bayou.
That night, Withers and his infantry were transferred to Blake's Levee, where the Federals had appeared in considerable force, giving Lee much uneasiness. Withers was given command of the right wing of Lee's line of defense. Here Withers had Bowman's Battery. The arrangement was made none too soon, said Lee.
On December 28, the Federals carried the position where Withers had been, but at the levee the attack was repulsed, the two Napoleon guns, under Lt. Johnston, Company A, doing admirable service. The next day, was the principal assault, which failed with heavy loss. Lt. W. A. Lockhart was in charge of the 12lb. howitzer engaged at the plantation on the 17th.
On December 28, Johnston's two Napoleons swept the space between the lake and levee, and three guns of Bowman's Battery were posted to open fire when the enemy should turn the angle of the levee. All day, though under heavy fire, they held the Federals in check.
About 11:00 A. M. the troops across the lake were driven in and the Federal artillery advanced to McNutt's Lake and opened fire on the batteries on the left of Withers' command -- two of Wofford's guns, under Lt. J. W. Weems; two howitzers, under Capt. Wofford; a section of Company E, under Capt. N. J. Drew, and the other section of E at the Indian mound. The heaviest fire was on Wofford's four guns, and his loss of men was heavy, but night found the survivors at their posts. Capt. Drew, having one of his pieces disabled, left the field with the other. Next day his battery was commanded by Lt. Duncan. Part of Woffords' men, not needed with the artillery, took their places with muskets in the trenches.
On December 29, when the main attack was developed on the center of Lee's line, Withers sent two Louisiana regiments of infantry and one gun from Company E, under Lt. W. J. Duncan, to the point of danger. As the Federal column assaulted it was played upon from the right by Lieut. Johnston's Napoleons and a 6lb. of Company I, under Lt. John F. Tye, with marked effect. The assault was unsuccessful and the Federals retreated, being thrown into greater confusion by one of the Parrott guns of Company E, taking them in the flank as they crossed the bed of the dry lake. When another column advanced it was soon checked by Duncan's gun and other artillery. Some of the pieces fired 120 rounds each during this action, and the firing was rapid and accurate. During the evening the Federals attempted to throw a pontoon bridge across McNutt's Lake, but Duncan and Wofford soon put a stop to it, and Gen. Lee ordered them to fire at intervals through the night.
In apprehension of another attack, Withers was reinforced January 2, but Sherman's army was re-embarking, and Withers commanded the three brigades of infantry which moved out and found the camps deserted. Lt. Johnston and a section of Wofford's Battery accompanied this expedition. One of Johnston's guns was left on picket at the Yazoo.
Six guns of Company A, Capt. Ridley; all of Company G, Capt. Cowan, were posted at Snyder's Bluff, which was threatened but not attacked. Col. Withers complimented in his report Major Holmes, who had general oversight of the batteries in the field; Adjutant J. L. Power, Sergeant-Major W. D. Elder, Quartermaster-Sergeant J. C. Henley, and his Aides, Lt. S. S. Champion, of Johnson's Cavalry, and Capt. Gaines, Volunteer Aide; and Capts. Wofford and Bowman, Lts. Lockhart, Weems, Johnston, Tye, and Lts. William J. Cottingham and J. A. Guest, of Company E. Casualties: Bowman, 1 killed; Drew, 2 killed, 3 wounded; Wofford, 1 killed, 4 wounded.
In his report, Lt. Gen. Pemberton particularly complimented, among others, "Colonel Withers, who first commanded the force at Chickasaw Bayou and afterward at Blake's Levee," and named the First Mississippi Artillery as one of the commands "entitled to the highest distinction."
In January 1863, the regiment was listed as a part of Gen. S. D. Lee's command at Vicksburg. February, effective present, 789. Companies A and G were detached with Hebert's Brigade at Snyder's Bluff; B, F and K were at Port Hudson; C was in the Grenada district, D was at Chickasaw Bayou, H was in Southwest Louisiana, Drew (E) was attached to Baldwin's Brigade, and Bowman (I) to Vaughn's Brigade, at Vicksburg.
In the period of the sieges of Vicksburg and Port Hudson a section of Ralston's Battery was on duty with Col. I. F. Harrison on the west side of the river.
At the battle of Baker's Creek on May 15, Col. Withers took an important part. Pemberton reported: "Col. W. T. Withers, Chief of Field Artillery, with the army, was active and attentive to his duties and prompt in the execution of orders. In addition to his duties as chief of artillery, Colonel Withers continued in the command of his regiment. He also accompanied me on the field."
At the opening of the Vicksburg campaign of 1863, Company A had eight guns in four sections, commanded by Lieutenants Hooker, Sharkey (Ratliff’s), Lancaster and Johnston. In the battle at Champion's Hill on May 16, Captain Ridley commanded Johnston's and Sharkey's sections, which were posted on the left of Barton’s Brigade, the left brigade of Stevenson's line.
After the Federal attack had pushed the brigades of Lee and Cumming, the onslaught fell, with overwhelming numbers, upon Barton, who though he charged gallantly, was forced back and entirely cut off from the rest of the division. It was here that Major Joseph W. Anderson, Stevenson's Chief of Artillery, met his death. "Here, too, the gallant Ridley, refusing to leave his guns, single-handed and alone fought until he fell, pierced with six shots, winning even from his enemies the highest tribute of admiration." (Stevenson). The horses being nearly all killed, almost all of Stevenson's guns were captured. The main part of Barton's Brigade was captured. Lt. Johnston and a few men escaped and reported at Big Black that night.
Withers personally assisted in bringing up Featherston's Brigade. Loring said: "It was a scene ever to be remembered, when the gallant Withers and his brave men, with their fine part of artillery, stood unflinchingly amid a shower of shot and shell before the approach of the enemy in overwhelming force, after his supports had been driven back, trusting that a succoring command would arrive in time to save his batteries." Early on the day of battle, Gen. Barton posted Sharkey's section, supported by the 42nd Georgia, to hold the bridge over Baker's Creek. In his report, Barton named Lt. Sharkey among those remembered for marked and distinguished gallantry.
Half of the company, under Lt. Hooker, with four guns, was not engaged at Champion's Hill. Moving out from Vicksburg, they joined the brigade of General Baldwin near the Big Black May 12, and on May 15, were ordered forward to the support of Gen. Vaughn's Brigade, in the works at the head of the railroad bridge, which Pemberton attempted to hold until he could hear from General Loring.
This position was assaulted by the Federal army on May 17, and Hooker's command participated in the defense that was made, until the rout of the infantry made their position untenable. Lancaster's battery was engaged and Hooker's under Lt. Johnston, who was severely wounded by the explosion of ammunition, which disabled one gun, three men being injured at the same time. One of Johnston's guns was brought into Vicksburg. Lancaster's two Parrot guns, stationed half mile east of bridge, on south side of railroad, were captured.
In the second week of the siege of Vicksburg, Lt. Hooker, commanding the company, was severely wounded, losing his left arm. Lieutenant Ratliff was in command of Turner's Battery and acting Chief of Artillery of Hebert's Brigade, after Col. C. H. Herrick was mortally wounded May 19.
Power's roll of Company A shows: Killed at Baker's Creek, 8; wounded, 2; captured, 8; battle of Baker's Creek, killed, 8; wounded, 2; captured, 8; Big Black, wounded, 1; siege of Vicksburg, killed, 6; wounded, 6. General Hebert, with whose brigade part of the company was stationed during the siege, reported its casualties as 2 wounded. Part of the company was with Moore's Brigade. Markers 139 and 169 show the site of four 12-pounder howitzers under the command of Capt. C. E. Hooker.
Company G, Capt. Cowan, stationed at Snyder's Bluff, went to the field at Baker's Creek, with Tilghman's Brigade of Loring's Division, which was the left of Pemberton's army, and not seriously engaged. The battery was posted about the middle of Loring's line. The enemy was not far distant in their front, but also inactive throughout the day until about 3:00 P. M., when Gen. Tilghman fired a few rounds from one of Cowan's guns.
This brought out a heavy fire from two Federal batteries posted on Coken's Hill, under which Tilghman was killed. Cowan responded, engaging the Chicago Mercantile Battery. When the retreat began the route selected was impassable for the artillery, and General Loring ordered the guns spiked and abandoned. General Loring was not attempting to rejoin Pemberton's army, considering himself cut off. Colonel A. E. Reynolds, commanding Tilghman's Brigade, reported that the battery had several men wounded and had expended most of the ammunition. In the night march he said: "Captain Cowan and all his men left the command and have not been heard from since." Lt. Tompkins, however, and 78 men, were with the brigade, Captain Cowan, Lieutenants Hanes, Cowan and Edwards, and the remainder of the company, had rejoined the main army under General Pemberton. "An 18-pounder, a 30lb. Parrott and a Whitworth gun were placed during the siege in rear of my line and commanded by Captain Cowan," Gen. John C. Moore reported. Part of the men fought in the trenches as infantry.
Company D, Wofford's, two 6lb., two 12lb. howitzers, was at Baker's Creek with General Loring, and were not engaged. Gen. W. E. Baldwin reported that after he took position in the line of works at Vicksburg, May 18, checking the rapid advance of Grant's army that hoped to enter Vicksburg at once, he was reinforced by light artillery, including three howitzers, two 6-poundors and two 3-inch rifles, served by Wofford's company, all the artillery on his line under the immediate direction of Captain Wofford as Chief or Artillery for the brigade.
They took part in the repulse of the assault of May 19 and continued on duty through the siege. In Baldwin's final report Captain Wofford was commended for gallantry. Lt. E. J. Weems commanded a two-gun battery until he was killed. Other sections were commanded by Lts. A. G. Arnold and M. R. Eakin. Sergts. Sproles and Shelton had charge of guns.
Company I, Capt. Bowman, during the siege of Vicksburg was stationed at or near the road leading out from Cherry Street, about 1.5 miles below Vicksburg (Hall's Ferry road). The company was not in the Baker's Creek campaign. At the beginning of the siege there were about 115 men on duty. Capt. Bowman was disabled by sickness and the officers on duty were Lts. Bower, Tye, D. W. Lamkin and John Patton. Col. Reynolds, commanding Fourth Brigade, Stevenson's Division, reported that his artillery consisted of five light pieces under Capt. F. O. Claiborne, one piece under Captain Corput on the left, one section under Lieutenant Bower on the right, one piece under Sgt. Hairston (Vaiden Artillery) on the right, one siege piece under Lt. George P. Crane on the left center. The positions of four of Bowman's guns are marked on the line, Markers 163, 187, 190, 194.
Company E, Capt. N. J. Drew, attached to Baldwin's Brigade. A section under Lt. W. J. Duncan served with Gen. S. D. Lee's Brigade during the siege. The company is in list of commands which crossed the river and returned to their homes after the surrender of Vicksburg. Capt. Drew commanded his battery in 1864 attached to Polignac's Division, Trans-Mississippi Army.
Turner's company (C) was attached to General Loring's command at Grenada in 1862, and participated in the defense of Fort Pemberton at the head of the Yazoo River during the early months of 1863, that position being assailed by a naval force and infantry brought down Yazoo Pass from the Mississippi. Afterward the battery was sent to Snyder's Bluff, where Lt. Ratliff, Company A, was detailed as its commander. It then had about 90 effective men, besides the non-commissioned officers, under Lts. Collier, Flowers and Eubanks, Dr. Turner, the Captain, having resigned.
The company was in a deplorable condition after its work in the swamps, but soon got into fighting trim and took position on the Vicksburg lines at the beginning of the siege, with Hebert's Brigade, on the left of the Jackson road, where the main part of the company remained through the siege, under the command of Lt. Ratliff, Brigade Chief of Artillery. There were about thirty casualties in the company and Lieutenant Eubanks was severely wounded. Four men were wounded by the mine explosion of July 1. The partial reports show 3 killed, 13 wounded, 2 missing, during the siege. Gen. John C. Moore reported part of this battery in his command
The Vaiden Artillery, Capt. Bains, added to the regiment as Company L, was on duty throughout the siege, part of the company in the center batteries on the river under Maj. Ogden and Col. Ed. Higgins, and one section under Lt. Elbert M. Collins with General Lee on the land line. General Lee gave special mention in his report to Lieutenants Duncan (E) and Collins (L). Lt. A. J. Sanderson commanded a 10lb. rifled gun, Lieut. E. L. Wood 12lb., and Lt. J. S. Young was killed in command of a 12lb. howitzer, with Cumming's Brigade. Tablets 212, 214, 215.
The battalion at Port Hudson was no less heroic and devoted. Abbay's, Bradford's and Herrod's companies, at Port Hudson, had two wounded, March 14, 1863, when Admiral Farragut ran the batteries and the man-of-war Mississippi was burned, and other boats driven back, including the Essex.
Herrod's Battery had a prominent part in the fight at Plains Store, near Port Hudson, with the advance of Banks' army, May 21, 1863. Capt. Herrod and several men were wounded. Lt. Edrington, Sergeant Alex Kerr and Corporal Lee killed. In the same fight Abbay's Battery was distinguished and suffered severely, twenty-one being killed and wounded, according to Lieut. E. V. Miller. Among the killed were Lieutenant Pierce and First Sergeant H. J. Gorman.
During the 50 days' siege of Port Hudson Sgt. W. B. Mires, of this company, and 6 others were killed. The battalion had lost 11 killed and 33 wounded up to June 1, after which there are no official reports. The three companies were included in the surrender of July 8, after which the officers were sent north to prison camps and the non-commissioned officers and men paroled.
The latter assembled at parole camp at Enterprise, and having no guns, formed an infantry battalion, under the command of Major Jefferson L. Wofford. They took part in the battle of Harrisburg, July, 1864, and subsequently were ordered to Mobile.
Lt. Tompkins and the portion of Cowan's Battery that did not return to Vicksburg from Baker's Creek, joined Gen. Wirt Adams' Cavalry, and was in that service until the battery was equipped and its complement of men made up by detail from Captain Smith's company of the Fifteenth Infantry. They served under the command of Major Culberson with Johnston's army in Mississippi, until after the exchange of Vicksburg prisoners, when the old company was reorganized under Capt. Cowan, at Demopolis.
The company was attached to Loring's Division of the Army of Mississippi, Lt. Gen. Polk commanding, the division artillery battalion commanded by Maj. John D. Myrick in Atlanta campaign; Lt. George H. Tompkins commanding, July 31, four 12lb. Napoleon guns. They were posted on hills during battle of Resaca, were effectively engaged in the battle near Marietta, June 27,and rendered good service throughout the campaign. Corporal Dancy was killed and one wounded at Resaca, and two were wounded at New Hope Church. They accompanied Hood into North Georgia in the fall of 1864 and into Tennessee in November and December.
In the first day's battle at Nashville, the battery was ordered to report to Gen. Ed. Johnson, on the extreme left, and they arrived on the gallop and went into position in time to be run over and lose their guns. That night, the guns of Haskins' Battery were turned over to the company, and, thus equipped, they took part in the battle of December 16.
On the retreat, Tompkins took three guns to Decatur and engaged a gunboat that threatened the pontoon bridge. They delayed the boat from daylight December 26, till about 2:00 P.M., when a shell dismounted a gun and wounded Tompkins and one other and killed one of the men.
The companies surrendered at Vicksburg, July 4, 1863, also assembled in the parole camp at Enterprise, where 291 of the regiment were reported present in November, 1863; in December, 481 not exchanged.
On January 1, 1864, 160 officers and men in parole camp at Enterprise, aggregate present and absent, 1,056. Those present and exchanged, arrived at Demopolis, Ala., February 20, General Polk's forces having retreated there before Gen. Sherman's advance to Meridian, and were ordered to report to Gen. Maury, commanding at Mobile. The regimental order book shows headquarters at Enterprise, January 14, 1864, Capt. J. J. Cowan commanding the regiment; at Mobile on February 21, Capt. E. L. Bower commanding the regiment; at Mobile March, Capt. E. L. Bower commanding battalion First Regiment; at Selma, on March 9, Col. W. T. Withers commanding regiment.
On May 14, 1864, there were about 80 men in the parole camp at Demopolis of the various companies of this regiment, "and the regiment is divided, one company acting as horse artillery in the cavalry command of Gen. S. D. Lee, and the others doing provost duty in Mobile." The company of horse artillery participated in the battle of Harrisburg on July 14, 1864. The command at Mobile was composed of Companies B, C, D, I, K, which were listed June 1, Capt. George F. Abbay commanding, in Fuller's Artillery Brigade; and on June 30, Capt. J. L. Bradford commanding, brigade of Gen. Edward Higgins, Mobile.
Maj. J. L. Wofford was field officer of Artillery, Cavalry Corps commanded by Maj.-Gen. Stephen D. Lee.
Company A, Capt. William T. Ratliff, was assigned to Loring's Division, General Polk's army, headquarters Demopolis, Alabama, early in 1864. In May, the company is reported at Canton, attached to Wirt Adams' Cavalry, one 12lb. howitzer, two 6lb., one 3.3-inch rifle.
In August, 85 men present, 215 aggregate. Company A, Ratliff commanding, was with Gen. Wirt Adams in the attack upon General Slocum's expedition as it retreated from Jackson toward Vicksburg, July, 1864.
The first attack was made in the evening of July 6, at the Barrett Farm, west of Jackson, in which Lieutenant Johnston's section participated, posted at the steam mill, and Lancaster's section of 20-pounder Blakely guns in front of Lee's house. The 46th and 76th sustained the attack mainly, supported by Bolton's Battery.
Col. Jones, of the 46th, reported that, after a vigorous skirmish under a heavy fire of shot and shell, they passed the night in line of battle, made a demonstration of attack next morning, and were, for three hours, under a galling fire until the trains had passed, when he fell back under "a withering fire, his ranks torn by shell," and "again subjected to severe shelling, some shots telling fearfully in our ranks," as they took up the march as rear guard. The casualties of the two regiments, including the repulse of Gholson's charge on the 7th, were 19 killed, 99 wounded. Ratliff's men had 5 wounded. The losses in Gholson's Brigade were heavy. October 31, 1864, Ratliff's Battery at Dry Grove; 109 present, four guns.
Part of the regiment, besides Cowan's Battery, was in the siege of Atlanta. August 3, 1864, General Maury at Mobile wrote to Gen. Brazton Bragg: "Please send back my heavy artillerists, the Louisiana Artillery and First Mississippi Artillery." Gen. John B. Hood, at Atlanta, August 4: "The First Mississippi Battalion goes tonight."
Regimental headquarters at Tensas Landing, on August 10, Col. Withers commanding; at Sibley's Mills, east shore Mobile Bay, on August 23, Major Wofford commanding; at Mobile thereafter, November, 1864, First Mississippi Artillery, Capt. Marquis L. Cooke, in Maury's command; Bradford's and Ratliff’s Battery in Southwest Mississippi. Two guns of Bradford's Battery were captured at Brookhaven, November 18, 1864, by an expedition from Baton Rouge under Colonel Fonda, who "surprised the town by daylight, scattering a small infantry force and capturing a section of artillery with caissons. The gunners were, many of them, shot down at their pieces." (Gen. A. L. Lee's report). Private Winn was killed in this fight. January, 1865, Abbay's Battery, 80 present, four field guns, in Semple's Battalion Artillery, Mobile; March, 1865, Company L, at Battery Mclntosh, Mobile Bay; Company G, Captain Cowan, in Grayson's Battalion, right wing defenses of Mobile, Col. Melancthon Smith commanding. The Vaiden company manned a battery of heavy artillery.
The Mobile Battalion was ordered to Blakeley, where they served during the siege by General Canby, a period of fierce fighting, ending in the capture of the garrison, April 9, 1865. They were taken to Ship Island, and, after the capitulation by General Taylor, May 4, to Vicksburg, and finally paroled.
On the night of [?]9, 186[?], a railroad train on which the battalion commanded by Major Wofford was traveling between Montgomery and Mobile, ran into a landslide, with fatal results. Casualties: Company B, 7 killed, 28 wounded. 2 dangerously and 11 seriously; Company C, 4 seriously wounded; Company D, 4 killed, 16 wounded; Company I, 4 slightly wounded; Company K, 4 slightly wounded.
The final statements, incomplete, give the names of officers and men who died in the service: Company A, 25; Company B, 20; Company C, 43; Company D, 33; Company E, 25; Company F, 19; Company G, 6; Company I, 23; Company K, 21.
Field and Staff
Commander: William T. Withers (Colonel)
Lieutenant Colonel:James P. Parker
Major:Benjamin R. Holmes, Jefferson L. Wofford
Adjutant: ?
Assignments
**See individual Companies**
Companies & Counties of Origin
Company Counties Formed From Also Known As A Hinds and Madison Counties Ridley’s Battery (aka Jackson Light Artillery) B Yazoo County Herrod’s Battery (aka Vaughan Rebels) C Choctaw County Turner’s Battery D Holmes County Wofford’s Battery E Carroll County Carroll Light Artillery F Lawrence County Bradford’s Battery G Warren County Cowan’s Battery H Adams County Connor Battery I Yazoo County Bowman’s Battery K Claiborne and Jefferson Counties Abbay’s Battery L Carroll County Vaiden Artillery [Designation changed to Company E on March 6, 1865] - - -
Battles, Skirmishes and Engagements
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Little Free Library
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Little Free Library is a nonprofit organization with a mission to build community, inspire readers, and expand book access for all through a global network of volunteer-led Little Free Libraries.
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https://www.geni.com/people/Brig-Gen-George-Steuart-II-CSA/6000000012363587688
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Brig. Gen. George Hume Steuart, II, CSA
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2024-06-28T01:45:24-07:00
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Genealogy for Brig. Gen. George Hume Steuart, II, CSA (1828 - 1903) family tree on Geni, with over 260 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives.
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https://www.historiclondontown.org/post/fire-eaters < details of home on South River, Anne Arundel County
on wikipedia
George Hume Steuart (August 24, 1828 – November 22, 1903) was an American military officer who served thirteen years in the United States Army, then resigned his commission at the start of the American Civil War, joined the Confederacy and rose to the rank of brigadier general in the Army of Northern Virginia.
Nicknamed "Maryland" to avoid verbal confusion with Virginia cavalryman J.E.B. Stuart, Steuart zealously but unsuccessfully promoted the secession of Maryland before and during the conflict. He began the war as a captain of the 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA, and was promoted to colonel after the First Battle of Manassas. In 1862 he became brigadier general and was briefly given a cavalry command at the First Battle of Winchester, but after a disappointing performance was reassigned to infantry shortly afterwards. Wounded at Cross Keys, Steuart was out of the war for almost a year while recovering from a grievous shoulder injury. He was reassigned to Lee's army shortly before the Battle of Gettysburg, when his Marylanders took appalling casualties during the failed assault on Culp's Hill. Steuart was captured along with his divisional commander "Allegheny" Johnson at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, and then exchanged in the summer of 1864, returning to a command in the Army of Northern Virginia for the remainder of the war. Steuart was one of the officers who was with Robert E. Lee when he surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, one of a small group of brigadier generals who had survived until the end of the war. After laying down arms, Steuart spent the rest of a long life peacefully farming in his beloved Anne Arundel County, Maryland, and became commander of the Maryland division of the United Confederate Veterans.
Early life and family
George Hume Steuart was born on August 24, 1828 into a family of Scots ancestry in Baltimore. The eldest of nine children, he was raised at his family's estate in West Baltimore, known as Maryland Square, located near the present-day intersection of Baltimore and Monroe Streets. The Steuart family were wealthy plantation owners, strong supporters of the South's "peculiar institution"; the Steuarts shared a long tradition of military service. He was the son of Major General George H. Steuart, of Anne Arundel County, Maryland, with whom he is sometimes confused. Major General Steuart led a company of Maryland Militia during the War of 1812, and after the war rose to command the First Light Division, Maryland Volunteers. Local Baltimore residents would come to know father and son as "The Old General" and "The Young General." The elder Steuart inherited approximately 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of land in around 1842, including a farm at Mount Steuart, and around 150 slaves.
Steuart was the grandson of Dr. James Steuart, a physician who served in the American Revolutionary War, and the great-grandson of Dr. George H. Steuart, a physician who emigrated to Maryland from Perthshire, Scotland, in 1721, and was lieutenant colonel of the Horse Militia under Governor Horatio Sharpe. His uncle Richard Sprigg Steuart was a physician who owned a substantial plantation at Dodon on the South River near Annapolis.
Early Military Career
Steuart attended the United States Military Academy between July 1, 1844 and July 1, 1848, graduating 37th in the class of 1848, aged nineteen. Steuart was assigned as 2nd lieutenant to the 2nd Dragoons, a regiment of cavalry that served in the frontier fighting Indians. He served in the Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, in 1848, carried out frontier duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1849, and participated in an expedition to the Rocky Mountains in 1849. He actively participated in the US Army's Cheyenne expedition of 1856, the Utah War against the Mormons in 1857-1858, and the Comanche expedition of 1860.
He married Maria H. Kinzie on January 14, 1858. The couple had met in Kansas and, once married, lived at Fort Leavenworth, although they were separated for long periods while Steuart was on campaign duty and stationed at distant frontier posts. They had two daughters, Marie (born 1860) and Ann (born 1864).
Civil War
Even though Maryland did not secede from the Union, Steuart's loyalty lay with the South, as did that of his father. He commanded one of the Baltimore city militias during the disturbances of April 1861, following which Federal troops occupied the city. In a letter to his father, Steuart wrote:
"I found nothing but disgust in my observations along the route and in the place I came to - a large majority of the population are insane on the one idea of loyalty to the Union and the legislature is so diminished and unreliable that I rejoiced to hear that they intended to adjourn...it seems that we are doomed to be trodden on by these troops who have taken military possession of our State, and seem determined to commit all the outrages of an invading army."
He resigned his captain's commission on April 16, 1861 and entered the Confederate army as a cavalry captain, a decision that would prove costly. The family home at Maryland Square was confiscated by the Union Army and Jarvis Hospital was erected on the estate, to care for Federal wounded. Steuart was welcomed by the Confederacy as "one of Maryland's most gifted sons", and it was hoped by Southerners that other Marylanders would follow his example.
First Bull Run
Steuart soon became lieutenant colonel of the newly formed 1st Maryland Infantry and fought with distinction at the First Battle of Bull Run, taking part in the charge that routed the Union army. Very soon after he was promoted to colonel, and assumed command of the regiment, succeeding Arnold Elzey, who was promoted to brigadier general. He soon began to acquire a reputation as a strict disciplinarian and gained the admiration of his men, though he was initially unpopular as a result. Steuart was said to have ordered his men to sweep the bare dirt inside their bivouacs and, rather more eccentrically, was prone to sneaking through the lines past unwitting sentries, in order to test their vigilance. On one occasion this plan backfired, as Steuart was pummeled and beaten by a sentry who later claimed not to have recognized the general. Eventually however, Steuart's "rigid system of discipline quietly and quickly conduced to the health and morale of this splendid command." According to Major W W Goldsborough, who served in Steuart's Maryland Infantry at Gettysburg: "...it was not only his love for a clean camp, but a desire to promote the health and comfort of his men that made him unyielding in the enforcement of sanitary rules. You might influence him in some things, but never in this". George Wilson Booth, a young officer in Steuart's command at Harper's Ferry in 1861, recalled in his memoirs: "The Regiment, under his master hand, soon gave evidence of the soldierly qualities which made it the pride of the army and placed the fame of Maryland in the very foreground of the Southern States".
Shenandoah Campaign and the First Battle of Winchester
Actions from Front Royal to First Winchester, May 24–25, 1862
Steuart was promoted to brigadier general on March 6, 1862, commanding a brigade in Major General Richard S. Ewell's division during Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley campaign. On May 24 Jackson gave Steuart command of two cavalry regiments, the 2nd and 6th Virginia Cavalry regiments. At the First Battle of Winchester, on May 25, 1862, Jackson's army was victorious, and the defeated Federal infantry retreated in confusion. The conditions were now perfect for the cavalry to complete the victory, but no cavalry units could be found to press home the advantage. Jackson complained: "never was there such a chance for cavalry! Oh that my cavalry were in place!" The exhausted infantry were forced forward again, while Lieutenant Sandie Pendleton of Jackson's staff was sent to find Steuart.
Pendleton eventually found Steuart and gave him the order to pursue Banks' retreating army but the general delayed, wasting valuable time on a point of military etiquette. He declined to obey the order until it came through General Ewell, his immediate divisional commander. The proper channels had not been followed. A frustrated Pendleton then rode two miles to find Ewell, who duly gave the order, but "seemed surprised that General Steuart had not gone on immediately".
Steuart eventually gave chase and overtook the advance of the Confederate infantry, picking up many prisoners, but, as a result of the delay, the Confederate cavalry did not overtake the Federal army until it was, in the words of Jackson's report, "beyond the reach of successful pursuit". Jackson continued: "There is good reason for believing that had the cavalry played its part in this pursuit, but a small portion of Banks' army would have made its escape to the Potomac".
It remains unclear precisely why Steuart was reluctant to pursue Banks' defeated army more vigorously, and contemporary records shed little light on the matter. It may be that his thirteen years' training as a cavalry officer led him to obey orders to the letter, with little or no room for personal initiative or variation from strict due process. No charges were brought against him however, despite Jackson's reputation as a stern disciplinarian. It is possible that Jackson's leniency had to do with the strong desire of the Confederacy to recruit Marylanders to the Southern cause, and the need to avoid offending Marylanders who might be tempted to join Lee's army.
Soon after Winchester, on June 2, Steuart was involved in an unfortunate incident in which the 2nd Virginia Cavalry was mistakenly fired on by the 27th Virginia Infantry. Colonels Thomas Flournoy and Thomas T. Munford went to General Ewell and requested that their regiments, the 6th and 2nd Virginia Cavalry, be transferred to the command of Turner Ashby, recently promoted to Brigadier General. Ewell agreed, and went to Jackson for final approval. Jackson gave his consent, and for the remainder of the war Steuart would serve as an infantry commander.
Battle of Cross Keys
At the Battle of Cross Keys (June 8, 1862), Steuart commanded the 1st Maryland Infantry, which was attacked by, and successfully fought off, a much larger Federal force. However, Steuart was severely injured in the shoulder by grape shot, and had to be carried from the battlefield. A ball from a canister shot had struck him in the shoulder and broken his collarbone, causing a "ghastly wound". The injury did not heal well, and did not begin to improve at all until the ball was removed under surgery in August. It would prevent him from returning to the field for almost an entire year, until May 1863.
Gettysburg Campaign and the advance into Maryland
Upon his recuperation and return to the army, Steuart was assigned by Gen. Robert E. Lee to command the Third Brigade, a force of around 2,200 men, in Major General Edward "Allegheny" Johnson's division, in the Army of Northern Virginia. The brigade's former commander, Brigadier General Raleigh Colston, had been relieved of his command by Lee, who was disappointed by his performance at the Battle of Chancellorsville. The brigade consisted of the following regiments: the 2nd Maryland (successor to the disbanded 1st Maryland), the 1st and 3rd North Carolina, and the 10th, 23rd, and 37th Virginia. Rivalries between the various state regiments had been a recurring problem in the brigade and Lee hoped that Steuart, as an "old army" hand, would be able to knit them together effectively. In addition, by this stage in the war Lee was desperately short of experienced senior commanders. However, Steuart had only been in command for a month when the Gettysburg Campaign got under way.
In June 1863 Lee's army advanced north into Maryland, taking the war into Union territory for the second time. Steuart is said to have jumped down from his horse, kissed his native soil and stood on his head in jubilation. According to one of his aides: "We loved Maryland, we felt that she was in bondage against her will, and we burned with desire to have a part in liberating her". Quartermaster John Howard recalled that Steuart performed "seventeen double somersaults" all the while whistling Maryland, My Maryland. Such celebrations would prove short lived, as Steuart's brigade was soon to be severely damaged at the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863). At first however, Lee's advance north went well. At the Second Battle of Winchester (June 13–15, 1863) Steuart fought with Johnson's division, helping to bring about a Confederate victory, during which his brigade took around 1,000 prisoners and suffered comparatively small losses of 9 killed, 34 wounded.
Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863) was to prove a turning point in the war, and the end of Lee's advance. Steuart's men arrived at Gettysburg "exhausted and footsore...a little before dusk" on the evening of July 1, following a 130-mile (210 km) march from Sharpsburg, "many of them barefooted". Steuart's men attacked the Union line on the night of July 2, gaining ground between the lower Culp's Hill and the stone wall near Spangler's Spring. But fresh Federal reinforcements blocked his further advance, and no further ground was gained. During the night a large number quantity of Union artillery was wheeled into place, the sound of which caused the optimistic Steuart to hope that the enemy was retreating in its wagons.
The morning of July 3 revealed the full scale of the Union defenses, as enemy artillery opened fire at a distance of 500 yards with a "terrific and galling fire", followed by a ferocious assault on Steuart's position. The result was a "terrible slaughter" of the Third Brigade, which fought for many hours without relief, exhausting their ammunition, but successfully holding their position. Then, late on the morning of July 3, Johnson ordered a bayonet charge against the well-fortified enemy lines. Steuart was appalled, and was strongly critical of the attack, but direct orders could not be disobeyed. The Third Brigade attempted several times to wrest control of Culp's Hill, a vital part of the Union Army defensive line, and the result was a "slaughterpen", as the Second Maryland and the Third North Carolina regiments courageously charged a well-defended position strongly held by three brigades, a few reaching within twenty paces of the enemy lines. So severe were the casualties among his men that Steuart is said to have broken down and wept, wringing his hands and crying "my poor boys". Overall, the failed attack on Culp's Hill cost Johnson's division almost 2,000 men, of which 700 were accounted for by Steuart's brigade alone—far more than any other brigade in the division. At Hagerstown, on the 8th July, out of a pre-battle strength of 2,200, just 1,200 men reported for duty. The casualty rate among the Second Maryland and Third North Carolina was between one half and two-thirds, in the space of just ten hours.
Even though Steuart had fought bravely under extremely difficult conditions, neither he nor any other officer was cited by Johnson in his report. Gettysburg marked the high water mark of the Confederacy; thereafter Lee's army would retreat until its final surrender to General Grant at Appomattox Court House.
Battle of Payne's Farm
During the winter of 1863 Steuart's Marylanders again saw action, at the Battle of Mine Run, also known as the battle of Payne's Farm. On November 27th Steuart's brigade was among the first to be attacked by Union soldiers, and Johnson himself rode to Steuart's aid, bringing reinforcements.[31] Confused fighting followed during which the Confederates fell back taking heavy losses, but prevented a Union breakthrough. Steuart himself was wounded for the second time, sustaining an injury to his arm.
Battle of the Wilderness and disaster at Spotsylvania
In the summer of 1864, Steuart saw severe action during the Battle of the Wilderness (May 5–7, 1864), where his brother, Lieutenant William James Steuart (1832–1864), was killed, dying of wounds inflicted in battle. Steuart led his North Carolina infantry against two New York regiments, causing Union losses of almost 600 men.
Soon afterward, at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House (May 8–21, 1864), Steuart was himself captured, along with much of his brigade, during the brutal fighting for the "Mule Shoe" salient. The Mule Shoe salient formed a bulge in the Confederate lines, a strategic portion of vital high ground but one which was vulnerable to attack on three sides. During the night of May 11, Confederate commanders withdrew most of the artillery pieces from the salient, convinced that Grant's next attack would fall elsewhere. Steuart, to his credit, was alert to enemy preparations and sent a message to Johnson advising him of an imminent enemy attack and requesting the return of the artillery.
Unfortunately, shortly before dawn on May 12, Union forces comprising three full divisions (Major General Winfield S. Hancock's II Corps) attacked the Mule Shoe through heavy fog, taking the Confederate forces by surprise. Exhaustion, inadequate food, lack of artillery support, and wet powder from the night's rain contributed to the collapse of the Confederate position as the Union forces swarmed out of the mist, overwhelming Steuart's men and effectively putting an end to the Virginia Brigade. Confederate muskets would not fire due to damp powder, and apart from two remaining artillery pieces, the Southerners were effectively without firearms. During the thick of the fierce hand-to-hand fighting that followed, Steuart was forced to surrender to Colonel James Beaver of the 148th Pennsylvania. Beaver asked Steuart "Where is your sword, sir?", to which the general replied, with considerable sarcasm, "Well, suh, you all waked us up so early this mawnin' that I didn't have time to get it on." Steuart was brought to General Hancock, who had seen Steuart's wife Maria in Washington before the battle and wished to give her news of her husband. He extended his hand, asking "how are you, Steuart?" But Steuart refused to shake Hancock's hand; although the two men had been friends before the war, they were now enemies. Steuart said: "Considering the circumstance, General, I refuse to take your hand", to which Hancock is said to have replied, "And under any other circumstance, General, I would have refused to offer it." After this episode, an offended Hancock then left Steuart to march to the Union rear with the other prisoners.
After the battle, Steuart was sent as a prisoner of war to Charleston, South Carolina, and was later imprisoned at Hilton Head, where he and other officers were placed under the fire of Confederate artillery. The fighting at Spotsylvania was to prove the end of his brigade. Johnson's division, 6,800 strong at the start of the battle, was now so severely reduced in size that barely one brigade could be formed. On May 14 the brigades of Walker, Jones, and Steuart were consolidated into one small brigade under the command of Colonel Terry of the 4th Virginia Infantry.
Petersburg, Appomattox and the end of the war
Steuart was exchanged later in the summer of 1864, returning to command a brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia, in the division of Major General George Pickett. Steuart's brigade consisted of the 9th, 14th, 38th, 53rd and 57th Virginia regiments, and served in the trenches north of the James River during the Siege of Petersburg (June 9, 1864 – March 25, 1865). By this stage of the war, Confederate supplies had dwindled to the point where Lee's army began to go hungry, and the theft of food became a serious problem. Steuart was forced to send armed guards to the supply depot at Petersburg in order to ensure that his men's packages were not stolen by looters.
He continued to lead his brigade in Pickett's division during the Appomattox Campaign (March 29 – April 9, 1865), at the Battle of Five Forks (April 1, 1865), and at Sayler's Creek (April 6, 1865), the last two battles marking the effective end of Confederate resistance. During Five Forks General Pickett had been distracted by a shad bake, and Steuart was left in command of the infantry, as it bore the brunt of a huge Union assault, with General Sheridan leading around 30,000 men against Pickett's 10,000. The consequences were even more disastrous than at Spotsylvania the previous year, with at least 5,000 men falling prisoner to Sheridan's forces. The end of Confederate resistance was now just days away. At Sayler's Creek Lee's starving and exhausted army finally fell apart. Upon seeing the survivors streaming along the road, Lee exclaimed in front of Maj. Gen. William Mahone, "My God, has the army dissolved?" to which he replied, "No, General, here are troops ready to do their duty."
Steuart continued fighting until the end, finally surrendering with Lee to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, one of 22 brigadiers out of Lee's original 146 . According to one Maryland veteran, "no-one in the war gave more completely and conscientiously every faculty, every energy that was in him to the Southern cause".
After the war
After the war's end, Steuart returned to Maryland, and swore an oath of loyalty to the Union.] He farmed at Mount Steuart, a farmhouse on a hillside near the South River, south of Edgewater,. and served as commander of the Maryland division of the United Confederate Veterans. He died at the age of 75 at South River, Maryland, after a long illness. He is buried in Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore with his wife Maria, who died three years later, in 1906. He was survived by his two daughters, Marie and Ann. Perhaps not surprisingly, as Maryland had remained loyal to the Union, there is no monument to Steuart in his home state. However, the Steuart Hill area of Baltimore recalls his family's long association with the city.
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https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-buried-in-greenmount-cemetery/reference
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en
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Famous People Buried in Greenmount Cemetery
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https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/4647/524647/original/famous-people-buried-in-greenmount-cemetery-u4
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https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/4647/524647/original/famous-people-buried-in-greenmount-cemetery-u4
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2012-05-06T00:00:00
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List of famous people buried in Greenmount Cemetery, listed alphabetically with photos when available. Celebrities are often buried in the highest caliber ...
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/img/icons/touch-icon-iphone.png
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Ranker
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https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-buried-in-greenmount-cemetery/reference
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Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career United States Army officer, serving with distinction in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), and Seminole Wars. After Virginia seceded, he entered the Confederate States Army as one of its most senior general officers. Johnston was trained as a civil engineer at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, graduating in the same class as Robert E. Lee. He served in Florida, Texas, and Kansas. By 1860 he achieved the rank of brigadier general as Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army. Johnston's effectiveness in the American Civil War was undercut by tensions with Confederate president Jefferson Davis. Victory eluded him in most campaigns he personally commanded. He was the senior Confederate commander at the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861, but the victory is usually credited to his subordinate, P.G.T. Beauregard. Johnston defended the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, during the 1862 Peninsula Campaign, withdrawing under the pressure of Union Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's superior force. He suffered a severe wound at the Battle of Seven Pines, and was replaced by Robert E. Lee. In 1863, in command of the Department of the West, Johnston was criticized for his inaction and failure in the Vicksburg Campaign. In 1864, he fought against Union Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in the Atlanta Campaign. Facing an enemy with a massive numerical advantage, Johnston maneuvered to avoid having his forces surrounded or cut off from Atlanta, while looking for a chance to make a decisive stand that would turn back the tide. Although he successfully repulsed Sherman's attempt to defeat him through direct assault at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, he was ultimately outflanked again forced to withdraw from northwest Georgia to the outskirts of Atlanta. Fed up with Johnston's constant withdrawal from Confederate territory, Davis relieved him of command and replaced him with John Bell Hood. In the final days of the war, Johnston was returned to command of the few remaining forces in the Carolinas Campaign. He surrendered his armies to Sherman at Bennett Place near Durham Station, North Carolina on April 26, 1865. Union generals Ulysses S. Grant and Sherman both praised his actions in the war, and became friends with Johnston afterward. After the war, Johnston served as an executive in the railroad and insurance businesses. He was elected as a Democrat in the United States House of Representatives, serving a single term. He was appointed as commissioner of railroads under Grover Cleveland. He died of pneumonia 10 days after attending Sherman's funeral in the pouring rain.
Isaac Ridgeway Trimble (May 15, 1802 – January 2, 1888) was a United States Army officer, a civil engineer, a prominent railroad construction superintendent and executive, and a Confederate general in the American Civil War. He was born in Virginia, lived in Maryland for much of his adult life, and returned to Virginia in 1861 after Maryland did not secede. Trimble is most famous for his role as a division commander in the assault known as Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg. He was wounded severely in the leg during that battle, and was left on the field. He spent most of the remainder of the war as a prisoner, and was finally paroled on April 16, 1865, one week after Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia following the Battle of Appomattox Court House.
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https://maryland1812.com/2011/03/24/1st-regiment-maryland-volunteer-artillery-3rd-brigade-baltimore-city/
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1st Regiment, Maryland Volunteer Artillery, Maryland Militia
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“This Regiment of Artillery, is emphatically the pride of Baltimore..." (Baltimore Patriot, December 2, 1814.) Organization - The First Regiment of Artillery of the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division of the Maryland Militia was commanded by Lt. Colonel David Harris (1769-1844), consisting of ten companies of 70 men each, composed of "a very valuable portion of Baltimore's…
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https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
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Maryland in the War of 1812
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https://maryland1812.com/2011/03/24/1st-regiment-maryland-volunteer-artillery-3rd-brigade-baltimore-city/
|
“This Regiment of Artillery, is emphatically the pride of Baltimore…” (Baltimore Patriot, December 2, 1814.)
Organization – The First Regiment of Artillery of the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division of the Maryland Militia was commanded by Lt. Colonel David Harris (1769-1844), consisting of ten companies of 70 men each, composed of “a very valuable portion of Baltimore’s society, young ardent, enterprising men, of reputable standing and honorable feeling…” During the Baltimore campaign of September 1814 they were distributed among the defenses at Hampstead Hill (*), Battle of North Point (**) and Fort McHenry (***).
Each company usually had four 6-pdr field cannon, a regimental total of thirty-four guns, each owned a company, each equipped with a common two-horse two wheel-cart to carry munitions of cartridges, slow match, port-fires, and 60-70 rounds of cartidges each.
Artillery Effectiveness – Round-shot had a fearsome psychological effect on troops. Tests demonstrated that, under optimum conditions, a 6 pound solid shot would cut through nineteen men, who were in close formation or seven feet of compacted earth. The advantage of round-shot lay in its long zone of effectiveness which made it a useful projectile against targets as close as 250 yards and out to 1,100 yards (3,300 ft.) or more. It essense its volacity and low to the ground projection did extreme physical and psychological damage to soldiers in lineral firing formation.
Battle of North Point – Captain John Montgomery’s Baltimore Union Artillery with four guns was the only American artillery in the Battle of North Point on September 12, 1814. It is apparent that Brigadier General John Stricker’s troops at the Battle of North Point was only a delaying action, biding time for the American forces at Baltimore to prepare for the main assault. More artillery would have proved that General Stricker would have meant to make a stand on the grounds. The amount of the artillery upon Hampstead Hill (today Patterson Park) proved this.
First Regiment of Volunteer Artillery
Capt. George Stiles, The First Marine Artillery of the Union *
Capt. Samuel Moale, Columbian Artillery Co. *
Capt. James Piper, United Maryland Artillery *
Capt. George J. Brown, Eagle Artillerist Co. *
Capt. Joseph Myers, Franklin Artillery *
Capt. John Montgomery, Baltimore Union Artillery Co.**
Capt. John Berry, Washington Artillerist Co. ***
Capt. Charles Pennington, Baltimore Independent Artillerist Co.***
Attached
Capt. Joseph H. Nicholson, Baltimore Fencibles, owing they were U.S. Volunteers they were allowed to parade and exercise with the First Regiment. During the bombardment the Fencibles assisted the regular garrison at Fort McHenry, the U.S. Corps of Artillery, in manning the much heavier and powerful 24-pdr garrison artillery mounted on the fort walls.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart
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J. E. B. Stuart
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Confederate cavalry general (1833–1864)
"Jeb Stuart" redirects here. For other uses, see Jeb Stuart (disambiguation).
James Ewell Brown "Jeb" Stuart (February 6, 1833 – May 12, 1864) was a Confederate army general and cavalry officer during the American Civil War. He was known to his friends as "Jeb,” from the initials of his given names. Stuart was a cavalry commander known for his mastery of reconnaissance and the use of cavalry in support of offensive operations. While he cultivated a cavalier image (red-lined gray cape, the yellow waist sash of a regular cavalry officer, hat cocked to the side with an ostrich plume, red flower in his lapel, often sporting cologne), his serious work made him the trusted eyes and ears of Robert E. Lee's army and inspired Southern morale.[3]
Stuart graduated from West Point in 1854 and served in Texas and Kansas with the U.S. Army. Stuart was a veteran of the frontier conflicts with Native Americans and the violence of Bleeding Kansas, and he participated in the capture of John Brown at Harpers Ferry. He resigned his commission when his home state of Virginia seceded, to serve in the Confederate Army, first under Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, but then in increasingly important cavalry commands of the Army of Northern Virginia, playing a role in all of that army's campaigns until his death.
He established a reputation as an audacious cavalry commander and on two occasions (during the Peninsula Campaign and the Maryland Campaign) circumnavigated the Union Army of the Potomac, bringing fame to himself and embarrassment to the North. At the Battle of Chancellorsville, he distinguished himself as a temporary commander of the wounded Stonewall Jackson's infantry corps.
Stuart's most famous campaign, the Gettysburg Campaign, was flawed when his long separation from Lee's army left Lee unaware of Union troop movements so that Lee was surprised and almost trapped at the Battle of Gettysburg. Stuart received criticism from the Southern press as well as the proponents of the Lost Cause movement after the war. During the 1864 Overland Campaign, Union Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan's cavalry launched an offensive to defeat Stuart, who was mortally wounded at the Battle of Yellow Tavern.
Early life and background
[edit]
Stuart was born at Laurel Hill Farm, a plantation in Patrick County, Virginia, near the border with North Carolina. He was the eighth of eleven children and the youngest of the five sons to survive past early age.[4] His father, Archibald Stuart, was a War of 1812 veteran, slaveholder, attorney, and Democratic politician who represented Patrick County in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly, and also served one term in the United States House of Representatives.[5] His mother Elizabeth Letcher Pannill Stuart ran the family farm, and was known as a strict religious woman with a good sense for business.[6]
He was of Scottish descent (including some Scots-Irish).[7] His great-grandfather, Major Alexander Stuart, commanded a regiment at the Battle of Guilford Court House during the Revolutionary War.[6] His father Archibald was a cousin of attorney Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart.[6]
Education
[edit]
Stuart was educated at home by his mother and tutors until the age of twelve, when he left Laurel Hill to be educated by various teachers in Wytheville, Virginia, and at the home of his aunt Anne (Archibald's sister) and her husband Judge James Ewell Brown (Stuart's namesake) at Danville.[8] He entered Emory and Henry College when he was fifteen, and attended from 1848 to 1850.[9]
During the summer of 1848, Stuart attempted to enlist in the U.S. Army, but was rejected as underaged. He obtained an appointment in 1850 to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, from Representative Thomas Hamlet Averett, the man who had defeated his father in the 1848 election.[10] Stuart was a popular student and was happy at the Academy. Although he was not handsome in his teen years, his classmates called him by the nickname "Beauty", which they described as his "personal comeliness in inverse ratio to the term employed."[11] He quickly grew a beard after graduation and a fellow officer remarked that he was "the only man he ever saw that [a] beard improved."[a]
Robert E. Lee was appointed superintendent of the academy in 1852, and Stuart became a friend of the family, seeing them socially on frequent occasions. Lee's nephew, Fitzhugh Lee, also arrived at the academy in 1852. In Stuart's final year, in addition to achieving the cadet rank of second captain of the corps, he was one of eight cadets designated as honorary "cavalry officers" for his skills in horsemanship.[13] Stuart graduated 13th in his class of 46 in 1854. He ranked tenth in his class in cavalry tactics. Although he enjoyed the civil engineering curriculum at the academy and did well in mathematics, his poor drawing skills hampered his engineering studies, and he finished 29th in that discipline.[b]
United States Army
[edit]
Stuart was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant and assigned to the U.S. Regiment of Mounted Riflemen in Texas.[1] After an arduous journey, he reached Fort Davis on January 29, 1855, and was a leader for three months on scouting missions over the San Antonio to El Paso Road.[15] He was soon transferred to the newly formed 1st Cavalry Regiment (1855) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Territory, where he became regimental quartermaster[16] and commissary officer under the command of Col. Edwin V. Sumner.[17] He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1855.[1]
Marriage
[edit]
Also in 1855, Stuart met Flora Cooke, the daughter of the 2nd U.S. Dragoon Regiment's commander, Lieutenant Colonel Philip St. George Cooke. Burke Davis described Flora as "an accomplished horsewoman, and though not pretty, an effective charmer," to whom "Stuart succumbed with hardly a struggle."[18] They became engaged in September, less than two months after meeting. Stuart humorously wrote of his rapid courtship in Latin, "Veni, Vidi, Victus sum" (I came, I saw, I was conquered). Although a gala wedding had been planned for Fort Riley, Kansas, the death of Stuart's father on September 20 caused a change of plans and the marriage on November 14 was small and limited to family witnesses.[19] Their first child, a girl, was born in 1856 but died the same day. On November 14, 1857, Flora gave birth to another daughter, whom the parents named Flora after her mother. The family relocated in early 1858 to Fort Riley, where they remained for three years.[20] The couple owned two slaves until 1859, one inherited from his father's estate, the other purchased.[21]
Bleeding Kansas
[edit]
Stuart's leadership capabilities were soon recognized. He was a veteran of the frontier conflicts with Native Americans and the antebellum violence of Bleeding Kansas. He was wounded on July 29, 1857, while fighting at Solomon River, Kansas, against the Cheyenne. Colonel Sumner ordered a charge with drawn sabers against a wave of Native American arrows. Scattering the under-armed warriors, Stuart and three other lieutenants chased one down, whom Stuart wounded in the thigh with his pistol. The Cheyenne turned and fired at Stuart with a .36 caliber Allen & Thurber pepperbox pistol, striking him in the chest with a bullet, which did little more damage than to pierce the skin.[22] Stuart returned in September to Fort Leavenworth and was reunited with his wife.
John Brown
[edit]
In 1859, Stuart developed a new piece of cavalry equipment, for which he received patent number 25,684 on October 4—a saber hook, or an "improved method of attaching sabers to belts." The U.S. government paid Stuart $5,000 for a "right to use" license and Stuart contracted with Knorr, Nece and Co. of Philadelphia to manufacture his hook. While in Washington, D.C., to discuss government contracts, and in conjunction with his application for an appointment into the quartermaster department, Stuart heard about John Brown's raid on the U.S. Arsenal at Harpers Ferry. Stuart volunteered to be aide-de-camp to Col. Robert E. Lee and accompanied Lee with a company of U.S. Marines from the Marine Barracks, 8th & I, Washington, DC[23] and four companies of Maryland militia. While delivering Lee's written surrender ultimatum to the leader of the group, who had been calling himself Isaac Smith, Stuart recognized "Old Osawatomie Brown" from his days in Kansas.[24]
Resignation
[edit]
Stuart was promoted to captain on April 22, 1861, but resigned from the U.S. Army on May 3, 1861, to join the Confederate States Army, following the secession of Virginia.[c] On June 26, 1860, Flora gave birth to a son, Philip St. George Cooke Stuart, but Stuart changed the name to James Ewell Brown Stuart Jr. ("Jimmie"), in late 1861 out of disgust with his father-in-law.[26] Upon learning that his father-in-law, Col. Cooke, would remain in the U.S. Army during the coming war, Stuart wrote to his brother-in-law (future Confederate Brig. Gen. John Rogers Cooke), "He will regret it but once, and that will be continuously." When he learned that George H. Thomas, a fellow Virginian, had also decided to stay with the Union, Stuart wrote "I would like to hang, hang Thomas as a traitor to his native state."[27]
Confederate Army
[edit]
Early service
[edit]
Stuart was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel of Virginia Infantry in the Confederate Army on May 10, 1861.[1] Major General Robert E. Lee, now commanding the armed forces of Virginia, ordered him to report to Colonel Thomas J. Jackson at Harper's Ferry. Jackson chose to ignore Stuart's infantry designation and assigned him on July 4 to command all the cavalry companies of the Army of the Shenandoah, organized as the 1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment.[29] He was promoted to colonel on July 16.[1]
After early service in the Shenandoah Valley, Stuart led his regiment in the First Battle of Bull Run (where Jackson got his nickname, "Stonewall"), and participated in the pursuit of the retreating Federals, leading to sensationalist reports in the Northern press about the dreaded Confederate "black horse" cavalry. He then commanded the Army's outposts along the upper Potomac River until given command of the cavalry brigade for the army then known as the Army of the Potomac (later named the Army of Northern Virginia). He was promoted to brigadier general on September 24, 1861.[1]
Peninsula
[edit]
In 1862, the Union Army of the Potomac began its Peninsula Campaign against Richmond, Virginia, and Stuart's cavalry brigade assisted General Joseph E. Johnston's army as it withdrew up the Virginia Peninsula in the face of superior numbers. Stuart fought at the Battle of Williamsburg, but in general the terrain and weather on the Peninsula did not lend themselves to cavalry operations.
However, when General Robert E. Lee became commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, he requested that Stuart perform reconnaissance to determine whether the right flank of the Union army was vulnerable. Stuart set out with 1,200 troopers on the morning of June 12 and, having determined that the flank was indeed vulnerable, took his men on a complete circumnavigation of the Union army, returning after 150 miles on June 15 with 165 captured Union soldiers, 260 horses and mules, and various quartermaster and ordnance supplies. His men met no serious opposition from the more decentralized Union cavalry, coincidentally commanded by his father-in-law, Col. Cooke, and their total casualties amounted to one man killed. The maneuver was a public relations sensation, and Stuart was greeted with flower petals thrown in his path at Richmond. He had become as famous as Stonewall Jackson in the eyes of the Confederacy.[31]
Northern Virginia
[edit]
Early in the Northern Virginia Campaign, Stuart was promoted to major general on July 25, 1862, and his command was upgraded to the Cavalry Division—the fact that the Army of Northern Virginia's cavalry had been brigaded and were now a full division made for an important organizational advantage over the Army of the Potomac's mounted arm, which was ineffectually organized as regiments attached to infantry brigades and treated as an extension of the army signal corps.[32] He was nearly captured and lost his signature plumed hat and cloak to pursuing Federals during a raid in August, but in a retaliatory raid at Catlett's Station the following day, managed to overrun Union army commander Major General John Pope's headquarters, and not only captured Pope's full uniform, but also intercepted orders that provided Lee with valuable intelligence concerning reinforcements for Pope's army.[32]
At the Second Battle of Bull Run (Second Manassas), Stuart's cavalry followed the massive assault by Longstreet's infantry against Pope's army, protecting its flank with artillery batteries. Stuart ordered Brigadier General Beverly Robertson's brigade to pursue the Federals and in a sharp fight against Brigadier General John Buford's brigade, Colonel Thomas T. Munford's 2nd Virginia Cavalry was overwhelmed until Stuart sent in two more regiments as reinforcements. Buford's men, many of whom were new to combat, retreated across Lewis's Ford and Stuart's troopers captured over 300 of them. Stuart's men harassed the retreating Union columns until the campaign ended at the Battle of Chantilly.[33]
Maryland
[edit]
During the Maryland Campaign in September 1862, Stuart's cavalry screened the army's movement north. He bears some responsibility for Robert E. Lee's lack of knowledge of the position and celerity of the pursuing Army of the Potomac under George B. McClellan. For a five-day period, Stuart rested his men and entertained local civilians at a gala ball at Urbana, Maryland. His reports make no reference to intelligence gathering by his scouts or patrols.[34] As the Union Army drew near to Lee's divided army, Stuart's men skirmished at various points on the approach to Frederick and Stuart was not able to keep his brigades concentrated enough to resist the oncoming tide. He misjudged the Union routes of advance, ignorant of the Union force threatening Turner's Gap, and required assistance from the infantry of Major General D. H. Hill to defend the South Mountain passes in the Battle of South Mountain.[35] His horse artillery bombarded the flank of the Union army as it opened its attack in the Battle of Antietam. By mid-afternoon, Stonewall Jackson ordered Stuart to command a turning movement with his cavalry against the Union right flank and rear, which if successful would be followed up by an infantry attack from the West Woods. Stuart began probing the Union lines with more artillery barrages, which were answered with "murderous" counterbattery fire and the cavalry movement intended by Jackson was never launched.[36]
Three weeks after Lee's army had withdrawn back to Virginia, on October 10–12, 1862, Stuart performed another of his audacious circumnavigations of the Army of the Potomac, his Chambersburg Raid—126 miles in under 60 hours, from Darkesville, West Virginia to as far north as Mercersburg, Pennsylvania and Chambersburg and around to the east through Emmitsburg, Maryland and south through Hyattstown, Maryland and White's Ford to Leesburg, Virginia—once again embarrassing his Union opponents and seizing horses and supplies, but at the expense of exhausted men and animals, without gaining much military advantage. Jubal Early referred to it as "the greatest horse stealing expedition" that only "annoyed" the enemy.[37] Stuart gave his friend Jackson a fine, new officer's tunic, trimmed with gold lace, commissioned from a Richmond tailor, which he thought would give Jackson more of the appearance of a proper general (something to which Jackson was notoriously indifferent).[38]
McClellan pushed his army slowly south, urged by President Lincoln to pursue Lee, crossing the Potomac starting on October 26. As Lee began moving to counter this, Stuart screened Longstreet's corps and skirmished numerous times in early November against Union cavalry and infantry around Mountville, Aldie, and Upperville. On November 6, Stuart was notified by telegram that his daughter Flora had died just before her fifth birthday of typhoid fever on November 3.[39]
Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville
[edit]
In the December 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg, Stuart and his cavalry—most notably his horse artillery under Major John Pelham—protected Stonewall Jackson's flank at Hamilton's Crossing. General Lee commended his cavalry, which "effectually guarded our right, annoying the enemy and embarrassing his movements by hanging on his flank, and attacking when the opportunity occurred." Stuart reported to Flora the next day that he had been shot through his fur collar but was unhurt.[40]
After Christmas, Lee ordered Stuart to conduct a raid north of the Rappahannock River to "penetrate the enemy's rear, ascertain if possible his position & movements, & inflict upon him such damage as circumstances will permit." With 1,800 troopers and a horse artillery battery assigned to the operation, Stuart's raid reached as far north as four miles south of Fairfax Court House, seizing 250 prisoners, horses, mules, and supplies. Tapping telegraph lines, his signalmen intercepted messages between Union commanders, and Stuart sent a personal telegram to Union Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs, "General Meigs will in the future please furnish better mules; those you have furnished recently are very inferior."[41]
On March 17, 1863, Stuart's cavalry clashed with a Union raiding party at Kelly's Ford. The minor victory was marred by the death of Major Pelham, which caused Stuart profound grief, as he thought of him as close as a younger brother. He wrote to a Confederate congressman, "The noble, the chivalric, the gallant Pelham is no more. ... Let the tears of agony we have shed, and the gloom of mourning throughout my command bear witness." Flora was pregnant at the time and Stuart told her that if it were a boy, he wanted him to be named John Pelham Stuart. (Virginia Pelham Stuart was born October 9.)[42]
At the Battle of Chancellorsville, Stuart accompanied Stonewall Jackson on his famous flanking march of May 2, 1863, and started to pursue the retreating soldiers of the Union XI Corps when he received word that both Jackson and his senior division commander, Major General A. P. Hill, had been wounded. Hill, bypassing the next most senior infantry general in the corps, Brigadier General Robert E. Rodes, sent a message ordering Stuart to take command of the Second Corps. Although the delays associated with this change of command effectively ended the flanking attack the night of May 2, Stuart, who had no prior experience leading infantry, performed creditably as an infantry corps commander the following day, launching a strong and well-coordinated attack against the Union right flank at Chancellorsville. When Union troops abandoned Hazel Grove, Stuart had the presence of mind to quickly occupy it and bombard the Union positions with artillery. Stuart relinquished his infantry command on May 6 when Hill returned to duty.[43] Stephen W. Sears wrote:
... It is hard to see how Jeb Stuart, in a new command, a cavalryman commanding infantry and artillery for the first time, could have done a better job. The astute Porter Alexander believed all credit was due: "Altogether, I do not think there was a more brilliant thing done in the war than Stuart's extricating that command from the extremely critical position in which he found it.[44]
Stonewall Jackson died on May 10 and Stuart was once again devastated by the loss of a close friend, telling his staff that the death was a "national calamity." Jackson's wife, Mary Anna, wrote to Stuart on August 1, thanking him for a note of sympathy: "I need not assure you of which you already know, that your friendship & admiration were cordially reciprocated by him. I have frequently heard him speak of Gen'l Stuart as one of his warm personal friends, & also express admiration for your Soldierly qualities."[45]
Brandy Station
[edit]
Returning to the cavalry for the Gettysburg Campaign, Stuart endured the two low points in his career, starting with the Battle of Brandy Station, the largest predominantly cavalry engagement of the war. By June 5, two of Lee's infantry corps were camped in and around Culpeper. Six miles northeast, holding the line of the Rappahannock River, Stuart bivouacked his cavalry troopers, mostly near Brandy Station, screening the Confederate Army against surprise by the enemy. Stuart requested a full field review of his troops by General Lee. This grand review on June 5 included nearly 9,000 mounted troopers and four batteries of horse artillery, charging in simulated battle at Inlet Station, about two miles (three km) southwest of Brandy Station.[47]
Lee was not able to attend the review, however, so it was repeated in his presence on June 8, although the repeated performance was limited to a simple parade without battle simulations.[48] Despite the lower level of activity, some of the cavalrymen and the newspaper reporters at the scene complained that all Stuart was doing was feeding his ego and exhausting the horses. Lee ordered Stuart to cross the Rappahannock the next day and raid Union forward positions, screening the Confederate Army from observation or interference as it moved north. Anticipating this imminent offensive action, Stuart ordered his tired troopers back into bivouac around Brandy Station.[49]
Army of the Potomac commander Major General Joseph Hooker interpreted Stuart's presence around Culpeper to be indicative of preparations for a raid on his army's supply lines. In reaction, he ordered his cavalry commander, Major General Alfred Pleasonton, to take a combined arms force of 8,000 cavalrymen and 3,000 infantry on a "spoiling raid" to "disperse and destroy" the 9,500 Confederates.[50] Pleasonton's force crossed the Rappahannock in two columns on June 9, 1863, the first crossing at Beverly's Ford (Brigadier General John Buford's division) catching Stuart by surprise, waking him and his staff to the sound of gunfire. The second crossing, at Kelly's Ford, surprised Stuart again, and the Confederates found themselves assaulted from front and rear in a spirited melee of mounted combat. A series of confusing charges and countercharges swept back and forth across Fleetwood Hill, which had been Stuart's headquarters the previous night. After ten hours of fighting, Pleasonton ordered his men to withdraw across the Rappahannock.[51]
Although Stuart claimed a victory because the Confederates held the field, Brandy Station is considered a tactical draw, and both sides came up short. Pleasonton was not able to disable Stuart's force at the start of an important campaign and he withdrew before finding the location of Lee's infantry nearby. However, the fact that the Southern cavalry had not detected the movement of two large columns of Union cavalry, and that they fell victim to a surprise attack, was an embarrassment that prompted serious criticism from fellow generals and the Southern press. The fight also revealed the increased competency of the Union cavalry, and foreshadowed the decline of the formerly invincible Southern mounted arm.[53]
Stuart's ride in the Gettysburg Campaign
[edit]
Further information: Gettysburg Campaign
Following a series of small cavalry battles in June as Lee's army began marching north through the Shenandoah Valley, Stuart may have had in mind the glory of circumnavigating the enemy army once again, desiring to erase the stain on his reputation of the surprise at Brandy Station. General Lee gave orders to Stuart on June 22 on how he was to participate in the march north. The exact nature of those orders has been argued by the participants and historians ever since, but the essence was that Stuart was instructed to guard the mountain passes with part of his force while the Army of Northern Virginia was still south of the Potomac, and that he was to cross the river with the remainder of the army and screen the right flank of Ewell's Second Corps. Instead of taking a direct route north near the Blue Ridge Mountains, however, Stuart chose to reach Ewell's flank by taking his three best brigades (those of Brigadier General Wade Hampton, Brigadier General Fitzhugh Lee, and Colonel John R. Chambliss, the latter replacing the wounded Brigadier General W. H. F. "Rooney" Lee) between the Union Army and Washington, moving north through Rockville to Westminster and on into Pennsylvania, hoping to capture supplies along the way and cause havoc near the enemy capital. Stuart and his three brigades departed Salem Depot at 1 a.m. on June 25.[54]
Unfortunately for Stuart's plan, the Union army's movement was underway and his proposed route was blocked by columns of Federal infantry, forcing him to veer farther to the east than either he or General Lee had anticipated. This prevented Stuart from linking up with Ewell as ordered and deprived Lee of the use of his prime cavalry force, the "eyes and ears" of the army, while advancing into unfamiliar enemy territory.[55]
Stuart's command crossed the Potomac River at 3 a.m. on June 28. At Rockville they captured a wagon train of 140 brand-new, fully loaded wagons and mule teams. This wagon train would prove to be a logistical hindrance to Stuart's advance, but he interpreted Lee's orders as placing importance on gathering supplies. The proximity of the Confederate raiders provoked some consternation in the national capital and two Union cavalry brigades and an artillery battery were sent to pursue the Confederates. Stuart supposedly said that were it not for his fatigued horses "he would have marched down the 7th Street Road [and] took Abe & Cabinet prisoners."[56]
In Westminster on June 29, his men clashed briefly with and overwhelmed two companies of Union cavalry, chasing them a long distance on the Baltimore road, which Stuart claimed caused a "great panic" in the city of Baltimore.[57] The head of Stuart's column encountered Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick's cavalry as it passed through Hanover and scattered it on June 30; the Battle of Hanover ended after Kilpatrick's men regrouped and drove the Confederates out of town. Stuart's brigades had been better positioned to guard their captured wagon train than to take advantage of the encounter with Kilpatrick. After a 20-mile trek in the dark, his exhausted men reached Dover on the morning of July 1, as the Battle of Gettysburg was commencing without them.[58]
Stuart headed next for Carlisle, hoping to find Ewell. He lobbed a few shells into town during the early evening of July 1 and burned the Carlisle Barracks before withdrawing to the south towards Gettysburg. He and the bulk of his command reached Lee at Gettysburg the afternoon of July 2. He ordered Wade Hampton to cover the left rear of the Confederate battle lines, and Hampton fought against Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer at the Battle of Hunterstown before joining Stuart at Gettysburg.[59]
Gettysburg and its aftermath
[edit]
When Stuart arrived at Gettysburg on the afternoon of July 2—bringing with him the caravan of captured Union supply wagons—he received a rare rebuke from Lee. No one witnessed the private meeting between Lee and Stuart, but reports circulated at headquarters that Lee's greeting was "abrupt and frosty." Colonel Edward Porter Alexander wrote, "Although Lee said only, 'Well, General, you are here at last,' his manner implied rebuke, and it was so understood by Stuart."[60] On the final day of the battle, Stuart was ordered to move into the enemy's rear and disrupt its line of communications at the same time Pickett's Charge was sent against the Union positions on Cemetery Ridge, but his attack on East Cavalry Field was repelled by Union cavalry under Brigadier Generals David Gregg and George Custer.[61]
During the retreat from Gettysburg, Stuart devoted his full attention to supporting the army's movement, successfully screening against aggressive Union cavalry pursuit and escorting thousands of wagons with wounded men and captured supplies over difficult roads and through inclement weather. Numerous skirmishes and minor battles occurred during the screening and delaying actions of the retreat. Stuart's men were the final units to cross the Potomac River, returning to Virginia in "wretched condition—completely worn out and broken down."[62]
The Gettysburg Campaign was the most controversial of Stuart's career. He became one of the scapegoats (along with James Longstreet) blamed for Lee's loss at Gettysburg by proponents of the postbellum Lost Cause movement, such as Jubal Early.[64] This was fueled in part by opinions of less partisan writers, such as Stuart's subordinate, Thomas L. Rosser, who stated after the war that Stuart did, "on this campaign, undoubtedly, make the fatal blunder which lost us the battle of Gettysburg." In Lee's report on the campaign, he wrote:
... the absence of the cavalry rendered it impossible to obtain accurate information. ... By the route [Stuart] pursued, the Federal Army was interposed between his command and our main body, preventing any communication with him until his arrival at Carlisle. The march toward Gettysburg was conducted more slowly than it would have been had the movements of the Federal Army been known.[63]
One of the most forceful postbellum defenses of Stuart was by Colonel John S. Mosby, who had served under him during the campaign and was fiercely loyal to the late general, writing, "He made me all that I was in the war. ... But for his friendship I would never have been heard of." He wrote numerous articles for popular publications and published a book length treatise in 1908, a work that relied on his skills as a lawyer to refute categorically all of the claims laid against Stuart.[65]
Historians remain divided on how much the defeat at Gettysburg was due to Stuart's failure to keep Lee informed. Edward G. Longacre argues that Lee deliberately gave Stuart wide discretion in his orders. Edwin B. Coddington refers to the "tragedy" of Stuart in the Gettysburg Campaign and judges that when Fitzhugh Lee raised the question of "whether Stuart exercised the discretion undoubtedly given to him, judiciously," the answer is no. Agreeing that Stuart's absence permitted Lee to be surprised at Gettysburg, Coddington points out that the Union commander was just as surprised. Eric J. Wittenberg and J. David Petruzzi have concluded that there was "plenty of blame to go around" and the fault should be divided between Stuart, the lack of specificity in Lee's orders, and Richard S. Ewell, who might have tried harder to link up with Stuart northeast of Gettysburg. Jeffry D. Wert acknowledges that Lee, his officers, and fighting by the Army of the Potomac bear the responsibility for the Confederate loss at Gettysburg, but states that "Stuart failed Lee and the army in the reckoning at Gettysburg. ... Lee trusted him and gave him discretion, but Stuart acted injudiciously."[66]
Although Stuart was not rebuked or disciplined in any official way for his role in the Gettysburg campaign, it is noteworthy that his appointment to corps command on September 9, 1863, did not carry with it a promotion to lieutenant general. Edward Bonekemper wrote that since all other corps commanders in the Army of Northern Virginia carried this rank, Lee's decision to keep Stuart at major general rank, while at the same time promoting Stuart's subordinates Wade Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee to major generals, could be considered an implied rebuke.[67] Wert wrote that there is no evidence Lee considered Stuart's performance during the Gettysburg Campaign and that it is "more likely that Lee thought the responsibilities in command of a cavalry corps did not equal those of an infantry corps."[68]
Fall 1863 and the 1864 Overland Campaign
[edit]
Lee reorganized his cavalry on September 9, creating a Cavalry Corps for Stuart with two divisions of three brigades each. In the Bristoe Campaign, Stuart was assigned to lead a broad turning movement in an attempt to get into the enemy's rear, but General Meade skillfully withdrew his army without leaving Stuart any opportunities to take advantage of. On October 13, Stuart blundered into the rear guard of the Union III Corps near Warrenton, resulting in the First Battle of Auburn.
Ewell's corps was sent to rescue him, but Stuart hid his troopers in a wooded ravine until the unsuspecting III Corps moved on, and the assistance was not necessary. As Meade withdrew towards Manassas Junction, brigades from the Union II Corps fought a rearguard action against Stuart's cavalry and the infantry of Brigadier General Harry Hays's division near Auburn on October 14. Stuart's cavalry boldly bluffed Warren's infantry and escaped disaster. After the Confederate repulse at Bristoe Station and an aborted advance on Centreville, Stuart's cavalry shielded the withdrawal of Lee's army from the vicinity of Manassas Junction. Judson Kilpatrick's Union cavalry pursued Stuart's cavalry along the Warrenton Turnpike, but were lured into an ambush near Chestnut Hill and routed. The Federal troopers were scattered and chased five miles (eight km) in an affair that came to be known as the "Buckland Races". The Southern press began to mute its criticism of Stuart following his successful performance during the fall campaign.[70]
The Overland Campaign, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant's offensive against Lee in the spring of 1864, began at the Battle of the Wilderness, where Stuart aggressively pushed Thomas L. Rosser's Laurel Brigade into a fight against George Custer's better-armed Michigan Brigade, resulting in significant losses. General Lee sent a message to Stuart: "It is very important to save your Cavalry & not wear it out. ... You must use your good judgment to make any attack which may offer advantages." As the armies maneuvered toward their next confrontation at Spotsylvania Court House, Stuart's cavalry fought delaying actions against the Union cavalry. His defense at Laurel Hill, also directing the infantry of Brigadier General Joseph B. Kershaw, skillfully delayed the advance of the Federal army for nearly five critical hours.[71]
Yellow Tavern and death
[edit]
The commander of the Army of the Potomac, Major General George Meade, and his cavalry commander, Major General Philip Sheridan, quarreled about the Union cavalry's performance in the first two engagements of the Overland Campaign. Sheridan heatedly asserted that he wanted to "concentrate all of cavalry, move out in force against Stuart's command, and whip it." Meade reported the comments to Grant, who replied, "Did Sheridan say that? Well, he generally knows what he is talking about. Let him start right out and do it." Sheridan immediately organized a raid against Confederate supply and railroad lines close to Richmond, which he knew would bring Stuart to battle.[72]
Sheridan moved aggressively to the southeast, crossing the North Anna River and seizing Beaver Dam Station on the Virginia Central Railroad, where his men captured a train, liberating 3,000 Union prisoners and destroying more than one million rations and medical supplies destined for Lee's army. Stuart dispatched a force of about 3,000 cavalrymen to intercept Sheridan's cavalry, which was more than three times their numbers. As he rode in pursuit, accompanied by his aide, Major Andrew R. Venable, they were able to stop briefly along the way to be greeted by Stuart's wife, Flora, and his children, Jimmie and Virginia. Venable wrote of Stuart, "He told me he never expected to live through the war, and that if we were conquered, that he did not want to live."[73]
The Battle of Yellow Tavern took place on May 11 at an abandoned inn located six miles (9.7 km) north of Richmond. The Confederate troops resisted from the low ridgeline bordering the road to Richmond, fighting for over three hours. After receiving a scouting report from Texas Jack Omohundro, Stuart led a countercharge and pushed the advancing Union troopers back from the hilltop. Stuart, on horseback, shouted encouragement from in front of Company K of the 1st Virginia Cavalry while firing his revolver at the Union troopers.
As the 5th Michigan Cavalry streamed in retreat past Stuart, a dismounted Union private, 44-year-old John A. Huff, turned and shot Stuart with his .44-caliber revolver from a distance of 10–30 yards.[74] The large caliber round cut through Stuart's abdomen and exited an inch to the right of his spine.[75] Stuart fell into the arms of Company K's commander, Gus W. Dorsey. Dorsey caught him and took him from his horse. Stuart told him: "Dorsey...save your men." Dorsey refused to leave him and brought Stuart to the rear.[76][77][78]
Stuart suffered great pain as an ambulance took him to Richmond to await his wife's arrival at the home of Dr. Charles Brewer, his brother-in-law. As he was being driven from the field in an ambulance wagon, Stuart noticed disorganized ranks of retreating men and called out to them his last words on the battlefield: "Go back, go back, and do your duty, as I have done mine, and our country will be safe. Go back, go back! I had rather die than be whipped."[79]
Stuart ordered his sword and spurs be given to his son. As his aide Major McClellan left his side, Confederate President Jefferson Davis came in, took Stuart's hand, and asked, "General, how do you feel?" Stuart answered "Easy, but willing to die, if God and my country think I have fulfilled my destiny and done my duty."[79] His last whispered words were: "I am resigned; God's will be done."
He died at 7:38 p.m. on May 12, the following day, before Flora Stuart reached his side. He was 31 years old. Stuart was buried in Richmond's Hollywood Cemetery. Upon learning of Stuart's death, General Lee is reported to have said that he could hardly keep from weeping at the mere mention of Stuart's name and that Stuart had never given him a bad piece of information.[80] John Huff, the private who had fatally wounded Stuart, was killed in action just a few weeks later at the Battle of Haw's Shop.
Flora wore the black of mourning for the remainder of her life, and never remarried. She lived in Saltville, Virginia, for 15 years after the war, where she opened and taught at a school in a log cabin. She worked from 1880 to 1898 as principal of the Virginia Female Institute in Staunton, Virginia, a position for which Robert E. Lee had recommended her before his death ten years earlier.[81] In 1907, the institute was renamed Stuart Hall School in her honor. Upon the death of her daughter Virginia, from complications in childbirth in 1898, Flora resigned from the institute and moved to Norfolk, Virginia, where she helped Virginia's widower, Robert Page Waller, in raising her grandchildren.
She died in Norfolk on May 10, 1923, after striking her head in a fall on a city sidewalk. She is buried alongside her husband and their daughter, Little Flora, in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond.[82]
Legacy and memorials
[edit]
Like his intimate friend, Stonewall Jackson, General J. E. B. Stuart was a legendary figure and is considered one of the greatest cavalry commanders in American history. His friend from his federal army days, Union Major General John Sedgwick, said that Stuart was "the greatest cavalry officer ever foaled in America."[83] Jackson and Stuart, both of whom were killed in battle, had colorful public images, although the latter's seems to have been more deliberately crafted. Wert wrote about Stuart:
Stuart had been the Confederacy's knight-errant, the bold and dashing cavalier, attired in a resplendent uniform, plumed hat, and cape. Amid a slaughterhouse, he had embodied chivalry, clinging to the pageantry of a long-gone warrior. He crafted the image carefully, and the image befitted him. He saw himself as the Southern people envisaged him. They needed a knight; he needed to be that knight.[84]
Stuart's birthplace, Laurel Hill, located in Patrick County, Virginia, was purchased by the J.E.B. Stuart Birthplace Preservation Trust, Inc., in 1992 to preserve and interpret it.[85] In December 2006, a personal Confederate battle flag, sewn by Flora Stuart, was sold in a Heritage Auction for $956,000 (including buyer's premium), a world-record price for any Confederate flag.[86] The 34-inch by 34-inch flag was hand-sewn for Stuart by Flora in 1862, and Stuart carried it into some of his most famous battles.
The J. E. B. Stuart Monument, a statue of Stuart by sculptor Frederick Moynihan, used to occupy a space on Richmond's Monument Avenue at Stuart Circle. Originally dedicated in 1907, it was removed on July 7, 2020.[87]
Named after Stuart
[edit]
U.S. Route 58, in Virginia, is named the "J.E.B. Stuart Highway". In 1884 the town of Taylorsville, Virginia, was renamed Stuart. The British Army named two models of American-made World War II tanks, the M3 and M5, the Stuart tank in General Stuart's honor.
Schools
[edit]
A middle school in Jacksonville, Florida, is named for him.[88] A high school named after him on Munson's Hill in Falls Church, Virginia, opened in 1959.[89] In early 2017, Fairfax County Public Schools established an Ad Hoc Working Committee to assist the Fairfax County School Board in determining whether to rename the Stuart High School in Virginia, in response to suggestions from students and local community members that FCPS should not continue to honor a Confederate general who fought in support of a cause dedicated to maintaining the institution of slavery in Virginia and other states. The creation of the committee followed the circulation of a petition started by actress Julianne Moore and Bruce Cohen in 2016, which garnered over 35,000 signatures in support of changing the school's name to one honoring the late United States Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall.[90]
On July 27, 2017, the Fairfax County School Board approved a measure to change the school name no later than the start of the 2019 school year. The measure asked that "Stuart High School" be considered as a possibility for the new name.[89] On October 27, 2017, the Fairfax County School Board voted to change the name of J.E.B. Stuart High School to "Justice High School." Board member Sandy Evans from the Mason District said that the name will honor Justice Thurgood Marshall, civil rights leader Barbara Rose Johns, U.S. Army officer Louis Gonzaga Mendez Jr., and all those who have fought for justice and equality.[91]
On June 18, 2018, the school board for Richmond Public Schools in Richmond, Virginia, voted 6–1 to rename J. E. B. Stuart Elementary School to Barack Obama Elementary School. On June 12, 2018, students of the school were given the opportunity to narrow down the choices for renaming the school from seven to three. Northside Elementary received 190 votes, Barack Obama Elementary earned 166 votes, and Wishtree Elementary received 127 votes. From there, the administration of Richmond Public Schools recommended to the school board that it rename the school after Barack Obama. Superintendent Jason Kamras said, "It's incredibly powerful that in the capital of the Confederacy, where we had a school named for an individual who fought to maintain slavery, that now we're renaming that school after the first black president. A lot of our kids, and our kids at J. E. B. Stuart, see themselves in Barack Obama." The student population of the newly named Barack Obama Elementary School is made up of more than 90 percent African-American children.[92]
Stuart Hall School is a Staunton, Virginia, co-educational school for students from pre-kindergarten to Grade 12, and it offers a boarding program from Grades 8 to 12. It was renamed in 1907 in honor of its most famous headmistress, Mrs. Flora Cooke Stuart, the widow of Confederate cavalry leader Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart.[93]
In art and popular culture
[edit]
Films
[edit]
Joseph Fuqua played Stuart in the films Gettysburg and Gods and Generals.[94]
Errol Flynn played Stuart in the movie Santa Fe Trail, depicting his antebellum life, confronting John Brown in Kansas and at Harper's Ferry.[95]
Television
[edit]
A limited television series based on the novel The Good Lord Bird was released, with Wyatt Russell as Stuart.[96]
In the second season of Twin Peaks, Ben Horne retreats into a fantasy of being Robert E. Lee after a mental breakdown and believes his brother Jerry Horne to be Stuart.[97]
Literature
[edit]
Stuart, along with his warhorse Skylark, is featured prominently in the novel Traveller by Richard Adams.[98]
In the alternate history novel Gray Victory (1988), author Robert Skimin depicts Stuart surviving his wound from the battle of Yellow Tavern. After the war, in which the Confederacy emerges victorious, he faces a court of inquiry over his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg.[99]
In Harry Turtledove's 1992 alternate-history novel The Guns of the South, Stuart features as one of Lee's generals as the AWB bring back AK-47 rifles from 2014 to 1864. Men under Stuart's command are the first Confederate troops to use the AK-47 in battle. Stuart is so impressed with the new rifle that he sells his personal LeMat Revolver and replaces it with an AK-47.
In Harry Turtledove's alternate-history novel How Few Remain, Stuart is the commanding Confederate general in charge of the occupation and defense of the recently purchased Mexican provinces of Sonora and Chihuahua in 1881. This is the first volume of the Southern Victory series, where the US and CSA fight each other repeatedly in the 19th and 20th centuries. Stuart's son and grandson also appear in these novels.[100]
Several short stories in Barry Hannah's collection Airships feature Stuart as a character.
Stuart's route to Gettysburg is the impetus for the sci-fi-ish book An End to Bugling by Edmund G. Love.
Stuart is also a character in L. M. Elliott's Annie, Between the States.
J. E. B. Stuart is a character in the historical adventure novel Flashman and the Angel of the Lord by George MacDonald Fraser featuring Stuart's early-career role in the US Army at John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry.
In the long-running comic book G.I. Combat, featuring "The Haunted Tank", published by DC Comics from the 1960s through the late 1980s, the ghost of General Stuart guided a tank crew (the tank being, at first, a Stuart, later a Sherman) commanded by his namesake, Lt. Jeb Stuart.[101]
Music
[edit]
Southern Troopers Song, Dedicated to Gen'l. J. E. B. Stuart and his gallant Soldiers
"When I Was On Horseback," a song on the folk group Arborea's album Fortress of the Sun (2013), features lyrics that refer to Stuart's death near Richmond, Virginia.[102]
See also
[edit]
American Civil War portal
Biography portal
List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
Notes
[edit]
References
[edit]
Books
[edit]
Bonekemper, Edward H., III. How Robert E. Lee Lost the Civil War. Fredericksburg, VA: Sergeant Kirkland's Press, 1998. ISBN 1-887901-15-9.
Coddington, Edwin B. The Gettysburg Campaign; a study in command. New York: Scribner's, 1968. ISBN 978-0-684-84569-2.
Davis, Burke. Jeb Stuart: The Last Cavalier. New York: Random House, 1957. ISBN 0-517-18597-0.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
Longacre, Edward G. The Cavalry at Gettysburg: A Tactical Study of Mounted Operations during the Civil War's Pivotal Campaign, June 9–July 14, 1863. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986. ISBN 978-0-8032-7941-4.
Longacre, Edward G. J.E.B Stuart: The Soldier and the Man. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2024. ISBN 978-161121-680-6.
Longacre, Edward G. Lee's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of Northern Virginia. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8117-0898-2.
Perry, Thomas D. J. E. B. Stuart's Birthplace: The History of the Laurel Hill Farm. Ararat, VA: Laurel Hill Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4382-3934-7.
Peterson, Alexander Duncan Campbell. Schools Across Frontiers: The Story of the International Baccalaureate and the United World Colleges. La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-8126-9505-4.
Rhea, Gordon C. The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern, May 7–12, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8071-2136-8.
Robertson, James I. Jr. Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend. New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1997. ISBN 978-0-02-864685-5.
Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8117-2868-3.
Sears, Stephen W. Chancellorsville. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996. ISBN 0-395-87744-X.
Sears, Stephen W. Gettysburg. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. ISBN 0-395-86761-4.
Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4.
Smith, Derek. The Gallant Dead: Union & Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2005. ISBN 0-8117-0132-8.
Starr, Steven. The Union Cavalry in the Civil War: The War in the East from Gettysburg to Appomattox, 1863–1865. Volume 2. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007. Originally published 1981. ISBN 978-0-8071-3292-0.
Thomas, Emory M. Bold Dragoon: The Life of J.E.B. Stuart. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. ISBN 978-0-8061-3193-1.
Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9.
Wert, Jeffry D. Cavalryman of the Lost Cause: A Biography of J.E.B. Stuart. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008. ISBN 978-0-7432-7819-5.
Wittenberg, Eric J., and J. David Petruzzi. Plenty of Blame to Go Around: Jeb Stuart's Controversial Ride to Gettysburg. New York: Savas Beatie, 2006. ISBN 978-1-932714-20-3.
Further reading
[edit]
Brown, Kent Masterson. Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, & the Pennsylvania Campaign. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8078-2921-9.
Laino, Philip, Gettysburg Campaign Atlas. 2nd ed. Dayton, OH: Gatehouse Press 2009. ISBN 978-1-934900-45-1.
McClellan, H B. The Life and Campaigns of Major-General J.E.B. Stuart: Commander of the Cavalry of the Army of Northern Virginia. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1885.
McClellan, Henry B. I Rode with Jeb Stuart: The Life and Campaigns of Maj. Gen. Jeb Stuart. Edited by Burke Davis. New York: Da Capo Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-306-80605-6. First published 1958 by Indiana University Press.
Mosby, John Singleton. Mosby's Reminiscences and Stuart's Cavalry Campaigns. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1887. OCLC 26692400.
Perry, Thomas D. Laurel Hill Teachers' Guide, 2005.
Petruzzi, J. David, and Steven Stanley. The Complete Gettysburg Guide. New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. ISBN 978-1-932714-63-0.
Wittenberg, Eric J., J. David Petruzzi, and Michael F. Nugent. One Continuous Fight: The Retreat from Gettysburg and the Pursuit of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, July 4–14, 1863. New York: Savas Beatie, 2008. ISBN 978-1-932714-43-2.
Flora Stuart, Wife Of Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart
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Representative portraits of the 60,000 Union and 25,000 Confederate soldiers and sailors who served in the U.S. and C.S. military forces during the Civil War.
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60,000 Fought for the Union.
President Abraham Lincoln celebrated Maryland’s adherence to the United States in his December 1861 Annual Message to Congress. Referencing pro-secession riots in Baltimore and other anti-government acts, he observed, “Maryland was made to seem against the Union. Our soldiers were assaulted, bridges were burned, and railroads torn up within her limits, and we were many days at one time without the ability to bring a single regiment over her soil to the capital. Now her bridges and railroads are repaired and open to the Government; she already gives seven regiments to the cause of the Union.”
Union Loyal Citizens of Bel Air Helped Soldiers Isolated from Their Regiment to Safety After the Riots in Baltimore
Pro-secession rioters who attacked the 6th Massachusetts Infantry as it made its way through Baltimore on April 19, 1861, did not prevent the regiment from fulfilling its mission to protect the U.S. capital. But not all the Massachusetts men arrived in Washington. That night, 27 soldiers separated from the regiment arrived in Harford County north of Baltimore. The next morning, the Harford Light Dragoons escorted them to the Pennsylvania line. As they crossed over, the grateful soldiers offered three cheers for Maryland.
In the Harford County seat of Bel Air, National American Editor Richard Edwin Bouldin published the story. Born and raised in the town, 23-year-old Bouldin joined the 7th Maryland Infantry in 1862. Starting as second lieutenant of Company C, he rose to captain and led his command in Shenandoah Valley operations, the repulse of Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg, and heavy fighting during the Overland Campaign. He resigned due to poor health in late 1864.
Bouldin went on to work in the Baltimore Customs House and as postmaster of Bel Air. Active in the Maryland National Guard and the Grand Army of the Republic, he died in 1920 at age 82. His obituary noted, “the central facts of the Captain’s life centered around the civil war through which he bore himself with fidelity and ability.”
Son of the Gallant Ridgely
During the Mexican War, 1st Lt. Lott Henderson Ridgely of the 4th U.S. Infantry suffered a mortal wound in a fight at Galaxara Pass in 1847. Many mourned his death, including close friend Ulysses S. Grant and Brig. Gen. Joseph Lane, on whose staff Maryland-born Ridgely served. Lane adopted the dead soldier’s seven-year-old son, Franklin Lee Ridgely.
Young Franklin gained admission to the Naval Academy about 1855 but did not graduate. When the war came, he joined the army. As a second lieutenant in the 6th U.S. Infantry, he fought in the Peninsula Campaign and then resigned for his health. Ridgely settled in St. Louis, where he had family connections. Successful in business and active as a patron of music and the arts, he served as St. Louis Park Commissioner and played an important role in erecting Civil War monuments in the city’s sprawling Forest Park. Ridgely died in 1916 at age 75. His wife and two children survived him. His son, Frank Eugene Ridgely, graduated from the Naval Academy and became a commander.
He Resigned From the Naval Academy to Join the South. Then He Changed His Mind.
In April 1861, Naval Academy Cadet Yates Stirling, 18, resigned to join the Confederacy. Then he changed his mind and on May 1 wrote to Navy Secretary Gideon Welles to withdraw the resignation.
Days passed without a reply. Two of Stirling’s brothers traveled from Baltimore to Washington to plead the young man’s case to the Secretary but failed to get an audience. They left a hurriedly penned request: “I leave this note to tell you very earnestly to allow the young man whose friends are very anxious to keep him at this time under the flag of the country to withdraw the resignation considering it not sent and order him to report to the school. An early action would very much oblige myself and my brother who feel deeply on the subject of his loyalty to the country.”
It worked. Stirling spent the next 44 years in the U.S. Navy, rising in rank to rear admiral by his retirement in 1905. He died in 1929 at age 85. His remains rest in Arlington National Cemetery.
Sergeant to General
Baltimore pattern-maker David Leroy Stanton, 21, began his war service in May 1861 as first sergeant of Company A of the 1st Maryland Infantry. He’s pictured here soon after his enlistment. Four years later, he ended his service as a brevet brigadier general and brigade commander. Along the way, he fought in 17 engagements, many in Virginia, including the May 1862 Battle of Front Royal, where he fell into enemy hands, and two 1864 battles in which he suffered wounds: Spotsylvania Court House and Weldon Railroad. He earned his brigadier’s brevet for gallantry at the April 1865 Battle of Five Forks. After the war, he managed the office of a military pension attorney and became active in the Grand Army of the Republic. Baltimore’s Post 36 of the G.A.R. was named in his honor. Stanton died in 1919 at age 79.
1st Maryland Battles the 1st Maryland at Front Royal
Early in the morning of June 6, 1862, Col. John Reese Kenly arrived by train in his hometown of Baltimore. The enthusiastic crowd who met him at the station could not have been prepared for his appearance—a severe saber cut and bullet wound in back of his head, a smaller cut on his neck, and heavy bruises on his face and chest. The injuries had occurred in the recent Battle of Front Royal, Va., where Kenly and his 1st Maryland Infantry were garrisoned when a enemy force three times their number attacked. The honor of leading the advance fell to the Confederate 1st Maryland Infantry commanded by Col. Bradley Johnson. Kenly’s Marylanders put up a stiff resistance against their Confederate brothers before they attempted a retreat and were cut off by reinforcements ordered in by overall commander Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson. They captured Kenly and his surviving command.
According to a report in the Baltimore Sun, “After Col. Kenly with his command was removed to Winchester, the officers of the First Maryland regiment (infantry) on the Confederate side visited him, as did also many of the rank and file,” adding, “it is well to state that during all these visits or interviews the kindest feelings were manifested towards them, those on the Confederate side honoring and praising those on the Federal side for the bravery displayed on the battle-field, as it (in their own expressions) ‘did honor to old Maryland.’”
Paroled to Baltimore, Kenly recovered, was exchanged, received his brigadier’s star, and went on to command on the brigade level for much of the rest of the war.
Back in Baltimore, Kenly could not support himself in his chosen profession as a lawyer. Though poverty stared him in the face, he refused to apply for pensions for the Civil War or previous service in the Mexican War. After he died in 1891 at age 73, his old adversary, Col. Johnson of the Confederate 1st, paid tribute to the modest hero, Kenly: “He would not sell his blood for gold nor commute his patriotism for greenbacks.”
Kenly left behind his 1873 book, Memoirs of a Maryland Volunteer, War With Mexico. He dedicated it to Zachary Taylor, who Kenly considered the “true type of the American soldier.”
“I Have Never Retreated Without Orders, and I Cannot Do It Now”
In 1886 at Washington, D.C., a team of French artists led by Théophile Poilpot unveiled the 20,000-square-foot canvas painting of the Second Battle of Bull Run. The scenes depicted included a U.S. officer on a bay horse with his sword raised: Lt. Col. William Chapman, a brigade commander in Maj. Gen. George Sykes’ division of U.S. Regulars. During a rear guard action near the Henry House, the enemy poured heavy fire into the brigade. Subordinates implored Chapman to pull back. He told them, “We have been put here for something, I don’t know just what; but I have never retreated without orders, and I cannot do it now.”
A son of Maryland and 1831 West Point graduate, Chapman’s service followed America’s westward expansion. In the Mexican War, he distinguished himself in the victorious 1847 Battle of Molino del Ray, where, as a 27-year-old captain in the 5th U.S. Infantry, he led the regiment after his superior officers became casualties. Chapman compared the intensity of fire at Molino del Ray to Second Bull Run, which resulted in a colonel’s brevet for gallantry. It turned out to be his last combat. Ailing, he went on sick leave and retired from active service in 1863. He died in 1888.
Fighting Quartermaster
Colonel James Lowry Donaldson proved his fighting mettle twice during the war. In February 1862, while serving as staff quartermaster in the military District of Santa Fé, New Mexico Territory, he engaged in the Battle of Valverde. In December 1864, he organized a combat unit from his quartermaster department for the Battle of Nashville.
Donaldson, son of a prominent Baltimore family, had graduated from West Point in 1836, and followed the professional path of many young officers in Florida, Mexico, and western outposts, including New Mexico, where he was stationed when the Civil War began. He is best remembered for keeping supplies flowing in the Department of the Cumberland in 1863 and 1864. His commanding officer, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, praised him: “Joining me at Chattanooga, at the period when all looked gloomy and foreboding, you unraveled the intricate meshes then surrounding the Quartermaster’s Department within my command, and restored system and order where confusion had triumphantly held sway.”
Donaldson received brevets of major general in the regular and volunteer armies for his wartime service and remained in the army until 1874. He died in 1885.
He “Never Failed In the Hour of Peril”
At Antietam, Baltimore-born Brig. Gen. William Henry French led his 2nd Corps division in the initial attack against Confederates in the Sunken Road. The fierce fighting that followed cost his division about 1,800 casualties. He wrote with pride and sorrow in his after-action report, “Receiving orders from the general in-chief to hold my position to the last extremity, it was done, but not without terrible loss.”
French had learned the arts of war in varied experiences since graduating from West Point in 1837, notably during the Mexican War, where he served as an aide to general and future U.S. President Franklin Pierce and received a pair of brevets for gallantry. When the Civil War began, his education and experience served him well in the Peninsula and Antietam campaigns, and the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. He rose to major general and corps command along the way. French’s star faded during the 1863 Mine Run Campaign after Army of the Potomac commander George G. Meade faulted him for moving too slowly. Removed from command in early 1864, French continued on in an administrative capacity. French remained in the postwar army, retired in 1880, and died a year later at age 66.
At Antietam, a Homecoming of Sorts for a Color Bearer
At Antietam, the 148-strong 3rd Maryland Infantry fixed bayonets and charged past the Dunkard Church into a wooded area under orders to attack enemy infantry threatening an artillery position. Color sergeant David J. Weaver helped rally the Marylanders as they drove off the Confederates and held the position under heavy fire for two hours before ordered to retire.
For 28-year-old Weaver, the fighting was a homecoming of sorts. He had lived and worked as a coach maker about a dozen miles north in Williamsport, Md., prior to his enlistment in June 1861. Soon after the battle in the fields and woods of Sharpsburg, Weaver advanced to sergeant major. By the summer of 1863, he wrote with pride to an uncle, “I have been in 9 battles and still are safe. I enlisted a private and a perfect stranger to all in the regiment to which I belong and now I am a 1st lieutenant.” The battles included Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. Weaver went on to fight in others, among them Spotsylvania and The Crater. He managed to avoid wounds and mustered out as a captain in October 1864.
Weaver made his home in Cherrytree City, Pa., and died of cancer in 1892 at age 58. His wife, Catherine, and four children survived him. His Grand Army of the Republic comrades buried him with full honors.
Wounded Bugler from Ireland’s County Clare
The 1st Maryland Cavalry fought dismounted in operations against the Confederate defenses near Deep Bottom, Va., during the third week of August 1864. Several skirmishes and a successful charge that ended with the capture of rebel rifle pits cost the Marylanders nearly five score casualties, including Bugler Thomas J. Harr.
Born in County Clare, Ireland, Harr came to America with his family at age 11 in 1856. A laborer in Baltimore when the war began, he joined the 1st in early 1862 and participated in various actions in the Shenandoah Valley. He had the misfortune of being part of two companies on duty in the garrison of Harpers Ferry when Stonewall Jackson compelled its surrender just before the Battle of Antietam. Harr and his paroled comrades spent several months at Chicago’s Camp Douglas until being exchanged in early 1863. He spent much of the rest of the year on detached duties and sick in the hospital, missing the battles of Brandy Station and Gettysburg. He returned to the 1st for the Siege of Petersburg, including the Second Battle of Deep Bottom that resulted in his wound.
Harr soon recovered, returned to duty, and mustered out in 1865. He eventually settled in Fostoria, Ohio, where he died in 1907 at age 62. His wife and several children survived him.
Defending Free Press
In Columbus, Ohio, on March 5, 1863, a mob of about 100 soldiers and citizens dressed as soldiers destroyed the offices of the Columbus Crisis, an anti-war newspaper supporting the faction of the Democratic Party known as Copperheads. The commander of nearby Camp Chase, Brig. Gen. James Cooper, stepped in to suppress the mob, restore order, and protect the rights of a free press—no small achievement in war.
Cooper, born in Maryland in 1810, graduated from college in Pennsylvania and settled into a law career in a crossroads town called Gettysburg in the 1830s. He rose to become a U.S. Senator aligned with fellow Senator Thaddeus Stevens. Cooper retired in 1855 and practiced law in his native Maryland. When war loomed, he came out of retirement to keep Maryland in the Union. When war came, President Abraham Lincoln authorized Cooper to recruit a army brigade. He did, and after campaigning in West Virginia, received orders to command Camp Chase, the military base and prisoner of war facility near Columbus.
Cooper proved an able administrator and defender of liberty and freedom. He died of pneumonia only three weeks after the incident at the Columbus Crisis office.
Five Months at Belle Isle; a Lifetime of Suffering In Mental Institutions
When William T. Carter enlisted in the 9th Maryland Infantry in June 1864, he may have expected an uneventful six-month enlistment, as evidenced by his casual pose with four pards. It turned out to be the opposite. On October 18, Confederates captured him and most of the men and officers in his regiment at Charles Town, W. Va.—casualties of a raid conducted by Confederate Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden. Carter spent the next five months at Belle Isle prison in Richmond, and after his release in March 1864 a lifetime in and out of mental institutions. He died in 1927 at about age 85.
“Hullo, Uncle Harry!”
In September 1863, Union forces advanced from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan rivers in Virginia. For one officer, a Marylander fresh out of West Point, the campaign proved his mettle as a soldier. Jacob Henry Counselman, a second lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Artillery, was praised in after-action reports for his leadership and the accuracy of guns in his Battery K. The campaign is also memorable for an incident recounted by Lt. Col. Theodore Lyman, an aide to Army of the Potomac commander George G. Meade. Lyman described a charge in the vicinity of Culpeper made by Brig. Gen. George A. Custer that resulted in the capture of three enemy cannon and a number of prisoners. Lyman added: “A queer thing happened in the taking of the three guns. An officer was made prisoner with them, and, as he was marched to the rear, Lieutenant Counselman of our side cried out, ‘Hullo, Uncle Harry!’ ‘Hullo!’ replied the captain’s uncle. ‘Is that you? How are you?’ And there these two had been unwittingly shelling each other all the morning!”
The meeting of uncle and nephew illustrates Maryland’s divided loyalties. Counselman did not resign from West Point when the Civil War began and graduated in June 1863. Assigned to the 1st Artillery, he led his battery at Brandy Station, earning a brevet, and other operations in Virginia until June 1864, when he became lieutenant colonel of the 1st Maryland Cavalry and served with distinction until the war’s end.
Counselman returned to the 1st Artillery after the war, but ill health cut his life short in 1875 at about age 34. His remains rest in Arlington National Cemetery.
Punished by Standing on a Barrel
In April 1864, a court martial found Pvt. James D. Ricketts of the 4th Maryland Infantry guilty of two charges after a guard duty incident. The first charge, being absent without leave, cost him five dollars and ten days policing grounds under guard. The second, disobedience of orders, cost him another five greenbacks plus the indignity of standing on a barrel for six consecutive hours, six days in a row.
This was not the first time Ricketts landed on the wrong side of military law. The Baltimore-born laborer was absent without permission on several occasions following his enlistment as a drummer in mid-1862. Despite his problematic record, he remained in the ranks until the regiment mustered out of service in 1865. He died in 1890.
Captured by Mosby, Sent to Andersonville
Colonel John Singleton Mosby and his Rangers disrupted federal communications along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in West Virginia as part of an effort to support Lt. Gen. Jubal Early’s 1864 Raid on Washington, D.C. On June 29, they posted a howitzer overlooking Duffields Depot and compelled the surrender of its Union garrison. The Rangers burned the depot and left with about 50 prisoners, including Pvt. John J. White of Maryland’s 1st Potomac Home Brigade.
White went on to be confined at Andersonville until early 1865, when he was paroled and sent north to Benton Barracks in St. Louis. In May 1865, White returned to his home in Frederick, where he died in 1923 at age 79.
Maryland Military Connection
Some of Maryland’s soldiers had minor connections to the Old Line State. They include William H. Revere, Jr., who organized the 10th Maryland Infantry in 1863 and led it as colonel for a six-month enlistment. Born in Illinois, Revere belonged to Elmer E. Ellsworth’s famed U.S. Zouave Cadets. Revere followed Ellsworth into the 11th New York Infantry when the war began. After an innkeeper gunned down Ellsworth when he removed a Confederate flag from an Alexandria, Va., hotel in May 1861, Revere received a captain’s commission in the 44th New York Infantry, popularly known as “Ellsworth’s Avengers.” He served through the 1862 Peninsula Campaign and the Second Battle of Bull Run before leaving the 44th to organize the 10th Maryland. Following its disbandment he became colonel of the 107th U.S. Colored Infantry and barely survived the war, dying of fever in September 1865 while on duty in Morehead City, N.C. He was about 33 years old. His superior officer, Col. Delavan Bates, praised Revere as “a very energetic, hardworking, and efficient officer.”
A 100-Day Man at Monocacy
Captain Archibald D. Ferguson, a Baltimore grocer, and his comrades mustered into the 11th Maryland Infantry for a 100-day enlistment in mid-June 1864 with an understanding that they would take charge of part of the Defenses of Baltimore and free up seasoned troops for combat. Ferguson noted on the back of this portrait, “When I entered the service.”
Three weeks later, the green Marylanders found themselves in the Battle of the Monocacy against battle-hardened Confederate veterans in Lt. Gen. Jubal Early’s Corps. The 11th, part of the 1st Separate Brigade commanded by Brig. Gen. Erastus B. Tyler, contributed to the Union victory. According to an Ohio officer in another brigade, the colors of the 11th were left on the field and recovered by U.S. forces.
The Marylanders completed their brief term, and many reenlisted for a full year in the new 11th. Ferguson joined them and spent his time in Baltimore as provost marshal on Brig. Gen. Tyler’s staff. The last time Ferguson’s name appears in records is 1869.
At The Crater and in Texas
Enslaved in Southern Maryland, Peter Butler was not freed by the Emancipation Proclamation. His enslaver, former judge and state legislator Peter Crain, consented for Butler to join the U.S. Army in late 1863. He enlisted as a private in the 19th U.S. Colored Infantry, received basic training in Baltimore, and reported for duty with his regiment to Virginia with the Army of the Potomac’s 25th Corps. He wears the diamond-shaped badge of the Corps on his plumed hat. The 19th participated in the 1864 Siege of Petersburg and fought at the battles of the Crater and Bermuda Hundred. Along the way, Butler advanced to corporal of Company B.
After hostilities ended, the War Department dispatched 50,000 men, including the 19th, to Texas as a show of force against French troops occupying Mexico. Butler mustered out at Brownsville, Texas, in January 1867—the last time his name appears on a government record.
U.S. Colored Troops and Ex-Confederates Join Forces in Texas to Invade Mexico
During the night of Jan. 4-5, 1866, along the Texas-Mexico border, an irregular force of about 125 volunteers composed of the 118th U.S. Colored Infantry and ex-Confederate soldiers crossed the Rio Grande on an English schooner and landed in Mexico. By morning, they captured forts near the town of Bagdad, its garrison of about 200 Austrian soldiers, and four cannon. Three French warships sent landing parties to recapture the town and were repulsed by the Americans. The ranking U.S. officer turned Bagdad over to Mexican Gen. Mariano Escobedo on January 6, and returned with his men to Texas.
This is one version of the account of the U.S. incursion into French-occupied Mexico, as told by strike force commander Lt. Col. Isaac D. Davis of the 118th. The 25-year-old native of Cecil County began his military service in 1861 as a corporal in the 5th Maryland Infantry, rose to commissary sergeant, and left the regiment in 1864 to accept a captain’s commission in the 118th. In July 1865, he advanced to lieutenant colonel.
Less than a month after Davis’ troops captured Bagdad, Napoleon III announced a staged withdrawal of French troops from Mexico. Davis told his story in 1896, claiming he acted without orders but that his superior officer, 25th Corps commander Maj. Gen. Godfrey Weitzel, was aware of the plan. Davis noted that the expense and tedium of maintaining a strong military presence while diplomatic negotiations dragged on motivated him to act: “All were heartily tired of the inactivity and anxious to strike a blow for the liberation of Mexico and the vindication of the Monroe Doctrine.”
Davis died in 1920 at age 78.
25,000 Fought for the Confederacy.
President Jefferson Davis held high hopes that Maryland would secede from the Union and join the Confederate States. During the earliest part of the conflict it seemed possible. Davis observed in his memoirs,“The story of Maryland was sad to the last degree, only relieved by the valor of the gallant men who left their homes to fight the battle of State-rights, when Maryland no longer furnished them a field on which they could maintain the rights their fathers bequeathed to them. Though Maryland did not become one of the Confederate States, she was endeared to the people thereof by many most endearing ties.”
Pro-Secession Mob in Baltimore, Pro-Union Mob in Williamsport
Dewitt Clinton Rench of Williamsport spoke often and publicly about his Southern sympathies. The son of a wealthy farmer who enslaved seven persons in Washington County, Rench graduated from Franklin and Marshall College in Pennsylvania and studied law with an uncle in Baltimore, where he joined the Maryland Guard Battalion.
Rench participated in the pro-secession riots in Baltimore on April 19, 1861, according to a historian of the 6th Massachusetts Infantry. The 6th suffered many casualties after protestors attacked, including 17-year-old Luther C. Ladd. “The murderer of Ladd was probably a drunken, dissolute wretch named Wrench. He afterwards often boasted of the deed, and rejoiced in having killed that ‘boy soldier who shouted for the Stars and Stripes when he fell.’”
Rench met his end two months later while in Williamsport on business. A group of pro-Union men accosted Rench and told him to leave. He brushed them off and stepped into a store to smoke a cigar. Meanwhile, a large and angry mob gathered. When Rench walked outside and mounted his horse, a man grabbed the bridle. Hot words and gunshots were exchanged and Rench fell dead.
Word of his death made it to a Confederate army camp overlooking Williamsport. One of the officers, Lt. Henry Kyd Douglas, had been Rench’s close friend and college roommate. Douglas expected Rench to join him in the army. His anticipation turned to grief.
Cheers for Baltimore and Richmond
On June 21, 1861, two companies of the 21st Virginia Infantry met for the first time at Camp Lee, near Richmond. Company B, composed of Baltimore’s cultural and financial elite, welcomed Company F, an old militia unit representing Richmond’s high society. The Baltimoreans gave the Richmonders three hearty cheers.
One of the Baltimore officers, 1st Lt. Richard Curzon Hoffman, had been born in Baltimore and worked there as a stockbroker. He had joined the Maryland Guard Battalion, a militia group formed in Baltimore in 1859. When the war came, he and many of his comrades left for Virginia, bringing their natty Zouave-inspired uniforms with them.
After the expiration of its one-year enlistment, Hoffman and other Marylanders joined the 30th Battalion Virginia Sharpshooters. Hoffman spent little time with the unit as he served on various detached duties. He remained in the army until the end of the war. Back in Baltimore, Hoffman became involved in the coal and railroad businesses. He died in 1926 at age 86, leaving behind a wife and children.
Killed at Iuka: “We Will Miss Him So Much”
A Maryland-born career soldier honored for courage in the Mexican War, Lewis Henry Little resigned his commission in 1861 and joined the Confederacy. At the March 1862 Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., he proved an aggressive leader. Six months later at the Battle of Iuka, Little commanded the left wing of Maj. Gen. Sterling Price’s army. As Little conferred with Price, a minié bullet struck him just above his left eye and came to rest at the back of his head. He died instantly.
An artilleryman confided in his diary, “We will miss him so much, for he took such good care of his men. His body was quietly laid to rest that night, in a hastily prepared grave in Iuka.” Little’s remains were later exhumed and reinterred in Green Mount Cemetery in his hometown of Baltimore.
Twice on the Casualty List
As a young man in the 1850s, Thomas Alfred Price left his home in Maryland to join a railroad survey team in North Carolina. When the war began, he lived in Statesville. Price promptly joined his adopted state’s 6th Infantry and fought in the First Battle of Manassas in July 1861, suffering a wound.
Two years later in Virginia, Price became a casualty again. On Nov. 7, 1863, U.S. forces captured him and most of the regiment at the Battle of Rappahannock Station. Transported to Old Capitol Prison in Washington, D.C., and then on to Johnson’s Island, Ohio, he spent the rest of the war in captivity. He signed the Oath of Allegiance to the U.S. Constitution in June 1865 and gained his release. He returned to Statesville, where he died in 1914, at age 78. He spent his last years at the North Carolina Confederate Soldiers’ Home in Raleigh.
An Inspiration to His Marylanders
When it became clear that Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan’s massive Army of the Potomac planned to move on Richmond in the spring of 1862, Confederates responded. On April 17, Marylanders struck tents, packed baggage, and marched towards points unknown. Two days later, footsore and hungry, the boys of the Old Line State had become dispirited. One of the commanding officers, realizing it was the first anniversary of the pro-secession riots in Baltimore, relaxed discipline, found a few kegs of drink and boxes of food, and cheered up everyone.
The officer, Lt. Col. Bradley Tyler Johnson, was a fervent supporter of the Confederacy. Born in Frederick and educated at Princeton and Harvard, he equipped a company of soldiers at his own expense and helped organize the 1st Maryland Infantry. A month after the first anniversary of the troubles in Baltimore, Johnson’s regiment defeated Union Col. John R. Kenly and his 1st Maryland Infantry at the Battle of Front Royal, part of Stonewall Jackson’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign. Johnson went on to fight in the Peninsula and Antietam campaigns, earn his brigadier’s star, and lead cavalry troops. He also served as commander of the post at the prisoner of war camp at Salisbury, N.C.
After the war, Johnson practiced law in Richmond and Baltimore, and dabbled in politics. He edited Gen. Joseph E. Johnston’s memoirs, which were published in 1891. Johnson noted in the preface: “There is a general feeling among our own people, as well as in the country at large, against any reminder of the sufferings of that war, and against any reminiscence, which brings back painful emotions. But it is right and just that our own children should understand the causes of our action, and that they should justify us for resisting such a civilization.”
Johnson lived until 1903. He was 74 years old.
Returning a Captured Sword
In 1894, the townspeople of Bath, Maine, received an unusually-shaped package from a former Confederate officer. Inside, they found a sword engraved “Presented to Lieut. S. Nash by the ladies of Bath” and a letter describing how it had been captured on the battlefield of Resaca 30 years earlier. He noted that now was time to return the sword in the spirit of national unity.
The Confederate, Capt. Charles Stephen Hill, a Baltimorean and graduate of Columbian College in Washington, D.C., had left his job as a bank teller in 1861 to join the army. He served briefly as an officer in the 1st Virginia Artillery before accepting a second lieutenant’s commission in the C.S. Army. He advanced to captain before the end of the year. Thus began a series of ordnance assignments on the staffs of generals William J. Hardee, Patrick Cleburne, Roswell S. Ripley and Nathan Bedford Forrest. Hill received praise from his superiors for his part in the 1863 defense of Fort Wagner and Morris Island, S.C., from the spring of 1863 until its abandonment in September. He then transferred to Cleburne’s staff in the Army of Tennessee. While serving in this capacity, Hill recalled, he had acquired the sword.
Hill’s good-faith return of the sword in 1894 to the people of Bath, Maine, turned out to be a case of mistaken identity. The sword had actually been presented to 1st Lt. Sumner L. Nash of the 163rd Ohio Infantry. He lived in Bath, Ohio. Nash, still alive, claimed to have lost the sword in another action later in 1864.
At the end of his service, Hill returned to Washington and worked as a clerk in the U.S. State Department. His passion for numbers led to his organization of the Census Analytical Association in 1888. It soon became known as the National Statistical Association. Hill died in 1896, widely respected as a government statistician. His wife and several children survived him.
The Heart and Soul of Confederate Maryland
It may be fairly stated that Baltimore’s George Hume Steuart did more than anyone to build a respected fighting force of Old Line State soldiers in the Confederate army. A graduate of West Point Class of 1848 and career soldier, he possessed natural gifts for order and method. When the war came, Steuart left his family estate with his father, a War of 1812 veteran, for the South. Their Baltimore home was seized by the federal government and converted to Jarvis U.S. General Hospital.
In Virginia, Steuart’s father proved too old for active duty. Steuart became the lieutenant colonel of the 1st Maryland Infantry, distinguished himself at the First Battle of Manassas and advanced to colonel. A strict disciplinarian, he whipped his Maryland boys into fighting shape. In early 1862 he received a brigadier general’s commission. He led his Marylanders in numerous engagements, including Stonewall Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign, the Battle of Gettysburg and the campaigns for Petersburg and Richmond, and Appomattox. Along the way, he suffered two battle wounds. Captured at Spotsylvania in 1864, he refused to shake the hand of Union Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock, an old army pal. According to one account, after Hancock extended his hand, “General Steuart drew himself up like a private at ‘attention’ and said: ‘I’m sorry, General Hancock, but under the circumstances I cannot accept your hand. I cannot shake hands with the enemies of my country.’”
Exchanged before the summer ended, he returned to his troops and surrendered at Appomattox. He left the army forever known as “Maryland” Steuart to distinguish him from another general, JEB Stuart.
Steuart returned to Baltimore and died there in 1903 at age 75.
Orders Given and Obeyed Cost a Colonel His Reputation
In the thick of combat, split-second life and death command decisions are part of leadership. For Emory Fiske Best, colonel of the 23rd Georgia Infantry his actions at the Battle of Chancellorsville, cost him everything. The Maryland-born son of a wealthy minister who enslaved 20 people, Best moved with his family to northwest Georgia during his youth. Best attended Lebanon College in Tennessee and embarked on a law career.
When the war came, he joined his local militia company, the Floyd Spring Guards, which became part of the 23rd. By the end of 1861 he advanced to major, and following the 1862 Peninsula Campaign received a promotion to lieutenant colonel. He served in this capacity during the Antietam Campaign, which found the regiment engaged at South Mountain and in vicinity of The Cornfield at Antietam. Best suffered a wound and fell into enemy hands. After his release, he returned to the 23rd and became colonel.
The following year at Chancellorsville, U.S. forces caught the Georgians off guard during the early afternoon of May 2, 1863. After skirmishers drove Best’s advance line back, and word came that he was at risk of being flanked, he ordered his men to retire a short distance and took up a new position at a railroad cut. Nearly surrounded, he ordered everyone to fall back. Most were captured. Best and about 40 of his men got away. His escape was interpreted as cowardice by some men who were unhappy with his leadership. Best was ultimately hauled before a court martial for his actions at Antietam and Chancellorsville. The trial failed to prove wrongdoing during the Antietam Campaign but held him accountable for Chancellorsville. He left the army in disgrace.
Best eventually settled in Washington, D.C., and worked as a lawyer for the Department of the Interior. He died in 1912 after suffering a stroke at his office desk.
Cousins Who Made the Ultimate Sacrifice at Gettysburg
Elizabeth Hayden and her son-in-law, Dr. John Reeves, arrived at Gettysburg’s Camp Letterman on a September day in 1863 after a 130-mile buggy ride from Red-House Farm in Southern Maryland. Elizabeth had only recently received word of the whereabouts of her 21-year-old son George, who had been wounded and captured in the recent battle.
George Carpenter Hayden left home in 1862 with other men to join the Confederate army. A letter he wrote referring to “ruthless intruders of Yankeedom” who invaded Maryland reveals the depth of his anger towards the U.S. government. Hayden enlisted in Company B of the 2nd Maryland Infantry and received a promotion to corporal. He served in this capacity, where he suffered a gunshot wound in his left knee during the struggle on Culp’s Hill on July 2-3 and fell into enemy hands. Surgeons amputated his leg at the thigh. He moved to Camp Letterman on August 5 as part of the consolidation of field hospitals that dotted the battlefield.
Hayden’s mother and brother-in-law arrived at Letterman too late. Hayden succumbed to exhaustion on September 23. Elizabeth and Dr. Reeves wrapped Hayden’s body in a blanket and loaded the remains into the buggy for burial in his homeland.
John Alexander Hayden followed his younger cousin George when they left southern Maryland for Virginia in 1862 and joined the army. Hayden also enlisted in Company B of the 2nd Maryland Infantry and fought with his cousin along Culp’s Hill, suffered a gunshot wound in his left shoulder and fell into enemy hands. Admitted to the Union Army of the Potomac’s 12th Corps hospital on July 4, he died there three days later. His burial place is unknown.
Gettysburg Claimed His Life and His Mothers’
The Hagerstown Female Seminary became a hospital for soldiers on both sides wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg. One of the Confederates, William Thomas Blackistone, had suffered a serious wound during the ferocious fighting on Culp’s Hill during the evening of July 2 into the next morning. Family members arrived from St. Mary’s County, on the southern tip of Maryland, to care for their son.
The son of a wealthy and respected attorney, Blackistone entered West Point in 1858 and, though deficient in his studies and conduct, was on track to graduate. Then the war intervened and he resigned to join the Confederate army. In Virginia, Blackistone applied for and received a lieutenant’s commission in the state’s provisional army. But after this organization disbanded as the Confederate army organized, the government rejected a new application based on the grounds that the 19-year-old did not meet the required age of 21. Disappointed but patriotic, he joined the ranks of the 1st Maryland Infantry.
On June 5, 1863, Blackistone, now 21, reapplied for a commission. The application made its way through Richmond’s red tape and received approval on August 18. Blackistone never knew it, having succumbed to his wounds on August 1. His mother, Ann, who nursed him at the Seminary, fell sick and died of disease on August 21. She was 42.
“Don’t Bury me Among the Damn Yankees Here”
On June 15, 1863, Maj. William Worthington Goldsborough and his 2nd Maryland Infantry captured Star Fort, part of the U.S. defenses of Winchester, Va. They took possession of it and about 200 enemy troops. According to one account, among the prisoners was William’s brother, Charles, the surgeon of the Union’s 5th Maryland Infantry. Charles went off to Libby Prison and William continued northward into Pennsylvania.
A couple weeks later at Gettysburg, William led his command into a suicidal charge at Culp’s Hill that devastated the regiment and left him in enemy hands with a life-threatening bullet wound in his left lung. During his recuperation in Baltimore, he met brother Charles, who had been paroled from Libby Prison.
William recovered and joined the prison population at Fort Delaware. Between August and October 1864, he became one of 600 officers sent to Charleston, S.C., and confined in a stockade in the line of enemy artillery fire for 45 days. The men would be forever remembered as “The Immortal Six Hundred.” The federals returned William to Fort Delaware for the war’s duration.
William moved to Winchester, where his brother was captured in 1863, and established the Winchester Times. His account of the war, The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army, was published in 1869. He later settled in Philadelphia. On his deathbed in 1901, William told his wife, “Don’t bury me among the damn Yankees here.” She had his body interred on “Confederate Hill” in Baltimore’s Loudon Park Cemetery.
Blockade Runnings by a Baltimore Businessman
The Dare, a sleek Scottish-built blockade runner, met its end on Debidue Beach, S.C., on Jan. 8, 1864. Two U.S. warships, the Montgomery and Aries, had pursued the Dare for about 60 miles before the crew ran it ashore. Bound from Nassau to Wilmington with cargo, federal crews boarded and burned the vessel.
The Dare’s crew escaped. It included Thomas Edward Hambleton, who had traveled to Glasgow to have the Dare built. A 35-year-old native of Carroll County and graduate of St. Mary’s College, he had joined his father’s wholesale dry goods company in Baltimore. In the 1850s, Hambleton and his brother, John, did significant business with Southern firms.
Hambleton left Baltimore in early 1863 for Virginia, enlisted in the 1st Maryland Cavalry, and paid a substitute to replace him. Then he turned to his real objective—selling Southern cotton for munitions. He facilitated contracts between the Confederate War Department and Northern dealers, formed the Richmond Importing and Exporting Company, and arranged the Dare’s construction. Hambleton is also associated with the Coquette, a blockade runner captured in February 1865 as it departed Charleston, where he posed for this portrait wearing a navy officer’s uniform.
Back in Baltimore, Captain Hambleton, as he became known, founded a successful banking house with his brother. Hambleton died a wealthy and prominent man in 1906 at age 78. His obituary in Confederate Veteran magazine observed that his wartime service resulted from patriotic motives rather than personal financial gain.
“I Fight Fairly and In Good Faith”
Colonel Harry Ward Gilmor’s leadership of a battalion of partisan rangers endeared him to his Southern brethren. British by birth and a Maryland Confederate by choice, he proved a thorn in the side of the U.S. Army. Gilmor is remembered for a daring series of raids around Baltimore during Lt. Gen. Jubal Early’s invasion of the North in the summer of 1864 that resulted in the Battle of the Monocacy and the Raid on Washington, D.C. In his 1866 memoirs, Four Years in the Saddle, Gilmor recalled meeting Early upon the conclusion of his raid: “When I told General Early with what ease I could have captured Baltimore with a few more men, he regretted heartily that a brigade had not been given me, and he did me the honor to say I had deserved promotion.” Gilmor added that he was offered larger commands, “but I preferred my battalion to any regiment in the army; it was the right kind of stuff, and all I wanted was more of them.”
The federals captured and released Gilmor three times during the war years: as a member of the Baltimore County Horse Guards following the April 1861 pro-secession riots in the city, during the 1862 Maryland Campaign as sergeant major of Col. Turner Ashby’s 7th Virginia Cavalry, and in February 1865 by Union scouts for Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan.
After the war, Gilmor returned to Maryland, where he became a colonel in the National Guard and served as police commissioner and mayor of Baltimore. Cancer took his life in 1883 at age 45. His death made national news and prompted an outpouring of grief by friends, acquaintances and Confederate veterans who appreciated his larger than life presence and the soldierly qualities prominently displayed on the title page of his memoirs: “I fight fairly and in good faith.”
Clubbed by a Musket at Weldon Railroad
U.S. forces seized part of the Weldon Railroad, breaking a critical Confederate supply line, on Aug. 18, 1864. Confederates, including the 2nd Maryland Infantry, attacked the same day to recapture it but were driven back. The Marylanders tried again the next day and in heavy fighting penetrated two blue lines and occupied a portion of the main Union fortifications. Enemy reinforcements counterattacked. In hand-to-hand-combat, a federal used his musket as a cudgel, slamming it over the spine of Maj. James Parran Crane of the 2nd.
Born in St. Mary’s County, Crane studied at the University of Virginia when the war began. He organized and became captain of the University Volunteers. It joined the 59th Virginia Infantry as Company G. The regiment disbanded so that students from outside Virginia could join home state regiments. Crane accepted a captaincy in the 2nd.
Crane’s injury at Weldon Railroad left him partially paralyzed in his left arm and leg and required four months to regain the use of his limbs. He rejoined the regiment in late 1864 and participated in the army’s final engagements, falling into enemy hands twice—the final time when Richmond fell in April 1865.
Crane survived, and eventually returned to Maryland. He practiced law until his death in 1916 at age 77. His second wife, Mollie, and six children survived him.
Brother of a Lincoln Conspirator
George William Arnold Jr. was one of many Washingtonians with Southern sympathies who left in 1861 and joined the Confederate army in Virginia. A Yale educated teacher born in Georgetown, he enlisted in the Engineer Corps and served in Richmond and Norfolk. In late 1862, he transferred to the Nitre and Mining Bureau, a critical agency responsible for supplying copper, lead, and other precious metals for military purposes. Promoted to artillery captain and stationed in Augusta, Ga., he traveled around the South as part of his duties. His two younger brothers, Charles Albert and Samuel Bland, both veterans of the 1st Maryland Infantry who left with disability discharges, appear to have joined him in Augusta as civilian contractors, according to research by author Nathaniel C. Hughes Jr. in Yale’s Confederates.
In early 1864, Charles and Sam returned to Maryland, possibly due to the illness of their mother, Hughes suggests. Arnold resigned and left Augusta with his family for Baltimore before the end of the year.
Following the assassination of President Lincoln in April 1865, authorities arrested brother Sam for his alleged connection to the plot hatched by John Wilkes Booth. A military tribunal found him guilty and sentenced him to life in prison along with other co-conspirators. In the fall of 1865, while Sam languished in prison, Arnold disappeared. A Yale classmate believed he had been murdered. His wife, Elizabeth, and two children survived him. She and her son are buried in unmarked graves in Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington. Her daughter, Fanny, married a Union officer and is buried alongside him in Arlington National Cemetery.
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FirstLight Statement on Flows and Fish Passage Settlement Filing for Northfield Mountain and Turners Falls Hydropower Projects
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FirstLight Power (FirstLight) today filed a Flows and Fish Passage Settlement Agreement (Agreement) with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) relative to the relicensing of the Turners Falls Hydroelectric Project1 and Northfield Mountain Pumped Storage Project, located on the Connecticut River in Western Massachusetts. The Agreement follows a decade-long process involving dozens of scientific studies…
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FirstLight
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https://firstlight.energy/firstlight-power-statement-on-flows-and-fish-passage-settlement-filing-for-northfield-mountain-and-turners-falls-hydropower-projects/
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March 31, 2023
FirstLight Power (FirstLight) today filed a Flows and Fish Passage Settlement Agreement (Agreement) with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) relative to the relicensing of the Turners Falls Hydroelectric Project1 and Northfield Mountain Pumped Storage Project, located on the Connecticut River in Western Massachusetts. The Agreement follows a decade-long process involving dozens of scientific studies and stakeholder engagement, collaboration, and negotiation to reach an agreement on the construction of fish passage facilities, providing recreational and ecological flows, protection of federally and state endangered species and aquatic habitat, and future project operations.
Signatories to this foundational Agreement include the federal and state agencies with responsibility for protecting the natural resources, aquatic species and habitats of the Connecticut River including the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, National Marine Fisheries Service, and the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, as well as leading nature and conservation organizations including The Nature Conservancy, American Whitewater, Appalachian Mountain Club, Crab Apple Whitewater, Inc., New England Flow, and Zoar Outdoor.
“Over the past several years, FirstLight has undertaken extensive collaboration with numerous public and private stakeholders across the wide variety of issues raised in this Relicensing process, and we are proud to have now reached this major settlement agreement to establish beneficial, science-based environmental protections for fish passage, endangered species habitat, and overall river health,” said Justin Trudell, Chief Operating Officer of FirstLight Power. “This agreement is a huge win for the environment by committing FirstLight to groundbreaking new investments to support and enhance the Connecticut River while protecting the critical role of these facilities in delivering electric system reliability and advancing the decarbonization of the electric grid in New England to combat the existential threat to our environment and our communities posed by climate change.”
The commitments made in this Agreement represent new direct investments in environmental protection measures, as well as reduced future revenue due to operational changes agreed to for the benefit of the river’s health and whitewater recreation access, collectively totaling over $350 million2. The Agreement requires FirstLight to invest in state-of-the-art upstream and downstream fish passage facilities to restore populations of migratory fish species, most notably American Shad, River Herring, Sea Lamprey, and American Eel, to the Connecticut River Basin. Committed investments associated with fish passage total approximately $152 million2. These include:
Construction of a new fish lift at the Turners Falls Dam allowing migratory fish to follow the natural route of the Connecticut River between Cabot Station and the Turners Falls Dam, where they can utilize additional spawning habitat in the Connecticut River.
Construction of upstream passage facilities designed specifically for American Eel to help restore the species within the Connecticut River Basin.
Installation of a seasonal barrier net to safely pass juvenile American Shad and adult silver phase American Eel by the Northfield Mountain Project.
Construction of a plunge pool below the Turners Falls Dam to provide a safe landing zone for fish migrating downstream over the dam.
Intake protection at Cabot Station and Station No. 1 and a downstream passage structure to safely move fish migrating down the Turners Falls Power Canal to the Connecticut River.
Funding for conservation, management, and restoration activities for the state-listed Cobblestone Tiger Beetle.
Funding for habitat improvement projects and American Shad and river herring management activities.
In addition to the construction of new upstream and downstream passage facilities, the Agreement includes performance goals relative to passing a percentage of migratory fish, to measure the effectiveness of the new upstream and downstream fish passage facilities. If effectiveness testing demonstrates performance goals are not achieved, FirstLight has committed to implementing other adaptive fish passage management measures to improve the fish passage performance of the facilities, after consultation with federal and state agencies.
The Agreement also establishes increased seasonal river flow regimes both between the Turners Dam and Cabot Station and below Cabot Station to enhance aquatic habitat and recreation flows for boaters, while allowing for the continued use of the facilities to generate renewable energy. These changes include:
A stabilized flow regime downstream of Cabot Station to protect the federally endangered Puritan Tiger Beetle, Shortnose Sturgeon and other aquatic species.
Enhanced flows between the Turners Falls Dam and Cabot Station to protect Shortnose Sturgeon, facilitate upstream passage of migratory fish to a new fish lift, and improve the habitat for a variety of native fish, invertebrates, and plant species.
Several improvements to flows and rate of water rise to protect Shortnose Sturgeon spawning habitat, dragonflies, and other fish, plants, and invertebrates.
Enhanced flows to support recreation boating use of the Connecticut River between the Turners Falls Dam and Cabot Station.
1 The Turners Falls Hydroelectric includes two projects on the Turners Falls canal including Station No. 1 and Cabot Station. Cabot Station is located at the end of the canal.
2 Values are presented in nominal dollars inclusive of inflation over the life of the license, using the inflation forecast by third party Oxford Economics.
ABOUT FIRSTLIGHT POWER
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https://www.nytimes.com/1862/09/10/archives/proclamation-of-gov-bradford-to-the-people-of-baltimore-state-of.html
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en
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PROCLAMATION OF GOV. BRADFORD.; TO THE PEOPLE OF BALTIMORE. STATE OF MARYLAND, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,
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"The New York Times"
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1862-09-10T05:00:00+00:00
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Gov. Bradford proclamation asks Baltimore citizens to volunteer to defend city
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en
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/vi-assets/static-assets/favicon-d2483f10ef688e6f89e23806b9700298.ico
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https://www.nytimes.com/1862/09/10/archives/proclamation-of-gov-bradford-to-the-people-of-baltimore-state-of.html
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ANNAPOLIS, Sept. 8, 1862.
Whereas, it has been represented to me upon authority which seems unquestionable, that a portion of the rebel army of the South, now in arms against the Union, have crossed our border, and is encamped upon our territory, menacing the City of Baltimore and other portions of the State with a hostile attack; and it is expedient besides all the powers with which the Government may be prepared to meet this daring invasion, that our own citizens should without delay, organize throughout the State such a militia force as may effectually assist in defending our homes and fireside against the assault of the invader.
I, therefore, in virtue of authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the State, hereby call upon her citizens to enroll themselves at once in volunteer military organization, that no possible power at command may be overlooked in preparing to meet every emergency. In the City of Baltimore, I would especially call upon our citizens to organize at once and complete the formation of the First Light Division of Maryland Volunteer Militia, in which several companies have been already filled, and their officers commissioned.
As a mistaken impression seems to exist, to some extent, of a purpose to offer to the government the services of this division, or some portion of it, as United States volunteers for nine months, and this impression may tend to retard the formation of the division, I would take this occasion to reiterate the assurance already given to many who have consulted me on the subject -- that no one by becoming a member of any company in that division places himself hereby in the power of the officers of the organization to transfer his services, without his consent, to the volunteer forces of the United States. Whilst opportunity will be given to any regiment or brigade connected with the division to make such tender of their services to the government, no member of any such regiment can be constrained to such a course by the majority of the command, nor without his individual visual consent.
With this understanding of the character of this military organization, I hope to see the ranks of the First Light Division immediately filled, prepared, when called into the service of the State or city, to respond effectually in maintaining their peace and ministering to their defence. At the same time, any portion of it disposed to extend the sphere of its usefulness, will have the opportunity, with the consent of the Government, of uniting their exertions with the other volunteers from Maryland in the service of the United States.
To the citizens of the several counties I would I would appeal, and especially commend to them the formation of volunteer cavalry companies, as better adapted than any other to the present emergency.
I have provided and am ready at once to distribute cavalry arms and accoutrement sufficient for all that will probably be organized; and while every effort will be made to arm and equip also all infantry volunteers that may offer, let our loyal citizens not wait for the [???] of arms, but organize everywhere without delay, and assist in driving from the state the invading host that now occupies its soil, armed with any weapon which opportunity have furnish.
Given under my hand and the Green Seal of the the State this 8th day of September, 1862.
By the Governor, A.H. BRADFORD.
WM. B. HILL, Secretary of State.
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https://www.emmitsburg.net/archive_list/articles/history/civil_war/confederate_invasion.htm
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en
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The Confederate Invasion (Part Two)
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John Allen Miller
Part one of the Military Engagements Around Emmitsburg during the Civil War, I discussed the Federal movements toward Gettysburg with the defensive position of the Pipe Creek Circular. Part two of this article is about the Confederate invasion toward Gettysburg. In 1961, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission issued a handbook that covers a good summary of the role the Keystone state played during the Civil War. However there was a lot of information that was missing. With this information complied with other sources of official reports, we will go into further detail of the Confederate Advance into Pennsylvania. During the Confederate Invasion of the Gettysburg Campaign, many small towns near Emmitsburg witnessed the passing of the Southern Army, towns such as Cashtown, Waynesboro, Fountaindale, and Fairfield to name a few.
The Confederate advance into Southern Pennsylvania has been gaining importance to many towns today. Many local Civil War historians are working hard to uncover the history of the Confederate advance toward the small town of Gettysburg. Their research has showed the importance of their towns and how they contributed to the Gettysburg Campaign. Many forgotten battles, engagements, and skirmishes are now being uncovered in many areas such as Shippensburg, Fountaindale, and also Greencastle. Many people are unaware that such battles even took place. As long as these towns remember their Civil War heritage, tourist and townsmen can gain a complete picture of this whole area from Hagerstown to York and from Waynesboro to Emmitsburg.
The commonwealth of Pennsylvania saw more than its share of the Civil War. Many volunteers filled the ranks of those regiments raised in Pennsylvania. Franklin County alone saw the its sons form several regiments such as the 2nd Pennsylvania Artillery, 21st Pennsylvania Cavalry, 35th Pennsylvania, 77th Pennsylvania Volunteers, 107th Pennsylvania Infantry, 126th Pennsylvania Infantry, 158th Pennsylvania Infantry, 182nd Pennsylvania Infantry, and former Africa-Americans filled the ranks in the U.S. Colored Troops of the 54th Mass to name a few. How many of these boys in blue would dream one day they be defending their homeland where they were born and raised. On June 15, 1863 one of the biggest cavalry battles of the Civil War occurred in Virginia at a cross road named Brandy Station. As the battles occurred in the Shenandoah Valley, the main Confederate Army was making its way into the North for its second invasion known as the Gettysburg Campaign.
The last days of June were crucial to both armies. The Confederate Cavalry kept the Federal Cavalry engaged, while General Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was crossing the Potomac River near Hagerstown, Maryland. At this time the Federal Army could not pinpoint General Lee's location, he had used the Catoctin and South Mountains as cover. During the last days of June, the Confederate Army moved about 50 miles into south-central Pennsylvania from Chambersburg. Parts of the southern army made their way to York even as far as the Susquehanna River outside of Harrisburg.
The first part of the northern invasion began on June 15, when Brigadier General A. G. Jenkins with 1,600 cavalry entered Pennsylvania and advanced toward Greencastle to Chambersburg, where they remained for two days. The Confederate Cavalry destroyed the railroad bridge at Scotland. Not strong enough to hold his position, General Jenkins retired from the Chambersburg area on June 17 backtracking toward Greencastle. He sent foraging parties in all directions, with one group reaching McConnellsburg. During this time period, skirmishes had developed on June 15th and on June 17th at Williamsport, Catoctin Creek, and at Point of Rocks, Maryland, while the main Confederate army was crossing the Potomac River near Williamsport, Maryland.
On June 19th, the Confederates were engaged at Middletown, Maryland and on June 21st a skirmish occurred at Frederick, Maryland. The Confederates in Frederick County were pinpointing the locations of any Federal troop movements that were in the area. On June 22nd a skirmish erupted along a mountain pass called Monterey near present day Blue Ridge Summit. Confederate General Albert Jenkins ran into an armed civilian militia. After several minutes of fighting, the civilians were forced to retire. Later that day General Jenkins withdrew toward Hagerstown and joined General Richard S. Ewell, who that was advancing on the soil of Pennsylvania in force.
The Confederate advance toward Gettysburg starts with the crossing of the Mason and Dixon Line. Two of General Ewells divisions, Major Generals Edward Johnson and Robert E. Rodes entered Pennsylvania on June 22 and advanced toward Greencastle, and was preceded by Jenkins cavalry. General Ewell crossed the over into Pennsylvania by way of modern day Route 11. From there his corps entered Greencastle by June 23rd-24th. Some light skirmishing erupted, but General Ewell pushed on toward Chambersburg the following day.
On June 25, Lieutenant General Ambrose P. Hill, accompanied by General Robert E. Lee, entered Pennsylvania with the Third Corps. Lieutenant General James Longstreets First Corps then followed, and on June 27 the entire force was encamped near Chambersburg. Two days later the divisions of these corps began to advance toward deeper into Pennsylvania nearing the little town of Gettysburg. It wasnt until Wednesday, July 1, when the Confederate force was strung out along the road with the advance unit beyond Cashtown and the rear still at Chambersburg.
Two cavalry forces were assigned to protect the Confederate flanks. To the west, Brigadier General John D. Imboden with 3,300 men entered the state on June 26 and posted himself near Mercersburg. Part of his force clashed on June 29 with Union scouts at McConnellsburg. To the east, Major General J. E. B. Stuart and a force of about 6,200 men entered Pennsylvania on June 30 and attacked Union cavalry at Hanover. Stuart was driven off, however, and found him unable to make liaison with the main Confederate army.
General Early entered Pennsylvania on June 23rd marching toward Waynesboro. Once at Waynesboro, General Early marched north on Black Gap Road (Modern Day 997). He traveled passed the little towns of Quincy, Mont Alto, and arriving at Black Gap on or near June 25(near the present day intersection of Route 30.) General Early and his Division changed directions heading East on the Chambersburg Pike. On June 26 East of Black Gap, General Earlys troops burned the ironworks at Caledonia. Theses ironworks belonged to Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, whose radical antislavery views were widely known.
Once his army passed through the mountain pass of Cashtown on June 26th, local citizens shot a Confederate soldier. General Early became outraged by this act and ordered the bushwhackers to be found. He even threatened to burn the town of Cashtown in order to bring justice for the shooting of one of his men. However, the accusing party was never found and Cashtown was never burned.
General Early came to a fork in the road to the right the road was called the Cashtown Road while the one on the left was called Hilltown Road. General Early himself took the road on the left splitting his command into two columns. A local family bible of a tavern owned by John Harding (today a Bed and Breakfast called the Harding House Inn) explains that General Early passed his property, and un-mounted from his horse stepping on a rock near the front door and walked in side. There he saw several ladies drinking tea and started to talk to them. General Early noticed a map on the wall of Adams County Pennsylvania. He took his knife, and cut the canvas map out and stuck it in his pocket. General Early said, I need this more than you do. General Early then remounted his horse and started to the hid of his command
From Cashtown, the larger part of Earlys forces passed north of Gettysburg, but Brigadier General John B. Gordons brigade of 2,800 men, supported by cavalry, advanced through the town on June 26, repulsing a detachment of the 26th Pennsylvania Militia on the way. This was known as the engagement of Rock Creek. The following day, while Gordon advanced directly on York, a cavalry battalion under Lieutenant Colonel E. V. White followed the railroad to Hanover Junction and destroyed a bridge there. Fearing Union opposition, White then fell back and marched north to rejoin General Gordon.
On Saturday, June 27, General Gordon received the surrender of York, which he entered and passed through on the following day. General Early, after having detached cavalry under Colonel William H. French to destroy the Susquehanna Bridge at York Haven, French entered York and sat up his headquarters.
From Greencastle Brigadier General George H. Steuart of Johnsons division was sent to McConnellsburg with 2,500 infantry and 300 cavalry to guard the Confederate left flank and to round up livestock and supplies. He rejoined the main force at Carlisle, where General Ewell arrived on Saturday, June 27.
In the face of Ewells advance, local militia forces fell back from Shippensburg to Carlisle after a brief skirmish. The local militia then fell back to Harrisburg, where two entrenchments called Fort Couch and Fort Washington were prepared on the west side of the Susquehanna on the heights overlooking the capital city. From Carlisle, General Jenkins and sat his headquarters at Mechanicsburg, and on June 29 he made a reconnaissance of the Harrisburg defenses. There were minor skirmishes near Oysters Point on June 28-29 and another at Sporting Hill on Tuesday, June 30. Confederate scouts ranged widely, and Harrisburg newspapers reported the sighting of enemy horsemen on the outskirts of Duncannon.
While this part of Ewells corps gained control of the railroad line between Hagerstown and Harrisburg, Earlys division moved eastward to cut the railroad between Baltimore and Harrisburg at York and to seize the bridge over the Susquehanna River between Wrightsville and Columbia. In attempt to destroy a vital bridge at Wrightsville, Pennsylvania, General Gordon failed to seize the bridge, when Union troops set fire to it on June 28. The flames spread into the town, and Gordons men helped to extinguish them. His troops returned to York the following day.
General Lee had meanwhile learned that Union troops had crossed the Potomac in pursuit of him, and he ordered Ewells corps to rejoin him. The first word received by Ewell at Carlisle indicated a concentration at Chambersburg; General Johnsons division marched southwest toward Chambersburg and encamped near Green Village. Later orders, named Cashtown; General Rodes (accompanied by Ewell) and Early both marched towards Heidlersburg, where on June 30 Rodess division camped at the town and Earlys about three miles to the east. To avoid delay, it was agreed that Rodes should proceed toward Cashtown by way of Biglerville, while Early followed a parallel route to the south through Hunterstown. Their westward march was cut short the next day by news that fighting had begun at Gettysburg, where A. P. Hills advance units had collided with Union cavalry.
Zora (not known as a town then) was a crossroad that led into Waynesboro, Emmitsburg, or Fairfield. Both armies had encamped and sat pickets along this intersection. Two miles north of these crossroads was a little town called Fountaindale. Many locals tell me that Fountaindale received its name from an actual fountain that belonged to Dale. Weather this is true or not, I dont think the answer will be found anytime soon. Fountaindale played a major role in the battle of Monterey and the Confederate retreat from the fields of Gettysburg, and proved to be a key route for the armies during the Civil War. Both armies felt the need to obtain and protect their positions at the foot of South Mountain. Fountaindale is located between Jacks Mountain, Beards Hill, and is connected to two major mountain gaps. Troops on both sides needed to keep the mountain Gaps open for communication proposes and the Confederates needed the gaps held open in case of a retreat. Scouts and pickets used the outskirts of Fountaindale to see the movements of troops that were coming from the direction of Emmitsburg, and Fairfield.
The clash between a small squad of Confederate Cavalry (who were attached to General Albert Jenkins) and Cole's Cavalry on June 28 was the first confrontation that occurred in the Fountaindale area. A small squad of Coles Cavalry Company C under the command is Sergeant Oliver Horner came upon some Rebel cavalrymen with 20 stolen horses in their possession. Fifteen out of the Confederate Raiders were captured and the horses were recovered. Sergeant Horner received special mention, having captured a Rebel officer who was a bearer of dispatches from General Lee to General Ewell. The dispatches were turned over to General Meade, commander of the Union forces, and were of great importance. Sergeant Horner was later promoted.
After the skirmish, Cole's cavalry retired toward the direction of Emmitsburg. While scouting near Monterey, members of the 14th Virginia spotted a Federal patrol, believing they were a militia. The Confederates tormented the New Yorkers by luring the Federal body into a trap. However, the New Yorkers did not pursue the Confederates.
On June 28th after a sharp skirmish developed near Fountaindale, Pennsylvania, the Federal cavalry under John Buford came into town moving towards Fairfield, investigating the rebel forces in the area. By June 29, 1863, General John Buford suspected a battle would soon erupt in south-central Pennsylvania. There he stood at the opening of Monterey Pass through South Mountain, and overlooking the Cumberland Valley. After seeing movements of the Confederates, General Buford retired to Fountain Dale.
The Confederate Cavalry under the command of General JEB Stuart crossed the Potomac River near Seneca Mills outside of Urbana, Maryland. General Stuart had orders from General Lee to scout the Federal positions and report back as soon as possible. In Rockville, Maryland General Stuart captured a wagon train from the Federal Cavalry. General Stuart was slowed by his prizes, which he lost in the skirmishes that took place in the next few days. On June 28th, General JEB Stuart was in Westminster, Maryland where he engaged in his second major fight while in Maryland. This fight was made by the First Delaware Cavalry, however outnumbered they were forced to retreat. Subsequently JEB Stuart made his way through Union Mills where he camped on the night of the 29th.
By June 29, 1863, Union General John Buford suspected a battle would soon erupt in south-central Pennsylvania. There he stood at the opening of Monterey Pass through South Mountain, and overlooking the Cumberland Valley. He saw the dust in the background toward the mountains in the Greencastle area. Making his way through Fairfield, Buford's Federal cavalry did not receive a worm welcome as he hope for. Many people feel this was because Fairfield had already saw the passing Confederate scouts and were afraid of what would happen to their town if anything was said.
On June 30th, General Buford at Fairfield spotted a large Confederate force. About 3000 Confederates on horse back were guarding General A.P. Hill's right flank. General Buford had his bugler sound the charge. The horses were running rapidly towards their counter parts. Guns were blazing over the ridge as residents in Fairfield began to run for cover. The ground shook with much anger as the clash of sabers echoed in the valley and hills. Then in the distance, the Confederates started to unhitch their cannon. By this time General Buford had called the engagement off. General Buford could not determine the location of the main Confederate army. If the cannon had fired, it could have been a sign for reinforcements to arrive. General Buford could not afford to take such a risk. The Confederates had won the skirmish and gave the main Confederate army time, which they desperately needed. As General Buford retreated, the Union cavalry ran as fast as it could. After taking the wrong road, General Buford ended up in Emmitsburg, and saw that the 11th Corps of General O Howard was encamped three miles from General Reynoldss Headquarters at Moritz Tavern Marsh Creek. General Burford made his way and handed over the information of the positions of the Confederate Army.
On June 30th, as JEB Stuart came into Hanover, PA, and was attacked by General Kilpatrick's command. It was General Custer and his men of the 7th Michigan Cavalry that managed to repel the Confederates at the battle of Hanover. The battle of Hanover was fought in the streets, and delayed General Stuart from rejoining General Lee. After leaving Hanover, General Stuart sought a route to rejoin General Lee.
In an all-night march he failed to get any news of General Early, who had gone to join General Lee, and he went on to Carlisle on July 1, only to find General Ewell who was also gone and the town in the hands of Union troops who refused to surrender. Stuart shelled the town briefly, burned the nearby barracks, and then set out for Gettysburg, the head of his column turning back from Carlisle and the rear going by way of Dillsburg.
General Stuart on route toward Gettysburg ran into resistance by troopers belonging to General Custers cavalry. Hunterstown is usually known as the oldest town in Adams County, named after the Hunters who settled the land in the 1700s. In General Custers official report he wrote:
On July 2, at the battle of Hunterstown, one squadron, under command of Captain Duggan, was detailed to hold the road leading into the town from the right front of it. One platoon was deployed as skirmishers on the left of the road leading into town from the rear. This platoon was actively engaged and did good service. The regiment sustained no loss upon this day.
The three-day battle at Gettysburg is known as the most bloodiest Civil War Campaign where over 50,000 casualties fell wounded, captured, and killed. These smaller engagements of Southern Adams, Franklin, and Northern Frederick Counties have been overshadowed due to the importance of the battle of Gettysburg. There are several small towns which impacted the Civil War in its own unique way. The histories of these towns are as vital as the actual battle of Gettysburg. They complete the history of the Gettysburg Campaign while the Confederate Invasion and the Pipe Creek Defensive Line tells the whole story of the Gettysburg Campaign.
As General Lee maneuvered his forces, Southern Adams, Franklin and Northern Frederick Counties found themselves right in the middle of the two armies. When Lees main force reached Chambersburg, he retained one corps there, and sent two others eastward through Gettysburg toward York and then onto Harrisburg. Later, when he learned of the approach of the Union army from the south, General Lee concentrated them from the north, making Gettysburg a geographical contest.
There is still more that needs to be uncovered in order to learned about the battles of Fountaindale, Monterey, and also Emmitsburg. Today there are no visible markers dedicated to those that fought in the battle of Fountaindale or to those who traveled along the Emmitsburg and Waynesboro Turnpike.
Read part one: General Meade's Pipe Creek Circular
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https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2022/Mr-Maria-Recalls-Miffy-First-Lights-Due-to-Burn-Hazard
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en
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Mr Maria Recalls Miffy First Lights Due to Burn Hazard
|
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Consumers should immediately stop using the recalled Miffy First Lights and visit https://www.mrmaria.com/bluemodule for instructions on how to determine which LED module is being recalled. Consumers who purchased the Miffy First LED Light at a local store, should bring the light to the store to have the module replaced free of charge. Consumers who purchased the light online (or if the retailer is no longer in business) should take one photo of the blue label on the bottom of the light and one photo of the date embossed underneath the right foot of the light and email both photos together with their shipping address and phone number to bluemodule@mrmaria.com to receive an upgraded LED module free of charge.
|
en
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/s3fs-public/favicon_cpsc.ico
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U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
|
https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2022/Mr-Maria-Recalls-Miffy-First-Lights-Due-to-Burn-Hazard
|
Name of Product:
Miffy First LED Lights
Hazard:
The recalled lights can overheat during use, posing a burn hazard.
Remedy:
Repair
Recall Date:
September 22, 2022
Units:
About 1,400
Recall Details
Description:
This recall involves Miffy First Lights with a blue color label on the bottom. The lights are about 12 inches tall and are made from silicone and have a white exterior in the shape of a rabbit. The LED light has a step dimmer and USB charger. The model number Mr LED 11 or Mr. LED 11A is printed on the blue-colored label on the bottom of the light. The recalled lights were produced in 2017 and 2018. The production year is embossed in a circle on the bottom right foot of the light; a “7” on the right side of the arrow represents 2017 and an “8” on the right side of the arrow represents 2018. Models with only a blue-colored label on the bottom of the unit are included in this recall.
Remedy:
Consumers should immediately stop using the recalled Miffy First Lights and visit https://www.mrmaria.com/bluemodule for instructions on how to determine which LED module is being recalled. Consumers who purchased the Miffy First LED Light at a local store, should bring the light to the store to have the module replaced free of charge. Consumers who purchased the light online (or if the retailer is no longer in business) should take one photo of the blue label on the bottom of the light and one photo of the date embossed underneath the right foot of the light and email both photos together with their shipping address and phone number to bluemodule@mrmaria.com to receive an upgraded LED module free of charge.
Incidents/Injuries:
None reported
Sold At:
Baby boutiques, gift shops and children’s stores nationwide, including MoMA, New York City; Clic Gallery, New York City; Albee Baby, New York City; Aldea Home, San Francisco; Modern Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas; and Tabletop, Potomac, Maryland from July 2018 through September 2019 for about $100.
Importer(s):
Cool Decor Company, of Miami, Florida (Mr. Maria is conducting this recall as Cool Décor is no longer in business)
Manufactured In:
China
Recall number:
22-226
Fast Track Recall
Note: Individual Commissioners may have statements related to this topic. Please visit www.cpsc.gov/commissioners to search for statements related to this or other topics.
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The recalled light’s battery can overheat and ignite the light’s plastic housing, posing fire and burn hazards to consumers.
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For information about other persons with the name George H. Steuart, see George H. Steuart.
George Hume Steuart (1790–1867) was a United States general who fought during the War of 1812, and later joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. His military career began in 1814 when, as a captain, he raised a company of Maryland volunteers, leading them at both the Battle of Bladensberg and the Battle of North Point, where he was wounded. After the war he rose to become major general and commander-in-chief of the First Light Division, Maryland Militia.
During John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, Steuart personally led a detachment of militia, and, as the prospect of civil war drew closer, he was among those who lobbied unsuccessfully for Maryland to secede from the Union. In 1861, at the start of the Civil War, Steuart left his home state of Maryland and joined the Confederacy, though at 71 years of age he was by then considered too old for active service. This did not prevent him from personally riding with Lee's army and even being captured at the First Battle of Manassas.
He is sometimes confused with his eldest son, Brigadier General George H. Steuart, who fought for the Confederacy at a number of major battles, eventually surrendering with General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox in 1865. Steuart died in 1867, his health and fortune ruined by his devotion to the Southern "lost cause".
Early life
[edit]
Steuart was born in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, on November 1, 1790, the eldest son of Dr James Steuart of Annapolis [1](1755–1846), and Rebecca Sprigg, who were married on November 4, 1788.[2] James Steuart was a physician who served in the Revolutionary War, and was the son of George Hume Steuart (1700–1784), a Loyalist politician and tobacco planter who was colonel of the Maryland horse militia under Governor Horatio Sharpe.[3]
The young Steuart grew up partly at Sparrow's Point, his family's plantation in the Chesapeake Bay, and partly at their residence in West Baltimore, a substantial estate known as Maryland Square. Later he studied at and graduated from Princeton University.[4] Steuart also had a younger brother, Richard Sprigg Steuart, who grew up to become a physician and was an early pioneer of the treatment of mental illness.[5]
War of 1812 - Bladensburg and North Point
[edit]
When war broke out between the United States and Great Britain, Steuart (then Captain Steuart) raised a company of Maryland volunteers, known as the Washington Blues,[6] part of the 5th Maryland Regiment[7] commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Sterett.[8] They saw action at the Battle of Bladensburg (August 24, 1814),[9] where the Americans, including the 5th Regiment, were routed by the British. Although the 5th had "evinced a disposition to make a gallant resistance", it was flanked by the redcoats and forced to retreat in some disorder.[10] After the battle, British forces entered Washington, D.C., and set fire to a number of buildings in the city.
Steuart's regiment fought better at the Battle of North Point (September 12, 1814),[1] where the militia were able to hold the line for an hour or so before making a fighting retreat during which Steuart was wounded.[11][12] Some of the militia regiments, such as the 51st, and some members of 39th, broke and ran under fire, but the 5th and 27th held their ground and were able to retreat in reasonably good order having inflicted significant casualties on the advancing enemy.[13] Corporal John McHenry of the 5th Regiment wrote an account of the battle:
"Our Regiment, the 5th, carried off the praise from the other regiments engaged, so did the company to which I have the honor to belong cover itself with glory. When compared to the [other] Regiments we were the last that left the ground...had our Regiment not retreated at the time it did we should have been cut off in two minutes."[13]
Although North Point was a tactical defeat for the Americans, it would prove a turning point in the War of 1812. The British took significant losses, including their commanding officer Major General Robert Ross, and, lacking the strength to take the city of Baltimore, they eventually withdrew.
Post-war career
[edit]
Steuart was soon promoted to lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Regiment,[14] and after the war he trained as a lawyer, being listed in the Baltimore City Directory of 1816 as Attorney-at-Law.[1] He was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates for Baltimore in 1827 and 1828, serving two one-year terms,[15] and in 1835 he stood unsuccessfully for election to Maryland's 4th congressional district, running as an independent candidate.[16] In around 1827 or 1828 his portrait was painted by the Baltimore portrait painter Philip Tilyard.[17]
First Light Division formed
[edit]
In 1833 a number of Baltimore regiments were formed into a brigade, and Steuart was promoted from colonel to brigadier general.[19] From 1841 to 1861 he was Commander of the First Light Division, Maryland Volunteer Militia.[20][21] Until the Civil War he would be the Commander-in-Chief of the Maryland Volunteers.[22][23] The First Light Division comprised two brigades: the 1st Light Brigade and the 2nd Brigade. The First Brigade consisted of the 1st Cavalry, 1st Artillery, and 5th Infantry regiments. The 2nd Brigade was composed of the 1st Rifle Regiment and the 53rd Infantry Regiment, and the Battalion of Baltimore City Guards.[18]
In 1843 Steuart reviewed his troops and those of a visiting regiment from Pennsylvania at Camp Frederick, accompanied by Governor David R. Porter of Pennsylvania and various senior officers. The event was attended by "an immense concourse of spectators",[23] and was commemorated in a lithograph published in the same year.
On July 19, 1844, the Boston City Greys visited Baltimore, and marched in parade with various companies of the 53rd Regiment. Steuart hosted a party for the visiting militia, which was held at his family estate in West Baltimore, known as Maryland Square. The event was celebrated by extensive coverage in the Baltimore American and, like the previous year's visit from Pennsylvania, was commemorated in a lithograph.[24]
Steuart also appears to have formed an acquaintance with the social reformer Dorothea Dix, who in July 1850 was his guest at Steuart's country residence Sparrow's Point on the Chesapeake Bay. Also a guest was the Swedish feminist and activist Fredrika Bremer, who wrote in a letter to her sister Agathe: "Late in the evening I sat in the most beautiful moonlight with Miss Dix on the veranda of General Stuarts' [sic] house, looking towards the shining river and the wide Chesapeake Bay, listening to the story of her simple yet remarkable life".[25] Dix was a campaigner for better treatment of the mentally ill, a subject which was also the life's work of Steuart's brother, the physician Richard Sprigg Steuart. Also among Steuart's social circle was the writer Washington Irving, who was a regular guest at Maryland Square.[26]
Know-Nothing elections
[edit]
Main article: Know-Nothing Riot of 1856
During the mid-1850s public order in Baltimore was threatened by the election of candidates of the Know Nothing party.[27] In October 1856 the Know Nothing Mayor Samuel Hinks was pressed by Baltimorians to order Steuart's militia in readiness to maintain order during the mayoral elections, as violence was anticipated. Hinks duly gave Steuart the order, writing that he should "hold yourself with your command, or such portion thereof as you may deem necessary, in readiness to march at a moment's warning, fully armed and equipped for active service".[28] In response, Steuart ordered his men to "assemble in marching order" on November 4 and await further orders.[28] However, perhaps fearful of greater violence, the mayor soon rescinded his order.[29] On October 31 he met with Steuart and requested that the general make his soldiers ready, but not assembled, and Steuart duly countermanded his original order.[28] On polling day violence soon broke out, with shots exchanged by competing mobs.[29] In the 2nd and 8th wards several citizens were killed, and many wounded.[30] In the 6th ward artillery was used, and a pitched battle fought on Orleans St between Know Nothings and rival Democrats, raging for several hours.[30] The result of the election, in which voter fraud was widespread, was a victory for the Know Nothings by around 9,000 votes.[30]
In 1857, fearing similar violence at the upcoming elections, Governor Thomas W. Ligon ordered Steuart to hold the First Light Division, Maryland Volunteers in readiness.[31] Ligon carried a "painful sense of duty unfulfilled" owing to the violence of the previous year, and was determined to maintain order.[32] However, Mayor Thomas Swann successfully argued for a compromise measure involving special police forces to prevent disorder, and Ligon once again balked at the use of military force. He did not formally rescind the order to Steuart's militia, but rather proclaimed that he did not "contemplate the use, upon that day of the military force which I have ordered to be enrolled and organized."[31][32] This time, although there was somewhat less violence than in 1856, the results of the vote were again compromised by the use of force and intimidation. Mayor Swann was duly re-elected, albeit in a heavily disputed ballot.[31]
Slavery and the coming of the Civil War
[edit]
Steuart's family were slaveholders and strong supporters of the South's "peculiar institution", although they supported the gradual abolition of slavery by voluntary means. In 1828 Steuart served on the board of managers of the Maryland State Colonization Society, of which Charles Carroll of Carrollton, one of the co-signers of the Declaration of Independence, was president. Steuart's father, James Steuart, was vice-president, and his brother Richard Sprigg Steuart was also on the board of managers.[33] The MSCS was a branch of the American Colonization Society, an organization dedicated to returning black Americans to lead free lives in African states such as Liberia. The society proposed from the outset "to be a remedy for slavery", and declared in 1833:
"Resolved, That this society believe, and act upon the belief, that colonization tends to promote emancipation, by affording the emancipated slave a home where he can be happier than in this country, and so inducing masters to manumit who would not do so unconditionally...[so that] at a time not remote, slavery would cease in the state by the full consent of those interested."[34]
In around 1842 Steuart inherited from his uncle William Steuart (1754–1838) "2,000 acres, in several tracts of land, the best of which was Mount Steuart; and 125 slaves", becoming himself a substantial landowner and slaveholder.[35] In 1846 his father James Steuart died, and he inherited Maryland Square, his family's mansion in the western suburbs of Baltimore.[36]
John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry
[edit]
In 1859 Steuart's militia participated in the suppression of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, an abortive attempt to ignite a slave rebellion.[22] Steuart personally led six companies of Militia: the City Guard, Law Greys and Shields Guard from Baltimore, and the United Guards, Junior Defenders and Independent Riflemen from the city of Frederick.[18] The departing Baltimore militia were cheered on by substantial crowds of citizens and well-wishers.[37] After Harper's Ferry, militias in the South began to grow in importance as Southerners began to fear slave rebellion inspired by Northern Abolitionists.[38]
The following year, in a letter to the National Intelligencer on November 19, 1860, Steuart congratulated the editors on their support for the Fugitive Slave Acts, and set out his own support for the Supreme Court's 1857 decision to uphold slavery in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford. He also criticized the recent election of then President-elect Abraham Lincoln on a platform opposed to slavery. Steuart argued for "the invalidity of Lincoln's election, because of the negro votes cast and counted for him in the states of New York, Ohio, and Massachusetts".[39]
In 1861, as war grew closer, Steuart established a family trust, administered by four of his sons, in order to look after his large family. The trust income consisted chiefly of ground rents from his estates.[40]
Civil War
[edit]
See also: Baltimore riot of 1861
By April 1861 it had become clear that war was inevitable. On April 16 Steuart's eldest son, George H. Steuart, then an officer in the United States Army, resigned his captain's commission to join the Confederacy.[41] On April 19 Baltimore was disrupted by riots, during which Southern sympathizers attacked Union troops passing through the city by rail, causing what were arguably the first casualties of the Civil War. Steuart ordered his militia to assemble, armed and uniformed, to repel the Federal soldiers,[22] as Steuart himself was strongly sympathetic to the Confederacy, along with most of his senior officers. It is possible that he may even have contemplated an invasion of Washington DC.[42] Perhaps knowing this, and no doubt aware that public opinion in Baltimore was divided, Governor Thomas Holliday Hicks refused to order out the militia.[43] Steuart's eldest son commanded one of the city militias during the disturbances of April 1861 and, in a letter to his father, the younger Steuart wrote:
"I found nothing but disgust in my observations along the route and in the place I came to – a large majority of the population are insane on the one idea of loyalty to the Union and the legislature is so diminished and unreliable that I rejoiced to hear that they intended to adjourn...it seems that we are doomed to be trodden on by these troops who have taken military possession of our State, and seem determined to commit all the outrages of an invading army."[44]
Steuart's brother, the physician Richard Sprigg Steuart, was also in Baltimore during the riots and he held a somewhat different view of the state of public opinion in the city:
"I happened to be in Baltimore on the night of the 19th April 1861, and witnessed the outburst of feeling on the part of the people. Generally, when the Massachusetts troops were passing thru the city of Baltimore, it was evident to me that 75 p.c. of the population was in favour of repelling these troops. Instinctively the people seemed to look upon them as intruders, or as invaders of the South, not as defenders of the City of Baltimore. How or by whom the first blow was given can not be now ascertained, but the feeling of resistance was contagious and powerful. The Mayor of the City, nevertheless, though it his duty to keep the peace and protect these troops in their passage thru Baltimore."[45]
Steuart and his son made strenuous efforts to persuade Marylanders to secede from the Union, and to use the militia to prevent the occupation of the State by Union soldiers. But by April 25 his efforts had become largely defensive. In a letter of the same date he wrote to Governor of Virginia John Letcher stating that he was:
"very anxious to hold a strong position at or near the Relay House so as to guard and keep open [railway communications] and at the same time cutting it off from Washington"[46]
Steuart's efforts to persuade Maryland to secede from the Union were in vain. On April 29, the Maryland Legislature voted 53–13 against secession. and the state was swiftly occupied by Union soldiers to prevent any reconsideration.
Flight to Virginia
[edit]
The political situation remained uncertain until May 13, 1861, when Union troops occupied the state, restoring order and preventing any further move to secession, and by late summer Maryland was firmly in the hands of Union soldiers. Arrests of Confederate sympathizers soon followed, and General Steuart fled to Charlottesville, Virginia, after which much of his family's property was confiscated by the Federal Government.[47] Maryland Square was seized by the Union Army and re-named Camp Andrew after Massachusetts Governor John Albion Andrew, a noted abolitionist.[48] Union troops were quartered in Steuart's mansion and Jarvis Hospital was soon erected on the grounds of the estate, to care for Federal wounded.[49]
Steuart was not alone in fleeing to Virginia to join the Confederacy. Many members of the newly formed Maryland Line in the Confederate army would be drawn from Steuart's Maryland militia,[50] though at age 71 Steuart was personally judged too old for active service. Despite this, he spent much of the war following the Confederate army and was present at or near a number of battles,[51] including Gettysburg,[52] and the First Battle of Manassas, where he was so close to the fighting that he was actually captured by Union forces. Fortunately, when it was discovered he was not a serving officer in the Confederate army he was soon released.[53]
The cost of war
[edit]
Steuart is often confused with his eldest son, Brigadier General George H. Steuart,[54] who rose rapidly in the Confederate command, distinguishing himself at the First Battle of Manassas and fighting for the South at many battles including Cross Keys, Winchester and Gettysburg. Wounded, captured and exchanged, the younger Steuart would eventually surrender with General Lee at Appomattox. Local residents in Baltimore would come to know father and son as "The Old General" and "The Young General".[55]
Steuart's third son, Lieutenant William James Steuart (1832–1864), also fought for the Confederacy. During the Battle of the Wilderness he was severely wounded in the hip, and was sent to Guinea station, a hospital for officers in Richmond, Virginia. There, on 21 May 1864, he died.[56] A friend of general Steuart at the University of Virginia wrote to his bereaved father:
"You will not charge me, I trust, with intruding on the sacredness of your grief, if I cannot help giving expression to my deep, heartfelt sympathy with your great sorrow. You have sacrificed so much for the righteous cause already, that I know you will present this last and most precious offering also with the fortitude of your character and the submission of a Christian. Still, I know how valuable this son of yours had been to your interests, how dear to your heart, and I cannot tell you, with what deep and sincere grief I heard of your terrible loss."[57]
Steuart's brother, the physician Richard Sprigg Steuart, chose not to leave Maryland, remaining in his home state throughout the war, though his open support for the Confederacy meant that he too became a fugitive from the federal authorities. Baltimore resident W W Glenn described him as living in constant fear of capture:
"I was spending the evening out when a footstep approached my chair from behind and a hand was laid upon me. I turned and saw Dr. R. S. Steuart. He has been concealed for more than six months. His neighbors are so bitter against him that he dare not go home, and he committed himself so decidedly on the 19th April and is known to be so decided a Southerner, that it more than likely he would be thrown into a Fort. He goes about from place to place, sometimes staying in one county, sometimes in another and then passing a few days in the city. He never shows in the day time & is cautious who sees him at any time. He has several negroes in his confidence at different places."[58]
General Steuart corresponded regularly with a friend, Sally J. Newman, in Hilton, Va. during course of the war. In these letters, which are held by the Maryland Historical Society, Steuart deplores Negro suffrage and the general condition of the country.[40]
After the war
[edit]
Steuart's dedication to the "Lost Cause" of the Confederacy would prove a disaster for him and his family. Although Maryland Square was restored to him after the war, neither he nor his children would live there again.[59] Jarvis hospital was closed in 1865, at the war's end, and in the summer of 1866 the buildings were auctioned off, permitting successful bidders 10 days from the date of auction in which to remove their purchases from the grounds.[60]
After the war Steuart travelled to Europe, but returned to Maryland in 1867,[51] where he died on October 21, 1867, age 77. He is buried at Greenmount Cemetery, Maryland, along with his wife, eldest son and other members of his family.[61]
Family life
[edit]
Steuart married Ann-Jane Edmondson in Baltimore on May 3, 1836. They had 10 children:
George H. Steuart (1828–1903), Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War.
Isaac Edmondson Steuart (1830–1891). Suffered from mental illness and was "in and out of mental institutions" for much of his life.[40]
Lieutenant William James Steuart (1832–1864), C.S.A. Killed at the Battle of the Wilderness, 1864.[56]
Thomas Edmondson Steuart (1834–1866)
Dr James Henry Steuart (1835–1892)
Mary Elizabeth Steuart (1837–1840)
Ann Rebecca Steuart (1839–1865)
Charles David Steuart (1841–1921). Like his older brother Isaac, suffered from mental illness and was "in and out of mental institutions" for much of his life.[40]
Margaret Sophia Steuart (1843–1860)
Henrietta Elizabeth Steuart (1846–1867)[62]
Legacy
[edit]
Perhaps not surprisingly, as Maryland had remained loyal to the Union, there is no monument to Steuart in his home state. Maryland Square was demolished in 1884, and little trace of his mansion, or Jarvis Hospital, remains today. However, in 1919 the Sisters of Bon Secours themselves opened a hospital, their first in the United States, at 2000 West Baltimore Street, very near the location of the former Jarvis Hospital.[63] The Grace Medical Center continues to flourish today, and forms an important part of the modern neighbourhood, which still retains the name of Steuart Hill.[59][64]
See also
[edit]
American Civil War portal
History of the Maryland Militia in the Civil War
Maryland Line (CSA)
Notes
[edit]
References
[edit]
Andrews, Matthew Page, History of Maryland, Doubleday Doran & Co, New York City (1929).
Brackenridge, Henry Marie, p.249, History of the Late War between the United States and Great Britain, Philadelphia (1836). Retrieved Jan 15 2010
Field, Ron, et al., The Confederate Army 1861-65: Missouri, Kentucky & Maryland[permanent dead link] Osprey Publishing (2008), Retrieved March 4, 2010
George, Christopher T Terror on the Chesapeake, The War of 1812 on the Bay, White Mane Books (2000).
Goldsborough, W. W., The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army, Guggenheimer Weil & Co (1900), ISBN 0-913419-00-1.
Gurley, Ralph Randolph, Ed., p.251, The African Repository, Volume 3 (1827). Retrieved Jan 15 2010
Hanson, George Adolphus, Old Kent: The Eastern Shore of Maryland: Notes Illustrative of the Most Ancient Records Of Kent County, Maryland Published by John P. Des Forges (1876), ASIN: B0013KKEXE. Retrieved on Jan 11 2011
Harrison, Bruce, The Family Forest Descendants of Lady Joan Beaufort[permanent dead link] Retrieved August 28, 2010
Hickey, Donald R., The War of 1812, a Forgotten Conflict, University of Illinois Press (October 1, 1990) ISBN 0-252-06059-8 Retrieved January 11, 2010
Hickman, Nathaniel, p.100, The Citizen Soldiers at North Point and Fort McHenry, September 12 & 13 1814, published by James Young (1889). Retrieved Jan 14 2010
Leventhorpe, Collett, p.110, The English Confederate - The Life Of A Civil War General, 1815-1889 McFarland & Company (2006) Retrieved Jan 11 2010
Marine, William Matthew, The British Invasion of Maryland, 1812-1815 Nabu Press (2010) ISBN 1-176-49230-6 Retrieved Jan 14 2010
Melton, Tracy Matthew, Hanging Henry Gambrill - The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore (2005) ISBN 0-938420-93-3
Mitchell, C. W., Maryland Voices of the Civil War, Johns Hopkins University Press (2007)
Nelker, Gladys P., The Clan Steuart, Genealogical Publishing (1970).
Papenfuse, Edward C. et al., Archives of Maryland, Historical List, new series, Vol. 1. Annapolis, MD: Maryland State Archives (1990).
Richardson. Hester Dorey, Side-Lights on Maryland History: With Sketches of Early Maryland Families, Tidewater Publishing, 1967. ASIN: B00146BDXW, ISBN 0-8063-0296-8, ISBN 978-0-8063-0296-6.
Shirk, Ida M., p.160, Descendants of Richard & Elizabeth (Ewen) Talbott of Popular Knowle Retrieved January 2012
Sjoberg, Leif, American Swedish (1973) Retrieved February 2011
Sparks, Jared, and others, p.168, The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, Volume 10 Retrieved August 29, 2010
Steuart, George H., Letter to the National Intelligencer dated November 19, 1860, unpublished, Archive of the Maryland Historical Society.
Steuart, James, Papers, Maryland Historical Society, unpublished.
Steuart, William Calvert, Article in Sunday Sun Magazine, "The Steuart Hill Area's Colorful Past", Baltimore, February 10, 1963.
Sullivan, David M., The United States Marine Corps in the Civil War: The First Year, White Mane Publishing, (1997) Retrieved Jan 13 2010
White, Roger B, Article in The Maryland Gazette, "Steuart, Only Anne Arundel Rebel General", November 13, 1969.
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https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/articles-and-essays/timeline/the-american-revolution/
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George Washington Papers
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A timeline of George Washington's military and political career during the American Revolution, 1774-1783.
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The Library of Congress
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The American Revolution
A timeline of George Washington's military and political career during the American Revolution, 1774-1783.
1774 | 1775 | 1776 | 1777 | 1778 | 1779 | 1780 | 1781 | 1782 | 1783
Timeline
July 6-18, 1774
Attends meetings in Alexandria, Virginia, which address the growing conflict between the Colonies and Parliament. Washington co-authors with George Mason the Fairfax County Resolves, which protest the British "Intolerable Acts"--punitive legislation passed by the British in the wake of the December 16th, 1773, Boston Tea Party. The Fairfax Resolves call for non-importation of British goods, support for Boston, and the meeting of a Continental Congress.
July 18, 1774
The Resolves are presented to the public at the Fairfax County Courthouse. Fairfax Resolves
September 5 - October 26, 1774
The First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia. Washington serves as a delegate from Virginia.
October 9, 1774
While attending the First Continental Congress, Washington responds to a letter from Captain Robert Mackenzie, then in Boston. Mackenzie, a fellow Virginia officer, criticizes the behavior of the city's rebellious inhabitants. Washington sharply disagrees and defends the actions of Boston's patriots. Yet, like many members of Congress who still hope for reconciliation, Washington writes that no "thinking man in all North America," wishes "to set up for independency." George Washington to Robert Mackenzie, October 9, 1774
April 19, 1775
The battles of Lexington and Concord.
1775
Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys, and Benedict Arnold and the Massachusetts and Connecticut militia, take Fort Ticonderoga on the western shore of Lake Champlain, capturing its garrison and munitions.
May 10, 1775
The Second Continental Congress convenes. Washington attends as a delegate from Virginia.
May 18, 1775
Congress learns of the capture of Fort Ticonderoga and that military reinforcements from Britain are on their way to North America.
May 25, 1775
British generals William Howe, Henry Clinton, and John Burgoyne arrive in Boston with reinforcements for military commander Thomas Gage. July 12, Howe's brother Admiral Richard Howe will arrive in North America with a large fleet of warships.
May 26, 1775
Congress resolves to begin preparations for military defense but also sends a petition of reconciliation, the "Olive Branch Petition," to King George III.
June 12, 1775
British General Thomas Gage declares Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion. He offers amnesty for all who lay down their arms--except for Samuel Adams and John Hancock.
June 14, 1775
Debate begins in Congress on the appointment of a commander in chief of Continental forces. John Hancock expects to be nominated but is disappointed when his fellow Massachusetts delegate, John Adams, suggests George Washington instead as a commander around whom all the colonies might unite. June 15, Washington is appointed commander in chief of the Continental Army. The forces from several colonies gathered in Cambridge and Boston become the founding core of that army.
June 16, 1775
Washington makes his acceptance speech in Congress. As a gesture of civic virtue, he declines a salary but requests that Congress pay his expenses at the close of the war. On July 1, 1783, Washington submits to the Continental Board of Treasury his expense account. George Washington's Revolutionary War Expense Account
June 17, 1775
The battle of Bunker or Breeds Hill.
June 27, 1775
Congress establishes the northern army under the command of Major General Philip Schuyler, and to prevent attacks from the north, begins planning a campaign against the British in Canada.
July 3, 1775
Washington assumes command of the main American army in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where it has been laying siege to British-occupied Boston.
July 4, 1775
Washington issues general orders to the army, announcing that they and those who enlist "are now Troops of the United Provinces of North America," and expressing hope "that all Distinctions of Colonies will be laid aside; so that one and the same Spirit may animate the whole, and the only Contest be, who shall render, on this great and trying occasion, the most essential service to the Great and common cause in which we are all engaged." General Orders, July 4, 1775
July 6, 1775
Congress approves and arranges for publication of A Declaration by the Representatives of the United Colonies of North America...., written by Thomas Jefferson and John Dickinson. Unlike Jefferson's Declaration of Independence of a year later, this document blames Parliament primarily and King George III secondarily for the Colonies' grievances.
July 12, 1775
Congress establishes commissions on Indian relations for the north, middle, and southern regions of the Colonies.
July 31, 1775
Congress rejects a proposal for reconciliation from the North Ministry. The proposal is sent to prominent private individuals instead of to Congress and falls short of independence.
August 1775
Washington establishes a naval force to battle the British off the New England coast and to prey on British supply ships.
August 23, 1775
King George III declares all the Colonies to be in a state of rebellion.
September 6, 1775
Washington's final draft of his "Address to the Inhabitants of Canada" calls for their support in the war for independence. Benedict Arnold will carry the Address on his march through the Maine wilderness to take Quebec. On the same day, Washington calls for volunteers from among his own army to accompany Benedict Arnold and his Virginia and Pennsylvania militia. Address to the Inhabitants of Canada, September 6, 1775 | George Washington's Revolutionary War Expense Account: September 28, 1775, expenses for printing copies of the "Address" by Ebenezer Gray
September 28, 1775
Washington writes the Massachusetts General Court, introducing an Oneida Chief who has arrived at the Continental army encampment in Cambridge. Washington believes he has come "principaly to satisfy his Curiosity." But Washington hopes he will take a favorable report back to his people, with "important Consequences" to the American cause. The Oneidas are members of the Iroquois or Six Nation League of the upper New York region. To preserve their lands from incursions by either side, the League attempts a policy of neutrality. The Revolution, however, causes a civil war among the Iroquois, and the Oneidas are one of the few tribes to side with the Americans. George Washington to Massachusetts General Court, September 28, 1775
October 4, 1775
Washington writes Congress about the treasonous activities of Dr. Benjamin Church. Church, a leading physician in Boston, has been active in the Sons of Liberty, in the Boston Committee of Correspondence, and the Massachusetts Committee of Safety and Provincial Congress. At the same time, however, he has been spying for British military commander of Boston Thomas Gage. In his October 5 letter to Congress, Washington describes how one of Church's letters to Gage was intercepted. Eventually Church is tried by several different courts and jailed. In 1778, he is allowed to go into exile. He is lost at sea on his way to the West Indies. Congress passes more severe penalties for treason as a result of this case. George Washington to Congress, October 5, 1775
October 18, 1775
A British squadron under command of Lieutenant Henry Mowat bombards and burns the Falmouth (Portland, Maine) waterfront after providing inhabitants time to evacuate the area. Washington writes the governors of Rhode Island and Connecticut, October 24, enclosing an account of the attack by a Falmouth citizen, Pearson Jones, and severely criticizing the British for not allowing enough time for inhabitants to remove their belongings. When Mowat briefly comes ashore on May 9, he is captured by Brunswick, Maine, citizens, but they are persuaded by Falmouth town leaders to let him go. Pearson Jones's Account of the Destruction of Falmouth, October 24, 1775
October 24, 1775
Washington writes to the Falmouth, Maine, Safety Committee to explain why he cannot send the detachment from his army they request. Throughout the war, the British attempt to lure Washington into committing his whole army to battles he cannot win, or, into weakening it by sending out detachments to meet British incursions. George Washington to Falmouth, Maine, Safety Committee, October 24, 1775
November 1, 1775
Congress learns of King George's rejection of the Olive Branch Petition, his declaration that the Colonies are in rebellion, and of reports that British regulars sent to subdue them will be accompanied by German mercenaries.
November 5, 1775
General Orders, Washington reprimands the troops in Cambridge for celebrating the anti-Catholic holiday, Guy Fawkes Day, while Congress and the army are attempting to win the friendship of French Canadian Catholics. He also writes commander of the northern army, Philip Schuyler, on the importance of the acquisition of Canada to the American cause. George Washington, General Orders, November 5, 1775 | George Washington to Philip Schuyler, November 5, 1775
December 31, 1775
Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery and their forces join on the St. Lawrence River to attack Quebec. Montgomery has recently taken Montreal and has replaced Philip Schuyler, then weakened by illness, as commander of the northern army. During the attack, Montgomery is killed immediately and Arnold is wounded. The attack fails, but Arnold follows it with a siege of the city, which also fails. On June 18, 1776, Arnold will be the last to retreat from Canada and the still undefeated city of Montreal, then commanded by Sir Guy Carleton. On January 27, Washington will write Arnold to commiserate with him on the failure of the campaign. Arnold is commissioned a brigadier general in the Continental Army on January 10, 1776. George Washington to Benedict Arnold, January 27, 1776
January 7, 1776
Washington writes Connecticut governor Jonathan Trumbull from Cambridge. Washington has "undoubted intelligence" that the British plan to shift the focus of their campaign to New York City. The capture of this city "would give them the Command of the Country and the Communication with Canada." He intends to send Major General Charles Lee to New York to raise a force there to defend the City. George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, January 7, 1776 | George Washington to Charles Lee, January 30, 1776
February 4, 1776
Major General Charles Lee and British General Henry Clinton both arrive in New York City on the same day. Lee writes that Clinton claims "it is merely a visit to his Friend Tryon" [William Tryon, the former royal governor of New York]. "If it is really so, it is the most whimsical piece of civility I ever heard." Clinton claims that he intends heading south where he will receive British reinforcements. Lee writes, "to communicate his plan to the Enemy is too novel to be creditted." Clinton does eventually head south, receiving his reinforcements at Cape Fear on March 12.
March 27, 1776
The British evacuate Boston. Washington writes Congress with the news of this and of his plans for detaching regiments of the Army in Cambridge to New York under Brigadier General John Sullivan, with the remainder of the Army to follow. George Washington to Congress, March 27, 1776
April 4, 1776
Washington leaves Cambridge, Massachusetts with the Army and by April 14 is in New York.
April 17, 1776
Washington writes the New York Committee of Safety. New York has not yet come down decisively on the side of independence, and merchants and government officials are supplying the British ships still in the harbor. Washington, angry at the continued communication with the enemy, asks the Committee if the evidence about them does not suggest that the former Colonies and Great Britain are now at war. He insists that such communications should cease. George Washington to the New York Safety Committee, April 17, 1776
June 1776
South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia begin campaigns to crush the Overhill Cherokees. The British Proclamation of 1763 limited frontier settlement to the eastern side of the Appalachians to prevent incursions into Indian lands and resulting costly wars. But the Proclamation has not been observed and hostilities between white settlers and Cherokees have grown over the decades. Supplied with arms by the British, the Overhill Cherokees begin a series of raids. State militias respond with expeditions and raids of their own. By the Treaty of DeWitt's Corner, May 1777, the Cherokees cede almost all their land in South Carolina. Similar treaties result in land cessions to North Carolina and Virginia.
June 4, 1776
A British fleet under command of Commodore Sir Peter Parker with Clinton and his reinforcements approaches the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.
June 28, 1776
The British begin bombardment of Fort Sullivan in Charleston harbor. Failing to take the Fort, the British retreat to New York.
June 29, 1776
General William Howe, and his brother, Admiral Richard Howe, arrive in New York harbor from Boston. In late June, the American army from the campaign against Montreal and Quebec reassembles at Fort Ticonderoga.
July 9, 1776
Washington leads an American Independence celebration in New York City, reading the Declaration of Independence to the troops and sending copies of it to generals in the Continental Army. George Washington to General Artemas Ward, July 9, 1776
July 14, 1776
The Howe brothers attempt to contact Washington to open negotiations, but Washington refuses their letter which is addressed to "George Washington, Esq., etc., etc.," a form of address appropriate for a private gentleman rather than for the commander of an army.
August 20, 1776
British forces, concentrated on Staten Island, cross over to Long Island for the war's first major battle. Washington has approximately 23,000 troops, mostly militia. Commanding Continental officers participating are Lord Stirling (William Alexander), Israel Putnam, John Sullivan, and Nathanael Greene. Howe has approximately 20,000 troops.
August 27, 1776
Howe attacks on Long Island and the American lines retreat. Lord Stirling holds out the longest before surrendering the same day. Robert H. Harrison, one of Washington's aides, writes Congress with news of the day's battle and information on Washington's current whereabouts on Long Island. Robert H. Harrison to Congress, August 27, 1776
August 28-29, 1776
During a heavy night fog, Washington and his army silently evacuate Long Island by boat to Manhattan, escaping almost certain capture by Howe's army.
August 31, 1776
Washington writes Congress about the evacuation and about a forthcoming request from British General William Howe to meet with members of Congress. A formal request from Howe is sent to Congress via captured American general, John Sullivan. A committee made up of Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Edward Rutledge meet with Howe on September 6. But discussions cease when the committee learns that Howe's only offer is that if the rebels lay down their arms, they may await the generosity of the British government. George Washington to Congress, August 31, 1776
September 15, 1776
Howe's army attacks Manhattan at Kip's Bay, where a Connecticut militia unit flees in fear and confusion. Washington writes Congress, calling the rout "disgraceful and dastardly conduct," and describing his own efforts to halt it. On September 16, the same unit redeems itself in the battle of Harlem Heights. In his September 17 general orders, Washington praises the officers and soldiers, noting the contrast to the "Behavior of Yesterday." George Washington to Congress, September 16, 1776 | George Washington, General Orders, September 17, 1776
September 24, 1776
Washington writes Congress on the obstacles to creating a permanent, well-trained Continental Army to face the regulars of the British Army and describes his frustrations in employing local militia units. He closes by acknowledging the traditional fears of a "standing army" in a republic but urges Congress to consider that the war may be lost without one. George Washington to Congress, September 24, 1776
September 26, 1776
Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Thomas Jefferson are named American commissioners to France by Congress.
October 11-13, 1776
Benedict Arnold wins the naval battle of Valcour Island off Crown Point. A small victory, it nonetheless causes Sir Guy Carleton to delay plans for an invasion from Canada.
October 16, 1776
Washington orders the retreat of the army off Manhattan Island. New York City is lost to the British. British General William Howe wins a knighthood for his successes in the campaign of 1776.
November 16, 1776
Fort Washington and its garrison of 250 men on the east side of the Hudson River fall to the British, commanded by General Charles Cornwallis. Fort Lee, on the west side, is abandoned by the Americans two days later.
November - December 1776
Under command of General Charles Cornwallis, the British invade New Jersey. Cornwallis takes Newark November 28 and pursues Washington and his army to New Brunswick.
December 6, 1776
British General Henry Clinton takes Newport, Rhode Island.
December 7, 1776
Washington's army finishes crossing the Delaware, with the British close behind. Once on the western side of the river, Washington awaits reinforcements. By mid-December, he is joined by Horatio Gates, John Sullivan, and their Continental Army forces. The British establish winter camps in various New Jersey locations, with the Hessians primarily at Bordentown and Trenton, and the British regulars at Princeton.
December 25, 1776
Washington orders readings to the assembled troops from Thomas Paine's The Crisis, with its famous passage, "These are the times that try men's souls." The Crisis had just been published December 23 in Philadelphia.
December 25-26, 1776
During the night, General Washington, General Henry Knox, and troops cross the Delaware in freezing winter weather to launch a surprise attack on British and Hessian mercenaries encamped at Trenton. Early morning, December 26, the attack begins, with Generals Nathanael Greene and John Sullivan leading the infantry assault against the Hessians, commanded by Colonel Johann Rall. After a short battle, Washington's army takes Trenton.
December 27, 1776
Congress gives Washington special powers for six months. He may raise troops and supplies from states directly, appoint officers and administer the army, and arrest inhabitants who refuse to accept Continental currency as payment or otherwise show themselves to be disloyal. Washington acknowledges these extraordinary powers, assuring Congress that he will use them to its honor. George Washington to Congress, January 1, 1777
December 31, 1776
Washington writes Congress with a general report of the state of the troops. Toward the end, he notes that "free Negroes who have served in the Army, are very much dissatisfied at being discarded." To prevent them from serving the British instead, he has decided to re-enlist them. In 1775, Washington had opposed enlisting not just slaves but free blacks as well. His general orders of November 12, 1775, direct that "neither Negroes, Boys unable to bare Arms, nor old men unfit to endure the fatigues of the campaign" are to be recruited. In 1776 and thereafter, he reverses himself on both counts. George Washington, General Orders, November 12, 1775 | George Washington to Congress, December 31, 1775
January 3, 1777
Washington's army captures the British garrison at nearby Princeton. Washington sets up winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, where he spends the next several months rebuilding the Continental Army with new enlistments.
April 12, 1777
British General Charles Cornwallis opens the 1777 campaign in New Jersey in an attempt to lure Washington and his army out from winter headquarters at Morristown.
April 17, 1777
Washington writes General William Maxwell, commander of the Continental light infantry and also of the New Jersey militia, to ready himself and his troops for the 1777 campaign. George Washington to William Maxwell, April 17, 1777
May 29, 1777
Washington moves his headquarters to Middlebrook, south of Morristown.
June 20, 1777
Washington writes Congress and General Philip Schuyler on the success of the New Jersey militia in forcing the British out of New Jersey and on the general failure of the British to win the inhabitants there back to allegiance to the Crown. George Washington to Congress, June 20, 1777 | George Washington to Philip Schuyler, June 20, 1777
June 22, 1777
The British evacuate New Brunswick, New Jersey, to Amboy, and then back to Staten Island.
June 27, 1777
The Marquis de Lafayette arrives in Philadelphia from France to offer his services to the American cause. He is nineteen years old. He is commissioned a major general by Congress and meets Washington on August 1. He and Washington form a close friendship.
July, 1777
Washington moves his army to the Hudson above the Highlands of New York. The Highlands are a range of hills across the Hudson Valley. American forts built on each side of the Hudson River, a giant thirty-five-ton, 850-link chain, and a series of spiked logs on the river bottom all guard access to the interior of the country.
July 11, 1777
Washington writes Congress requesting that it order Benedict Arnold to join Philip Schuyler in halting British General John Burgoyne's invasion of New York from Canada, which began on June 23.
July 23, 1777
General Sir William Howe sets sail from New York City with approximately 15,000 men. He embarks on a campaign to take Philadelphia, the seat of the Continental Congress. General Henry Clinton remains in command in New York City with British and loyalist forces. Howe and his force land at Head of Elk on Chesapeake Bay August 25.
August 3, 1777
British Colonel Barry St. Leger with a force of British regulars, Canadians, and Indian allies, lays siege to Fort Stanwix (Schuyler) in the western Mohawk Valley. Benedict Arnold and 900 Continentals arrive, forcing St. Leger to retreat back to Canada.
August 6, 1777
The Battle of Oriskany, British Colonel Barry St. Leger and Seneca Indians and loyalists ambush patriot German militia and Oneida Indian allies under command of General Nicholas Herkimer. The hand-to-hand fighting is so severe that St. Leger's Indian allies abandon him in disgust. Herkimer dies of his wounds. The battle brings to a head a long-impending civil war among the nations of the Iroquois League.
August 16, 1777
In the Battle of Bennington, where Burgoyne has sent a detachment to forage for much needed supplies, the American Brigadier General John Stark and local militia kill or capture nearly 1,000 of Burgoyne's 7,000 troop invading army, further slowing British invasion plans.
September 11, 1777
In the Battle of Brandywine, Howe and Washington clash, with major engagements near Birmingham Meeting House Hill. Washington is forced to retreat.
September 19-21, 1777
Washington's army is camped about twenty miles from Germantown, where Howe is concentrated for his invasion of Philadelphia. The British inflict 1000 casualties in a night attack on General Anthony Wayne's Brigade near Paoli's Tavern. The attack on Wayne is led by British General Charles Grey, called "No Flint" Grey because of his preference for the bayonet over the musket. The "Paoli Massacre" becomes an American rallying cry among Continental troops. Wayne requests a court martial to clear his name of any dishonor, a not unusual request. Washington's general orders of November 1, 1777, report the court's favorable decision. George Washington, General Orders, November 1, 1777
October 3, 1777
At 7pm in the evening, Washington's forces begin the march to Germantown, where Washington hopes to encircle Howe's army. Commanding 8,000 Continentals and 3,000 militia are Generals Adam Stephen, Nathanael Greene, Alexander McDougall, John Sullivan, Anthony Wayne, and Thomas Conway. George Washington, General Orders, October 3, 1777
October 4, 1777
Washington's forces are defeated at Germantown. One wing marches down the wrong road, and General Conway's brigade inadvertently alerts the British to the impending attack. In the course of battle, Wayne and Stephen's men fire upon each other in confusion. Greene's retreat is mistakenly taken by the rest of the troops as a signal for a general retreat. Washington writes Congress an account of the battle, attempting to allay Congress's and his own disappointment by describing it as "rather unfortunate than injurious" in the large scale of things. George Washington to Congress, October 5, 1777
October 6, 1777
Washington responds to a letter from British General William Howe, who has written about the destruction of mills belonging to "peaceable Inhabitants" during the recent engagement. Howe allows that Washington probably did not order these depredations but requests that he put a stop to them. Washington responds heatedly, citing depredations by the British in Charles Town, Massachusetts, which was burned at the beginning of the war, and of other instances. In a short additional letter of the same date, Washington writes Howe that his pet dog has fallen into American hands and he is returning him. Washington and Howe correspond regularly in the course of the War, most often about prisoner exchanges. George Washington to William Howe, October 6, 1777 | George Washington to William Howe, October 6, 1777
October 17, 1777
British General John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga, to General Horatio Gates, the new commander of the northern army. The "Convention of Saratoga," negotiated by Gates, allows Burgoyne's army of 5,871 British regulars and German mercenaries to return to England and Europe on the promise that they will not fight in North America again. Congress finds various reasons for not allowing Burgoyne's army to leave, for fear that its return to England or the Continent will free an equal number of other troops to come to North America to fight. Burgoyne's army will be detained in various locations in Massachusetts and then settled on a tract of land in Virginia near Charlottesville. In September 1781, the "Convention Army" is removed to Maryland because of Cornwallis's invasion of Virginia. At the close of the War, Burgoyne's army has dwindled to a mere 1,500 due to escapes, desertions, but most significantly to the number of the troops deciding to stay and settle in America.
October 19, 1777
Howe and the British enter Philadelphia. Congress has fled to York, Pennsylvania.
September 24 - October 23, 1777
British General Henry Clinton's Invasion of the Highlands
September 24
General Henry Clinton in New York receives substantial reinforcements of British regulars and German mercenaries.
October 5
Clinton receives a note from General John Burgoyne who warns him about Horatio Gates's army, which is growing with additions of militia.
October 6
Clinton and his forces attack and take Fort Montgomery and make a bayonet attack on Fort Clinton. Both forts are on the west side of the Hudson River. The Highlands region is commanded by Israel Putnam, a Continental major general. The forts are commanded by newly elected governor of New York, George Clinton, and his brother, James, both of whom are distant cousins of British General Henry Clinton. George and James Clinton and most of the forts' defenders manage to escape.
October 7
American troops burn Fort Constitution on the east side of the Hudson River and depart. George Clinton and Israel Putnam decide to retreat north with the remnant of their troops. British Major General John Vaughn, Commodore Sir James Wallace, and former royal governor of New York, William Tryon, and their forces continue up the Hudson River. October 14, they burn the shipyards of Poughkeepsie, and a number of small villages and large houses, among the latter that of William Livingston, governor of New Jersey.
October 18
The British force which began its invasion up the Hudson River reaches Albany. There, Major General John Vaughn learns of Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga the previous day.
October 23
British forces under Major General Vaughn begin their return back down the Hudson River to New York City, and in early November they evacuate the Highlands and the forts they have captured there.
November 3, 1777
The "Conway Cabal" and Valley Forge
General Lord Stirling (William Alexander) of New Jersey writes Washington, enclosing a note that recounts General Thomas Conway's criticisms of Washington and of Conway's preference for Horatio Gates as commander in chief of the Continental Army. October 28, Gates's aide, James Wilkinson, had incautiously related the matter over drink in a tavern in Reading, where Stirling was also staying. Washington writes Conway, November 5, tersely informing him of his knowledge of the affair. George Washington to Thomas Conway, November 5, 1777
In the wake of his victory over Burgoyne, Horatio Gates, the "Hero of Saratoga," has been appointed by Congress as the head of a reorganized Board of War. Thomas Conway is appointed Inspector General of the Army. December 13, Conway visits Washington and his troops at winter quarters at Valley Forge. There the troops have been suffering severe hardships and to some critics they no longer resemble an organized army. After exchanges between Conway and Congress, and Washington and Congress, the Board's Congressional members decide to visit Valley Forge. Carrying out a thorough investigation, the Board places blame on Congress and Thomas Mifflin, quartermaster general, for the low condition of the Army at Valley Forge. Washington writes Lafayette December 31, 1777, and Patrick Henry, February 19 and March 28, 1778. Washington describes the conditions at Valley Forge as at times "little less than a famine." George Washington to Lafayette, December 31, 1777 | George Washington to Patrick Henry, February 19, 1778 | George Washington to Patrick Henry, March 28, 1778
January 2, 1778
Washington forwards to governor Nicholas Cooke a letter from General James Varnum advising him that Rhode Island's troop quota should be completed with blacks. Washington urges Cooke to give the recruiting officers every assistance. In February, the Rhode Island legislature approves the action. Enlisted slaves will receive their freedom in return for their service. The resulting black regiment, commanded by white Quaker Christopher Greene, has its first engagement at the battle of Rhode Island (or, Newport) July 29-August 31, where it holds off two Hessian regiments. The regiment also fights at the battle of Yorktown. Slaves enlisted in the Continental Army typically receive a subsistence, their freedom, and a cash payment at the end of the war. Slaves and free blacks rarely receive regular pay or land bounties. In 1777, the New Jersey militia act allows for the recruitment of free blacks but not slaves, as does Maryland's legislature in 1781. On March 20, 1781, New York authorizes the enlistment of slaves in militia units, for which they receive their freedom at the end of the war. Virginia rejects James Madison's arguments for enlisting slaves in addition to free blacks, but many enlist anyway, presenting themselves for freedom after the war. George Washington to Nicholas Cooke, January 2, 1778
February 6, 1778
The Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce is signed in Paris. Since 1776, the French government has been secretly providing Congress with military supplies and financial aid. March 13, the French minister in London informs King George III that France recognizes the United States. May 4, Congress ratifies the Treaty of Alliance with France, and further military and financial assistance follows. By June, France and England are at war. The American Revolution has become an international war.
February 18, 1778
Washington addresses a letter to the inhabitants of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, requesting cattle for the army for the period of May through June. Washington writes them that the "States have contended, not unsuccessfully, with one of the most Powerful Kingdoms upon Earth." After several years of war, "we now find ourselves at least upon a level with our opponents." George Washington to the Inhabitants of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, February 18, 1778
February 23, 1778
Baron Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin Steuben, a volunteer from Germany, arrives at Valley Forge with a letter of introduction from the President of Congress, Henry Laurens. Congress publishes his military training manual, which he has had translated into English. He trains a model company of forty-seven men at Valley Forge and then proceeds to the general training of the army. Congress commissions Steuben a major general and makes him an inspector general of the Continental Army. Steuben becomes an American citizen after the war.
March 1, 1778
Congress orders the Board of War to recruit Indians into the Continental Army. March 13, Washington writes the Commissioners of Indian Affairs on how he thinks he may employ the Indians recruited. George Washington to Philip Schuyler, James Duane, and Volkert Douw, March 13, 1778
March 8, 1778
Lord Germain (George Sackville), Colonial Secretary in London, sends British General Henry Clinton orders for a change of direction in the conduct of the war. The British are to focus on the south, where Germain estimates loyalists to be more numerous. Actions in the north are to be limited to raids and blockades of the coast. May 8, Clinton will replace General Sir William Howe as commander of British forces in North America.
April 1778
The British government sends the Carlisle Commission to North America. The Commission is made up of the Earl of Carlisle (Frederick Howard), William Eden, and George Johnston, and their secretary. Parliament has repealed all laws opposed by the American colonies since 1763. The Commission is instructed to offer home rule to the Colonies and hopes to begin negotiations before Congress receives news of the Franco-American Treaty (which it does on May 8). Congress ratifies the Treaty and ignores the Commission. April 22, Congress resolves not to engage in negotiations on terms that fall short of complete independence. Late in 1778, the Commission returns to England.
May-June 1778
British General Henry Clinton begins to move the main part of the British army from Pennsylvania to New York via New Jersey. Washington's army, also located in Pennsylvania, gives chase.
June 18, 1778
Washington sends six brigades ahead and on June 21 he crosses the Delaware River with the rest of the army. By June 22, the British are in New Jersey, and Benedict Arnold is fast approaching the twelve-mile long baggage train that makes up the end of Clinton's marching army.
June 28, 1778
The Battle of Monmouth Courthouse. Washington's army catches up with Clinton's. The one-day battle is fought to a stalemate, both armies exhausted by the day's unusual heat. But Washington is impressed with the performance of the American troops against the well-trained veteran British regulars. Clinton and his army continue on to New York, while Washington establishes camp at White Plains.
June 29, 1778
Washington writes in his general orders of the day about the success of the New Jersey militia in "harrassing and impeding their [the British] Motions so as to allow the Continental Troops time to come up with them" before the battle of Monmouth Courthouse. German Captain John Ewald, fighting for the British, in his Diary of the American War: A Hessian Journal (New Haven and London, 1979), observes during the march through New Jersey that the "whole province was in arms, following us with Washington's army, constantly surrounding us on our marches and besieging our camps." "Each step," Ewald writes, "cost human blood." From now on, Washington begins to employ local militia units in this manner more often.
July 3, 1778
Loyalist Colonel John Butler with local troops and Seneca Indian allies invades Wyoming Valley, north of the Susquehanna River, and attacks at "Forty Fort." In the frontier war along the New York and Pennsylvania frontier, Onandagas, Cayugas, Senecas, and Mohawks of the Iroquois League ally with the British. Joseph Brant (Joseph Fayadanega), a Mohawk war chief educated in English missionary schools and an Anglican convert, has significant influence among British government and military leaders. Oneidas and Tuscororas ally with the Americans. Washington writes Philip Schuyler, a member of the Indian commission for the northern department. George Washington to Philip Schuyler, July 22, 1778
July 4, 1778
George Rogers Clark defeats the British and captures Kaskaskia near the Mississippi River. Clark has been organizing the defense of the sparsely settled Kentucky region against British and Indian ally raids. In October 1777, Clark puts before Virginia governor Patrick Henry a plan to capture several British posts in the Illinois country, of which Kaskaskia is one. Clark and about 175 men take the fort and town, which is inhabited mainly by French settlers. Clark convinces them and their Indian allies on the Wabash River to support the American cause. The British continue to hold sway at Fort Detroit, commanded by Lieutenant Governor Henry Hamilton, and Clark spends the next several years attempting to dislodge him. Washington writes governor of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson, December 28, 1780, in support of Clark's efforts to take Fort Detroit. George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, December 28, 1780
July - August 1778
Charles Hector, Comte d'Estaing and his French fleet plan to participate with General John Sullivan in a combined assault on the British position in Newport, Rhode Island. Sullivan's troops are delayed and d'Estaing's fleet is battered by a hurricane after an indecisive battle. He withdraws to Boston and later sails for the Caribbean Islands where he attacks British islands.
November 9, 1778
British General Henry Clinton sends approximately 3,000 troops south under Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell, and a fleet under command of Admiral Hyde Parker is assembled to coordinate an invasion of South Carolina and Georgia with General Augustine Prevost and his regular and loyalist troops in Florida. Campbell and his troops land at Savannah in late December.
November 14, 1778
Washington writes Henry Laurens, president of the Continental Congress, confidentially, about a plan for a French campaign against the British in Canada that Lafayette very much wants to lead. In 1759, during the Seven Years War, the French had been driven out of Canada by the British and American colonial forces. Washington has become personally attached to the young Lafayette. But he is also aware of the eagerness of all the French officers serving with the American cause to regain Canadian territories. Washington expresses concerns about the future independence of the American republic should European powers retain a strong presence in North America: a French presence able to "dispute" the sea power of Great Britain, and Spain "certainly superior, possessed of New Orleans, on our Right." George Washington to Henry Laurens, November 14, 1778
November 1778
Washington detaches General Lachlan McIntosh from Valley Forge to command the western department of the Ohio country where bitter frontier war has erupted. McIntosh establishes Fort McIntosh on the Ohio River, 30 miles from Pittsburgh, and Fort Laurens, further west, as bases from which to launch campaigns against British and Shawnee, Wyandot, and Mingo allies operating out of Fort Detroit. After bitter warfare, McIntosh is forced to abandon the forts in June of 1779.
January 29, 1779
Augusta, the capital of Georgia, falls to British forces. General Benjamin Lincoln, whose army is camped at Purysburg, South Carolina, sends a detachment toward Augusta and on February 13, the British evacuate the town.
February 25, 1779
Congress directs Washington to respond to British, Indian, and loyalist attacks on frontier settlements in New York and Pennsylvania. Washington sends out an expedition under command of General John Sullivan. Sullivan's forces include William Maxwell and a New Jersey brigade, Enoch Poor and a New Hampshire brigade, and Edward Hand and Pennsylvania and Maryland troops. After a series of savage raids and counter-raids between the British and the Americans, including an encounter with British Indian ally Joseph Brant and his Mohawks, and Captain Walter Butler (John Butler's son) and his loyalists, the expedition returns home on September 14. Forty Iroquois villages and their extensive farms lands and crops have been destroyed. The Iroquois soon return, resettle, and rejoin the British in an retaliatory invasion in the northwest. George Washington to John Sullivan, March 6, 1779
March 3, 1779
British Major James Mark Prevost defeats Brigadier General John Ashe and his force at Briar Creek, Georgia. In response, Benjamin Lincoln and the southern army cross into Georgia. Lincoln's and Prevost's forces move back and forth between Georgia and South Carolina in an attempt to engage each other, but eventually summer heat and illness bring both armies to a standstill.
March 20, 1779
Washington responds to Henry Laurens's March 16th letter on the possibility of raising a black regiment for the defense of the south. Washington writes Laurens that he would rather wait till the British first raise such regiments before the Americans do so. He also expresses some general reservations. But "this is a subject that has never employed much of my thoughts," and he describes his opinions as "no more than the first crude Ideas that have struck me upon the occasion." Henry Laurens is from South Carolina. Previously president of Congress, he is serving on a committee charged with forming a plan of defense for the south. The committee issues its report March 29, urging the formation of regiments of slaves for the defense of the south, for which Congress will compensate slaveowners and the slaves will receive their freedom and $50. Henry Laurens's son, John Laurens is appointed to raise the regiments. South Carolina and Georgia reject Congress's recommendation (see entry under July 10, 1782 below). Successive commanders of the southern army, Benjamin Lincoln and Nathanael Greene, support the formation of slave regiments in the south but to no avail. George Washington to Henry Laurens and Thomas Burke, March 18, 1779 | George Washington to Henry Laurens, March 20, 1779
May 28, 1779
British General Henry Clinton launches another campaign up the Hudson River. On May 30, New York Governor George Clinton orders out the militia. June 1, the British take Stony Point and Verplank's Point on either side of the river.
June 21, 1779
Spain declares war on Great Britain.
June 30, 1779
William Tryon, former royal governor of New York, and 2,600 loyalists and British regulars on forty-eight ships raid Fairport, New Haven, and Norwalk, Connecticut. Tryon wants to prosecute a war of desolation against rebel inhabitants. On July 9, he orders most of Fairfield burned because its militia shot at the British from within their houses, and on July 11 he burns Norwalk. British General Henry Clinton, probably reluctant to endorse Tryon's theories of warfare, never gives him an independent command again.
July 16, 1779
Anthony Wayne and his force of light infantry force the British out of Stony Point, and August 18-19 Major Henry Lee takes the British post at Paulus Hook. Neither of these positions are maintained after their capture, but they are morale boosters in a war that has become a stalemate.
September 27, 1779
Washington writes state governors Jonathan Trumbull (Connecticut), George Clinton (New York), and William Livingston (New Jersey) about reports of the arrival of a French Fleet and of the necessity of preparing the militia and raising food supplies, especially flour. George Washington, Circular Letter, September 27, 1779
October 4, 1779
Washington writes Congress and Comte d'Estaing, who is with his fleet off Georgia or in the West Indies. To Congress, Washington summarizes his efforts at organizing a cooperative effort with the French fleet to attack the British. To d'Estaing, Washington writes that "New York is the first and capital object, upon which every other is dependant," its capture likely to be a severe blow to the British. In his long letter to d'Estaing, Washington writes that he has "not concealed the difficulties in the way of a cooperation," but has the "highest hopes of its utility to the common cause" and its contribution to ending the war victoriously. George Washington to Congress, October 4, 1779 | George Washington to Comte d'Estaing, October 4, 1779
October 19,1779
Tthe Americans and Comte d'Estaing's fleet make a combined assault on British-held Savannah, Georgia. The assault fails, and d'Estaing and the fleet sail for France before the hurricane season begins. The French government assembles troops and another fleet for a return to North America.
December 26, 1779
British General Henry Clinton and Admiral Marriot Arbuthnot set sail from New York City with fourteen warships, ninety transports, and approximately 8500 troops for an invasion of Charleston, South Carolina.
January 15, 1780
At Washington's urging, Major General Stirling crosses the ice with 3000 men to attack the British force on Staten Island, commanded by General Wilhelm von Knyphausen. Stirling is forced to retreat without attacking because of the severe cold. Throughout the early winter Washington orders raids on British forces left in New York.
February 1, 1780
British Major John Simcoe leads two hundred of his Rangers in a foray into New Jersey. His original aim is to lure Washington out from Morristown and capture him. But Knyphausen, commanding in Clinton's absence, orders Simcoe to confine himself to raids. Simcoe reaches Woodbridge but is forced to turn back by the militia. In March, the British continue to raid New Jersey in the so-called "forage wars," keeping American inhabitants and militia in a constant state of emergency.
April 2, 1780
Washington writes Congress, reporting on intelligence he has received about movements of further British troops south. The "weak state of our force there and unhappily in this quarter also, have laid me under great embarrassments, with respect to the conduct that ought to be pursued." He estimates the Continental Army to be at a strength of 10,000, of which 2,800 have completed their term of service and more at the end of April. Nonetheless, Washington intends to send Maryland and Delaware Continental regiments to the aid of the south. George Washington to Congress, April 2, 1780
April 6, 1780
George Washington's general orders contain an account of the Major General Benedict Arnold's conviction by the Executive Council of Pennsylvania on two of four charges of malfeasance while Arnold was military governor of Philadelphia. Washington's general orders contain the reprimand he is required to make by the Council. The reprimand recognizes Arnold's "distinguished services to his Country" but describes his conduct in one of the two charges for which he was found guilty "peculiarly reprehensible, both in a civil and military view." George Washington, General Orders, April 6, 1780
June 17, 1780
British General Henry Clinton returns to New York City from the south.
June 23, 1780
General Wilhelm von Knyphausen and Clinton attempt to lure Washington's army out of Morristown. Knyphausen attacks Nathanael Greene, Philemon Dickinson, and their Continental and militia forces on June 23 at Springfield. Springfield is burned but the British abandon their position there the same day. Washington expects yet another invasion up the Hudson with West Point as a particular target. He writes Congress about the engagement at Springfield and to General Robert Howe with instructions on safeguarding West Point. George Washington to Congress, June 25, 1780 | George Washington to Robert Howe, June 25, 1780
July 11, 1780
The long-expected French squadron arrives in Newport, Rhode Island, with 5,000 troops under the command of Lieutenant General Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vigneur, Comte de Rochambeau. Rochambeau declines Washington's suggestion of an immediate attack on New York. The ships and troops remain in Newport until June 1781, when they will move toward Washington's encampment in Westchester County, preparatory to a cooperative engagement with the Americans against the British.
September 25, 1780
Benedict Arnold, commander of West Point, flees to the British ship Vulture in the Hudson River. He has been planning to defect to the British and has learned that his British contact, Major John André, has been captured and that Washington is due to arrive at West Point to review the fort and its garrison. Washington, Henry Knox, Lafayette, and aide Colonel Alexander Hamilton arrive not knowing the cause of Arnold's absence and proceed with a review of the fort. They discover Arnold's defection.
In a letter to Congress the next day, Washington notes that the militia who had captured Major André had been offered a "large sum of money for his release, and as many goods as they would demand, but without any effect." In his September 26 general orders, Washington tells the officers and troops that "Great honor is due to the American Army that this is the first instance of Treason of the kind where many were to be expected from the nature of the dispute, and nothing is so bright an ornament in the Character of the American soldiers as their having been proof against all the arts and seductions of an insidious enemy." Washington also writes George Clinton, governor of New York, and John Laurens about Arnold's defection to the British. George Washington to Congress, September 26 | George Washington to George Clinton, September 26, 1780 | George Washington, General Orders, September 26, 1780 | George Washington to John Laurens, October 13, 1780
November 27, 1780
Washington writes General Anthony Wayne about depredations on the civilian populace by the Continental army. The army is often ill-supplied and sometimes starving. But Washington urges Wayne to protect the "persons and properties of the inhabitants....They have, from their situation, borne much of the burthen of the War and have never failed to relieve the distresses of the Army, when properly called upon." Washington declares that these robberies "are as repugnant to the principles of the cause in which we are engaged as oppressive to the inhabitants and subversive of that order and discipline which must Characterize every well regulated army." His November 6 general orders note the "disorderly conduct of the soldiers" with passes. George Washington to Anthony Wayne, November 27, 1780 | George Washington, General Orders, November 6, 1780
December 20, 1780
Benedict Arnold, now a brigadier general in the British army, departs New York City with 1600 men. He plans to invade Virginia.
April 8 - December 2, 1780
The War in the South
April 8
British General Henry Clinton summons General Benjamin Lincoln to surrender before beginning bombardment of Charleston, South Carolina. Lincoln responds with a declaration to fight to the last. April 13, the British begin bombarding the town, and on April 14, Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton and his Legion and loyalist militia defeat Isaac Huger's troops at the battle of Monck's Corner outside the town. Having sealed the American army in the city, on May 8 Clinton sends another summons to surrender. Lincoln again refuses and the next evening, after further summons by Clinton, the army, according to German mercenary for the British, Captain Johann von Ewald, "shouted 'Hurrah' three times," opened fire, and all the city's church bells rang out in a seeming frenzy of futile resistance. Lieutenant Governor Christopher Gadsden, who had earlier opposed surrender, now requests that Lincoln do so to save the much damaged city from further destruction. Gadsden is supported by two petitions by citizens.
May 12
General Benjamin Lincoln surrenders Charleston, South Carolina, to British General Henry Clinton. German mercenary for the British, Captain Johann von Ewald, notes upon surrender that the "garrison consisted of handsome young men whose apparel was extremely ragged, and on the whole the people looked greatly starved." Officers are confined on land, while enlisted soldiers are held in prison ships in the harbor. A Virginia Continental regiment on its way to aid Charleston gets as far as the Santee River before learning of the surrender and then turns back to North Carolina. Clinton's proclamation to the citizens of South Carolina calls for a declaration of allegiance to the Crown. (Johann von Ewald, Diary of the American War: A Hessian Journal [New Haven and London: 1979].)
June 5
Henry Clinton sails back to New York, leaving General Charles Cornwallis in command with orders to move into the interior of South Carolina and to finish subduing the south.
June 11
Washington writes Connecticut governor, Jonathan Trumbull, that the capture of Charleston may force the British to "dissipate their force." In a June 14 letter to James Bowdoin, governor of Massachusetts, Washington writes that the loss or "Something like it seems to have been necessary, to rouse us...." George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, June 11, 1780 | George Washington to James Bowdoin, June 14, 1780
July 25
American General Horatio Gates arrives in Coxe's Mill, North Carolina, to take command of a reconstituted southern army. The Maryland and Delaware Continental regiments sent by Washington have arrived under command of Baron Johann de Kalb. Two-thirds of Gates's army will consist of Virginia and North Carolina militia.
August 16
The Battle of Camden, South Carolina. Gates's army marches to Camden in hope of surprising the British there but instead runs into them by mistake. De Kalb is mortally wounded, and after heavy fighting Gates is forced to retreat by Lord Rawdon and Cornwallis and their forces. Of the approximately 4,000 American troops, only about 700 are left to rejoin Gates at Hillsboro. Washington writes Thomas Jefferson, governor of Virginia, with news of the heavy loss. George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, September 21, 1780
August 20
General Francis Marion and militia attack a British detachment, rescuing the Maryland regiment captured at Camden.
September 8
British General Charles Cornwallis begins his invasion of North Carolina.
October 10
Washington writes Thomas Jefferson, governor of Virginia, on the state of the Army and on British General Cornwallis's severity in his progress through the south. Washington refers to a letter Cornwallis has written to a fellow British officer, a transcript of which Washington has received, in which Cornwallis outlines punishments for rebels. [The text of Cornwallis's letter is reproduced in annotation in the transcription linked to this document.] Washington closes his letter to Jefferson with a full history of Benedict Arnold's defection to the British. George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, October 10, 1780
October 7
The Battle of King's Mountain in North Carolina. Cornwallis sends Major Patrick Ferguson ahead of him to raise loyalist troops in North Carolina. Prior to the march to King's Mountain, Ferguson sends a threatening message ahead that he will lay waste to the land if its inhabitants do not cease resistance. This so angers southern militia that they quickly raise a force and brutally defeat Ferguson and his troops. With King's Mountain, Cornwallis begins to realize that loyalist sentiment has been overestimated in British plans to subdue the south. Washington writes Abner Nash, governor of North Carolina, about the "success of the militia against Col Ferguson." George Washington to Abner Nash, November 6, 1780
December 2
Nathanael Greene replaces Horatio Gates as commander of the American southern army. He assumes command in Charlotte, North Carolina. His officers are Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, Lieutenant Colonel William Washington (a cousin of George Washington), and Lieutenant Colonel Henry Lee and his Legion. When Greene arrives in the south, he is appalled at the brutality and extent of the civil war between patriots and loyalists.
January 1, 1781
The Pennsylvania Continentals mutiny. Washington orders the New Jersey Continentals to march to position themselves between the mutinying troops and the British on Staten Island. Nonetheless, British General Henry Clinton learns of the mutiny and on January 3 gets messengers through to the Pennsylvania Continentals. But the mutineers turn the messengers over to Congress and they are hung as British spies.
January 3, 1781
Washington writes Anthony Wayne with news of the mutiny of the Pennsylvania Continentals. He worries that if Congress removes itself from Philadelphia, apart from the "indignity," it may provoke the mutineers to "wreak their vengeance upon the persons and properties of the citizens,...." In his January 7 letter to Henry Knox, Washington gives him instructions on where and how to obtain the supplies and necessities that he hopes will appease the mutineers. Washington describes to Knox the "alarming crisis to which our affairs have arrived by a too long neglect of measures essential to the existence of an Army,...." (See below on the mutiny of the New Jersey Continentals January 20) George Washington to Anthony Wayne, January 3, 1781 | George Washington to Henry Knox, January 7, 1781
January 5, 1781
Benedict Arnold invades Richmond, Virginia, and Governor Thomas Jefferson and government officials are forced to flee.
January 16-17, 1781
General Daniel Morgan and Lieutenant Colonel William Washington defeat British Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton's Legion at Cowpens, South Carolina. Tarleton escapes and is pursued unsuccessfully by William Washington and a company on horseback. The expression "Tarleton's Quarter," used by American soldiers during War, refers to the British officer's practice of not giving any, even in surrender. (William Washington is a cousin of George Washington.)
January-March 1781
Nathanael Greene (who took command of the Southern Army at Charlotte, North Carolina, December 2, 1780) leads General Charles Cornwallis and his forces on a chase through South and North Carolina.
Greene's path avoids engagements that he cannot win, exhausts Cornwallis and his army, and dangerously lengthens their supply lines. January - February, Greene and Cornwallis race to the Dan River on the Virginia border, with Cornwallis failing to catch up in time to cut off Greene and Colonel Otho Williams and their forces. February 14, Greene and Williams cross the Dan River into Virginia. Washington's March 21 letter to Greene congratulates him on saving his baggage "notwithstanding the hot pursuit of the Enemy," and assures him that his "Retreat before Lord Cornwallis is highly applauded by all Ranks and reflects much honor on your military Abilities." George Washington to Nathanael Greene, March 21, 1781
January 20, 1781
The New Jersey Continentals mutiny. Washington, fearing the total dissolution of the Army, urges severe measures. He is less excusing of this mutiny because, as he writes in a circular letter to the New England state governors, Congress has been working to redress the Continental Army's grievances. Washington orders Robert Howe from West Point to suppress the mutiny and to execute the most extreme ringleaders. Howe forms a court martial that sentences three leaders to be shot by twelve of their fellow mutineers. Two are executed and one pardoned. On January 27, Washington writes the Congressional committee formed to respond to the soldiers' grievances that "having punished guilt and supported authority, it now becomes proper to do justice" and urges the committee to provide the much needed redress. George Washington to the Committee for Resolving the Grievances of the New Jersey Line, January 27, 1781
March 1, 1781
The Articles of Confederation are ratified by Maryland, the last state to ratify, and can now go into effect. The Articles had been sent to the states for ratification in 1777.
May 21-22, 1781
Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau, commander of the French army in Rhode Island, meet in Wethersfield, Connecticut, and agree to appeal to Admiral Francois Joseph Paul, Comte de Grasse, to come north for a combined operation.
May 24, 1781
British General Charles Cornwallis encamps with troops on the Virginia plantation of William Byrd.
June 4, 1781
British Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton nearly captures Thomas Jefferson at Monticello. Jefferson, governor of Virginia, and other state officials flee to the Shenandoah Valley.
July 6, 1781
The French army and its commander Rochambeau, join Washington and his army at Dobb's Ferry, New York. Washington plans a combined assault on the British on Manhattan Island. August 14, he learns that the French fleet, consisting of 34 warships with transports carrying 3200 troops will be arriving in the Chesapeake from the West Indies under the command of Admiral Francois Joseph Paul, Comte de Grasse, and will be available for a combined effort until October 19.
September 18, 1781
Washington, Rochambeau, and de Grasse, meet on the Ville de Paris at Hampton Roads. September 28, their combined forces are arranged for battle against British General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown.
October 14, 1781
The Americans and French begin bombarding Yorktown. October 16, Cornwallis orders about 1,000 of his troops to attempt an escape across the York River.
October 17, 1781
Cornwallis offers a white flag and negotiations for surrender begin at Moore House in Yorktown.
October 19, 1781
Cornwallis's army surrenders. Washington asks Benjamin Lincoln to receive the surrender. Lincoln had been forced to surrender to British General Henry Clinton at Charleston May 13, 1780. Cornwallis, who is reportedly ill, designates Brigadier General Charles O'Hara to perform the formal surrender in his place. Tradition has it that as the British lay down their arms, their army band played an old Scottish tune adapted to the nursery rhyme, "The World Turned Upside Down."
October 19, 1781
A British fleet leaves New York harbor to come to the aid of Cornwallis in Virginia. Having arrived too late, the fleet hovers about the area for a few days and returns home October 28-30.
October 25, 1781
Washington's general orders declare that free blacks in the area in the wake of the battle of Yorktown should be left to go where they please, while slaves who have followed the British army must be returned to their owners. But the confusion of war allows some slaves an opportunity to gain their freedom in a variety of ways. Some slaves represent themselves as free, while others offer themselves as servants to French and American officers. Washington's general orders indicate that there were difficulties in returning slaves to their pre-war status. George Washington, General Orders, October 25, 1781
November 5, 1781
John Parke ("Jacky") Custis, Washington's stepson, dies of camp fever at Yorktown.
July 10, 1782
Washington writes his former aide Colonel John Laurens. Laurens has failed in his attempt to get permission from the Georgia legislature to raise a regiment of slaves and Washington attributes this to the "selfish Passion" of the legislature. Laurens has been attempting to raise such a regiment since 1779, first in his native South Carolina, then in Georgia. Laurens is killed by the British in a skirmish on August 25, 1782. He is one of the last officer casualties of the war. George Washington to John Laurens, July 10, 1782
August 19, 1782
The Battle of Blue Licks, in the Appalachian west, the British and their Indian allies, the Wyandot, Ottawa, Ojibwa, Shawnee, Mingo, and Delaware inflict heavy casualties and force the retreat of Daniel Boone and the Kentucky militia. In response, George Rogers Clark leads Kentucky militia on an expedition against the British into Ohio country. These are often considered the last formal engagements of the Revolutionary War.
March 13, 1783
Washington addresses mutinous Continental officers at Newburgh, New York. Their pay long in arrears, the officers fear that their pensions will also be unpaid. In December 1782, representative officers from each state's Continental line had sent a petition to Congress insisting on immediate payment and suggesting the substitution of lump sums for pensions. The officers, most of whom are at the army's headquarters at Newburgh, learn that Congress has rejected the petition. Washington calls a meeting of representative officers and staff and delivers a speech and reads an extract from Congress. Referring to the glasses he must wear to read the extract, he says, "Gentleman, you must pardon me. I have grown gray in your service and now find myself growing blind." Washington's gesture defuses the crisis. After he retires from the scene the officers adopt resolutions affirming their loyalty to Congress. March 18, Washington writes Congress an account of the proceedings of the previous days and argues on behalf of the officers' grievances. George Washington to Congress, March 18, 1783
April 18, 1783
Washington's General Orders to the officers and troops of the Continental Army announce the "Cessation of Hostilities between the United States of America and the King of Great Britain." He congratulates the Army, noting that those who have performed the "meanest office" have participated in a great drama "on the stage of human affairs." "Nothing now remains but for the actors of this mighty Scene to preserve a perfect, unvarying, consistency of character through the very last act; to close the Drama with applause; and to retire from the Military Theatre with the same approbation of Angells and men which have crowned all their former vertuous Actions." George Washington, General Orders, April 18, 1783
April 23, 1783
Washington sends Sir Guy Carleton a copy of the proclamation on the cessation of hostilities. He describes the proclamation as having been received by him from the "Sovereign Power of the United States." Carleton has been appointed by the British government to negotiate the cessation of hostilities and the exchange and liberation of prisoners. George Washington to Guy Carleton, April 21, 1783
November 2, 1783
In Washington's Farewell Orders to the Continental Army, he writes that the "disadvantageous circumstances on our part, under which the war was undertaken can never be forgotten." George Washington, Farewell Orders to the Armies of the United States, November 2, 1783
December 4, 1783
Washington formally parts from officers at Fraunces Tavern, New York City. December 23, at Annapolis where Congress is located, Washington submits his resignation of his military commission as commander in chief. His willing resignation of his military powers and his return to private life are considered striking since democratic republics are thought to be especially vulnerable to military dictatorship. Washington becomes as famous for his willingness to relinquish command as for his successful conduct of it in the War.
December 24, 1783
Washington arrives at Mount Vernon. Something of a "celebrity" after the war, Washington receives letters of approbation from England and Europe as well as from people within the newly formed United States. His acknowledgments of these letters and thoughts on his recently acquired fame can be found in Series 2, Letterbook 11. In this letter to Henry Knox, Washington writes about the heavy burden of correspondence this attention has generated. George Washington to Henry Knox, January 5, 1785
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[
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Welcome to Your Transit System
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en
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https://rtd-denver.vercel.app/about-rtd
|
Welcome to Your Transit System
The Regional Transportation District provides public transportation in eight counties including all of Boulder, Broomfield, Denver and Jefferson counties, parts of Adams, Arapahoe and Douglas Counties, and a small portion of Weld County. As a public agency, we are dedicated to serving the public and providing for the transportation needs of over 3.08 million people located within 2,342 square miles. Our services include bus, rail, shuttles, ADA paratransit services, demand responsive services like FlexRide, special event services, vanpools, and many more.
We are an organization made up of dedicated and qualified people doing extraordinary things to make the metro area the best in the West. We take great pride in the delivery of a wide array of services and we’re proud to be part of the productivity, progress, and passion of 40 municipalities. Our wheels will never stop rolling as we transform the region through transportation.
Our Mission
We make lives better through connections.
Vision
To be the trusted leader in mobility, delivering excellence and value to our customers and community.
|
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dbpedia
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2
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https://malegislature.gov/VirtualTour/AllFloors
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en
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Virtual Tour
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2nd Floor
Doric Hall Read More About Doric Hall (2nd Floor)
ANDREW, John Albion
By Thomas Ball, 1870
Marble, 80 x 37 1/2 x 19 in.
Gift of the citizens of Massachusetts under Res. 1868, ch. 37.
Dedicated February 14, 1871.
Read more
BULFINCH, Charles
By Herbert Adams, 1899
Bronze, 61 x 28 1/2 x 2 3/4 in.
Commissioned by the Commonwealth, installed December 13, 1899.
Read more
Nurses Hall Read More About Nurses Hall (2nd Floor)
Civil War Army Nurses Memorial
By Bela Lyon Pratt, 1911
Bronze, 52 x 88 1/2 x 47 in.
Given by the Army Nurses Memorial Association of the Massachusetts, Department Daughters of Veterans under Res. 1911, ch. 21.
Unveiled February 12, 1914.
Read more
STEVENSON, Thomas Greely
By Bela Lyon Pratt, 1905
Bronze, 96 x 33 x 3 in.
Given by the Stevenson Memorial Associations and friends under Res. 1905, ch. 20.
Dedicated December 7, 1905.
Read more
WINSLOW, John Ancrum
By William Couper, 1909
Bronze, 96 x 33 3/4 x 3 in.
Commissioned under Res. 1908, ch. 63 and Acts 1908, ch. 538.
Unveiled May 8, 1909.
Read more
Paul Revere's Ride
By Robert Reid, assisted by Edward Trumbull, 1904
Oil on canvas, 118 x 134 in.
Commissioned by the Commonwealth under Acts 1900, ch. 362.
Unveiled December 5, 1904.
Read more
James Otis Arguing Against the Writs of Assistance in the Old Towne House
By Robert Reid, 1901
Oil on canvas, 118 x 213 in.
Commissioned by the Commonwealth under Acts 1900, ch. 362.
Unveiled January 1, 1902.
Read more
The Boston Tea Party
By Robert Reid, assisted by Edward Trumbull, 1904
Oil on canvas, 118 x 134 in.
Commissioned by the Commonwealth under Acts 1900, ch. 362.
Unveiled December 3, 1904.
Read more
Memorial Hall Read More About Memorial Hall (2nd Floor)
The Pilgrims on the Mayflower
By Henry Oliver Walker, 1902
Oil on canvas, 175 x 162 in.
Unveiled May 29, 1902.
Read more
State Color
By Charles Eaton, 1863
Silk, pigment, 4 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft.
Issued by the Commonwealth April 28, 1863.
Returned to the Commonwealth March 31, 1875.
Read more
National Color — "Jonathan Fowle" flag
By unknown maker, 1781
Muslin, approx. 6 x 9 ft.
Given by George Fowle, grandson of Jonathan Fowle, 1906.
Read more
Presentation National Color
By unknown maker, 1861
Silk, pigment, 67 x 74 in.
Presented to the regiment by ladies of Worcester August 23, 1861.
Returned by the regiment to the Commonwealth January 28, 1863.
Read more
Regimental Color
By unknown maker, 1861
Silk, pigment, 39 x 51 in.
Gift of friends and relatives of Rufus Choate to the regiment July 1, 1861.
Returned by the regiment to the Commonwealth December, 22, 1865.
Read more
John Eliot Preaching to the Indians
By Henry Oliver Walker, 1903
Oil on canvas, 175 x 162 in.
Unveiled April 8, 1903.
Read more
Battle at Concord Bridge
By Edward E. Simmons, 1902
Oil on canvas, 175 x 162 in.
Unveiled December 17, 1902.
Read more
The Return of the Colors to the Custody of the Commonwealth
By Edward Simmons, 1902
Oil on canvas, 175 x 162 in.
Unveiled May 29, 1902.
Read more
Regimental Color
By Thomas C. Savory, 1862
Silk, pigment, 52 1/2 x 59 in.
Given to the unit by friends September 15, 1862.
Returned by the regiment to the Commonwealth December 22, 1865.
Read more
Stained Glass Window
By Edwin Ford and Frederick Brooks, 1899
Stained glass, cast plaster, 50 ft. diam.
Commissioned by the Commonwealth, 1899.
Unveiled January 1, 1900.
Read more
Grand Staircase Read More About Grand Staircase (2nd Floor)
Stained Glass Window
Designer unknown, 1900
Installed under Res. 1899, ch. 81.
Read more
Curtis Guild Memorial
Designed by Cram and Ferguson, 1915
Frame by John Evans and Co., Boston
Portrait relief by Richard Recchia, 1915
Numidian marble and Istrian stone with bronze inlay, 84 x 40 x 12 in.
White marble, diam. 26 1/2 in.
Read more
Great Hall Read More About Great Hall (2nd Floor)
Great Hall Clock
By Ronald M. Fischer, 1990
Glass, bead blasted stainless steel, bronze, 8 x 3 1/2 ft.
Commissioned by the Commonwealth under the "1% for Art" program authorized under G. L. 7, sec. 42C; amended G. L. 484, secs. 25, 26.
Installed July 17, 1990.
Read more
Hear Us Portrait Gallery Read More About Hear Us Portrait Gallery (2nd Floor)
DOROTHEA LYNDE DIX
By Sheila Levrant de Bretteville and Susan Sellers, 1999
Marble, 67 x 23 in
Commissioned by the Massachusetts State Senate in conjunction with the Massachusetts Foundation of the Humanities
Dedicated October 1999.
Read more
LUCY STONE
By Sheila Levrant de Bretteville and Susan Sellers, 1999
Marble, 67 x 23 in
Commissioned by the Massachusetts State Senate in conjunction with the Massachusetts Foundation of the Humanities
Dedicated October 1999.
Read more
SARAH PARKER REMOND
By Sheila Levrant de Bretteville and Susan Sellers, 1999
Marble, 67 x 23 in
Commissioned by the Massachusetts State Senate in conjunction with the Massachusetts Foundation of the Humanities
Dedicated October 1999.
Read more
JOSEPHINE ST. PIERRE RUFFIN
By Sheila Levrant de Bretteville and Susan Sellers, 1999
Marble, 67 x 23 in
Commissioned by the Massachusetts State Senate in conjunction with the Massachusetts Foundation of the Humanities
Dedicated October 1999.
Read more
MARY KENNEY O'SULLIVAN
By Sheila Levrant de Bretteville and Susan Sellers, 1999
Marble, 67 x 23 in
Commissioned by the Massachusetts State Senate in conjunction with the Massachusetts Foundation of the Humanities
Dedicated October 1999.
Read more
FLORENCE LUSCOMB
By Sheila Levrant de Bretteville and Susan Sellers, 1999
Marble, 67 x 23 in
Commissioned by the Massachusetts State Senate in conjunction with the Massachusetts Foundation of the Humanities
Dedicated October 1999.
Read more
3rd Floor
House Chamber Read More About House Chamber (3rd Floor)
1630: Governor Winthrop at Salem Bringing the Charter of the Bay Colony to Massachusetts
By Albert Herter, 1942
Oil on canvas, 110 x 130 in.
Gift of the artist and his son, Governor Christian Herter.
Unveiled December 16, 1942.
Read more
"Sacred Cod"
By unknown artist, ca. 1784
Pine, painted, 10 x 59 1/2 in.
Given by John Rowe, March 17, 1784.
Read more
1697: The Dawn of Tolerance in Massachusetts: Public Repentance of Judge Samuel Sewall for his Action in the Witchcraft Trials
By Albert Herter, 1942
Oil on canvas, 110 x 130 in.
Gift of the artist and his son, Governor Christian Herter.
Unveiled December 16, 1942.
Read more
1788: John Hancock Proposing the Addition of the Bill of Rights to the Federal Constitution
By Albert Herter, 1942
Oil on canvas, 110 x 130 in.
Gift of the artist and his son, Governor Christian Herter.
Unveiled December 16, 1942.
Read more
1779: John Adams, Samuel Adams, and James Bowdoin Drafting the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780
By Albert Herter, 1942
Oil on canvas, 110 x 130 in.
Gift of the artist and his son, Governor Christian Herter.
Unveiled December 16, 1942.
Read more
1689: Revolt Against Autocratic Government in Massachusetts: The Arrest of Governor Andros
By Albert Herter, 1942
Oil on canvas, 110 x 130 in.
Gift of the artist and his son, Governor Christian Herter.
Unveiled December 16, 1942.
Read more
John F. Kennedy "City Upon a Hill" Address
By John Benson of the John Stevens Shop, Newport, RI
Monsoon slate, and 23 carat gold leaf, 21 x 40 in.
Installed January 25, 1972 under Res. 1969, ch. 2.
Unveiled by Senator Edward M. Kennedy, brother of the president.
Read more
Office of the Speaker of the House Read More About Office of the Speaker of the House (3rd Floor)
DAVIS, Caleb
Photograph, 12 ½ x 11 ½ in.
Read more
SALTONSTALL, Leverett
Photograph, 12 ½ x 11 ½ in.
Read more
O'NEILL, Jr., Thomas Phillip "Tip"
Photograph, 12 ½ x 11 ½ in.
Read more
Fireplace
Mahogany, marble, brass, 64 x 81 x 9 1/2 in.
Possibly commissioned from A. H. Davenport Co., 1895
Read more
Office of the Senate President Read More About Office of the Senate President (3rd Floor)
CUSHING, Thomas
Photograph, 12 ½ x 11 ½ in.
Read more
ADAMS, Samuel
Photograph, 12 ½ x 11 ½ in.
Read more
COOLIDGE, Calvin
Photograph, 12 ½ x 11 ½ in.
Read more
Fireplace & Clock
Fireplace: Probably commissioned from A. H. Davenport Co., 1898
Clock: Unknown maker, ca. 1900
Fireplace: Mahogany, marble, brass, 86 x 110 x 18 in.
Clock: Wood, gilded, 38 x 84 x 8 in.
Read more
Vase
Chinese, by unknown maker, ca. 1840
Porcelain, painted and gilded, 23 x 10 in.
Given by Dorothy B. Hammond, in memory of Roland B. Hammond, North Andover.
Read more
Armchair
By A. H. Davenport Co., ca. 1898
Mahogany, 33 x 22 x 22 in.
Read more
Senate Chamber Read More About Senate Chamber (3rd Floor)
WASHINGTON, George
By unknown sculptor. Possibly modeled ca. 1800–1810 after an original plaster by Christian Gullagher at Christ Church, Boston
Marble, 24 x 20 x 11 in.
Presumed to be a purchase, ca. 1811. Resolves June 25, 1811.
Read more
LINCOLN, Abraham
By Sarah Fisher Ames, 1867. Replica of original, most likely that in the United States Capitol
Marble, 30 1/2 x 24 x 15 in.
Purchased from the artist under Resolves 1867, ch. 88.
Read more
Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, LAFAYETTE, Marquis de
By Horatio Greenough, ca. 1831–1833
Marble, 26 x 24 x 12 in.
Gift of Horatio S. Greenough, son of the sculptor, January 26, 1898.
Read more
SUMNER, Charles
By Martin Milmore, 1869
Marble, 30 x 28 x 16 in.
Gift of A. A. Lawrence and others, April 27, 1869.
Read more
Musket: "Parker Firearm"
American, light fowler, mid-18th century
Walnut (?), iron, later brass plates
Overall length: 59 3/4 in., barrel length: 44 in., length to trigger pull: 46 1/2 in., .62 caliber
Bequeathed by Rev. Theodore Parker, grandson of John Parker, 1861.
Read more
Musket: "King's Arm"
British, Longland pattern musket, 1756 (Grice lock dated 1762)
Walnut, iron, steel, later brass plates
Overall length: 62 in., barrel length 45 15/16 in., .765 caliber
Bequeathed by Rev. Theodore Parker, grandson of John Parker, 1861.
Read more
Seal of the Commonwealth
By unknown artist, 1847
Painted and gilt wood
Commissioned under Res. February 24, 1847.
Read more
Senate Reading Room Read More About Senate Reading Room (3rd Floor)
COOLIDGE, John Calvin
By Edmund Charles Tarbell, 1925
Oil on canvas, 100 x 47 in.
Commissioned by the Commonwealth under General Laws, ch. 8, sec. 19A.
Accepted under Res. 1925, ch. 2. Unveiled May 20, 1926.
Read more
HARRINGTON, Kevin
By Richard Wheeler Whitney, 1979
Oil on canvas, 60 x 40 in.
Gift of friends of Kevin Harrington, May 11, 1979
Read more
BULGER, William M.
By Warren and Lucia Prosperi, 2007
Oil on canvas, 45 1/2 x 30 in.
Presumed to be a gift of the sitter.
Read more
TRAVAGLINI, Robert E.
By Tomas Ouellette, 2008
Oil on canvas, 50 x 40 in.
Gift of Robert E. Travaglini, June 25, 2008.
Read more
Bay State Light Infantry Flag
By unknown fabricator, 1852
Silk, blue, 48 x 66 in., painted on each side with state coat-of-arms and 13 gold stars
Given to Governor Calvin Coolidge through James Beatty, Sergeant-at-Arms, by Rep. Frank Barrows in behalf of Hannah Bartlett Griffith Shaw, Carver, Mass, December 20, 1920.
Read more
Bergere
By George Bright , ca. 1797
Mahogany, ash, leather, 32 x 24 x 21 1/2 in.
Purchased for the new State House, 1797.
Read more
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Sector Boston
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427 Commercial St.
Boston, MA 02109
Primary: 617-223-3123
Emergency: 833-449-0539
Mission
Sector Boston, "The Birthplace of the Coast Guard," is a regional operational command responsible for coastal safety, security, and environmental protection from the New Hampshire-Massachusetts border southward to Plymouth, Massachusetts out to 200nm offshore. Sector Boston directs over 1,500 Active Duty, Reserve, and Auxiliary members, four multi-mission response boat stations, 3 multi-mission cutters, and an Aids to Navigation Team to protect and secure vital infrastructure, rescue mariners in peril at sea, enforce federal law, maintain our navigable waterways, and respond to all hazards impacting the maritime transportation system and coastal region.
The institutions that form the modern day Coast Guard were born here. The first commissioned cutter in the Revenue Cutter Service, the MASSACHUSETTS, was built in Newburyport in 1789, homeported in Boston, and commanded by Boston-born John Foster Williams; his final resting place is in the North End within sight of the Sector. Fabled lifesaver, Joshua James, served in the surfboat services from 1841 starting at age 15 until his death in 1902 at the age of 75; he was personally credited with over 200 lives saved. He received command of the Point Allerton Lifesaving Station in Hull, Massachusetts in 1889 at age 62 and died on the beach after drilling with his hand-rowed surf boat crew. During his 13-year command, his station was credited with 540 lives saved. The Coast Guard operates a station at Point Allerton to this day. Boston Light celebrated its 300th anniversary in September 2016 and was the first light house constructed in what is now the United States. Built in 1716 on Little Brewster Island in Boston Harbor, it was destroyed by withdrawing British forces in 1776 during the Revolutionary War, and later reconstructed to the same exact dimensions in 1783 by the Massachusetts government. The Light was ceded to the United States government in 1790 and was administered under several Lighthouse bureaus before being made part of the U.S. Coast Guard in 1942. It is the only remaining permanently manned light house in federal service.
The men and women of Sector Boston maintain the same traditions as those who founded our nation and our service and serve the nation and coastal Massachusetts with the same dedication. We take inspiration from those that heroically laid our foundation and are devoted to remaining "Semper Paratus", Always Ready, just as they did.
Command
Sector Commander: CAPT Kailie J. Benson
Deputy Sector Commander: CDR Joel B. Carse
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https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Maryland_Army_National_Guard
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Maryland Army National Guard
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The Maryland Army National Guard (MD ARNG) is the United States Army component of the organized militia of the U.S. state of Maryland. It is headquartered at the Fifth Regiment Armory in Baltimore and has units at armories and other facilities across the state. Description: On a black disc...
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Coat of Arms of the Maryland Army National Guard.
Active 1634-presentCountry United StatesAllegiance MarylandBranch U.S. ArmyPart of U.S. Army National GuardGarrison/HQ Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.Nickname(s) "Maryland Line"Motto(s) Fatti Maschii Parole Femine (English: Manly deeds, womanly words)CommandersCommander, MDARNG BG Peter C. Hinz, USAInsigniaShoulder Sleeve Insignia
The Maryland Army National Guard (MD ARNG) is the United States Army component of the organized militia of the U.S. state of Maryland. It is headquartered at the Fifth Regiment Armory in Baltimore and has units at armories and other facilities across the state.
Heraldic Items[]
Shoulder Sleeve Insignia[]
Description: On a black disc 23⁄4 inches (6.99 cm) in diameter within a 1/8 inch (.32 cm) gold border, the shield of the Great Seal of Maryland Proper (1st and 4th quarters, yellow and black; 2nd and 3rd quarters, white and red).
Background:
The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved for Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment on 1949-03-08.
It was redesignated with description amended for Headquarters, State Area Command, Maryland Army National Guard on 1983-12-30.
Distinctive Unit Insignia[]
Description: A gold color metal and enamel device 7/8 inch (2.22 cm) high and 1 inch (2.54 cm) wide overall consisting of the shield, coronet, supporters and motto scroll and motto from the complete heraldic achievement of Lord Baltimore as delineated on the reverse side of the official seal of the State of Maryland and blazoned as follows:
Shield:
Quarterly I and IV, paly of six pieces Or (gold) and Sable (black) a bend counterchanged; quarterly II and III, quarterly Argent (silver) and Gules (red) a cross bottony counterchanged.
Above the shield an earl's coronet.
Supporters: Dexter, a plowman Proper, holding a spade in dexter hand. Sinister, a fisherman Proper, holding a fish in sinister hand.
Motto Scroll: A scroll folded in four undulating sections and inscribed "FATTI MASCHII PAROLE FEMINE" (Deeds are Manly, Words are Womanly) all gold.
Symbolism:
The first and fourth (gold and black) quarters of the shield are the arms of the Calvert family and the second and third (silver (white) and red) quarters are those of the Crossland family which Cecil Calvert inherited from his grandmother, Alicia Crossland, wife of Leonard Calvert, the father of George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore.
The earl's coronet above the shield indicates that although Calvert was only a baron in England, he was an earl or count palatine in Maryland.
Background:
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment and non-color bearing units of the Maryland Army National Guard on 1971-04-09.
It was amended to correct the spelling of the motto on 1971-06-08.
The insignia was redesignated effective 1982-10-01 for Headquarters, State Area Command, Maryland Army National Guard.
The distinctive unit insignia was amended to correct the spelling of the motto on 2001-12-07.
Crest[]
Description: That for regiments and separate battalions of the Maryland Army National Guard: From a wreath of colors, a cross bottony per cross quarterly Gules and Argent.
Symbolism: The crest and canton are from the arms of Lord Baltimore and appeared on the seal of the Province of Maryland probably as early as 1648.
Background: The crest was approved for color bearing organizations of the State of Maryland on 1924-01-11.
Note: This Crest is applied to the top of all Maryland National Guard Distinctive Unit Insignias to form the Unit Coat Of Arms.
Organization[]
The Maryland Army National Guard is organized into several major subordinate commands: the 58th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade (United States); the Combat Aviation Brigade, 29th Infantry Division; the 70th Regiment, a training unit; and the 58th Troop Command. The MSCs report to the Assistant Adjutant General for Army (TAAG-Army), who in turn reports to the Adjutant General (TAG). Both officers are appointed by the governor.
History[]
The Maryland National Guard traces its roots to 1634, with the landing of two militia captains at St. Mary's City. It has a long and illustrious history.
American Revolutionary War[]
During the American Revolution, members of the "Maryland Line" repeatedly charged a vastly superior British force at the Battle of Long Island, buying time for the Continental Army to escape. It is from this incident that Maryland draws one of its official nicknames, "The Old Line State." This was the first time the American Army had used the bayonet in combat. Later in the war, the Maryland militia made a number of additional bayonet charges, including at Cowpens, where their charge turned impending defeat into victory, and at Guilford Courthouse, where they forced the elite British Foot Guards to retreat.
War of 1812[]
Main article: Battle of North Point
During the War of 1812, the Maryland militia held the line at the Battle of North Point in 1814, commanded by Brigadier General John Stricker. There, they held up the British attack for two hours, long enough for the defense of Baltimore to be shored up. The British forces, many of whom were veterans of the Napoleonic Wars took around 300 casualties and, though they won the field at North Point, they would eventually turn back rather than attempt an assault on the American defenses at Baltimore.[1] Not all the militia regiments performed with equal distinction. The 51st, and some members of 39th, broke and ran under fire. However, the 5th and 27th held their ground and were able to retreat in good order having inflicted significant casualties on the advancing enemy.[2] The 175th Infantry (ARNG MD), derived from the 5th Regiment, is one of only nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.
American Civil War[]
From 1841 to 1861 the senior militia general was Major General George H. Steuart, commander of the First Light Division.[3] Until the Civil War he would be the senior commander of the Maryland Volunteers.
In 1833 a number of Baltimore regiments were formed into a brigade, and Steuart was promoted from colonel to brigadier general.[4] From 1841 to 1861 he was Commander of the First Light Division, Maryland Volunteer Militia.[3] Until the Civil War he would be the Commander-in-Chief of the Maryland Volunteers.[5][6] The First Light Division comprised two brigades: the 1st Light Brigade and the 2nd Brigade. The First Brigade consisted of the 1st Cavalry, 1st Artillery, and 5th Infantry regiments. The 2nd Brigade was composed of the 1st Rifle Regiment and the 53rd Infantry Regiment, and the Battalion of Baltimore City Guards.[7]
By April 1861 it had become clear that war was inevitable. On April 16 Steuart's son, George H. Steuart, then an officer in the United States Army, resigned his captain's commission to join the Confederacy.[8] On April 19 Baltimore was disrupted by riots, during which Southern sympathizers attacked Union troops passing through the city by rail. Steuart's son commanded one of the Baltimore city militias during the disturbances of April 1861, following which Federal troops occupied the city. In a letter to his father, the younger Steuart wrote:
"I found nothing but disgust in my observations along the route and in the place I came to - a large majority of the population are insane on the one idea of loyalty to the Union and the legislature is so diminished and unreliable that I rejoiced to hear that they intended to adjourn...it seems that we are doomed to be trodden on by these troops who have taken military possession of our State, and seem determined to commit all the outrages of an invading army." [9]
Steuart himself was strongly sympathetic to the Confederacy and, perhaps knowing this, Governor Hicks did not call out the militia to suppress the riots.[10] On May 13, 1861 Union troops occupied the state, restoring order and preventing a vote in favour of Southern secession. Steuart moved south for the duration of the American Civil War, and much of the general's property was confiscated by the Federal Government as a consequence. Old Steuart Hall was confiscated by the Union Army and Jarvis Hospital was erected on the estate, to care for Federal wounded.[11] However, many members of the newly formed Maryland Line in the Confederate army would be drawn from the state militia.[12]
Maryland militia units fought on both sides of the Civil War. At the Battle of Front Royal, the Union 1st Maryland was engaged and defeated by the Confederate 1st Maryland. The lineage of the Confderate 1st Maryland is perpetuated by the 175th Infantry Regiment, whose lineage dates back to 1774.
Great Railroad Strike of 1877[]
During the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, on July 20 Governor Carroll called up the 5th and 6th Regiments from Baltimore to stop strikers in Cumberland from disrupting rail service. While marching from their armories to a Baltimore and Ohio Railroad train at Camden Station, an armed mob attacked the troops. The 6th Regiment fired on the mob, killing 10 and wounding 25, and several members of both regiments were injured by stones and bricks.[13] The troops were then besieged by 50,000 rioters inside Camden Yards until the arrival of federal troops in Baltimore. The building, now part of a professional sports arena, still bears bullet holes from rioters firing at troops inside.
Mexican Border raids of 1916[]
In response to Pancho Villa’s cross-border raids, the Maryland National Guard was called up in 1916 and deployed for seven months to the town of Eagle Pass, Texas, on the Mexican border.[14]
World War I[]
During the First World War, most Maryland National Guard troops served as part of the 29th Division, and their campaign credits include Meuse-Argonne. In addition, the 1st Separate Company, an all-black unit, served as part of the 372nd Infantry Regiment, although ostensibly assigned to the 93rd Division, actually fought under French control. One of the Maryland National Guard's longest-mobilized units during the war was the 117th Trench Mortar Battery, which served under the 42nd Division from October 1917 until the end of the war. It was the first Maryland unit to see combat, and participated in all of the AEF's major battles during that period.
World War II[]
See also: Omaha Beach
World War II also saw the mobilization of the Maryland National Guard. Again, most were assigned to the 29th Infantry Division, where they took part in the D-Day landings and fought their way across France and Germany. In 1945, they missed being the first unit to link up with the Soviet Red Army on the Elbe River by a matter of hours.
Korean War[]
The Maryland National Guard had very few troops mobilized for the Korean War, but those that were played an important role. The 231st Transportation Truck Battalion was the first National Guard unit to land in Korea, and were immediately put to use keeping supplies flowing within the Pusan Perimeter. Originally a segregated, all-black unit, the 231st was integrated during this service in Korea, only to be again segregated when it returned to state status.
Vietnam War[]
Although no Maryland Army National Guard units served in Vietnam, the Maryland Army Guard played a significant role during the Cold War. Across the state, Nike missile batteries, armed with nuclear warheads, were manned by Maryland National Guardsmen to defend the National Capital area from Soviet bombers from the mid-1950s until the early 1970s. Maryland National Guard troops were also kept busy with riot-control duty in the 1960s and early 1970s, most notably during the Baltimore Riots of 1968, the Salisbury riots of May, 1968, the University of Maryland student riots of 1970-72, and the Cambridge Riots of 1963 and 1967.[15]
Global War on Terrorism[]
Since the September 11 attacks, the Maryland Army National Guard has mobilized a number of units, including the 58th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, for service in Iraq; Afghanistan; Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; and Kosovo. Guardsmen from the 115th Military Police Battalion were among the first and most heavily called upon, having arrived at the Pentagon on Sept. 12 and subsequently served in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Guantanamo Bay. Maryland elements of the Combat Aviation Brigade, 29th Infantry Division served in Iraq, Maryland elements of the Combat Aviation Brigade, 42nd Infantry Division served in Afghanistan, and Maryland National Guard elements were attached to 44th Medical Brigade/XVIII Airborne Corps for service in Iraq. Maryland is also home to several Special Operations units, most notably Company B, 2nd Battalion, 20th Special Forces Group (Airborne) and Special Operations Detachment, Joint Forces. Members of these units have both been mobilized to serve in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Currently, the Special Operations Detachment, Joint Forces was selected and mobilized to create the Special Operations Command for the newly created United States Africa Command.
Historic units[]
115th Armor Regiment (United States)
158th Cavalry Regiment (United States)
110th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)
224th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)
115th Infantry Regiment (United States)
175th Infantry Regiment (United States)
224th Aviation Regiment (United States)
121st Engineer Battalion (United States)
Current Units[]
Joint Forces Headquarters
Headquarters - Headquarters Company
Recruiting & Retention Battalion
Training Support Battalion
Det. 13, Operational Support Air Command
Medical Detachment
32nd Civil Support Team (WMD)
1958th Contingency Contracting Team
229th JAG Trial Defense Team
229th Band
58th Troop Command
1297th Support Battalion
175th Infantry Regiment (United States), attached to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division, Pennsylvania Army National Guard
Company B, 2 Battalion, 20th Special Forces Group (United States)
Det 2, HHD, 2 Battalion 20th Special Forces Group (United States)
SOD - Joint Forces Command
70th Regiment
58th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade (United States)
Headquarters - Headquarters Company
1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry Regiment
USAR Intelligence Battalion
729th Support Company
629th Signal Company (Network Support)
29th Infantry Division Combat Aviation Brigade
[16]
Notable members[]
Raymond Berry, professional football Hall of Fame inductee
John R. Bolton, United States Representative to the United Nations
D. John Markey, 1946 senatorial candidate
James Morris, Grammy Award-winning opera baritone
Clinton L. Riggs, Secretary of Commerce and Police of the Philippine Commission
See also[]
History of Maryland
Maryland in the American Civil War
Coats of arms of U.S. Armor and Cavalry Regiments
Coats of arms of U.S. Artillery Regiments
Coats of arms of U.S. Infantry Regiments
Coats of arms of U.S. Air Defense Artillery Regiments
References[]
Goldsborough, W. W., The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army, Guggenheimer Weil & Co (1900), ISBN 0-913419-00-1.
Notes[]
[]
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First (1st) District of Columbia Volunteer Infantry Regiment, May 10th to November 20th, 1898
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The following historical information is about the service of both the regiment, and the men, of the First (1st) District of Columbia Infantry Regiment, U.S. Volunteers, which served in the Spanish American War & Philippine Insurrection from May to November 1898. If you have any corrections, suggestions, or additional information that you wish to contribute, feel free to submit the information to the Webmaster.
Organization History Statistics Resources
Regimental Organization (Click here to view the Regimental Roster)
Company A - Emmet Guards Company G - Morton Cadets Company B Company H Company C - National Fencibles Company I Company D Company K Company E Company L Company F Company M
A Brief History of the Regiment By Bro. Kenneth H. Robison II, Sons of Spanish American War Veterans Under the initial call for volunteers on April 27th, 1898, the Secretary of War requested that the District of Columbia provide as their quota a battalion of infantry, however after several requests from prominent residents the quota was increased the next day to a full regiment of infantry. In response to this call the selected companies of the District of Columbia National Guard were ordered to assemble at the National Guard Armory, located over the Center Market, and appointed to command the new regiment was George Herbert Harries who was then serving as a Brigadier General in the District National Guard. Assembling at the armory the men were brought before a Medical Board for their physical examinations to determine if they were fit for active service; of those examined by this board over 50% were rejected for various physical defects and new volunteers were quickly brought forward to fill their place. As these examinations were completed the companies were mustered into service, and from May 10th to 17th the men were officially mustered into United States service, by companies, as the First (1st) District of Columbia Infantry Regiment, United States Volunteers, with a total of forty-nine (49) officers and nine hundred and twenty-two (922) enlisted men, to serve for two years unless sooner discharged. By May 13th the entire First Battalion (Companies A, B, F & G) had been mustered into service and were moved from the armory to a new campsite near Woodburn Manor at Falls Church, Virginia. On May 18th they were joined at the camp by the balance of the regiment upon the mustering in of the last company (C) on May 17th at the Armory. In this camp the work of the initial organization was completed, and the men began training in the schools of the soldier performing guard and sentry duties, and taking part in several parades, including an elaborate review on May 21st in which the regiment was reviewed by President William McKinley prior to being presented with a stand of colors by the Legion of Loyal Women. On the same day the men of the regiment broke camp and marched to the nearby railroad depot where they boarded the trains and headed by rail for Georgia. Arriving at Rossville, Georgia, in two sections on May 23rd and 24th, the regiment marches the short distance to Camp George H. Thomas at Chickamauga Park, Georgia. Reporting at the camp the regiment was assigned to the Second Brigade, 1st Division of the 3rd Army Corps, the brigade being composed of the 2nd Nebraska and 2nd New York Infantry Regiment, and was under the temporary command of Colonel Charles J. Bills of the 2nd Nebraska. The regiments time at the camp was of a very short duration, as on June 1st the men marched back to Rossville and boarded trains which carried them to Tampa, Florida. Arriving at Tampa on June 4th, the regiment marched to a nearby camp, where they were assigned to the Second Brigade, Second Division of the Fourth Army Corps, serving with their comrades from the 2nd New York and being joined by the 5th Maryland Infantry Regiment, all under the command of Brigadier General Louis H. Carpenter. While in camp at Tampa the regiment continued training in the school of the soldiers and the various garrison duties; however, there was some unexpected excitement when one day a herd of nearby government mules suddenly stampeded without warning and came dashing through the regimental camp and scattering men and equipment in all directions. On June 12th Company H, under Captain Henry B. Looker, was detached from the regiment and along with a provisional company from the 1st Illinois Infantry Regiment assigned to the Provisional Battalion of Engineers under the command of Major John W. Sackett of the 1st Florida Infantry Regiment. This battalion was created due to the need for engineers in the Porto Rico Expedition, the larger majority of regular engineers having been sent as part of the Cuban and Philippine Expeditions, and as such the men of the company moved to the camp at Picnic Island where they began training as engineers. On July 10th and 11th the men of the company began loading the engineering equipment and supplies aboard the steamship �Lampassas,� and sailed on the 11th to Key West where they engaged in target practice while additional engineering equipment and supplies were loaded aboard. On Jul 15th the transport sailed from Key West, arriving at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, on the 20th where the men spent the next two days building, disassembling and rebuilding a pontoon pier and then loading, unloading and re-loading the same to ensure that the men had been properly trained in its use. Sailing on the 22nd they arrived at Guanica Harbor, Porto Rico, on the 25th, and at the request of the commander of the USS Gloucester, they with a detachment of artillery, sailors and marines, took part in a landing against the 300 Spanish defenders and advanced through the town, securing it with no resistance as the Spanish withdrew as the men advanced. At noon the command was relieved by the men of General Guy V. Henry�s command, and they returned to the town and began construction of a pier, and then unloaded supplies and equipment. The following day they were dispatched to American positions overlooking the town, where they were not only subjected to Spanish fire, but also were subjected to friendly fire from nearby American troops. On July 29th the balance of the company was sent back to Guanica to serve as the garrison for the town, as well as engineer troops, however a detachment of the company was kept in place during the remainder of the company�s service in the trenches. In addition to their duties as the garrison the men continued their service as engineers and from July 29th to September 7th were engaged in the construction of a road from the town to the nearby hills; this work was at first done solely by the men of the command, however as illness began to make its appearance local labor was used under the supervision of the soldiers. At the beginning of September, the men were relieved and began making preparations to rejoin the regiment; on September 8th they boarded a transport at Guanica and sailed to New York City, New York, arriving there on the 16th, and then traveling south arrived in Washington, D.C., on the 17th, being furloughed for thirty-days. While Company H began its journeys south, the balance of the regiment remained in camp at Tampa. At the end of June orders were received from the War Department for the regiment, minus Company H, to begin making the necessary preparations to join the forces serving in Cuba. On July 2nd the men began loading their equipment and supplies aboard the steamship �Catania,� and by evening the men had boarded the ship in preparation for the journey south. At noon on July 3rd the ship pulled out of Tampa Bay and steamed south, however the journey for the men was from a pleasant one; traveling along the coast the ship ran aground several times (once while between Tampa and Egmont Keys and again just past the Egmont Light House), and on July 5th they were delayed for twenty-four hours at Key West when the ships fresh-water pumps stopped working, forcing Colonel Harries to request the assistance of the Navy in improvising a new pump for the ship. Colonel Harries in his official report stated that the Catania in her present condition ��may fairly be denominated a bad ship, her machinery needs a great deal of overhauling, and some of it ought to be replaced; her system of fresh water storage and distribution is radically defective; her steering gear will not do its work; her boats are very dubious, and do not seem to have been out of the chocks for many months; there are but four life-preservers on board; her water-closets for enlisted men are only fairly good, while the water-closets for officers are probably the worst ever devised on board any ship.� The trouble with the ships machinery was only part of the problem however, the ship was not large enough for all the men and equipment, especially after the addition of 250 hogsheads of water at Key West, and as a result two and half companies were forced to spend the trip sleeping on the upper deck of the ship; fortunately for these men the weather during their voyage was described as being �extremely fine.� Arriving off of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, on July 9th the ship was delayed for three hours due to a combination of engine trouble and awaiting the arrival of the USS Wasp to provide an escort father down the coast; however, at 5 pm the Wasp arrived and the ships began to sail for Altares Bay, but were delayed an additional twelve hours due to additional engine troubles with the steamship. The ships finally arrived at Altares Bay at 8 am on July 10th, and the regiment begins to disembark their equipment and supplies; reporting in the regiment is assigned to the 2nd Brigade of the Provisional Division, 5th Army, along with the men of the 1st Illinois, 9th Massachusetts, 34th Michigan and 8th Ohio Infantry Regiments; however shortly thereafter the command is consolidated and designated as the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division and will consist of the 1st Illinois and 8th Ohio Infantry Regiments. On July 11th the regiment receives orders to march to the front, and conducts a march from Siboney to Santiago de Cuba where they immediately move into the front lines of the siege of that place, being attached to Major General Henry W. Lawton�s 2nd Division. On July 15th the regiment is moved to a position on the San Juan Heights overlooking the town, and there they continue performing picket duty and entrenching their position against the Spanish, being under fire for a large portion of the time. With the major fighting having been done only a few days before their arrival in the trenches, the men of the regiment take part in the day-to-day life of the siege, battling not only the Spanish but also the various disease attached to the tropical climate. Following the surrender of the Spanish forces at Santiago, the regiment and the rest of the American Army remained in camp around Santiago, however fears about the health of the command soon resulted in the sending of the regiments of the 5th Corps back to the states for the men�s health. On August 18th and 19th the men of the regiment boarded two transports at Santiago and began the journey north to New York. Arriving at Montauk Point, Long Island, New York, on August 26th, the regiment disembarks and marches into Camp Wikoff, where it will remain in quarantine from the 27th to 29th. Being released from quarantine the men move into the general camp to await further orders, which came shortly when in early September the regiment is ordered to begin making preparations to be mustered out of service. On September 8th the men broke camp and boarding a steamer are taken across the harbor to Jersey City, New Jersey, where they disembarked and boarded the coaches of the two sections of the trains that would carry them to Washington, D.C. The trip itself was mostly uneventful, however one incident happened when Quartermaster Sergeant William Walsh of Company A leaned too far out of the trains window and was knocked out when he hit his head on a telegraph pole near the tracks; thankfully for him the injury was minor and he continued the journey south. The first section arrived at the depot in Washington at 1:15 pm on the 9th, where the men were greeted by a large crowd of family, friends, well-wishers, etc., and were soon joined by the second section at 1:25 pm. Disembarking the men were given a meal by the citizens who had prepared several tables of food for the volunteers, which they were permitted to enjoy until 2:35 pm. Forming, the regiment then marched up Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House, being cheered along the route of march, the regiment was reviewed as they marched by President William McKinley, and then continued onto the grounds of the Executive Mansion where they halted and stacked arms. There they received family, friends and other visitors until afterwards were given a verbal furlough for forty-eight hours, with instructions to report at the National Guard Armory over Center Market on Monday, September 12th. Reporting as ordered, the men of the regiment were furloughed for thirty (30) days, on September 12th, with the exception of the regimental officers and a small guard, who were to remain on duty to complete the necessary work prior to the mustering out of the regiment. Upon the expiration of the furlough the regiment reassembled at the Armory, and on November 18th marched to the Convention Hall in Washington, where there was an official welcoming ceremony in which each member of the regiment was presented with a medal for their service before a crowd of over 8,000 people. Marching back to camp the regiment completed preparations for their discharge, and on November 20th the regiment was officially mustered out of United States service with forty-nine (49) officers and eight hundred and ten (810) enlisted men. During the regiments six months of service there were a total of fifty-three (53) officers and nine hundred and thirty-seven (937) enlisted men mustered into service with the regiment. Of these three (3) officers resigned, one (1) officer died of disease, thirty-two (32) enlisted men were transferred, eight (8) were discharged due to disability, sixty-five (65) were discharged per orders and twenty-two (22) died of disease; a total loss of one hundred and thirty-one (131) officers and enlisted men. Sketch of the 1st D.C. Infantry Regiment marching past of the Treasury on September 9th, 1898.(From the Washington Times of September 10th, 1898) Regimental Statistics Mustered Into Service: 49 Officers & 922 Enlisted Men Mustered Out of Service: 49 Officers & 810 Enlisted Men Total Number Accounted for on Muster Out Roll: 53 Officers & 937 Enlisted Men Resources Books & Published Material - Page 783, "The Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1898." D. Appleton & Company, New York, 1899. - Page 587, "Correspondence relating to the War with Spain, and conditions growing out of the same, including the Insurrection in the Philippine Islands, and the China Relief Expedition, between the Adjutant-General of the Army and Military Commanders in the United States, Cuba, Porto Rico, China, and the Philippine Islands, from April 15, 1898, to July 30, 1902." Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1902. - Volume I, "Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, from its organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903." Francis B. Heitman, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1903. - Part 2, Saturday, September 10th, 1898, �The Times.� Washington, D.C. - �Honors Well Won.� Pages 1 & 10, �The Washington Post.� Washington, D.C., Thursday, November 17th, 1898. - "Officers of Volunteer Regiments Organized Under the Act of March 2, 1899." Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899. - Pages 334 to 341, "The Organized Militia of the United States." Government Printing Press, Washington, D.C., 1900. - "Statistical Exhibit of Strength of Volunteer Forces Called Into Service During the War With Spain; with Losses From All Causes." Adjutant Generals Office, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1899. Documents, Papers & Non-Published Materials - General Index to Compiled Service Records of Volunteer Soldiers who served During the War with Spain. Microfilm publication M871, 126 rolls. ARC ID: 654543; Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1780s-1917, Record Group 94; The National Archives at Washington, D.C. - Pension applications for service in the US Army between 1861 and 1900, grouped according to the units in which the veterans served. (NARA T289) National Archives & Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
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Chronologies of the Marine Corps
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1982
1 January – The strength of the armed forces was 2,093,032, of which 190,039 were Marines.
5 January – An auditorium used for weapons and tactics instructor training at Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS), Yuma was named in honor of the late Colonel John H. Ditto. Colonel Ditto was instrumental in the creation and development of Marine Aviation and Weapons Squadron based at MCAS Yuma. Colonel Ditto was killed 19 January 1981 at the age of 44 when his AV-8A Harrier crashed at MCAS Cherry Point.
9 January – A Marine Security Guard duty vehicle in San Salvador, El Salvador, was fired upon as it was enroute to the Marine House. The vehicle sustained one hit from a 7.62 millimeter weapon; there were no injuries.
13 January – Jiro Horikashi, 78, designer of the Japanese Zero fighter that challenged Marine aviators at the outset of World War II, died of pneumonia in a Tokyo hospital.
13 January – The first Marine Corps F/A-18 Hornet aircraft went on the assembly line at the Northrop Corporation in Hawthorne, California. After final assembly and extensive testing, Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 314 (VMFA-314) was the first squadron at MCAS El Toro to receive the F/A-18, followed by VMFA-323 and 531.
15 January – The Basic Skills Education Program (BSEP) opened its new learning center at Camp Geiger, Okinawa. The BSEP, which prepares Marines for the Graduate Equivalency Degree examination, has helped almost 4,500 Marines since its inception in 1977.
20 January – General Robert H. Barrow, the Commandant of the Marine Corps advised that urinalysis test results received from drug testing laboratories could be used in disciplinary proceedings involving Marines accused of drug usage for any drug except cannibis.
29 January – The base theater at Marine Corps Air Station, Beaufort, South Carolina, was named in honor of the late Lieutenant Colonel Lee T. Lasseter, who served as a fighter pilot during his career in the Marine Corps.
29 January – River Road, Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, was renamed to Julian C. Smith Drive in honor of the late Lieutenant General Julian C. Smith, who commanded the 2d Marine Division on Tarawa during World War II.
31 January – Marines of the Marine Security Guard Detachment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, responded to a fire in one of the American Embassy buildings and were instrumental in extinguishing the blaze. A Marine inside the building was badly burned and was evacuated to the United States as a result.
1 February – The Commandant of the Marine Corps launched a concentrated campaign to eliminate the use of illegal drugs in the Corps following specific guidelines set in ALMAR 246. The language of the order was simple, beginning with: “the distribution, possession or use of illegal drugs is not tolerated in the United States Marine Corps,” and all Marines were subject to random urinalysis testing.
3 February – The flag at the American Embassy in Beijing, China, was lowered to half-mast by Marines of the security guard detachment in memory of Lieutenant General Joseph C. Burger, who died on 1 February. Lieutenant General Burger served with the 4th Marines in Shanghai and later at the embassy in Peiping in 1935.
12 February – A decision was made by the Commandant of the Marine Corps to have east coast Marine amphibious units (MAUs) redesignated. Under the new system, they would be numbered in the 20s with the first digit “2” reflecting the Marine amphibious force (MAF) from which each MAU orignated. MAUs from II MAF would be designated 22, 24, 26, and 28 instead of 32, 34, 36, and 38.
13 February – Marines from III MAF participated in “Team Spirit 82,” conducted in the Republic of Korea (ROK) to exercise deployment, reception, and employment of ROK/US forces responding to possible contingencies in the Korean theater.
20 February – The 20th anniversary of the historic flight of Friendship Seven Mercury Spacecraft, in which Senator John Glenn (Colonel, USMC, Ret.) was the first American to orbit the earth in outer space, was observed. The flight, which took four hours and 56 minutes, consisted of three orbits around the earth.
28 February – The Defense Department rejected all bids by competing companies to manufacture a new 9 millimeter handgun, which was designed to be compatible with NATO sidearms and replace the Colt .45 currently in use by U.S. armed forces. Of the four companies bidding, none was able to meet more than 11 of the 71 specifications laid down by the Defense Department, which plans to purchase 400,000 9mm pistols over a 10-year period.
5 March – The Commandant of the Marine Corps announced that the Marine Corps program designed to reveal drug usage among Marines is now applicable to the Marine Corps Reserve.
5 March – The first of 15 CH-53E “Super Stallion” helicopters was unveiled at MCAS Tustin, California, by Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 465. New features of the CH-53E included the ability to refuel in flight (a first for helicopters) and lift capability twice that of earlier models. East coast helicopter squadrons had received their first CH-53Es in 1981.
15 March – The USS New Jersey, a 40-year old veteran battleship of three wars, was refloated at the Naval Shipyard, Long Beach, California. The ship is being returned to service for a fourth tour of duty, and will include a Marine detachment among its complement of officers and men.
17 March – An attempt was made by dissident military forces of Guatemala to take over the government in that country. U.S. Marines were placed on alert inside the American Embassy, but were later ordered to stand down. There were no casualties.
22 March – The space shuttle Columbia (STS-3) embarked on its third trip into space in a mission that lasted 7 days, 3 hours, and 25 minutes. The crew on board included Marine Colonel Jack R. Lousma, 46, who previously was a member of the astronaut support crews for the Apollo 9, 10, and 13 missions and pilot for Skylab 3.
23 March – “Woodland” camouflage utilities replaced “poplin” utilities in use throughout the Marine Corps. The new utilities improvements include reinforced knee, elbow, and seat patches, unpleated breast pockets, slightly heavier material, smaller trouser pockets, and larger collars. The cost of new utilities remained the same as the old ones.
27 March – A group of 120 politcians and ex-combat troops broke ground on the Mall near the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., for a $6 million memorial to those who served and died in Vietnam. The U.S. Marine Band played “God Bless America” at the groundbreaking.
31 March – A group of unidentified individuals fired a Chinese-made rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) and 20 rounds of small arms ammunition at the American Embassy in Guatemala. The RPG caused a 4-inch hole in a second floor. No injuries were reported. The local police arrived in a timely manner and conducted an investigation.
1-6 April – “Gallant Eagle 82” employed 10,000 Marines and sailors of the 7th Marine Amphibious Brigade (MAB) at Twentynine Palms, California, in a United States Readiness Command exercise. The purpose of “Gallant Eagle 82” was to provide a simulated combat environment to exercise, train, and evaluate the 7th MAB, along with other multi-service forces of the Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force, in a desert environment. In all, “Gallant Eagle 82” employed 25,000 soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines.
2 April – The annual Navy League awards were presented to the following: Colonel Jack B. Hammond, 2d Marine Air Wing (MAW), received the General John A. Lejeune award for inspirational leadership; Major Richard F. Vercauteren, 2d Marine Division, received the General Holland M. Smith award for operational competence; and Gunnery Sergeant J. J. Brown, 1st Marine Division, received the General Gerald C. Thomas award for inspirational leadership.
5 April – Approximately 15 shots were fired by unknown assailants using a small caliber rifle at the American Embassy in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. There were no injuries and only minor damage to the outside of the building was incurred.
11 April – The Dome of the Rock shooting by unidentified assailants in Jerusalem caused extensive re-examination of political priorities throughout the Middle East. Marine Security Guards at overseas posts in the Middle East increased security measures for the protection of American interests and property as directed by the Secretary of State.
17 April – The USS Lewis B. Puller (FFG 23) was commissioned at the Long Beach, California, Naval Shipyard and was named in honor of Lieutenant General Lewis B. “Chesty” Puller, the only Marine in history to receive five Navy Crosses. The Puller, a 445-foot guided missile frigate, was under construction since 1979.
17 - 29 April – 29,000 sailors and Marines from the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand participated in Exercise “RIMPAC ‘82” to enhance tactical capabilities of participating units in most major aspects of conventional maritime warfare.
22 April – The battleship USS Iowa (BB 61), leader of the fourmember class of battleships remaining in the U.S. Navy, was moved from its moorings at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in preparation for reactivation and recommissioning in January 1985.
23 April – Rotation of the 31st Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) units occurred with Battalion Landing Team, 3d Battalion, 3d Marines (BLT 3/3), Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 165 (HMM-165), and MAU Service Support Group 31 (MSSG-31) departing Hawaii for deployment to WestPac. These units replaced BLT 1/3, HMM-265, and MSSG-37.
27 April - 16 May – Exercise “Ocean Venture 82” was conducted in the Carribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the southeastern United States to emphasize command and control of forces in a simulated combat environment. It included 5,500 Marines in the overall force of 45,000 active and reserve military from all the armed services and units of the Royal Netherlands Navy and Marines. The exercise was designed to signal that the U.S. is prepared to defend its Caribbean interests.
28 April – Lejeune Hall, the United States Naval Academy Physical Education Center, was dedicated. The new center was named after Lieutenant General John A. Lejeune, an 1888 graduate of the Naval Academy who became the 13th Commandant of the Marine Corps. Lejeune Hall is a 95,000-square foot, steel, concrete, granite, and glass building. It features swimming and diving pools, six wrestling rings, strength training rooms, a 120-person classroom, and administrative offices. The grounds surrounding Lejeune Hall feature three memorial monuments.
30 April – Marine Helicopter Training Squadron 303 (HMT-303) was activated at Camp Pendleton, California, and was attached to Marine Aircraft Group 39, 3d Marine Aircraft Wing.
21 May – Brigadier General Paul A. Putnam, USMC (Retired), died in Mesa, Arizona. He commanded Marine Fighting Squadron 211, the “Wake Island Avengers,” on Wake Island at the beginning of World War II and was a Japanese prisoner of war for four years.
21 May – Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadron 252, the oldest continually active squadron in the Marine Corps, reached 250,000 accident-free flight hours.
21 May – The winner of the 1982 Annual Rifle Squad Combat Competition was 1st Squad, 1st Platoon, Company E, 2d Battalion, 3d Marines, 1st Marine Brigade led by Sergeant Jack Lawrence.
22 May – The 70th anniversary of Marine aviation was observed. On 22 May 1912, Lieutenant Alfred Austell Cunningham became Marine Aviator Number 1 in a solo flight at Annapolis, Maryland, after two hours and 40 minutes of instruction.
24 May – The 32d Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU), commanded by Colonel James Mead, began deployment with the Amphibious Task Force, U.S. Sixth Fleet on duty in the eastern Mediterranean. The 32d MAU was composed of Battalion Landing Team, 2d Battalion, 8th Marines, Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 261 and MAU Service Support Group 32.
28 May – The 1981 Colonel Robert Debs Heinl Award for Marine Corps history was awarded to Mr. Jack Shulimson and Dr. Graham A. Cosmas for their article in the November 1981 issue of Marine Corps Gazette, “Teddy Roosevelt and the Corps’ Sea-Going Mission.”
2- 6 June – The Marine Security Guard Detachment in Paris, France, provided support during President Reagan’s visit at the Versailles Summit.
7 June – The embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, was the subject of a rocket and machine gun attack which caused minimal damage. A Marine was wounded by shrapnel but continued in a full-duty status.
8 June – Camp Kuwae, Marine Corps Base, Camp Smedley D. Butler, Okinawa, was renamed Camp Lester in honor of the late Hospital Apprentice (HA) First Class Fred F. Lester, USNR. HA1 Lester was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for heroism while serving as a medical corpsman attached to the 6th Marine Division on Okinawa during World War II.
11 June – Colonel Michael P. Sullivan, commanding officer of Marine Aircraft Group 11, became the first Marine Corps pilot to achieve 4,000 accident-free flight hours in an F-4 “Phantom” aircraft.
21 June - 2 July – 7th Marine Amphibious Brigade (MAB) units from Camp Pendleton and Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center at Twentynine Palms participated in Exercise “Stratmobex 2-82” to exercise and test 7th MAB alert, marshalling, and deployment plans and procedures.
23 June – Initial evacuation of the American Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, began with the Marine Security Guard Detachment providing security.
24 June – The American Embassy in Beirut was secured then abandoned due to severe fighting in the area. Remaining personnel were relocated to the ambassador’s residence in the nearby city of Yarze. Nine Marines of the Marine Security Guard Detachment provided security.
26 June - 26 November – Over 250 Marines from the 2d Marine Division and the 2d Force Service Support Group participated with other U.S. forces and navy/air forces from various South American nations in Exercise “Unitas XXIII” designed to promote military professionalism between the United States and participating South American navies.
28 June – The Marine Corps’ last C-117D aircraft was officially retired at Marine Corps Air Station, Iwakuni, Japan, after a final flight to Naval Air Station, Cubi Point, in the Republic of the Philippines. Better known as the “Skytrain,” the C-117D had been used for combat support, transporting troops, cargo lift, medical evacuations, and had been modified for cold weather missions by having skis attached.
30 June – The strength of the armed forces was 2,107,709, of which 193,399 were Marines.
2 July – The last Marine U11A Piper “Aztec” aircraft was retired at Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina.
9 July – President Ronald Reagan designated this date as National POW/MIA Recognition Day, in honor of all former American prisoners of war, those still missing, and their families. The President called on all Americans to join in honoring those who made the uncommon sacrifices of being held captive in war. From World War I to the Vietnam conflict, more than 142,000 U.S. servicemen were taken prisoner and more than 17,000 died while in captivity. During the same period, more than 92,000 servicemen were lost in combat and their remains were never recovered.
16 July – Marine Fighter Attack Training Squadron 101 participated with U.S. air and naval forces, along with Canadian military forces, in Exercise “Amalgam Chief 82-5” designed to exercise NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense) personnel throughout the radar network along with fighter-interceptor squadrons.
16 July – Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 164 (HMM-164) was the first squadron recognized by the Boeing/Vertol Company, the manufacturer of the CH-46 “Sea Knight” helicopter, to reach 100,000 cumlative flight hours. HMM-164 is based at Marine Corps Air Station (Helicopter), Tustin, California.
18 July – Operation “Phoenix Bear,” an all-Reserve amphibious landing exercise, was executed by the 46th Marine Amphibious Unit to test readiness of reservists and equipment for partial or complete mobilization at Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.
26 July – The USS Vandegrift (FFG 48) was launched by Todd Shipyard Corporation, Seattle, Washington. The ship was named in honor of General Alexander A. Vandegrift, the 18th Commandant of the Marine Corps (January 1944 – December 1947).
29 July – Colonel Justice M. Chambers, who received the Medal of Honor for heroism on Iwo Jima, died at National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, at the age of 74. Colonel Chambers commanded the 3d Battalion, 25th Marines in the Iwo Jima landing on 19 February 1945. In addition to the Medal of Honor, Colonel Chambers received many other medals including the Silver Star, Legion of Merit with Combat “V,” and three Purple Hearts. Commissioned in the Marine Corps in 1932, Colonel Chambers retired from the Marine Corps Reserve on 1 January 1946. After his retirement, he began a career in the federal government largely devoted to the Nation’s non-military preparedness.
5 August – General Paul X. Kelley, Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps and Chief of Staff, laid the keel of the Dock Landing Ship 42 (LSD 42) at the Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company in Seattle, Washington. The ship is designed to transport combat-ready and equipped Marines to a deployment area.
6 August – Deputy Secretary of Defense Frank C. Carlucci, Postmaster General William F. Bolger, and Army Sergeant John O. Marsh dedicated a new twenty cent embossed stamped envelope commemorating the 200th anniversary of the Purple Heart award.
7 - 9 August – The 40th anniversary of the landing on the beaches of Guadalcanal and Tulagi in the Solomon Islands during World War II was observed. The landings marked the first Allied land offensive in the Pacific and were the first amphibious assaults against the enemy forces by the 1st Marine Division (Reinforced).
14 August – President Reagan proclaimed this day as National Navajo Code Talkers Day to honor the Navajo code talkers from the New Mexico and Arizona reservations who joined the Marine Corps during World War II. They used their native language as a base for a Marine Corps communications code in operations against the Japanese throughout the Pacific.
25 August – Approximately 800 Marines of the 32d Marine Amphibious Unit under the command of Colonel James Mead went ashore in Beirut, Lebanon, to form the United States element of a multinational force called in to assist Lebanese armed forces and to assure the safe and orderly departure of Palestine Liberation Organization forces from Lebanon. U.S. Marines joined approximately 400 French and 800 Italian military personnel to form the peacekeeping force.
27 August - 18 October – Marines from the 4th Marine Amphibious Brigade and sailors from east coast commands joined forces with servicemen from nine other NATO nations to participate in two exercises: “Northern Wedding ‘82” and “Bold Guard ‘82” in Norway, Denmark, and the Federal Republic of Germany. The exercises tested the capacity of alliance forces to bring in reinforcements and resist aggression in the Atlantic, Baltic, and Norwegian sea areas. The exercises provided an opportunity for the conduct of a combined amphibious assault in the North Sea followed by a tactical reembarkation for subsequent amphibious landings in the Baltic approaches and the Baltic.
1 September – General Roy S. Geiger was named to the Naval Aviation Hall of Honor and will be enshrined in the Hall of Honor in May of 1983. General Geiger was the first Marine aviator to have tactical command of all Marine Corps ground forces in the Pacific during World War II, and, as a lieutenant general, became the third Marine officer to wear three stars on active duty. On 30 June 1947, Congress passed a special act promoting General Geiger posthumously to four-star rank in the Marine Corps.
2 September – Captain Dirk R. Ahle, of Weapons Company, 2d Battalion, 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division was the recipient of the 1982 Leftwich trophy for outstanding leadership as the unit’s company commander. The award was presented to Captain Ahle who is from St. Louis, Missouri, at the evening parade at the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.
10 September – By order of the President, Marines of the 32d Marine Amphibious Unit were withdrawn from Lebanon for scheduled redeployment to Camp Lejeune.
15 September – The Marine Detachment, USS New Jersey activated at Long Beach, California. The detachment will help man the vessel that has assisted the Marine Corps in accomplishing its mission in three wars. The USS New Jersey is scheduled to be brought back for a fourth tour of duty in formal recommissioning ceremonies in January 1983.
20 September – President Reagan announced that U.S. forces will again join French and Italian troops in Beirut to enable the government of Lebanon to resume control of the city. President Reagan’s decision was spurred by the massacre of hundreds of Muslim Palestinians, reportedly by Lebanese Christian militiamen, in two Beirut refugee camps.
25 September – Camp Pendleton, California, the largest Marine Corps amphibious base, celebrated its 40th anniversary. First dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942, the Marine Corps base has been the home of the 1st, 3d, 4th, and 5th Marine Divisions spanning three wars. It is currently the home of the I Marine Amphibious Force, the 1st Marine Division, 1st Force Service Support Group, and Marine Aircraft Group 39.
26 September – The Defense Department announced that the Armed Forces, in an effort to find contraband, have the power to open overseas mail for the first time since World War II.
26 September – The Navy Unit Commendation was awarded to Marines and sailors for their handling of the U.S. peacekeeping effort in Beirut, Lebanon. While on the initial 16-day operation, Marines of the 32d Marine Amphibious Unit oversaw the departure of more than 6,000 Palestine Liberation Organization soldiers. Marine Corps Commandant, General Robert Barrow, and the Commander of the Sixth Fleet, Vice Admiral William Rowden, presented the awards in a ceremony aboard the USS Guam, about sixty miles off the coast of Beirut.
27 September – The laying of the keel for FFG 47, a guided missile frigate, took place at Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine. FFG 47 will be named in honor of Major Samuel Nicholas, the Revolutionary War Marine who is considered to be the Corps’ first Commandant.
29 September – 1,200 Marines of the 32d Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) again joined 2,200 French and Italian troops already in Beirut, Lebanon, as part of the multinational peacekeeping force assigned to protect Palestinians and prevent factional strife of the sort that led to the massacres at the Palestinian refugee villages of Sabra and Shatila. The 32d MAU was under the command of Colonel James Mead.
30 September – The strength of the armed forces was 2,108,612, of which 195,715 were Marines.
30 September – Corporal David L. Reagan, USMC, serving with the multinational peacekeeping force, was killed and three other Marines wounded as they attempted to defuse a piece of ordnance inside the grounds of the international airport in Beirut, Lebanon.
1 October – The Marine Detachment, USS Long Beach was reactivated at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington.
5 October – The Communications/Electronics School at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, California, celebrated its 40th anniversary. The Marine Corps’ largest formal school offers 69 classes to Marines in 38 different job specialties.
9 October – Station Operations and Maintenance Squadron (SOMS) activated at Marine Corps Air Station, El Toro. The activation of SOMS was a result of splitting Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, the largest squadron in the Marine Corps, to form two separate squadrons. The split made the SOM’S command responsible for all station aircraft activities.
15 October – Three thousand precooked and frozen hamburgers, complete with bun, ketchup, salt and pickle, were shipped to U.S. Marines serving in Beirut as part of several American companies’ reaction to headlines that Marines were not eating as well as their French and Italian counterparts. The burgers were paid for and shipped free of charge by American firms in response to an appeal by radio Station WDJX in Dayton, Ohio.
15 October – Fiscal year (FY) 1982 topped FY81 and was cited by the Defense Department as the best recruiting and retention year for the armed forces since the draft ended in 1973. Not only did the Marine Corps meet its recruiting goals, but 90 percent of the recruits were high school graduates. The retention of quality Marines during FY82 resulted in the second largest number of reenlistments on record.
18 October – The High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), the “Humvee”, replaced the jeep and some of its younger brothers. The “Humvee” is a basic four-wheel drive 1 and ¼ ton payload vehicle that will serve as a personnel carrier, cargo carrier, command vehicle, weapons platform, and ambulance. Contracts for the development of this vehicle were scheduled to be awarded at the end of 1982 in a contest involving AM General, Teledyne Continental Motors, and General Dynamics, who competed for a $1 billion, 5-year contract for 50,000 vehicles including an option for another 50,000 at a later date.
19 October – A decision was reached by the Marine Corps Chief of Staff Committee to develop a new concept for organizing and manning Marine Air Ground Task Force Headquarters. The new plan called for the establishment of three Marine Amphibious Force planning headquarters each headed by a brigadier general and each permanently staffed with 47 officers and 45 enlisted men. Six Marine amphibious brigades, two in each division-wing team, manned by 65 officers and 85 enlisted men, were also planned.
22 October – Headquarters and Maintenance Squadron 13 (H&MS-13) was awarded the 1982 Villard C. Sledge Memorial Award for best J52 turboshaft engine repair unit in the naval service. H&MS-13 has received the award for five consecutive years.
22 October – In a recent test of the new “Meal, Ready-to-Eat” (MRE) rations, 91.5 percent of the Marines at Camp Lejeune preferred the new C rations over the old ones. The most important feature of the new C rations was the old tin cans gave way to a new flexible package – a “retort” pouch. MREs are lighter than C rations and the new packaging materials are designed to withstand climate and rough handling stresses. The new MREs will be issued this year as old C ration supplies are depleted.
29 October – The 24th Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU), under the command of Colonel Thomas M. Stokes, Jr., replaced the 32d MAU as part of the multinational peacekeeping force in Beirut, Lebanon.
29 October - 3 November – The 32d Marine Amphibious Unit backload into five amphibious ships in Beirut enroute to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.
4 November – U.S. Marines extended their presence in the Lebanese capital of Beirut to the Christian eastern sector, sending their first patrol into one of the most devastated areas along the old “Green Line” that for seven years divided the war torn city into sectarian parts. The Marines carried M16 rifles and .45 caliber pistols, while two of the jeeps were mounted with 60 mm machine guns.
5 November – Retired Marine Corps General Edwin Allen Pollock, 83, the only Marine to command both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleet Marine Forces died in Charleston, South Carolina. He commanded the 1st Marine Division in Korea from August 1952 - June 1953.
7 November – The Seventh Annual Marine Corps Marathon took place in Washington, D.C., and Arlington, Virginia, covering 26 miles and 385 yards. 9,996 runners from every state and 27 foreign countries participated in the second largest marathon in the nation after New York’s. Jeff Smith, a 27-year-old postal worker from Cumberland, Maryland, took first place with a time of 2:21:29.
9 November – The “Green Knights” of Marine Attack Squadron 121 exceeded the 45,000-hour accident free flight mark. This milestone marked more than eleven years of accident free flying and distinguished the “Green Knights” as the leading accident-free fixed-wing tactical jet squadron in the Marine Corps.
9 November – The Commandant of the Marine Corps issued a statement elaborating on the approval of the Marine Corps’ new service rifle, the M16A2. The M16A1 underwent significant engineering changes to produce a more sound and reliable weapon. The Commandant stated that the Marine Corps’ well-deserved reputation for military professionalism stems in part from the unique relationship that has existed between a Marine and his rifle and from the Corps’ devotion to marksmanship proficiency as a fundamental skill of all Marines. The Commandant also stated that he was confident that the selection of the M16A2 will enhance the Corps’ combat effectiveness. Due to the rapidly declining inventory of M161As, the Corps has elected to replace them with the newer models on a one-for-one basis in FY84, with inventory conversion completed by FY89.
10 November – Marines throughout the world celebrated the 207th birthday of the Marine Corps, in honor of the founding of the Marine Corps on 10 November 1775 by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia. In his birthday message, the Commandant of the Marine Corps said that “on this special day, as always, those who rely on us can feel confident that, if needed, we are ready.”
10 November – The 3d Marine Aircraft Wing celebrated its 40th birthday at Marine Corps Air Station, El Toro, California.
11 November – Space shuttle Columbia’s first satellite-carrying commercial flight took place with Marine Colonel Robert Overmyer on board as pilot of the vehicle and Vance D. Brand, a former Marine who served with the Corps from 1953-1957, as shuttle commander. The four-astronaut team successfully released a massive communications satellite from the space shuttle Columbia and left it behind them in the open sea of space.
13 November – The dedication of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial took place at the memorial site in Washington, D.C., immediately following a parade in tribute to Vietnam Veterans. The dedication and parade was part of the week long National Salute to Vietnam Veterans which included a candlelight vigil, unit reunion registration, and religious services for Marine Corps Vietnam veterans and those from other services.
16 November – Space shuttle Columbia, piloted by a Marine and commanded by a former Marine, landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, at the completion of a successful mission which included the placing into orbit around the earth of two $50 million communications satellites.
24 November – The 32d Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) arrived at Morehead City, North Carolina, from Beirut, Lebanon, concluding its Mediterranean deployment. The 32d MAU was relieved in Beirut on 29 October 1982 by the 24th MAU and participated in a training exercise in Morocco prior to its return.
24 November – The last F-4 “Phantom” fighters departed Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS), El Toro, California. Flight operations have been slowly phased out at MCAS El Toro due to the noise levels of modern aircraft and their incompatibility with neighboring communities. This marked the end of a twenty-year era at the air station.
3 December – The new Federal Aviation Administration Building in New York City was named after Major Robert M. Fitzgerald, a highly decorated Marine aviator. Major Fitzgerald was killed in action in the Quang Nam Province of Vietnam on 1 June 1970 while attempting a helicopter rescue of a six-man reconnaissance team that was engaged in combat.
3- 7 December – The 31st Marine Amphibious Unit participated in Exercise “Jade Tiger 83” conducted at Wahibah Sands, Oman. The exercise included close air support in conjunction with the establishment of the beachhead by amphibious forces, follow-on strikes as the force moved inland, and interdiction against designated hostile surface contacts.
7 December – President Reagan approved the activation of a new U.S. Central Command (US CENTCOM) responsible for protecting U.S. security interests in the Middle East, Persian Gulf, and Indian Ocean areas. The command will be empowered to draw from a pool of about 230,000 troops in the U.S. in the event of a war emergency in that critical region. The unified command is an outgrowth of the Rapid Deployment Force created by the Carter Administration in 1980, in the wake of the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afganistan.
10 December – A 250-man Marine Detachment assigned to Exercise “UNITAS XXII” and the “West African Training Cruise 82” on board the USS Portland returned after a six-month deployment. Navy and embarked Marine Corps personnel made goodwill visits to numerous African areas conducting training activities, community relations projects, open houses, and other events to enhance U.S. and African relations.
13 December – U.S. Marine peacekeeping troops began training a special unit of the Lebanese Army in an expansion of the American role in Lebanon. About 75 Lebanese soldiers joined a company of 220 Marines at the Americans’ camp near Beirut airport for 21 days of training in basic infantry skills including helicopter assaults.
16 December – The 36th anniversary of Fleet Marine Force Atlantic was observed. The force was born out of necessity for a grouping of Marine air, ground, and specialized units under one command to produce the Marine Corps highly effective air-ground “Force in Readiness.” This force in readiness was able to respond quickly and effectively to the crisis in Lebanon this year.
29 December – The USS New Jersey was recommissioned. The battleship was first commissioned in 1943 and fought in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. The New Jersey was modernized with the addition of 32 Tomahawk Cruise missiles, 16 Harpoon surface-to-surface missiles, and a close-in weapons system of computerized radar-guided Gatling guns. Three helicopters, known as Light Airborne MultiWeapons System (LAMPS), have also been added. The modernizing and commissioning of the battleship took place three weeks ahead of schedule. The Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Barrow, and President Reagan attended the recommissioning ceremonies. Two officers and 42 enlisted men make up the Marine Detachment on board.
31 December – Marine Fighter Squadron 214, 3d Marine Aircraft Wing at Marine Corps Air Station, El Toro, was named attack squadron of the year and received the Lawson H.S. Sanderson Award. Major General Sanderson was the Marine Corps’ dive-bombing pioneer noted for his experimental close support bombing exercises. The award was established to recognize superior performance of a Marine attack squadron.
31 December – The Commandant announced that Marine Corps aviation achieved a new milestone of a major mishap rate of approximately 6.3 major mishaps per 100,000 flight hours for 1982. Against the 6.5 goal the Commandant set for 1982, this represented significant progress and is the lowest annual rate ever attained by Marine Corps aviation. While the ultimate goal of Marine Corps aviation will continue to be a zero mishap rate, the Commandant was confident that with the emphasis on successful measures already established, the Marine Corps can continue to work towards that goal by attaining a mishap rate of 6.0 or less in 1983.
1983
1 January – A composite U.S. Marine Corps band participated in the 94th Annual Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California. The 100-plus member band was composed of musicians from Marine units stationed at Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii; El Toro, California; Camp Pendleton, California; and San Diego, California. This marked the 36th consecutive year that the Corps’ bandsmen participated in the Rose Parade. Over one million spectators saw the Marine musicians and millions more viewed the marching unit on nationwide television.
1 January – A new unified command for Southwest Asia known as the U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) was activated. The new command, made up of Army, Air Force, Navy and Marine units, is responsible for protecting U.S. security interests in the Middle East, Persian Gulf, and the Indian Ocean areas. USCENTCOM command took the place of the Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force and is empowered to draw from a pool of 230,000 troops in the U.S. in the event of a war emergency in that critical region.
1 January – The Basic Skills Education Program (BSEP) became effective to provide training in reading, mathematics, and English to Marines who were identified as deficient in any of the basic skills. Guidelines for screening eligible BSEP participants included motivation, level of basic skills required for satisfactory performance in a specific military occupation series, and military classification test scores.
1 January – The strength of the armed forces was 2,112,500, of which 195,700 were Marines.
3, 5, 7 and 12 January – Purple Heart Medals were awarded to three Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, Marines and the widow of another for wounds suffered 30 September 1982 at the Beirut International Airport, Lebanon, from an explosion of a cluster bomb during mine-clearing operations. Lance Corporal George Washington was presented the medal on 3 January, Corporal Anthony Morgan received his medal on 7 January, and Lance Corporal Leslie R. Morris was awarded the Purple Heart on 12 January. The widow of Corporal David L. Reagan, who was seriously injured by the blast and later died during surgery aboard the USS Guam, was presented his Purple Heart on 5 January.
6 January – Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 361 (HMH-361) at Marine Corps Air Station, Tustin, California, achieved its 25,000th accident –free flight hour. Major General Clayton L. Comfort, commanding general of the 3d Marine Aircraft Wing, stated that the “Flying Tigers” of HMH-361 showed leadership, professionalism, and dedication to accomplish all tasks and missions safely and successfully for five years to achieve this milestone.
7 January – Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 314 (VMFA-314), the first tactical squadron of any service to receive the F/A-18 Hornet, began flight operations at Marine Corps Air Station, El Toro, California. VMFA-314 personnel were trained to operate the Hornet at Naval Air Station Lemoore, California, with joint Navy/Marine Fleet Readiness Squadron 125. The F/A-18 Hornet, as a replacement for the aging F-4 Phantom, provides a quantum improvement for Marine fighter-attack squadrons.
13 January – Retired General David Monroe Shoup, 78, a former Commandant of the Marine Corps, died of a heart ailment at Circle Terrace Hospital, Alexandria, Virginia. General Shoup served as the 22d Commandant of the Marine Corps from 1 January 1960 until his retirement from active service, 31 December 1963. As a colonel in World War II, General Shoup earned the Medal of Honor while commanding the Second Marines, 2d Marine Division on Tarawa. The highly decorated general was buried with full honors at Arlington National Cemetery on 17 January.
14 January – Retired Major General Samuel C. Cumming, 88, died in Sarasota, Florida. Major General Cumming entered the Marine Corps 1917 and served with the 5th Marines in World War I. He was commanding officer of the 25th Marines and the assistant division commander of the 4th Marine Division during World War II. The decorated general retired from the Marine Corps in 1946.
22 January - 1 February – The Commandant of the Philippine Marines, Brigadier General Rodolfp M. Pumsalang, visited the United States as a guest of the Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Robert H. Barrow. The purpose of this visit was to tour Marine Corps operational and support commands, observe equipment, individual and unit training, and amphibious operations.
___ February – Technology replaced the versatile World War II “steel pot” helmet with a synthetic fabric model weighing the same three pounds but offering 25 percent more protection to the wearer’s head, temple, ear and neck areas. The same Kevlar fabric developed by Dupont Corporation was also used in the manufacture of flak jackets. Marines of the 32d Amphibious Unit sported the Kevlar flak jackets during their deployments to Lebanon in 1982.
___ February – The first M198, 155mm towed artillery piece was received by the 1st Marine Division cannoneers at Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton, California. The regiment’s aging fleet of 105mm howitzer cannons were slowly retired in favor of the Corps’ new M198. The M198 has a range nearly 30 kilometers, weighs 15,700 pounds, and has a hydraulic pedestal so it can be rotated 360 degrees in 15 seconds.
2 February – Captain Charles B. Johnson, USMC, of Neenah, Wisconsin, drew and loaded his pistol while blocking an attempt by three Israeli tanks to pass through his checkpoint near the Beirut University Library, Lebanon. The lead tank in the Israeli formation stopped a foot in front of Captain Johnson of Company L of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit. The confrontation appeared to be the most serious of six or seven reported between Israeli soldiers and U.S. Marines on peacekeeping duty in Lebanon.
7 February – A McDonald’s restaurant had a grand opening ceremony at Camp Pendleton, California, marking the first fast-food enterprise invasion of a U.S. military base. McDonald’s won the contract for an on-base operation through competitive bidding late in 1982 after the base commander approved a request from the Marine Corps Exchange. McDonald’s believed the company would have great potential at Camp Pendleton, a base for 40,000 Marines.
15 February – Marines of the 22d Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) replaced the 24th MAU in Beirut, Lebanon, as part of an international peacekeeping force. The 22d MAU was commanded by Colonel James Mead who also commanded the 32d MAU during the initial landings in Lebanon during August and September 1982. The 22d MAU was composed of Battalion Landing Team, 2d Battalion, 6th Marines, Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 264, and MAU Service Support Group 22.
15 February – Retired Brigadier General Robert Hugh Williams, 75, died of cancer at his farm “Bryn Mawr” near Wales, Wisconsin. During World War II, General Williams commanded the 1st Parachute Battalion and in 1943 became the first commanding officer of the 1st Parachute Regiment. He was awarded the Navy Cross for action at Gavutu, Solomon Islands, and was executive officer of the 28th Marines when the regiment captured Mount Suribachi and raised the flag on Iwo Jima.
16 February – Marine Helicopter Training Squadron 301 (HMT-301) of the 3d Marine Aircraft Wing at Marine Corps Air Station (Helicopter), Tustin, California, celebrated eight years of accident-free flying. In addition to training Marine Corps personnel, HMT-301 also trained pilots from the Naval Flight School at Pensacola, Florida.
21-24 February – The U.S. Marines in Lebanon conducted humanitarian relief operations in the town of Quartaba during Lebanon’s worst blizzard in memory. The operations consisted of snow removal, distribution of food and heating fuel, and medical assistance. U. S. Marine helicopters also flew into Syrian -- held territory in Lebanon’s central mountains -- and rescued four Lebanese men suffering from frostbite and exposure. The operation brought about a degree of cooperation between the Syrians, Israelis, Lebanese and the multinational force.
24 February – Marine Colonel Robert F. Overmeyer, who piloted the fifth flight of the space shuttle Columbia in November 1982, visited Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS), El Toro, California. Colonel Overmeyer presented the commanding general of MCAS El Toro, Brigadier General Richard M. Cooke, with plaques displaying Columbia patches and Marine Corps flags taken on the shuttle flight.
26 February – The honor platoon from Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California, was on hand to welcome Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, on the first stop of their West Coast tour at San Diego. The Marines were part of a dual ceremonial guard which included a platoon of Navy recruits and a Navy/Marine Corps joint color guard. The Queen inspected the military units and toured the San Diego harbor area.
28 February – Major General David M. Twomey assumed command of Marine Corps Base, Quantico, Virginia, upon the retirement of Lieutenant General Richard E. Carey. Since June 1981, General Twomey was director of the Quantico Education Center, an 11-school complex. Prior to assuming his assignments at Quantico, General Twomey served as Commanding General of the 2d Marine Division at Camp Lejeune from July 1979 - June 1981; and Inspector General of the Marine Corps from July 1978 - June 1979.
1-3 March – Over 100 volunteers from the 3d Marine Aircraft Wing, Marine Corps Air Station, El Toro, California, assisted Huntington Beach, California, civil authorities in flood relief operations.
3-22 March – “Team Spirit 83,” a joint combined exercise involving some 188,000 U.S. and Republic of Korea Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force personnel, was staged in South Korea. III Marine Amphibious Force Marines stationed at Okinawa and Iwakuni, Japan, participated by forming a Marine Air Ground Task Force comprised of about 8,000. “Team Spirit 83” maneuvers were structured to train for a Korean contingency based on the defense of South Korea against North Korean aggression.
8 March – The 24th Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU), the second American MAU to serve as part of the international peacekeeping force in Beirut, Lebanon, arrived at Morehead City, North Carolina. The 24th MAU was relieved in Beirut by the 22d MAU on 15 February 1983.
9 March – Retired Brigadier General Robert Bostwick Carney, Jr., 63, former commander of Marine Barracks in Washington, D.C. from 1964-1968, died at his home in Arlington, Virginia. General Carney earned the Bronze Star Medal with Combat “V” for his service with the 5th Marine Division on Iwo Jima and was awarded the Legion of Merit with Combat “V” for his service in Vietnam. He retired from active duty in July 1972.
11-17 March – Elements of the 4th Marine Amphibious Brigade and ships of Amphibious Squadron 4 joined Naval and Air Forces of Norway, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands for exercise “Cold Winter ‘83” in Norway. The biennial exercise, sponsored by the Norwegian Brigade North, was designed to exercise coordination procedures between Norwegian and allied units in combat operations under winter conditions.
12-26 March – More than 3,200 Marines from the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing participated in “Operation Skyhawk,” the largest Marine air reserve exercise ever held. Approximately 100 aircraft from 48 units and personnel from all reserve units in the continental United States participated in the exercise consisting of close air support, combat air patrols, troop lifts, electronic warfare missions and aerial refueling. Marine units included elements of the 3d Marine Amphibious Brigade, elements of the 5th and 11th Marines, and Marine Aircraft Group 42. The exercise took place at Marine Corps Air Station, Yuma, Arizona, and other military installations in Nevada and California.
14 March – General Robert H. Barrow, Commandant of the Marine Corps, demanded that “firm and strong action” be taken to stop Israeli forces in Lebanon from putting Marines in “life-threatening situations” that are “timed, orchestrated and executed for obtuse Israeli political purposes.” The general’s charges were contained in a letter to Secretary of Defense, Caspar W. Weinberger. General Barrow had been concerned for months over what he considered deliberate Israeli provocations designed to discredit international peacekeeping forces in Lebanon.
16 March – Five Marines from Weapons Company, Battalion Landing Team 2d Battalion, 6th Marines, 22d Marine Amphibious Unit were wounded superficially during a foot patrol in an urban area called Warzia, northwest of Marine Corps positions at Beirut International Airport. An unknown assailant tossed a fragmentation hand grenade at the patrol marking the first direct attack against the 1,200-man force since American troops took up positions in Beirut during 1982. An Islamic fundamentalist group known as Jihad Islami, or Islamic Holy War, claimed responsibility for the attack on the Marines.
17 March – The 24th Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) was presented the Navy Unit Commendation by Major General Alfred M. Gray, Jr., Commanding General of the 2d Marine Division, for meritorious service from 29 October 1982 to 15 February 1983 as part of the multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon. During that period, the 24th MAU was commanded by Colonel Thomas M. Stokes, Jr.
18 March – Marine Light Helicopter Squadron 267 (HML-267) celebrated 80,000 hours of accident-free flying. Major General Clayton L. Comfort, commanding general of the 3d Marine Aircraft Wing congratulated the Marines of HML-267 and praised them for soaring past aviation milestones.
18 March – The Bachelor Enlisted Quarters at Henderson Hall, Arlington, Virginia, were dedicated in honor of Marine Lance Corporal Miguel Keith, USMC (Deceased), a Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipient. Keith Hall consists of two separate five-story buildings which share a common garden and green area and a two-level underground parking complex. The facility has 260 individual rooms and houses 553 Marines. LCpl Keith was awarded a Medal of Honor posthumously for his actions as a machine gunner with Combined Action Platoon 1-3-2, III Amphibious Force in Vietnam.
18 - 22 March – Approximately 13,000 Marines, Navy, Army, and Air Force personnel participated in exercise “Gallant Knight ‘83.” Marines of the I Marine Amphibious Force participated in the exercise which was conducted under the aegis of the U.S. Central Command at Fort Bragg, North Carolina; San Diego, California; and Camp Pendleton, California. The exercise was designed to test command and control functions and employment plans. It also examined procedures of the U.S. Central Command.
21 March – Lebanon’s President, Amin Gemayel, visited U.S. Navy ships which directly supported the peace-keeping mission of the multinational force in Lebanon. He flew aboard the USS Nimitz (CVN-68) and was briefed on U.S. Sixth Fleet missions by Rear Admiral Edward H. Martin, Commander, Battle Force Sixth Fleet. He also toured the USS Guadalcanal (LPH-7) and was briefed by Captain George D. Bess, Commander, Amphibious Force Sixth Fleet, on the capabilities of Navy and Marine Corps forces in the Mediterranean.
21 March – Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 323 (VMFA-323) of the 3d Marine Aircraft Wing (3d MAW) at Marine Corps Air Station, El Toro, California, received the first of 12 F/A-18 “Hornet” aircraft. The “Death Rattlers” of VMFA-323 are the second 3d MAW squadron to convert to the strike fight jet.
22 March – The High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) contract was awarded to AM General Corporation. A $59.8 million fixed price contract included an economic price adjustment for 2,334 vehicles with spare parts, provisioning support, publications, and training. This was the first of a five-year multi-year procurement. The total multi-year contract is $1,184,766,345 for 54,973 vehicles. The 5/4-ton HMMWV can be adapted for multiple missions, including reconnaissance, command and control, troop and weapons carrier, and utility roles.
24 March – President Reagan announced his intention to nominate General Paul X. Kelley, Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps and Chief of Staff since 1 July 1981, as the next Commandant of the Marine Corps. General Kelley was scheduled to succeed General Robert H. Barrow, Commandant of the Marine Corps, on 1 July 1983.
25 March – Retired Major General Samuel S. Jack who served with the 2d Marine Brigade in Nicaragua and commanded the Marine Corps, Navy, and Army fighter planes operating from Guadalcanal during World War II, died in San Diego, California. He was awarded the Navy Cross for actions in Nicaragua and three Legions of Merit during World War II and Korea.
26 March - 1 April – The presentation of the annual Navy League awards took place at the Navy League Convention in Washington, D.C. Five Marines were selected for the 1982 awards: Captain Kenneth T. McCabe, 2d Marine Division received the General John A. Lejeune Award for inspirational leadership; Colonel James M. Mead, Commanding Officer of the 22d Marine Amphibious Unit and Master Sergeant Steven R. Head of the 2d Marine Division received the General Gerald C. Thomas Award for inspirational leadership; and CWO-4 Bruce M. Wincentsen of Marine Corps Development and Education Command, Quantico received the Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award for scientific and technical progress.
27 March – Retired Brigadier General Samuel Blair Griffith II, 76, a decorated veteran of World War II and an authority on Chinese military history, died of respiratory arrest at the Newport Naval Regional Hospital in Newport, Rhode Island. In the 1930s General Griffith was stationed at the U.S. Embassy in Peking as a Chinese language officer. He returned to China in 1946 and commanded Marine forces in Tsingtao for two years. After he retired from the Marine Corps in 1956, he took a doctorate in Chinese history at New College, Oxford University.
28 March – A CH-53 “Sea Stallion” helicopter from Marine Helicopter Squadron 362, 2d Marine Aircraft Wing, Marine Corps Air Station (Helicopter), New River, North Carolina, crashed near San Simon, Arizona, while enroute to Marine Corps Air Station, Yuma, Arizona. While flying, the tail section of the plane detached and caused the helicopter to crash. Six Marines were killed and one was injured.
5 April – The result of the third annual Colonel Robert D. Heinl, Jr. Award in Marine Corps History was announced at a meeting of the Board of Directors of the Marine Corps Historical Foundation. The 1982 award went to Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Mattingly for “Who Knew Not Fear,” on article that appeared in Studies in Intelligence, a quarterly publication of the Central Intelligence Agency.
9 April – President Ronald Reagan designated this date as National POW/MIA Recognition Day in honor of all former American prisoners of war, those still missing, and their families. From World War I to the Vietnam conflict, more than 142,000 U.S. servicemen were taken prisoner and more than 1,700 died while in captivity. During the same period, more than 92,000 servicemen were lost in combat and their remains were never recovered.
11 April – Louis Gossett, Jr. won an Oscar for his performance as a Marine Corps drill instructor in “An Officer and a Gentleman,” one of 1983’s romantic smash-hits. Mr. Gossett was also the first black performer in 20 years to win an Oscar.
15 April – The Commandant of the Marine Corps approved the Commemorative Renaming of a portion of Malecon Drive at Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina, in honor of General Edwin A. Pollock, USMC (Deceased).
17 April - 11 May – More than 47,000 persons from the Marine Corps, Navy, Army, and Air Force participated in Exercise “Solid Shield ‘83”. It was the 21st in a series of annual Commander in Chief Atlantic joint exercise at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina; Fort Stewart, Georgia; and Morehead City, North Carolina. The exercise was designed to emphasize command and control of military forces in a simulated combat environment and included extensive air operations. Approximately 16,000 Marines from II Marine Amphibious Force and the 4th Marine Amphibious Brigade participated.
18 April – A large car bomb exploded just outside the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, causing massive structural damage including the collapse of portions of all seven floors. The French contingent of the multinational peacekeeping force in Beirut was first to respond and provided the initial security and relief efforts at the scene. Shortly afterward, U.S. Marines from the 22d Marine Amphibious Unit secured the area around the embassy. The explosion killed 61 people, including one Marine Security Guard and 16 other Americans, and wounded more than 100 persons. An Islamic group known as the Islamic or Muslim Holy War claimed responsibility for the attack.
25 April – A monument was dedicated at Arlington National Cemetery to the three Marines and five airmen who died in the attempt to rescue American hostages in Iran during 1980.
26 April – Lance Corporal Robert McMaugh of Manassas, Virginia, was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Corporal McMaugh, a Marine Security Guard at the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, was one of 61 people killed when the embassy was bombed on 18 April. He was standing guard at Post 1, just inside the front entrance when the bomb exploded outside the door. The other seven Marine Security Guards in the building were wounded in the blast.
26 April – Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 266 was activated as part of Marine Aircraft Group 26, 2d Marine Aircraft Wing at Marine Corps Air Station (Helicopter), New River, North Carolina.
27 April – The USS Nicholas (FFG-47), a guided missile frigate, was launched at Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine. General Leonard F. Chapman, Jr., former Commandant of the Marine Corps, was the principal speaker at the ceremony. The ship was named in honor of Major Samuel Nicholas, the Revolutionary War Marine considered to be the Corps’ first Commandant.
27 April – A CH-53D “Sea Stallion” helicopter from Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 461, 2d Marine Aircraft Wing, Marine Corps Air Station (Helicopter), New River, North Carolina, crashed in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The helicopter was conducting an amphibious assault rehearsal in conjunction with Exercise “Solid Shield ‘83.” The crash killed one Marine and injured three others.
5 May – In Beirut, Lebanon, a UH-1 Huey helicopter carrying the commander of the American peacekeeping force, Colonel James Mead, was hit by machine gun fire. The six Marines aboard escaped injury. Colonel Mead and his crew had taken off in the helicopter to investigate artillery and rocket duels between rival Syrian-backed Druze Muslim militiamen and Christian Phalangists that endangered French members of the multinational force.
7-21 May – The Commandant General of the United Kingdom’s Royal Marines, Lieutenant General Sir Steuart R. Pringle, visited the Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Robert H. Barrow. The visiting general toured Marine Corps facilities in Washington, D.C. and southern California.
12 May – President Reagan nominated Lieutenant General John K. Davis, Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific for promotion to full General and assignment as Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps. General Davis was scheduled to succeed General Paul X. Kelley, Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, 1 July 1983.
15 May – The Veterans Administration dedicated its newest national cemetery in Quantico, Virginia. The first burial took place 16 May. The new cemetery will relieve pressures for burial space at Arlington National Cemetery which has been forced to restrict eligibility in recent years. Interment in the Quantico National Cemetery will be available to any veteran who was discharged under conditions other than dishonorable, regardless of rank or length of service. The creation and designation of the Quantico site was made possible when the Marine Corps transferred 725 acres of land to the Veterans Administration, thereby providing for the burial needs of more than 600,000 veterans and their dependents. When fully developed, the Quantico National Cemetery will include 275 interment acres, a memorial center, assembly areas, mausoleum, administrative and maintenance facilities, and a six-acre lake.
25 May – The Commandant of the Marine Corps announced the selection of Sergeant Major Robert E. Cleary as the next Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps effective 1 July 1983. Sergeant Major Cleary succeeded the retiring Sergeant Major Leland D. Crawford as the Marine Corps’ highest ranking enlisted Marine. He becomes the tenth Marine to hold the post.
26-27 May – General Robert H. Barrow, Commandant of the Marine Corps, and Sergeant Major Leland D. Crawford, Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, visited with Marines and sailors of the 22d Marine Amphibious Unit in Beirut, Lebanon. The Commandant presented Purple Heart Medals to five Marines who were wounded in a grenade attack on 16 March. He also presented 12 awards to French Marines for their assistance after the bombing of the U.S. Embassy on 18 April.
27 May – Two explosions occurred outside the American Embassy at Lima, Peru. Marines took up defensive positions. No further incidents occurred and there were no injuries.
29 May – The Marine Corps provided assault amphibian vehicle support to the state of Louisiana due to the imminent danger of the Mississippi River flooding the Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola, Louisiana. The extent of damage was minor water seepage along the inboard side of the 18-mile long levee and an unknown amount of water absorbed by the levee itself. The support was requested by the governor of Louisiana.
30 May – Marines of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) took over peacekeeping duties in Beirut, Lebanon, and replaced 22d MAU Marines who had been ashore since 15 February 1983. The 24th MAU was commanded by Colonel Timothy J. Geraghty.
7 June – The U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp at a Pentagon ceremony commemorating the 120th anniversary of the Medal of Honor. Local postmasters planned ceremonies to present special stamp albums to Medal of Honor recipients in their communities. There are 260 living Medal of Honor recipients including 47 Marines.
7-13 June – More than 30,000 Marine Corps and Navy personnel participated in Exercise “Valiant Blitz ‘83” on Okinawa, Japan. The exercise was designed to provide forces with training in amphibious landing techniques and operations ashore. “Valiant Blitz” involved approximately 3,000 Marines plus 20 ships and 250 aircraft. It was the biggest exercise on Okinawa since “Fortress Gale” in 1979.
14 June – A bomb exploded under a van outside the residence of Marines assigned to the U.S. Embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, damaging the vehicle but causing no injuries. The bombing came on the first anniversary of Argentina’s surrender to Britain in the 1982 Falklands war.
16 June - 13 December – Marines of the 2d Marine Division participated in Exercise “Unitas XXIV/West African Training Cruise 83” in the Caribbean, South American, and West African waters. It provided training opportunities and interactions for South American and West African Navies and Marine Corps to exercise in combined training operations and to support mutual interest in the defense of the free world. The exercise was conducted in eight phases followed by seven port visits to five West African countries.
17 June – Navy Hospital Corpsmen were honored at Camp Pendleton, California, with the dedication of the Hospital Corpsmen/Dental Technician/Marine Combat Memorial at the Naval Regional Medical Center. The monument was made by Oceanside, California, artist, Raul Avina, whose design was based on a scene he had witnessed at Iwo Jima while serving in the Marine Corps.
21 June – Marines of the 22d Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) arrived at Key West, Florida, after serving as part of the international peacekeeping force in Beirut, Lebanon, for four months. The 22d MAU was relieved in Beirut by the 24th MAU on 30 May 1983.
26 June – Before an estimated 3,400 Marines and visitors including President Ronald Reagan, the Commander in Chief, General Paul X. Kelley received the official battle color of the Marine Corps, relieving General Robert H. Barrow as Commandant of the Marine Corps. The ceremonies were conducted at Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. General Kelley assumed command as the 28th Commandant of the Marine Corps and General Barrow officially retired. General Kelley’s command was effective 1 July 1983.
27 June – The U.S. Embassy in San Salvador, El Salvador, was sprayed with gunfire by unknown assailants in two passing vehicles. Seconds later, a rocket fired at the building hit a nearby tree and exploded. There were no reports of injuries in the attack and only minor damage was inflicted upon the embassy building. The attack caused some alarm since the embassy is located in a residential sector of the city.
27 June – The 22d Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) received a Navy Unit Commendation for meritorious service in Lebanon. The award was made during the promotion ceremony of Colonel James Mead, former commanding officer of the 22d MAU, to brigadier general.
30 June – The strength of the armed forces was 2,113,400 of which 193,993 were Marines.
5 July – Secretary of State, George Shultz, visited the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit in Beirut, Lebanon. A former Marine major who served in the Pacific during World War II, Secretary Shultz was enroute to Damascus, Syria, to discuss the withdrawal of Syrian and Israeli forces from Lebanon.
6 July - 1 August – More than 6,000 U.S. troops, along with air and sea support, participated in Exercise “Cobra Gold 83,” a joint military exercise with Thailand’s armed forces in and around the Gulf of Thailand. The exercise was designed to strengthen the ability of Thailand’s armed forces to defend their country. The exercise involved training in mine-laying and sweeping, explosive ordnance disposal, special warfare operations, simulated air and sea battle, and amphibious assault and shore operations by Thai and U.S. Marines. “Cobra Gold” was the first exercise for the USS New Jersey since it was recommissioned in 1982.
11 July – The U.S. Marine Band, the oldest continuously active military musical organization in the nation, observed its 185th birthday. A concert for the new Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Paul X. Kelley, was performed at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. with President Ronald Reagan in attendance. The Marine Band was under the leadership of Colonel John R. Bourgeois, its 25th director since its founding in 1798.
11 July – An exhibition of a new series of historical paintings titled “Marines in the Frigate Navy 1794-1834” by Lieutenant Colonel Charles Waterhouse opened at the Marine Corps Museum in Washington, D.C. The display illustrated Marine Corps activities during the first 40 years of the United States Navy. “Marines in the Frigate Navy” will remain on exhibition in the Marine Corps Museum through February 1984. It will then appear in a number of naval and maritime museums from Virginia to Massachusetts during 1984 - 1986.
18 July - 1 August – More than 2,000 Marine Corps reservists participated in a combined arms exercise “CAX 8-83” at Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, California. The live-fire exercise was designed to improve the proficiency of the reservists in all phases of modern combat skills. Scenarios involving all facets of Marine Corps combat training were brought into play as reservists combined forces and operated as they would under battle conditions. “CAX 8-83” also indoctrinated troops to techniques of desert warfare and survival.
22 July – A U.S. Marine stationed in Beirut, Lebanon, as part of the multinational peacekeeping force was hit by flying shrapnel and suffered a superficial shoulder wound when the Beirut International Airport came under heavy shellfire from unknown positions.
26 July – The 6th Marine Amphibious Brigade (MAB) was activated by Lieutenant General John H. Miller, Commanding General Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. The 6th MAB was activated as part of the Maritime Prepositioning Ship program designed to provide rapid introduction of combat forces anywhere they are needed.
29 July – Sergeant Charles A. Light, Jr. was promoted to the rank of staff sergeant and awarded the Meritorious Service Medal for outstanding service when the American Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, was devastated by a car bomb last April. In a ceremony at Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Paul X. Kelley, made the presentation to the former assistant non-commissioned officer in charge of the Marine Security Guard Detachment, U.S. Embassy, Beirut.
31 July – Unidentified gunmen fired a burst of shots at a group of U.S. Marines as they were jogging on the edge of their encampment near Beirut International Airport. The gunfire struck the ground between two groups of Marines jogging on the road and hit about 20-25 yards from the nearest Marine. There were no injuries. Jogging as part of the multinational peacekeeping force in Beirut, were changed after the attack.
10 August – U.S. Marines at the Beirut International Airport in Lebanon were on their highest state of alert following an airport shelling that wounded one Marine. The rocket attack by Druze militia in the mountains east of Beirut provided the opening shots for a day of warfare between Muslim militiamen and the government. Rockets also hit the Defense Ministry and the Presidential Palace. The daylong hostilities by Druze Muslims against the Christian government included the kidnapping of three cabinet ministers.
16-17 August – The Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Paul X. Kelley, visited with Marines of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit in Beirut, Lebanon. In the Commandant’s press statement upon his arrival at the Beirut International Airport, he vowed that threats from Druze gunmen would not intimidate the 1,200 Marines in Lebanon. The Commandant later made a mobile/aerial tour of Marine positions.
17-24 August – Exercise “Bright Star/Eastern Wind 83,” a combined exercise involving military forces from the United States and Somalia, was held near Berbera, Somalia. The exercise was designed to allow forces of both nations to conduct combined training in a harsh desert environment and to enhance Somalia’s ability to defend itself. About 2,800 U.S. servicemen, including Marines from the 31st Marine Amphibious Unit and the 3d Marine Aircraft Wing, participated in the exercise.
26 August – Captain Ronald L. King of Battery I, 3d Battalion, 12th Marines, 3d Marine Division was the recipient of the 1983 Leftwich Trophy, as the battery’s commanding officer. The Leftwich Trophy, an award for a captain in Fleet Marine Force who best exemplifies the principles of leadership, was presented to Captain King at the Evening Parade, Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.
28 August – Marines fought a 90-minute battle with militiamen thought to be Shiite Muslims in their first combat involvement since they went to Beirut, Lebanon, as part of the multinational peacekeeping force a year ago. The combat outpost manned by about 30 Marines and Lebanese army troops east of the Beirut International Airport came under fire by semiautomatic weapons and two rocket propelled grenades. The Marines returned the fire with M-16 rifles and M-60 machine guns. There were no Marine casualties.
29 August – Two Marines were killed and 14 were wounded when dozens of rocket, mortar, and artillery rounds landed in positions occupied by the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit on the eastern side of the Beirut International Airport. It was the second day of heavy fighting and the second day that the Marines struck back at their attackers.
31 August – The Department of Defense authorized hostile-fire pay for Marines and sailors of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit in Lebanon. Each of the 1,200 U.S. Marine peacekeepers serving in Lebanon were eligible for up to $65.00 a month extra pay. The authorization was under a Pentagon regulation that did not trigger any War Powers Act provisions.
2 September – President Ronald Reagan ordered a second 1,800 man amphibious unit to reinforce the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) in Lebanon. The 31st MAU was not expected to go ashore, but rather act as a back up force on board ship.
3 September – The 35th Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) was activated for western Pacific contingency operations in relief of the 31st MAU ordered to Lebanon.
6 September – Two Marines were killed and two were wounded when rockets hit their compound in Beirut, Lebanon. Since 28 August 1983, when fighting broke out between Muslim and Christian militiamen and the Lebanese army, 4 Marines were killed and 24 were wounded. Heavy fighting continued for the peacekeeping force in the area near their positions around the Beirut International Airport.
8 September – The U.S. Navy unleashed its firepower in Lebanon for the first time destroying a Druze militia battery that shelled Beirut International Airport. The frigate Bowen fired four rounds from its five-inch guns as mountain fighting raged and the U.S. Marine base was shelled. Lieutenant General John H. Miller and Major General Alfred M. Gray were inspecting the Marine compound when the shelling started. Marine gunners responded with six rounds from a 155mm howitzer as the Bowen’s guns blasted away.
13 September – President Reagan authorized Marine commanders in Lebanon to call in air strikes from Navy fliers if such action is needed to defend U.S. troops in Beirut. Marines in Beirut could request air strikes from carrier-based fighters off shore and the request, if granted, would be approved locally, rather than in Washington. Additionally, such support could be sought if other troops in the multinational peacekeeping force were threatened or if threats to the Lebanese army could endanger the Marines.
14 September – The USS Tarawa, with its force of Harrier jets and combat helicopters, arrived off the coast of Lebanon bringing an additional 1,800 Marines into position to be deployed as needed. With the arrival of the 31st Marine Amphibious Unit, under the command of Colonel James H. Curd, the United States had a total of 14,000 Marines and sailors on shore and on board ships in the Beirut, Lebanon area.
15 September - 19 November – Exercise “Bold Eagle 84” took place at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Approximately 19,000 Marines, sailors, soldiers and airmen participated in the exercise. It was the sixth in a continuing series of U.S. Readiness Command exercises. It was designed to exercise and evaluate participating commanders, staff and forces in joint service tactics, techniques and procedures employed by forces operating in a sophisticated air environment.
16 September – The Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Paul X. Kelley, was the principal speaker at the keel-laying ceremony for the first two of thirteen maritime prepositioning ships (MPS) to be built at the Quincey, Massachusetts Shipbuilding Division of General Dynamics. General Kelley announced that the ships would be named in honor of two Marine Medal of Honor recipients: Second Lieutenant John P. Bobo and Private First Class Dewayne T. Williams. The MPS program is the key to the Rapid Deployment Force concept.
17 September – U. S. warships off the coast of Beirut, Lebanon, fired dozens of shells from their five-inch guns deep into Syrian-controlled parts of Lebanon. The Naval salvos marked the first time the United States responded to shelling on targets other than U.S. Marine positions around the Beirut International Airport. The naval gun fire from the destroyer John Rodgers and the frigate Bowen came in response to continued shelling in the area around the residence of U.S. Ambassador, Robert Dillon, and the Lebanese Defense Ministry about a mile from the ambassador’s house.
19-20 September – U.S. Navy warships shelled Syrian-backed Druze positions in the hills overlooking Beirut. A continuous, 15-minute barrage from the USS John Rodgers and USS Virginia were fired into the mountains. The battleships fired hundreds of five-inch shells, the heaviest naval bombardment since the Vietnam War, to stop anti-government Druze Muslim and Palestinian forces from taking the village of Souk el Gharb. It marked the first time U.S. naval gunfire was used directly in support of the Lebanese Army.
20 September – U.S. Marines operated on the Lebanese war front for the first time when six Marine and Lebanese army observers went to the front line of fighting between the U.S. backed Lebanese army and Druze Muslim militiamen near the village of Souk el Gharb. The observers relayed information to the Marines and to naval gunners as U.S. Navy ships bombarded Muslim positions.
20 September – The residence of the U.S. Ambassador, Robert Dillon, and the Lebanese Defense Ministry were bombarded by Syrian-backed insurgents in Beirut, Lebanon.
24 September – The Department of Defense announced that 1,600 Marines were ashore at Beirut, 400 more than the number called for in the agreement with Lebanon that set up the multinational force. Defense Department officials stated that the 400 extra men included members of ordinance disposal squads, public information units, and the American Forces Radio and Television staff. They also included American Embassy guard reinforcements, and communication, medical, Post Exchange, and helicopter maintenance personnel.
25 September – The USS New Jersey arrived off the coast of Lebanon to increase the firepower of the U.S. naval forces off Beirut. The USS New Jersey, capable of firing a one-ton shell 20 miles, would be able to shell anti-government artillery positions that hammered targets around the U.S. Marine peacekeeping force. The battleship joined 12 other American warships.
26 September – A cease-fire for Lebanon was announced by Saudi Arabian and Syrian officials in Damascus. The leader of the Druze force also announced that his troops were committed to the cease-fire. The U.S. Marines continued peacekeeping duties in Beirut as talks on the formation of a new coalition government began.
27 September – Two Marine aviators were injured when their AH-1T Cobra helicopter crashed into the sea. The USS Tarawa-based Cobra went down during a routine training mission about eight to nine miles from the beach adjacent to the Beirut International Airport. The cause of the accident was not a result of hostile fire. The two pilots were recovered shortly after the crash by a USS Tarawa search and rescue helicopter. The USS Tarawa was off-shore Beirut as a contingency to support U.S. Marine and Navy forces.
27 September – General Alfred Houston Noble, USMC (Retired), died at his home in La Jolla, California, at the age of 88. General Noble, who retired in 1956, was a company commander in World War I and was awarded a Navy Cross for gallantry in action during the battle of Belleau Wood. The highly decorated general served with the 1st Marine Amphibious Corps during World War II and was commanding general of Camp Pendleton, California, from 1950 – 1951.
29 September – The Senate voted to let the Reagan administration keep U.S. Marines in Lebanon for as many as 18 more months. The Senate approved a resolution essentially the same as the 18-month authorization passed by the House of Representatives on 28 September. The action by both chambers marked the first time Congress sought to invoke the War Powers Act which was passed in 1973 after U.S. troops were withdrawn from fighting in the undeclared war in Vietnam.
1 October – The Pentagon announced that the 31st Marine Amphibious Unit, an emergency force of about 2,000 U.S. Marines on board three American ships, was sailing toward the Indian Ocean reportedly to take up position off the Strait of Hormuz, the entrance to the Persian Gulf. There was speculation that this move was linked to threats by Iran to blockade the strait and cut off the movement of oil tankers.
2 October – Major General Robert Blake, USMC (Retired), died at the age of 89 in Oakland, California. A combat veteran of both world wars, General Blake was twice awarded the Navy Cross for his actions at Belleau Wood in World War I and for bravery during fighting in Nicaragua.
4 October – Marine Air Control Squadron 1 (MACS-1) was activated at Camp Pendleton, California, as part of Marine Air Control Group 38, 3d Marine Aircraft Wing.
14 October – One Marine was killed and another Marine was wounded in a series of small-arms attacks near Beirut’s international airport as sporadic violations of the 26 September cease-fire continued. The incident erupted a three-hour exchange of fire between Marines and Muslim militiamen. This marked the first Marine killed since the start of the cease-fire which ended three weeks of fighting in the mountains east of Beirut between Lebanese Army and factional militias.
15 October – Lieutenant Colonel William G. Barnes, Jr., the former commanding officer of Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 263 (HMM-263) that provided more than three months of accident-free airlift support for Marines in Beirut, received the Alfred A. Cunningham award for the Marine Corps Aviator of 1983 at the Marine Corps Association convention in San Diego, California. The CH-46 “Sea Knight” pilot earned the award for performance of duty with HMM-263, the aviation combat element of the 24th Marine Amphibious Force in Beirut, Lebanon from 29 October 1982 to 14 February 1983. HMM-263 was selected as the helicopter squadron of the year for 1983.
16 October – One Marine was killed and three other Marines were wounded as Muslim militiamen continued sporadic firing at peacekeeping troops in Beirut, Lebanon. The Marines responded by firing M-16 rifles and two Dragon rockets at a Muslim slum, the source of several attacks over the past few days. This marked the sixth combat death since the Marines arrived in Lebanon.
21 October – A ten-ship task force carrying 1,900 Marines of the 22d Marine Amphibious Unit was ordered to head for Grenada to signal the United States’ intentions to protect American citizens on the Caribbean Island. The force was in the Caribbean and was on its way to Lebanon when the orders were received.
23 October – A suicide terrorist driving a truck loaded with explosives blew up the headquarters of 1st Battalion, 8th Marines in Beirut, Lebanon, killing 220 and wounding approximately 70, the highest number of Marine casualties in a single day since World War II. 18 Navy and three Army U.S. servicemen were also killed in the blast. Almost simultaneously with the blast that devastated the Marine Corps building, a second suicide bomber drove a car into a building occupied by French paratroopers and destroyed it too.
23 October – An unspecified number of Marine replacements embarked for Beirut, Lebanon, to replace Marines killed or wounded by the terrorist attack. Major General Alfred M. Gray, commander of the 2d Marine Division based at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, said the departing troops would bring the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit back up to strength.
25 October – The Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Paul X. Kelley, visited seriously wounded Marines from the Beirut terrorist bombing at the Wiesbaden, West Germany, Air Force hospital. General Kelley presented 16 purple hearts there.
25 October – General Paul X. Kelley, inspected the flattened Marine headquarters at the Beirut International Airport. He viewed the devastation caused by the 23 October terrorist bombing that left 241 Marines and other U.S. servicemen dead.
25 October – An American force of up to 1,900 Marines, from the 22d Marine Amphibious Unit, and Army Rangers invaded the leftist-ruled Caribbean nation of Grenada. The force seized two airfields and the campus of an American-run medical school in an action that President Ronald Reagan said he ordered to protect 1,100 United States citizens living on the island. The airborne American units were joined by 300 soldiers from six neighboring Caribbean states that asked the U.S. to intervene to restore order after a new leftist government took power a few days earlier. The landing was the first large-scale American military intervention in the Western Hemisphere since the invasion of the Dominican Republic in 1965. Three Marine aviators died in the operation.
26 October – Vice President George Bush inspected the devastated Marine building where a bomb killed 241 U.S. servicemen and said “insidious terrorist cowards” would not change U.S. foreign policy. Accompanying Vice President Bush on the tour were: Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Paul X. Kelley; Reginald Bartholomew, the U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon; Colonel Timothy Geraghty, commander of the 1,600 Marines in Lebanon; and Mrs. Bush.
26 October – The Marine Corps took delivery of the first of its eight-wheeled, amphibious light armored vehicles, LAV-25s. Following a competitive evaluation in which U.S. armed forces compared vehicles from three manufacturers, a contract was awarded to Diesel Division, General Motors of Canada, Ltd. The joint Marine Corps/Army contract called for the delivery of 969 vehicles during a five-year period and options for 598 more vehicles.
29 October – Bodies of 14 Marines and one sailor killed in Beirut, Lebanon, on 23 October, arrived at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware, marking the first American casualties scheduled to return home in the upcoming weeks. The slain Marines were part of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit from Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. The caskets, each draped with an American flag, were arranged in a row inside an aircraft hanger converted to a funeral chapel for the day’s ceremonies. The bodies of seven soldiers and one Marine killed in Grenada which arrived at Dover earlier, awaited their compatriots’ return along with the grieving families and U.S. military leaders including Marine Corps General Paul X. Kelley.
1 November – 300 Marines of the 22d Marine Amphibious Unit staged an amphibious and helicopter landing on the island of Carriacou, a dependency 15 miles northeast of Grenada’s main island, in a search for Cuban military installations or personnel. 17 Grenadian soldiers were captured, and arms, ammunition and training sites were found.
2 November – Marines of the 22d Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) pulled out of the Caribbean area and proceeded on route to Beirut, Lebanon, where the unit was scheduled to replace the 24th MAU later in the month.
4 November – President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan paid solemn tribute to the American servicemen killed and wounded in Grenada and Lebanon at a memorial service at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. A somber crowd of 5,000 assembled in the rain at Camp Lejeune’s natural amphitheater. Also in attendance were: Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Paul X. Kelley; Secretary of Defense, Caspar Weinberger; Secretary of State, George Schultz; and National Security Advisor, Robert MacFarlane.
4 November – The Department of Defense Commission on the Beirut International Airport Terrorist Attack, October 23, 1983, was established. The Secretary of Defense directed that this Commission make a thorough investigation into all circumstances connected with the attack, and report to him it findings of fact and opinions relating to the attack, the Rules of Engagement then in force, the adequacy of security measures in place at the time of the explosion, and the adequacy of security measures subsequently established. Heading the Commission was Admiral Robert L.J. Long, USN (Retired).
6 November – Staff Sergeant Farley Simon, a native of Grenada, became the first Marine to win the Marine Corps Marathon in Washington, D.C. Sergeant Simon, stationed at Camp Smith, Hawaii, completed the marathon in 2 hours, 17 minutes, and 45 seconds. More than 11,000 runners participated in the eighth annual marathon.
6 November – A religious service was held for the U.S. Marine Corps at the Washington Cathedral, Washington, D.C. It was the Marines’ turn for the yearly armed services religious gathering at the cathedral. The service paid special tribute to the Marines who died in the terrorist bombing in Beirut and in the invasion of Grenada. Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Paul X. Kelley and Sergeant Major Robert E. Cleary, the Marines’ top-ranking enlisted man, attended the hour-long service.
10 November – Major General Richard C. Schulze, USMC (Retired), died in Boca Raton, Florida. The decorated general, commissioned in 1951 served in the Korean War and the war in Vietnam. His assignments included: Commanding General of Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California; Inspector General of the Marine Corps; and Director, Personnel Management Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps.
10 November – U.S. Marines throughout the world celebrated the 208th birthday of the Marine Corps. On this date in 1775, the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia founded the Marine Corps. In his birthday message, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Paul X. Kelley, said, “If there is a word which more accurately describes pride than any other, that word is Marine.”
15 November – General Paul X. Kelley returned a salute to Lance Corporal Jeffrey Lee Nashton, the Beirut bombing victim whose speechless devotion to the Marine Corps led him to scrawl “Semper Fi” as General Kelley stood by his hospital bed in West Germany on 25 October. In a brief ceremony at Bethesda Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland, General Kelley presented the Marine, from Rome, New York, a plaque containing his four-stars and the words “Semper Fi.”
15 November – General Paul X. Kelley, Commandant of the Marine Corps, upgraded the command of the Marine force in Lebanon from colonel to brigadier general. General Kelley said in a statement that the move was necessary so that the commander of the U.S. contingent would be on the same level as leaders of the French and Italian elements of the multinational force in the Beirut area.
18-25 November – Approximately 1,000 Marines of the 28th Marine Amphibious Unit joined over 500 Honduran infantrymen in a joint amphibious landing exercise, “Ahuas Tara” (Big Pine II), on the Honduran coast. The joint maneuver was a major event in a series of exercises at sea around Central America and in Honduras which began during the summer. “Big Pine II” was designed to exercise and evaluate objectives in defending Honduras, which borders Nicaragua.
19 November – Marines of the 22d Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU), took over peacekeeping duties in Beirut, Lebanon. Commanded by Brigadier General James R. Joy, the 22d MAU replaced the 24th MAU which was stationed in Beirut since 30 May 1983. The 1,800 Marines of the 22d MAU was on its way to Beirut when it was sent to Grenada in October. The 22d MAU was the fifth Marine unit to serve in Beirut since the multinational peacekeeping force entered Beirut 25 August 1982. It was also the second time the 22d MAU was deployed to Lebanon.
29 November – The Pentagon announced that the U.S. Central Command, responsible for protecting United States interests in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean area, would establish a small floating headquarters in that region. A staff of up to 20 officers and men would be placed aboard a Navy ship operating with a small flotilla of warships called the Middle East Force. The command could draw on a pool of thousands of Marines, Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel as needed for rapid deployment in a region covering 19 nations.
4 December – Eight Marines of the 22d Marine Amphibious Unit were killed in Beirut, Lebanon, by heavy shelling from Syrian positions. In retaliation, U.S. Navy warships opened fire on the militia positions. Earlier on this day, 28 American warplanes went on their first combat mission in Lebanon and attacked Syrian positions in the mountains east of Beirut in retaliation for repeated Syrian attacks on U.S. reconnaissance planes. This marked the first combat use of U.S. aircraft in the Middle East and the highest number of Marines to die in Lebanon combat in one day since they went there in 1982.
7 December – Marines of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) arrived at Moorehead City, North Carolina, after six-months of duty in Beirut, Lebanon. The 24th MAU suffered a loss of 220 Marines in the 23 October bombing of their headquarters. The unit was composed of Battalion Landing Team, 1st Battalion, 8th Marines; Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 162, and MAU Service Support Group 24.
14 December – Marines assigned to the U.S. Embassy Security Guard Detachment at Kuwait responded when a bomb-laden truck crashed through the gate at the compound and exploded in one of a series of coordinated terrorist attacks. The embassy suffered considerable damage. There were no American casualties, but five persons were killed and 37 were injured. In addition to the U.S. embassy attack, other explosions rocked the French Embassy, the Kuwait airport control tower, a Kuwaiti power station, a Raytheon Company headquarters compound, and a separate residential facility.
15 December – The USS New Jersey opened fire with its 16-inch guns on antiaircraft positions in the Syrian-occupied mountains southeast of Beirut. Last used in action off the Vietnam Coast in 1968, the ship was joined in the second straight day of offshore shelling by two smaller ships. They sent projectiles into the hills in an effort to silence Syrian firing at U.S. reconnaissance flights over the area. This marked the first time the USS New Jersey was put into action since arriving off the Lebanese coast 25 September.
18 December – Retired Lieutenant General Carson A. Roberts, 78, died in Pinehurst, North Carolina. Upon his retirement in March 1964, General Roberts was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for exceptionally meritorious service as Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, from July 1962 to March 1964. Appointed a second lieutenant in 1929, the Marine aviator served in World War II and the Korean War. He was buried with full honors at Arlington National Cemetery on 21 December.
23-27 December – Comedian Bob Hope, flanked by a host of U.S. stars, brought the Marines in Lebanon a bit of America as a Christmas present with shows filled with pretty girls and hometown songs. His first series of Christmas shows to U.S. troops overseas since the Vietnam War, the 80-year-old comedian and his troupe hop-scotched among three ships of the U.S. Navy’s Sixth Fleet off the Lebanese coast. He also gave an unscheduled performance on Christmas Day to the Marines at their Beirut International Airport compound.
28 December – The Department of Defense Commission on the Beirut International Airport Terrorist Act released a 140 page unclassified report on the 23 October 1983 incident. A key recommendation by the Commission asked that the Secretary of Defense direct the development of doctrine, organization, force structure, education, and training necessary to defend against and counter terrorism.
31 December – The strength of the armed forces was 2,123,915 of which 193,858 were Marines.
1984
1 January – A four-percent pay increase for all military personnel, authorized by the Defense Authorization Act of 1984, went into effect. Those serving in the grade of Private (E-1) with less than four months service, were excluded from the pay raise.
1 January – The strength of the armed forces was 2,123,915, of which 193,858 were Marines.
8 January – A Marine was killed in Beirut, Lebanon, when unidentified gunmen opened fire on a helicopter unloading troops near the temporary American Embassy on Beirut’s northwest waterfront. The fatality was the first in the U.S. contingent of the multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon, since 4 December 1983, when eight Marines were killed in a mortar attack.
11 January – General Paul X. Kelley, Commandant of the Marine Corps, saluted the New York Post for selecting the U.S. Marine as its first “Man of the Year.” The general expressed his appreciation for the positive portrayal which the New York Post has given the Marines. On the front page of the 23 December 1983 edition the New York Post described their “Man of the Year” as brown, black, yellow, red, and white, dressed in khaki touched with camouflage. The Post said the Marine charged forward in a year stained with his blood by bombs and bullets to raise the American flag.
12 January – The first McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II was welcomed to the Fleet Marine Force in ceremonies by the 2d Marine Aircraft Wing, at Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina. The Marine Corps’ second generation vertical or short takeoff and landing attack aircraft, the AV-8B represents an evolutionary, low-risk improvement over its predecessor, the AV-8A. Several technological advancements increase the AV-8B’s performance and readiness potential.
12 January – Aircrews of Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 162 were presented the Combat Aircrew Insignia earned by flying combat missions in Beirut, Lebanon, while under hostile enemy fire. This marked the first time since the Vietnam War that this insignia was awarded. While in Lebanon, as the aviation element of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit, the squadron accumulated almost 7,500 accident-free flight hours, a naval aviation record for a deployed squadron.
13 January – A two-hour movie entitled “Hard Knox” premiered on NBC-TV network. The movie starred Robert Conrad in the role of Marine Colonel Joseph Knox, who retires from the Marine Corps to take charge of a struggling military school he attended in his youth. Actor Robert Conrad previously portrayed Marine World War II ace, Gregory “Pappy” Boyington, in “Baa Baa Black Sheep” a few years ago.
15 January – For the first time since 18 December 1983, U.S. warships fired into the mountains above Beirut, Lebanon, to quell a heavy rock and mortar attack on Marine positions around the Beirut International Airport. The naval gunfire was provided by the battleship, USS New Jersey and the destroyer, USS Tattnall. Marines also responded with small arms fire, mortar rounds, and tank shells. There were no U.S. casualties.
16 January – Defense Secretary Caspar W. Weinberger announced that the Marine Corps would list Marines killed in Beirut, Lebanon, as battle casualties rather than non-combat deaths. Mr. Weinberger said that the Marines were casualties of a battle while not necessarily active participants in the conflict. For this reason, the Marine Corps redesignated all casualties suffered as a result of terrorist or other acts directed against them in Lebanon as battle casualties.
18 January – Marine Corps Bulletin 1742 of 18 January 1984 indicated that a lack of knowledge about the voting process was the most common reason for voter non-participation. In an effort to correct the situation, commanding officers were given the responsibility of establishing a command voter assistance program designed to encourage all eligible Marines to vote in the 1984 elections by providing information on absentee voting.
20 January – An enlisted club at Marine Corps Air Station (Helicopter) New River, North Carolina, was dedicated in honor of Corporal George N. Holmes, Jr., USMC (Deceased). Corporal Holmes was killed during the Iranian hostage rescue attempt in April 1980. The dedication date was selected in honor of the third anniversary of the release of the Iranian hostages.
30 January – One U.S. Marine was killed and three others were wounded when Marine Corps positions came under attack from suspected Muslim gunners in Beirut’s southern suburbs. Marines responded with tank guns, mortars, machine guns, and small arms fire. The attack coincided with intense U.S., French, and Saudi Arabian diplomatic efforts concentrated in Damascus to break the
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https://www.kwqc.com/2024/08/08/illinois-state-fair-offers-know-before-you-go-tips/
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Illinois State Fair offers ‘know before you go’ tips
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[
"KWQC staff"
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2024-08-08T00:00:00
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Tips for a fun, safe experience at the Illinois State Fair.
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https://www.kwqc.com/2024/08/08/illinois-state-fair-offers-know-before-you-go-tips/
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Springfield, Ill. (KWQC) - The Illinois State Fair shared some tips on how get the best experience while attending the fair while also staying safe.
Here are the tips provided by the Illinois State Fair to plan ahead and make memories that will last a lifetime:
Grandstand
Download your mobile tickets to the Ticketmaster app, prior to arriving at the Fairgrounds. This will ensure you have a consistent and reliable wifi signal to minimize any delays getting into the concert.
New this year:
For the safety of artists and their audiences, no outside drink containers will be allowed inside the Grandstand during concert events. This includes, but is not limited to:
Bottles
Cans
Stanley and other reusable cups
Refillable souvenir cups
Additionally, all beverages sold within the Grandstand will be opened at the time of sale. Drinks sold on the track will be poured into a plastic cup. No bottles or cans will be allowed on the track.
Weather
All Grandstand concerts are rain or shine. The decision to cancel a concert due to severe weather is rarely made in advance, as weather conditions rapidly change. A concert cancellation is a last resort and is made at the very last minute. If the headliner performs, there will be no refunds. Rain alone does not constitute cancellation. Watch the Illinois State Fair Facebook page for the latest updates.
Trams
Trams – the most requested ride at the Illinois State Fair – are returning this year. Two complimentary trams will operate on a dedicated route during the 11 days of the fair thanks to sponsorship from the IL Corn Growers Association.
The trams will run continuously throughout the day. Maps showing the tram routes will be displayed on the fairgrounds. Stops include the Campground/Arena entrance, 4-H Road at the 8th Street, entrance to Conservation World, Goat Barn at Grandstand Avenue, South End of the Half-Mile Track near Gate 4, State Fair Security Office and the Hobbies Arts & Crafts building.
Wheelchair and Scooter Rentals
Wagons, wheelchairs and electric scooters will be available to rent daily 9 a.m. to 10 p.m. on Grandstand Avenue near the Goat Barn. They will be available at the IL Building from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday-Thursday and 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. Friday-Sunday. Driver’s license will be required for deposit on all rentals. All rentals must be returned to the same rental location to retrieve driver’s license.
Rental rates: Wagon/Stroller Combo $20; Wheelchairs $25; Single scooter $60; Double scooter $110. Rentals are on a first come, first serve basis. There are no reservations.
First Aid
Volunteers from SIU Medicine operate a First Aid Station in the Emmerson Building Annex, across from the Dairy Building on Central Avenue. These volunteers are trained medical personnel who are experienced in treating injuries or sudden illness before the arrival of EMS personnel. The State Fair First Aid Station is designed to provide free, immediate, and temporary care for injuries and sudden illnesses. Hours are from 8:30 am to 7 pm daily. A second First Aid station will be established nightly on Grandstand Avenue, inside the Illinois State Police Building, from 7 p.m. to 11 p.m.
App
Before you head to the fair, download the Illinois State Fair app, which is free for Apple and Android devices. The app offers a daily schedule of events, including a convenient way to plan your trip with built-in scheduling and alert features. The popular Food Finder allows you to search by food type and vendor. A map of the fairgrounds is also available in the app.
Copyright 2024 KWQC. All rights reserved.
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https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/06500910
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MOSBY'S RANGERS: LESSONS IN INTELLIGENCE AND SPECIAL OPERATIONS LESSONS LEARNED AND HISTORY RIDE
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Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 This product is intended for internal training uses only. Center for the Study of Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Washington, DC 20505 703-613- (b)(3) Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 2 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:49 7 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 el% Mosby's Rangers: Lessons in Intelligence and Special Operations Lessons-Learned and History Ride Center for the Study of Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Washington, DC 2015 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd N�of Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 1 6/9/2015 8:19:49 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Contents Contents ,� . . , Staff Ride Guide .%% . � � . , Introduction ,� 3 Mosby's Early Years� 5 Strategic Setting, 1860-61 IM11.1.111�0. .II, II, MVP.�� . MI ?MI PIM Offii ..5 Birth of Mosby's Rangers,,,,.. ��� l'111.�� PM VtIVIV.PMV.6 Strategic Setting, 1861- . � � .,,,..11 Mosby's Oak.,� Thompson's Corner Raid Site., v � �15 Weapons � fer.17 Chantilly Plantation Overseer's Hourse . .18 16 October 1863 Wagon Train Ambush Site�Chantilly Regional Library m%19 Laura Ratcliffe's Civil War Home Site.�, , . . �21 Frying Pan Church �PVIVI. MS . ?MTh ?M.. ?M. !MM. .1q1.1. PtIV.21 Mosby's Rock.% IVI'l MINS Merrybrook�Laura Ratcliffe's Postwar Home .23 Worldgate Marriott�Laura Ratcliffe's Grave, ..23 Herndon Raiload Station,�� ,,,,, . ��..24 Deception, Captured Union Equipment, and Supplies �� p.26 Union Army Counterpartisan Operations and Tactics.,� . � �.27 The Battle of Dranesville.� �29 The Sugarland Run Ambush.�, ,,,,, .29 Miskel's Farm.. PM% MIS . � Mg 'HUM rffi..31 Mt. Zion Baptist Church.� . �M�1. ..1Th Old Carolina Road.� v ,gg..33 Aldie Mill and Bridge V f Dover Crossroads.�, � � � Oakham Farm . ..36 Middleburg�Lorman Chancellor Home.,. v Red Fox Inn ,, . ..38 Rector's Crossroads�Now known as Atoka Village �� Upperville. . ��.. .. fIVL . *JAMS�.1.11%.�"11215 �..40 Lakeland�Where Mosby was shot, December 1864 �� lAtVl ?ft.. PM MI5. � 41 Five Points, Rectortown�New Year's Day, 1864 Woodward's Store . ,.45 0 1 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 3 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:49 AM Approved for Release: -2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Rectortown Lottery Site �, �.� � � ..45 Mosby's Rangers and the Laws of War �� �� . ��?,1%.� fret MI n.47 Punitive War: The Uinion Army Response in Dealing with Partisans�What Not to Disbanding Site, Salem, VA�Now called Marshall .53 Mosby Home in Warrenton %%%%% VP/MVPIPP.55 Warrenton Cemetery and Mosby's Grave �, . �55 Fairfax Courthouse Raid, the Capture of General Stoughton Aftermath �� . .61 Psychological effect of Mosby's Operations.�, ,,,,, ��� ��..61 Distant Notes on Mosby's Legacy and Influence% ., �62 Readings.�.��.. VIVIS.� PM ?MS ��frrl% ��..66 Web Sites �.. � Mt% ltftl P11.1 . MI � IM..711.1% MI5' MIS WM. �.67 � iv Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 4 /1 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:1949 AM ,L111111111 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Lessons in Intelligence and Special Operations Staff Ride Handbook Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:49 AM MEM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 mu Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook 2 eiN 1 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handboolcindd 2 0 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:51 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Introduction During much of the Civil War, Col. John Singleton Mosby, Confederate States of Amer- ica (CSA), and his Partisan Rangers operated as an unconventional force and followed a tradition of American irregular warfare handed down by Maj. Robert Rogers of Rogers' Rangers of the French and Indian Wars and Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox, of the American Revolution. On this staff ride you will travel through some of the areas known as Mosby's Confeder- acy in Fairfax, Loudoun, and Fauquier Counties. The staff ride will pass on some of the intelligence and special operations lessons learned by Colonel Mosby and his Partisan Rangers during the American Civil War. On 21 April 1862, the rebel government in Richmond passed the Partisan Ranger Act authorizing and encouraging the formation of irregular or guerrilla units to harass a much larger and well-supplied Union Army mobilizing to invade the South at multiple points. In the trans-Mississippi West on the Missouri-Kansas border, William C. Quan- trill commanded a sizable rebel guerrilla unit that included Jesse and Frank James, and Cole, Jim, and John Younger�of postwar outlaw fame. "Bloody Bill" Anderson and Sterling Price also operated in Missouri. M. Jerome Clarke formed a similar rebel ir- regular unit in Kentucky, while Nathan Bedford Forrest and John Hunt Morgan raised mounted units that would harass Union forces in Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Missis- sippi, and Alabama. Similar units came into being later in the war in Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, and even California, where Rufus Henry Ingram formed a guerrilla band to combat the Confederacy's enemies on the Pacific Coast. In Virginia, a major center of rebel power and population close to Washington, DC, numerous guerrilla units formed under John Mobberly, Turner Ashby, Elijah White (White's Rebels), John Hanson McNeill (McNeill's Rangers) and, perhaps the most famous, John S. Mosby� the Confederacy's "Gray Ghost." 3 Mosby_Stalf Ride_Handbookindd 3 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:51 AM AMM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 U. Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Mosby and his command, although partisans like the others, developed strategies and tactics that made them unique in the history of Civil War irregular warfare. Mosby's success was due to a combination of audaciousness, leadership skills, detailed planning, and brilliant use of intelligence, terrain, mobility, and weaponry. His accomplishments are considered exemplars of unconventional/irregular warfare and form part of the core of the US military's special operations capabilities today. They deserve careful study. In World War II, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) studied Mosby and his methods, and his tactics and les' sons learned remain a current focus of research and study by US Special Forces and Special Operations Forces. In 1951, at the Army War College, OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan spoke of Mosby's Rangers and their part in the tradition of American partisan warfare: If there is one certain deduction to be drawn from past experience, it is that guer- rilla tactics, when carried out by a resourceful and persistent enemy, have generally resulted in prolong' ed warfare, especially against invading armies. Mosby has had a treml endous and lasting effect on the way the US military�especially our Special Operations Forces�operates. Today, the John Singleton Mosby Reserve Army Center at Fort Belvoir is home to the 55th Sustainment Brigade. The crest of that unit incorporates Moisby's famous slouch hat with ostrich plume. The current edition of the US Army's Ranger Handbook states: The American Civil War was again the occasion for the creation of special units such as Rangers. John S. Mosby, a master of the prompt and skillful use of cavalry, was one of the most outstanding Confederate Rangers. He believed that by resort- ing to aggressive ciction he could compel his enemies to guard a hundred points. He would then attack one of the weakest points and be assured numerical superiority. Mosby's Rangers are honored on the official website of the 75th Ranger Regiment, which traces its lineage to Mosby and other American Ranger units such Rogers' Rang- ers, Francis Marion's Partisans, the Rangers of World War II, and Merrill's Marauders. Colonel Mosby is a member in the US Army Ranger Hall of Fame. Every US Army Special Forces soldier swears to the Special Forces Creed. They live and sometimes die by its motto "De Oppresso Liber" (To Free the Oppressed). An older version of that creed states, "I serve with the memory of those that have gone before me: Rogers' Rangers, Francis Marion, Mosby's Rangers, the First Special Service Forces and Ranger Battalions of World War II, the Airborne Ranger Companies of Korea." 4 1 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 4 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:52 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Mosby's Early Years John Singleton Mosby was born in Powhatan County, Virginia, in 1833 to Virginia McLaurine and Alfred Daniel Mosby. John's father attended Hampden-Sydney College, a rare event for that time. The Mosby family had deep Virginia roots, having emigrated from England before settling in Charles County in the early 1600s. The family moved to Charlottesville, Virginia, while John was still very young. Several accounts describe him as a child small in stature, frail and sickly, who was often bullied. As a boy, Mosby read an account of Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox. It made an impression. Mosby initially attended his father's alma mater to study mathematics but transferred to the University of Virginia in 1849 to pursue classical studies. While there, he quarreled with, and then shot and wounded, another student over a perceived insult, and at age 19 ended up serving several months in prison. Expelled from the uni- versity because of his misdemeanor conviction, he used his seven months in detention to study law and write a request for a pardon to Virginia Governor Joseph Johnson. Receiving the pardon in late 1853, Mosby continued his law study and was admitted to the Virginia Bar. In December 1857 he married Pauline Clarke, the daughter of a prominent Kentucky attorney, former congressman, and well-connected politician. Mosby eventually settled down to practice law in Bristol, Virginia, and the couple had three children, two born before the Civil War, and one during the conflict. As sectional tensions between the north and south flared between 1860 and 1861, and as talk of war grew more frequent, John Mosby spoke out against those advocating Virginia's seces- sion from the Union. Strategic Setting, 1860-61 The election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency in November 1860 split the na- tion. Although the president-elect was a moderate on the abolition question, southern- ers, fearing that northern radicals and abolitionists would control his administration, viewed Lincoln's election as a political, economic, and social threat to their traditional way of life and the region's economy. Certain that no compromise was possible and that continued existence within a federal union dominated by those perceived as hostile to the planter aristocracy of the South, many states began to talk openly of secession. South Carolina voted to leave the Union on 20 December 1860, followed in January 1861 by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and, on 1 February, Texas (all Deep South slaves states heavily engaged in cotton production), establishing the 5 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 5 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:52 AM Ell Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Confederate States of America. The border slave states of Maryland, Kentucky, Missou- ri, and Delaware remained in the Union, even though their populations were divided in their loyalties. Outgoing President James Buchanan viewed secession as illegal but also viewed going to war to stop or reverse secession as being illegal as well. Stymied, Buchanan did nothing as the Union dissolved. When inaugurated on 4 March 1861 in Washington, President Lincoln sought to reach out to the rebellious states to effect some compromise but to no avail. On 15 April, after the fall of Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to crush the rebellion. Northern states, especially Pennsyl- vania, New York, and Massachusetts, rapidly answered the call and dispatched troops to Washington. Virginia which had doubts about the wisdom of secession, had no doubts about Lincoln's intent to use armed force to act against seceding states. Virginia voted to secede on 17 April and joined the Confederacy in May, soon followed by Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. + + Birth of Mosby's Rangers Like many Virginians fearing an immi- nent northern invasion, Mosby enlisted as a private in the 1st Virginia Cavalry and fought at the First Battle of Manassas (or First Bull Run) on 21 July 1861, a southern victory that dispelled any illusions on the part of the North that the rebellion would be short-lived. During his time with the 1st Virginia, Mosby was mentored by Col. William "Grumble" Jones. Mosby came to the attention of Confederate cavalry commander James Ewell Brown (J.E.B.) Stuart and received a commission as a 1st lieutenant to serve as an adjutant in early 1862. When Grumble Jones was replaced by vote (electing officers was a Confederate practice for ranks below brigadier general), Mosby resigned his commission, in lieu of being relieved by the new commander, and reverted to being a private. 6 1 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 6 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 1 6/9/2015 8:19:52 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook That year Mosby began working as a scout, collecting intelligence, for now Brigadier General Stuart during the Union's ill-fated Peninsula Campaign (March-July 1862) be- tween the James and York Rivers south of Richmond. The campaign ended in another military disaster for the Army of the Potomac commanded by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, but nearly entailed personal disaster for Mosby, who was captured by Union forces in July 1862. Mosby was privy to important verbal dispatches; however, he said nothing. He was held for a short period in Washington's Old Capitol Prison before be- ing paroled and exchanged for a Union officer. While he was being transported by boat for his release, he took great notice of Union troop movements and elicited information from the boat captain. On his return, he reported this intelligence immediately and di- rectly to Gen. Robert E. Lee, the recently appointed commander of the Army of North- ern Virginia. Mosby returned to ride with Stuart during the battles of Second Manassas, Chantilly, and Antietam in 1862 and they developed a mutual trust and friendship. As Mosby began his military career, he read military books whenever he could, includ- ing William Hazlitt's The Life of Napoleon. He kept his wife Pauline busy sending him books not just on military topics though. Mosby was given his first independent command under General Stuart on 30 Decem- ber 1862 when he was ordered to raise and operate a squad-size stay-behind force from the 1st Virginia Cavalry. Mosby began to collect intelligence and conduct raids be- hind Union lines in the counties along the Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland. To avoid detection from larger and ever-present Union forces, his Rangers would form up on predes- ignated dates and at specific locations, conduct their raids, often at night, and then disperse. When these tactics proved successful, Stuart ordered Mosby to recruit more men and conduct more operations. The recruitment of partisan units helped boost the total manpow- er available to the Confederacy. Many southerners were willing to support the cause but did not want to Jeave their homes and local areas, especially if vul- nerable to Union military action, as in the case of Northern Virginia. Service in a partisan unit allowed the individual to stay close to home and take part in the fighting rather than join a larger regular 7 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.in.dd 7 0 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 1 6/9/2015 8:19:52 AM f1 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Mosby troops in ambush waiting to capture a bearer of dispatches. Virginia State Library. force, such as Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, that frequently campaigned far and wide and whose soldirrs were always required to be either on the march, in battle, or in camp. It also allowed for profit from captured animals and weapons. From then on, Mosb reported directly to Stuart until Stuart's death resulting from the Battle of Yellow Taverin in May 1864. After that he _reported directly to Lee, an uncom- mon chain of command for a partisan leader during the war. When the Rangers dis- persed they would reside alone or in small groups at "safe houses" owned by the many Confederate sympatliiizers in Northern Virginia, especially in areas within 25 miles of the District of Columbia that were occupied by Union forces. If there was an emergency or a need to conduct an operation, a rider would be sent to the various safe houses to alert the Rangers wheInand where to gather. Their targets included Union pickets, small camps and outposts, railroads and locomotives, supply and US mail wagons, and, as we shall see, high Union military leadership. This staff ride visits sites associated with some of those targets. While Mosby practiced unconventional warfare, his operational successes can be at- tributed to his understanding of basic military tactics (the same as practiced by Robert Rogers and Francis Marion) and the operational principles that guide them. In today's US military these principles are codified as the nine Principles of War: 8 111 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 8 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:53 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Mass Surprise Unity of Command Objective Economy of Force Security Offensive Maneuver Simplicity Lesson Learned (Unity of Command): Mosby knew his commander's intent and was generally allowed to act independently of higher command authority. He chose his own targets that fit into overall Confederate campaign or strategic goals. Mosby and his men had the support of the local population, who housed and fed them, from Manassas to the Shenandoah Valley. j-The Rangers existed largely off of what weapons, horses, and supplies they captured and local popular support as authorized under the Partisan Ranger Act. At times the Rang- ers also captured large sums of money, in Union payrolls, which had a demoralizing effect on the Union soldiers who went unpaid. Although considered outlaws, bandits, or "bushwhackers by many northerners and most federal troops, Mosby's 43rd Virgin- ia Cavalry Battalion, like Elijah V. White's 35th Virginia Cavalry Battalion to Mosby's north, was a formal unit listed on the Army of Northern Virginia's order-of-battle. Fully or partially uniformed in Confederate gray, Mosby's Partisan Rangers were therefore considered to be official and legitimate members of the Confederate armed forces and were allowed the same status under accepted rules of warfare as their Army of Northern Virginia or Union Army contemporaries, although as we will see, exceptions occurred. As a general custom, everywhere on both sides, if you were caught in your army's uni- form, you were a prisoner of war; if you were in disguise, you were a spy and could be hanged. Men who rode with the "Gray Ghost" and other such military units were for the most part considered soldiers. Many other riders, particularly a Confederate espionage group operating under Gen. Braxton Bragg in Tennessee known as Coleman's Scouts, commanded by Henry B. Shaw under the pseudo Coleman, were treated as "spies" Lesson Learned (Offensive): Mosby and his Rangers operated year-round. In an era of truly poor transportation routes that hindered logistics and the supply of armies even in the best of weather, conventional Union and Confederate forces would go into winter quarters from late fall until late spring, restricting their activities both by necessity and design. Taking advantage of stationary and often inactive adversaries, Mosby's Rangers would accelerate their operations during the colder months to wreak maximum havoc. Mosby also avoided main roads and traveled via the woods and local paths as much as possible to avoid becoming a victim of ambush himself The Rangers also captured most of their equipment, horses, and weapons. Use of captured equipment is still a principle of guerrilla warfare. 9 1 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 9 �to Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 1 6/9/2015 8:19:53 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 � Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook 10 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 10 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:54 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 � Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook , Strategic Setting, 1861- Being some 60 miles south of the Mason-Dixon Line, Washington, DC, remained surrounded by slaves states (Maryland, Virginia, and nearby Delaware) through the Civ- il War. Populations in these states, and in the capital itself in the ear- ly years, remained divided in their loyalties. Baltimore, for example, was considered a hot bed of sedition and had experienced violent rioting at Camden Yards as Union military units, especially militia units from Massachusetts, the home of the ab- olitionist movement, traveled south by rail to Washington in the spring of 1861. The artillery pieces of Fort McHenry, normally defending the Patuxent River access to the inner harbor, were repositioned to cov- er the city itself to intimidate the city's pro-South elite. Across the Potomac, residents of Arlington and Alexandria proudly flew rebel flags from their homes and busi- nesses, clearly visible to govern- ment officials in the White House and US Capitol. Within the capital itself, rebel sympathizers infiltrated the District's newly formed militia and other military units. Soon after Lincoln's inauguration, Col. Charles Pomeroy Stone was appointed as inspector general of the DC mili- tia and through 1861 pursued rebel sympathizers in the District of Co- lumbia and collecte4 intelligence on numerous southern plots, most of which turned out to be more ru- 11 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 11 �t, Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:54 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook mor than fact. But, even after these rebel sympathizers were ferretted out or crushed, Union officials remained wary. Very much "behind the lines:' Union Army engineers began constructing several rings of fortifications, eventually numbering nearly 200 individual posts, to protect the capi- tal from rebel attack; Union troops also secured the Chain Bridge and other vital river crossings (two on the Potomac and one on the Anacostia). Between April and July 1861, troops of the Army of the Potomac moved into Northern Virginia, occupying hostile territory as far as Centreville, Chantilly, and Herndon. Federal troops sporadi- cally operated in other areas of western Fairfax and eastern Loudoun Counties as well, with their headquarters at Fairfax Courthouse. While several rings of fortifications eventually surrounded the capital (Fort Totten, Fort Stevens, Fort Drum, Fort Washington, Fort Marcy, and Fort Hunt, among others�all connected by Militarly Road), with thinner "picket lines" of federal troops farther out, the early defenses were porous. Although required to have a pass to enter and leave the federal city (easil)' forged), a person could move back and forth largely unhindered between areas in�Maryi land, the District of Columbia, and Northern Virginia, especially at night and especiallY if one avoided heavily patrolled main thoroughfares and the few bridges into the city This nonexistent, heayily manned "front line" would facilitate Mosby's later operations, as well as espionage rings centered in the nation's capital, the largest established by Vir- ginia Governor John Letcher, whose members included Thomas Jordan, Betty Duvall, and Rose O'Neal Greenhow�all prominent Virginians well-connected in Washington social circles. Together, they formed the "Secret Line the name for the network of operatives from Baltimore, through Washington, to Richmond, 150 miles to the south. The Secret Line became the conduit to smuggle vital intelligence in the form of letters, verbal intelligence reports, and other documents to Confederate military and political leaders, especially th9se working for the South's Secret Service Bureau under Maj. Wil- liam Norris. Although known to Union military and counterintelligence officials, the agents of the Confederate Secret Service Bureau, and those along the Secret Line, like Mosby, operated with varying degrees of success for the duration of the Civil War. [See Intelligence in the Civil War.] � � � 12 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 12 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 1 6/9/2015 8:19:54 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook 1. At the intersection of Route 123 and Hunter Mill Road at 2911 Hunter Mill Road, Oakton 00o000000400000000000000000900000000000e0orp0o0000050000e0000000 Mosby's Oak During the Civil War, this area of Oakton was known as Flint Hill. This oak tree on Hunter Mill Road is over 400 years old. Mosby used it at times as a rendezvous location and, while working as a scout for Stuart, tried to capture a Union sympathizer named Alexander Haight near here. Haight got away. Hunter Mill Road was an important route used by Mosby during the Civil War, and there were many engage- ments along its length, especially in the area of the former W&OD rail crossing on Hunt- er Mill (now the bike trail). During the Civil War, the railroad here was named the Alex- andria, Loudoun & Hampshire Railroad. It was a frequent target of Mosby's Rangers. On 18 October 1864, Mosby's men, led by Capt. Richard Montjoy (Mosby was not present), en- tered Falls Church to capture horses. They also captured a Baptist minister John D. Read (or Reed), a Union sympathizer, alleged spy, and detested abolitionist. Read is also alleged to have blown a horn as the Rangers entered town to alert the home guard. That same day, 18 October 1864, not far from the rail crossing, farther down Hunter Mill Road and off the rail line, Mosby's men executed Reverend Read near Piney Branch. There is a marker near the spot. There was an old jump rope song that school kids sang in the area for many years afterwards: Isn't any school, Isn't any teacher; Isn't any church, Mosby shot the preacher.' Near here, behind the Old Methodist Church at the foot of Hunter Mill Road on Route 123, at 2951 Chain Bridge Road, Oakton, was a campground for a 20-man detachment from the 16th New York Cavalry. On 7 March 1865, barely a month before Lee's sur- render at Appomattox Courthouse ending the Civil War in Northern Virginia, Mosby's men attacked the unit while it was on patrol, killing two, wounding one, and capturing three troopers along with several horses without suffering any casualties of their own. 13 0 1 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 13 0 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:55 AM Approved for Release: 2-016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook The rest of the Union patrol ran. During the Civil War there was no Chain Bridge Road/Route 123 in this area, but there was a Courthouse Road. The original Methodist� Church at that time was on nearby Blake Lane. North from here on Route 123 is Flint Hill Cemetery where four of Mosby's Rangers are buried. In Vienna, the US Army constructed and manned Freedom Hill Fort as a signal tower location and to specifically guard against raids and ambushes in the area by Mosby and the Rangers. Company A from the 5th Pennsylvania Artillery Regiment manned Free- dom Hill. Mosby's Rangers just went around it. Lesson Learned: Freedom Hill is a good example of how large numbers of Union forces were tied up guarding against Mosby's irregular operations. Guarding static locations against highly mobile forces has occurred countless times in the history of guerrilla t/varfare. Mosby and his men were always capturing Union horses; they kept the very best of them for their own use and as remounts while others were sold and sent on to the Confederate Army Freedom Hill is preserved today as a small park off of Courthouse Road near Route 123. There is a historical Marker, and the outline of some of the entrenchments can still be seen. + + + Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 14 pproved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 1 6/9/2015 8:19:55 AM MAIM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 /1 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook 2. Get on 1-66 West and then turn west onto US-50 W/John S. Mos- by Highway. From US-SO W turn north onto West Ox Road for approximately 1.7 miles to the corner of Thompson Road. 000001300013000000000000Q09000000000000,00000000000004000000041000 As you turn off US 50 please note that on 1 September 1862, the Battle of Chantilly was fought here at the intersection of Little River Turnpike (now US-50) and West Ox Road. At the time of the battle, Mosby was with Stuart's cavalry, which conducted reconnais- sance and acted as a cavalry screen for Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, who launched the main attack against Union forces. A few days earlier at Second Manassas Mosby had his horse shot out from under him. + + + Thompson's Corner Raid Site On 25 February 1863, Mosby and 25 Rangers left Rector's Crossroads, which is a stop later on the staff ride, for one of their earliest raids. The raid was planned against a picket of 50 troops from the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry camped here at the corner of Thompson Road and West Ox Road. The weather was a mix of snow and rain on the morning of 26 February when Mosby and his Rangers surprised the encamped Penn- sylvanians, causing them to flee. Three Union troopers and one officer were killed, sev- eral were wounded, and five were taken prisoner along with 39 horses. Mosby recorded no casualties in the raid. Sgt. James F. Ames, who had deserted to Mosby from the 5th New York Cavalry on 11 February 1863, accompanied the raid, though Mosby insisted he do so unarmed as a test of his loyalty. Nicknamed "Big Yankee the unarmed, but large and muscular, Ames captured a Union trooper who was well-armed with saber, pistol, and carbine. These Pennsylvania cavalry fell under the overall command of a British soldier of fortune commanding a Union cavalry brigade, Sir Percy Wyndham, who hence called Mosby a "horse thief." Lessons Learned (Mass, Offensive, Surprise, and Maneuver): 15 11 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 15 "AN Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 1 6/9/2015 8:19:55 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Selection of Mosby Rangers Weapons - 16 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 16 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:55 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Weapons Even though there were more Union troopers at Thompson's Corner than Mosby's Rangers, Mosby was able to concentrate his combat firepower to high effect. While most light and heavy cavalry units on both sides were equipped with sabers (usually the 1860 model Light Cavalry and the older, more common 1840 model Heavy Dragoon known as the "wrist breaker") and carbines (usually the .52 to .56 caliber Smith, Sharps, Burnside, Merrill, or Spencer), which were deemed more manageable for a mounted rider, cavalrymen on both sides carried at least two and as many as six revolvers. Most common on both sides were the single-action 1851 model Colt and 1858 model Rem- ington revolvers, long military staples. Two new revolvers that appeared the year before secession were highly sought after: the Colt 1860 single-action Army model (in .44 caliber) and the 1860 Navy model (in .36 caliber). There were three series of Remington Army and Navy models revolvers produced during the Civil War, two of which incor- porated improvements to the original 1858 patent design. The guns produced in the third Remington series, the 1863 version, were called the New Model Army revolver (in .44 caliber) and the New Model Navy revolver (in .36 caliber). In addition to government-issued weaponry, cavalrymen on both sides often purchased their own weapons, sometimes of smaller calibers, such as the Smith & Wesson No. 2 Army Model with the new .32 caliber rimfire cartridge. Most pistols were of standard cap and ball variety, which required each of the six chambers to be loaded individually with black powder from a flask and a lead ball, with a percussion cap primer needed on each cylinder cone or nipple, all rammed home with a built-in rod. Soon after the war began, paper "cartridges" became available, each cartridge containing a proper measure of powder and the ball as one unit wrapped in flammable nitrate paper. The cartridge could be slid into the chamber, speeding the loading process. Reloading on a galloping horse under fire, however, was not a task for the amateur, thus the tendency of the cav- alrymen to carry multiple revolvers to avoid constant and often difficult reloading. By carrying several of these pistols each, the Rangers had significantly more close-range firepower (18 to 24 shots) than their Union infantry opponents armed, typically, with only a single-shot, muzzle-loaded Springfield rifled musket. At one March 1864 rendez- vous before an operation, Ranger Crawford reported that each of the 200 Rangers car- ried three Colt Army Model revolvers. He also noted the use of double barrel shotguns by the Rangers with 24 buckshot loaded in each barrel. After one lopsided engagement, Mosby sent word to the Union commander that their sabers and Merrill carbines made them defenseless and that the US government would do better to arm them with revolvers like Mosby. The Merrill was a single-shot, breech-loading carbine. All the pistols that Mosby's men carried, especially the .44 cal- iber Colts and .36 caliber Remington, had been captured from Union arsenals in the early days of the war or from federal troops they encountered. A few of Mosby's men 17 0 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 17 %," Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:55 AM Approved for Release: -2-016/02/10.006500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook were armed in addition with carbines. Breech-loading carbines were highly valued be- cause they could be reloaded in the saddle. The Spencer, known in the parlance of the day as a "repeater:' was considered state-of-the-art in modern weaponry. It had a sev- en-round tube in the biuttstock and fired some of the first metallic cartridges ever devel- oped�containing bullet, powder, and primer all in one�allowing upwards of 20 shots per minute (10 times the rate of fire of the average infantryman). It was very expensive to manufacture and only cavalry units received them. 3. Turn around and return south on West Ox Road to US-50 and then proceed west on US-50 to the International Country Club. 1'1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chantilly Plantation Overseer's Hourse The historic house on the right, or north side, of US-50 was the overseer's house for Chantilly Plantation. The plantation covered a large area from here to the north and � west. The plantation house was built by the husband of Cornelia Lee Turberville Stuart on land she had inherited from her father. In February 1863, Union soldiers burned the plantation house. A small segment of the plantation is now the golf course. After a long ride, on 23 March 1863 near here, Mosby and a group of Rangers emerged from the woods near Chantilly Plantation. Their horses were already tired as they approached a Union picket stationed along Little River Turnpike (now US-50). The Rangers charged the n-ounted Union pickets known as "vedettes" from the French word for "lookout." One Urion soldier was killed and five or six were captured in this melee. A reserve cavalry force of 70 men from the 5th New York Cavalry counterattacked, and Mosby, seeing he was outnumbered, retreated west on the turnpike for a mile or so until reaching Sander's (or Saunder's) Toll Gate (intersection of today's US-50 and Centreville Road). The Rangers' mounts were too tired though to outrun the Union cavalry, so Mosby had his men take cover in a group of fallen trees just off the turnpike, where they waited to ambush the pursuing Union cavalry. The Union troopers were strung out as they galloped along the turnpike in hot pursuit. As the Union soldiers came abreast of the concealed Rangers, Mosby's men opened fired at close range. Then, giving a rebel yell, they charged the Union cavalry from the flank. Five Union troopers were killed and 35 were quickly captured. The regimental history lists three enlisted killed or mortally wounded, two enlisted and one officer wounded; and 35 enlisted and one officer 18 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 18 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:55 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook captured. These troopers belonged to the command of Lt. Col. Robert Johnstone. In his report on the ambush, Johnstone wrote of his men: "The column broke and was pursued by the enemy for one and a half miles. It was then rallied by the exertions of Majors Bacon and White!' Another Union cavalry force near Frying Pan heard the firing and joined in the fight. Mosby and the Rangers took off heading west and were pursued for about eight miles before the Union cavalry halted their pursuit at night fal1.2 Lessons Learned (Maneuver, Surprise, Mobility): Mosby understood intrinsically the following standing order issued to Rogers' Rangers: "If somebody's trailing you, make a circle, come back onto your own tracks, and ambush the folks that aim to ambush you." In conjunction with using the woods and lesser known paths to approach, hereafter Mosby always made sure that the horses were well rested when they hit a target. He had learned this hard lesson during the raid on the Chantilly picket. � � + 4. At intersection of US-50 and Stringfellow Road turn south on Stringfellow Road and enter parking lot of the Chantilly Regional Library at 4000 Stringfellow Road, Chantilly. 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 16 October 1863 Wagon Train Ambush Site�Chantilly Regional Library � On the cloudy night of 16 October 1863 Mosby and seven of his men were concealed behind Union lines along the Little River Turnpike when they observed a Union wagon train moving west along the turnpike without an armed escort. In the darkness, Mosby and his Rangers fell in behind the wagon train acting like they were a Union cavalry escort. They passed through a large Union camp with its campfires that covered both sides of the turnpike. After passing the last picket (near where the Chantilly Library now stands), Mosby and his men sprung their ambush on the wagon train. The Con- federates killed a Union officer and captured 13 Union soldiers and a captain, 36 mules, and seven horses. � Farther south, where Stringfellow Road turns into Clifton Road at the intersection with modern Route 29, is where Mosby was wounded on 14 September 1864. Stringfellow Road may be named after a famous Confederate scout who served under J.E.B. Stuart and who at times worked with Mosby. Capt. Benjamin Franklin (Frank) Stringfellow often disguised himself as a Union soldier or officer on his "behind the 19 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 19 ao1 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:55 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook lines" missions. A story from a contemporary account claims that on one of these oc- casions five mounted Union soldiers approached him and questioned him at length. Satisfied by his story, they decided to ride on, but Stringfellow was not satisfied. He drew his revolvers and shot three of them from their saddles�the other two escaped.' The truthfulness of this story is in doubt. Stringfellow was an excellent scout and spy, and�having already had his cover pass scrutiny�it is hard to imagine he would have jeopardized this mission, or future ones, without a good reason. In another instance of derring-do, Stringfellow disguised himself as a woman and was coached by two Southern women, a mother and daughter, on how to behave. On the mission he attended a dance, collected intelligence, and captured a Union Army lieu- tenant.4 Another account from Stringfellow himself claimed that during one intelligence- gathering mission he found himself close enough to Gen. U.S. Grant to have shot him but declined to do so. Stringfellow also penetrated wartime Alexandria and Washington, DC, to collect intelligence. During these missions he used a cover of being a dental assistant and obtained a dental license. Mosby and Stringfellow had a falling out though. Mosby blamed Stringfellow for faulty leadership during the 9 January 1864 Loudoun Heights Raid, which took place on a peak overlooking Harper's Ferry. Stringfellow had discovered the camp of some trou- blesome Maryland cavalry and proposed a raid to Mosby. It was conducted at night in frigid temperatures by two elements. The coordinated attack failed to accomplish its goal and Mosby saw it as a defeat. More on this later in the staff ride. 5. Return to Route US-50 W then turn north onto Centreville Road. 00000900000009000 � 00009009900090000000*000*00090000000900000000 0 Farther south on Centreville Road where it turns into Walney Road is the present-day Eleanor C. Lawrence Park. During the Civil War this area was the property of Lewis H. Machen and then his widow. Capt. William Chapman leading Company A of Mos- by's Rangers surprised iand ambushed a 40-man patrol of Union cavalry from the 16th New York Regiment, who were grazing their horses and picking cherries near Machen's barn. The Rangers killed six Union soldiers and captured 20 more and 30 horses.' One of the Union cavalrymen captured was Sergeant Thomas P. "Boston" Corbett, who on 24 April 1865 shot John Wilkes Booth. 20 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 20 a0.1 10.11 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:56 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook During the Civil War, the area on the left, or west, side of Centreville Road, was the property of the Turley family and site of the family estate Turley Hall, which fell into ruins and was torn down. Laura Ratcliffe's Civil War Home Site On the left or west side of Centreville Road, in front of Discovery Square, is the area where Laura Ratcliffe, a distant cousin of Robert E. Lee and friend and informant to both Mosby and Stuart, lived and operated during the Civil War. Both Mosby and Stuart were guests at her home during the war. Laura's relationship with Stuart has fueled some historical spec- ulation. Although Stuart was married, he wrote romantic poetry to Laura Ratcliffe, which survives in an album she kept. Stuart introduced Mosby to Ratcliffe and there were two aspects to that. Not only was Ratcliffe going to serve as an intelligence source for Mosby, but Stuart wanted Mosby to keep an eye out for her welfare. The Ratcliffe property appears on Civil War-era maps, but the exact location of her wartime home, which was razed in the 1990s, has been a matter of dispute. However, we believe it to be at the location of the fire hydrant in front of Discovery Square Town- houses. 6. Continue to 2615 Centreville Road � 00000000000000000000000q440000000000004000000000,20000600000040 0 Frying Pan Church caption: Frying Pan Meeting House There were several skirmishes here during the Civil War. On 26 January 1863, Mosby and his Rangers captured two mounted Union sen- tries at the church. From here, Mosby and the Rangers continued south to the "Old Chan- tilly Church" where they captured nine or 10 pickets from the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry.6 The Old Chantilly Church no longer exists; it had been located farther south on Centreville Road in an area we passed�generally where Lowe Street now intersects Centreville Road. 21 1 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handboolcindd 21 Approved Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:56 AM nir1111 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook There was another skirmish here at Frying Pan Church on 17 October 1863 involving Confederate troops and Union cavalry. Mosby and his Rangers often used the meeting house/church as a rendezvous location, and it was close to the home of Laura Ratcliffe. One of Mosby's Rangers, Mortimer Lane, is buried in the churchyard in an unmarked grave. Lane died of tuberculosis after being imprisoned and paroled. Intelligence Lessons Learned: Mosby raided lines of communication and cap- tured dispatch riders with Union Army operational plans. When Mosby's men took prisoners they segregated them from other prisoners and questioned them individually so they could not concoct a story among themselves. His practice of controlling the prisoners in this fashion followed Rogers' Rangers Standing Orders and is the same technique the US military uses today. Early in their existence the Rangers sometimes paroled a few of their Union prisoners as they did not have the manpower to guard them or escort them south. This practice evolved though as the 43rd Virginia grew in size with Union prisoners being sent under guard mainly to Libby Prison ("Hotel Libby") in Richmond. The Rangers also targeted US Mail deliveries look.ng for intelligence and greenbacks. The Rangers had their own scouts whom Mosby sent out to look for targets of opportunity. 7. Enter McNair Farms Road on the west side of Centreville Road and continue to the terminus of Squirrel Hill Road to the Mt. Pleasant Baptist Church. Mosby's Rock is farther down Squirrel Hill Road near the church overflow parking lot near Big Boulder Road. There is a marker at the location. 0000000008890000 Mosby's Rock 0000000000000000989000000000000000000000000000 � Mosby's Rock is a large rock formation that Mosby and Ratcliffe used as a dead drop. It was a short walking distance from Ratcliffe's home on Centreville Road; she left mes- sages for Mosby and he in return left her US currency captured during his many raids. This allowed Mosby and Ratcliffe to minimize face-to-face meetings in an area with a heavy Union presence. Lesson Learned: (Security) 22 1 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 22 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 , 6/9/2015 8:19:56 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 � Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook 8. Continue north on Centreville Road and cross under the Dulles Toll Road to 2346 Centreville Road, Herndon 066.0 0000 000etrOP 0406 000000000000 0 00000000 0000 000 @MO 009 000 0 0 0 Merrybrook�Laura Ratcliffe's Postwar Home � Just before crossing under the Dulles Toll Road on the left near Woodland Park Road is Merrybrook where Laura Ratcliffe lived after the Civil War. This is a private residence; however, the property owners hold commemorative events honoring Laura Ratcliffe, and there is a website for friends of Laura Ratcliffe. There is a historical marker and a small place to park near Merrybrook. � � + 9. Pull into Worldgate Centre on the right and loop around to the Marriott Hotel parking lot at 13101 Worldgate Drive, Herndon. 00 00 0 000 000 OGOO 000 *00 0 000000 0000 0400 000 COO 0 0600 0000 00000 00Q00* 0 Worldgate Marriott�Laura Ratcliffe's Grave As noted, Laura Ratcliffe provided Stuart and Mosby with information on Union troop movements in Fairfax County. On 11 February 1863, she learned from a Union soldier who came to her house to buy eggs and milk that federal troops were planning to cap- ture Mosby. After he left, she set off three miles in the direction of the Coleman House where Worldgate is now located. There she found Mosby and his men and warned him that Union forces near Frying Pan were planning to ambush and capture him. Mosby had been planning a raid in this location and federal troops hoped he would do just that, surfacing so an even larger Union force could ambush and capture him. Mosby was able to avoid contact and he remained ever in Ratcliffe's debt. Eventually, as the war went on, Union officials began to suspect Ratcliffe's loyalties and debated arresting her on espionage and treason charges. However, she was careful enough to avoid confirma- tion of those suspicions. Ratcliffe died at the age of 87 at Merrybrook in 1923. Intelligence Lesson Learned: Mosby had a network of informants, of whom Rat- cliffe was one, to inform him of Union Army movements. Laura was a very careful spy, who was never caught though she was certainly suspected. Laura Ratcliffe is buried here in a small copse of trees near the parking lot. 23 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 23 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:56 AM Approved for Release: 2-016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook � W. Continue north on Centreville Road, which becomes Elden turn left onto Lynn Street. Herndon Station is located at 717 Lynn Street, Herndon. 090090000000600 � 000000000000060000060 0.600006 00000000 00800000 Herndon Raiload Station - � il � ill -.----=-- - ...----- � _ .-...-*. � � � -,.... � 'i.... '.;:.;_:-.-- _ , / p ....,,,,, ..-- , ,.. , _ t K� T r -.... r t......--.1 '7}.Z., -... Herndon Station�Then and Now, _ At the time of the Civil War, there was a sawmill here in addition to the station. On 16 March 1863, Mosby gathered 40 Rangers at Rector's Crossroads (modern day Atoka) and rode toward Herndon, resting that night at Ball's Mill at Goose Creek in Loudoun County On the 17th, St. Patrick's Day, the Rangers emerged out of the woods. This was a tactic they used regularly to get close to their target and also avoid using main roads and being discovered or ambushed. Some were wearing captured Union overcoats and this gave the Union troopers pause. The Rangers achieved surprise and attacked a pick- et of Vermont Cavalry stationed here at the Herndon railroad station and nearby saw- mill. The Rangers captured nearly all of the troopers, horses, and supplies of the post. 24 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 24 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:57 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook As Mosby's men were leaving the area they saw four houses tied up outside of a house. The horses belonged to four Union officers dining at the home of Kitty Kitchen Hanna. This house was located where the Main Street Bank is now situated at 727 Elden Street, Herndon. Two of the officers ran outside intending to fight and were captured. The oth- er two tried to hide in the attic; one of Mosby's men�some say it was the Union Army deserter "Big Yankee" Ames�shot through the ceiling, causing it to collapse and with it the two Union officers came crashing down to the floor below. Yesterday I attacked a body of the enemy's cavalry at Herndon Station, in Fairfax County, completely routing them I brought off 25 prisoners�a major (Wells), 1 captain, 2 lieutenants, and 21 men, all their arms, 26 horses and equipments. One, severely wounded was left on the ground. The enemy pursued me in force, but were checked by my rear guard, and gave up the pursuit. My loss was nothing. The ene- my have moved their cavalry from Germantown back of Fairfax Court-House, on the Alexandria Pike. In this affair my officers and men behaved splendidly �John Singleton Mosby' Lesson Learned (Maneuver, Surprise, Offensive, and Mass): Mosby nearly always seized and maintained the initiative. His principal aim was to tie up Union forces and disrupt lines of communication in Northern Virginia. In the summer and fall of 1864, when Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan was conducting a scorched earth campaign in the Shenandoah Valley�the breadbasket of the Confederacy� Mosby's operations tied up between one-third to two-thirds of his 90,000-man force, depending on whose version you read. Effectively, this reduced Sheridan's ability to engage in combat with regular Confederate forces under Jubal Early. Although Sheridan outnumbered the Confederate forces and eventually overwhelmed them, if all of the Union forces detailed to guard against Mosby and to hunt for him are taken into account, Union and rebel forces in the Valley were � more evenly matched. � � � 25 1 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 25 Vol Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:57 AM flU Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Deception, Captured Union Equipment, and Supplies Mosby's Rangers were heavily depen- dent on captured Union weapons, uni- forms, and supplies. Generally, they tried to keep a semblance of Confeder- ate Army appearance, but many wore jaunty slouch hats with plumes typical of many cavalry units dating back to the Royalist Cavaliers of the English Civil War. In one raid on a wagon train along the Little River Turnpike, Mosby's Rangers are known to have captured a shipment of Union cavalry boots� enough for each Ranger to procure three new pairs each Every Ranger carried a sack or two on their horse for carrying away captured supplies. Mosby at times wore very elegant cus- tom-made Confederate Army uni- forms. Records show the Rangers req- uisitioned from the Quartermaster of the Confederate Army large numbers of uniform pants, jackets, and bulk gray cloth. In some instances the Rangers deliberately disguised themselves as Union soldiers by wearing captured blue Union overcoats; the highly prized overcoats had the additional benefit of being quite warm. They also wore a rain coat of a type common to both armies, which simply allowed them to pass themselves off as Union soldiers. When Union pickets challenged them, the Rangers, at times, responded that they were Union cavalry of such and such a unit. Password and challenges were used in the Civil War, especially by pickets, but often the troops on patrol might not have known them. Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook � mott,� � showinggmbsbylaid sUpply,;raib. + + 26 1 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 26 1'1 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:57 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Union Army Counterpartisan Operations and Tactics As the Union pickets were, in the parlance of the day, getting "gobbled up," many posts started to string wire near their pickets to unseat Mosby's riders. Confederate sources and Ranger scouts, though, usually warned the Rangers as to their existence and locations.' General Sheridan even employed a special force, Blazer's Scouts, specifically to find, kill, or capture Mosby and his Rangers. Armed with deadly seven-shot Spencer carbines, the unit was made up of hand-picked soldiers and named after its commander 1st Lt. (later Capt.) Richard Blazer. Mosby and his men were normally able to elude them. But on 17 November 1864, Blazer's Scouts killed several Rangers in a fight with Ranger Company D led by Captain Richard Montjoy. The next day in Cabletown (or Kabletown), West Virginia, the 1st Squadron of Mosby's Rangers, composed of Companies A and B, under the command of Capt. Adolphus "Dolly" Richards, came looking for Blazer's Scouts. The Rangers found them and engaged in a "desperate fight." According to one account, 31 Union soldiers were killed or wounded and 19 more were taken prisoner, including Captain Blazer. The Confederates also captured scores of the valuable Spencer carbines and 35 horses. Captain Richards' recollection of the incident was that close to 62 were captured and only 15 or 16 of Blazer's men escaped.9 The casualties of the Blazer's Scouts far outnumbered those who escaped. Captain Blazer had fought bravely and only surrendered when he was knocked from his horse. Mosby's Rangers lost one killed and six wounded. Three Rangers being held prisoners of the Blazer Scouts at the time of the fight were also released. As a result of this fight, Blazer's Scouts was essentially wiped out as an effective fighting force and was formally disbanded in January 1865.1011 Another Union unit, the Jesse Scouts, operated in Confederate uniforms and collected intelligence on Confederate movements. The Jesse Scouts operated in small teams and for a period collected intelligence and reported to Union cavalry commander Philip Sheridan during his 1864 Shenandoah campaign. The unit also conducted counterguerrilla operations against Mosby and John H. McNeill and their partisan ranger groups. At times its men posed as Mosby's Rangers. The existence of the Jesse Scouts and its near-constant presence behind the Confederate lines were known to Mosby, and the unit's operational methods, very similar to Mosby's own, gave added cause for the rebels to always be on their guard. One Civil War historian noted that as a counterintelligence response to this threat Mosby issued membership cards to the real Rangers.'2 Mosby's Rangers also arrested�and in at least one case executed�those suspected of being Union spies. Another Union unit with an antipartisan mission was the Loudoun Rangers. Formed from Union sympathizers�surprisingly, many of them Quakers�living in Loudoun County, the Loudoun Rangers were the only Union Army unit raised in Virginia. It was ideally suited as a scout unit because it knew the operational area. It took part in Sher- 27 Mosby_Staff Ride Handbookindd 27 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:57 AM !Approved for Release: 2-016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook idan's Shenandoah Valley campaign (August-October 1864) then returned to scouting and an antipartisan role. In one engagement in November 1864, the Loudoun Rangers � killed one of Mosby's best officers, Capt. Richard Montjoy. On 6 April 1865, three days before Appomattox, the Loudoun Rangers were encamp- ed near Key's Switch', west of Harper's Ferry. It did not react as a large body of what appeared to be Uniorii cavalry approached. In reality it was the 52 Rangers of Compa- ny H of the 43rd Baltalion, led by 24-year-old Capt. George Baylor, who had joined the Rangers after serving as an officer in the regular Confederate Army. Company H, formed just one day earlier, was under orders to hunt down the Loudoun Rangers, which had caused such problems and had killed Captain Montjoy. Mosby's men got the jump on the Loudoun men and, in the ensuing engagement, captured 65 Union soldiers and 81 horses. Company H's casualties were one wounded. Before they left, Mosby's Rangers burned the camp. There was an exchange of gunfire with some of the remaining Loudoun Rangers and one of the latter was killed." The Loudoun Rangers ceased to exist as an effective fighting force and was formally mustered out of service a short while later. Principles of War (Maneuver, Objective, Offensive, and Surprise): Mosby understood the role his forces played in drawing off his enemy's strength from the main campaign and quoted Sheridan's own postwar memoirs to make his point. Sheridan wrote that his effective strength to meet rebel Gen. Jubal Early's force was depleted because he had to guard his supply lines and communications from Rebel partisanliattacks. According to the groundbreaking Mosby author, Virgil Carrington lorries, Sheridan understated Mosby's effect. It was only when the official unit records were released years after the war that it became clear to what extent Mosby had tied up Sheridan's command. The Union antipartisan forces formed to target Mosby effectively used tactics similar to those the Rangers used. Mosby realized they threatened his operational mission and success and they also became Ranger targets. The military value of the species of warfare I have waged is not measured by the numbers of prisoners and material of war captured from the enemy, but by the heavy detail it has already compelled him to make, and which I hope to make him increase, in order to guard his communications to that extent diminishing his aggressive strength �John Singleton Mosby'4 28 1 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 28 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:57 AM L.I Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 j Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook 11. Head north on Elden to Fairfax County Parkway and take that north to Route 7. Exit Fairfax County Parkway and head west on Route 7. 060i306606660,3006,6060006606e613000060000004560e000000600000000000 0 The Battle of Dranesville The Battle of Dranesville was fought in this area on 20 December 1861. The battle took place between Confederate forces under the command of Brig. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart and Union forces under Brig. Gen. Edward O.C. Ord. On the 20th, Stuart withdrew after his artillery was knocked out and Ord sent his infantry forward. Casualties on both sides were light, but the Confederates lost more men. Stuart returned to the area the next day; however, the Union forces had already left the area. 12. On Route 7 heading west, just before crossing Dranesville Road, is Sugarland Run�a creek that flows under Route 7. m000 0.60 00000 0 0000160 00000000 o 000000 0,6 0 00 0-0 00 00 00 6 0000000 6 000 0 0 The Sugarland Run Ambush Here on the morning of 22 February 1864, Mosby set an ambush for a company-size Union patrol from the 2nd Massachusetts Cavalry, which included 25 men from the 16th New York Cavalry. Mosby had sent out two of his scouts, Sam Underwood and Walter Whaley, to watch the patrol's movements, and they let him know its route. The Union cavalry had been in Rector's Crossroads the day before hunting for Mosby and was moving east back toward its camp in Vienna. The Union soldiers were probably looking forward to getting back to camp. Companies A, B, and C of Mosby's Rangers were involved in the ambush. Mosby set up an L-shaped ambush (to the front and side) with a mobile element that was to charge the rear of the spread out Union column, which had vedettes (scouts) and security deployed forward. Mosby dismounted 15 men with carbines and hid them along the side of the turnpike under the command of Capt. Richard Montjoy. These men were the ambush element. Mosby wanted the Union column to bunch up before initiating the ambush. He had Lt. Frank H. Rahm and a few Rangers, disguised as Union soldiers, position themselves in the path of the Union patrol. As the vedettes approached they challenged Rahm and he challenged them in return. Rahm said that he and his then were from the 5th New York Cavalry. This caused confusion and several minutes of delay as both sides went back and forth accusing the other of probably being rebels. In that time, the main body of the 29 "1 1 ) Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 29 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 1 6/9/2015 8:19:57 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Union patrol closed on the vedettes�just as Mosby wanted. Watching this, Mosby blew a whistle to initiate the ambush and the Rangers with carbines opened up. This volley of fire was followed by the mounted assault element, led by Capt. William Chapman, attacking the patrol from the rear while giving the rebel yell. A small number of Union soldiers escaped the kill zone and raced toward the Potomac. "They fled in every direc- tion in the wildest confusion," Mosby noted in his report.'5 The commander of the Union patrol, Capt. J. Sewell Read, surrendered to Baron Robert von Massow, a Prussian Army officer serving with Mosby. Von Massow ordered Read to move to the rear and turned his back on him. Van Massow, however, had failed to relieve Read of his pistol, and Read shot him in the back, seriously wounding him. Captain Chapman then took one well-aimed shot and killed Read. Mosby reported the Union patrol suffered 12-15 killed, about 25 wounded, and 75 captured. Mosby's men also captured 90 horses and numerous weapons. One Ranger was killed and four wounded, including von Massow.. Lessons Learned: (Surprise, Offensive, and Maneuver). The forces were fairly evenly matched. Mosby had about 160-175 men against 150-167 Union cavalry. Mosby executed a classic L shape ambush that started with the violent action of the volley from the carbines. The tactic is still taught at the US Army Ranger School. The Ranger mounted element assaulted through the kill zone as the men with carbines would have shifted their fire and/or aimed at individual targets. The assault through the kill zone to clear it is still the preferred ambush technique in use today. At Ranger School, students are taught that, as the kill zone is cleared, prisoners are disarmed, collected, and controlled. At Sugarland Run, Mosby's Rangers failed to do this. Not only did Read shoot von Massow, but another Ranger, John Munson, was also wounded by a Union soldier whom he had captured and failed to disarm. Mosby watched his target carefully and sprung the ambush at the place and time of his.choosing. In this case, and numerous others, he set the ambush on the return route of the Union patrol when they would be less alert and eagerly looking forward to a rest back in camp. Lieutenant Rahm's ruse probably worked well because he was encountered as the Union patrol was heading back to their camp in Vienna and getting close to Union lines from which Rahm appeared to be coming. 30 Mosby_Staff_Ride_Handbookindd 30 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:57 AM MEM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 1'1 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook 13. Continue west on Route 7. Turn off at the intersection of State Hwy 808 (Broad Run Drive) at the Galilee United Methodist Church. Proceed about one mile to Dairy Lane then turn right. P00.0eets0000004*0000000060**06000590*,00000060000000000000006*00 Miskel's Farm Miskel's Farm was the site of the "April Fools Fight." On the night of 1 April 1863, Mosby and a 65-man detachment bivouacked at this farm. Believing themselves to be far from the closest Union force, they posted no lookouts. A Vermont cavalry force of 200-plus men commanded by Capt. Henry Flint, hunting Mosby's Rangers, approached early in the morning of 2 April. A Union sympathizer had tipped them off to Mosby's presence. One of his men staying nearby tried to alert Mosby but arrived only moments ahead of the Union troops that came galloping behind him. Mosby and his men were caught by surprise. About 25 of them took shelter in a barn and mounted their horses for a counterattack. The audacity of the action and the accuracy and rapidity of the fire from the Confederates drove off the Union cavalry, which got bottled up on a narrow road. Now Mosby and the Rangers were in pursuit of the much larger federal force. In the fight, Ranger Lt. Sam Chapman distinguished himself emptying both of his Colt pistols and then drawing his saber. Mosby lost one Ranger killed and three wounded. Union Army casualties totaled nine killed, including Captain Flint, 15 wounded, and 82 captured. The Union detachment also lost about 100 horses. Lessons Learned (Security and Offensive): At Miskel's Farm Mosby had not paid enough attention to his own security. Though surprised, he escaped by launching an aggressive counteraction that turned the tables. The technique of attacking your way out of an ambush is still taught in US Army Ranger School and incorporates what are known as immediate action drills. Mosby's Partisan Rangers were deadly accurate with their Colt pistols because they practiced extensively. There was no formal practice per se, but the standard was to be able to fire and hit a tree three times while riding at a full gallop toward and past it. In combat, some of the Rangers held the reins in one hand while firing; others who had a familiar mount let loose the reins and fired revolvers in both hands. Because of the difficulty of reloading a cap and ball pistol on horseback, many cavalrymen�both sides�carried multiple pistols. By carrying several of these pistols the Rangers had significantly more close-range firepower than their Union counterparts, who were armed with sabers, revolvers, and carbines. The 1860 Colt had a removable cylinder for rapid reloading, but there is no evidence the Rangers used them as an alternative to the manual reload of all the chambers. Many of Mosby's engagements show that the Union commander was either killed or captured, often early in the fight. This was by design: Mosby trained his men to 31 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 31 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:57 AM - Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook go after the Union commanders for the shock effect their loss would have on unit cohesion. This lesson of the effect of targeting enemy leadership is applicable to irregular warfare today. After Miskel's Farm, Mosby would never again drop his guard. � � + 14. Loop around back to Broad Run and then back on Route 7 west to take the Loudoun County Parkway south to US-50 W. When completed the parkway will run directly from Route 7 to US-50. While work is underway, travel to US-50 W on the Loudoun Country Parkway until reaching Ryan Rd., then turn right and continue until Evergreen Mills Rd. Turn right again and take Evergreen Mills Rd. to Watson Rd., then turn left (north). This route comes out at the Mt. Zion Baptist Church near US-50 and Route 15. 0000000000000900 a0000ae00000soars00000eoaeaoopoaaoa00000soeoaoa a' Mt. Zion Baptist Church Numerous events related to Mosby's Rangers took place here at the Mt. Zion Baptist Church. At daybreak on 26 January 1863, Mosby held a ren- dezvous with his original 15 men. From here they headed to Frying Pan Meeting House, which we visited ear- lier, and there they captured the two vedettes later that same day.'6 On 6 July 1864, Union Army Maj. Wil- liam Forbes was leading a 150-man- strong force of New York and Massa- chusetts cavalry that was out hunting for Mosby. They paused here at the Mt. Zion Church for a rest. Mosby and his men came from the east of the church and they sur- prised them at this location. Mosby used a light field piece, a 12-pound Napoleon can- non, in the engagement. Capt. Sam Chapman, a former divinity student, who had been an artilleryman in the "Dixie Artillery" before joining Mosby, commanded the cannon and crew. The cannon fire spooked some of the Union horses. 32 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 32 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:58 AM a Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C0650E10111111111111M Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook The Rangers then seized the moment and charged the Union troopers on horseback yelling and firing their pistols. They closed quickly and their skill in using the .44 Colt revolvers again gave them the advantage. Major Forbes fought until his horse was killed and fell on top of him. Pinned underneath, he was forced to surrender. Hand-to-hand fighting continued for the next hour and carried over into the surrounding woods. In this time, the Union Army had 14 men killed, 37 wounded, and 55 captured. Mosby only lost one Ranger in this fight and six wounded. Lesson Learned (Mass, Offensive, Surprise, and Maneuver): Once again, Mosby and his men applied several principles of war. They were deadly accurate with their Colt pistols and the Union soldiers had great difficulty engaging them. The cannon at Mt. Zion Church had a psychological effect; however, it would later prove too cumbersome for Mosby's style of mobile warfare, and he, like most cav- alry commanders on both sides, eventually discarded artillery altogether. Mosby's Rangers used two other types of artillery pieces during the war � a six-pounder and a 3 inch ordnance rifle. The graves of the Union soldiers who fell that day are in the cemetery and VA markers commemorate 12 of them. Two of Mosby's Rangers are also buried here; however, they did not fall in this engagement. One of those is Capt. Jesse Mcintosh of Company E, who was captured by the Union Army and held at Fort Warren, Massachusetts. He died a year after the war ended. During the rest of the war, the church was used at various times as a hospital and as a Union prison for Mosby's supporters. By 1981, the church congregation had thinned to the point that the elders turned the property over to Loudoun Country. Old Carolina Road The Old Carolina Road ran alongside the back side of the cemetery Today's Route 15 generally follows the route of the Old Carolina Road and part Of the original can still be seen here. Even before the colonial period, Indians used the road to travel from Pennsylvania to the Roanoke River on the Virginia-Carolina border. 33 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 33 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:58 AM 11111111111713roved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Ell M if1 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook 15. Head west on US SO to Aldie Mill at 39401 US-SO (John S. Mos- by Highway)I Aldie There is a visitor parking lot located here. 00 40000004 0000040 040464000004000004000 9017 000004000004 00000400 0 Aldie Mill and Bridge Aldie Mill was built in 1807. Here on 2 March 1863, Mosby and a small detach- ment of Rangers attacked a larger force of Vermont Cavalry numbering 59 men. This detachment was part of Sir Percy Wyndham's cavalry command. Wynd- ham was a colorful character who had served in Giuseppe Garibaldi's Red Shirt army during the unification of Italy in 1860-61. He died in 1879 in a hot air balloon accident in Burma. Union cavalry had been searching for Mosby around Middleburg, and when 34 Mosby_Staff Ride_HandbookAndd 34 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:19:59 AM AIM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 � Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook they did not find them they took some local men captive. After Union troopers left the town, Mosby and his men learned what had happened and pursued them in the direction of the mill. Mosby's Rangers came galloping from the direction of Middleburg and surprised and scattered the Union troopers. In the ensuing short action, Mosby's spooked horse galloped toward Union forces out of control. At the bridge just east of the mill, Mosby jumped off his horse and rolled toward the river. Many of the surprised Union soldiers tried to hide in the mill and 19 of them were pulled out covered in flour. Mosby released the captured Middleburg residents. At the western edge of Aldie was the Snicker's Gap Turnpike�a strategic route to the Blue Ridge passing through Snicker's Gap. Lessons Learned (Surprise) � + � 16. Continue farther west on US-50 to the area between Champe Ford Road to the south and Cobb House Road to the north. This is Dover. 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dover Crossroads During the Civil War, Dover Crossroads was a small village used often as a rendez- vous point for Mosby and his Rangers. It was a strategic location where Little River Turnpike and Ashby's Gap Turnpike (now Route 50) terminated. It was here on 8 March 1863, a cold wet day with snow on the ground, that Mosby gathered a group of 29 Rangers to try and capture the En- glish mercenary Percy Wyndham, who was headquartered at Fairfax Courthouse with Brig. Gen. Edward Stoughton. Mosby 35 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 35 FIN Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 82000 AM Approved for Release: -2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook was seeking to make Wyndham pay for his remark that Mosby was a "horse thief." This would become Mosby's most famous raid and we will see the site later in the day. Very few of Mosby's men knew their operational targets as they headed for the Fairfax Courthouse. Lessons Learned (Security): Mosby practiced operational security (OPSEC) on the raid by only letting his key leaders known his plan in case any of the Rangers were captured en route to the Fairfax Courthouse target. Once they had passed through a gap in Union lines and were closing on Fairfax Courthouse he spread word on their actual mission. Special Operations advisers working with indigenous forces of unknown reliability in unconventional warfare often apply this technique of OPSEC. If the key leaders are killed, or captured, the mission could fail though because it and the intent are unknown to subordinates. � � � 17. Continue 0.7 miles west on US-50 to Oakham Farm Lane 17096,09999099099,99 Oakham Farm neg000000e oectozpos000eoet,og0000voeoaeoevoe990 ti? On the right, heading toward Middleburg, is Oakham. It was here on 29 December 1862 that Mosby, then working as a scout for J.E.B. Stuart, proposed that he remain behind Union lines to collect intelligence and conduct special operations. Stuart agreed and Mosby's first efforts were so successful that he was granted an independent squad- size command in the 1st Virginia Cavalry. Oakham is now a private residence. 36 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 36 1%4) Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:20:00 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook 18. Directions to Middleburg needed here � 9000009,00000900 900000009909901300990090000 9009909 909900009000 9 9 Middleburg�Lorman Chancellor Home The Lorman Chancellor home is on the left coming into town at 301 E. Washington Street, Middleburg. Currently the home holds the offices of the Middleburg Museum Foundation. On Sunday, 8 March 1863, Mosby stopped here for lunch at the home of Lorman Chan- cellor before the raid on Fairfax Courthouse. Chancellor was the mayor of Middleburg during the Civil War, a southern sympathizer, and a supporter of Mosby, who often came here. During lunch this day, Mosby told Chancellor, "Tonight I shall mount the stars or sink lower than the plummet ever sounded." Civil War author Kevin Siepel wrote: Although for the most part good fighting men, his rangers were, in some ways, the 'featherbed soldiers" they were accused of being. They were strangers to camp routine: They slept not outdoors but in comfortable quarters provided by a sympathetic populace. They seldom even made coffee for themselves, let alone fired bacon, soaked hardtack, or washed a shirt. Most couldn't pitch a tent and didn't know the first thing about cavalry drill.... In fact, it was the ranger's very lack of regimentation that made them successful; they were encouraged to think for themselves. Boarding with local families made for as many obligations as privileges."7 Lessons Learned: Mosby and his Partisan Rangers normally dispersed to "safe houses" between operations and also depended upon support of a sympathetic populace in their irregular warfare. During operations, Mosby and the Rangers would camp in the woods or on farms. Mosby did not have a permanent headquarters. Sometimes, he would use a particular safe house as a temporary headquarters for a brief period. Support or control of the populace is a formalized and recognized principle in guerrilla wars. Mosby was familiar with the term "guerrilla," meaning "little war" and, while he himself did not use the term to describe his men and their operations, he did not regard it as an insult. Mosby's Rangers had to behave as gentlemen while guests of local civilians in order to earn their continued support. Mosby did not tolerate any errant behavior among those serving under his command. When a rendezvous was planned, the men were expected to show up promptly. Failure to do so would result in their return to service in a regular unit in Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, where discipline was even stricter and the lifestyle more regimented and Spartan. 37 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 37 On't v.to Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:20:00 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook 19. On the right at 2 E. Washington Street, Middleburg 0000000000000000000e000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Red Fox Inn In 1863 the Red Fox Inn was known as the Beveridge House. It was here on 17 June 1863, prior to the Battle of Gettysburg, that Mosby provid- ed J.E.B. Stuart with, intelligence on Union forces trying t? gain entry into the Shenandoah Valley in order to de- termine Lee's whereapouts and plans for that summer's campaign to invade Pennsylvania and divide the North. + + 20. Take US-50Iwest to Atoka (Rector's Crossroads) 0000000000000000 00000000000000000000400000000400*000000000004 * Rector's Crossroads�Now known as Atoka Village Rector's Crossroads was at the heart of Mosby's Confederacy. During the Civil War, the location contained a general store, a blacksmith's shop, a springhouse, and a friendly populace. The Caleb Rector House, which is now the headquarters of the Mosby Heritage Area, played a key role in the establishment of Mosby's Rangers as the 43rd Virginia Cavalry Battalion. It was here on 10 June 1863 in the front parlor of the home that then-Major Mosbyl appointed the officers of Company A�the first company of the 43rd Battalion, as his Rangers became regularized�at least in name. Mosby resisted pressure from Stuart to drop the term "Partisan Rangers:' which the Partisan Ranger Act of April 1862 had authorized. They had many exchanges on this subject. There was a compromise solution. Mosby persuaded Stuart to let him use the name "Partisan Ranger;" which had more allure for recruiting purposes, but in reality though Mosby was leading a regular Confederate unit, "a partisan corps," supporting the main army independently and using irregular tactics. Although Mosby's Rangers were no longer purely Plartisan Rangers under the Partisan Ranger Act, they did retain at least one important aspect though of the Partisan Ranger Act throughout the war: they were allowed to sell captured weapons, horses, and mules to the Confederate War 38 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 38 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:20:00 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Department for US "greenbacks!' The South needed these supplies and Mosby's Rangers were an excellent source. The profits were divided among the Rangers though Mosby is not known to have taken any share. For the most part, Mosby followed standard Confederate Army procedures for the administration of his unit. For example, Mosby signed a receipt for $32,244 paid on 29 October 1863 by the Quartermaster Confederate States Army for 103 mules, one horse, 72 wagon straps, and 13 wagon saddles that had been captured and sold to the House, Atoka4Road,:� 1*.q. -to cry by the mistress of headquarters,forithe tir,andIitsa n�lkaothidii &AI War-Store, 1468,Atoka Ftoad store-heie.Was reunions as he found them too could-notiremember served with A situated on the spo4Utthe original house still stands-behind-the 39 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 39 C.) Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 1 6/9/2015 8:20:01 AM 0 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 GSA. By order of J.E.B. McClellan.'8 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Stuart with note from Stuart's adjutant-general, Major Henry B. Mosby went to Richmond in December 1864 to seek permission for his command to become a formal regiment. On 6 December 1864, he wrote a letter on the subject to Confederate Secretary of War, James A. Seddon. Mosby submitted the request through Robert E. Lee, his commander. Lee endorsed the request on 7 December and added, "No officer has done better Service than Col. Mosby and if the law permits I should be much gratified if he was promoted to a Colonelcy."9 Seddon approved the plan and the promotion and the promotion recommendation was forwarded to Confederate Presi- dent Jefferson Davis. In January 1865, Mosby's 43rd Virginia Partisan Rangers became a regiment divided into two battalions�one led by Lt. Col. William Chapman and the other by Maj. Adolphus "Dolly" Richards. Mosby was promoted to colonel with an ef- fective date of rank of 7 December 1864. Some 1,900 men served in Mosby's Rangers between January 1862 and the end of the Civil War. At times, Mosby also used a squadron organization, generally meaning two companies working together. Although Mosby handpicked the officers for his compa- nies, they also had to be subsequently elected by the men following Confederate Army procedure. On 27 March 1865, as the Confederacy was crumbling, Lee sent an order to Mosby appointing him commander for all of Northern Virginia. 21. Continue on 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 US-50-W to the village of Upperville 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Upperville Upperville has not changed much since the Civil War, and Mosby and his men would probably recognize it. Here on 9 January 1864, Mosby held a rendezvous for about 100 Rangers for a raid on Maj. Henry Cole's 1st Potomac Home Brigade of Maryland Cavalry, which was encamped at Loudoun Heights, a few miles to the north. The winter nighttime raid became one of the Ranger's worst defeats. Capt. Frank Stringfellow, the scout, had located the camp and proposed the daring raid to Mosby. The operation involved a two- pronged night attack; Mosby led one element of Rangers and Stringfellow led a smaller element of 10 scouts, who were to penetrate the camp and capture Cole. On that starry night, with temperatures hovering near zero, the two Confederate assault elements saw each other silhouetted by the snow as they maneuvered close to the Union camp. 40 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 40 11 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:20:01 AM. EMI" Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 0 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook Although accounts differ about which group opened fire first, most likely it was Sting- fellow's men. But, soon�with each thinking the other was the enemy�they charged. Several of Mosby's casualties were the result of this friendly fire. The shots awakened the Maryland Cavalry, which put up a stiff resistance, rallied by Capt. George Vernon, who kept fighting despite having an eye shot out. The Rangers retreated. During the fight, Ranger Capt. William R. Smith (Company B) and Lt. William Thomas Turner (Compa- ny A) were killed. Smith was a regular Confederate officer, who had joined Mosby after serving in the "Black Horse Cavalry:' In all, the Rangers suffered over a dozen casualties and Stringfellow lost one of his scouts. Cole's brigade lost six men killed, 14 wounded, and six captured. Because Stringfellow had proposed the raid, and led the other assault element, Mosby held him responsible for the death of two of his most valuable officers and thereafter bore a grudge against him. The day after the raid, Mosby sent a message under a flag of truce to Major Cole asking to recover the bodies of his dead. Cole is said to have replied, "If Mosby wants them so badly, let him try attacking this camp again."'5 Lessons Learned: This complex nighttime winter raid, involving two maneuvering assault elements, approaching their objective over difficult terrain, was too much of a stretch even for Mosby's Rangers. Mosby certainly felt the raid had tarnished his reputation as a leader and tactician. In today's military such an operation would include the use of night vision goggles and communication between the elements. As a result of the raid, the temporarily demoralized Rangers reduced their operational tempo for the next month. Although Mosby saw it as a failure, Generals Lee and Stuart saw it differently, encouraging him to keep up the pres- sure on the Union enemy. They recommended to President Jefferson Davis and the War Department that Mosby be promoted to lieutenant colonel, which took place soon after/6 22. Return to US-50 E in the direction of Atoka. Turn right on to Atoka Road (Route 713 South). 0060006*0000000000006060009)*040Q9000000060000604,0000090000000,2 Lakeland�Where Mosby was shot, December 1864 Coming out of Atoka and heading south to Rectortown on the left (1654 State Route 713, Marshall) you will see Lake Field School, which is a one-room Civil War-era school- house. Just past the schoolhouse on the right (1690 State Route 713) is the former home of Ludwell Lake, known as "Lakeland." The home was one of Mosby's safe houses. It is currently a private residence. On the night of 21 December 1864, Mosby was having a dinner here of ribs, biscuits, and coffee. Ludwell Lake Jr., whose father owned the house, was a private in Mosby's Command. Mosby and another Ranger, Tom Love, had arrived at Lakeland after 41 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 41 "IN Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:20:01 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook attending a wedding of a Ranger in nearby Rectortown. A company of New York Cavalry, searching for Mosby, saw horses tied up outside and approached the house. Mosby, who could be seen through the window, was shot by one of the troopers and was hit in the abdomen. Before the Union troopers could enter the house, the seriously wounded Mosby took off and hid his uniform jacket, with its lieutenant colonel insignia, and then smeared more blood on his face and mouth while lying down on the floor. Some of the Union troopers had been drinking, and they and their commander, Maj. Douglas Frazer, examined and questioned Mosby, who claimed he was Lieutenant Johnson of the 6th Virginia Cavalry. The Lake family played along and declared Mosby a complete stranger. Thinking "Lieutenant mortally wounded, the for dead, but not before his cavalry boots. Tom Johnson" was ederals left him stripping him of Love was taken prisoner, but he did not reveal Mosby's identity. A young slave from Lakeland saved Mosby by taking him in an oxcart to "Rockburn," another home more than a mile away. "I was rolled up in quilts and blankets...." Mosby wrote in his mem- oir, "It was an awful night�a howling storm of snow, rain, and sleet. I was ly- ing on my back in the cart�we had to go two miles to the house of a neighbor, over a frozen road cut into deep ruts."7 ,IIte, 1 esCAT:F"..c � ' ��=r,4-- Aug ea. Nr.jan 'Ws '47,1 - . By the time the Union troopers realized they had made a mistake and circled back to collect Mosby, he was gone. At Rockburn, Mosby received life-saving care and the bul- let was removed from his side. Major Frazer wrote a letter to his commander saying that none in his unit realized at the time it was Mosby and that they thought the wound was 42 1 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbookindd 42 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:20:02 AM LIM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 0 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook fatal. Frazer's commander called the mistake a blunder. Rumors began circulating that Mosby was dead. Mosby would spend until February 1865 recovering from his wound. Lesson Learned (Security): Have a good cover story and stick to it. Mosby claimed to be Lieutenant Johnston and Tom Love backed up his story as did the Lake fami- ly. Mosby was wounded three times during the Civil War. Then Wounded, Mosby's Rangers were cared for in the safe houses of supporters. Mosby also had a doctor, William L. Dunn, assigned as the unit's surgeon, for most of the war. At times, Dunn was well equipped from captured Union medical supplies. Another Doctor, Aristedes Mon teiro, also served as the Ranger's surgeon and he wrote about his wartime service in his memoirs. Seriously wounded Rangers, as was Mosby in this situation, were sent south away from the front lines to recover. While Mosby was away recovering from his wound, Lt. Col. Chapman followed by Maj. "Dolly" Richards commanded the Rangers. Mosby handpicked and mentored his subordinate commanders. Richards was aggressive and the operational tempo did not slow during Mosby's recovery. On 18 February 1865, Maj. Thomas Gibson, commanding 125 Union cavalry from the 14th Pennsylvania, launched a raid near Upperville searching the family homes of known Rangers and capturing some 18 Rangers. Richards hid in a "secret room" as Union troops searched his father's house, finding his Confederate uniform and equipment. When they left, Richards donned an old brown suit and gathered between 38 and 43 Rangers, who pursued the Union raiders. Richards knew the terrain and had scouts observe the Union cavalry. He easily outmaneuvered them and, when the Union troopers entered a narrow defile near Mt. Carmel Church in Paris, Virginia, Richards ordered a charge. The Union cavalrymen had no room to escape and their casualties were heavy: 25 killed or wounded, 64 taken prisoner, including Major Gibson, and most of their horses captured. All of the captured Rangers were freed. Mosby himself wrote after the war about an event where he was not present, "I have always said it was the most brilliant thing our men ever did."8 19 , sN.... 1:2) Adolphus o lc ar s 43 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 43 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:21102 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook To counter these increasingly frequent Union raids the Rangers started planting pres- sure activated "torpedos3, �a primitive type of improvised explosive device (TED), or land mine�on the roads leading to some safe houses. Many of the safe houses had se- cret rooms. Some had trap doors hidden under carpets in the floor for hiding or a quick escape. To avoid surprise raids, the Rangers sometimes built small huts in the woods and mountains near he safe houses and slept there when the weather was mild, while still taking their meals at the safe houses. The evenings at the safe houses were pleasant affairs as the accounts show they were entertained with music and played cards. � 23. Continue on Atoka Road in direction of Rectortown. Five Points is located at the intersection of Atoka Road (State Route 713) and Carter's Mill Road and nearby 5 Points Road. � 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Five Points, Rectortown�New Year's Day, 1864 Early on the morning of 1 January 1864, Capt. A. M. Hunter and 77 troopers, from the 1st Potomac Home Brigade of Maryland Cavalry (Cole's Cavalry) were passing through Five Points. They had come from Harper's Ferry to search for Mosby. Coincidentally, Capt. William Smith arid about 30 Rangers from Company B had gathered that day at nearby Rectortown (Mosby was not present). Smith found the Marylanders first and ambushed them here, where five roads come together. In the first salvo, Captain Hunter's horse was shot out fro under him and he was captured. Around 22 Union troopers were killed or wounded, 35-54 taken prisoner, and 50-69 horses were captured (there were varying accounts). The few remaining Union soldiers fled. The wounded Union soldiers were cared for in local homes and paroled. In the action, the Rangers captured 39 brand new Colt Army Model revolvers. The Rangers discarded the captured sabres and carbines as they foundl them of little use. Lessons Learned (Maneuver-, Surprise, and Offensive): Aggressive action allowed Smith's smaller force, which had more firepower, to overwhelm a larger force. This engagement also shows how the Rangers' tactical success was not dependent on Mosby's presence. � � 44 1 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 44 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 6/9/2015 8:20:02 AM Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 C06500910 "pi Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook 24. Turn west on Route 710 and continue to Route 713. 000400000000000000000000400061000600000000000000066000000000000 0 Woodward's Store Mosby and his men used the building at the corner of Route 7W and Route 713, Wood- ward's Store, as a meeting site and safe house. In September 1864, the Union Army briefly occupied Rectortown with 2,000 men. Lessons Learned: Mosby held regular inspections to see who would turn up at a planned rendezvous and check on their equipment. One such inspection con- ducted in Rectortown on 11 November 1864 drew 500 men and was designed to root out those who came along on raids only to loot or who were known to avoid fighting. Based on accounts from their company captains, these men were called out and relieved of all equipment and weapons and placed under guard. Some 80 men were struck from the rolls of the 43rd Battalion that day and sent to Richmond under guard to join Lee's besieged army in the trenches at Petersburg, though some of them escaped along the route.2� � + � 25. Turn left on to Route 713 (here Maidstone Road) and proceed to Lost Corner Road (less than a mile). 0000000000e4000000800000*00000000000000090000400000000000.0000 Rectortown Lottery Site The lottery site building is near 3000 Lost Corner Road, Delaplane. There is a historical marker there. The Rectortown Lottery Site had both strategic and tactical significance in the Civil War. Following the indecisive Battle of Antietam on 19 September 1862, President Lincoln traveled to the headquarters of the Army of the Potomac to meet with its commander George McClellan. Lincoln was disappointed that McClellan had not moved more aggressively against Lee's army during the battle, and even more disappointed that McClellan's larger force did not pursue and finish off the retreating rebel army. Witnesses described the meeting as tense. McClellan did not hide his low opinion of the president, and Lincoln finally realized that McClellan was not the type of leader who could win the war. As the Union Army moved into Northern Virginia winter quarters in 1862, this 45 Mosby_Staff Ride_Handbook.indd 45 Approved for Release: 2016/02/10 006500910 6/9/2015 820,02 AM Approved for Release: 2-016/02/10 C0650091711111111Erlin Mosby's Rangers: Staff Ride Handbook site became McClellans headquarters. It was here in November 1862 that a telegram from the White House sent via the War Department arrived relieving McClellan of command and replacing him with his subordinate Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside. McClellan would leave the army, only to return as the Democratic candidate opposing Lincoln for reelection in November 1864. Shortly after assuming command in this building, Burnside would take the Army of the Potomac off to another major defeat at Lee's hands at the Battle of Fredericksburg. Burnside would soon receive a telegram announcing his relief as well, as Lincoln continued his search for a winning general. But the site gets its narrie for another event, one with more tragic nd poignant over- tones. It started on 23 September 1864, when Union Cavalry 'tinder the command of Brevet Brig. Gen. George Armstrong Custer, a subordinate of Sheridan's, cap- tured and executed six of Mosby's men near Front Royal. Whether Custer gave the order is a subject of debate among some historians. Mosby, however, blamed Custer. The hangings may have been retaliation for the Rangers exe- cuting a group of Custer's Michigan volun- teer cavalry in August 1864 when they were caught burning houses but more likely it was the result of an incident that occurred on 22 September 1864. A group of Rang- Private Lucien Love Company D Mosby's Rangers. One ers led by Capt. Sam Chapman attacked a of the Rangers hanged in Front Royal. Union ambulance train In the fight, Union Army Lt. Charles McMaster was killed. Some of the Union soldiers said McMaster had been shot while surrendering and there were calls for revenge. In October, Union Col. William Powell executed another Ranger. Mosby, thinking it would deter further exe- cutions, requested Lee's permission to execute seven Union soldiers in retaliation. Lee endorsed the request arid forwarded it to the Confederate War Department, which is- sued an order approving the executions. On 6 November 1864, at th
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2011 Civil War Travelogue, Part 4
Welcome to my 2011 travelogue page, commemorating the first year of the Civil War Sesquicentennial! This is Part 4 of 2011. Go to Part 1 (includes an index of all the 2011 trips). Go to Part 2. Go to Part 3. Go to Part 5.
Here is a reminder about the reason I write these pages the way I do. They record my experiences and impressions of Civil War trips primarily for my future use. Thus, they sometimes make assumptions about things I already know and focus on insights that I receive. They are not general-purpose descriptions for people unfamiliar with the Civil War, although I do link to various Wikipedia articles throughout. Apologies about the quality of interior photographs—I don't take fancy cameras with big flashes to these events. If you would like to be notified of new travelogues, connect to me via Facebook.
Mosby Heritage Area Association Conference: "Cavalry Command, North and South," September 30âOctober 2
I have just started my trip to Virginia. The first stop will be to attend the Mosby conference in Middleburg. I will continue with a couple of days in Richmond and then to Winchester for a tour of the 1864 Valley campaign, ending up on October 10. I will attempt to keep my travelogue at least partially updated with my progress on an overnight basis. The photography may lag behind the text. I should have the entire travelogue completed by October 11.
Thursday, September 29
I flew on United Airlines to Dulles and had dinner at a new favorite, The Dons' Wood Fired Pizza in Sterling, Virginia. (The Stromboli is excellent. My wife and I happened to eat dinner here exactly one week ago. If you are interested in non Civil War travel tales, check out my other travel page. Our recent trip to Chincoteague Island included a day of Civil War activities in Baltimore.) For the Mosby conference, I am staying in Chantilly, at the Courtyard by Marriott. I have stayed here in the past, but I am pleased to see that they must have remodeled recently because it is suddenly very nice. Unfortunately, is not easy to find a hotel room very close to Middleburg, so I will be doing hour round trips to the conference each day.
Friday, September 30
One of my missions on this trip was to do an 18-mile run as part of my marathon training for the Chickamauga Battlefield marathon coming up in November. However, I got cold feet when considering the logistical requirements (particularly hydration needs), so decided to break it up into two 12-mile runs somewhat close together and I did the first today, driving to Matthews Hill on the Manassas battlefield and doing a big loop. I headed south past the stone house to Henry Hill, passed by the Stonewall Jackson on steroids statue and the visitor center, over to Chinn Ridge, back up to Groveton, the railroad cut, and then back to Matthews Hill. That got me up to 7 miles (including some wrong turns and backtracking—it probably would have been closer to 6), so I repeated the first part until I could turn around to get back at 12. It was a slightly difficult run because there are a lot of hills and it was mostly on wet grass and trails, which is not like my usual running venues, so I ran relatively slowly. Don't ask.
After getting cleaned up, I ventured out to find the Bristoe Station Battlefield Heritage Park, an odd name for a small parcel that is the remnant of a larger property mostly gobbled up by a giant townhouse development. This was the site of the October 1863 battle that culminated the Bristoe Campaign. I did not manage my time finding it very well, so I only spent a few minutes there. There were two trails laid out over pretty rolling hills and you can choose to follow numbered stops with a printed handout or with a podcast that you can download from their website. Unfortunately, I did not have the foresight to visit the website before I visited the actual site. And with my limited time, I found nothing memorable enough to bother photographing.
I drove to Middleburg, which is always a treat because you get to ride through really luxurious horse country, where horses seem to have dozens of acres each of really luscious grass, something California horses can only dream about. The Mosby conference was once again in the Middleburg Community Center and they had a nice selection of drinks and hors d'oeuvres for the people after they registered, and of course the giant collection of used books for sale. I always marvel at these poor booksellers carting around what must be at least 1000 pounds of books and book shelves.
After introductory remarks by Childs Burden, there were two presentations from 5 to 7 PM. First was Horace Mewborn, whose presentation was entitled "Behind Enemy Lines with Rangers and Comanches! John Mosby and Elijah White!" (Yay! I love exclamation points!) Horace is a well-known historian who focuses on Mosby and the 43rd Virginia Cavalry Battalion. His talk about Mosby and White focused on those two remarkable cavalry/partisan-ranger leaders, both of whom reported to Jeb Stuart. It was a rather conventional presentation on their individual biographies and military histories, which could not talk much about how they interacted with each other, because in fact they rarely did. Despite both of them being in northern Virginia, their areas of operations differed. Horace thinks they met officially only once during the war. Both of them were noted for leading their battalions from the front, which unfortunately resulted in numerous wounds for each. White was a father figure, warm and admired by his men, whereas Mosby had a colder disposition. The latter had interesting, compelling eyes, deep blue, and his stare was somewhat hypnotic and added to his command presence. Horace thought that White was jealous of Mosby because the Gray Ghost was able to conduct numerous raids that White would've liked to have done himself. At the conclusion of the talk, Childs introduced the audience to White's great-grandson, who endeared himself to me by complaining about fellow Southerners who pronounce it Calvary.
Clark "Bud" Hall, arguably the most knowledgeable historian on the Battle of Brandy Station, presented "From Bull Run to Brandy Station: Jeb Stuart and the Emergence of the Confederate Cavalry." It was more of a biographical sketch of Stuart than about the cavalry, per se. He repeated one of my favorite quotations, from General John Sedgwick, that Stuart was "the greatest cavalryman ever foaled in this country." He said that Stuart was utterly without a dark side, but was ambitious as Caesar, believing that no one could be advanced in their careers unless they ask for it, or achieved something. He was "consciously indispensable." Bud judged that Stuart's charge against the 11th New York at First Manassas made his reputation, although he said soon afterwards that his 1862 ride around the Union Army on the Peninsula made his reputation nationally. He covered briefly the cavalry actions in 1862 and early 1863, saying that Chancellorsville was the zenith of Stuart's career, not Brandy Station. He proposed an interesting "what-if" scenario to consider: Stuart temporarily commanded the Second Corps at Chancellorsville after Jackson and Hill were wounded, and did an excellent job, but he was so indispensable as a cavalry commander that Lee did not consider making the appointment (and a promotion to lieutentant general) a permanent one. So, what if Stuart had been in command of the Second Corps at Gettysburg instead of Richard Ewell? Would he have charged up Culp's Hill? (I quipped that, no, he would have ridden around it.)
A nice surprise for the afternoon was that Childs identified the people traveling the farthest of the conference, and I was one of two from California and two from Oregon. We each received a gift book, John Hennessy's book on First Manassas. Thank you, Childs!
Saturday, October 1
Robert O'Neill spoke on "Col. Percy Wyndham, A Question of Loyalty." I was unfamiliar previously with Bob's work, but Childs indicated he was part of the mapping panel for the American Battlefield Protection Program, so that got my attention. I was also unfamiliar with Wyndham, a Union cavalry colonel and English immigrant. Bob started with an attempt to cast doubt on the frequent criticism of Alfred Pleasonton, that he was a notorious xenophobe. There were three senior foreign officers under Pleasonton when he was given command of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac: Alfred N. Duffié, Luigi Di Cesnola, and Wyndham (who doesn't have a Wikipedia biography I can point to). Bob offered a variety of explanations other than animus to explain why Pleasonton did not favor these officers. Duffié did not do well at Brandy Station, Di Cesnola was bypassed when Kilpatrick was promoted, and a fourth officer, Hungarian Julius Stahel, was not a subordinate, but Pleasonton attempted to get his command assigned to him. Wyndham had an interesting background as a soldier of fortune, serving in the British Navy, the artillery, and the armies of Austria and Italy. Rather than someone who ardently supported the Union cause, he was perceived as an adventurer without care for which side he fought. John Mosby's famous raid against Fairfax Court House was supposedly targeted at Wyndham, although another brigadier general (Stoughton) was captured instead. Bob outlined a number of political maneuvers and disputes about command and dates of rank. Near the end of the war, Wyndham was accused of offering to surrender his brigade to the Confederates for $300,000 and he was mustered out. Eric Wittenberg chimed in to say that both Wyndham and Duffié were "frauds."
Marshall Krolick presented "Riding for the Union: Recollections from the Eighth Illinois Cavalry." Marshall gave a regimental history of the cavalry outfit that some of the Mosby soldiers called best in the Army. Its first colonel was John Farnsworth, who had been a member of the House of Representatives, and who left the role when he was reelected to Congress. He was also the uncle of Elon Farnsworth, who was promoted from captain to brigadier general and then almost immediately killed at Gettysburg. In Alexandria in 1861, the regiment's biggest enemy was disease, losing 25% while stationed at "Camp California." Marshall's presentation bordered frequently on the humorous, and he concentrated on letters from soldiers and descriptions of their camp life, rather than a traditional litany of battle and campaign descriptions. He had an amusing anecdote about an Episcopalian minister who was arrested by the regiment for refusing to offer prayers to the president and Congress. There was also an interesting reference to squirt gun fights in camp, a weapon I did not know existed in the 19th century. One of the most famous things the regiment did was to be the first engaged at Gettysburg, and Lt. Marcellus Jones of Company E claimed to be the first person to fire a shot in the battle.
Robert Trout spoke on "In Pelham's Shadow: The Commanders of the Stuart Horse Artillery after John Pelham." Robert is the author of the recent book Galloping Thunder about the horse artillery, which quickly sold out from the little bookstore next to the meeting room. He remarked that the gallant John Pelham has had four biographies written about him, which is difficult because he left no letters. After he was killed on March 17, 1863, the average student has almost completely ignored the horse artillery, so Robert’s presentation went into detail about his two successors, Major Robert F. Beckham and Lt. Col. Roger Preston Chew, both of whom were excellent leaders and artillerymen. Beckham did an outstanding job at Chancellorsville, where he was personally complemented by Stonewall Jackson. In November of that year, he was transferred to the artillery under John Bell Hood in Tennessee. Chew originally reported to Turner Ashby and is credited with creating the very first horse artillery battery for Stuart. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel at age 21, three years younger than Pelham became a major. Robert remarked that there is no formal history written of any of the Federal horse artillery units, so that is an opportunity for someone in the sesquicentennial.
Bruce Venter presented "General Insubordination: Custer Versus Kilpatrick in the Third Cavalry Division." Bruce is the owner of the touring company, America’s History LLC, and is working on a book about the 1864 Kilpatrick-Dahlgren Raid on Richmond. He started with an audience quiz in which he read quotations about the two flamboyant generals and then flashed up the picture of the person he was referring to. The audience generally got each one of them wrong. There was a lot of jealousy between the two officers and their relationship was marred by command friction, such as Custer refusing to submit reports on the schedule that Kilpatrick demanded. I was surprised to hear a few things about Kilpatrick—there were many favorable comments from his soldiers, and after the war he was the first ever Civil War reenactor. Bruce said that part of the problem is that Kilpatrick's daughter burned all of his personal papers, and that there is no good biography written of him.
Bud Hall presented "Redemption Is at Hand! Emergence of the Federal Cavalry after the Battle of Brandy Station." Bud talked about how the Federals became more offensive and started doing raids after they gained confidence at Brandy Station. He said that the Confederate cavalry was the "best light cavalry on earth" up until that point, but starting on June 9, 1863, they fell into decline. He dismissed cavalry commander Stoneman as ineffective, but thought that was better than his successor, Pleasonton, who was duplicitous, malevolent, lying, and psychopathic. Whoa. He had some good things to say about Phil Sheridan, portraying his assumption of cavalry command as a very positive development.
Eric Wittenberg presented "Plenty of Blame to Go Around: Jeb Stuart's Controversial Ride to Gettysburg," based on his book (with J. David Petruzzi) of the same name. I had read Eric's book previously, so there was not a lot of new insight for me. The talk gave biographical information on all of the key players and discussed the schedule of the ride and the small battles along the way in detail. Unlike the book, he did not spend much time discussing the postwar controversies about Stuart (such as Mosby's advocacy), jumping directly to his conclusion that all of the key players, including Lee, shouldered some of the blame.
The final session prior to dinner was a panel discussion with all of the presenters as well as Col. Jeb Stuart, IV, who would be the after dinner speaker. I wanted to ask the question "Were any of you guys aware that things happened west of the Appalachian mountains?” but Childs sheepishly admitted at the beginning of the session that they had ignored the cavalry outside of the Eastern theater, lamenting that they should've said something about Nathan Bedford Forrest. The question I asked instead was whether giving Sheridan a very independent cavalry assignment after the Battle of the Wilderness was actually good for the conduct of the Overland Campaign, prompting a tiny argument between Eric (no) and Bud (yes). Having read Eric's blistering book on Sheridan (Little Phil), I suspected that might happen. :-) The other questions to the panel were dominated by the Stuart Gettysburg ride discussion, with some of the speakers wanting to extend more blame to Stuart himself than Eric did, specifically accusing him of wanting to redeem himself after the embarrassment of being surprised at Brandy Station. Bob Trout soft-pedaled the surprise aspect of Brandy Station, indicating that many Civil War battles included surprises, so it is unfair to single this one out. There was an interesting discussion about John Buford, who everyone revered, and how he was scheduled to be transferred to run the Army of the Cumberland cavalry under William S. Rosecrans, which did not occur because he was held back in the East for the Bristoe Campaign and then he died of typhoid fever. Some interesting tidbits: the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac was about 12,000 men, and they required about 5000 new horses per month (!) as they wore out. Stuart had 12 to 14 horses during the war and many of them fell out of service because of a condition called the glanders. Eric said that Jeb's finest hour in the war was the retreat from Gettysburg and that the controversial 150 supply wagons that he captured on the way to Gettysburg contained fodder that was absolutely essential for enabling his horses to make it through the retreat.
We had cocktails and a nice buffet dinner at the American Legion Hall a couple of blocks away. Our after dinner speaker was Jeb Stuart, IV, whose topic was "Jeb Stuart at West Point and in Federal Service out West." Col. Jeb was in the Army for 27 years and he talked about general characteristics of leadership and command as well as the Academy career and a little bit about his great-grandfather's service in Texas. We were given a memento paper with a small poem written by his ancestor accompanied by a pretty watercolor painting of the desert near El Paso by Col. Jeb's wife (who I believe is named Mary Louise, but was addressed as Weezy).
Sunday, October 2
Today we were on the bus to the Brandy Station battlefield, which is about an hour from Middleburg. There were two large buses and I rode on the "General Stuart" bus with Bud Hall; Eric Wittenberg led "General Pleasonton.". Bud told us some interesting stories along the way, including his friendship with Robert Duvall, who has an extremely large, beautifulfarm just outside of Middleburg. One day he invited Bud to visit and he had an elephant on the farm, although it is no longer there. ("Seeing the elephant" was a Civil War expression meaning experiencing combat for the first time.) He identified the route that James Longstreet used in heading toward Thoroughfare Gap in the Second Manassas Campaign. We saw a house that John Mosby lived in briefly after the war and he told us that he was widely hated by the locals for his cooperation with the Grant administration, so much so that he was even shot at. Our first stop was at a cemetery between Beverly's Ford and Kelly's Ford on the Rappahannock River. Bud described how Alfred Pleasonton divided his force to approach Brandy Station on two routes over 8 miles apart, which was obviously not an optimal tactical plan. I was disappointed in the weather for the day. Usually these Mosby conferences have good weather, and in fact I packed for the trip based on very rosy weather forecasts, but the day was quite chilly—low 40°s—with wind and periodic light rain.
We bussed and hiked to a small hill that Bud has named Buford's Knoll, where John Buford observed the opening of the battle against Rooney Lee. He told an amusing story about being approached by the actor Sam Elliott, who portrayed Buford in the movie Gettysburg, wanting to do some pre-filming research on the character. Elliott insisted on knowing the exact spot Buford occupied on the hill, stood there for a few minutes looking over the fields to the famous stone wall, and then said "Hot Damn." Bud is extremely active in battlefield preservation and he told us a number of stories about battling with developers who had purchased 6000 acres and wanted to create, first, an office park, and then a Formula One race track.
At the intersection near St. James Church, Eric Wittenberg told us about the gallant charge of the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry. For lunch, we drove to the Auburn plantation, which had been the home of John Miner Botts, a prominent Virginia Unionist. We ate a bag lunch on the porch and viewed the bucolic scene, rolling hills with lots of cows grazing. This was the same building where a gala dinner was hosted for Ulysses S. Grant and many generals after he was promoted to command all of the armies in 1864. (Brandy Station was the site of the '63-'64 winter quarters of the Army of the Potomac before it departed for the Overland Campaign.)
Next we drove to Stevensburg, where the southern part of the battle occurred, and visited the Rose Hill Farm, which features a lovely 200-year-old farmhouse in excellent condition. The owner gave us a presentation on his family history and Bruce Venter described how the house was used as a kicking off point for the Kilpatrick-Dahlgren Raid. In the rear, there was a great panoramic view of the Blue Ridge Mountains, as well as nearby Clark Mountain, Cedar Mountain, and Mount Pony. The latter, which Bud insisted should be named Pony Mountain, was the site of an active signal corps outpost and he said that there is a well preserved signal platform there, along with a well hidden but expertly carved bas relief of a pony, which he assumes was carved in the free time of a signalman. (It was likely not carved by an Indian because the Poni Indian tribe disappeared from the area before horses were introduced.)
We drove back to a viewpoint from which we could see almost all of Fleetwood Hill, including the controversial giant mansion that a local developer built right on top. (This is the same guy who recently caused all the furor by damning up a creek on his property, causing Bud to open up a can of Army Corps of Engineers whup-ass on him.) Fleetwood Hill was one of the most important terrain features in the entire area and a number of significant Civil War actions occurred on it. During the Battle of Brandy Station, it is hard to imagine that the open hillside we saw was covered by 7000 men on horseback fighting with each other. It must've looked like a swarm of ants.
On the bus ride home, Horace Mewborn told us a number of stories about John Mosby, including a detailed timeline of how he resisted surrendering his partisan rangers because until he was able to verify that Robert E. Lee had actually surrendered at Appomattox Court House. He initially planned to move south to join Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina, but old Joe surrendered himself before he could leave.
So once again I had a great time at a Mosby conference. They assembled a really expert collection of speakers—a number of whom were new to me—and all of the logistical features worked out well (except for the less than perfect weather on Sunday). The next conference is the first weekend of October in 2012 and the subject will be the battle of Chancellorsville, so I will certainly consider attending that if I can.
Richmond, October 3–5
Monday, October 3
On the way to Richmond, I sought to find the only significant battlefield in the Overland Campaign I had not already visited—Yellow Tavern. As I was led to expect by the guidebooks, this is pretty underwhelming because the area has been completely developed. However, I was able to find a tiny park that had a monument to Jeb Stuart, so it was worthwhile if only for that.
My first stop was the Tredegar Iron Works, which I have visited in the past, but I wanted to see if there were any updates. The NPS Richmond headquarters there has some new battle animations, which were pretty nice, although they were a bit more like video games (of the 80s) than serious battle depictions. For example, there are lots of little artillery firing animations, but no unit designations. I bought a sesquicentennial T-shirt for the Richmond battles. Since my T-shirt from Manassas was blue, I chose the gray version here for a little political balance.
New to me was next door, the American Civil War Center. (It was there for my earlier visit, but I did not feel like popping for the admission charge. This time, however, I decided to take advantage of their parking validation offer.) This was a modest museum that covered the entire war, not simply the Richmond area, but it was obvious that they had a Southern audience in mind. They usually used the Confederate names for battles and they started off with an exhibit that promoted a relaxed view of secession legality. They used an odd formulation for each of the exhibits dealing with a year of the war, dividing their info into U/H/F categories: Union, Home, Freedom. It didn't really work for me. And there were not a lot of interesting artifacts.
Just down the street is a funky pedestrian suspension bridge hanging underneath a major highway bridge. I walked across and took a hike around Belle Isle, the largest island in the James River. This was the site of a Confederate POW camp for enlisted men, and one of the targets of the unsuccessful Kilpatrick-Dahgren Raid I mentioned earlier. It was a tent city surrounded by guards and artillery, not walls. If prisoners ventured beyond a "dead line" (the source of the modern word deadline, I'm told), they were shot. It was used in the summer of '62 and for most of '63 and was apparently quite brutal because of the winter weather. There was also an area the map said was a cemetery, but you'd never recognize it except for four stones in a cross shape. Walking around the perimeter gives you a number of pretty views of the river rapids. In one place you can see Hollywood Cemetery across the river.
My final visit of the day was to the Virginia Historical Society. I was very impressed! They must spend a lot on graphic designers because the exhibits are really beautiful. I spent the most time in their temporary CW exhibit, An American Turning Point. Lots of well-designed video presentations and great static displays. Unfortunately, they did not allow photography. It was a very eclectic selection of topics, including technological innovation, medicine, civilians, African-Americans, and a little bit of Richmond content. Unlike the ACWC, they have a more mainstream view of the war and refreshingly have at least two exhibits that come out and say directly that slavery was the cause of the war. One odd thing was an interactive video unit that allowed you to find information about a couple of dozen major battles. They presented very interesting information, such as a map that was color-coded to show the number of casualties from every county in the country for each battle. They had Civil War Trust maps and really unusual animations that showed little men, horses, and artillery marching back and forth in formation, proportional to the state contributions.
Because I will be doing another longer run tomorrow on the eastern side of town, I selected a hotel near the airport, the Hyatt Place, which is a very, very comfortable modern hotel. Dinner at Carini's, once again a very decent Stromboli (much larger than the one in Sterling).
Tuesday, October 4
Today was running day again and I had an outstanding outing. Based on a recommendation from Bobby Krick of the National Park Service, I ran along the string of forts protecting the Chaffin's Bluff line, starting at Fort Gilmer, passing by Forts Gregg, Johnson, Harrison, Hoke, and eventually reaching Fort Brady right on the James River, where I turned around and ran back, for a total of 12 miles, which I did at a reasonable pace (faster than at Manassas last week). The weather was excellent—sunny and brisk without much humidity—and the course was shady and flat. The line of forts is intermixed with houses, but none of them intrude on the experience. It is really gratifying to run on a course where you can see interesting sights the entire way, namely the remains of relatively well preserved earthworks. At Forts Harrison and Brady, I ran inside along the walking trails. The photographs that I have below were taken later in the day as I retraced my steps in the car.
Fort Harrison was the most interesting of the forts because it played a key role in the important battle called Chaffin's Farm/New Market Heights, fought September 29-30, 1864, and featuring a significant contribution from African-American troops (although the majority of their effort was at New Market Heights, which I did not visit). But Fort Brady, a Union artillery fort, was also interesting because it is so well preserved. (I was disappointed that I could not see the James River through the trees.) After I retraced my steps, I drove over to Glendale, having not noticed on the map that the visitor center there is "open seasonally." This was not the season, apparently.
Not much else today other than relaxing and recovering from the run. Tomorrow I have a few more sights to see in Richmond, and then it is off to Winchester.
Wednesday, October 5
Today was a travel day, from Richmond to Winchester for my Valley tour starting tomorrow. I wanted to see some places along the way I had not visited before. My first stop was Chimborazo Hospital, the most famous of the Confederate hospitals in Richmond (of which there were more than 50). It was once a giant complex of wooden buildings on 40 acres, which treated more than 76,000 patients during the war, as many as 3000 at once. But today it is represented only by a single building—one that was actually built in 1909. Although the building is the headquarters for all of the Richmond battlefields, the small exhibit is entirely focused on medical issues. There is an interesting 15 minute film about the Confederate medical system and exhibits of various medical paraphernalia of the period.
Earlier in this report I mentioned that I had seen everything in the Overland Campaign except for Yellow Tavern, but I just realized last night that I had also missed the largest cavalry battle of all: Trevilian Station. I blame the Mosby guys for not including this in their program or I certainly would have remembered earlier. :-) It is also odd that I forgot, because I recently rewrote the Wikipedia article about it, including the maps. So anyway, it was not far off my route to Winchester. I drove to Louisa Court House and followed the auto tour directions from the battlefield preservation group. It's pretty country, although rather heavily wooded in many areas (as it was at the time of the battle), so I found few opportunities to take meaningful photographs. I always end up disappointed when I take pictures of battlefield landscapes unless there is some dramatic landmark to include. Photos of woods and open fields don't do much for me. The tour heads north from Louisa up to Clayton's Store, where Sheridan encamped, and then down the road to the site of the former train station, where Custer had his first "last stand." Then it headed up the Gordonsville Road for the second day battle, around the Ogg farm. I found it nice to be able to walk the ground where an important battle occurred, I can't say that I got much insight from the terrain.
The auto tour recommended an optional stop in Gordonsville, so I drove there to the Exchange Hotel, which is now a Civil War museum. In March 1862, however, it was turned into the Gordonsville Receiving Hospital, processing incoming wounded and dying from many of the nearby battlefields, including Cedar Mountain, Chancellorsville, Trevilian Station, Mine Run, Brandy Station, and the Wilderness. During the war they received over 70,000 patients, supplementing the small hotel building with a vast sea of tents. The museum has quite an eclectic collection, ranging from railroad artifacts to ladies' dresses to Civil War personalities to Civil War medicine. I arrived just as a docent was beginning a guided tour, so I got a good overview and then went back through the collection take closer looks at items of interest. There was one disappointing aspect: Gordonsville is allegedly known as the Fried Chicken Capital of the World (because there used to be a thriving business of selling fried chicken dinners to train passengers making a quick stop), but the ladies running the museum were unaware of any fried chicken currently available other than at Hardee's!
I hit the road for Winchester and checked in at the luxurious Travelodge southeast of town. Then I drove downtown and revisited the Old Courthouse Civil War museum. I had seen this on my previous visit to Winchester in 2010, although I am embarrassed to say that I did not remember it until after I had paid my admission. :-) From what I can recall, it looks like they have cleaned up the place quite a bit, improving the quality of the exhibits—signage, etc. but otherwise it is still the same, with an enormous collection of buttons, bullets, weapons, and other artifacts found on battlefields. They have case after case filled with artillery shells, both field and naval. They also, oddly, have a big collection of Mort Künstler prints. Nice to look at, but hardly museum selections. Probably the most interesting parts of the exhibit were the graffiti scrawled on the original walls upstairs by Union prisoners. new interior walls have been built, but they have added windows to allow the original graffiti to show through. I took a nice stroll up and down the pedestrian street, thinking about dinner options, but I ended up eating, believe it or not, at the Costco across the street from the hotel. (Two gigantic slices of pizza and a soda with endless refills for about five dollars cannot be beat.)
CWEA's "Shenandoah Showdown: The 1864 Valley Campaign Tour," October 6–9
Thursday, October 6
I have attended two other events with the Civil War Education Association and found that they do very good tours with expert historians and good logistical operations. This weekend's event is coordinated by Bob Maher and our expert is Scott Patchan, who is arguably the best-known historian of the 1864 Valley campaigns. I had met Scott once previously, a few years ago, on a tour of the Second Manassas battlefield, and I was surprised to find that he recognized me and greeted me by name. Perhaps it is our close friendship on Facebook, or perhaps Bob warned him about my prolific travelogues. :-) Other than Bob and Scott, I did not know any of the 20 or so participants. It was nice to see that we have a full-size bus so we had room to stretch out a bit. One point I should make to readers of this travelogue: I often link to Wikipedia articles I have written about battles, but it so happens that this particular campaign has very few articles written by me, and very few maps as well. I may use this trip as an excuse to go through and start working on them.
We jumped right on to the bus and headed to New Market, about an hour away. Scott gave us background on the 1864 campaign. He said that the common notion that the Shenandoah Valley was the bread basket of the Confederacy was a myth. Agricultural output dropped dramatically after 1861, due in no small part to shipping many of the farmers off into the Army. So the Valley was a strategic corridor into the North, but agriculture was not the sole reason for its importance. We left Interstate 81 to drive on the Valley Turnpike for a while. In Middletown, we passed by Belle Grove, which was the headquarters for a number of the Union generals. Franz Sigel was relieved here after he lost the Battle of New Market, replaced by David Hunter. In reviewing the operational situation, Scott made it clear that Franz Sigel, for whom historians have low regard, actually had a number of threats that he had to deal with in the Valley, making him understandably cautious in his movements. Cavalry under John D. Imboden and Mosby's Rangers caused him difficulty. We returned to 81 in Woodstock and drove to the New Market visitor center. I had been here once before, in one of my very early forays with the Civil War Preservation Trust, but I can't say I remembered much about the museum. They had a number of interesting maps about the campaigns in Virginia and a few prints by Kurz and Allison. They also had a very elaborate miniature scene that combined soldiers, railroad bridge construction, and an aerostat flying overhead, which stumped us about what battle it was portraying. Upon inquiring, we found out that it was a figment of someone's imagination.
We drove into town and stopped at St. Matthew's cemetery to discuss the initial Union line and to get a snapshot of the commanders of the battle. We returned to the visitor center and started walking up the battlefield. We of course discussed the VMI cadets and Scott made the point that these "boys" for whom everyone has sympathy because they were only 17 or 18 were in fact not the only boys on this, or any, Civil War battlefield. We walked to the edge of the very narrow field and looked at the North Fork of the Shenandoah River from above a dramatic bluff. We walked into the depression in the ground that became the "fields of lost shoes." It is a naturally damp place, but the battle occurred in a thunderstorm, and many of the VMI cadets racing through the area lost their shoes in the mud. We found that the depression provided a sheltered avenue of approach to the Union line, and you cannot even see von Kleiser's guns up on the modest hill until you are pretty close to them. We visited the Bushong farmhouse, where reenactor ladies and little girls were dressed up in period costumes. The former were working on a quilt for eventual auction for charity. A docent taking us through the rooms told us that the family gave aid to wounded soldiers from both sides, and because of that, when Sheridan burned most of the Valley later in the year, the soldiers spared the town of New Market. Scott mentioned that David Hunter's reputation for widespread burning was overstated and that he burned primarily houses that fired on his troops, or in some cases belonged to prominent secessionists. He most famously burned VMI, but Scott said that was a legitimate military target.
We had lunch at a little retro restaurant in New Market called the Southern Kitchen and I had a very good plate of fried chicken, followed by a supremely delicious coconut cream pie. We got back on the bus and headed toward Piedmont. Along the way, we stopped at Port Republic. At the point where the North River meets the South River ("The Point"), we heard about David Hunter's delays in crossing the river. We passed by the Turner Ashby house, but did not stop. Our first stop directly related to the Battle of Piedmont was to see the cavalry action at Mount Meridian. This area of the Valley was really pristine, with very little commercial development, lots of beautiful rolling green hills. Oddly enough, most Civil War battlefields suffer from excessive forests that have grown up since the war, but this area has actually had a number of wooded areas removed for farming. Scott mentioned that the overall battle of Piedmont had more casualties on both sides than any of the battles in Stonewall Jackson's 1862 campaign (and that was one Wikipedia article I did write).
For the main part of the battle, we drove to a farm that Scott is allowed to traipse around, but I do not believe it is open to the general public, so that was pretty fortunate. We spent a good deal of time going over the tactical actions, using 13 different maps from Scott's book. The terrain was relatively easy to interpret, but I am sorry to say that my photographs are not very useful for that purpose. We finished up briefly with the rearguard action at New Hope and then took the long bus ride back to Winchester.
Friday, October 7
As we got ready to board the bus this morning, we found out that it was out of service with an oil leak. So we quickly arranged a carpooling convoy. I volunteered to be one of the drivers. We drove to Frederick, Maryland, and stopped at the Monocacy battlefield visitor center. They have relocated the visitor center and built a new building that looks like a barn, so it is quite appropriate to the area. We looked through the exhibits quickly and I was quite impressed with their electric map. It's much smaller than the famous Gettysburg map, but very clear and nicely done.
We visited three farms at Monocacy: Best, Worthington, and Thomas. At the Best Farm, which happens to be the location at which a Union soldier found the fabled lost orders of the Maryland campaign in 1862, Scott gave us the campaign overview that he had originally intended to do on the bus. We talked about David Hunter burning VMI at Lexington and then attempting to get as far as Lynchburg. Scott says that it is a myth that Hunter was delayed because he was doing so much burning in the Valley. In fact he was delayed by Confederate cavalry under John McCausland. He lost the Battle of Lynchburg to Jubal Early, whom Robert E. Lee had sent at from the Petersburg lines in an attempt to relieve the pressure that Grant was putting on him there. Hunter immediately withdrew into West Virginia. The Best farm was the scene of the initial action of the battle.
We drove over to nearby Monocacy Junction, which Scott said was the first Y railroad intersection in the United States, to discuss the key role it played in drawing the armies to this location. The Worthington farm was near the site of where McCausland crossed over the river to start a flanking attack. The main house has been recently restored and looks just immaculate. At the Thomas farm, the main attacks of the day took place, and we were able to get a really good understanding of the terrain. We finished up there with a description of the aftermath of the battle, Early's raid on Washington and the battle at Fort Stevens, and Gen. Bradley T. Johnson's failed cavalry raid toward Point Lookout, a large POW camp in Maryland. General Lee had hoped to free some of the 15,000 prisoners there, but since it was about 100 miles away and there was no means to transport the prisoners or arm them, it was really sort of a fanciful plan. Scott remarked about the overall success of Early's initial campaign: Lee had sent about 10,000 men on this expedition (Early 8000, Breckinridge 2000) and they were successfully able to divert over 30,000 Union soldiers from the Petersburg lines.
We headed back west to Snicker's Gap in the Blue Ridge and gathered at the bank of the Shenandoah River, underneath the highway 7 overpass. Here we discussed the pursuit of Early after he withdrew from the Washington defenses. Horatio G. Wright was behind Early by at least a day and he was criticized for his lackluster pursuit. We drove to the nearby Virginia National Golf Course to see the Judge Parker House. Parker was the presiding judge at the trial of John Brown in 1859. His house (mansion, which is currently for sale, by the way) overlooks the river at the southern end of the Cool Spring battlefield. We saw the area of the river in which the Union troops retreated at the end of the battle, as well as where James B. Ricketts halted and did not send his troops to reinforce those retreating men under Joseph Thoburn.
We drove to Wickliffe Church, which was the location that Robert E. Rodes's men camped before the battle and Scott gave us a biographical overview of the general, one of the best in the Confederate Army. Next was Holy Cross Abbey, the location of the "Cool Spring House" that shows up on battle maps. The senior monk was a historian with a keen interest in the local battle and even farther back. We went inside to see a collection of Indian arrowheads that were dated back as far as 8500 BC, and shells, bullets, and pieces of uniforms found on the battlefield. Walking out the back, we were on a pasture that sloped down to the river, standing about the place that Gabriel C. Wharton's Confederate brigade started in their attack. One of the interesting sidelights of visiting the Abbey was to see three mother cats with 8 kittens on the porch!
Saturday, October 8
Our bus is fixed! (It turned out to be a transmission fluid problem.) We drove a few miles northeast of Winchester to the former site of Rutherford's Farm, which is now a tiny enclave on the edge of a Lowe's parking lot. There is a pile of rubble that represents the ruins of the original Rutherford House. Here, two days after the battle of Cool Spring, William W. Averell's Union cavalry defeated the Confederate infantry under Stephen D. Ramseur, a big embarrassment for that very talented young general.
We drove south of Winchester to Kernstown, which today is technically within the Winchester city limits, to start our discussion of the Second Battle of Kernstown. We stopped at Opequon Church for a view of the Prichard House and hill to the north. We discussed the career of Col. James A. Mulligan, son of Irish immigrants, who was a big proponent of Irish participation on the Union side. He commanded an odd little division with only 1800 men at Kernstown and was mortally wounded here. Before leaving the church, which is a modern structure, we observed the only two remaining pieces of the original Civil War era building.
We drove south of town to a large factory called Trex (which I believe is a deck manufacturer), which gave us a good view of the area, including the low ground that hosted Hoge's Run. It was the general starting point for the Confederate attack by the division of Gabriel C. Wharton, which was able to move through a ravine and attack the flank of the brigade commanded by Rutherford B. Hayes.
Next was the Prichard House, which is managed by the Shenandoah Valley Battlefield Foundation. There was a small visitor center with a few interesting exhibits and paintings. We climbed up Prichard Hill, which was the starting off point for Mulligan's attack. Climbing back down, we visited Hoge's Run, a small stream, that gave us a good view of the Prichard house and the stone wall that was used as cover by Confederate sharpshooters. We discussed how John B. Gordon's attack smashed into Mulligan's division and mortally wounded Mulligan, who was taken to the Prichard house, where he was well cared for—he had established a reputation among the Confederates of being a kind officer. We also discussed the heroic exploits of William McKinley, one of two future presidents on the battlefield. Second Kernstown was a big Confederate victory, with over 6 to 1 casualties. Union general George Crook completely misread the tactical situation, thinking he was going to be attacking only bushwhackers, not Early's army. The door was now open for Early's second raid into the North, which included the burning of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.
After lunch we drove to a church on the Berryville Pike (Route 7), which had been the site of the Eversole Farm, Phil Sheridan's headquarters for the Third Battle of Winchester. We discussed the aftermath of Second Kernstown and Ulysses S. Grant's desire for a new commander who would take care of the Shenandoah Valley once and for all, removing it as a source of raids against Washington, as well as destroying what agricultural production still existed. A variety of generals were discussed as replacements for David Hunter: George G. Meade, William B. Franklin, George B. McClellan, and Winfield S. Hancock. Scott gave a lengthy bio on Sheridan, indicating that he thought he was a better general commanding infantry than cavalry. There was a period of seeming inactivity after he took command, but this was due in part to orders from Grant not to attack aggressively until he had overwhelming force. It was not until Richard H. Anderson returned to Petersburg that Sheridan began his offensive. However, he skillfully kept up constant raiding of the Confederate lines, so that when the major attack finally came in Third Winchester, the Confederates were taken by surprise. Standing next to the Berryville Pike, we were able to see how the terrain created a bottleneck that delayed the arrival of Union troops for the battle.
We drove to a high school parking lot to start a walking tour of the Third Winchester battlefield, which features a number of wayside signs by the Civil War Trust. As I understood it, we were following the advance of Henry W. Birge's brigade. (I'm sorry say that I was a little confused during parts of this tour. We had rather inadequate maps and I had some difficulty keeping up with the firehose of information coming from Scott.) One confusing aspect is that wooded areas during his advance are now partially cleared, and some open areas are now wooded. We proceeded from the First Woods to the Second Woods, and neither was named accurately. Scott took us into a new parcel of land recently acquired by the SVBF, which leads right up to Red Bud Run. The volunteers intend to clear it out to its wartime appearance, which was open grassland; it is currently mostly shrubs and small trees. Down at the Run, which is a relatively small river, but one that is difficult to cross because of its slimy bottom, we discussed the successful flank attack under Crook, including the misadventures of Col. Rutherford B. Hayes and his horse getting stuck in the middle of the river. Scott gave a very positive view of Sheridan as a magnetic commander who inspired his troops by his personal bravery, and said that his daring ride along the front of his lines actually eclipsed his more famous ride from Winchester to Cedar Creek.
Our final stop of the day was the Star Fort. I had visited here once before, and did not realize that it was possible to go inside, but Scott knew where the gate was located (and it is not locked like that other parcel he took us to). Inside is a typical circle of weathered earthworks, but it remains in pretty good condition. We discussed the final cavalry attacks in that area and how the panicked retreat of Early's army was the worst so far for a unit in the Army of Northern Virginia.
Sunday, October 9
To start our final day, we drove up the Valley Pike, and as we passed through Stephens City (known as Newtown during the war), we discussed Sheridan's ride to reach the Battle of Cedar Creek. Next was Strasburg, which a Virginia local on the bus told us is pronounced like Strawsburg, stretching out the AW sound. We stopped at a stream called Tumbling Run to look at the right flank of the Confederate defensive line on Fisher's Hill. (The Hill is actually a string of hills.) Here the hill rose up very steeply and it was a strong position. Unfortunately, Jubal Early did not have sufficient men to occupy the entire string of hills adequately and we would find that he somehow put his cavalry under Lunsford L. Lomax on the left flank in the weakest position of all. However, for the area that he did defend, it was a defense in depth. This particular area was defended by Wharton and Gordon. Scott called the Battle of Fisher's Hill Phil Sheridan's best tactical plan during the Civil War. We discussed the similarities between this defensive position and the one Sheridan assaulted at Missionary Ridge in Chattanooga.
We drove northwest to somewhat parallel the root of George Crook's flanking march. On Battlefield Road, we passed by the Barb House, which was used as a hospital after the battle. Then we stopped at Ramseur's Hill. (The signage from the Civil War Trails people said this was Fisher's Hill, but as I said, that was actually a line of hills and this was just one of them. The sign also said that it was the Confederate Gibraltar, which is a serious overstatement.) We went through the tactical action of the battle in which Sheridan attacked Early's weakest flank and caused the entire Confederate line to collapse. Sheridan relieved one of his cavalry generals, William W. Averell, after the battle and we discussed the repercussions. Scott thought that Sheridan came to regret this action, although he certainly did not regret it when he relieved Gouverneur K. Warren after the Battle of Five Forks. The end of the battle also started the period known as The Burning, in which Sheridan withdrew slowly back down the Valley burning farms, although few civilian houses. Sheridan is sometimes criticized for his relative lack of activity over the next month, but he was acting under guidance from Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton to avoid any action that could fail and have negative consequences on the upcoming election. One of the big problems for the Confederates was the loss of artillery in these battles. Scott told the story about a worker at the Tredegar Ironworks who wrote on a cannon "For Phil Sheridan, care of Jubal Early." The next battle was the Battle of Tom's Brook, also known as the Woodstock Races, in which Early's cavalry under Thomas L. Rosser was soundly defeated, but we did not visit this site.
We drove to the Shenandoah River in a park just east of Strasburg and discussed Early's situation and his plans for the upcoming battle of Cedar Creek. Then we visited the museum at Hupp's Hill. It has been a year since I was in this area and then the Cedar Creek visitor center was in a small house on the Valley Pike, but the Cedar Creek Battlefield Foundation has relocated and expanded it. This building used to be called the Stonewall Jackson Museum, which was a private venture, I think. We only had a few minutes to look around, but despite our assurances that we knew the background of Cedar Creek, a docent insisted on giving her speech. I was amused to hear that she described Phil Sheridan as a "small monkey-like man." Outside we saw some entrenchments, including an artillery lunette, although Scott said it was dug after the battle.
We drove to Bowman Mills Ford of Cedar Creek and saw the area in which Joseph B. Kershaw conducted his initial attack. Then we followed Long Meadow Road past the Bowman house to see John B. Gordon's approach. Then back to Bowman Mills Road to see the area in which James Thoburn's men camped, unaware that Confederates were approaching early that morning. On the Valley Pike, we stopped at the 128th New York monument, then walked back through the woods to see some trenches from Cuvier Grover's XIX Corps division. Unfortunately, they were too shallow to warrant a photograph. We discussed how Rutherford B. Hayes's brigade broke and ran. We drove to Belle Grove plantation, where the first Union lines actually began to hold, although only for about 30 minutes, with Kershaw flanking them. We did not stop at the plantation house because it would take too long. (On the final day of one of these tours, they attempt mightily to finish on time so that people do not miss their airplane flights. Earlier in the week they were pretty casual about getting back to the hotel on time.)
We drove to Middletown and stopped in the town cemetery, a site that some authors call Cemetery Hill (probably trying to capitalize on Gettysburg). Here George W. Getty fought a decisive stand that broke the momentum of the Confederate attack. Jubal Early decided at this point, since this attack had been so poorly organized and his men were so tired, to order a halt to his offensive so that they could rest and reorganize. This action was criticized by John B. Gordon after the war as the "fatal halt." Scott thought that Early's decision was prudent, although leaving his men out on the field for so long afterward turned out to be fatal indeed. The cemetery was also used as an artillery platform by the Confederates during their retreat. We jumped on the bus for the last time and drove along Cougall Road, parallel to the Union line from which Sheridan's counterattack started. We discussed Stephen D. Ramseur's mortal wounding, although we do not know the exact location. Early's subsequent defeat at Cedar Creek marked the end of his career and any effective Confederate operations in the Shenandoah Valley.
My flight back to San Francisco will be early on Monday morning. I generally do not like to stress myself by scheduling a late afternoon flight after a full day of tromping around in the woods. But the trade-off is another night in the hotel and waking up at 3:30 AM. :-) Once again I had a great time on a CWEA excursion. I thought that Scott Patchan did an outstanding job and, despite the bus breakdown one day, all of the logistical aspects were excellent, so kudos to Bob Maher and his team. And kudos to the Big Guy Upstairs who arranged absolutely fabulous weather for the entire tour.
"Civil War Lives" Conference at The Huntington, October 21–22
I had a very enjoyable long weekend at The Huntington in San Marino, California, to attend an interesting conference that consisted entirely of a Civil War biography lectures. The Huntington is a large complex of botanical gardens and museums as well as a noted research facility, The Huntington Library, that owns a number of archives of important Civil War papers, among other topics. My wife Nancy and I drove down to Pasadena on Thursday, October 20, stopping along the way at one of my favorite steak restaurants, The Hitching Post (II), in Buellton. Nancy amused herself with non-Civil War activities while I attended the lectures Friday and Saturday.
The conference started on the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Ball's Bluff, which I thought was rather significant, but none of the speakers chose to mention it. The conference was organized into sessions, each of which contained two or three lectures of 45-60 minutes, followed by a Q&A. We started with introductory remarks by Steve Hindle, director of research at the Huntington, Gary W. Gallagher of the University of Virginia, and Joan Waugh of UCLA. I have interacted a number of times with Gary and Joan (as well as Caroline Janney and Stephen Cushman, who spoke on Saturday) at seminars organized by the University of Virginia, and their names appear frequently in my travelogues over the years.
Session 1 (Friday, October 21): Revisiting Lincoln and Lee
Gary Gallagher spoke on "Robert E. Lee and the Question of Loyalty." Gary addressed the decision by Robert E. Lee to leave the U.S. Army and support his home state, which he described as not simply Virginia-ness, despite Douglas Southall Freeman's judgment that it was a "decision he was born to make." Lee supported a range of loyalties, which Gary enumerated as four, that alternatively gained prominence and receded at various times during the war. The first, of course, was his loyalty to Virginia. Something I was not aware of is that Lee accepted his promotion to colonel in the U.S. Army on March 30, the same day that he received a brigadier general offer from the Confederacy (which he did not accept, instead receiving a major general commission from the state of Virginia). About one third of the Virginia officers in the U.S. Army stayed in the Union and many of Lee's family were Unionists. His second loyalty was to the United States, in no small part because of his devotion to the memory of George Washington. His father, Light Horse Harry Lee, was a nationalist who opposed the concept of secession. The third loyalty was to the slaveholding Southern society. Lee was not a "closet abolitionist" and it is not possible to reach another conclusion "unless you ignore the evidence." He wrote about the Emancipation Proclamation as a "savage and brutal policy." His fourth loyalty was to the Confederate States as a nation, and he was a firm proponent of the idea that a nation does what it needs to do in order to survive, including conscription, impressing goods and slave labor from the civilian population, and enlisting and arming slaves. Gary took a brief aside to discuss the current public controversies about black Confederate soldiers and said that if any of them had actually served in noticeable numbers, Robert E. Lee would have said "Give me some of them for my Army."
Ronald C. White, Jr., spoke on "'I'm Almost Ready to Say': Abraham Lincoln's Diary." Dr. White is the author of the 2009 work, A. Lincoln, A Biography. Lincoln did not leave a real diary, but White suggested that he kept an "intellectual diary" out of written "fragments," which were snippets of text scattered around that were untitled, unsigned, and undated. These are still being discovered today, although the scholars have to recognize his handwriting to realize their significance. Some were found in desk drawers, others literally inside hats. We were given a handout with six fragments, covering the topics of slavery, divine will, his thoughts about Stephen Douglas, and what it takes to be a lawyer. They give you an insight into a man struggling to develop his ideas. During the Q&A, White was asked about a letter from Lincoln praising Stonewall Jackson after the Confederate general's death, and he said he thought that might have been slyly directed at his own generals. David Blight asked a question about why there were not treason trials after the war and that started a discussion about the trials of Henry Wirz and the Lincoln conspirators, which at least partially satisfied the public's indignation. White said that an idea of trying Jefferson Davis for treason was abandoned because he would have had to have been tried at the scene of his crime, Richmond, and an impartial jury could not be assembled there.
Session 2: Behind the Lines
Richard Carwardine presented "The 'Fighting Parson': William G. Brownlow and the Union Cause." Dr. Carwardine is a professor at Corpus Christi College, Oxford University. I am always intrigued when I find people from outside of the United States who have a fascination with the Civil War, and Dr. Carwardine was a knowledgeable and enthusiastic speaker. This was an entertaining look at a man I had never heard of. Brownlow was a noted Methodist preacher in East Tennessee, and he also edited the Knoxville Whig newspaper, which was later renamed the Whig and Rebel Ventilator, which may give you an idea of the pastor's acerbic humor. Although originally a champion of slavery, he became a northern hero for his unvarnished Unionist views. Dr. Carwardine's talk was liberally sprinkled with many humorous, over the top incendiary quotations from Brownlow. (I would have liked to have recorded some for my notes, but they went by too quickly and I was chuckling too much.) The New York Times called him insane. Early in the war he was ejected from Tennessee to Kentucky. He supported the Emancipation Proclamation and enlisting blacks in the Army. After the war he served as governor of Tennessee as well as a United States senator.
Alice Fahs spoke on "Louisa May Alcott's Civil War." Dr. Fahs is a professor at the University of California, Irvine. She asked for a show of hands of who had read Little Women and did not get an overwhelming response, but she admitted that there is sometimes a gender dividing line for Alcott's audience. She said that her talk was a good complement to Carwardine's, because both Brownlow and Alcott were connected by their celebrity during the war. Alcott was briefly a nurse in a Washington, DC, hospital, from which experience she wrote her first popular book, Hospital Sketches, a lightly fictionalized account of her work there. She had to leave the nursing service because she suffered from a dual bout of typhoid fever and pneumonia. She was treated with calomel (mercury chloride), which may or may not have helped her recovery, but it eventually led to her death of mercury poisoning years later. Her Little Women was modeled on her own family, although the absent father in the book was away during the war as a soldier, whereas her own father in Concord, Massachusetts, was physically present, but not "there" for his family. Alcott yearned to be a man and march to war—"longs like a warhorse who smells the powder." She wanted to travel to Port Royal to teach freedmen, but could not arrange it. In addition to her famous Little Women, Alcott wrote "sensational potboilers," which Fahs described as "blood and thunder, revenge" stories.
There was a catered buffet lunch, which I in my impecunious wisdom had decided not to reserve in advance, so I wandered around the grounds of the Huntington and found a nice little outdoor café. (I saved very little money by this gambit.)
Session 3: Race, Slavery, and Emancipation
Brenda Stevenson spoke on "Finding Race and Romance: Charlotte Forten's Civil War Experiences in the Sea Islands." Dr. Stevenson is Chair, Interdepartmental Program in Afro-American Studies, at UCLA (and former chair of the Department of History). I am interested in Civil War strategy and tactics as well as biography, although the latter holds more interest for me if it is of the great men and women of history. Dr. Stevenson chose to read a lecture about a woman outside of that realm. Charlotte Forten was an African-American woman who traveled to Port Royal, South Carolina, to teach the freedmen and interacted with the Gullah people. She had an affair with a married doctor/major of the 1st South Carolina Volunteers, the first African-American regiment recruited for the war. (The famous 54th Massachusetts was the first Northern regiment.)
Brooks D. Simpson presented "The Divided House of Ulysses S. Grant." Dr. Simpson is a professor at Arizona State University and is the author of Triumph over Adversity, the first of a two-volume biography of Grant. (He also writes an occasionally snarky blog that I read every day, Crossroads.) The talk was focused entirely on family issues for Grant and he presented a number of interesting photographs along with the talk. Grant's life was intertwined with antislavery forces, although his wife Julia had a more romantic view of slavery. Grant, the last president of the United States to have been a slave holder, emancipated the single slave that he owned in his life, a William Jones. This was quite a sacrifice for Grant because during a period of his impoverished civilian life he could certainly have used the $1000-1500 if he had sold Jones. It was an interesting small world back then—the Grant family knew the owners of Dred Scott. Dr. Brooks talked about the Reconstruction period and before and after his presidency, when various members of Grant's family took advantage of him. He remarked that the Grants lived longer at the White House than in any other residence during their marriage. Dr. Simpson mentioned that Grant resigned from the U.S. Army on the same day he was promoted to captain, which was surprising news to me, because I think those events were about a year apart. (I did not write current version of the Grant biography on Wikipedia, so this level of detail is not something that I'm going to pursue.)
Session 4 (Saturday, October 22): Portraits of Union Officers
James M. McPherson presented "Farragut and Du Pont: Civil War Admirals." Dr. McPherson, whom I have seen on numerous prior occasions, is a professor emeritus at Princeton University and the author of the Pulitzer prize-winning Battle Cry of Freedom. Gary Gallagher introduced Dr. McPherson as the "Ulysses S. Grant of the Union Army—the Man." He is currently working on a naval history of the war and his lecture was undoubtedly based on that work, focusing on two admirals: Samuel Francis Du Pont and David Farragut. He was able to parlay his visit to the Huntington Library for some specific research because the papers of both officers are stored here. He said that the Union Navy did not get credit that it deserved for winning the war. Early in the war, both of these admirals were bumped up past a number of "deadwood" officers by Gideon Welles. He described actions at Port Royal, the expedition to capture New Orleans, the failed naval attack against Charleston in 1863, and the Battle of Mobile Bay. (In the latter battle, he said that the famous quotation "damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!" was invented by a newspaperman.) While showering praise on Farragut, he portrayed the less successful career of Du Pont as being more akin to that of George B. McClellan, suggesting that it was a lack of aggressiveness or imagination that caused the Charleston attack to fail. (My personal opinion is that Du Pont was railroaded by Gustavus V. Fox into making that attack against his own better judgment and that a purely naval attack against Fort Sumter and the other surrounding forts was doomed to failure, regardless of the admiral involved. For those readers who follow the Wikipedia links in these travelogues, please note that I was not responsible for any of the articles related to these naval actions. It is not that I am not interested, but there is another prolific editor who jumped in to write these before I got around to it.)
Joan Waugh spoke on "Francis Channing Barlow: Harvard's Troubled Warrior." (And here I thought Barack Obama would get that title.) Joan is working on a study of Union officers from Harvard and Frank Barlow (I had never heard him referred to by that nickname) was the highest ranking. She went through a full description of his military career, aided by numerous PowerPoint photographs and a number of my maps from Wikipedia! Reading some excerpts from his letters to his wife (Arabella, 10 years older than the youthfully appearing "Boy General," referred to by Joan as a "cougar"), Frank came off as an intellectual snob, denigrating not only the soldiers in his command, but also his fellow officers who did not have his same education. He was a strict disciplinarian and Joan praised his training methods. He was upset when he was transferred from his beloved II Corps to the XI Corps, which he criticized as having too many immigrants. She described the controversy over the famous Gordon–Barlow incident and was rather noncommittal about the veracity of John B. Gordon. (Once again, my personal opinion: although it is certainly conceivable that Gordon found and comforted the severely wounded Barlow on the Gettysburg battlefield, the chance that two division commanders in the opposing armies during 1864–65 did not know of the other was alive is virtually zero.) One of my favorite parts of her talk was seeing a carte de visite of Barlow in which he ran out of room for his signature and had to curve it down the side to fit—like one of those "plan ahead" joke signs. Well, I am easy to amuse. Another favorite moment was during the Q&A, where Joan referred to the myths of the Civil War as stories to make us feel better about history, whereas it is the job of historians to destroy those myths. :-)
Stephen Cushman spoke on "Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and the Story of Surrender." Dr. Cushman is a professor of English at the University of Virginia. This was a very interesting talk, but unfortunately I had heard it before! Stephen told me that he was counting on no one from the East Coast being here at the Huntington. I surprised him by revealing that I had traveled to the University of Richmond for one of the University of Virginia seminars. To save myself some typing, here is what I said in 2009:
Stephen Cushman, who is an English professor at the University of Virginia, gave a very interesting talk about Joshua Chamberlain and Appomattox. Chamberlain has a reputation as a serial exaggerator and self promoter and this talk looked into the claims he made over the years about ordering a salute to the Confederate troops as they marched by following the surrender. (Stephen offered an interesting aside that the word Appomattox is an Indian one for "sinuous tidal estuary.") He offered a document that showed six different versions of the story that Chamberlain wrote over a 50 year period. As they progressed, passive verbs turned active and responsibilities of unnamed plural individuals turned into first-persons. (An order was given, we gave an order, I gave an order.) Part of the controversy here is some very vituperative writing from William Marvel, who has lambasted Chamberlain in two books about Appomattox. Stephen did not render an absolute judgment, but seemed to be sympathetic to Chamberlain's veracity, suggesting that adding details over time does not necessarily indicate an intent to deceive, and in fact the minor variations over the years lend some credence to the story because they did not contain the lockstep recitation of identical claims that a falsehood might have. He offered an interesting quotation from Grant, which I think is appropriate for Chamberlain's case: "Wars produce many stories of fiction, some of which are told until they are believed to be true." And he gave me a good trivia item I will have to verify: Chamberlain was the only man in the V Corps to receive a Medal of Honor.
The one difference from the 2009 talk was that today Dr. Cushman made reference to three of the somewhat numerous modern works that report this incident as being true, including one about advice for corporate managers, and another about pastoral theology.
During the break I found an invaluable new piece of Civil War information! A lady sitting next to me and I were both munching on Necco wafers, and she informed me that the New England Confectionery Company invented these candies in the 1850s and that they were widely carried by (Northern) Civil War soldiers!
Session 5: Reconciliation, Memory, and History
Caroline E. Janney presented "'One of the Best Loved, North and South': George E. Pickett's Widow and Civil War Reconciliation." Dr. Janney is an associate professor of history at Purdue University. I have enjoyed her presentations on Civil War memory topics at a couple of University of Virginia seminars. Carrie gave a very interesting talk about LaSalle Corbell Pickett, originally named Sallie (and then Sallé), that covered her entire life. It started with her marriage, which she claimed was at age 15, perhaps the first in a series of the dubious stories she spread throughout her life. She was a staunch reconciliationist, which was rather unusual for a woman of the time, because the Confederate women retained considerably more bitterness about the outcome of the war than the men seemed to. After the general died, Sallie parlayed the fame of her husband to obtain a low-paying job in the US Census Bureau, but she supplemented her income by traveling all over to address veterans' groups, and producing 11 books and 35 articles. Her big coming out was in the 1887 Gettysburg reunion (which seems odd, because that was the 24th anniversary of the battle). Her most successful book, Pickett and His Men, focused on George not as a Confederate, but as an American general. Despite its title, it included detailed information about their love affair, although the 1913 edition of the book omitted all of that. The connection with this conference was that Sallie sent a copy of that book to Henry Huntington and asked for assistance. He granted her a pension of $50 per month and left her $10,000 in his will. Carrie told some of the wild assertions that Sallie made over the years, such as the Pickett family's close friendship with Abraham Lincoln and the supposed visit of the president to visit Sallie after the fall of Richmond. She also claimed to have visited Lincoln in the White House in 1867! When Sallie died, Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond refused permission to bury her there near her husband, so she was entombed in a mausoleum near the national cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. However, in 1998 her ashes were reinterred in Hollywood.
David W. Blight presented "Bruce Catton's Terrible Swift Pen." Dr. Blight is a professor at Yale University, the author of numerous works on the Civil War era, slavery, and Reconstruction. When Joan Waugh introduced him, she joked that all of the authors in the program had agreements with their publishers not to attempt to publish in the same year that Dr. Blight produced a book, because all of the industry awards would be taken. This was one of the best lectures in the conference, in my opinion. Dr. Blight has a wonderful speaking style that reminded me specifically of Garrison Keillor doing one of his long monologues. He spoke of Catton's portraying the romance and nostalgia of the war in the reconciliationist model, but tempered by historical realism. He "achieved a formula for enjoying the war." He was "mostly accurate" and possessed the skill of a dramatist. He had good relations with academic historians (although I recall Gary Gallagher being asked about Catton at a seminar and he said, "well, yes, he was a good narrative historian.") He began his career as a journalist, then as a press secretary and PR man in the FDR administration. Statements he made about almost losing the war because the government did not control industry enough caused accusations of being a communist to be directed against Catton. Dr. Blight assumes that one of the reasons biographers have not done much with Catton is that his papers are in Laramie, Wyoming, and the Citadel. He cited Catton's The Coming Fury as being a good summary of the causes of the war. He had great things to say about E.B. Long, Catton's research assistant, who helped Catton produce books annually, "like a new model of Chevy," becoming "Doubleday's meal ticket." Long was valuable enough that Doubleday paid him a salary of $18,000, which is quite unusual for a research assistant. Alfred Knopf called Catton the "last survivor of both sides." He was a racial moderate who could leave a meeting with Martin Luther King and drive over to a Sons of Confederate Veterans meeting and espouse memories of a "fuzzy lost cause." Dr. Blight told a story about a meeting of the New York Centennial committee in 1963, where the only speakers were King and Catton. Nevertheless, black writers generally criticized Catton's work. During the Q&A, Dr. Blight was asked why Catton's works were out of print and he lamented the fact, but suggested there might be a movement afoot to obtain the rights from Catton's estate. (I am glad that I own all of his books already.)
At the end of the program, Nancy and I toured around the art museum, rushing through before the 4:30 closing time. It is a magnificent building dominated by lots of 18th-century English portraiture, but I am sorry to say that there was very little of interest to me. We drove back to Redwood City on Sunday morning. I had a great time at the Huntington, meeting some interesting new historians, and hearing numerous excellent lectures. I also made a few contacts with historians who might make use of my freelance cartography services. If they manage to invite me for a future conference, I will be sure to attend if I can.
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Roster: Company I, 47th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers History of Company I 1861-1862 Company I was one of the first two companies from the borough of Allentown, Pennsylvania to join the Pennsylvania Volunteers’ 47th Regiment and was also the largest of the regiment’s ten companies to muster in during the summer and early fall of 1861.…
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47th Pennsylvania Volunteers
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https://47thpennsylvaniavolunteers.com/company-i/
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Roster: Company I, 47th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers
History of Company I
1861-1862
Company I was one of the first two companies from the borough of Allentown, Pennsylvania to join the Pennsylvania Volunteers’ 47th Regiment and was also the largest of the regiment’s ten companies to muster in during the summer and early fall of 1861.
Several of this company’s initial recruits had, following the fall of Fort Sumter in April 1861, been early responders to President Abraham Lincoln’s call for 75,000 volunteers to help defend the nation’s capital. After completing their Three Months’ Service in July, these men promptly re-enrolled that same summer for three-year tours of duty. Most I Company members, though, were fresh-faced recruits—encouraged to join up by Coleman A. G. Keck, a 26-year-old master miller who resided with his family in Allentown.
The son of a farmer who became a local judge, Coleman Keck had performed his own Three Months’ Service as a first lieutenant with Company D of the 9th Pennsylvania Infantry from April to July of 1861. Following his honorable discharge, he promptly began to raise his own company for enlistment to continue the fight to preserve America’s Union and end slavery nationwide. He recruited his I Company soldiers at Allentown, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, and then took them to Camp Curtin in Harrisburg, Dauphin County for muster in. Most of I Company’s 102-man roster was logged in as available for duty by 30 August 1861.
Keck also personally enrolled for duty in Allentown on 5 August 1861. The new regiment that he and his recruits were entering—the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry—had only been in the planning stages just weeks earlier, and was founded by Tilghman H. Good, the former Captain of the Allen Rifles who would later become a three-time mayor of Allentown. On the same day that Keck and his men mustered in for duty at Camp Curtin—30 August 1861—he was promoted to the rank of Captain and placed in charge of his men.
Supporting Captain Keck as leaders of I Company were Levi and James Stuber, who respectively entered at the ranks of first and second lieutenant, and Sergeant Allen Lawall. Entering as one of the Sergeants, Theodore Mink would be repeatedly promoted until becoming one of the captains of I Company who later succeeded Captain Keck.
Among the rank and file who enlisted were six carpenters, four printers, seven shoemakers, four tinsmiths, and teamsters.
Following a brief light infantry training period, Captain Keck and his company were sent by train with the 47th Pennsylvania to Washington, D.C., where they were stationed at “Camp Kalorama” on Kalorama Heights near Georgetown, about two miles from the White House, beginning 21 September. Henry Wharton, a Musician with the regiment’s C Company, penned the following update the next day to his hometown newspaper, the Sunbury American:
After a tedious ride we have, at last, safely arrived at the City of ‘magnificent distances.’ We left Harrisburg on Friday last at 1 o’clock A.M. and reached this camp yesterday (Saturday) at 4 P.M., as tired and worn out a sett [sic] of mortals as can possibly exist. On arriving at Washington we were marched to the ‘Soldiers Retreat,’ a building purposely erected for the benefit of the soldier, where every comfort is extended to him and the wants of the ‘inner man’ supplied.
After partaking of refreshments we were ordered into line and marched, about three miles, to this camp. So tired were the men, that on marching out, some gave out, and had to leave the ranks, but J. Boulton Young, our ‘little Zouave,’ stood it bravely, and acted like a veteran. So small a drummer is scarcely seen in the army, and on the march through Washington he was twice the recipient of three cheers.
We were reviewed by Gen. McClellan yesterday [21 September 1861] without our knowing it. All along the march we noticed a considerable number of officers, both mounted and on foot; the horse of one of the officers was so beautiful that he was noticed by the whole regiment, in fact, so wrapt [sic] up were they in the horse, the rider wasn’t noticed, and the boys were considerably mortified this morning on dis-covering they had missed the sight of, and the neglect of not saluting the soldier next in command to Gen. Scott.
Col. Good, who has command of our regiment, is an excellent man and a splendid soldier. He is a man of very few words, and is continually attending to his duties and the wants of the Regiment.
…. Our Regiment will now be put to hard work; such as drilling and the usual business of camp life, and the boys expect and hope an occasional ‘pop’ at the enemy.
Then, on 24 September, the soldiers of Company I, 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers became part of the federal service when the regiment officially mustered into the U.S. Army. On 27 September—a rainy day, the 47th Pennsylvania was assigned to Brigadier-General Isaac Stevens’ 3rd Brigade, which also included the 33rd, 49th and 79th New York regiments. By that afternoon, the 47th Pennsylvania was on the move again. Ordered onward by Brigadier-General Silas Casey, the Mississippi rifle-armed 47th Pennsylvania infantrymen marched behind their regimental band until reaching Camp Lyon, Maryland on the Potomac River’s eastern shore. At 5 p.m., they joined the 46th Pennsylvania in moving double-quick (165 steps per minute using 33-inch steps) across the “Chain Bridge” marked on federal maps, and continued on for roughly another mile before being ordered to make camp.
The next morning, they broke camp and moved again. Marching toward Falls Church, Virginia, they arrived at Camp Advance around dusk. There, about two miles from the bridge they had crossed a day earlier, they re-pitched their tents in a deep ravine near a new federal fort under construction (Fort Ethan Allen). They had completed a roughly eight-mile trek, were situated fairly close to General W. F. Smith’s headquarters, and were now part of the massive Army of the Potomac. Under Smith’s leadership, their regiment and brigade would help to defend the nation’s capital from the time of their September arrival through late January when the men of the 47th Pennsylvania would be shipped south.
Once again, Company C Musician Henry Wharton recapped the regiment’s activities, noting, via his 29 September letter home to the Sunbury American, that the 47th had changed camps three times in three days:
On Friday last we left Camp Kalorama, and the same night encamped about one mile from the Chain Bridge on the opposite side of the Potomac from Washington. The next morning, Saturday, we were ordered to this Camp [Camp Advance near Fort Ethan Allen, Virginia], one and a half miles from the one we occupied the night previous. I should have mentioned that we halted on a high hill (on our march here) at the Chain Bridge, called Camp Lyon, but were immediately ordered on this side of the river. On the route from Kalorama we were for two hours exposed to the hardest rain I ever experienced. Whew, it was a whopper; but the fellows stood it well – not a murmur – and they waited in their wet clothes until nine o’clock at night for their supper. Our Camp adjoins that of the N.Y. 79th (Highlanders.)….
We had not been in this Camp more than six hours before our boys were supplied with twenty rounds of ball and cartridge, and ordered to march and meet the enemy; they were out all night and got back to Camp at nine o’clock this morning, without having a fight. They are now in their tents taking a snooze preparatory to another march this morning…. I don’t know how long the boys will be gone, but the orders are to cook two days’ rations and take it with them in their haversacks….
There was a nice little affair came off at Lavensville [sic], a few miles from here on Wednesday last; our troops surprised a party of rebels (much larger than our own.) killing ten, took a Major prisoner, and captured a large number of horses, sheep and cattle, besides a large quantity of corn and potatoes, and about ninety six tons of hay. A very nice day’s work. The boys are well, in fact, there is no sickness of any consequence at all in our Regiment….
Sometime during this phase of duty, as part of the 3rd Brigade, the 47th Pennsylvanians were moved to a site they initially christened “Camp Big Chestnut” for the large chestnut tree located within their lodging’s boundaries. The site would eventually become known to the Keystone Staters as “Camp Griffin,” and was located roughly 10 miles from Washington, D.C.
On 11 October, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers marched in the Grand Review at Bailey’s Cross Roads. In a letter home in mid-October, Captain John Peter Shindel Gobin (the leader of C Company who would be promoted in 1864 to lead the entire 47th Regiment) reported that companies D, A, C, F and I (the 47th Pennsylvania’s right wing) were ordered to picket duty after the left-wing companies (B, G, K, E, and H) had been forced to return to camp by Confederate troops. In his letter of 13 October, Henry Wharton described their duties, as well as their new home:
The location of our camp is fine and the scenery would be splendid if the view was not obstructed by heavy thickets of pine and innumerable chesnut [sic] trees. The country around us is excellent for the Rebel scouts to display their bravery; that is, to lurk in the dense woods and pick off one of our unsuspecting pickets. Last night, however, they (the Rebels) calculated wide of their mark; some of the New York 33d boys were out on picket; some fourteen or fifteen shots were exchanged, when our side succeeded in bringing to the dust, (or rather mud,) an officer and two privates of the enemy’s mounted pickets. The officer was shot by a Lieutenant in Company H [?], of the 33d.
Our own boys have seen hard service since we have been on the ‘sacred soil.’ One day and night on picket, next day working on entrenchments at the Fort, (Ethan Allen.) another on guard, next on march and so on continually, but the hardest was on picket from last Thursday morning ‘till Saturday morning – all the time four miles from camp, and both of the nights the rain poured in torrents, so much so that their clothes were completely saturated with the rain. They stood it nobly – not one complaining; but from the size of their haversacks on their return, it is no wonder that they were satisfied and are so eager to go again tomorrow. I heard one of them say ‘there was such nice cabbage, sweet and Irish potatoes, turnips, &c., out where their duty called them, and then there was a likelihood of a Rebel sheep or young porker advancing over our lines and then he could take them as ‘contraband’ and have them for his own use.’ When they were out they saw about a dozen of the Rebel cavalry and would have had a bout with them, had it not been for…unlucky circumstance – one of the men caught the hammer of his rifle in the strap of his knapsack and caused his gun to fire; the Rebels heard the report and scampered in quick time….
On Friday, 22 October, the 47th engaged in a morning Divisional Review, described by historian Lewis Schmidt as massing “about 10,000 infantry, 1000 cavalry, and twenty pieces of artillery all in one big open field.” A week later, Private David Losch succumbed to “Pneumonia Typhoides” at the 47th Pennsylvania’s regimental hospital at Camp Griffin, where he was being cared for by the 47th’s Regimental Surgeon, Elisha W. Baily, M.D.
* Note: Although the local German language newspaper for Allentown, Der Lecha Caunty Patriot, indicated that Private David Losch died at a Union Army hospital in Georgetown, this information was incorrect. The military death ledger entry for Private Losch, which was completed by the 47th Pennsylvania’s regimental surgeon, confirms that Private Losch died at the regimental hospital at Camp Griffin, Virginia and not in the District of Columbia. His remains were transported north for burial at a local cemetery in his community.
In his letter of 17 November, Henry Wharton revealed still more details about life at Camp Griffin:
This morning our brigade was out for inspection; arms, accoutrements [sic], clothing, knapsacks, etc, all were out through a thorough examination, and if I must say it myself, our company stood best, A No. 1, for cleanliness. We have a new commander to our Brigade, Brigadier General Brannen [sic], of the U.S. Army, and if looks are any criterion, I think he is a strict disciplinarian and one who will be as able to get his men out of danger as he is willing to lead them to battle….
The boys have plenty of work to do, such as piquet [sic] duty, standing guard, wood-chopping, police duty and day drill; but then they have the most substantial food; our rations consist of fresh beef (three times a week) pickled pork, pickled beef, smoked pork, fresh bread, daily, which is baked by our own bakers, the Quartermaster having procured portable ovens for that purpose, potatoes, split peas, beans, occasionally molasses and plenty of good coffee, so you see Uncle Sam supplies us plentifully….
A few nights ago our Company was out on piquet [sic]; it was a terrible night, raining very hard the whole night, and what made it worse, the boys had to stand well to their work and dare not leave to look for shelter. Some of them consider they are well paid for their exposure, as they captured two ancient muskets belonging to Secessia. One of them is of English manufacture, and the other has the Virginia militia mark on it. They are both in a dilapidated condition, but the boys hold them in high estimation as they are trophies from the enemy, and besides they were taken from the house of Mrs. Stewart, sister to the rebel Jackson who assassinated the lamented Ellsworth at Alexandria. The honorable lady, Mrs. Stewart, is now a prisoner at Washington and her house is the headquarters of the command of the piquets [sic]….
Since the success of the secret expedition, we have all kinds of rumors in camp. One is that our Brigade will be sent to the relief of Gen. Sherman, in South Carolina. The boys all desire it and the news in the ‘Press’ is correct, that a large force is to be sent there, I think their wish will be gratified….
On 21 November, the 47th participated in another morning divisional review—overseen this time by Colonel Tilghman H. Good. Brigade and division drills were then held that afternoon. According to Schmidt, “each man was supplied with ten blank cartridges.” Afterward, “Gen. Smith requested Gen. Brannan to inform Col. Good that the 47th was the best regiment in the whole division.”
As a reward for their performance that day—and in preparation for the even bigger events which were yet to come, Brigadier-General John Milton Brannan ordered that brand new Springfield rifles be obtained for every member of the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers.
But these frequent marches and their guard duties in rainy weather gradually began to wear the men down; more fell ill with fever and other ailments; more died.
1862
On New Year’s Day 1862, Private D. H. Nonnemacher of I Company was promoted to the rank of Corporal.
Next ordered to move from their Virginia encampment back to Maryland, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers left Camp Griffin at 8:30 a.m. on Wednesday, 22 January 1862, marching through deep mud with their equipment for three miles in order to reach the railroad station at Falls Church. Sent by train to Alexandria, they then sailed the Potomac via the steamship City of Richmond to the Washington Arsenal, where they were reequipped before they were marched off for dinner and rest at the Soldiers’ Retreat in Washington, D.C. The next afternoon, the 47th Pennsylvanians hopped cars on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and headed for Annapolis, Maryland. Arriving around 10 p.m., they were assigned quarters in barracks at the Naval Academy. They then spent that Friday through Monday (24-27 January 1862) loading their equipment and other supplies onto the steamship Oriental.
Those preparations ceased on Monday, 27 January, at 10 a.m. for a very public dismissal of one member of the regiment—I Company’s Private James C. Robinson who was dishonorably discharged from the 47th Pennsylvania (effective 27 January 1862). According to Schmidt and letters home from members of the regiment:
The regiment was formed and instructed by Lt. Col. Alexander ‘that we were about drumming out a member who had behaved himself unlike a soldier.’ …. The prisoner, Pvt. James C. Robinson of Company I, was a 36 year old miner from Allentown who had been ‘disgracefully discharged’ by order of the War Department. Pvt. Robinson was marched out with martial music playing and a guard of nine men, two men on each side and five behind him at charge bayonets. The music then struck up with ‘Robinson Crusoe’ as the procession was marched up and down in front of the regiment, and Pvt. Robinson was marched out of the yard.
Reloading then resumed. By that afternoon, when the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers commenced boarding the Oriental, they were ferried to the big steamship by smaller steamers. The officers boarded last and, per the directive of Brigadier-General Brannan, the Oriental steamed away for the Deep South at 4 p.m. They were headed for Florida which, despite its secession from the Union, remained strategically important to the Union due to the presence of Forts Taylor and Jefferson in Key West and the Dry Tortugas.
In February 1862, Company I arrived with the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers in Key West, where the 47th was assigned to garrison Fort Taylor. They drilled daily in heavy artillery tactics and other military strategies, felled trees, helped to build new roads, and strengthened the fortifications in and around the Union Army’s presence at Key West. During the weekend of Friday, 14 February, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers introduced themselves to Key West residents as the regiment paraded through the streets of the city. That Sunday, Captain Keck ensured that many of his I Company men attended to their spiritual needs by participating in services at local churches.
Issued on Saturday, 12 April 1862, Regimental Order No. 4 assigned Captain Coleman Keck and Private William Smith to recruiting—a responsibility that kept Keck at home in Allentown until sometime after 11 June of that year, according to military records.
The month of May brought a slight reshuffling of I Company leadership as Private William Frack was promoted to the rank of Corporal on 1 May and, per Order No. 22, Private Robert R. Kingsborough replaced Private William O’Brien as company cook, and began reporting to the company quartermaster. On 17 May, Private John W. H. Diehl was also promoted to the rank of Corporal.
Meanwhile, back in Key West on 9 June 1862, Sergeant Charles Nolf, Jr. of I Company was accidentally killed by a member of the 90th New York Volunteers while collecting shells on a beach in the southern part of Key West. According to Schmidt and letters from soldiers who recounted the incident:
The 24 year old bricklayer from Allentown was shot through the brain and killed instantly while he was on the beach gathering shells with a few of his friends from the company. In front of the Sergeant and his friends were four members of the 90th New York with loaded rifles on their shoulders. One of them was carelessly playing with the trigger of his gun, ‘when bang! off went the load, the ball entering the forehead of Nolf, killing him instantly.’ Some members of his company ‘were bent on revenge’, but an investigation proved it an accident, although the carrying of loaded rifles was strictly prohibited…. Sgt. Nolf’s remains were probably originally buried in the Key West Post Cemetery, but in January of 1864 his remains were disinterred and returned to Allentown on January 28 by undertaker Paul Balliet, and buried in the Fairview Cemetery in West Catasauqua….”
Resolutions expressing sympathy for the Sergeant Nolf were written by officers of the 47th Pennsylvania and published in the 25 June 1862 edition of The Lehigh Register.
Next ordered to Hilton Head, South Carolina from mid-June through July, they camped near Fort Walker before relocating to the Beaufort District, Department of the South, roughly 35 miles away. Frequently assigned to hazardous picket detail north of their main camp, which put them at increased risk from enemy sniper fire, the members of the 47th Pennsylvania became known for their “attention to duty, discipline and soldierly bearing,” and “received the highest commendation from Generals Hunter and Brannan,” according to historian Samuel P. Bates.
Detachments from the regiment were also assigned to the Expedition to Fenwick Island (9 July) and the Demonstration against Pocotaligo (10 July).
In mid to late July, I Company’s Private William Burger was assigned to detached duty in Beaufort as a teamster. On 30 July 1862, Private George T. Gross was discharged on a Surgeon’s Certificate of Disability. Sadly, sometime between the late hours of 1 August and the pre-dawn hours of 2 August 1862, Private William Ellis died from congestive fever at Beaufort, South Carolina, which may have been related to a cholera outbreak that had occurred earlier in the area. According to Schmidt, Ellis was the first member of the regiment to die in South Carolina:
He was a native of Catasauqua and a former laborer at the Allentown Iron Works. After a short burial in South Carolina, his body was returned from Beaufort by Allentown undertaker Paul Balliet and the transport Delaware on November 29. His family was one of the few who spent the government’s $100 as intended, to bring home the body of the deceased soldier, whose remains in this case are now buried in the Fairview Cemetery at West Catasauqua.
His story becomes even more poignant when one realizes that Ellis was not, in fact, a native of Catasauqua, but an immigrant from Ireland who had left the famine and poverty he had known there in the mid-1800s in search of a better life in America.
Victory and First Blood
Sent on a return expedition to Florida as September 1862 waned, the men of Company I saw their first truly intense moments of service when their unit participated with the 47th Pennsylvania and other Union regiments in the capture of Saint John’s Bluff from 1 to 3 October.
Commanded by Brigadier-General John M. Brannan, the 47th Pennsylvanians disembarked with a 1,500-plus Union force at Mayport Mills and Mount Pleasant Creek from troop carriers guarded by Union gunboats.
Taking point, the 47th Pennsylvanians then led the 3rd Brigade through 25 miles of dense, pine forested swamps populated with deadly snakes and alligators. By the time the expedition ended, the Union brigade had forced the Confederate Army to abandon its artillery battery atop Saint John’s Bluff, and had paved the way for the Union Army to occupy the town of Jacksonville, Florida. Along the way, two companies from the 47th Pennsylvania (E and K) also helped capture the Gov. Milton, a Confederate steamer that had equipped the bluff and surrounding Rebel troop placements with men and supplies.
Integration of the Regiment
On 5 and 15 October 1862, respectively, the 47th Pennsylvania made history as it became an integrated regiment, adding to its muster rolls a Black teen and several young to middle-aged Black men who had endured plantation enslavement in Beaufort, South Carolina:
Just 16 years old at the time of his enlistment, Abraham Jassum joined the 47th Pennsylvania from a recruiting depot on 5 October 1862. Military records indicate that he mustered in as “negro undercook” with Company F at Beaufort, South Carolina. Military records described him as being 5 feet 6 inches tall with black hair, black eyes and a black complexion, and stated that his occupation prior to enlistment was “Cook.” Records also indicate that he continued to serve with F Company until he mustered out at Charleston, South Carolina on 4 October 1865 when his three-year term of enlistment expired.
Also signing up as an Under Cook that day at the Beaufort recruiting depot was 33-year-old Bristor Gethers. Although his muster roll entry and entry in the Civil War Veterans’ Card File in the Pennsylvania State Archives listed him as “Presto Gettes,” his U.S. Civil War Pension Index listing spelled his name as “Bristor Gethers” and his wife’s name as “Rachel Gethers.” This index also includes the aliases of “Presto Garris” and “Bristor Geddes.” He was described on military records as being 5 feet 5 inches tall with black hair, black eyes and a black complexion, and as having been employed as a fireman. He mustered in as “Negro under cook” with Company F on 5 October 1862, and mustered out at Charleston, South Carolina on 4 October 1865 upon expiration of his three-year term of service. Federal records indicate that he and his wife applied for his Civil War Pension from South Carolina.
Also attached initially to Company F upon his 15 October 1862 enrollment with the 47th Pennsylvania, 22-year-old Edward Jassum was assigned kitchen duties. Records indicate that he was officially mustered into military service at the rank of Under Cook with the 47th Pennsylvania at Morganza, Louisiana on 22 June 1864, and then transferred to Company H on 11 October 1864. Like Abraham Jassum, Edward Jassum also continued to serve with the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers until being honorably discharged on 14 October 1865 upon expiration of his three-year term of service.
More men of color would continue to be added to the 47th Pennsylvania’s rosters in the weeks and years to come.
On 12 October 1862, Private Henry A. Blumer of I Company died aboard a U.S. Navy transport while steaming to connect for service with the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers. The local Allentown German language newspaper, Der Lecha Caunty Patriot, reported his death in its 5 November 1862 edition [translation from German to English by the editor]:
Henry A. Blumer, Esq., of Allentown, who joined some time ago with Maj. Gausler as a soldier with the 47th Regiment, which is commanded by Col. T. H. Good and stationed in South Carolina, died a few days ago on his journey there by ship. He is buried at Hilton Head, South Carolina, was 25 years old, and had married a few days ago.
Battle of Pocotaligo, South Carolina
From 21-23 October 1862, under the brigade and regimental commands of Colonel Tilghman H. Good and Lieutenant-Colonel George W. Alexander, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers engaged Confederate forces in and around Pocotaligo, South Carolina. Landing at Mackay’s Point, the men of the 47th were placed on point once again, but they and the 3rd Brigade were less fortunate this time.
Harried by snipers en route to the Pocotaligo Bridge, they met resistance from an entrenched, heavily fortified Confederate battery which opened fire on the Union troops as they entered an open cotton field.
Those headed toward higher ground at the Frampton Plantation fared no better as they encountered artillery and infantry fire from the surrounding forests.
The Union soldiers grappled with the Confederates where they found them, pursuing the Rebels for four miles as they retreated to the bridge. There, the 47th relieved the 7th Connecticut. But the enemy was just too well armed. After two hours of intense fighting in an attempt to take the ravine and bridge, depleted ammunition forced the 47th to withdraw to Mackay’s Point.
Losses for the 47th were significant. Two officers and 18 enlisted men died, including I Company Privates Jeremiah Metz (alternate spelling “Mertz”) and L. Druckenmiller (alternate spelling “Druckermiller”), who was killed by “Vulnus Sclopet” (a gunshot) during the fighting near the Frampton Plantation, according to his federal death ledger entry.
Another two officers and 114 enlisted from the 47th were wounded, including I Company Privates J. Bondenschlager, James B. Cole, Edwin Dreisbach, Frederick Drester, and Daniel Kramer. Dreisbach survived and continued to serve for the duration of the war, but was impaired in later life by mental illness (possibly “Soldier’s Heart,” which is more commonly known today as post-traumatic stress disorder) while Privates Shaffer, Bondenschlager, Cole and Drester were discharged on Surgeons’ Certificates of Disability on 22 October, 29 October, 15 November and 22 December 1862, respectively.
Several resting places of 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers still remain unidentified to this day, the information lost to the sloppy records of Army Quartermaster and hospital personnel, or to the trauma-impaired memories of soldiers who hastily buried or were forced to leave behind the bodies of comrades upon receiving orders to retreat.
On 23 October, the 47th Pennsylvania returned to Hilton Head, where it served as the funeral Honor Guard for Major-General Ormsby M. Mitchel, the commander of the U.S. Army’s 10th Corps and Department of the South who had succumbed to yellow fever on 30 October. The Mountains of Mitchel, a part of Mars’ South Pole discovered by Mitchel in 1846 while working as a University of Cincinnati astronomer, and Mitchelville, the first Freedmen’s town created after the Civil War, were both later named for him. Men from the 47th Pennsylvania were given the high honor of firing the salute over his grave.
On 1 November 1862, the 47th Pennsylvania helped another Black man escape from slavery near Beaufort when they added 30-year-old Thomas Haywood to the kitchen staff of Company H. Described as a 5 feet 4 inch-tall laborer with black hair, black eyes and a black complexion, he was officially mustered in as an Under Cook at Morganza, Louisiana on 22 June 1864, and served until the expiration of his own three-year term of service on 31 October 1865.
On 29 November 1862, Private Francis Daeufer (alternate spelling “Deifer”) was advanced to the rank of Corporal. In later life, he would go on to play a key role in the planning, raising and celebration of a monument dedicated to the memory of his fellow 47th Pennsylvanians and other Civil War soldiers—the Lehigh County Soldiers and Sailors Monument in Allentown, Pennsylvania.
1863
By 1863, Captain Keck and the men of I Company were once again based with the 47th Pennsylvania in Florida. Having been ordered back to Key West on 15 November of 1862, much of 1863 was spent guarding federal installations in Florida as part of the 10th Corps, Department of the South. Companies A, B, C, E, G, and I garrisoned Fort Taylor in Key West while Companies D, F, H, and K garrisoned Fort Jefferson in Florida’s Dry Tortugas. (Note: The members of Company D remained at Fort Jefferson for just over five months; on 16 May, they were marched back to the wharf at Fort Jefferson, where they climbed aboard yet another ship—this time to return to Fort Taylor, where they resumed garrison duties under the command of Colonel Tilghman H. Good.)
During this phase of duty, disease was a constant companion and foe. On 27 July 1863, Private Henry D. Spinner was discharged on a Surgeon’s Certificate of Disability.
The time spent here by the men of Company I and their fellow Union soldiers was notable also for the men’s commitment to preserving the Union. Many who could have returned home chose instead to re-enlist in order to finish the fight.
1864
In early January 1864, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was ordered to expand the Union’s reach by sending part of the regiment north to retake possession of Fort Myers, a federal installation that had been abandoned in 1858 following the U.S. government’s third war with the Seminole Indians. Per orders issued earlier in 1864 by Major-General D. P. Woodbury, Commanding Officer, U.S. Department of the Gulf, District of Key West and the Tortugas, that the fort be reclaimed to facilitate the Union’s Gulf Coast blockade, Captain Richard Graeffe and a group of men from Company A were charged with expanding the fort and conducting raids on area cattle herds to provide food for the growing Union troop presence across Florida. Graeffe and his men subsequently turned the fort into both their base of operations and a shelter for pro-Union supporters, escaped slaves, Confederate Army deserters, and others fleeing Rebel troops. According to Schmidt:
A draft Environmental Impact Statement prepared in 2010 for the Everglades National Park partially documents the time of Richard Graeffe and the men under his Florida command this way:
A small contingent of 20 men and two officers from the Pennsylvania 47th Regiment, led by Captain Henry Crain of the 2nd Regiment of Florida, arrived at the fort on January 7, 1864. A short time later, the party was joined by another small detachment of the 47th under the command of Captain Richard A. Graeffe. Over a short period, increasing reinforcements of the fort led to increasing cattle raids throughout the region. A Union force so far into Confederate land did not go well with Confederate loyalists. The fact that so many men stationed at the post were black soldiers from the newly created U.S. Colored Troops was particularly aggravating. The raids were so antagonizing that the Confederates created a Cattle Guard Battalion called the “Cow Cavalry” to repulse Union raiders. The unit remained a primary threat to the Union soldiers carrying out raids and reconnaissance missions from Brooksville to as far south as Lake Okeechobee and Fort Myers.
Meanwhile, all of the other companies of the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry were preparing for the regiment’s history-making journey to Louisiana, but Company I would be making that journey without Captain Coleman A. G. Keck, who resigned his commission on 22 February 1864 due to disability. (Tragically, Keck would be dead within two years, succumbing to the ravages of liver disease on 23 January 1866.)
Three days after Captain Keck’s resignation, the 47th Pennsylvania began its phased departure for a new military campaign. Boarding yet another steamer—the Charles Thomas—on 25 February 1864, the men from Companies B, C, D, I, and K headed for Algiers, Louisiana (across the river from New Orleans), followed on 1 March by other members of the regiment from Companies E, F, G, and H who had been stationed at Fort Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas. Upon the second group’s arrival, the now almost fully reunited regiment moved by train on 28 February to Brashear City before heading to Franklin by steamer through the Bayou Teche. There, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry joined the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division of the Department of the Gulf’s 19th Army Corps, and became the only Pennsylvania regiment to serve in the Red River Campaign of Union Major-General Nathaniel P. Banks.
On 12 March 1864, Private Levi Kraft was discharged on a Surgeon’s Certificate of Disability while Private Samuel Noss was transferred to the Veteran Reserve Corps (also known as the “invalid corps”).
Unable to reach Louisiana until 23 March, the men from Company A were effectively placed on a different type of detached duty in New Orleans while they awaited transport to enable them to catch up with the main part of their regiment. Charged with guarding and overseeing the transport of 245 Confederate prisoners, they were finally able to board the Ohio Belle on 7 April, and reached Alexandria, Louisiana with those prisoners on 9 April.
Red River Campaign
From 14-26 March, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry headed for Alexandria and Natchitoches, Louisiana, by way of New Iberia, Vermilionville, Opelousas, and Washington. From 4-5 April 1864, the regiment added to its roster of young Black soldiers when Aaron, James, and John Bullard, Samuel Jones, and Hamilton Blanchard (also known as John Hamilton) enrolled for service with the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers at Natchitoches. According to their respective entries in the Civil War Veterans’ Card File at the Pennsylvania State Archives and on regimental muster rolls, the men were then officially mustered in for duty on 22 June at Morganza. Several of their entries noted that they were assigned the rank of “(Colored) Cook” while others were given the rank of “Under Cook.”
Often short on food and water throughout their long hard trek through enemy territory, the men encamped briefly at Pleasant Hill the night of 7 April before continuing on the next day, marching until mid-afternoon.
Rushed into battle ahead of other regiments in the 2nd Division, 60 members of the 47th were cut down on 8 April during the volley of fire unleashed in the Battle of Sabine Cross Roads. The fighting waned only when darkness fell as those who were uninjured collapsed beside the gravely wounded. Finally, after midnight, the surviving Union troops were ordered to withdraw to Pleasant Hill.
The next day, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers were ordered into a critically important defensive position at the far right of the Union lines, their right flank spreading up onto a high bluff. By 3 p.m., after enduring a midday charge by the troops of Confederate General Richard Taylor (a plantation owner and son of Zachary Taylor, former President of the United States), the brutal fighting still showed no signs of ending. Suddenly, just as the 47th was shifting to the left side of the massed Union forces, the men of the 47th Pennsylvania were forced to bolster the 165th New York’s buckling lines by blocking another Confederate assault.
Casualties were once again severe. Lieutenant-Colonel G. W. Alexander was nearly killed, and the regiment’s two color-bearers, both from Company C, were also wounded while preventing the American flag from falling into enemy hands. Corporal William Frack of I Company was killed in action while I Company’s Sergeant William Haltiman (alternate spelling “Haldeman” or “Halderman”) and Corporal William H. Meyers of were among those who were wounded in battle.
Still others from the 47th were captured, marched roughly one hundred and twenty-five miles to Camp Ford, a Confederate Army prison camp near Tyler, Texas, and held there as prisoners of war (POWs) until released during prisoner exchanges beginning 22 July 1864. At least two men from the 47th never made it out of that camp alive, including I Company’s Private Frederick Smith who died at Camp Ford 4 May 1864; another member of the regiment died while being treated at the Confederate Army hospital in Shreveport, Louisiana.
I Company’s Private Owen Fetzer also died—on 19 April 1864 at a Union Army hospital in New Orleans.
Following what some historians have called a rout by Confederates at Pleasant Hill and others have labeled a technical victory for the Union or a draw for both sides, the 47th fell back to Grand Ecore, where the men engaged in the hard labor of strengthening regimental and brigade fortifications. After 11 days at Grand Ecore, they then moved back to Natchitoches Parish on 22 April. Marching 45 miles that day, they arrived in Cloutierville at 10 p.m. While en route, thee were attacked again—this time at the rear of their brigade, but they were able to quickly end the encounter and continue on.
The next morning (23 April 1864), episodic skirmishing quickly roared into the flames of a robust fight. As part of the advance party led by Brigadier-General William Emory, the 47th Pennsylvanians took on Brigadier-General Hamilton P. Bee’s Confederate Cavalry in the Battle of Cane River (also known as “the Affair at Monett’s Ferry” or the “Cane River Crossing”).
Responding to a barrage from the Confederate artillery’s 20-pound Parrott guns and raking fire from enemy troops situated near a bayou and on a bluff, Emory directed one of his brigades to keep Bee’s Confederates busy while sending the other two brigades to find a safe spot where his Union troops could ford the Cane River. As part of the “beekeepers,” the 47th Pennsylvania supported Emory’s artillery.
Meanwhile, other Emory troops found and worked their way across the Cane River, attacked Bee’s flank, forced a Rebel retreat, and erected a series of pontoon bridges, enabling the 47th and other remaining Union troops to make the Cane River Crossing by the next day. As the Confederates retreated, they torched their own food stores, as well as the cotton supplies of their fellow southerners.
In a letter penned from Morganza, Louisiana on 29 May, Henry Wharton described what had happened to the 47th Pennsylvanians during and immediately after making camp at Grand Ecore:
Our sojourn at Grand Ecore was for eleven days, during which time our position was well fortified by entrenchments for a length of five miles, made of heavy logs, five feet high and six feet wide, filled in with dirt. In front of this, trees were felled for a distance of two hundred yards, so that if the enemy attacked we had an open space before us which would enable our forces to repel them and follow if necessary. But our labor seemed to the men as useless, for on the morning of 22d April, the army abandoned these works and started for Alexandria. From our scouts it was ascertained that the enemy had passed some miles to our left with the intention of making a stand against our right at Bayou Cane, where there is a high bluff and dense woods, and at the same attack Smith’s forces who were bringing up the rear. This first day was a hard one on the boys, for by ten o’clock at night they made Cloutierville, a distance of forty-five miles. On that day the rear was attacked which caused our forces to reverse their front and form in line of battle, expecting too, to go back to the relief of Smith, but he needed no assistance, sending word to the front that he had ‘whipped them, and could do it again.’ It was well that Banks made so long a march on that day, for on the next we found the enemy prepared to carry out their design of attacking us front and rear. Skirmishing commenced early in the morning and as our columns advanced he fell back towards the bayou, when we soon discovered the position of their batteries on the bluff. There was then an artillery duel by the smaller pieces, and some sharp fighting by the cavalry, when the ‘mule battery,’ twenty pound Parrott guns, opened a heavy fire, which soon dislodged them, forcing the chivalry to flee in a manner not at all suitable to their boasted courage. Before this one cavalry, the 3d Brigade of the 1st Div., and Birges’ brigade of the second, had crossed the bayou and were doing good service, which, with the other work, made the enemy show their heels. The 3d brigade done some daring deeds in this fight, as also did the cavalry. In one instance the 3d charged up a hill almost perpendicular, driving the enemy back by the bayonet without firing a gun. The woods on this bluff was so thick that the cavalry had to dismount and fight on foot. During the whole of the day, our brigade, the 2d was supporting artillery, under fire all the time, and could not give Mr. Reb a return shot.
While we were fighting in front, Smith was engaged some miles in the rear, but he done his part well and drove them back. The rebel commanders thought by attacking us in the rear, and having a large face on the bluffs, they would be able to capture our train and take us all prisoners, but in this they were mistaken, for our march was so rapid that we were on them before they had thrown up the necessary earthworks. Besides they underrated the amount of our artillery, calculating from the number engaged at Pleasant Hill. The rebel prisoners say it ‘seems as though the Yankees manufacture, on short notice, artillery to order, and the men are furnished with wings when they wish to make a certain point.
The damage done to the Confederate cause by the burning of cotton was immense. On the night of the 22d our route was lighted up for miles and millions of dollars worth of this production was destroyed. This loss will be felt more by Davis & Co., than several defeats in this region, for the basis of the loan in England was on the cotton of Western Louisiana.
After the rebels had fled from the bluff the negro troops put down the pontoons, and by ten that night we were six miles beyond the bayou safely encamped. The next morning we moved forward and in two days were in Alexandria. Johnnys followed Smith’s forces, keeping out of range of his guns, except when he had gained the eminence across the bayou, when he punished them (the rebs) severely.
Having finally reached Alexandria on 26 April, they learned they would remain at their latest new camp for at least two weeks. Placed temporarily under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Bailey, they were assigned yet again to the hard labor of fortification work, helping to erect “Bailey’s Dam,” a timber structure that enabled Union gunboats to more easily make their way back down the Red River.
On 12 May, Private William Baumeister was transferred to the Veteran Reserve Corps (also known as the “invalid corps”). Two days later, on 14 May while convalescing back home in Pennsylvania, Private Levi Scholtz (alternate spelling “Schiffs”) lost his battle with typhoid fever. He succumbed at the Union Army’s Turner’s Lane General Hospital in Philadelphia.
While stationed in Rapides Parish in late April and early May, according to Wharton:
We were at Alexandria seventeen days, during which time the men were kept busy at throwing up earthworks, foraging and three times went out some distance to meet the enemy, but they did not make their appearance in numbers large enough for an engagement. The water in the Red river had fallen so much that it prevented the gunboats from operating with us, and kept our transports from supplying the troops with rations, (and you know soldiers, like other people, will eat) so Banks was compelled to relinquish his designs on Shreveport and fall back to the Mississippi. To do this a large dam had to be built on the falls at Alexandria to get the ironclads down the river. After a great deal labor this was accomplished and by the morning of May 13th the last one was through the shute [sic], when we bade adieu to Alexandria, marching through the town with banners flying and keeping step to the music of ‘Rally around the flag,’ and ‘When this cruel war is over.’ The next morning, at our camping place, the fleet of boats passed us, when we were informed that Alexandria had been destroyed by fire – the act of a dissatisfied citizen and several negroes. Incendiary acts were strictly forbidden in a general order the day before we left the place, and a cavalry guard was left in the rear to see the order enforced. After marching a few miles skirmishing commenced in front between the cavalry and the enemy in riflepits [sic] on the bank of the river, but they were easily driven away. When we came up we discovered their pits and places where there had been batteries planted. At this point the John Warren, an unarmed transport, on which were sick soldiers and women, was fired into and sunk, killing many and those that were not drowned taken prisoners. A tin-clad gunboat was destroyed at the same place, by which we lost a large mail. Many letters and directed envelopes were found on the bank – thrown there after the contents had been read by the unprincipled scoundrels. The inhumanity of Guerrilla bands in this department is beyond belief, and if one did not know the truth of it or saw some of their barbarities, he would write it down as the story of a ‘reliable gentleman’ or as told by an ‘intelligent contraband.’ Not satisfied with his murderous intent on unarmed transports he fires into the Hospital steamer Laurel Hill, with four hundred sick on board. This boat had the usual hospital signal floating fore and aft, yet, notwithstanding all this, and the customs of war, they fired on them, proving by this act that they are more hardened than the Indians on the frontier.
On Sunday, May 15, we left the river road and took a short route through the woods, saving considerable distance. The windings of Red river are so numerous that it resembles the tape-worm railroad wherewith the politicians frightened the dear people during the administration of Ritner and Stevens. – We stopped several hours in the woods to leave cavalry pass, when we moved forward and by four o’clock emerged into a large open plain where we formed in line of battle, expecting a regular engagement. The enemy, however, retired and we advanced ‘till dark, when the forces halted for the night, with orders to rest on their arms. – ‘Twas here that Banks rode through our regiment, amidst the cheers of the boys, and gave the pleasant news that Grant had defeated Lee.
Having entered Avoyelles Parish, they “rested on their arms” for the night, half-dozing without pitching their tents, but with their rifles right beside them. They were now positioned just outside of Marksville, Louisiana on the eve of the 16 May 1864 Battle of Mansura, which unfolded as follows, according to Wharton:
Early next morning we marched through Marksville into a prairie nine miles long and six wide where every preparation was made for a fight. The whole of our force was formed in line, in support of artillery in front, who commenced operations on the enemy driving him gradually from the prairie into the woods. As the enemy retreated before the heavy fire of our artillery, the infantry advanced in line until they reached Mousoula [sic], where they formed in column, taking the whole field in an attempt to flank the enemy, but their running qualities were so good that we were foiled. The maneuvring [sic] of the troops was handsomely done, and the movements was [sic] one of the finest things of the war. The fight of artillery was a steady one of five miles. The enemy merely stood that they might cover the retreat of their infantry and train under cover of their artillery. Our loss was slight. Of the rebels we could not ascertain correctly, but learned from citizens who had secreted themselves during the fight, that they had many killed and wounded, who threw them into wagons, promiscuously, and drove them off so that we could not learn their casualties. The next day we moved to Simmsport on the Achafalaya [sic] river, where a bridge was made by putting the transports side by side, which enabled the troops and train to pass safely over. – The day before we crossed the rebels attacked Smith, thinking it was but the rear guard, in which they, the graybacks, were awfully cut up, and four hundred prisoners fell into our hands. Our loss in killed and wounded was ninety. This fight was the last one of the expedition. The whole of the force is safe on the Mississippi, gunboats, transports and trains. The 16th and 17th have gone to their old commands.
It is amusing to read the statements of correspondents to papers North, concerning our movements and the losses of our army. I have it from the best source that the Federal loss from Franklin to Mansfield, and from their [sic] to this point does not exceed thirty-five hundred in killed, wounded and missing, while that of the rebels is over eight thousand.*
* Note: Disease continued to be a truly formidable foe, claiming yet more members of the 47th Pennsylvania. On 17 May, Private Josiah Stocker died at the University General Hospital in New Orleans. Private Elvin Knauss (alternate spelling: “Kneuss”) would then from disease-related complications at the Union’s Marine Memorial Hospital in New Orleans on 3 August while Sergeant John Gross Helfrich and Private Joseph Smith would die in New Orleans on 5 August and 2 September, respectively. All now rest in marked graves at the Chalmette National Cemetery in St. Bernard Parish.
Continuing on, the surviving members of the 47th marched for Simmesport and then Morganza, where they made camp again. According to Wharton, the members of Company C were sent on a special mission which took them on an intense 120-mile journey:
Company C, on last Saturday was detailed by the General in command of the Division to take one hundred and eighty-seven prisoners (rebs) to New Orleans. This they done [sic] satisfactorily and returned yesterday to their regiment, ready for duty. While in the City some of the boys made Captain Gobin quite a handsome present, to show their appreciation of him as an officer gentleman.
Wharton also provided the following update regarding Company C, which had rejoined the bulk of the 47th Pennsylvania on 28 May 1864:
The boys are well. James Kennedy who was wounded at Pleasant Hill, died at New Orleans hospital a few days ago. His friends in the company were pleased to learn that Dr. Dodge of Sunbury, now of the U.S. Steamer Octorora, was with him in his last moments, and ministered to his wants. The Doctor was one of the Surgeons from the Navy who volunteered when our wounded was sent to New Orleans.
While encamped at Morganza, the nine formerly enslaved Black men who had enlisted with the 47th Pennsylvania in Beaufort (1862) and Natchitoches, Louisiana (April 1864) were officially mustered into the regiment between 20-24 June 1864. The regiment then moved on once again, and arrived in New Orleans in late June.
Private Francis Stick of I Company died from disease-related complications at the Union Army’s University General Hospital there on 29 June 1864.
As they did during their tour through the Carolinas and Florida, the men of the 47th had battled the elements and disease, as well as the Confederate Army, in order to survive and continue to defend their nation. But the Red River Campaign’s most senior leader, Union Major-General Nathaniel P. Banks, would not. Removed from command amid the controversy regarding the Union Army’s successes and failures, he was placed on leave by President Abraham Lincoln. He later redeemed himself by spending much of his time in Washington, D.C. as a Reconstruction advocate for the people of Louisiana.
Sheridan’s 1864 Shenandoah Valley Campaign
Still able and willing to fight after their time in Bayou country, the soldiers of Company I and the men from the 47th Pennsylvania’s Companies A, C, D, E, F, and H steamed aboard the McClellan beginning 7 July 1864 while the men of Companies B, G and K were forced to cool their heels while awaiting transport aboard the Blackstone later that month.
Following their arrival in Virginia and a memorable encounter with President Abraham Lincoln on 12 July, they joined up with Major-General David Hunter’s forces at Snicker’s Gap in mid-July 1864. There, they fought in the Battle of Cool Spring and, once again, assisted in defending Washington, D.C. while also helping to drive Confederate troops from Maryland.
On 14 and 29 July, respectively, Privates Samuel Guth and William Mench were discharged on Surgeons’ Certificates of Disability.
Attached to the Middle Military Division, Army of the Shenandoah beginning in August, the first day of the month arrived with the promotion of a man who would first become the commanding officer of his company before ultimately being advanced to a key leadership role with the regiment—First Lieutenant Levi Stuber of I Company, who was now Captain Levi Stuber.
Records of the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers also document the regiment’s assignment to defensive duties in and around Halltown, Virginia in early August, as well as the regiment’s engagement in a series of back-and-forth movements during subsequent weeks between Halltown, Berryville and other locations within the vicinity (Middletown, Charlestown and Winchester) as part of a “mimic war” being waged by Sheridan’s Union forces with those commanded by Confederate Lieutenant-General Jubal Early.
The next month—September 1864—saw the regiment engage in its first major test of its new campaign as it fought in the Battle of Berryville, Virginia.
In addition, September was marked by the departure of several 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers who had served honorably, including Captain James Kacy of H Company and his fellow captains from D, E and F companies, along with Second Lieutenant James Stuber, Corporals Francis Daeufer, John W. H. Diehl, T. W. Fitzinger, Henry Miller, and D. H. Nonnemacher, and Privates Theodore Baker, W. Fenstermaker, Allen P. Gilbert, William F. Henry, Charles Kaucher, Edwin Kiper, Xaver Kraff, Ogden Lewis, Peter Lynd, Aaron McHose, Gottlieb Schweitzer, William Smith, John L. Transue, John Troxell, Daniel Vansyckel, Henry W. Wieser, and Samuel Wierbach of I Company. All mustered out 18 September 1864 upon expiration of their respective service terms.
Those members of the 47th who remained on duty were about to engage in their regiment’s greatest moments of valor.
Battles of Opequan and Fisher’s Hill, September 1864
Together with other regiments under the command of Union Major-General Philip H. (“Little Phil”) Sheridan and Brigadier-General William H. Emory, commander of the 19th Corps, the members of Company I and their fellow 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers helped to inflict heavy casualties on Lieutenant-General Jubal Early’s Confederate forces in the Battle of Opequan (also spelled as “Opequon” and referred to as “Third Winchester”). The battle is still considered by many historians to be one of the most important during Sheridan’s 1864 campaign; the Union’s victory here helped to ensure the reelection of President Abraham Lincoln.
The 47th Pennsylvania’s march toward destiny at Opequan began at 2 a.m. on 19 September 1864 as the regiment left camp and joined up with others in the Union’s 19th Corps. After advancing slowly from Berryville toward Winchester, the 19th Corps became bogged down for several hours by the massive movement of Union troops and supply wagons, enabling Early’s men to dig in. After finally reaching the Opequan Creek, Sheridan’s men came face to face with the Confederate Army commanded by Early. The fighting, which began in earnest at noon, was long and brutal. The Union’s left flank (6th Corps) took a beating from Confederate artillery stationed on high ground.
Meanwhile, the 47th Pennsylvania and the 19th Corps were directed by Brigadier-General Emory to attack and pursue Major-General John B. Gordon’s Confederate forces. Some success was achieved, but casualties mounted as another Confederate artillery group opened fire on Union troops trying to cross a clearing. When a nearly fatal gap began to open between the 6th and 19th Corps, Sheridan sent in units led by Brigadier-Generals Emory Upton and David A. Russell. Russell, hit twice—once in the chest, was mortally wounded. The 47th Pennsylvania opened its lines long enough to enable the Union cavalry under William Woods Averell and the foot soldiers of Brigadier-General George Crook to charge the Confederates’ left flank.
The 19th Corps, with the 47th in the thick of the fighting, then began pushing the Confederates back. Early’s “grays” retreated in the face of the valor displayed by Sheridan’s “blue jackets.” Leaving 2,500 wounded behind, the Rebels retreated to Fisher’s Hill (21-22 September), eight miles south of Winchester, and then to Waynesboro, following a successful early morning flanking attack by Sheridan’s Union men which outnumbered Early’s three to one.
On the day of the Union’s success at Opequan (19 September 1864), several men from I Company received promotions, including First Sergeant Theodore Mink, who advanced to the rank of second lieutenant. Corporals William H. Meyers and Edwin Kemp were promoted to the rank of Sergeant while Privates Thomas N. Burke and Allen Knauss became corporals. Private Oscar Miller was then mustered out the next day, on 20 September, upon expiration of his term of service.
Afterward, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers were sent out on skirmishing parties before making camp at Cedar Creek. Moving forward, they and other members of the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers would continue to distinguish themselves in battle, but they would do so without two more of their respected commanders: Colonel Tilghman Good and Good’s second in command, Lieutenant-Colonel George Alexander, who mustered out 23-24 September upon expiration of their respective terms of service. Fortunately, they were replaced by others equally admired both for temperament and their front line experience, including John Peter Shindel Gobin, a man who would later go on to become Lieutenant Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
Battle of Cedar Creek, 19 October 1864
It was during the fall of 1864 that Major-General Philip Sheridan began the first of the Union’s true “scorched earth” campaigns, starving the enemy into submission by destroying Virginia’s crops and farming infrastructure. Viewed through today’s lens of history as inhumane, the strategy claimed many innocents—civilians whose lives were cut short by their inability to find food. This same strategy, however, almost certainly contributed to the further turning of the war’s tide in the Union’s favor during the Battle of Cedar Creek on 19 October 1864. Successful throughout most of their engagement with Union forces at Cedar Creek, Early’s Confederate troops began peeling off in ever growing numbers to forage for food, thus enabling the 47th Pennsylvania and others under Sheridan’s command to rally.
From a military standpoint, it was another impressive, but heartrending day. During the morning of 19 October, Early launched a surprise attack directly on Sheridan’s Cedar Creek-encamped forces. Early’s men were able to capture Union weapons while freeing a number of Confederates who had been taken prisoner during previous battles—all while pushing seven Union divisions back. According to Bates:
When the Army of West Virginia, under Crook, was surprised and driven from its works, the Second Brigade, with the Forty-seventh on the right, was thrown into the breach to arrest the retreat…. Scarcely was it in position before the enemy came suddenly upon it, under the cover of fog. The right of the regiment was thrown back until it was almost a semi-circle. The brigade, only fifteen hundred strong, was contending against Gordon’s entire division, and was forced to retire, but, in comparative good order, exposed, as it was, to raking fire. Repeatedly forming, as it was pushed back, and making a stand at every available point, it finally succeeded in checking the enemy’s onset, when General Sheridan suddenly appeared upon the field, who ‘met his crest-fallen, shattered battalions, without a word of reproach, but joyously swinging his cap, shouted to the stragglers, as he rode rapidly past them – “Face the other way, boys! We are going back to our camp! We are going to lick them out of their boots!’”
The Union’s counterattack punched Early’s forces into submission, and the men of the 47th were commended for their heroism by General Stephen Thomas who, in 1892, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his own “distinguished conduct in a desperate hand-to-hand encounter, in which the advance of the enemy was checked” that day. Bates described the 47th’s actions:
When the final grand charge was made, the regiment moved at nearly right angles with the rebel front. The brigade charged gallantly, and the entire line, making a left wheel, came down on his flank, while engaging the Sixth Corps, when he went “whirling up the valley” in confusion. In the pursuit to Fisher’s Hill, the regiment led, and upon its arrival was placed on the skirmish line, where it remained until twelve o’clock noon of the following day. The army was attacked at early dawn…no respite was given to take food until the pursuit was ended.
Regimental Chaplain William Rodrock suffered a near miss as a bullet pierced his cap, but he was more fortunate than many other members of the regiment. On this day alone, the 47th Pennsylvania lost the equivalent, in killed and wounded, of nearly two full companies of men. Sergeant William Pyers, the C Company man who had so gallantly rescued the flag at Pleasant Hill, was cut down and later buried on the battlefield, and I Company, Privates John/Jonathan Bartholomew, Francis K. Guildner (alternate spelling “Gildner”), James Lutz, and Joseph Stephens were also killed while Corporal Allen Knauss sustained a gunshot wound to the right side of his face, and Sergeant William H. Myers and Privates John Gross, William Martin and Thomas Ziegler were also wounded.
As with the Red River Campaign, men from the 47th Pennsylvania were also captured by Rebel soldiers and carted off to Confederate prisons at Andersonville, Georgia, Richmond, Virginia and Salisbury, North Carolina. Of those held as POWs at this time, only a handful survived. Among the unfortunates were I Company’s Private Henry J. Schlagle, who died at Salisbury three days after Christmas. The Roll of Honor No. XIV: Names of Soldiers Who in Defence of the American Union, Suffered Martyrdom in the Prison Pens throughout the South, published by the U.S. Quartermaster General’s Office on 20 February 1868, confirms this data—and that Private Schlagle died from catarrh; however the entry for him in the Union Army’s Register of Deaths of Volunteer Soldiers indicates that he died on 27 December and that his cause of death was “not stated.”
Sadly, both sources spelled his name incorrectly—the Army Register listing him as “Leaghlefle, Henry,” and the Honor Roll—ostensibly America’s tribute to him—spelled his name as “Seahlegel, Henry.” His entry number on the Quartermaster’s POW Honor Roll is No. 2807: “Seahlegel, Henry.”
The precise location of Private Schlagle’s grave remains unknown. There were two cemeteries created for the Confederate Army’s prison camp near Salisbury in Rowan County, North Carolina. A small “Lutheran Cemetery, located roughly 150 yards northwest of the North Carolina Railroad’s depot near Salisbury held an estimated 100 bodies of Union soldiers, which were interred haphazardly in unmarked graves by Confederate Army soldiers, but then exhumed and reinterred with more dignity by the U.S. government at the main Salisbury cemetery following the war.
But the largest contingent of men—roughly 5,000 Union soldiers—was interred in a primary burial ground. Located on a hill within one hundred yards of the North Carolina Railroad and roughly one half mile southwest of Salisbury, this POW cemetery was also largest in terms of its half-acre land mass. According to J. J. Dana, Major and Quartermaster, U.S.A., Brevet Brigadier-General who submitted the Salisbury POW Honor Roll to his superiors for review and subsequent publication:
The burial of these soldiers in so inhumane a manner was done by one Sergeant Harris, under the orders of Major Gee, both of the rebel army. Out of some nine or ten thousand soldiers confined there, over five thousand fell victims to the cruelty of the rebels then in charge by starvation and disease.
These 5,000 Union soldiers—the equivalent of five Union regiments—were buried together, without coffins or identification, in 13 trenches in Salisbury’s primary cemetery.
As a result, although Bates and other sources placed Private Schlagle’s burial date as 13 or 18 January 1865, based on information from surviving POWs which may or may not have been reliable, Private Henry Schlagle’s exact, individual grave location and date of burial will never be confirmed. He was just 26 years old.
On 23 October 1864, Company I became another integrated company within the regiment with Order No. 70, which directed that John Bullard be transferred from the 47th Pennsylvania’s Company D to I Company. Bullard, who had mustered in as a Cook while the regiment was stationed in Louisiana, would continue to serve with I Company for the duration of the war and muster out with his regiment on Christmas Day in December 1865.
Following these major engagements, the 47th Pennsylvania was ordered to Camp Russell near Winchester, Virginia, where it remained from November through most of December. On 3 November 1864, Second Lieutenant Theodore Mink was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant.
Rested and somewhat healed, the 47th was then ordered to outpost and railroad guard duties at Camp Fairview in Charlestown, West Virginia five days before Christmas.
1865 – 1866
The New Year brought new responsibilities for several men from I Company, including Sergeant William Haltiman, who was advanced to the rank of first sergeant, and Sergeant Allen Lawall who was granted the rank of second lieutenant on New Year’s Day. Private Henry C. Snavely mustered out on 17 January 1865 upon expiration of his term of service.
Assigned first to the Provisional Division of the 2nd Brigade of the Army of the Shenandoah in February, the men of the 47th moved, via Winchester and Kernstown, back to Washington, D.C. On 20 March 1865, Private John Clemmens transferred to the regiment’s C Company.
On 3 April 1865, Private Philip W. Miller was transferred to the Veteran Reserve Corps (also known as the “invalid corps”). Eight days later, on 11 April 1865, Privates Samuel Dillingham and Frederick Zieg were then discharged on Surgeons’ Certificates of Disability.
Beginning 19 April, the 47th Pennsylvanians were again responsible for helping to defend the nation’s capital—this time following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Encamped near Fort Stevens, they received new uniforms and were otherwise resupplied. On 21 April 1865, Private Joseph Kramer was promoted to the rank of Corporal Kramer.
Letters home and later newspaper interviews with survivors of the 47th Pennsylvania indicate that at least one 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer was given the high honor of guarding President Lincoln’s funeral train while others may have guarded the Lincoln assassination conspirators during their trial or imprisonment.
As part of Dwight’s Division of the 2nd Brigade of the Department of Washington’s 22nd Corps, the 47th Pennsylvania also participated in the Union’s Grand Review of the Armies on 23-24 May. It was also during this phase of duty that Captain Levi Stuber, the commanding officer of I Company was promoted to the rank of Major with the regiment’s central command staff, and First Lieutenant Theodore Mink was advanced to the rank of Captain, I Company (22 May 1865).
Five days later, Sergeant William H. Meyers and First Sergeant William H. Haltiman, who had both been wounded in action during the Battle of Pleasant Hill, were advanced on 27 May to the ranks of first sergeant and second lieutenant, respectively, while Allen Lawall became First Lieutenant Lawall on 30 May.
An early thinning of the 47th Pennsylvania’s ranks began on 1 June 1865 when a General Order from the U.S. Office of the Adjutant General provided for the honorable discharge of several members of the regiment, including I Company’s Corporal Joseph Kramer, John J. Lawall, Jesse Moyer, Stephen Schechterly, Samuel Smith, Israel Troxell, D. Wannamaker, and Sylvester McCape.
On their final southern tour, Company I and their fellow 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers served in Savannah, Georgia from 31 May to 4 June. Again in Dwight’s Division, this time they were with the 3rd Brigade, Department of the South. On 2 June, Private Owen Kuder was promoted to the rank of Corporal, as were Privates Israel F. Hartzell and Stephen Hettinger.
Relieving the 165th New York Volunteers in July, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers quartered in the former mansion of the Confederate Secretary of the Treasury at Charleston, South Carolina. Private Thomas J. Kerr was promoted to the rank of Corporal on 2 July. Just over a week later, on 11 July 1865, Corporal Owen Kuder was promoted again, this time to the rank of Sergeant, as was Thomas N. Burke. Privates Charles H. Dankle, Alvin J. Hartzell, Joseph Hettinger, and Jefferson Kunkle were advanced, receiving promotions to the rank of Corporal.
As with their previous tours of duty in the Deep South, disease stalked the 47th as men who had survived the worst in battle were felled by fevers, tropical diseases and dysentery. Many of those who died during this phase of service were initially interred in Charleston’s Magnolia Cemetery before being exhumed and reinterred later at the Beaufort National Cemetery; others still rest in unidentified graves.
Second Lieutenant William Haltiman became one of those men claimed during this southern tour of duty. Having survived being wounded in action during the Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana on 9 April 1864, he suffered severe sunstroke while on duty and died on 23 July 1865 at Pineville, South Carolina. Samuel B. Sturdivant, M.D., the 47th Pennsylvania’s Regimental Surgeon, certified Haltiman’s death.
Two days later, on 25 July 1865, William H. Meyers, was commissioned but not mustered as a second lieutenant. Meyers had been a fellow survivor with Haltiman of the Red River Campaign carnage.
Then, on 7 September 1865, Corporal Allen Knauss, who had survived the wounds he sustained during the Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia, was discharged on a Surgeon’s Certificate of Disability. On 1 and 2 October, Privates William Baker and Charles G. Sasserman mustered out at Charleston upon expiration of their respective terms of service.
In mid-October, Private William Radeline died at Charleston while Private Leander Morrell mustered out on 22 October upon expiration of his term of service. Private Charles Smith was then discharged on a Surgeon’s Certificate of Disability on 14 November.
Finally, beginning on Christmas Day of that year, the majority of the men of Company I, 47th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers began to honorably muster out at Charleston, South Carolina—a process which continued through early January. Following a stormy voyage home, the 47th Pennsylvania disembarked in New York City. The weary men were then shipped to Philadelphia by train where, at Camp Cadwalader on 9 January 1866, the 47th Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers were officially given their discharge papers. One of the regimental officers who led them through this last phase of duty was Major Levi Stuber, the former first lieutenant of I Company, who was beloved and admired by his fellow Volunteers for having served his full tour and more.
Many of the 47th Pennsylvanians went on to live long full lives. Some were, unfortunately, so shattered by their wartime experiences that they developed “Soldier’s Heart.” Known today as post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD sufferers were often labeled by their communities, courts and local medical institutions as “insane” or spent time in and out of the federal government’s system of national soldiers’ homes until their passing. Solomon Gross was one such man. Wounded in the thigh while serving in battle with the 47th Pennsylvania and a former resident of Williamsport, he was documented on the 1890 U.S. Veterans’ Schedule as confined to the U.S. Hospital for the Insane at Montour in Danville, Pennsylvania.
A number of other members of the regiment, including Tilghman H. Good and John Peter Shindel Gobin, contributed greatly to their communities, becoming leaders in business or government. Most, though, faded quietly into the background, content to take up farming, carpentry or other trades to support their new and growing families.
Sources:
1. Bates, Samuel P. History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, vol. 1. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: B. Singerly, State Printer, 1869.
2. Burial Ledgers, in Record Group 15, The National Cemetery Administration, and Record Group 92, U.S. Departments of Defense and Army (Quartermaster General). Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1861-1865.
3. Civil War Muster Rolls, in Records of the Department of Military and Veterans’ Affairs (Record Group 19, Series 19.11). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
4. Civil War Veterans’ Card File, 1861-1865. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State Archives.
5. Claims for Widow and Minor Pensions, in U.S. Civil War Widows’ Pension Files. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
6. “Florida’s Role in the Civil War,” in Florida Memory. Tallahassee, Florida: State Archives of Florida.
7. Historic Pennsylvania Church and Town Records (baptismal, marriage, death and burial records of various churches across Pennsylvania). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
8. Interment Control Forms, in Record Group 92, U.S. Office of the Quartermaster General. College Park, Maryland: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
9. Pennsylvania Veterans’ Burial Index Cards. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs.
9. Registers of Deaths of Volunteers, in Records of the U.S. Adjutant General’s Office. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 1861-1865.
10. Roll of Honor (No. XIV): Names of Soldiers Who, in Defence [sic] of the American Union, Suffered Martyrdom in the Prison Pens throughout the South, in Quartermaster General’s Office, General Orders No. 7, February 20 1868. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1868.
11. Schmidt, Lewis. A Civil War History of the 47th Regiment of Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers. Allentown, Pennsylvania: Self-published, 1986.
12. Stegall, Joel T. “Salisbury Prison: North Carolina’s Andersonville.” Fayetteville, North Carolina: North Carolina Civil War & Reconstruction History Center, 13 September 2018.
13. “Tamiami Trail Modifications: Next Steps,” in Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Washington, D.C. and Everglades National Park, Florida: U.S. National Park Service, 2010.
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https://va.ng.mil/Army-Guard/29th-ID/
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29th Infantry Division
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Known as the Blue and Gray Division, the 29th Infantry Division is an Army National Guard operational-level headquarters located at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Its origins date back to World War I and is most known for its participation in the D-Day landings at Omaha Beach in World War II. The 29th ID wartime mission is to provide mission command to subordinate brigades and forces tailored for an assigned mission. It is one of eight divisions in the Army National Guard.
The Virginia Army National Guard's 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Battalion, 224th Aviation Regiment and the 29th Infantry Division Band are aligned under the 29th.
The 29th Infantry Division exercises training and readiness oversight over the 53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team from Florida and Alabama, the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team from Kentucky and Virginia, the 30th Armored Brigade Combat Team from North Carolina and West Virginia, the 29th Combat Aviation Brigade from Maryland and Virginia, the 226th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade from Alabama, the 113th Sustainment Brigade from North Carolina and the 142nd Fires Brigade from Arkansas.
The Fort Belvoir-based 29th Infantry Division Headquarters returned to the United States in March 2022 after a 9-month deployment to the U.S. Central Command area of responsibility as the headquarters of Task Force Spartan, which exercises command and control of Operation Spartan Shield. Task Force Spartan is a unique, multi-component, total Army organization, made up of active Army, National Guard, and Army Reserve support units and is led by a National Guard division headquarters on a rotational basis.
In its role as Task Force Spartan, the 29th ID commanded two brigades and four battalion-level task forces. Units supporting Operation Spartan Shield provide capabilities such as aviation, logistics, force protection and information management. They also facilitated theater security cooperation activities such as key leader engagements, joint exercises, conferences, symposia, and humanitarian assistance and disaster response planning. Read more about the 29th’s mobilization at https://go.usa.gov/xzw3F.
Visit the 29th Infantry Division on Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/29thID/
2nd Battalion, 224th Aviation Regiment
The Virginia National Guard's Sandston-based 2nd Battalion, 224th Aviation Regiment, 29th Infantry Division, mobilized as Task Force Pegasus, officially ended its mission in Kosovo during a transfer of authority ceremony Oct. 11, 2022, at Camp Bondsteel, Kosovo.
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https://firsttroop.com/history/
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First Troop
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2021-07-12T18:34:25+00:00
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History History of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry Philadelphia (1774 – 1775) The First Continental Congress met in September 1774, in the Hall of Carpenters’ Company, Philadelphia. A Committee of Correspondence was elected by the citizens of Philadelphia to determine the most effective means of resisting the British and to carry out the nonimportation …
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First Troop
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https://firsttroop.com/history/
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The First Continental Congress met in September 1774, in the Hall of Carpenters’ Company, Philadelphia. A Committee of Correspondence was elected by the citizens of Philadelphia to determine the most effective means of resisting the British and to carry out the nonimportation resolutions of the Congress. The Committee first met on the afternoon of Thursday, November 17, 1774, in the Pennsylvania State House. That evening three of the members, together with twenty-five other gentlemen, gathered according to tradition in Carpenters’ Hall and associated as the Light Horse of the City of Philadelphia, a name that was later changed to First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry.
This purely volunteer cavalry troop was the first organized in defense of the colonies. Today the Troop is certainly the oldest mounted military unit and quite possibly the oldest military unit of any kind that has been in continuous service to the Republic. The times that called it into being, and the character of the original members who fought through the seven years of the American Revolution, together forged concepts of service and a body of tradition that have given it a continuity of purpose for 230 years.
The gentlemen of the Philadelphia Light Horse were professional men, shipowners, importers, or traders, generally of conspicuous prominence in the affairs of the day. The membership was not to confine itself to public or civil life, for many were to hold commissions in the Continental service and in the Army and Navy of the State. The Rolls of the Troop ever since have been enriched by outstanding individual records in all branches of military life.
A number of social organizations played an important part in forming the new cavalry unit. The oldest of these was the Schuylkill Fishing Company, a club that numbered many Troopers among its officers. Other organizations from which the Light Horse drew its members were the Schuylkill Company of Fort St. Davids, the St. Andrew’s Society of Philadelphia, the Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, and the Society of the Sons of St. George. The Gloucester Fox Hunting Club had especial influence. The “round black hat bound with silver cord and buck’s tail” and the dark brown short coat faced and lined with white worn by the Trooper of the Revolution were similar to the hunting coat and cap in which its club members rode to hounds. Captain Samuel Morris was Gloucester’s first president and Captain Robert Wharton its last, and twenty-five Troopers were among its members during the War.
The associates who met on the evening of November 17, 1774, voted to equip and support themselves at their own expense and to offer their services to the Continental Congress. The company prepared for active duty by holding drills at five in the morning and five in the afternoon several times a week.
Abraham Markoe, a Danish subject, was chosen to be the first Captain because of his energy in organizing the Troop and his previous Danish military experience. Though prevented from open participation in the War as a result of the Neutrality Edict issued by then King Christian II of Denmark, Captain Markoe took an active part in the defeat of the enemy by all other available means.
At the time there was no common flag in use by any of the colonies. Not long after the news of the Battle of Lexington reached Philadelphia, Captain Markoe presented the Troop with the Standard that was to be carried in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, and Germantown, and on all parades until about 1830, when it was retired for safekeeping.
When George Washington was appointed Commander in Chief of the Continental Army in June of 1775, the Troop assumed varied duties. Close personal contact with the General developed as he was escorted to distant points in the Colonies. The command was frequently called upon to provide detachments to accompany prisoners and spies, to bear dispatches for the Committee of Safety, and to march with money for delivery to the Army.
The drift of political affairs in 1861 made it evident that the Troop might be called into active service. When the call for volunteers was made by the federal government on April 15th 1861, the Troop at once tendered its services. As a unit, First City Troop was the only volunteer cavalry organization accepted under President Lincoln’s first ninety-day call up of state militia units. Ultimately, First City Troop played an integral part in the Civil War, both as a Pennsylvania militia unit and by the actions of individual First City Troopers serving with other units. The impact of their involvement was deep and far-reaching.
In accordance with time-honored custom, Divine Service was attended at St. Peter’s Church on the Sunday preceding departure for active duty and on May 13th, 1861, the Troop was mustered into service for ninety days. Each man was equipped at his own expense with the uniform of the United States Dragoons. The War Department agreed to supply arms, horse furniture and camp equipage, but horses and many other necessities were unavailable from Washington. To meet these needs, $4,050 was contributed by members and friends of the unit.
The unit left on May 30th to join the 2nd U.S. Cavalry at Carlisle. and by June 7th it had reached Williamsport on the Potomac. The Troop led the main body across the river to Falling Water, VA. On reconnaisance the following day, the Troop encountered a small body of mounted Confederates who retreated without offering resistance. After a day of uneventful maneuvering, the Troop was again near Falling Water, when skirmishers on the front and right flank became engaged with the enemy. The forces of the Confederacy on that field were infantry commanded by Colonel “Stonewall” Jackson and cavalry commanded by Colonel J.E.B. Stuart. On the Union side the First Wisconsin, Eleventh Pennsylvania Rangers, McMullin’s Rangers, Perkins’ Battery and the First City Troop were brought to bear.
As the battle was joined, the Troop was hurried to the top of a hill in support of one section of Perkins’ Battery. There a brisk fire was opened upon the enemy. Although the encounter was brief and losses not heavy on either side, it was the first engagement of the Civil War in which troops had been used in any numbers in a systematic manner. Colonel J.J. Abercrombie, the brigade commander, wrote: “Captain Hudson’s second Light Battery and the City Troop under Captain (Thomas C.) James aided materially in driving the enemy from the field.”
Following this first battle, the Troop saw duty at Bunker Hill, Charlestown, Harper’s Ferry, Key’s Ferry and Sandy Hook, Maryland, as well as keeping pickets on the south side of the Potomac. Upon the expiration of its three month’s service the organization was ordered home. It was complimented in orders by its Commanding General and Colonel George H. Thomas, who commanded the Brigade, as well as by General Robert Patterson. In retrospect, as a “school for cavalry officers,” the Battle of Falling Water was invaluable. As the war increased in scope and ferocity, many additional cavalry units would be formed for federal service. Ultimately, forty-nine members of the Active Roll of April 15, 1861, as well as eight members of the Honorary and Non-Active Rolls, would serve as officers in these new federal units.
After federal service was complete, the Troop returned to Philadelphia and mustered out on August 17th, 1861. Many members of the Troop subsequently volunteered to join the Union Army. Concurrently, the Troop recruited new members to fill the vacancies of those marching off to battle in federal ranks. The Troop – as a unit – would continue its traditions and its service to the Commonwealth throughout the war.
In early May of 1862 the Troop offered its services to protect the City of Washington which again appeared to be in peril. Before the Troop’s offer could be accepted, however, the Confederate forces fell back. The subsequent disasterous campaign of the Virginia Peninsula caused alarm in the North and the Troop met daily to recruit and to train new members. In September, when the Confederate Army had crossed the Potomac and encamped at Frederick, the Troop planned to organize a cavalry regiment which would by officered by its current members. A large storeroom was rented as a recruiting station, and five hundred men were promptly enlisted. The project had to be abandoned however, because at this stage in the war, horses and other requisite equipment were unavailable from the state and difficult to procure in such numbers on the civilian economy.
On April 4th, 1863, The Governor of Pennsylvania signed the Act of Incorporation of the First Troop Philadelphia Cavalry, which had previously been approved by the State Legislature.
On June 15th, 1863, following the advance of the Confederate Army into the Cumberland Valley, President Lincoln called out 50,000 militia. At this stage, most members of First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry were serving with other federal units or had already become casualties of the war. The thirty one remaining members organized under Cornet Samuel J. Randall, furnished themselves with horses and equipment, and rode for Harrisburg, arriving there on June 19th. They were immediately accepted into service without swearing in and ordered to Gettysburg. At 4:00 AM on the 21st of June, the Troop was the first military unit to arrive on the scene of what was about to become the pivotal battle of the Cival War. The residents of Gettysburg, relieved to see Union soldiers, were extremely generous to the Troop, then and throughout the campaign. Given the paucity of the Troop’s commissary supplies, this generousity was greatly appreciated and long remembered.
At Gerrysburg, Cornet Randall reported to Major Granville O. Haller. In that no one was certain where General Lee and his vast force might be, Cornet Randall was immediately ordered to take a detail of ten men to reconnoiter the Chambersburg Turnpike toward Cashtown. There they captured two Confederate soldiers who were sent to the rear under the escort of three Troopers. The reconnaissance established the presence of Jenkins’ Brigade of Stuart’s Cavalry Corps, operating between Williamsport and Chambersburg, which was military intelligence of significant import at this preliminary stage of the battle.
The same afternoon, in response to rumors of a force approaching Fairfield, the remainder of the Troop was ordered out to reconnoiter, accompanied by Major Haller and Captain Bell with an additional squad of cavalry which had arrived. Just east of Fairfield they observed about one hundred and sixty Confederate mounted infantry scouting the countryside for forage and remounts. The main Confederate body was stationed on the outsikirts of the town while detachments were sent out in various directions. Major Haller left Captain Bell and his cavalry squad in place and cautiously led the First City Troopers to within a half mile of the town. From that point he ordered a charge that swept through the town, driving the enemy back to a nearby mountain pass.
For the next few days the Troop was employed on patrols covering roads leading in the direction of the enemy. Split into three detachments on June 25th, the Troop continued to live in the saddle, observing and reporting on the enemy’s movements. Shots were frequently exchanged on these missions as Troopers swung close to ememy formations or galloped in even closer in quest of prisoners needed for intelligence purposes.
In one instance, operating together on a mission to York, the entire Troop was nearly enveloped, narrowly escaping capture by riding long and hard. The Troop reached York so covered with mud and grime as to be unrecognizable as either Union or Confederate. From York the Troop moved to Wrightsville and from there across the Susquehanna to Columbia, where it spent the night. The next day it recrossed to observe the enemy advancing in force under General John B. Gordon. A formation of recently raised militia infantry, operating in that area, was engaged by Gordon’s force. Many of the Union militia were quickly enveloped and captured by the battle-hardened Confederate regulars. The Troop’s efforts were essential in preserving order among the many others who were near panic, particularly as the last of these companies approached the bridge over the Susquehanna with Gordon’s infantry hot on their heels. The military authorities on the scene determined to destroy the bridge which, with it’s twenty-one spans across the Susquehanna, was more than a mile long. Four Troopers detailed under the supervision of Major Knox of the 9th New York CIty Cavalry set to work setting fire to the bridge at sundown of June 28th. This heroic task took place under the guns of the Confederate soldiers. When the Confederates drove the Troopers from the bridge and attempted to extinguish the fires it was too late. The bridge was fully engulfed by the flames and, by midnight, the destruction was complete. General Gordon, writing years later, stated that the destruction of that single bridge at that moment in the battle eliminated any possibility of a march on Philadelphia.
A scouting party of twenty-one men crossed the Susquehanna on July 2nd in flat boats and proceeded toward York. Betrayed by an informer, the unit was forced to break off its march and take up defensive positions in a cemetary near Heidelburg. The men slept with sentries posted at the extremeties of a short crossroads, their horses tethered nearby, saddled and ready. In the early evening a thunder of hooves was heard on the main road from Harrisburg to Gettysburg and on a parallel road that branches off from York Springs and runs to Hunterstown. About 6,000 of J.E.B. Stuart’s cavalry were observed traversing these roads far into the night. During their passage they completely surrounded the cemetary but never discovered the squad. Sergeant Robert E. Randall hovered with this small command on the outskirts of the ensuing battle at Rommel’s Farm, taking a number of stragglers and sixty horses.
The detachement rejoined the Troop on July 6th near Harrisburg. On July 15th the entire Troop was ordered to Philadelphia, where a riot was threatened, opposing the draft newly ordered by President Lincoln. The Troop was discharged on July 31, after remaining on duty during the draft.
Although the Troop did not participate directly in any of the grinding and colossal battles which changed the course of the Civil War, history duly notes that the efforts of the First City Troop and Bell’s Cavalry alerted the Union forces to the presence and intentions of the Confederate formations, providing Union General Meade the insight he needed to correctly move and position his forces in the critical hours leading up to the historic engagement. In addition, historians agree that the various cavalry skirmishes which involved the Troop in the eastern gorges delayed the Confederate movement in force across South Mountain. In fact, so well did these “irregular” forces meet the enemy advance, Confederate leaders believed they were already confronting the battle tested forward security elements of the Army of the Potomac. This gave Federal troops much needed time to move into the Gettysburg area. The difference of a single day could have changed the outcome of the campaign in the Confederate’s favor.
First City Troop received the prestigious honor of escorting President Lincoln in June of 1864 on his visit to Philadelphia, but less than one year later an assassin’s bullet compelled the grief-stricken Troopers to don their uniforms for their President again, this time as escort and honor guard for the funeral procession of the slain Commander-in-Chief.
Many First City Troopers performed admirably throughout the war in Federal service, providing outstanding examples of sacrifice and duty. Captain James, commander of First City Troop during the first ninety-day call-up, later commanded the 9th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment and was considered to be among the best of the Union cavalry commanders. Lieutenant Price, another First City Troop officer, recruited the 2nd Pennsylvania Cavalry and became their Lieutenant Colonel, and much of the officer corps of the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry (Lancers) was comprised of First City Troopers.
The men of First City Troop acquitted themselves with honor, skill and courage throughout the Civil War and provided the country a shining example of the role of the citizen-soldier during one of the darkest periods in United States history.
At the October meeting of the Troop in 1865, Generals Grant, Meade, Sheridan, Thomas, Torbert and Crawford, as well as Admirals Farragut and Porter were elected to the Honorary Roll of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry. Generals Meade and Torbert were present as guests of the Troop at the Anniversary Dinner on November 17th, along with Generals Patterson and Cadwalader.
In 1867, the Militia Act of 1864 was amended and this secured for the Troop its “original vested rights, priveleges and immunities.” During these years the unit was reorganized with the strong backing of Generals Patterson, Meade and Cadwalader and the many members who had served as officers under other guidons during the War Between the States returned to the ranks of the Troop.
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https://ece.engin.umich.edu/stories/first-light-soon-at-the-most-powerful-laser-in-the-us
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en
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First light soon at the most powerful laser in the US
|
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The ZEUS laser at the University of Michigan has begun its commissioning experiments
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en
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Electrical and Computer Engineering
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https://ece.engin.umich.edu/stories/first-light-soon-at-the-most-powerful-laser-in-the-us
|
The ZEUS laser at the University of Michigan has begun its commissioning experiments
The laser that will be the most powerful in the United States is preparing to send its first pulses into an experimental target at the University of Michigan.
Funded by the National Science Foundation, it will be a destination for researchers studying extreme plasmas around the U.S. and internationally.
Called ZEUS, the Zetawatt-Equivalent Ultrashort pulse laser System, it will explore the physics of the quantum universe as well as outer space, and it is expected to contribute to new technologies in medicine, electronics and national security.
“ZEUS will be the highest peak power laser in the U.S. and among the most powerful laser systems in the world. We’re looking forward to growing the research community and bringing in people with new ideas for experiments and applications,” said Karl Krushelnick, director of the Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, which houses ZEUS, and the Henry J. Gomberg Collegiate Professor of Engineering.
The first target area to get up and running is the high-repetition target area, which runs experiments with more frequent but lower power laser pulses. Michigan alum Franklin Dollar, an associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California Irvine, is the first user, and his team is exploring a new kind of X-ray imaging.
They will use ZEUS to send infrared laser pulses into a gas target of helium, turning it into plasma. That plasma accelerates electrons to high energies, and those electron beams then wiggle to produce very compact X-ray pulses.
Dollar’s team investigates how to make and use these new kinds of X-ray sources. Because soft tissues absorb X-rays at very similar rates, basic medical X-ray machines have to deliver high doses of radiation before they can distinguish between a tumor and healthy tissue, he said.
But during his doctoral studies under Krushelnick, Dollar used ZEUS’s predecessor to image a damselfly, showing the promise of laser-like X-ray pulses. Different soft tissues within the damselfly’s carapace delayed X-rays to different degrees, creating interference patterns in the X-ray waves. Those patterns revealed the soft structures with very short X-ray pulses—a few millionths of a billionth of a second—and hence small X-ray doses.
“We could see every little organ as well as the tiny micro hairs on its leg,” Dollar said. “It’s very exciting to think of how we could use these laser-like X-rays to do low-dose imaging, taking advantage of the fact that they’re laser-like rather than having to rely on the absorption imaging of the past.”
In this first run, the ZEUS team is starting at a power of 30 terawatts (30 trillion watts), about 3% of the current most powerful lasers in the U.S. and 1% of ZEUS’s eventual maximum power.
“During the experiment here, we’ll put the first light through to the target chamber and develop towards that 300 terawatt level,” said John Nees, a research scientist in electrical and computer engineering.
Nees leads the building of the laser alongside Anatoly Maksimchuk, a research scientist in electrical and computer engineering, who leads the development of the experimental areas.
Dollar’s team plans to return late in the fall for another run, aiming for the full power intended for the high repetition target area, 500 terawatts. The maximum power of 3 petawatts, or quadrillion watts, will go to different target areas to be completed later. The first test using the target area for ZEUS’s signature experiment is anticipated in 2023.
That experiment will use the laser to generate a beam of high-speed electrons and then run the electrons directly into the laser pulses. For the electrons, that simulates a zetawatt laser pulse—a million times more powerful than ZEUS’s 3 petawatts. In addition to probing the foundations of our understanding of the quantum universe, ZEUS will enable researchers to study what’s going on inside some of the most extreme objects in space.
“Magnetars, which are neutron stars with extremely strong magnetic fields around them, and objects like active galactic nuclei surrounded by very hot plasma—we can recreate the microphysics of hot plasma in extremely strong fields in the laboratory,” said Louise Willingale, associate director of ZEUS and an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering.
ZEUS offers not only scientific and technological opportunities, but with the discipline-wide effort to grow the laser physics workforce, it creates career opportunities as well. Dollar brought his whole team to get the hands-on experience of a commissioning experiment at a world-class laser.
“At Michigan Engineering, we’re fortunate to have some of the strongest academic and research capabilities in the world, and we’re leveraging that strength to improve the lives of real people. ZEUS exemplifies our commitment to fundamental science—using engineering to understand matter at its most basic levels and then using that knowledge to build solutions to real-world problems,” said Alec D. Gallimore, the Robert J. Vlasic Dean of Engineering.
The first experiment milestone feels especially hard-earned because of the way the pandemic disrupted construction early on, when the team was still reconfiguring the building to accommodate a much larger laser. Project manager Franko Bayer reconsidered the schedules, identifying work that could be done in parallel rather than in sequence, to keep as close as possible to the initial timelines.
“Our team at ZEUS is very excited that our hard work paid off, and despite all the post-pandemic equipment delivery delays, we are on schedule to our original timeline. This experiment is the beginning to gradually ramp up the power until full commissioning in the fall of 2023,” Bayer said.
Krushelnick is also a professor of nuclear engineering and radiological sciences and electrical and computer engineering. Gallimore is also the Richard F. and Eleanor A. Towner Professor of Engineering, an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor and a professor of aerospace engineering.
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https://news.mit.edu/2012/ll-celebrates-sst
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en
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Lincoln Laboratory helps celebrate the official unveiling of the Space Surveillance Telescope
|
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2012-01-20T19:29:42+00:00
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The laboratory developed enabling technologies for the telescope
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en
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/themes/mit/assets/img/favicon/favicon.ico
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MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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https://news.mit.edu/2012/ll-celebrates-sst
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On Oct. 12, 2011, the completion of construction of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s Space Surveillance Telescope (SST) was celebrated with a ribbon-cutting ceremony at the SST’s location on the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. MIT Lincoln Laboratory has been responsible for the development of critical technologies for the SST as well as integration of the entire SST system.
Prior to the ribbon-cutting ceremony, on Feb. 15, 2011, the SST achieved first light — the first successful image capture by a telescope — and to the gratification of the researchers involved in the nine-year development, acquisition of an astronomical image was accomplished on the first try — a feat almost unheard of for optical systems of the SST’s scale.
The SST, developed under sponsorship of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), is a ground-based electro-optical space surveillance system whose innovative design allows rapid, wide-area scanning of the sky and provides enhanced sensitivity for detecting faint objects in deep space. The unique curved charge-coupled device technology integrated into a very large pixel count camera and the high-speed shutter, both developed at Lincoln Laboratory, enable the SST’s exceptional capabilities. “SST is the first comprehensive technology push for the nation in deep-space optical tracking since GEODSS [the Ground-based Electro-optical Deep Space Surveillance system at White Sands] in the 1980s—this will be a game changer,” says Dr. Eric Pearce, associate leader of the Space Control Systems Group and manager responsible for the Laboratory’s SST program.
The SST can be used to expand the catalog of objects in the geosynchronous region and other high-interest areas of space, via wide-area search operations; providing scientists with a more complete picture of potential hazards to satellites. In addition, the SST may be used to accomplish astronomical surveys of stars, comets, and minor planets.
Following the DARPA demonstration period, the SST will be transferred for operational evaluation and for use as a contributing sensor to the Space Surveillance Network.
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dbpedia
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https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battle-units-detail.htm%3FbattleUnitCode%3DUNY0001RAL
|
en
|
The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)
|
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https://www.nps.gov/subjects/civilwar/search-battle-units-detail.htm
|
UNION NEW YORK VOLUNTEERS
1st Regiment, New York Light Artillery
Overview:
BATTERY "A," 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY. Organized at Utica, N. Y., and mustered in September 12, 1861. Left State for Washington, D. C., October 31, 1861, and duty at Camp Barry till March, 1862. Attached to 3rd Division, 4th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June, 1862. Moved to the Peninsula, Va., March, 1862. Siege of Yorktown, Va., April 5-May 4. Battle of Williamsburg May 5. Bottom's and Turkey Island Bridge May 23. Chickahominy May 24. Bottom's Bridge May 30. Battle of Seven Pines or Fair Oaks May 31-June 1. Guns captured May 31. Men transferred to Batteries "D" and "H" 1st New York Light Artillery and 7th and 8th Independent Batteries New York Light Artillery June 15, 1862. BATTERY reorganized at Utica, N. Y. Duty at Camp Barry, Washington, D. C., January to June, 1863. Wnipple's Brigade, Sigel's Division, Dept. of the Susquehanna, to January, 1864. Actions at Chambersburg, Pa., July 4 and 30, 1863. Lehigh District, Dept. of the Susquehanna, to May, 1864. Harrisburg, Pa., Dept. of the Susquehanna, to August, 1864. District of the Monongahela, Dept. of the Susquehanna, to October, 1864. Chambersburg, Pa., Dept. of the Susquehanna to November, 1864. District of Philadelphia, Dept. of Pennsylvania, to June, 1865. Duty at Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Chambersburg and Allegheny City, Pa., June, 1863, to June, 1865. Mercersburg, Pa., July 29, 1864 (Section). Mustered out June 28, 1865.
Battery lost during service 4 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 9 Enlisted men by disease. Total 13.
BATTERY "B" 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY.
("EMPIRE BATTERY.")
Organized at Elmira, N. Y., and mustered in August 30, 1861. Left State for Washington, D. C., October 31, 1861, and duty in the Defences of that city till March, 1862. Attached to Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, November, 1861, to March, 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, 2nd Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May, 1862. Artillery Brigade, 2nd Army Corps, to May, 1863. 1st Volunteer Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to July, 1863. Artillery Brigade, 2nd Army Corps, to July, 1863. 2nd Volunteer Brigade, Artillery Brigade, Army of the Potomac, to December, 1863. Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to January, 1864. 1st Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to March, 1864. 2nd Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to May 16, 1864. Artillery Brigade, 5th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June, 1865.
Service:
Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10-15, 1862. Moved to the Peninsula, Va., March. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Seven Pines (or Fair Oaks) May 31-June 1. Oak Grove, near Fair Oaks, June 25. Seven days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Battles of Gaines Mills June 27, Peach Orchard and Savage Station June 29, White Oak Swamp Bridge and Glendale June 30, Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing till August 16. Movement to Alexandria, thence to Centreville August 16-80. Near Centreville September 1. Germantown Road September 2. Battle of Antietam, Md., September 16-17. Duty at Harper's Ferry September 22 to October 29. Reconnoissance to Charlestown October 16-17. Advance up Loudoun Valley and movement to Falmouth, Va., October 29-November 17. Snicker's Gap November 2. Falmouth November 17. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12-15. Duty at Falmouth till April 27, 1863. "Mud March" January 20-24, 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5. Battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3. Bristoe Campaign October 9-22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7-8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May 3-June 15, 1864. Battles of the Wilderness May 5-7; Laurel Hill May 8; Spottsylvania May 8-12; Spottsylvania Court House May 12-21; Jericho Mills May 23. On line of the Pamunkey May 26-28. Totopotomoy May 28-31. Cold Harbor June 1-12. Bethesda Church June 1-3. Before Petersburg June 16-18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30, 1864 (Reserve). Weldon Railroad August 18-21. Poplar Grove Church, Peeble's Farm, September 29-October 2. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27-28. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9, 1865. White Oak Road March 31. Five Forks April 1. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3-9. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Moved to Washington, D. C., May. Grand Review May 23. Mustered out June 18, 1865.
Battery lost during service 16 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 10 Enlisted men by disease. Total 26.
BATTERY "C," 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY. Organized at Elmira, N. Y., and mustered in September 6, 1861. Left State for Washington, D. C., October 31, 1861. Attached to Wadsworth's Command, Military District of Washington, November, 1861, to September, 1862. 3rd Division, 5th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May, 1863. Artillery Brigade, 5th Army Corps, to April, 1864. 3rd Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to May 16, 1864. Artillery Brigade, 5th Army Corps, to March, 1865. Artillery Reserve, attached to 9th Army Corps, to June, 1865.
Service:
Duty in the Defences of Washington, D. C., to August, 1862. Action at Manassas Junction August 26. Bull Run Bridge August 27. March to Antietam, Md., September 14-18. Duty near Sharpsburg till October 30. March to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12-15. "Mud March" January 20-24, 1863. Duty near Falmouth till April 27. Rappahannock Station March 6. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5. Battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3. Bristoe Campaign October 9-22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7-8. Rappahannock Station November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Robertson's Tavern November 27. Mine Run November 28-30. Camp near Rappahannock Station till April, 1864. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May 3-June 15. Battles of the Wilderness May 5-7. Laurel Hill May 8. Spottsylvania May 8-12. Spottsylvania Court House May 12-21. North Anna River May 23-26. Jericho Mills May 23. On line of the Pamunkey May 26-28. Totopotomy May 28-31. Cold Harbor June 1-12. Bethesda Church June 1-3. Before Petersburg June 16-18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Weldon Railroad August 18-21, 1864. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Assault and capture of Petersburg April 2. Moved to Washington, D. C., May. Grand Review May 23. Mustered out June 17, 1865.
Battery lost during service 4 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 18 Enlisted men by disease. Total 22.
BATTERY "D," 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY.
Organized at Elmira, N. Y., and mustered in September 6, 1861. Left State for Washington, D. C., October 31, 1861. Attached to Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to March, 1862. Hooker's 2nd Division, 3rd Army Corps. Army of the Potomac, to July, 1862. Artillery Brigade, 3rd Army Corps, to December, 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, 9th Army Corps, to February, 1863. Artillery, 2nd Divlsion, 3rd Army Corps, to May, 1863. Artillery Brigade, 3rd Army Corps, to March, 1864. Artillery Brigade, 5th Army Corps, to June, 1865.
Service:
Duty at Camp Barry, Defences of Washington, D. C., to March, 1862. Ordered to the Peninsula, Va., March, 1862. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Williamsburg May 5. Bottom's Bridge May 24. Battle of Seven Pines (or Fair Oaks) May 31-June 1. Seven days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Oak Grove June 25. Savage Station and Peach Orchard June 29. Turkey Bridge (or Malvern Cliff) June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. Duty at Harrison's Landing till August 16, and in the Defences of Washington, D. C., near Fairfax Seminary, Munson's Hill and at Fairfax Station till November 25. Rappahannock Campaign December, 1862, to June, 1863. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12-15. "Mud March" January 20-24, 1863. At Falmouth till April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5. Gettysburg (Pa.) Campaign June 13 to August 1. Battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3. Wapping Heights July 23. Bristoe Campaign October 9-22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7-8. Kelly's Ford November 7. Brandy Station November 8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Grove November 27. Mine Run November 28-30. Duty near Brandy Station till May, 1864. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May 3-June 15. Battles of the Wilderness May 5-7. Laurel Hill May 8. Spottsylvania May 8-12. Spottsylvania Court House May 12-21. "Bloody Angle" (Assault on the Salient) May 12. North Anna River May 23-26. Jericho Ford May 23. On line of the Pamunkey May 26-28. Totopotomoy May 28-31. Cold Harbor June 1-12. Bethesda Church June 1-3. Before Petersburg June 16-18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Weldon Railroad June 21-23, 1864. Six Mile House, Weldon Railroad, August 18-21. Varuna Road September 29. Poplar Grove Church September 30-October 1. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5-7, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Boydton White Oak Roads March 29-31. Five Forks April 1. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3-9. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Moved to Washington, D. C., May. Grand Review May 23. Mustered out June 16, 1865.
Battery lost during service 1 Officer and 12 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 14 Enlisted men by disease. Total 27.
BATTERY "E," 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY. Organized at Elmira, N. Y., and mustered in September 13, 1861. Left State for Washington, D. C., October 31, 1861. Attached to Defences of Washington and W. F. Smith's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March, 1862. Artillery, Smith's 2nd Division, 4th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May, 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, 6th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June, 1863. (Attached to 1st New York Independent Battery Light Artillery, August, 1862, to June 20, 1863.) Artillery Brigade. 1st Army Corps, June, 1863, to March, 1864. (Attached to Battery "L," 1st New York Light Artillery, June 20 to October, 1863.) Artillery Brigade, 5th Army Corps, to June, 1864. Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to April, 1865. Artillery Brigade, 5th Army Corps, to June, 1865.
Service:
Duty at Camp Barry, Defences of Washington, D. C., November, 1861, to March, 1862. Moved to the Peninsula March 22. Action at Lee's Mills April 5. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Lee's Mills April 16. Battle of Williamsburg May 5. Mechanicsville May 23-24. Seven days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Battle of Mechanicsville June 26. Garnett's and Golding's Farm June 27-28. Savage Station June 29. White Oak Swamp Bridge June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. Duty at Harrison's Landing till August 16. Movement to Fortress Monroe, thence to Centreville August 16-27. In works at Centreville August 28-31. Assist in checking Pope's rout at Bull Run August 30, and cover retreat to Fairfax Court House September 1. Maryland Campaign September 6-22. South Mountain September 14. Lee's Mills September 16. Antietam September 17. Duty at Hagerstown, Md., till October 29. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 29-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12-15. "Mud March" January 20-24, 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Operations at Franklin's Crossing April 29-May 2. Maryes Heights, Fredericksburg, May 3. Salem Heights May 3-4. Battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 2-4. On line of the Rappahannock and Rapidan till October. Bristoe Campaign October 9-22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7-8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6-7, 1864. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James River May 3-June 15. Battles of the Wilderness May 5-7; Laurel Hill May 8; Spottsylvania May 8-12; Spottsylvania Court House May 12-21. Assault on the Salient, "Bloody Angle," May 12. North Anna River May 23-26. Jericho Ford May 23. On line of the Pamunkey May 26-28. Totopotomoy May 28-31. Cold Harbor June 1-12. Bethesda Church June 1-3. Before Petersburg June 16-18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. In the trenches as a Mortar Battery June, 1864, to January, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Assault and capture of Petersburg April 2. Moved to Washington, D. C., May. Grand Review May 23. Mustered out June 6, 1865.
Battery lost during service 1 Officer and 4 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 1 Officer and 12 Enlisted men by disease. Total 18.
BATTERY "F" 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY. Organized at Elmira, N. Y., and mustered in September 14, 1861. Left State for Washington, D. C., October 31, 1861. Attached to Franklin's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March, 1862. Franklin's 1st Division, 1st Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April, 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, Dept. of the Rappanannock, to May, 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, 6th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June, 1862. Artillery Reserve, Yorktown, Va., 4th Army Corps, Dept. of Virginia, to July, 1863. Camp Barry, Washington, D. C., 22nd Army Corps, to May, 1864. 2nd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, to July, 1864. 3rd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, to December, 1864. 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, to June, 1865.
Service:
Duty at Camp Barry, Washington, D. C., November, 1861, to March, 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10-15, 1862. McDowell's advance on Fredericksburg, Va., April 4-12. Ordered to the Peninsula April 22. Siege of Yorktown April 24-May 4 (on transports). West Point May 7-8. Near Slatersville May 9. Mechanicsville May 24. Operations about White House Landing May 26-July 2. Duty at White House till July. Garrison duty at Yorktown, Va., till July, 1863, and in the Defences of Washington, D. C., till June, 1865. Mustered out June 17, 1865.
Battery lost during service 14 Enlisted men by disease.
Soldiers:
View Battle Unit's Soldiers »
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7368
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dbpedia
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0
| 16
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https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/battle-of-gettysburg-no-picnic-at-culps-hill/
|
en
|
Battle of Gettysburg: No Picnic at Culp’s Hill
|
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2018-12-18T15:28:57+00:00
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The popular picnic ground at Culp’s Hill would find itself the focus of much grimmer activities during the Battle of Gettysburg.
|
en
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Warfare History Network
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https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/battle-of-gettysburg-no-picnic-at-culps-hill/
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By Roy Morris Jr.
As they formed ranks on the Hanover Road one mile east of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the afternoon of July 2, 1863, the men in the II Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia stared anxiously at the giant boulders and towering oak trees dotting the humpbacked prominence known as Culp’s Hill, three quarters of a mile southeast of town. The 630-foot hill, the highest ground in the vicinity, had long been a popular picnic site for Gettysburg residents. The trees gave welcome shade in summer, and the rocks served as handy seats and dining tables. Many a romance had begun on that hill.
On this day, however, there would be no picnics on Culp’s Hill. As the northernmost tip of the embattled Union Army’s four-mile-long, fishhook-shaped defensive line at Gettysburg, Culp’s Hill was a vital piece of military real estate. Its heights overlooked the eastern approach to the town, which had suddenly become the focus of the entire war effort in the east. If the Confederates could seize the hill, they could potentially roll up the entire Union line from north to south. The battle, and perhaps the war, could be won in a single day.
The day before, Robert E. Lee’s Confederates had stumbled into battle at Gettysburg before the general was ready or willing to engage. Lacking effective intelligence from his cavalry—Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart was off on another ill-advised ride around the Union rear—Lee’s advance force, under Maj. Gen. Henry Heth, had headed toward Gettysburg in search of shoes. (The always equipment-challenged graycoats had heard that there was a bulging shoe warehouse in the town.) Expecting to find only local militia and civilians on hand to oppose them, Heth’s men instead had run smack into an alert Union cavalry brigade commanded by Brig. Gen. John Buford. Soon, what began as a general skirmish had swelled into the largest battle of the war, as both sides funneled quick-arriving forces into line.
“Old Bald Head” at Gettysburg
Among the Confederate forces converging on Gettysburg was Lee’s II Corps, commanded now by Lt. Gen. Richard Stoddert Ewell in the wake of Lt. Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson’s death at the Battle of Chancellorsville two months earlier. Ewell, whose army-wide reputation for eccentricity—if not necessarily his battlefield brilliance—rivaled that of his dead predecessor, seemed on paper a good choice to succeed Jackson. Ewell, like Jackson, was a native Virginian, a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, and a decorated hero in the Mexican War. He had successively commanded brigades, divisions, and corps in Lee’s army. But “Old Bald Head,” as Ewell was more or less affectionately known by his men, had only recently returned to duty after losing a leg at the Battle of Groveton. Wearing a cork artificial leg, he had to be strapped into the saddle and needed crutches to walk. The injury had not affected his voice, however. Ewell was still capable of spouting obscenities left and right in the heat of battle. His hyper-nervousness, prominent eyes, and wasted frame gave him the appearance of a spectral bird of prey.
Ewell’s men, at least initially, had performed well at Gettysburg, crashing into the Union XI Corps northeast of town and sending the Federals scampering ignominiously through the streets to the temporary safety of Cemetery Hill. But Ewell’s attack, like that of III Corps commander A.P. Hill west of Gettysburg, had bogged down by the late afternoon of July 1. Luck, in the form of Culp’s Hill and a scattering of other hills and ridges to the south, had allowed quick-thinking Union officers to cobble together a curving defensive line on the always crucial high ground. From Culp’s Hill to Cemetery Hill, Seminary Ridge, and Little and Big Round Tops, blue-clad defenders had moved into positions they would defend grimly and desperately for the next two days.
With his trained engineer’s eyes, Robert E. Lee could see the battle unfolding before him. Late in the afternoon on July 1, he sent Ewell a politely worded message urging him to attack Cemetery Hill, just west of Culp’s Hill, if Ewell felt that he “could do so to advantage.” This was as peremptory as Lee got; he habitually couched his orders in a courtly patrician politesse that left their recipients a great deal of wiggle room. It was a command style that depended greatly on the individuals receiving the commands. Had Stonewall Jackson been alive, such an order would have been swiftly understood and instantly carried out. But Ewell was no Jackson—who was?—and despite repeated urging from his subordinates, Old Bald Head hesitated to order a new attack until his last division, commanded by Maj. Gen. Edward Johnson, had reached the field. Ewell’s senior division commander, Maj. Gen. Jubal Early, did not want to wait. Pointing to the dark form of Culp’s Hill, half a mile away, Early warned, “If you do not go up there tonight, it will cost you ten thousand men to go up there tomorrow.” Early’s figures were off, but his underlying assumption was all too correct. Hundreds of II Corps soldiers would lose their lives proving the rightness of his perceptions.
Major General Isaac Trimble, another of Ewell’s aides, was even more vociferous in calling for a renewed attack on the Union troops. “General,” demanded Trimble, “don’t you intend to pursue our sweep and push the enemy vigorously?” Pointing to Culp’s Hill, he advised: “You should send a brigade with artillery to take possession of that hill. Give me a division and I will engage to take that hill.” When Ewell declined, Trimble persisted. “Give me a brigade, and I will do it,” he said. Still no reply. “Give me a good regiment and I will take that hill.” Ewell, tiring at last of the unsought advice, spluttered, “When I need advice from a junior officer, I generally ask for it.” Trimble, disgusted, threw down his sword and stalked away.
“Old Clubby” Fails to Take Culp’s Hill
While the Confederates were arguing among themselves, the Union defenders atop Culp’s Hill were taking full advantage of the heaven-sent respite. The first Federal troops on the hill were remnants of the famed Iron Brigade, which had been badly cut up in the day’s fighting. Elements of the 7th Indiana Infantry joined the Iron Brigade on the west brow of the hill along with a lone Union battery that Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock had personally dispatched to help hold the rise. While Johnson’s men, slowed by a III Corps wagon train that blocked the road, straggled onto the field, Ewell allowed Early’s men to bivouac for the night and departed the front himself, leaving behind a rather casual order for Johnson to occupy Culp’s Hill when he arrived. Instead, Johnson postponed any further action after a scouting party ran into Union skirmishers at the base of the hill. All that night, the ringing of Federal axes indicated to the veteran Confederates below that the position was being fortified.
Johnson’s indecisive actions did not endear him to his men, who were not quite sure what to make of their new commander. Johnson was as profane as Ewell and nearly as eccentric. A serious foot wound incurred at the Battle of McDowell caused him to carry a large, stout cane—the men called him “Old Clubby” as a result. They also called him “Allegheny Ed” and “Fence Rail Johnson” in honor of his slender figure. Johnson’s booming voice, oddly shaped head, and peculiar habit of winking incessantly with one eye unnerved some of the soldiers. One young private termed him “one of the wickedest men I ever heard.” Another called him, not entirely unfondly, “a stirring old coon, always on the alert.” Perhaps, in calling off the evening assault, Johnson had been too alert.
Delaying the Attack
At daybreak on July 2, Brig. Gen. John Geary’s division from Maj. Gen. Henry Slocum’s Union XII Corps moved into place on Culp’s Hill. Veteran soldiers to a man, Geary’s experienced troops immediately began cobbling together a long line of breastworks along the crest of the hill. There were actually two peaks on the hill, located 400 yards apart. The higher peak bearing the general place name, overlooked Rock Creek, which flowed to the east; the lower peak, called Stevens Knoll, was separated from the summit by a narrow saddle notching the hill from east to west. Bordering the hill on the southeast was a marshy meadow with a stone wall running from Rock Creek to the saddle of Culp’s Hill 850 yards away. On the northwest, a cleared field lay adjacent to Spangler’s Spring, a popular picnicking spot for residents before the war.
The ever-aggressive Lee had wanted Ewell’s corps to attack at daybreak, timing the assault to coincide with that of Lt. Gen. James Longstreet’s I Corps attack on the Union left. The joint assault had already been pushed back. The methodical Longstreet was typically slow to move into place, and an impatient Lee went over to personally survey Ewell’s position at 9 am. From the cupola of the nearby Adams County poorhouse, Lee surveyed the Union position on Culp’s Hill. “The enemy have the advantage of us in a shorter and inside line and we are too much extended,” Lee observed. In gently veiled criticism of Ewell’s failure to attack the night before, he added, “We did not or we could not pursue our advantage of yesterday, and now the enemy are in a good position.” Reluctantly, he postponed the attack until 4 pm.
Further delays pushed back the attack another three hours. Ewell’s men, growing bored and restless, rummaged for food at nearby farms, helping themselves to a rich array of flour, bacon, butter, milk, and preserves. Some, falling back on their rural southern backgrounds, obligingly helped the frowning Gettysburg farmers milk their own cows. Others took advantage of the delay to write letters to their loved ones back home. Sergeant David Hunter of the 2nd Virginia dashed off a few lines to his mother. “We are in all probability on the eve of a terrible battle,” he wrote. “The two contending armies lie close together and at any moment may commence the work of death. We trust in the wisdom of our Gens. and the goodness of our Father in Heaven who doeth all things well. Although we may be victorious, many must fall, and I may be among that number. If it is the Lord’s will I am, I trust, prepared to go.” It was not the sort of letter a worried mother wants to receive from her soldier-son.
“All Was Confusion and Disorder”
Finally, at 7 pm on July 2, Johnson gave the order to advance. Leading the attack was Brig. Gen. John M. Jones’s brigade, which advanced west from its position near Benner’s Hill. Feeling their way toward Culp’s Hill alongside a rail fence bordering the eastern edge of the woods at the base of the hill, Jones’s men waded across chest-deep Rock Creek and slogged onward in the face of largely ineffective fire from the Union artillery battery atop the hill. Following directly behind Jones’s brigade were the brigades of Brig. Gen. George H. “Maryland” Steuart and Colonel Jesse M. Williams. Like Ewell, the rather handsome Steuart, nicknamed “Maryland” to differentiate him from the more famous “Jeb” Stuart, had only recently returned to duty after spending a year recuperating from a serious wound received at the Battle of Cross Keys. Williams was commanding a brigade in the absence of Brig. Gen. Francis R.T. Nicholls, who had lost his left foot to a Union artillery shell at Chancellorsville. (The unlucky Nicholls had already lost an arm at Winchester. His luck would improve after the war, when he was elected the Democratic governor of Louisiana during the bitterly contested “stolen election” of 1876.)
In all, the three Confederate brigades totaled about 4,000 men arranged in a double line of assault. As they neared Culp’s Hill, the lines were funneled through a narrow opening between the smaller knobs to the south. In the deepening gloom, officers had to dismount and guide their men through the massive boulders in small groups. “All was confusion and disorder,” Captain Thomas R. Bucker of the 44th Virginia recalled. Red and orange muzzle flashes erupted as Union skirmishers withdrew up the hillside.
Williams’s men halted 100 yards from the enemy breastworks; no one could see where they were going. Sergeant Charles Clancy of the 1st Louisiana, carrying the regimental colors, realized to his chagrin that he had advanced too far. Before the Federal soldiers could surround him and take him prisoner, Clancy removed the flag from its staff and wrapped it tightly around his body. Somehow he managed to keep the flag concealed throughout his subsequent six-month-long imprisonment and returned it proudly to the regiment after he was exchanged that winter.
Steuart’s brigade, advancing on the left, had an easier time. The troops passed through a cornfield, waded across Rock Creek, and began climbing the eastern slope of Culp’s Hill. There was surprisingly little fire from the enemy to their front. Unknown to the Confederates, the hill had been systematically stripped of defenders as the fighting became general across the battlefield. Only a single Union brigade, under the command of 62-year-old Brig. Gen. George S. Greene, remained in place to hold the high ground at Culp’s Hill.
Had Johnson’s division made a concerted push, the Confederates might well have taken the hill. Instead, the attack continued piecemeal, degenerating into a series of isolated small-arms fights that amounted to little more than individual sniping contests between soldiers firing blindly into the darkness. The Federals, safely concealed behind their breastworks, had the upper hand, and Greene took full advantage of the edge. Despite being the oldest Union general on the field—he had graduated from West Point six years before Robert E. Lee—the white-bearded, Rhode Island-born general handled his men superbly. As a trained engineer, he had prepared a formidable defensive position, and he skillfully rotated the men in and out of the trenches to maintain an incessant fire on the attackers. By the end of the battle, it was estimated that the 1,400 men in Greene’s brigade had fired an astonishing 277,000 rounds at the Confederates, in the process destroying many of the ancient oak trees at the old picnic grounds. Greene, who bore a passing resemblance to the fanatic John Brown, was described similarly by one of his officers as “a grim old fighter.” He would not give up Culp’s Hill without a fight.
In the confusion and darkness, there were predictable incidents of friendly fire. Lieutenant Randolph McKim of the 1st Maryland, temporarily attached to Steuart as an aide-de-camp, led eight companies of the 1st North Carolina Regiment up a concealed draw in the hillside. Seeing muzzle flashes to his front, he carefully prepared an ambush, crying, “Fire on them, boys, fire on them!” Only after Major William M. Parsley of their brother regiment, the 3rd North Carolina, rushed up and shouted, “They are own men!” did McKim realize his mistake. In another incident, Major William Goldsborough of the 1st Maryland was directing part of the fighting when an officer on horseback rode up and asked casually, “How’s the fight going?” “I don’t know,” said Goldsborough noncommittally, taking hold of the horse’s bridle. “What corps is this?” the stranger wanted to know. “A Confederate corps and you are my prisoner, sir,” said Goldsborough. The rider, Union Lieutenant Harry C. Egbert, immediately dismounted and surrendered his sword.
Reinforcing Culp’s Hill
As night came on, Steuart’s men gratefully occupied some abandoned Union breastworks at the base of Culp’s Hill. There they waited out the night, snapping off occasional rounds at the enemy but taking care not to fire again on their own comrades. Goldsborough, who knew the area well, told Johnson and Steuart that his scouts had seen wagons moving onto Baltimore Pike, the main Union line of retreat, 600 yards to the west. Johnson, putting his ear to the ground Indian-style, listened to the low rumble of wheels in the distance, which he said “would indicate the enemy is retreating.” He told his staff they had carried the hill. He was wrong. What he had heard instead was two more Union brigades from Geary’s division returning to Culp’s Hill after their premature removal earlier that day. The lead regiment, the 29th Pennsylvania, marched confidently up the turnpike and reentered the woods at the base of the hill, intending to reoccupy their old position. Someone in the ranks called out a Union “Hurrah!” to announce their return. In response, a withering volley of musket fire erupted from Steuart’s men posted a mere 25 paces away.
The Keystone State commander, Colonel William Rickards, believing that the fire was coming from their own men, had his men hold their fire while he rode toward the low wall and called out his identity. This was met by another Confederate volley, which somehow missed hitting Rickards but convinced him without a doubt that the enemy was in force an uncomfortably short distance away. The Pennsylvanians spent the night clinging to the ground within uneasy proximity to the Rebel line.
An order passed down the chain of command from General Slocum for the men to drive out the enemy at daybreak. The order, said Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams, commanding Slocum’s 1st Division, was “more easily made than executed.” The 53-year-old Yale University graduate, called “Old Pap” by his soldiers, was reluctant to mount a headlong frontal attack on the Confederates now thronging the lower slope of Culp’s Hill. Instead, he told his men to hold their position until morning, “then, from those hills back of us, we will shell hell out of them.” With that, Williams casually stretched out on a flat rock beneath an apple tree for a half-hour nap. He would need all the rest he could get for the day ahead.
While Union forces continued to return piecemeal to Culp’s Hill, Confederate commanders were arguing among themselves about the failure to drive the enemy off neighboring Cemetery Hill. Recriminations flew fast and hard, but it was too late to change the day’s outcome. Lee’s headquarters sent out new orders to attack again the next morning, and Ewell, deciding that Cemetery Hill was too strongly held to take, turned his attentions back to Culp’s Hill. Johnson’s lodgment at the base of the hill was promising. Ewell dispatched reinforcements, including the vaunted Stonewall Brigade under Brig. Gen. James A. Walker. With twice as many men as he had commanded at the beginning of the attack, Johnson was ordered to attack again at dawn.
“The Whole Hillside Seemed Enveloped in a Blaze,”
As the first light of morning streaked the sky on July 3, the woods beyond Culp’s Hill erupted in cannon fire. In accordance with Williams’s plan, the 26 guns from XII Corps’ assorted batteries unleashed a skull-pounding, teeth-rattling barrage. “The whole hillside seemed enveloped in a blaze,” Goldsborough reported, “and the balls could be heard to strike the breastworks like hailstones upon the rooftops.” Withdrawing his battalion from the line of fire, Goldsborough had the men scamper for cover. All anyone could do was hunker down and wait out the Union bombardment. Then, when the fire lifted, the gray-coated brigades surged forward with a shout, bolting across terrain studded by large gray boulders that one Union officer thought resembled a herd of sleeping elephants.
Steuart’s men, leaving the relative safety of the abandoned Union breastworks, pressed forward gallantly, running into heavy fire on their right. The 2nd Virginia Regiment from the Stonewall Brigade rallied to support them, peppering the offending Union regiment, Colonel William Maulsby’s 1st Maryland, which had advanced to within 20 yards of the stone wall alongside the meadow at the base of Culp’s Hill. Maulsby’s men, from the Potomac Home Brigade, fell back to the Baltimore Pike with the loss of 80 comrades.
As Steuart’s brigade climbed the slope toward the second summit of the hill, they ran into more heavy fire. Goldsborough, at the head of his 1st Maryland Battalion, came across two 3rd North Carolina officers taking cover behind a large rock. Goldsborough asked one of the men, Major William Parsley, if he had suffered many casualties to that point. “Very much indeed,” Parsley responded. “I have but thirteen men left.” At that moment a Union bullet zipped through the air, taking down another Tarheel. “And now I have but twelve,” Parsley added laconically. Goldsborough himself was stuck in the forehead by a ball a few seconds later, but the spent round only dazed him momentarily. When he ran into General Steuart, Goldsborough warned him that the men were running dangerously low on ammunition. Steuart called for a volunteer to bring up more rounds, and Lieutenant McKim, perhaps feeling guilty for having mistakenly ordered his men to fire on their own battalion the day before, immediately offered to do so. With the help of three other men, McKim emptied two boxes of cartridges into an improvised litter made from blankets and fence rails and carried them back up the hill.
“Slapping, Stamping and Cursing”
Firing was general all along the front. On the Confederate left, Lt. Col. John Zable heard a great yell arise from his rear as the men of Colonel E.A. O’Neal’s brigade rushed to their aid. Unfortunately for them, the enormous Rebel yell attracted the unwanted attention of Union marksmen and “served no other purpose,” said Zable, “but to intensify a more galling fire in our front.” As it was, Zable’s men were safer than their would-be rescuers, since they were now so close to enemy lines that the Federals fired over their heads into the ranks of the Rebel reinforcements. For three hours the southerners withstood the murderous fire, “the most terrific and deafening that we ever experienced,” said Zable.
In the midst of the battle there were unaccountable moments of grim humor. Captain William May of the 3rd Alabama was crouching behind a rock with some comrades when one of the other men, Private Tom Powell, jumped behind another rock. Suddenly Powell leaped up again, “slapping, stamping and cursing”—he had jumped into a nest of yellow jackets. The much-afflicted private would alternately drop behind a rock to avoid enemy bullets, then leap up again when the stinging wasps became too much to bear. Somehow Powell managed to avoid being hit by bullets or dying of anaphylactic shock from the stings. For the rest of his life, May could not recall Powell’s tribulations without laughing.
Three Assaults on Culp’s Hill
Johnson’s division made three separate assaults on Culp’s Hill that morning, even though Ewell had received word 30 minutes into the first attack that Longstreet’s planned assault on the Union left had been postponed until mid-afternoon. Unaccountably, Ewell had decided to continue the attack—perhaps he did not want to seem lacking in Lee’s eyes for the second day in a row. “Too late to recall,” he responded tersely when a messenger from Lee’s headquarters urged him to call off the attack.
As the men in the 1st Maryland prepared to rush the Union position for the last time, their regimental mascot, a black Labrador retriever, broke ranks and sprinted to the front. Union Brig. Gen. Thomas Kane, commanding the 2nd Brigade of Geary’s 2nd Division, watched with horrified fascination as the dog charged straight into the blue ranks, “competing for precedence with his masters in the smoke.” The dog, said Kane, “barked in valorous glee,” but was soon limping on three legs, looking for his dead master between the two lines “or seeking an explanation of the tragedy he witnessed, intelligible to his canine apprehension.” The dog gave a last lick to a fallen soldier’s hand before being “perfectly riddled” by gunfire. Kane, who had gotten out of a Baltimore hospital bed with a bad case of pneumonia, ordered the dog buried with full military honors, since “he was the only Christian-minded being on either side.”
Despite all human and canine efforts, Steuart’s men reeled back in defeat and disarray, rallying on the far side of the Union breastworks they had occupied the night before. Steuart himself was inconsolable. Wringing his hands, he cried again and again: “My poor boys! My poor boys!” One of those boys, lying mortally wounded between the lines, struggled laboriously to load his rifle. Union soldiers held their fire, fascinated by his macabre exertions. At length the young Confederate withdrew his ramrod, cocked his rifle, placed it under his chin, and pulled the trigger. Someone joked that it had saved them a bullet.
Finally, Johnson called off the attack. “The enemy were too securely entrenched and in too great numbers to be dislodged by the force of my command,” he reported. “All had been done that it was possible to do.” Union General Alpheus Williams concurred, observing, “The wonder is that the Rebels persisted so long in an attempt that the first half hour must have told them was useless.” As Jubal Early had predicted the day before, Ewell’s delay had cost the corps severely. Forced to charge a now-strengthened position, the Confederates at Culp’s Hill had suffered some 2,100 casualties. One of those was Private John Wesley Culp of the 2nd Virginia, who died on the very hill owned by his uncle. The Union defenders lost half that number, many coming in a misguided and unnecessary attempt to retake the soon to be abandoned breastworks by the 2nd Massachusetts and 27th Indiana Regiments. Once again the ancient military maxim “Take the high ground” had been proven all too correct. Most maxims are.
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https://firstlightpropertymanagement.com/about-us/
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About Us ~ First Light Property Managment
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First Light Property Managment
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https://firstlightpropertymanagement.com/about-us/
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Robert Freedman
Managing Partner
As Broker of Record, Robert brings 30 years of real estate experience to First Light Property Management. As an owner/developer of many apartment buildings during the last 3 decades, Robert has been intimately involved in all aspects of running his buildings, and helping other owners successfully manage their properties in an effort to increase returns and build wealth. Robert brings the experience necessary to fully understand every aspect of property management, and is a great asset for property owners to call upon no matter what questions they may have.
Robert is a graduate from the Architecture Master Program at Cornell University and is an active member of various local and regional Real Estate organizations.
Trevor Henson
Managing Partner
Trevor Henson is the founding partner of First Light Property Management, Inc. Trevor has worked in real estate development and project management since 2003. Working both nationally and internationally, Trevor has managed projects ranging from small multi-family units to the planning, scheduling and management of large scale real estate projects with clients such as: Lennar Homes, The Walt Disney Company, Universal Studios, and The Irvine Company.
Trevor has co-authored a portion of Michael Levy’s recently-released book 50 Interviews with Successful Property Managers: Advice and Winning Strategies from Industry Leaders. Trevor’s contribution to the book – a section titled “Online Marketing and Social Media for Property Management” details innovative ways to use online and social media to decrease vacancy rates and increase customer service satisfaction.
Currently Trevor manages the Southern California Division of First Light Property Management, Inc overseeing new business development, information systems and client relations to all units in Los Angeles, Orange and San Diego Counties.
Trevor Henson is a graduate from the University of Southern California’s Marshal School of Business and is an active member in his local Alumni Association.
Taylor Williams
Managing Partner
Taylor Williams is a partner and CFO of First Light Property Management, Inc. Taylor oversees the accounting department at First Light Property Management, Inc and is an integral part of the day to day operations of the company. Taylor is a licensed California Realtor and handles the daily operations for over 100 medium to high-end multi-family units. Taylor’s 8 years of experience in real estate include Commercial Leasing, Residential Sales, Residential Development, Multi-Family Development, and Renovation Management.
Taylor’s experience as an owner/developer enable him to understand the needs of property owners, and help them come up with viable solutions to the problems that they may encounter.
Taylor is a graduate from the University of Southern California’s Leventhal School of Accounting.
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https://www.fdmuseum.org/about-the-1st-infantry-division/history-of-the-first-division/
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History of the First Infantry Division
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Organized on June 8, 1917 this first permanent division in the regular Army has seen action in all American wars since 1917.
|
en
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First Division Museum
|
https://www.fdmuseum.org/about-the-1st-infantry-division/history-of-the-first-division/
|
Colonel Robert R. McCormick, benefactor of the McCormick Foundation, Cantigny and the First Division Museum at Cantigny, was a World War I veteran of the First Division, today’s 1st Infantry Division, of the US Army. No institution save the Chicago Tribune was dearer to him.
Organized on June 8, 1917, for duty on the Western Front in World War I, this first permanent division in the regular Army has seen action in all American wars since 1917, except the Korean, and has performed magnificently in all of its service. Often the first unit of the Army to deploy and engage the enemy, the division has been characterized by an ability to learn systematically from experience and to distill this learning into techniques and methods to improve battlefield performance. Central to this learning has been the training of soldiers and the development of competent leaders at all levels. In the process the “Big Red One” (so called for the red numeral that has adorned its shoulder patch since 1918) has also been characterized by a remarkable esprit that has remained with the veterans long after their active service has ended. That human experience is an important part of the American national experience. The 1st Division’s contributions to this nation’s defense offer insights into the history of the Army and the United States.
Start your journey through the history of America’s most storied division—the Big Red One (or BRO, as it is also known). Follow along from World War I to the modern day. The men and women who served are our grandfathers, our fathers, our sons, our brothers, our sisters and our daughters. They come from all walks of life to do their duty for their country. Their story is the 1st Division’s story, and the 1st Division’s story is America’s story. The story of the Big Red One is our story.
Colonel (then Major) Robert R. McCormick at Trussencourt in the Cantigny Sector; France, April 20, 1918, 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery, First Division Headquarters. Note the French helmet he is wearing.
1917-1918: The 1st Infantry Division was literally America’s first division.
When the United States entered World War I in April 1917, it had no divisions. President Woodrow Wilson promised the Allies he would send “a division” to France immediately. Four infantry regiments (16th, 18th, 26th and 28th) and three artillery regiments (5th, 6th and 7th) were ordered from the Mexican border in Texas to Hoboken, NJ, to board transports for France. On June 8, 1917, Brigadier General William Sibert assumed command of them as the “First Expeditionary Division.” Organized as a “square” division of more than 28,000 men, the First Division was twice the size of either the Allied or German divisions on the Western Front.
The First Division won the first American victory in World War I at the Battle of Cantigny. Cantigny is a small village north of Paris, in the Picardy region of France. Held by the German Army, Cantigny formed a dangerous salient in the Allied lines. On May 28, 1918, the First Division attacked and defeated the German forces in the village and held it against repeated German counterattacks, despite suffering more than 1,000 casualties. The success raised the Allies’ morale, convinced the British and French that the Americans were capable of operating in independent fighting units, and disproved German propaganda about American incapacity. Cantigny also was the first significant use of modern, combined arms operations by the US Army. The division was supported by French air units, flame thrower teams, tanks and artillery. After the Battle of Cantigny, the First Division participated in the major battles of Soissons, St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne. From May 1918 to the Armistice on November 11, 1918, the First Division suffered more than 20,000 casualties, including killed, wounded and missing. With commanders such as MG William Sibert, MG Robert L. Bullard and MG Charles P. Summerall, the First Division established a reputation for excellence and esprit de corps.
Leslie Duerr, Battery D, 5th Field Artillery, 1st Infantry Division stands next to a 155mm howitzer. A World War I 155mm howitzer sits outside the First Division Museum at Cantigny Park in Wheaton, Illinois.
Baggage belonging to the 1st Infantry Division arrives at cantonments near St. Nazaire, June 27, 1917.
A 16th Infantry Regiment soldier, First Infantry Division, peers out his first-line trench, Gypse Hill, near Einville, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, November 19, 1917.
Battery E, 5th Field Artillery, First Infantry Division, on the road near Toul, France, March 7, 1918. Notice the 155mm howitzer drawn by horses.
Blue Spaders training in preparation for the Battle of Cantigny in Breteuil, France, with French tank maneuvers, May 11, 1918.
Tank maneuvers in Breteuil, France, on May 11, 1918 with French soldiers following and training with 26th Infantry (Blue Spaders) of the First Infantry Division.
The 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery, First Division is the oldest continuously existing unit in the US Regular Army. Commanded by (then) Maj. Robert R. McCormick, it took part in the Battle of Cantigny, May 28, 1918.
Flamethrowers and grenadiers mopping up German dugouts during the First Division attack at the Battle of Cantigny, May 28, 1918.
1918-1941: The Division was one of only four retained on active duty between 1919 and 1940.
After the Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918, the First Division led the American Army of Occupation across the Rhine River into Germany. Now known as the Big Red One from its distinctive shoulder patch, the Division occupied a bridgehead at Coblenz, Germany. In 1919 at Coblenz, the First Division soldiers established the Society of the First Division. The Society thrives today and hosts annual reunions of member First Division veterans. In the fall of 1919, the Division was the last American combat unit to return to the United States, where it marched in victory parades in New York City and Washington, DC.
The Division was one of only four retained on active duty between 1919 and 1940. Its headquarters was on Governor’s Island in New York harbor with the 16th Infantry Regiment. Its other units were scattered along the East Coast. In 1939, as war raged in Europe, the Big Red One was re-organized as a “triangular division” of three infantry regiments (the 16th, 18th and 26th) and redesignated as the 1st Infantry Division. It was the first Army division to undergo amphibious training.
US flag and colors of the First Division enter Coblenz for Rhineland occupation, November, 1918. It is entitled “Four horsemen of the First Division” in the New York parade program.
The 1st Yankee cavalryman on the Rhine. Capt. M.W. Lanham’s horse “Von Hindenburg” drinks. 2nd Brigade, First Infantry Division, Army of Occupation, December 10, 1918.
US 7 Corps 3d Army Carnival, Coblenz, Germany, April 26, 1919.
Cracker Jack® takes the place of popcorn at the First Division Circus (keeps fresh, packaged) at Montabaur, Rhenish Prussia, July 11, 1919.
The First Division Circus parade passes the cathedral at Cologne, Rhenish Prussia, August 4, 1919.
1941-1945: America entered World War II on December 7, 1941.
Commanded by MG Terry de la Mesa Allen, the 1st Division was the first American division sent to Europe, arriving in Great Britain in July 1942. The Big Red One led the invasion of French North Africa near Oran, Algeria, on November 8, 1942. Dispersed among British units as they fought their way east across Algeria into Tunisia, the Division learned hard lessons in combat against the Germans at the Battle of Kasserine Pass. Re-assembled under Allen’s command, the Big Red One scored the first American defeat of a German unit, the 10th Panzer Division, at the Battle of El Guettar in 1943. The division had become a battle-hardened unit.
On July 10, 1943, the 1st Infantry Division participated in its second amphibious operation during the invasion of Sicily. 7th Army commander Lieutenant General George S. Patton had declared, “I want those sons-of-bitches. I won’t go without them!” Backed by naval gunfire, the division beat back assaults on their beach head by Italian formations and then the German Hermann Goering Panzer Division. The division fought across the center of Sicily to confront the Germans at the Battle of Troina. Private James W. Reese became the first division soldier of the war to earn the Medal of Honor.
After the liberation of Sicily, General Eisenhower selected the 1st Infantry Division for Operation Overlord, the cross-channel invasion of France. MG Clarence R. Huebner, who had served with the division in World War I, became the new commanding general. He instituted a rigorous training regimen to prepare the division for its greatest challenge so far.
The 1st Infantry Division returned to Great Britain in November 1943. Reinforced with two regiments of the 29th Infantry Division, the 1st Division led Force O in the assault on Omaha Beach in Normandy on D-Day, June 6, 1944. It encountered a hailstorm of intense fire from the German defenses. Through incredible acts of individual bravery, initiative and leadership, the 1st Infantry Division overcame the enemy forces and penetrated well inland. The division then fought through the hedgerows of Normandy, fought through the breakout and fought through the rapid Allied advance across northern France against the retreating German Army.
By September 1944, the 1st Infantry Division had reached the German frontier and breached the vaunted Siegfried Line. The division then led the attack to isolate and seize the city of Aachen, the first German city to fall to the Allied armies. The Fighting First faced equally tough combat in the dark Huertgen Forest, the frozen winter wastelands holding the northern shoulder at Butgenbach, Belgium; in the Battle of the Bulge; and the final push into and across central Germany.
By the end of the war in Europe on May 8, 1945, the 1st Infantry Division had reached Czechoslovakia, where it liberated a Nazi labor camp at Falkenau. The Big Red One was a veteran of three amphibious assaults in North Africa, Sicily and Normandy. It had fought in deserts, mountains, plains and cities, in extreme heat and cold, against every kind of opponent. With 16 Medal of Honor recipients, the Fighting First ended the war with a record unequalled by any other American division.
German tank destroyed by artillery at El Guettar, on the highway from Gafsa to Gabes. El Guettar was the first time the Big Red One, fighting as a unit, had faced a battle-tested German division.
Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. and his “Rough Rider” jeep in Italy, January 1944. This former commander of the 26th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division, was one of the most popular generals in the storied history of the Big Red One.
Tanks land at OMAHA Beach with assault troops in the D-Day Invasion on June 6, 1944.
Major Tegtmeyer, 16th Infantry Medical Detachment, 1st Infantry Division, is awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by General Eisenhower, July 2, 1944.
18th Infantry Regiment soldiers apace with armored troops, Juvigny la Terte, Brittany, France, August 2, 1944.
Security guards from the 26th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division Medical Trial, stand guard at a Military Tribunal, February 28, 1947, at the Nazi War Crimes Trials in Nuremburg, Germany.
1965-1970: The 1st Infantry Division was one of the first two divisions sent to defend the Republic of Vietnam in 1965.
For five years the Big Red One fought main force Viet Cong (VC) and regular North Vietnamese Army (NVA) forces in the jungles northwest of Saigon. It suppressed enemy infiltration along the Highway 13 corridor to Cambodia and sought to clear the enemy from its bases in the heavy jungle of the Iron Triangle and near the Michelin Plantation. The Division made innovative use of air mobile operations, fire bases, combined arms operations and civic action. It helped take the fight back to the enemy in the wake of the 1968 Tet Offensive, an intense combat environment in which even the commanding general would be a casualty. On September 13, 1968, division commanding general MG Keith L. Ware and his aides were killed in action when their helicopter was shot down near Loc Ninh. With the 1969 policy of pacification and Vietnamization, the 1st Infantry Division returned to the United States in 1970 to its former home at Fort Riley, Kansas.
On September 13, 1968, division commanding general MG Keith L. Ware and his aides were killed in action when their helicopter was shot down near Loc Ninh.
Pictured is an M48 Patton tank used by 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry, 1st Infantry Division. The M48 was the primary tank used by the US Army and Marine Corps during the Vietnam War.
A UH-1 helicopter lands 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division troop. “Hueys”, as the helicopters were popularly known, were used for MedEvac, command and control, and air assault; to transport personnel and materiel; and as gunships in Vietnam.
Lt. Clark Welch and PFC Ben Dunn, Recon Platoon, 2nd Battalion, 1st Infantry Division, with Viet Cong claymore mines, June 13, 1967.
Cobra gunship and UH-1 “Huey” helicopters in Vietnam. The AH-1 Cobra is an attack helicopter that was widely used in Vietnam . The AH-1 is also sometimes referred to as the “Huey”, “Cobra” or “Snake.”
M60 machine gun. Soldiers from Company C, 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division moves an M60 machine gun from position to advance on a sniper near Bien Hoa, Vietnam, October 4, 1965.
1996-1997: The Big Red One played a major role in the stabilization of war-torn Bosnia-Herzegovina.
In the late 1990s, the 1st Infantry Division took on the new challenge of peace-keeping under the sequential commands of Major Generals Montgomery Meigs, David Grange and John Abizaid. The Big Red One played a major role in the stabilization of war-torn Bosnia-Herzegovina. On November 10, 1996, the division took command of Task Force Eagle there. Its mission was to cover the safe withdrawal of the 1st Armor Division back to Germany and to enforce the Dayton Accords. The Big Red One, in turn, handed Task Force Eagle back to the returning 1st Armored Division on October 22, 1997.
1999-2000: The 1st Infantry Division became part of Task Force Sabre in Macedonia.
In 1999, the 1st Infantry Division became part of Task Force Sabre in Macedonia, and then deployed to Kosovo as part of Task Force Falcon. There, the Division established Base Camps Monteith and Bondsteel, both named after 1st Infantry Division Medal of Honor recipients. In June 2000, the Big Red One handed over its responsibilities to the 1st Armored Division and returned to Germany.
MM1A1 Abrams tanks of the 1st Battalion, 77th Armor, 1st Infantry Division, cross the Savo River into Bosnia, October 20, 1996. They secured the withdrawal of the 1st Armored Division up to the end of the IFOR mandate on December 20. IFOR, the NATO implementation forces, had enforced the terms of the Dayton Peace Accord since 1995.
Soldiers from Company A, 1st Battalion, 18th Infantry, and the Danish Battalion of the Nordic-Polish Brigade [NORDPOL], patrol Brcko, Bosnia, February 7, 1997. SFOR stabilization forces included soldiers from Poland, Russia and Turkey, as well as the Nordic countries. They separated the former warring forces to keep the peace.
Spc. Shawn Seals, Company A, 9th Engineer Battalion, inspects M-72 machine guns he placed under the track of a combat engineer vehicle. SFOR smashed the weapons to help maintain the peace.
Pvt. Shannon G. Oxford, a medic with Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Battalion, 2nd Infantry, was the first female soldier to drive the M-577 Armored Personnel Carrier and was one of the first women attached to this combat infantry battalion. In addition to her medical duties, as primary operator of the armored ambulance, she did 30 minutes of maintenance at the motor pool each day.
At the Brcko Bridge, 100 soldiers with HMMWVs and a Bradley Infantry Fighting vehicle held a roadblock against a mob of 1,200 Bosnians that threw rocks and Molotov Cocktails on August 28, 1997. The rioters demanded that the soldiers leave town. The standoff lasted into the next day before the crowd dispersed.
Spc. Matthew McGalliard holds his rifle to the head of a motorist threatening to run through the roadblock commanded by Captain Mitchell Rambin, Company D, 1-41 Infantry, 1st Infantry Division, August 28, 1997. Hatred and civil unrest by Bosnian Serbs threatened the peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Major General Grange and released POWs of the 1-4 Cavalry: Staff Sgt. Andrew Ramirez, Spc. Steven Gonzalez, and Staff Sgt. Christopher Stone, arriving at the airport in Ramscheid, Germany; May 6, 1999.
An M2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle with KFOR in Kosovo. The Division’s mission in Kosovo with KFOR was to maintain peace and stability. The lead element, 1-26 Inf., arrived June 24, 1999. The main force, the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, Task Force Falcon, arrived July 4, 1999. Brigades rotated every six months. In May 2003 the 3rd Brigade Combat Team was the last 1st Infantry Division unit to leave Kosovo.
2003-2006: For nearly 100 years, in many missions all over the world, the 1st Division and its soldiers have remained true to their motto.
In January 2003, the 1st Division formed Headquarters, Armed Forces-Turkey to prepare a route through Turkey into northern Iraq for the 4th Infantry Division. When Turkey denied access to US troops, ARFOR-T closed down. The 4th Infantry Division entered Iraq through Kuwait, but the preparations had diverted the attention of the Iraqi regime.
In April 2003, Task Force 1-63 Armor of the Big Red One was airlifted into Kurdish-controlled northern Iraq in the largest combat airlift of heavy armor forces in Army history. Attached to the 173rd Airborne Brigade, 1-63 Armor secured the northern oilfields and assisted the local Kurdish forces. This Big Red One unit returned to Germany in February 2004.
In September 2003, the 1st Brigade Combat Team deployed to Iraq. This Fighting First unit was first attached to the 82nd Airborne Division, and then to the 1st Marine Division. The 1st Brigade Combat Team conducted combat operations in the Sunni Triangle, trained Iraqi National Guard forces and secured and supported many civil aid projects. The 1st Brigade returned to Fort Riley in September 2004.
In February 2004, the 1st Infantry Division arrived in Iraq from Germany as Task Force Danger. Composed of division headquarters, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Brigades and support units, the 1st Infantry Division also had attached units of the 30th Brigade Combat Team (North Carolina Army National Guard) and units of the 25th Infantry Division (Light). Task Force Danger’s area of operation included the hostile Sunni Triangle. The Big Red One conducted combat operations against insurgents while training Iraqi government forces and rebuilding the local infrastructure, allowing the first free elections in Iraqi history in January, 2005. Task Force Danger returned to Germany in February 2005.
In August, 2006, the Big Red One returned again to Fort Riley, where it has a threefold mission: to complete its transformation to the Army’s new modular structure based on brigade combat teams; to deploy components to Operation Iraqi Freedom; and to train all transition training teams being deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq to train the indigenous security forces of those new democracies.
For nearly 100 years, in many missions all over the world, the 1st Division and its soldiers have remained true to their motto:
“No mission too difficult, no sacrifice too great – Duty First!”
1st Lieutenant Jon Stranquist, center, of 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment, leads his platoon on a patrol in the city of Samarra. The street fighting characterizing the duty in Iraq is much different than the jungle fighting of Vietnam or even the open desert fighting of Desert Storm. Making use of communication and maintaining intervals while on patrol, however, are still important duties of a professional soldier, which has been exemplified by the 1st Infantry Division in Iraq. (Photo by Spc. Ismail Turay Jr., 196th MPAD)
Staff Sgt. Ivan D. Cruz, 1st Squad Leader for 3rd Platoon, Alpha Company, 82nd Engineer Battalion, 1st Infantry Division, makes preparations to destroy a suspected improvised explosive device (IED). The Explosives Ordnance Detonation team handles the task instead.
Pfc. Samuel Hinchee, a medic with 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division, gives several Iraqi children candy after the medic and other soldiers searched the kids’ home in Samarra. (Photo by Spc. Ismail Turay, Jr., 196th MPAD)
Sgt. Kevin Watts of Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment, leads his squad through a neighborhood in Tikrit during a recent foot patrol. (Photo by Spc. Spc. Ismail Turay, Jr., 196TH MPAD)
Pvt. Josh Soto of Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division, pulls security while on a recent foot patrol in the City of Tikrit. (Photo by Spc. Spc. Ismail Turay, Jr., 196TH MPAD)
Pvt. 1st Class David L. Gilette from St. Slidell, Louisiana, a cavalry scout with the 3rd Brigade Reconnaissance Troop, returns fire on insurgents in Fallujah, Iraq, during Operation Al-Fajr. Notice the “Big Red One” on his shoulder, which has now become known and feared by enemies of democracy around the world. (Photo by Sgt. Kimberly Snow, 196th MPAD)
Soldiers from the 1st Infantry Division’s 3rd Brigade Reconnaissance Troop clear houses in Fallujah during Operation Al-Fajr. Working as a unit is critical in the urban battlefield that exemplified much of the division’s experience in Iraq. (Photo by Sgt. Kimberly Snow, 196th MPAD)
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First Light Image from NOAA-20 VIIRS Captures Thomas Fire
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Twenty-five days after JPSS-1 (NOAA-20) was launched into Earth orbit, the satellite sent back its first Visible Infrared Imagery.
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Twenty-five days after JPSS-1 (NOAA-20) was launched into Earth orbit, the satellite sent back its first Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) science data on December 13, 2017, as part of a series of instrument activations and checkouts taking place before the satellite goes into fully operational mode. This VIIRS true color image captured the aggressive wildfires across Southern California which have forced thousands to flee their homes. As of Wednesday morning, December 13, 2017, the Thomas Fire was the fourth-largest fire in California history, and it continues to generate plumes of smoke as it enters its second week. The fire spanned more than 370 square miles and remains the strongest blaze for firefighters to battle in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties.
VIIRS is one of the five key instruments onboard NOAA-20 that will improve day-to-day weather forecasting and environmental monitoring, while extending the record of many long-term observations of Earth's climate. NOAA-20 VIIRS will help monitor active fires globally for many years to come.
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The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)
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UNION PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS
1st Regiment, Pennsylvania Light Artillery (14th Reserves)
Overview:
Organized at Philadelphia August 5, 1861. Ordered to Washington, D. C., August, 1861. Attached to McCall's Pennsylvania Reserve Division, Army Potomac, to March, 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, 1st Army Corps, Army Potomac, to April, 1862. Artillery, McCall's Division, Dept. of the Rappahannock, to June, 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, 5th Army Corps, Army Potomac, to August, 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, 3rd Corps, Army of Virginia, to September, 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, 1st Army Corps, Army Potomac, to February, 1863. Artillery, 3rd Division, 9th Army Corps, Army Potomac, to April, 1863. Artillery, 2nd Division, 7th Corps. Dept. of Virginia, to July, 1863. U. S. Forces, Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va., Dept. Virginia and North Carolina, to January, 1864. Artillery, Heckman's Division, 18th Army Corps, Dept. Virginia and North Carolina, to April, 1864. Defences of Portsmouth, Va., Dept. Virginia and North Carolina, to May, 1864. District Eastern Virginia, Dept. Virginia and North Carolina, to July, 1864. Artillery Brigade, 10th Army Corps, to October, 1864. Artillery Brigade, 18th Army Corps, to December, 1864. Artillery Brigade, 24th Army Corps, Dept. of Virginia, to July, 1865.
Service:
Camp at Tennallytown, Md., till October, 1861, and at Camp Pierpont near Langley, Va., till March, 1862. Expedition to Grinnell's Farm December 6, 1861. Action at Dranesville, Va., December 20. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10-15. McDowell's advance on Falmouth April 9-19. Duty at Falmouth and Fredericksburg till June. Ordered to the Virginia Peninsula. Seven days before Richmond, Va., June 25-July 1. Beaver Dam Creek or Mechanicsville June 26. Gaines' Mill June 27. Charles City Cross Roads and Glendale June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing till August 15. Movement to join Pope August 15-26. Battles of Gainesville August 23. Groveton August 29. Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September. South Mountain September 14. Battle of Antietam, Md., September 16-17. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October-November. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12-15. "Mud March" January 20-24, 1863. Ordered to Newport News February 9, thence to Suffolk, March. Siege of Suffolk April 12-May 4. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 26-July 8. Expedition from White House to South Anna River July 1-7. Duty at Portsmouth, Va., till July, 1864. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond July, 1864, to April, 1865. Chaffin's Farm, New Market Heights, September 28-30, 1864. Fair Oaks October 27-28. Before Richmond till April, 1865. Occupation of Richmond April 3. Engaged in demolishing defences and removing Ordnance till July. Mustered out July 25, 1865.
Battery lost during service 1 Officer and 16 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 21 Enlisted men by disease. Total 38.
BATTERY "B," 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY (43rd VOLUNTEERS)
Organized at Philadelphia August 5, 1861. Moved to Washington, D. C, August, 1861. Attached to McCall's Division, Army Potomac, to March, 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, 1st Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April, 1862. Artillery, McCall's Division, Dept. of the Rappahannock, to June, 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, 5th Army Corps, Army Potomac, to August, 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, 3rd Corps, Army of Virginia, to September, 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, 1st Army Corps, Army Potomac, to May, 1863. Artillery Brigade, 1st Army Corps, to March, 1864. Artillery Brigade, 5th Army Corps, to March, 1865. Artillery Reserve, Army Potomac, to June, 1865.
Service:
At Camp Berry, Washington, D. C., till August 14, 1861, and at Tennallytown, Md., till September. At Great Falls, Md. September to December, temporarily transferred to Banks' Division, December 25. Duty at Seneca Falls and Edward's Ferry till January 9, 1862, when rejoined McCall's Division, and at Camp Plerpont near Langley till March, 1862. Advance on Manassas March 10-15. McDowell's advance on Falmouth April 9-19. Duty at Falmouth and Fredericksburg till June. Moved to the Peninsula June 13, and joined Division at Mechanicsville June 30. Seven days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Beaver Dam Creek or Mechanicsville June 26. Gaines' Mill June 27. Charles City Cross Roads and Glendale June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing till August 15. Movement to join Pope August 15-26. Battles of Gainesville August 28. Groveton August 29. Bull Run August 30. Chantilly September 1 (Reserve). Maryland Campaign September. Battles of South Mountain September 14 and Antietam September 16-17. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October-November. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12-15. "Mud March" January 20-24, 1863. At Belle Plains till April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Operations at Pollock's Mill Creek April 29-May 2. Fitzhugh's Crossing April 29-30. Chancellorsville May 2-5. Gettysburg (Pa.) Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3. Duty on the Rappahannock till September 10. Bristoe Campaign October 9-22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7-8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Near Kelly's Ford till April, 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 12. Battles of the Wilderness May 5-7; Laurel Hill May 8; Spottsylvania C. H. May 8-21; North Anna River May 23-26. Line of the Pamunkey May 26-28. Cold Harbor June 1-12. Before Petersburg June 16-18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Weldon Railroad August 18-21, 1864. In trenches before Petersburg till April, 1865. Fort Stedman March 25, 1865. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Ordered to City Point April 3. Moved to Washington, D. C., May. Grand Review May 23. Mustered out June 9, 1865.
Battery lost during service 2 Officers and 19 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 17 Enlisted men by disease. Total 88.
BATTERY "C," 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY (43rd VOLUNTEERS)
Organized at Philadelphia August 5, 1861, and moved to Washington, D. C. Attached to W. F. Smith's Division, Army Potomac, October, 1861, to March, 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, 4th Army Corps, Army Potomac, to September, 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, 6th Army Corps, Army Potomac, to May, 1863. Artillery Brigade, 6th Corps, to June, 1863. Camp Barry, Defences of Washington, D. C., 22nd Corps, to July, 1863. 1st Brigade, Lockwood's Division, Dept. Susquehanna, to August, 1863. Maryland Heights Division, Dept. West Virginia, to October, 1863.
Service:
Duty at Camp Barry and in the Defences of Washington till March, 1862. Ordered to the Virginia Peninsula March. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Williamsburg May 5. Battle of Fair Oaks or Seven Pines May 31-June 1. Seven days before Richmond June 25-July 1. James River Road near Fair Oaks June 29. Savage Station June 29. Charles City Cross Roads and Glendale June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing till August 16. Movement to Fortress Monroe, thence to Alexandria August 16-24. Maryland Campaign September. Battle of Antietam, Md., September 16-17. Duty in Maryland till October 29. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 29-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12-15. "Mud March" January 20-24, 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Operations at Franklin's Crossing April 29-May 2. Maryes Heights, Fredericksburg, May 3. Salem Heights May 3-4. Banks' Ford May 4. Ordered to Washington, D. C., June, and duty there till July. Moved to Maryland Heights July 9. Duty at Harper's Ferry, W. Va., till October. Consolidated with Battery "D," 1st Pennsylvania Artillery, October 23, 1863 (which see).
SECOND BATTERY "C," 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY.
Organized December, 1864. Attached to 3rd Infantry Division, West Virginia, to April, 1865. 2nd Infantry Division, West Virginia, to June, 1865. Duty at Harper's Ferry, Martinsburg and in the Shenandoah Valley till June, 1865. Mustered out June 30, 1865.
Battery "C" lost during service 2 Enlisted men killed and 12 by disease.
BATTERY "D," 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY (43rd VOLUNTEERS)
Organized at Philadelphia August 5, 1861. Moved to Washington, D. C., August, 1861. Attached to Buell's Division, Army Potomac, October, 1861, to March, 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, 4th Army Corps, Army Potomac, to September, 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, 6th Army Corps, Army Potomac, to May, 1863. Artillery Brigade, 6th Army Corps, to June, 1863. Camp Barry, Defences of Washington, D. C., to August, 1863. Unattached, Artillery, Dept. West Virginia, to December, 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, West Virginia, to January, 1864. Wheaton's Brigade, Dept. West Virginia, to April, 1864. Artillery Brigade, Dept. West Virginia, to January, 1865. 1st Separate Brigade, Dept. West Virginia, to May, 1865. 2nd Infantry Division, West Virginia, to June, 1865.
Service:
Duty in the Defences of Washington, D. C., till March, 1862. Ordered to the Virginia Peninsula March. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Williamsburg May 5. Battle of Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, May 31-June 1. Seven days before Richmond June 25-July 1. James River Road near Fair Oaks June 29. Charles City Cross Roads June 29. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing till August 16. Movement to join Pope August 16-26. Sulphur Springs August 26. Maryland Campaign September. Battle of Antietam, Md., September 16-17 (Reserve). Duty in Maryland till October 29. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 29-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12-15. "Mud March" January 20-24, 1863. At Falmouth till April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Operations at Franklin's Crossing April 29-May 2. Maryes Heights, Fredericksburg, May 3. Salem Heights May 3-4. Banks' Ford May 4. Ordered to Washington, D. C., June, and duty at Camp Barry till August. Ordered to Harper's Ferry, W. Va., and duty there till August, 1864. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to November. Berryville September 3. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Maryland Heights and in Dept. of West Virginia till June, 1865. Mustered out June 30, 1865.
Lost during service 11 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 1 Officer and 18 Enlisted men by disease. Total 30.
BATTERY "E" 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY. (43rd VOLUNTEERS.)
Organized at Philadelphia August 5, 1861, and ordered to Washington, D. C. Attached to W. F. Smith's Division, Army of the Potomac, October-November, 1861. Buell's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March, 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, 4th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June, 1862. Reserve Artillery, 4th Army Corps, to June, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 4th Army Corps, to July, 1863. United States Forces, Yorktown, Va., Dept. of Virginia and North Carolina, to June, 1864. Unattached, Dept. of Virginia and North Carolina, to July, 1864. Artillery Brigade, 18th Army Corps, to August, 1864. Artillery Brigade, 10th Army Corps, to December, 1864. Artillery Brigade, 25th Army Corps, Dept. of Virginia, to July, 1865.
Service:
Duty at Camp Barry and in the Defences of Washington, D. C., till March, 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10-15. Moved to the Virginia Peninsula March. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Williamsburg May 5. Battle of Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, May 31-June 1. Seven days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Defence of Bottom's Bridge June 25-29. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing till August 16. Retreat from the Peninsula August 16-24. Garrison duty at Yorktown and Gloucester till April, 1864. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 26-July 8, 1863. Expedition to Matthews County October 4-9, 1863, and to Gloucester Court House December 11-15, 1863. At Williamsburg, Va., April, 1864, and in Defences of Yorktown till July. Ordered to join 18th Army Corps in the field July 5. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond July, 1864, to April, 1865. Chaffin's Farm, New Market Heights, and Fort Harrison September 28-30. Near Richmond September 30. In trenches before Richmond till April, 1865. Duty dismantling forts and removing Ordnance till July. Mustered out July 20, 1865.
Lost 2 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 21 Enlisted men by disease.
BATTERY "F" 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY. (43rd VOLUNTEERS.)
Organized at Philadelphia August 5, 1861, and ordered to Washington, D. C. Attached to Banks' Division, Army of the Potomac, October, 1861, to March, 1862. 1st Division, Banks' 5th Army Corps and 1st Division, Dept. of the Shenandoah, to May, 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, Dept. of the Rappahannock, to June, 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, 3rd Corps, Army of Virginia, to September, 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, 1st Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to January, 1863. Artillery, 3rd Division, 1st Army Corps, to May, 1863. 3rd Volunteer Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to July, 1863. Artillery Brigade, 2nd Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to September, 1864. Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to June, 1865.
Service:
Duty in the Defences of Washington till October, 1861, and on the Upper Potomac, between Edward's Ferry and Hancock, Md., till February, 1862. Advance on Winchester March 1-12. Reconnoissance toward Strasburg and action near Winchester March 7. Ordered to join Abercrombie's Brigade March 21, and moved to Warrenton Junction. Pursuit of Jackson up the Valley March 24-April 27. Rappahannock Crossing April 18. Pope's Campaign in Northern Virginia August 1-September 2. Battle of Cedar Mountain August 9. Fords of the Rappahannock August 21-23. Thoroughfare Gap August 28. Battles of Groveton August 29. Bull Run August 30. Chantilly September 1. Maryland Campaign September 6-24. Battle of Antietam, Md., September 16-17. Duty at Sharpsburg, Md., till October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30 November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12-15. "Mud March" January 20-24, 1863. At Falmouth and Belle Plain till April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Operations at Pollock's Mill Creek April 29-May 2. Fitzhugh's Crossing April 29-30. Chancellorsville May 2-5. Gettysburg (Pa.) Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 2-4. Advance to line of the Rapidan September 13-17. Bristoe Campaign October 9-22. Auburn and Bristoe October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7-8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6-7, 1864. Morton's Ford February 6-7. Camp near Stevensburg, Va., till May. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 12. Battles of the Wilderness May 5-7; Spottsylvania May 8-12; Spottsylvania Court House May 12-21. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23-26. Line of the Pamunkey May 26-28. Totopotomoy May 28-31. Cold Harbor June 1-12. Before Petersburg June 16-18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road June 21-22, 1864. Demonstration north of the James River at Deep Bottom July 27-29. Deep Bottom July 27-29. Demonstration north of the James at Deep Bottom August 13-20. Strawberry Plains August 14-18. Fall of Petersburg April 2, 1865. Moved to Washington, D. C., May. Grand Review May 23. Mustered out July 9, 1865.
Lost 1 Officer and 17 Enlisted men killed and 13 Enlisted men by disease. Total 31.
BATTERY "G" 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY. (43rd VOLUNTEERS.)
Organized at Philadelphia August 5, 1861, and ordered to Washington, D. C. Attached to McCall's Pennsylvania Reserve Division, Army of the Potomac, to March, 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, 1st Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April, 1862. Artillery, McCall's Division, Dept. of the Rappahannock, to June, 1862. Artillery Brigade, 3rd Division, 5th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to August, 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, 3rd Corps, Army of Virginia, to September, 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, 1st Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May, 1863. 3rd Volunteer Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to July, 1863. Artillery Brigade, 2nd Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April, 1864. Camp Barry, 22nd Corps, to May, 1864. 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Corps, to July, 1864. Reserve Division, Dept. of West Virginia, to January, 1865. 1st Infantry Division, West Virginia, to April, 1865. 3rd Brigade, Hardins' Division, 22nd Army Corps, to June, 1865.
Service:
Duty at Camp Barry and Tennallytown, Md., Defences of Washington, D. C., till October, 1861, and at Camp Pierpont, near Langley, Va., till March, 1862. Expedition to Grinnell's Farm December 6, 1861. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10-15. McDowell's advance on Falmouth April 9-19. Duty at Falmouth and Fredericksburg till June. Ordered to the Virginia Peninsula. Seven days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Battles of Mechanicsville June 26; Gaines Mill June 27; Charles City Cross Roads and Glendale June 30; Malvern Hill July 1. Duty at Harrison's Landing till August 16. Movement to join Pope August 16-26. Duty at Washington, D. C., till October 9. Rejoined Division at Sharpsburg, Md. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October-November. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12-15. "Mud March" January 20-24, 1863. At Falmouth and Belle Plains till April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Operations at Pollock's Mill Creek April 29-May 2. Fitzhugh's Crossing April 29-30. Chancellorsville May 2-5. Battery attached to Battery "F" 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery May 12, 1863, to April 3, 1864. Gettysburg (Pa.) Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg. Pa., July 1-3. Advance to line of the Rapidan September 13-17. Bristoe Campaign October 9-22. Auburn and Bristoe October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7-8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6-7, 1864. Morton's Ford February 6-7. At Stevensburg till April. At Camp Berry, Defences of Washington, D. C., April. At Arlington Heights, Va., as garrison of Forts Bennett, Cochran and Haggerty till July. Ordered to Frederick, Md., July 3. Infantry duty at Point of Rocks, Md., July 6 to December 12. At Maryland Heights till April 16, 1865. At Fort Lincoln, near Washington, D. C., till April 27, and at Fort Foote till June. Mustered out at Camp Cadwalader June 29, 1865.
Battery lost during service 1 Officer and 16 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 14 Enlisted men by disease. Total 31.
BATTERY "H," 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY (43rd VOLUNTEERS).
Organized at Philadelphia August 5, 1861, and ordered to Washington, D. C. Attached to Defences of Washington to October, 1861. Buell's Division, Army Potomac, March, 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, 4th Army Corps, Army Potomac, to July, 1862. Reserve Artillery, 4th Army Corps, Yorktown, Va., to June, 1863. Camp Barry, Washington, D. C., 22nd Army Corps, to May, 1864. 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Corps, to June, 1865.
Service:
Duty in the Defences of Washington, D. C., till March, 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10-15. Ordered to the Virginia Peninsula. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Williamsburg May 5. Battle of Fair Oaks (Seven Pines) May 31-June 1. Seven days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Bottom's Bridge June 28-29. Glendale June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing till August 16. Moved to Yorktown, Va., and duty there till June, 1863. Ordered to Washington, D. C., arriving July 1, and march to Gettysburg July 1-4. Return to Washington, and duty at Camp Barry till May, 1864. Garrison duty at Fort Whipple till December, and at Fort Marcy till February, 1865. Outpost duty at Edward's Ferry, Md., till June. Mustered out June 27, 1865.
Lost during service 1 Enlisted man killed and 1 Officer and 18 Enlisted men by disease. Total 20.
BATTERY "I," 1st REGIMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY. (43rd VOLUNTEERS.)
Organized March 2, 1865. Duty in the Defences of Washington, D. C. Attached to DeRussy's Division, Defences south of the Potomac, till July. Mustered out July 1, 1865.
Lost 2 by disease.
Predecessor units:
PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS
44th REGIMENT VOLUNTEERS.-lst RESERVES LIGHT ARTILLERY.
(See 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery.)
PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS
15th REGIMENT RESERVES.-(44th VOLUNTEERS.)
(See 1st Light Artillery.)
Soldiers:
View Battle Unit's Soldiers »
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Creighton names new VP for Global Engagement
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Kari Costello, DBA, has been named vice provost for Global Engagement at Creighton University.
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Before joining DePaul in 2012, Costello served as director of international programs for the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business; executive director of career services for Kaplan Higher Education; and business development consultant for Skills for Chicagoland’s Future.
“I’m truly honored to join Creighton University as the vice provost for Global Engagement,” Costello said. “It’s an exciting opportunity to lead our global initiatives, strengthen international partnerships and further our sustainability efforts. I’m looking forward to collaborating with our vibrant community to enhance our global impact and support our international students and scholars, all while staying true to Creighton’s mission and values.”
Costello earned her bachelor’s degree from the University of Wisconsin, a Master of Business Administration in international business from the Thunderbird Global School of Management at Arizona State University and a Doctor of Business Administration from DePaul University’s Kellstadt Graduate School of Business. She served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Poland and spent time working and studying in the Czech Republic, Poland and Russia.
In addition to her administrative roles at DePaul, Costello served as an adjunct professor of business, teaching undergraduate and graduate courses in business innovation and creativity, marketing research methods, and managing for effective and ethical organizational behavior.
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Appomattox Court House National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)
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Armies of the United States
Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant
(63,285)
Escort
5th United States Cavalry, Companies B, F and K
Headquarters Guard
4th United States Infantry
Army of the Potomac
Major General George G. Meade
Provost Guard: Brigadier General George N. Macy
1st Indiana Cavalry
1st Massachusetts Cavalry, Companies C and D
3rd Pennsylvania Cavalry
11th United States Infantry, 1st Battalion
14th United States Infantry, 2nd Battalion
Headquarters Guard
3rd United States Infantry
Quartermaster's Guard
Independent Company, Oneida (New York) Cavalry
Engineer Brigade: Brigadier General Henry W. Benham
15th New York Engineers (9 companies)
50th New York Engineers
Independent Brigade: Brigadier General Charles H. T. Collis
1st Massachusetts Cavalry (8 companies)
61st Massachusetts Infantry
80th New York Infantry (20th Militia)
68th Pennsylvania Infantry
114th Pennsylvania Infantry
Battalion of United States Engineers: Major Franklin Harwood
Artillery:Brigadier General Henry J. Hunt
Siege Train: Brigadier General Henry W. Abbot
1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery
ConnecticutLight Artillery, 3rd Battery
Artillery Reserve: Brigadier General William Hays
(in command from April 6)
Maine Light Artillery, Companies B, C, D and F
New York Light Artillery, 12th Battery
1st Ohio Light Artillery, Company H
1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery, Company F
1st Rhode Island Light Artillery, Company E
Vermont Light Artillery, 3rd Battery
II Army Corps: Major General Andrew A. Humphreys
(16,327)
1st Division: Brigadier General Nelson A. Miles
1st Brigade: Colonel George W. Scott
26th Michigan Infantry
5th New Hampshire Infantry (Battalion)
2nd New York Heavy Artillery
61st New York Infantry
81st Pennsylvania Infantry
140th Pennsylvania Infantry
2nd Brigade: Colonel Robert Nugent
28th Massachusetts Infantry (5 companies)
63rd New York Infantry (6 companies)
69th New York Infantry
88th New York Infantry (5 companies)
4th New York Heavy Artillery
3rd Brigade: Brigadier General Henry J. Madill (wounded April 2),
Brigadier General Clinton D. MacDougall
7th New York Infantry
39th New York Infantry
52nd New York Infantry
111th New York Infantry
125th New York Infantry
126th New York Infantry
4th Brigade: Brigadier General John Ramsey
64th New York Infantry
66th New York Infantry
53rd Pennsylvania Infantry
116th Pennsylvania Infantry
145th Pennsylvania Infantry
148th Pennsylvania Infantry
183rd Pennsylvania Infantry
2nd Division: Brigadier General William Hays (assigned to
Artillery Reserve April 6), Brigadier General Thomas Smyth
(temporary command), Brigadier General Francis C. Barlow
(assigned April 7)
1st Brigade: Colonel William A. Olmsted
19th Maine Infantry
19th Massachusetts Infantry
20th Massachusetts Infantry
7th Michigan Infantry
1st Minnesota Infantry (2 companies)
59th New York Infantry (Battalion)
82nd New York Infantry (Battalion, 4 companies of 2nd New York
attached)
152nd New York Infantry
184th Pennsylvania Infantry
36th Wisconsin Infantry
2nd Brigade: Colonel James P. McIvor
8th New York Heavy Artillery
155th New York Infantry
164th New York Infantry
170th New York Infantry
182nd New York Infantry (69th New York National Guard Artillery)
3rd Brigade: Brigadier General Thomas A. Smyth (mortally wounded
April 7), Colonel Danielle Woodall
14th Connecticut Infantry
1st Delaware Infantry
12th New Jersey Infantry
10th New York Infantry (Battalion)
108th New York Infantry
4th Ohio Infantry (4 companies)
69th Pennsylvania Infantry
106th Pennsylvania Infantry (3 companies)
7th West Virginia Infantry (4 companies)
Unattached
2nd Company, Minnesota Sharpshooters
3rd Division: Major General Gershom Mott (wounded April 6),
Brigadier General Regis de Trobriand
1st Brigade: Brigadier General Regis de Trobriand, Colonel Russell B.
Shepherd
20th Indiana Infantry
1st Maine Heavy Artillery
40th New York Infantry
73rd New York Infantry
86th New York Infantry
124th New York Infantry
99th Pennsylvania Infantry
110th Pennsylvania Infantry
2nd Brigade: Brigadier General Byron R. Pierce
17th Maine Infantry
1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery
5th Michigan Infantry
93rd New York Infantry
57th Pennsylvania Infantry
105th Pennsylvania Infantry
141st Pennsylvania Infantry
3rd Brigade: Brigadier General Robert McAllister
11th Massachusetts Infantry
7th New Jersey Infantry
8th New Jersey Infantry
11th New Jersey Infantry
120th New York Infantry
Artillery Brigade: Lieutenant Colonel John G. Hazard
Massachusetts Light Artillery, 10th Battery
1st New Hampshire Light Artillery, Company M
1st New Jersey Light Artillery, Company B
New York Light Artillery, 11th Battery
4th New York Heavy Artillery, Companies C and L
1st Rhode Island Light Artillery, Battery B
4th United States Artillery, Company K
V Army Corps: Major General Gouverneur K. Warren (relieved of
command April 1), Major General Charles Griffin
(12,323)
Escort
4th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Company C
Provost Guard
104th New York Infantry
1st Division: Major General Charles Griffin, Major General
Joseph J. Bartlett
1st Brigade: Brigadier General Joshua L. Chamberlain
185th New York Infantry
198th Pennsylvania Infantry
2nd Brigade: Brigadier General Edgar M. Gregory
187th New York Infantry
188th New York Infantry
189th New York Infantry
3rd Brigade: Major General Joseph J. Bartlett, Brigadier General
Alfred J. Pearson
1st Maine Sharpshooters
20th Maine Infantry
32nd Massachusetts Infantry
1st Michigan Infantry
16th Michigan Infantry (Brady's and Jardine's Companies of
Sharpshooters attached)
83rd Pennsylvania Infantry
91st Pennsylvania Infantry
118th Pennsylvania Infantry
155th Pennsylvania Infantry
2nd Division: Major General Romeyn B. Ayres
1st Brigade: Brigadier General Frederick Winthrop (mortally wounded
April 1), Colonel James Grindlay, Brigadier General Joseph Hays
(in command from April 3)
5th New York Infantry (Veteran)
15th New York Heavy Artillery
140th New York Infantry
146th New York Infantry
2nd Brigade: Brigadier General Andrew W. Denison (wounded Mach
31), Colonel Richard N. Bowerman (wounded April 1),
Colonel David L. Stanton
1st Maryland Infantry
4th Maryland Infantry
7th Maryland Infantry
8th Maryland Infantry
3rd Brigade: Brigadier General James Gwyn
3rd Delaware Infantry
4th Delaware Infantry
8th Delaware Infantry (3 companies)
157th Pennsylvania Infantry (4 companies)
190th Pennsylvania Infantry
191st Pennsylvania Infantry
210th Pennsylvania Infantry
3rd Division: Major General Samuel W. Crawford
1st Brigade: Colonel John A. Kellogg
91st New York Infantry
6th Wisconsin Infantry
7th Wisconsin Infantry
2nd Brigade: Brigadier General Henry Baxter
16th Maine Infantry
39th Massachusetts Infantry
97th New York Infantry
11th Pennsylvania Infantry
107th Pennsylvania Infantry
3rd Brigade: Brigadier General Richard Coulter
94th New York Infantry
95th New York Infantry
147th New York Infantry
56th Pennsylvania Infantry
88th Pennsylvania Infantry
121st Pennsylvania Infantry
142nd Pennsylvania Infantry
Unattached
1st Battalion New York Sharpshooters
Artillery Brigade: Brigadier General Charles S. Wainwright
1st New York Light Artillery, Companies B, D and H
15th New York Heavy Artillery, Company M
4th United States Artillery, Company B
5th United States Artillery, Companies D and G
VI Army Corps: Major General Horatio G. Wright
(15,192)
Escort
21st Pennsylvania Cavalry, Company E
1st Division: Major General Frank Wheaton
1st Brigade: Brigadier General William H. Penrose
1st and 4th New Jersey Infantry (Consolidated Battalion)
2nd New Jersey Infantry (2 companies)
3rd New Jersey Infantry (1 company)
10th New Jersey Infantry
15th New Jersey Infantry
40th New Jersey Infantry
2nd Brigade: Brigadier General Joseph E. Hamblin
2nd Connecticut Heavy Artillery
65th New York Infantry
121st New York Infantry
95th Pennsylvania Infantry
3rd Brigade: Colonel Oliver Edwards
37th Massachusetts Infantry
49th Pennsylvania Infantry
82nd Pennsylvania Infantry
119th Pennsylvania Infantry
2nd Rhode Island Infantry
5th Wisconsin Infantry
2nd Division: Major General George Getty
1st Brigade: Colonel James M. Warner
62nd New York Infantry
93rd Pennsylvania Infantry
98th Pennsylvania Infantry
102nd Pennsylvania Infantry
139th Pennsylvania Infantry
2nd Brigade: Major General Lewis A. Grant (wounded April 2),
Colonel Charles Mundee, Lieutenant Colonel Amasa S. Tracy,
Major General Lewis A. Grant
2nd Vermont Infantry
3rd Vermont Infantry
4th Vermont Infantry
5th Vermont Infantry
6th Vermont Infantry
1st Vermont Heavy Artillery
3rd Brigade: Colonel Thomas W. Hyde
1st Maine Infantry (Veteran)
43rd New York Infantry (5 companies)
49th New York Infantry (5 companies)
77th New York Infantry (5 companies)
122nd New York Infantry
61st Pennsylvania Infantry
3rd Division: Brigadier General Truman Seymour
1st Brigade: Colonel William S. Truex
14th New Jersey Infantry
106th New York Infantry
151st New York Infantry (5 companies)
87th Pennsylvania Infantry
10th Vermont Infantry
2nd Brigade: Brigadier General J. Warren Keifer
6th Maryland Infantry
9th New York Heavy Artillery
110th Ohio Infantry
122nd Ohio Infantry
126th Ohio Infantry
67th Pennsylvania Infantry
138th Pennsylvania Infantry
Artillery Brigade: Major Andrew Cowan
1st New Jersey Light Artillery, Company A
New York Light Artillery, 1st and 3rd Batteries
9th New York Heavy Artillery, Company L
1st Rhode Island Light Artillery, Companies G and H
5th United States Artillery, Company E
1st Vermont Heavy Artillery, Company D
Army of the Shenandoah
Major General Phillip H. Sheridan
Cavalry Corps: Major General Wesley Merritt
(10,979)
1st Division: Brigadier General Thomas C. Devin
1st Brigade: Colonel Peter Stagg
1st Michigan Cavalry
5th Michigan Cavalry
6th Michigan Cavalry
7th Michigan Cavalry
2nd Brigade: Colonel Charles L. Fitzhugh
6th New York Cavalry
9th New York Cavalry
19th New York Cavalry
17th Pennsylvania Cavalry
20th Pennsylvania Cavalry
3rd (Reserve) Brigade: Brigadier General Alfred Gibbs
2nd Massachusetts Cavalry
6th Pennsylvania Cavalry
1st United States Cavalry
5th United States Cavalry
6th United States Cavalry
Artillery
4th United States Artillery, Companies C and E
2nd Division (Army of the Potomac):
Major General George Crook
1st Brigade: Brigadier General Henry E. Davies, Jr.
1st New Jersey Cavalry
10th New York Cavalry
24th New York Cavalry
1st Pennsylvania Cavalry (5 companies)
2nd United States Artillery, Company A
2nd Brigade: Brigadier General J. Irvin Gregg (captured April 7),
Colonel Samuel B. M. Young
4th Pennsylvania Cavalry
8th Pennsylvania Cavalry
16th Pennsylvania Cavalry
21st Pennsylvania Cavalry
1st United States Artillery, Companies H and I
3rd Brigade: Brigadier General Charles H. Smith
1st Maine Cavalry
2nd New York Mounted Rifles
6th Ohio Cavalry
13th Ohio Cavalry
3rd Division: Major General George A. Custer
1st Brigade: Colonel Alexander C. M. Pennington
1st Connecticut Cavalry
3rd New Jersey Cavalry
2nd New York Cavalry
2nd Ohio Cavalry
2nd Brigade: Colonel William Wells
8th New York Cavalry
15th New York Cavalry
1st Vermont Cavalry
3rd Indiana Cavalry, Companies A-F
3rd Brigade: Colonel Henry Capehart
1st New York Cavalry (Lincoln)
1st West Virginia Cavalry
2nd West Virginia Cavalry (7 companies)
3rd West Virginia Cavalry
Cavalry Division (Army of the James):
Brigadier General Ranald S. Mackenzie
1st Brigade: Colonel Robert M. West
20th New York Cavalry
5th Pennsylvania Cavalry
2nd Brigade: Colonel Samuel P. Spear
1st District of Columbia Cavalry (Battalion)
1st Maryland Cavalry
11th Pennsylvania Cavalry
Artillery
Wisconsin Light Artillery, 4th Battery
Army of the James
Major General Edward O. C. Ord
Headquarters Guard
3rd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, Companies D and I
Engineers
1st New York Engineers
Pontoniers
3rd Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, Company I
Unattached Cavalry
4th Massachusetts, Companies I, L and M
5th Massachusetts Cavalry (Colored)
7th New York Cavalry (1st Mounted Rifles)
XXIV Army Corps: Major General John Gibbon
(6,554)
Headquarters Guard: Captain Charles E. Thomas
4th Massachusetts Cavalry, Companies F and K
1st Division: Brigadier General Robert S. Foster
1st Brigade: Colonel Thomas O. Osborne
39th Illinois Infantry
62nd Ohio Infantry
67th Ohio Infantry
85th Pennsylvania Infantry
199th Pennsylvania Infantry
3rd Brigade: Colonel George B. Dandy
10th Connecticut Infantry
11th Maine Infantry
24th Massachusetts Infantry
100th New York Infantry
206th Pennsylvania Infantry
4th Brigade: Colonel Harrison S. Fairchild
8th Maine Infantry
89th New York Infantry
148th New York Infantry
158th New York Infantry
Independent Division: Major General John W. Turner
1st Brigade: Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Potter
34th Massachusetts Infantry
116th Ohio Infantry
123rd Ohio Infantry
2nd Brigade: Colonel William B. Curtis
23rd Illinois Infantry
54th Pennsylvania Infantry
12th West Virginia Infantry
3rd Brigade: Brigadier General Thomas M. Harris
10th West Virginia Infantry
11th West Virginia Infantry
15th West Virginia Infantry
Artillery Brigade: Major Charles C. Abell
3rd New York Light Artillery, Companies B, H, K and M
New York Light Artillery, 17th Battery
1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery, Company A
1st Rhode Island Light Artillery, Company F
1st United States Artillery, Company B
4th United States Artillery, Company L
5th United States Artillery, Companies A and F
2nd Division (XXV Corps): Brigadier General William Birney
(ordered to return to Petersburg on April 7), these troops were
temporarily attached to the XXIV Corps
(1,910)
2nd Brigade: Colonel Ulysses Doubleday
8th United States Colored Troops
41st United States Colored Troops
45th United States Colored Troops
127th United States Colored Troops
3rd Brigade: Colonel William W. Woodward
29th United States Colored Troops
31st United States Colored Troops
116th United States Colored Troops
Army of Northern Virginia
General Robert E. Lee
(28,231)
(Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of soldiers paroled at
Appomattox)
Provost Guard: Major D. B. Bridgeford
1st Battalion Virginia Infantry (139)
44th Battalion Virginia Cavalry, Company B
Escort
39th Battalion Virginia Cavalry (92)
Engineers: Colonel T. M. R. Talcott
1st Confederate Engineers (191)
2nd Confederate Engineers (94)
Artillery: Brigadier General William N. Pendleton (artillery is divided
up between the four infantry and one cavalry corps)
First and Third Army Corps (Combined)
Lieutenant General James Longstreet (Lieutenant General Ambrose
P. Hill was killed April 2, Third Corps was combined with the First)
(15,942)
Provost Guard
5th Battalion Alabama Infantry (128)
Pickett's Division: Major General George E. Pickett (relieved of
command April 8)
Steuart's Brigade: Brigadier General George H. Steuart
9th Virginia Infantry (40)
14th Virginia Infantry (58)
38th Virginia Infantry (95)
53rd Virginia Infantry (86)
57th Virginia Infantry (87)
Corse's Brigade: Brigadier General Montgomery D. Corse (captured
April 6), Colonel Arthur Herbert
15th Virginia Infantry (69)
17th Virginia Infantry (125)
29th Virginia Infantry (31)
30th Virginia Infantry (90)
32nd Virginia Infantry (48)
Hunton's Brigade: Brigadier General Eppa Hunton (captured April 6),
Major Michael P. Spessard
8th Virginia Infantry (12)
18th Virginia Infantry (70)
19th Virginia Infantry (30)
28th Virginia Infantry (56)
56th Virginia Infantry (33)
Terry's Brigade: Brigadier General William R. Terry (wounded March
31), Colonel Joseph Mayo (in command April 1),
Major William W. Bentley
1st Virginia Infantry (17)
3rd Virginia Infantry (70)
7th Virginia Infantry (20)
11th Virginia Infantry (31)
24th Virginia Infantry (24)
Field's Division: Major General Charles W. Field
Law's Brigade: Brigadier General William F. Perry
4th Alabama Infantry (224)
15th Alabama Infantry (220)
44th Alabama Infantry (209)
47th Alabama Infantry (207)
48th Alabama Infantry (136)
Anderson's Brigade: Brigadier General George T. Anderson
7th Georgia Infantry (188)
8th Georgia Infantry (153)
9th Georgia Infantry (189)
11th Georgia Infantry (190)
59th Georgia Infantry (267)
Benning's Brigade: Brigadier General Henry L. Benning
2nd Georgia Infantry (158)
15th Georgia Infantry (246)
17th Georgia Infantry (186)
20th Georgia Infantry (210)
Gregg's Brigade: Colonel R. M. Powell
3rd Arkansas Infantry (147)
1st Texas Infantry (149)
4th Texas Infantry (160)
5th Texas Infantry (162)
Bratton's Brigade: Brigadier General John Bratton
1st South Carolina Infantry (223)
5th South Carolina Infantry (282)
6th South Carolina Infantry (358)
2nd South Carolina Rifles (298)
Palmetto Sharpshooters (South Carolina) (386)
Kershaw's Division: Major General Joseph B. Kershaw
DuBose's Brigade: Brigadier General Dudley M. DuBose (captured
April 6), Captain J. F. Espy
16th Georgia Infantry (54)
18th Georgia Infantry (53)
24th Georgia Infantry (62)
3rd Battalion Georgia Sharpshooters (24)
Cobb's Legion (Georgia) (56)
Phillips' Legion (Georgia) (93)
Humphreys' Brigade: Brigadier General Benjamin G. Humphreys
(captured April 6), Captain Gwin R. Cherry
13th Mississippi Infantry (85)
17th Mississippi Infantry (64)
18th Mississippi Infantry (48)
21st Mississippi Infantry (49)
Simms' Brigade: Brigadier General James P. Simms (captured
April 6), Captain George W. Waldron
10th Georgia Infantry (50)
50th Georgia Infantry (30)
51st Georgia Infantry (43)
53rd Georgia Infantry (64)
Mahone's Division: Major General William Mahone
Forney's Brigade: Brigadier General William H. Forney
8th Alabama Infantry (170)
9th Alabama Infantry (78)
10th Alabama Infantry (228)
11th Alabama Infantry (190)
13th Alabama Infantry (91)
14th Alabama Infantry (193)
Weisiger's Brigade: Brigadier General David A. Weisiger
6th Virginia Infantry (111)
12th Virginia Infantry (190)
16th Virginia Infantry (125)
41st Virginia Infantry (109)
61st Virginia Infantry (119)
Harris' Brigade: Brigadier General Nathaniel H. Harris
12th Mississippi Infantry (55)
16th Mississippi Infantry (72)
19th Mississippi Infantry (138)
48th Mississippi Infantry (99)
Sorrel's Brigade: Colonel George E. Tayloe
3rd Georgia Infantry (248)
22nd Georgia Infantry (220)
48th Georgia Infantry (207)
64th Georgia Infantry (105)
2nd Battalion Georgia Infantry (82)
10th Battalion Georgia Infantry (166)
Finegan's Brigade: Colonel David Lang
2nd Florida Infantry (70)
5th Florida Infantry (53)
8th Florida Infantry (34)
9th Florida Infantry (124)
10th Florida Infantry (172)
11th Florida Infantry (23)
Florida Brigade Band (14)
28th Battalion Georgia Heavy Artillery, Companies F and H (7)
Heth's Division: Major General Henry Heth
Davis' Brigade: Brigadier General Joseph R. Davis
1st Battalion Confederate Infantry (9)
2nd Mississippi Infantry (20)
11th Mississippi Infantry (19)
26th Mississippi Infantry (12)
42nd Mississippi Infantry (6)
Cooke's Brigade: Brigadier General John R. Cooke
15th North Carolina Infantry (137)
27th North Carolina Infantry (117)
46th North Carolina Infantry (118)
48th North Carolina Infantry (101)
55th North Carolina Infantry (83)
MacRae's Brigade: Brigadier General William MacRae
11th North Carolina Infantry (84)
26th North Carolina Infantry (131)
44th North Carolina Infantry (83)
47th North Carolina Infantry (77)
52nd North Carolina Infantry (96)
McComb's Brigade: Brigadier General William McComb
2nd Battalion Maryland Infantry (63)
1st Tennessee Infantry (Provisional Army) (38)
7th Tennessee Infantry (48)
14th Tennessee Infantry (41)
17th Tennessee Infantry (68)
23rd Tennessee Infantry (56)
25th Tennessee Infantry (25)
44th Tennessee Infantry (58)
63rd Tennessee Infantry (75)
Wilcox's Division: Major General Cadmus M. Wilcox
Thomas' Brigade: Brigadier General Edward L. Thomas
14th Georgia Infantry (168)
35th Georgia Infantry (137)
45th Georgia Infantry (93)
49th Georgia Infantry (112)
Lane's Brigade: Brigadier General James H. Lane
18th North Carolina Infantry (99)
28th North Carolina Infantry (232)
33rd North Carolina Infantry (120)
37th North Carolina Infantry (111)
McGowan's Brigade: Brigadier General Samuel McGowan
1st South Carolina Infantry (Provisional Army) (116)
12th South Carolina Infantry (161)
13th South Carolina Infantry (198)
14th South Carolina Infantry (265)
Orr's Rifles (South Carolina) (157)
Scales' Brigade: Colonel Joseph H. Hyman
13th North Carolina Infantry (218)
16th North Carolina Infantry (96)
22nd North Carolina Infantry (111)
34th North Carolina Infantry (169)
38th North Carolina Infantry (132)
First Corps Artillery: Brigadier General E. Porter Alexander
Cabell's Battalion: Major S. P. Hamilton
Anderson's Battery (Virginia)
Frasier's Battery (Georgia) (4)
Carlton's Battery (Georgia) (10)
1st Company Richmond Howitzers (Virginia) (12)
Manly's Battery/1st North Carolina Artillery, Company A (5)
Huger's Battalion: Major Tyler C. Jordan
Fickling's Battery (South Carolina) (44)
Moody's Battery (Louisiana) (45)
Parker's Battery (Virginia) (48)
J. D. Smith's Battery (Virginia) (66)
Taylor's Battery (Virginia) (45)
Woolfolk's Battery (Virginia) (66)
Hardaway's Battalion: Lieutenant Colonel Robert A. Hardaway
Powhatan Artillery (Virginia) (89)
3rd Company Richmond Howitzers (Virginia) (95)
Rockbridge Artillery (Virginia) (119)
Salem Flying Artillery (Virginia) (98)
Haskell's Battalion: Major John C. Haskell
Flanner's Battery (North Carolina) (27)
Palmetto Light/Garden's Battery (South Carolina) (101)
Lamkin's Battery (Virginia) (13)
Ramsay's Battery/1st North Carolina Artillery, Company D (28)
Stark's Battalion: Lieutenant Colonel Alexander W. Stark
Louisiana Guard Artillery (18)
Armistead's Battery/Matthew's Artillery (Virginia) (71)
McComas Artillery/French's Battery (Virginia) (66)
Johnson's Battalion: Major Marmaduke Johnson
Clutter's Artillery (Virginia) (56)
FredericksburgArtillery (Virginia) (77)
Third Corps Artillery: Colonel R. Lindsay Walker
McIntosh's Battalion: Colonel David G. McIntosh
1st Maryland Battery (36)
4th Maryland Battery (12)
DanvilleArtillery (Virginia) (85)
Hardaway Artillery/Hurt's Battery (Alabama) (83)
2nd Rockbridge Artillery (Virginia) (28)
Pegram's Battalion: Colonel William J. Pegram (killed April 2)
Ellett's Battery (Virginia) (4)
Letcher Artillery (Virginia) (5)
Pee Dee Light Artillery (South Carolina)
Purcell Light Artillery (Virginia) (1)
Poague's Battalion: Lieutenant Colonel William T. Poague
Madison Artillery (Mississippi) (58)
AlbemarleArtillery (Virginia) (48)
Brooks Artillery/Utterback's Battery (Virginia) (40)
Charlotte Artillery (Virginia)
Penick's Battery/Pittsylvania Artillery (Virginia) (70)
Williams' Battery/1st North Carolina Artillery, Company C (25)
Richardson's Battalion: Lieutenant Colonel Charles Richardson
Lewis Artillery (Virginia)
Donaldsonville Artillery (Louisiana) (71)
Norfolk Light Artillery Blues (Virginia) (25)
Huger Artillery (Virginia) (2)
Lane's Battalion (Sumter Battalion): Major John Lane (54)
Ross' Battery (Georgia)
Patterson's Battery (Georgia)
Irwin Artillery (Georgia)
Owen's Battalion: Major William M. Owen
Chamberlayne's Battery (Virginia) (45)
Dickenson's Artillery (Virginia) (7)
Walker's Battery (Virginia) (1)
WashingtonArtillery of New Orleans: Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin
Eshleman
1st Company (Louisiana) (5)
2nd Company (Louisiana) (8)
3rd Company (Louisiana) (12)
4th Company (Louisiana) (13)
Second Army Corps: Major General John B. Gordon
(8,399)
Grimes' Division: Major General Bryan Grimes
Battle's Brigade: Colonel Edwin L. Hobson
3rd Alabama Infantry (105)
5th Alabama Infantry (62)
6th Alabama Infantry (87)
12th Alabama Infantry (69)
61st Alabama Infantry (50)
Grimes' Brigade: Colonel D. G. Cowand
32nd North Carolina Infantry (119)
43rd North Carolina Infantry (179)
45th North Carolina Infantry (97)
53rd North Carolina Infantry (96)
2nd Battalion North Carolina Infantry (52)
Cox's Brigade: Brigadier General William R. Cox
1st North Carolina Infantry (73)
2nd North Carolina Infantry (64)
3rd North Carolina Infantry (58)
4th North Carolina Infantry (117)
14th North Carolina Infantry (121)
30th North Carolina Infantry (162)
Cook's Brigade: Colonel Edwin A. Nash
4th Georgia Infantry (148)
12th Georgia Infantry (70)
21st Georgia Infantry (65)
44th Georgia Infantry (83)
Archer's Brigade: Lieutenant Colonel Fletcher H. Archer
3rd Battalion Virginia Reserves (18)
44th Battalion Virginia Infantry (61)
Early's Division: Brigadier General James A. Walker
Johnston's Brigade: Colonel John W. Lea
5th North Carolina Infantry (93)
12th North Carolina Infantry (152)
20th North Carolina Infantry (83)
23rd North Carolina Infantry (91)
1st Battalion North Carolina Sharpshooters (69)
Lewis' Brigade: Captain John Beard
6th North Carolina Infantry (188)
21st North Carolina Infantry (111)
54th North Carolina Infantry (61)
57th North Carolina Infantry (82)
Walker's Brigade: Major Henry Kyd Douglas
13th Virginia Infantry (63)
31st Virginia Infantry (57)
49th Virginia Infantry (62)
52nd Virginia Infantry (60)
58th Virginia Infantry (67)
Gordon's Division: Brigadier General Clement A. Evans
Evans' Brigade: Colonel John H. Lowe
13th Georgia Infantry (174)
26th Georgia Infantry (220)
31st Georgia Infantry (123)
38th Georgia Infantry (112)
60th Georgia Infantry (91)
61st Georgia Infantry (82)
9th Battalion Georgia Heavy Artillery (21)
12th Battalion Georgia Heavy Artillery (131)
18th Battalion Georgia Infantry (16)
Terry's Brigade: Colonel Titus V. Williams
2nd Virginia Infantry (74)
4th Virginia Infantry (47)
5th Virginia Infantry (56)
10th Virginia Infantry (50)
21st Virginia Infantry (57)
23rd Virginia Infantry (59)
25th Virginia Infantry (19)
27th Virginia Infantry (22)
33rd Virginia Infantry (19)
37th Virginia Infantry (42)
42nd Virginia Infantry (53)
44th Virginia Infantry (16)
48th Virginia Infantry (41)
York's Brigade: Colonel Eugene Waggaman
1st Louisiana Infantry (19)
2nd Louisiana Infantry (44)
5th Louisiana Infantry (19)
6th Louisiana Infantry (56)
7th Louisiana Infantry (43)
8th Louisiana Infantry (58)
9th Louisiana Infantry (68)
10th Louisiana Infantry (17)
14th Louisiana Infantry (32)
15th Louisiana Infantry (19)
Johnson's Division: Major General Bushrod R. Johnson (relieved
of command April 8), Brigadier General William H. Wallace
Wallace's Brigade: Brigadier General William H. Wallace
17th South Carolina Infantry (121)
18th South Carolina Infantry (160)
22nd South Carolina Infantry (89)
23rd South Carolina Infantry (106)
26th South Carolina Infantry (124)
Holcombe Legion (South Carolina) (34)
Moody's Brigade: Brigadier General Young M. Moody (captured
April 8), Colonel Martin L. Stansel
41st Alabama Infantry (99)
43rd Alabama Infantry (128)
59th Alabama Infantry (110)
60th Alabama Infantry (184)
23rd Battalion Alabama Infantry (47)
Wise's Brigade: Brigadier General Henry A. Wise
26th Virginia Infantry (96)
34th Virginia Infantry (245)
46th Virginia Infantry (139)
59th Virginia Infantry (149)
Ransom's Brigade: Brigadier General Matthew W. Ransom
24th North Carolina Infantry (55)
25th North Carolina Infantry (78)
35th North Carolina Infantry (117)
49th North Carolina Infantry (108)
56th North Carolina Infantry (72)
Second Corps Artillery: Brigadier General Armistead L. Long
Nelson's Battalion: Lieutenant Colonel William Nelson
AmherstArtillery (Virginia)
Milledge's Artillery (Georgia)
Fluvanna Artillery (Virginia)
Braxton's Battalion: Lieutenant Colonel Carter M. Braxton
Alleghany Artillery (Virginia) (2)
Lee Artillery (Virginia) (16)
Stafford Artillery (Virginia) (5)
Cutshaw's Battalion: Major Wilfred E. Cutshaw (wounded April 6),
Captain C. W. Fry
Orange Artillery (Virginia) (20)
StauntonArtillery (Virginia) (54)
2nd Company Richmond Howitzers (Virginia) (49)
King William Light Artillery (Virginia) (23)
Montgomery's/Louisa Battery (Virginia) (31)
Jeff Davis Artillery/Reese's Battery (Alabama) (27)
Anderson's Corps Artillery: Colonel Hillary P. Jones
Coit's Battalion: Major James C. Coit
Wright's Battery (Virginia)
Pegram's Battery (Virginia)
Bradford's Battery (Mississippi)
Kelly's Battery (South Carolina)
Blount's Battalion: Major Joseph G. Blount
Cumming's Battery (North Carolina)
Lowry's Battery (Virginia)
Miller's Battery (North Carolina)
Slaten's Battery (Georgia)
Stribling's Battalion: Major Robert M. Stribling
Marshall's Battery (Virginia)
Macon's Battery (Virginia)
Sullivan's Battery (Virginia)
Dickerson's Battery (Virginia)
Sturdivant's Battalion: Captain N. A. Sturdivant
Martin's Battery (Virginia)
Sturdivant's Battery (Virginia)
Third Army Corps: Lieutenant General Ambrose P. Hill (killed
April 2), Third Corps was combined with the First Corps under
Lieutenant General James Longstreet
Anderson's Corps: Lieutenant General Richard H. Anderson
(relieved of command April 8), the corps' one division and its
artillery was merged into the Second Corps commanded by Major
General John B. Gordon
Cavalry Corps: Major General Fitzhugh Lee
(1,559)
Fitzhugh Lee's Division: Brigadier General Thomas L. Munford
(promoted April 6)
Munford's Brigade: Brigadier General Thomas L. Munford
1st Virginia Cavalry (1)
2nd Virginia Cavalry (47)
3rd Virginia Cavalry (4)
4th Virginia Cavalry (7)
Payne's Brigade: Brigadier General William H. Payne (wounded
April 6), Colonel Rueben B. Boston (killed April 6)
5th Virginia Cavalry (2)
6th Virginia Cavalry (4)
15th Virginia Cavalry
36th Battalion Virginia Cavalry (92)
Gary's Brigade: Brigadier General Martin W. Gary
7th Georgia Cavalry (46)
7th South Carolina Cavalry (384)
Hampton Legion (South Carolina) (246)
24th Virginia Cavalry (165)
W. H. F. Lee's Division: Major General William H. F. Lee
Barringer's Brigade: Brigadier General Rufus Barringer (captured
April 3), brigade was merged with that of Brigadier General
William P. Roberts
1st North Carolina Cavalry (10)
2nd North Carolina Cavalry (10)
3rd North Carolina Cavalry (2)
5th North Carolina Cavalry (6)
Beale's Brigade: Captain Samuel H. Burt
9th Virginia Cavalry (24)
10th Virginia Cavalry (22)
13th Virginia Cavalry (86)
14th Virginia Cavalry (37)
Roberts' Brigade: Brigadier General William P. Roberts
4th North Carolina Cavalry (38)
16th Battalion North Carolina Cavalry (46)
Rosser's Division: Major General Thomas L. Rosser
Dearing's Brigade: Brigadier General James Dearing (mortally
wounded April 6), Colonel Elijah V. White
7th Virginia Cavalry (1)
11th Virginia Cavalry
12th Virginia Cavalry
35th Battalion Virginia Cavalry
McCausland's Brigade: commander unknown
16th Virginia Cavalry
17th Virginia Cavalry
21st Virginia Cavalry (1)
22nd Virginia Cavalry
Horse Artillery: Lieutenant Colonel R. Preston Chew
Breathed's Battalion: Major James Breathed
Johnston's Battery (Virginia)
Shoemaker's Battery (Virginia) (2)
Thomson's Battery (Virginia) (1)
Chew's Battalion: commander unknown
Petersburg Artillery (Virginia) (20)
2nd Jeb Stuart Horse Artillery (Virginia) (3)
Department of Richmond:Lieutenant General Richard S.
Ewell (captured April 6), Lieutenant Colonel Thomas J. Spencer
(1,450?)
G. W. C. Lee's Division: Major General G. W. C. Lee (captured April 6)
Barton's Brigade: Brigadier General Seth M. Barton (captured
April 6)
22nd Battalion Virginia Infantry (13)
25th Battalion Virginia Infantry (25)
40th Virginia Infantry (9)
47th and 50th Virginia Infantry (Consolidated) (7)
Moore's Brigade: Brigadier General Patrick T. Moore (apparently did
not accompany his command on the retreat)
2nd Virginia Local Defense Troops (2)
3rd Virginia Local Defense Troops (1)
1st Virginia Reserves (2)
2nd Virginia Reserves (8)
1st Battalion Virginia Reserves (16)
2nd Battalion Virginia Reserves (2)
Artillery Brigade: Colonel Stapleton Crutchfield (killed April 6), this
entire brigade was deployed as infantry during the retreat
10th Battalion Virginia Heavy Artillery (102)
18th Battalion Virginia Heavy Artillery (25)
19th Battalion Virginia Heavy Artillery (49)
20th Battalion Virginia Heavy Artillery (22)
18th Battalion Georgia Heavy Artillery
Drewry's Bluff Garrison: Major F. W. Smith (killed April 5), this
entire force was deployed as infantry during the retreat
Young's Howitzers (Virginia) (6)
Neblett's Artillery (Virginia) (54)
Johnston (Eppes) Heavy Artillery (Virginia) (61)
Lunenburg Heavy Artillery (Virginia) (19)
Pamunkey Heavy Artillery (Virginia) (5)
Southside Heavy Artillery (Virginia) (67)
United Artillery/Kevill's Company (Virginia) (30)
Naval Brigade: Commodore John Randolph Tucker (captured April 6),
Lieutenant Washington Gwathmey
(125)
Marines:Captain John D. Simms (captured April 6)
(28)
Unattached
Hood's Battalion, Virginia Militia
Second-Class Militia
Independent Signal Corps (71)
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Historical note:
The First Light Infantry Company was formed in 1818 as a state militia company based in Providence, R.I., and was affiliated with the Second Regiment of the Rhode Island militia. It became the First Light Infantry Regiment in 1863. In 1879, Infantry Hall was built by the regiment's Infantry Building Association on South Main Street. When this building was torn down in 1952, a time capsule was found in the cornerstone, the contents of which have been added to this collection.
Like most militia units, the regiment never saw active duty, and frequently resembled a social club more than a military regiment. However, it did play an important role in providing trained soldiers when circumstances required. It helped suppress the Olney's Lane riots in 1831, and the Dorr Rebellion in 1842. Many of its members served in the Civil War in Companies C and D of the First Regiment, Rhode Island Detached Militia. Similarly, many of its members served in the Spanish-American War in 1898.
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Scope and content:
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Provenance:
Many of these records were donated by Nino Scotti in 1972. Another substantial portion was donated by Mrs. John W. DeWolf in 1926. Smaller portions were purchased from Frances Edwards in 1944, the Lincoln Book Shoppe in 1967, and Nino Scotti in 1969. The photocopy of the 1861 roll was donated in 1968 by Prof. Robert George, who made it from the original at the Infantry's offices in Cranston, R.I. The provenance of some items is unknown.
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Processing note:
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Inventory:
Minutes. The first four record books, dating 1818 to 1873, are not in this collection.
Oversized volume 1. Record book #5, 1873-1889 Quarterly and annual meetings.
In box 1. Record book #6, 1891-1905. Quarterly and annual meetings.
In box 1. Record book, 1904-1910. Weekly meetings.
In box 1. Record book, 1910-1915. Weekly meetings.
In box 1. Fair Committee minutes, 1885-1886
In box 1. Joint committee with Veteran's Association, 1879-1910
Membership. See also historical roll in box 3.
In box 1. Roll call and dues book, 1820-1837. With general accounts, 1820-1844.
In box 1. "Declaration of intent, signatures of those who would enlist", 4/16/1861.
Oversized volume 2. Roll book, 1879, 1893, 1908-1916.
Oversized volume 3. Dues book, 1890-1905
In box 1. Rifle scores, 1885-1901
In box 1. Signed clothing receipts, 1858-1872
In box 1. Quartermaster's list of clothing issued, 1948.
Finances. See also roll call book for cash accounts, 1820-1844.
In box 2. Ledger, 1818-1844
In box 2. Ledger, 1859-1869
In box 2. Ledger, 1942-1947
In box 2. Cash book, 1861-1889
In box 2. Cash book, 1889-1930
In box 2. Cash accounts of fairs, 1880, 1885, 1886
Order books.
In box 2. 1898-1902, manuscript
In box 2. 1911-1913, printed and bound in binder
In box 2. 1916-1917, printed and bound in binder
Historical material.
Box 3, folder 1. Regimental history through 1873 by Frederic Hayes. 342 pages plus index.
Box 3, folder 2. "Report of the First Light Infantry, 1818-1905" by Hayes. 104 pages.
Box 3, folder 3. History of regimental uniform, undated, by Hayes. Two copies.
Box 3, folder 4. Historical rosters, 1818-1911, compiled by Hayes.
Box 3, folder 5. Roll, 1870-1883
Box 3, folder 6. Charter, constitution, by-laws. 3 copies.
Box 3, folder 7. "Memorandum of articles received for relic room", 1880
Box 3, folder 8. Letters received by Capt. Brown, 1831-1838. 5 items.
Box 3, folder 9. Miscellaneous material assembled by Hayes:
Court martial of Col. William W. Brown, 1856
Various clippings and transcriptions, 1906-1911
Box 3, folder 10. Miscellaneous material:
9 printed orders to members, 1843-1868
2 bills for fines to George A. Church, 1860
Share certificate to Mrs. C.R. Goddard for Infantry Building Ass'n, 1875
State act re election of officers, 1843
Resolution of thanks to Col. Nathaniel W. Brown, 1858
Bill for "expenses incurred in consequence of the late riots", 1831
Return and roll, 1820
Cornerstone contents, 1879
Box 3, folder 11. Miscellaneous:
History of the Infantry Building Association, 1879 (with 1952 transcript)
Note regarding cornerstone box by creator, Thomas Phillips & Co., 1879
Inventories of contents, 1879 and 1952.
Poem by G.W. Pettes, 1879
Note on flagstaff, 1839
Roster of officers, and of Company C, 1879
Roster of Prescott Post #1, G.A.R., 1879
Box 3, folder 12. Printed programs, invitations, Thomas Phillips ephemera, 1879
In oversized folder. Printed rolls of Companies C and D, 1st R.I.D.M., ca. 1861
Large parchment rolls of companies A, B, D, circa 1879
Roll of Arnold Post #4, G.A.R., 1879
Company A
In box 4. Minutes, 1872-1876
In box 4. Minutes, 1877-1881
In box 4. Minutes, 1881-1885
In box 4. Minutes, 1885-1891
In box 4. Minutes, 1891-1897
Oversized volume 4. Quartermaster book, 1913
Company B
In box 4. Minutes, 1872-1878
In box 4. Minutes, 1879-1880
In box 4. Minutes, 1881-1885
In box 4. Minutes, 1917-1919
Company C
In box 4. Minutes, 1872-1878
In box 4. Minutes, 1878-1882
In box 4. Minutes, 1882-1889
In box 4. Minutes, 1889-1897
In box 4. Minutes, 1897-1903
Company D
In box 4. Treasurer's accounts, 1876-1898
In box 5. Minutes, 1892-1896
In box 5. Minutes, 1903-1910
In box 5. Minutes, 1910-1914
In box 5. Minutes, 1917-1919
Company E
Oversized volume 5. Minutes, 1897-1903
Oversized volume 6. Minutes, 1903-1914
In box 5. Drill reports, 1909-1913
In box 5. Dues and accounts, 1881-1936 (sporadic)
Return to top
Subjects:
Brown, William W.
Dorr Rebellion
x First Light Infantry Regiment
x First Regiment
Hayes, Frederic
Providence, R.I. - Militia
Rhode Island Military Papers
Riots - Rhode Island
End of finding aid - return to top
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http://www.funkstownfireco.org/
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Funkstown Volunteer Fire Company, Inc.
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Welcome to the Funkstown Volunteer Fire Company..... BBQ Season is here! Visit our BBQ Page for more information!
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https://www.capitalcaring.org/get-involved/become-a-volunteer/
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Hospice Volunteers in VA, DC, MD
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2023-12-21T16:13:42+00:00
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Our hospice care volunteers are essential members of the Capital Caring Health team. Do you want to make a difference in someone’s life? Apply today!
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en
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Capital Caring Health
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https://www.capitalcaring.org/get-involved/become-a-volunteer/
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Brenan Nierman
Q: How long have you been working at Capital Caring and what is your role?
A: Over 15 years as a social worker on the Arlington team.
Q: What are you looking forward to about being an Employee Ambassador?
A: Serving my colleagues and the mission we all share. In a nutshell, an ambassador is a position of service.
Q: What would you like to share to help other employees get to know you?
A: I have many interests and enthusiasms: reading literature and mysteries (I’m a huge Inspector Morse fan), poetry (which I read and write: Housman, Keats, Kipling, Poe, Dickinson are favorites), history and biography, watching films and sometimes collecting movie one-sheets from films I particularly love like FAREWELL MY LOVELY, LA CONFIDENTIAL, CHINATOWN and ONCE UPON A TIME…IN HOLLY WOOD (my all-time favorite).
For the first ten years of my life, I rode horses, growing up on a horse farm where my parents raised and bred Arabian horses.
I consider myself a political junkie, and got in my first political argument in 1968, when I was in the third grade of elementary school
I went to Staunton Military Academy and thrived in that environment. That school basically shaped me into who I am today.
After graduating from Gettysburg College, I spent 15 months in a Jesuit novitiate to prepare for the priesthood, but as I sometimes tell others, when I realized I enjoyed talking with the girls who worked n the refectory there rather than gossiping with the priests and brothers over coffee, the sign marked “EXIT” was already on the wall. I then came to DC and went to social work school at The Catholic University of America, then earned another graduate degree from Georgetown. My first social work job was being Director of Social Services at Christ House, which is an in-patient medical facility for the homeless. After doing that for several years, I started the Early Head start program in Arlington and then managed health access programs in collaboration with Fairfax County.
I am married to my beloved wife and best friend Josefina “Fina”, who is from the Bicol province in the Philippines, which is where we hope to retire. I have two children, our daughter Jereille, and my son Frankie. We also have a cat, Happypawn, who is named after Jennifer Yu, a young lady who won the United States Women’s Chess Championship in 2019, with an almost perfect score.
Michael Toohig’s Story
A life of travel and adventure
Michael Toohig was stationed in Europe during World War II with the US Army. When the war ended, he took a side trip to Ireland to see his ancestral homeland and his grandmother. During the trip, he made the local paper as the first “Yank” to come to town.
That fateful trip was the start of a lifetime of traveling for Michael. It also illustrated his deep and lasting dedication to his family, and not least, his ability to make a splash in all his endeavors, from building a successful, close-knit family to a career that would include others kinds of ‘firsts’ as he worked to develop groundbreaking new technologies.
A large Irish Catholic family
Michael grew up in a large working class family in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He was the oldest son of eight siblings. His parents Timothy Toohig and Catherine “Kitty” Toohig were Irish Catholic immigrants who met in America at an Irish dance. His father was a butcher and his mother a seamstress. The children also worked to help support the family. In the summertime, Michael harvested hay and weeded vegetable gardens at area farms. One winter, he recalls working at an ice house where he was responsible for floating the ice down from the lake to the processing house.
Michael enjoyed playing sports with the other kids in town and swimming in the river below the cliff where he lived. During the school year he studied hard. Only a few people from town went to college at the time, but Michael was one of the few who got a scholarship to go to Boston College when he was 17.
Liberating Europe
After a year in college, Michael joined the Army and fought in World War II. He remained in Europe long enough to stop the Germans from coming through the Alps at the St. Bernard Pass, liberate concentration camps and celebrate with thousands of people in Augsbourg as the American Army tanks rolled in when the war ended. To this day he has two pieces of Lira he took as a souvenir from a bank that he helped to liberate from German occupation.
Michael treasured the trip to Ireland he took after the war because he could see where his parents had grown up. He met his 90-year old paternal grandmother and his maternal grandfather. His grandmother was so excited she hitched up the horse to a jaunting cart and headed off to church with herself and Michael in the back.
Back at home, Michael returned to Boston College and graduated with a degree in Physics. After hitchhiking around the country and finding no jobs, he took advantage of the GI Bill to go on and earn a Master’s degree. When he finished, he went to work at Firestone where he helped design a recoilless rifle that was later used by militaries around the world, including the U.S. military. He also ran a test site at Lake Erie. When the company needed someone to travel around the country, they chose Michael, the resident bachelor, to go.
Building a family and a career
Within a few years, Michael met his future wife Barbara while mingling at a Catholic social for young people in Fort Wayne, Indiana. They dated for three years before they got married. They went on to have five children: Aimee, Michele, Terrance, Timothy, and Delsina. The family lived in Fort Wayne and then later moved to Roanoke, Virginia.
Family has always been at the core of Michael’s life. “My dreams have been to have a good job, a professional job, to support myself and the family.”
And he succeeded. After working at Firestone, Michael transitioned to a company working in the burgeoning fiber optics industry. There, he had a chance to work with Philo Farnsworth, who created the prototype of the first all-electric television. As a director of research, he oversaw a team that developed night vision goggles, which were also adopted by the military, and night vision telescopes. He became a leader in this technology and the company, and he would go on to be the first president of the Night Vision Goggles Association.
Exploring the world and keeping family close
He moved to another division of the company eventually, where he worked closely with Nobel Prize winner Charles Kao, who invented and developed fiber optics. By then, he was focused on international sales. He built sales networks in Puerto Rico, Mexico, Philippines, and many other places.
After the kids were grown, Barbara often traveled with him. Sometimes the whole family would travel together. They especially enjoyed trips to Mexico and the beaches on the West Coast, which Michael describes as the most beautiful in the world.
Closer to home, the family also enjoyed spending time at their historical log cabin at Smith Mountain Lake which Michael fixed up. He built a wrap around porch perfect for stargazing. He also loved tending his garden there.
Michael is proud of the family he has raised. He is especially proud to have sent all five children to college. And now that his children have gone on to lead successful lives, he is proud that “the family is still united.” He still talks to his four living sisters every Thursday. His big family has only grown as it now includes 11 grandchildren and about 40 nieces and nephews, and Michael is glad that his five children call often or live close by.
https://app.memorywell.com/story/706/memorywell/pdf
Marrygold Ugorji’s Story
Returning to work amid a pandemic
Marrygold Ugorji was on leave from her job this spring with a sprained ankle when coronavirus case numbers began to spike in the Washington DC area. She watched the death toll rising on the news and worried about her impending return to work.
As a certified nursing assistant for Capital Caring Health, the region’s largest non-profit provider of elder health, advanced illness, hospice, and at-home care services, Marrygold is one of many frontline care workers whose jobs are more essential—and more dangerous—than ever as they risk exposing themselves and their families to coronavirus while caring for the most vulnerable patients often until the last breath, holding hands and comforting when family can’t.
“What we are going through now is bad and it’s scary,” says Marrygold, a mother of four grown children with 20 years of experience as a nursing assistant.
In the beginning she worried that she would not have the personal protective equipment she needed. But by the time she was back on the schedule in May, the trunk of her car was stocked with N95 face masks, a face shield and a “little pharmacy” of disinfectants.
She also wanted to feel supported in a broader way. “You don’t ever want to get the feeling that, ‘Okay, you knew you signed up for this: just go out and get the job done,’” she says of a job where just okay is never enough for Marrygold.
Feeling part of a team
Fortunately, the morning that she finally got the call to visit her first Covid 19 patient, a scheduler on the other end of the line—someone she had never met in person—put her at ease. She assured Marrygold that another certified nursing assistant would also be there, and that she was part of a team. “She was like a friend,” Marrygold says.
So, she drove to the skilled nursing facility and steeled her courage in the car. She put on her foot coverings, an N95 mask and a surgical mask.
Inside the building, in a “clean room,” she met her colleague and they helped each other with the rest of their protective equipment: a full gown, a head covering and a face shield. With both masks and the shield, it was hard to breathe, she says, but she continued on.
“I went in with a positive mindset,” she says, “and we gave excellent care.”
She left the protective gowns in the “dirty room” on her way out of the facility that day and drove home. Then she took a hot shower and washed her hair before facing her husband and daughter.
Caregiving came naturally
Being a caregiver has always come naturally to Marrygold. She grew up with a large extended family in the U.S. Virgin Islands and watched her aunt repeatedly step in and care for family members when they became ill or needed help.
When she was 16, she moved to New Jersey to attend a vocational school and study culinary arts. She got a job working in the kitchen of a nursing home. But she soon realized that instead of over the stove, she wanted to be in the dining room helping the elderly residents. So, she trained to become a certified nursing assistant.
She spent the next decade working in the geriatric unit of a New Jersey State psychiatric hospital. In 2010, love brought her to Northern Virginia. She married her soul mate, a spiritual and thoughtful man from Nigeria, and they joined their lives.
She started working in an assisted living community, where she encountered hospice care services more often. She recalls building relationships with residents and then losing them.
There was one man who was often angry with his caregivers, but who would calm down with Marrygold. During his last days, she would visit him and sit by his bedside.
“I remember holding his hand and giving him that sense of comfort and telling him it’s okay,” she says. “It was in that moment that I felt: This is where I need to be.”
Love, too, is part of the job
That was her gift to him—and his parting gift to her. Not long after, she went to work for Capital Caring, focusing her energies on people at the end of their lives.
The care plan she follows for each patient is only part of the care she provides, she says. She offers comfort in the form of a light massage or a listening ear or some calming music. She likes to sing to her patients, Caribbean songs she grew up with or inspirational music.
“My husband always tells me this kind of work is very easy for me,” she says. “I am very humble, and I am someone who shows empathy to others.”
Marrygold describes another patient who stands out in her memory. She went to say goodbye to one afternoon, not knowing if she would still be there the next time she came to work. The woman leaned in and whispered, “I love you.”
Love, too, is part of the job, Marrygold says.
“It’s okay to love your patients,” she says, especially in these troubled times. “God loves all of us. Why can’t we love each other?”
Everyone has a story with a beginning, a middle and an end, Marrygold says, and it’s a privilege to be with them for the final chapter.
“I am always grateful that they trust me to be part of the end of their story,” she says.
https://app.memorywell.com/story/656/memorywell/pdf
Sherri Parker, Team Leader Medical Social Worker
Primary care at home
Sherri Parker started her career as a social worker nearly 30 years ago working with hospice patients. Now she is leading an effort to bring care into the home much earlier for older adults who have an advanced illness or disability.
Primary Care At Home is a new program from Capital Caring Health, the largest non-profit provider of elder health, chronic illness, hospice, and at-home care services for the Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. area.
“A lot of patients have difficulty getting to the doctor, and now with Covid-19, it is even harder to get to the doctor,” she says. So this old fashioned house call program, as she calls it, brings home-based medical care, including visits from a doctor, a nurse practitioner and a social worker who all specialize in geriatrics. The team can provide in-home blood work or other diagnostic tests when needed. The goal is help people stay out of the emergency room or hospital and to age in place safely by addressing health concerns early. “With our help, these patients can still get outstanding care,” she says.
Sherri works with patients and families to access community resources and she runs a biweekly caregiver support group.
This work chose me
When Sherri started college, she knew that she wanted to help people. She took classes in education and social work and in the end she “fell in love with social work.”
During one of her social work classes, she received a field assignment in the oncology wing of a hospital. She found the experience very gratifying. Since then she has worked in home-based hospice and home health, in grief and bereavement counseling, and in acute care and long-term care settings. She has been at Capital Caring for 23 years.
She helps people think through what matters most to them and how they want to live in their final years. Sherri also enjoys mentoring graduate students and inspiring the next generation of social workers. “I love what I do so much that I think it filters over to them and they decide to stay,” she says.
‘We are not letting Covid-19 stop us!’
The novel coronavirus pandemic has made in-home care more challenging, but the Primary Care At Home team is still working to help older adults who need services.
“We are not letting Covid-19 stop us,” she says.
Sherri and the rest of the team are getting creative to make sure patients can access the care they need. In some cases, the team sends smartphones to patients who don’t have them so they can connect through Zoom. And they still visit patients and their families in person when necessary. She visits one patient at home who is blind, for example, and also calls her to check in by phone.
“We use PPE and we can stay safe,” she says.
After months of quarantining, in-person home visits can be really energizing, she says. Sherri recalls the joy she felt after visiting with a patient who lives alone and struggles with technology. It was a bittersweet farewell.
Before Covid-19, she would sometimes hug her patients goodbye, she says. Now she can’t do that. Instead, when she went outside the door, she removed her face shield and mask, so her patient could see her face and the emotion in her smile and tried to connect with her through the window. “With technology we can do a lot, but nothing can replace a hug.”
At home, she recharges with gardening. She took a recent trip with her husband to the beach, and she loves spending time with her family. Sherri is excited for the future and doesn’t see herself stopping this work anytime soon.
“Some people go to a job and come home but this isn’t that. It is more like I can’t imagine doing anything else that would bring me this much fulfillment. I feel like I make a difference everyday,” she says.
https://app.memorywell.com/story/710/memorywell/pdf
Colleen Carberry, RN Case Manager
Nursing through a pandemic
Throughout her more than 20-year career as a hospice care nurse, Colleen Carberry has never appreciated the healing power of a smile—or a touch—more than she does now.
In the midst of a pandemic, she still provides in-person care for patients approaching end of life and comforts their families. But she can no longer hold their hands or give them a hug. And with a mask covering her face during visits, she can no longer even share a smile.
A coincidental start to nursing
Colleen started her nursing career 27 years ago. At the time, she was a recent college graduate working at a surf shop in Virginia Beach when one of her coworkers brought in a brochure for nursing school orientation. Colleen agreed to attend the orientation and found a lasting fit.
She was drawn to hospice care early on because of the intimacy of the work, she says. After working as a nurse care manager and educating doctors, nursing homes, and hospitals about hospice care, she wanted to focus on direct patient interactions and she took a job at Capital Caring Health, the largest non-profit provider of elder health, advanced illness, hospice, and at-home care services for the Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. area.
“There is something beautiful about holding someone’s hand as they take their last breath,” Colleen says. “It moves me to see my patients smile and relax as they cross that threshold and are finally comfortable again.”
An emphasis on touch
The novel coronavirus has made it more difficult to share in those intimate moments. Physical distancing protocols are taking a toll on her patients and their families.
In assisted living, she sees family members come to the window of the facility in order to “hold hands” with their loved ones, some of whom don’t understand why they cannot be hugged in person.
The changes are especially difficult for patients with dementia, who rely more on facial recognition and facial cues for connection. “The masks may seem scary to them,” she says. “They are confused.”
Without the ability to smile or hold hands, she is spending more time in conversation with patients and families and trying to show her empathy through active listening.
“I believe that the job of a nurse is to comfort and give peace,” she says.
That affects what she sees as a central part of her work. “I love caring for my patients and their families,” Colleen says. “I like to love on their mind, body, and spirit.”
Carberry is one of thousands of frontline care workers who are taking risks each day to attend to the needs of their patients. In the first few months of the pandemic, she did not have any covid-positive patients, but she saw first-hand how the threat of the virus is dramatically transforming care for millions of older adults even through their final days.
https://app.memorywell.com/story/664/memorywell/pdf
Paulette Davidson, Chaplain
The silent voice praying by the bedside
Paulette Davidson’s first job as a healthcare chaplain was at the top trauma hospital in Washington D.C. When patients were brought in from car accidents or with gunshot wounds or third-degree burns, she was there. “I was that silent voice praying by the bedside while doctors are working to save their lives,” she says.
And when family members burst in — screaming, in shock, terrified — she was there to scream with them or hold their hands or calm them down so they could listen to the doctors.
In 2019, she accepted the job at Capital Caring, the largest non-profit provider of elder health, advanced illness, hospice, and at-home care services for the Maryland, Virginia and Washington, D.C. area. She says she wanted to view death and grief from a different perspective — beyond that time of intense stress and loss. She wanted to help families the next day and the day after that as they came to terms with death.
“I have seen it from the hospital,” she says. “I wanted to see it from the home.”
A preachers’ kid
Paulette grew up a “preachers’ kid” in Pittsburgh, the youngest of four children. Both her parents are pastors and her father has been working as a chaplain for the last 25 years at a VA hospital.
She studied business in college initially, then switched her major to social work. While in school she decided to enlist in the Army. At the time she says, “I couldn’t do a push up to save my life.” But she says the experience was transformative and taught her purpose and discipline. When she went back to finish her degree, she decided to join ROTC to become a leader in the Army. She decided to pursue military chaplaincy as a way help people.
She became pregnant in her last year of college. She chose an internship in a high school working with teen moms and dads. “I was 23 years old, becoming a new mom, and these were 16-year olds with young children. I was teaching them about education, and they were teaching me about parenting,” she says.
She has carried that teaching and learning philosophy with her into her career. In support groups, she leads by helping people learn from each other and find strength from within, she says.
From military to healthcare chaplain
When she graduated from college, she commissioned as an officer in 2010 and worked in the reserves while she enrolled at Howard University School of Divinity to pursue her Master’s degree.
Her daughter was only 2 yrs old, and she was a single mom, living in a new city far from home. She worked hard and found success. After three years, she graduated and was ordained as an Elder in the Pentecostal church, though she emphasizes that chaplains do not discriminate, regardless if you are “Methodist or Buddhist or Wicken or Spiritual or not.”
Rather than going active duty with the military, as she had planned, she retired from the Army in October 2015 and applied for a clinical pastoral education residency with Medstar Washington Hospital Center so she could work in healthcare settings. “I fell in love with the work,” she says.
Now, as a hospice and palliative care chaplain, her job is to address the emotional, psychological and spiritual needs of patients and families. She typically would visit a roster of patients in different assisted living communities, but the novel coronavirus pandemic has changed the daily rhythm of her job and the needs she is trying to meet.
Spiritual care amid Covid-19
Now she spends most of her time on the phone – often with family members who are worried about loved ones they can no longer see. She encourages new ways to connect with their loved ones, whether through technology or care packages or regular visits to the window to say hello.
And she helps them identify meaningful ways to honor their loved one when they die, as most in-person memorial services have been put on hold. “If they liked to wear purple, wear purple. Choose a date on the calendar to remember them and light a purple candle. Their spirit/legacy is going to live on in you if you have a funeral or not,” she says.
She also runs a monthly bereavement support group. In her work, she says, she tries to meet people where they are. From a spiritual standpoint, she asks herself, “what is God trying to say to me and to this person in this moment,” she says.
She also helps people identify the things they are grateful about at difficult time – Grateful for zoom calls. Grateful for work. Grateful that their loved one is free from physical pain and the fear of an ongoing pandemic.
“Even when we are discouraged, the sun still shines. The moon still rises. The world is still evolving,” she says.
https://app.memorywell.com/story/714/memorywell/pdf
Donna Smith
Leading a program for children
Helping others deal with grief and loss in so-called “normal” times is a challenge for healthcare workers. That challenge is often compounded when a child is lost, or a young person faces the death of a family member. But facing those challenges in a pandemic adds another layer of complexity to the task. To help meet those challenges, Capital Caring is tapping the talents of Donna Smith, a veteran counselor who led The Children’s Room, a groundbreaking non-profit organization designed to help grieving children and families.
Smith has been working since April at Capital Caring Health, the largest non-profit provider of elder health, advanced illness, hospice, and at-home care services for the Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. area.
A midlife change
Donna came to her role as a counselor after a midlife career change. At 35 she lost her mother, then five years later, her father died suddenly. After some introspection, Smith decided to leave her career in business. Armed with a degree in accounting, she had worked in small businesses in a variety of roles, but had found herself gravitating away from the numbers side of the business to the personal, working in human resources. Following her father’s death, she reevaluated her working life and decided to pursue a job totally focused on helping people.
She decided to become a counselor, and she gravitated to helping families cope with loss. Her path led her to a part-time job at Children’s Room, the Arlington, Mass. based non-profit that provides grief support services for families and children up to age 19. The project had begun in 1993 as a single room within a hospice care facility set aside for the needs of children either housed in hospice care or visiting family members there. Smith went on to develop her part-time job into a full-fledged role as program director, serving in that role from 2005 to 2010, and then took over as executive director of the non-profit. When she stepped down in 2017, the Children’s Room team hailed her service and her leadership. She was credited with developing programs like Parenting While Grieving and the Teen Program during her tenure.
In March, 2020, as the Covid-19 pandemic began to take hold, Capital Caring hired Smith to develop programs to help children deal with the crisis. The children’s program was set up within Capital Caring’s hospice care program where a teamwork structure is well matched to the new task, Smith says.
Building on experience
Smith is drawing on her Children’s Room experiences in her new role as a grief counselor. A key hallmark of the work at Children’s Room was flexibility, the need to adapt to each child’s specific needs, and she is applying that in her new mission. For example, Smith cited the case of a mother and her two children, a 10-year-old son and eight-year old daughter who had been home when their father suffered a fatal heart attack. The family came to Children’s Room for support, but the daughter felt like she bonded more with adults rather than a children’s group. So after becoming a familiar face in the Children’s Room community, she was allowed to join a teen group with older children who had come to know her. One of the older members of the group was a Harvard student whose parent had been killed in Oregon. They bonded and together created a theater piece, a project that helped them both. The little girl would go on to form a performance group as a teenager, and later she became an art student. That bonding at Children’s Room “had an enormous impact on her,” Smith says. It shows the “difference you can make if you are grounded in the community, and not giving time limited services.”
As the Capital Caring hospice staff members find themselves working with more children who are losing family members to the virus, the challenges are mounting. Creating community has been difficult in the current situation, given social distancing and the necessity of communicating virtually. The program also has developed family circle times, bringing multiple families together, and setting up break out rooms with activities for children. To encourage communication about their feelings, Smith says the program has been using what she calls “question balls” – beach balls for each family labelled with fun questions about the person they have lost. “Nobody’s ever asked these questions,” Smith says, “(its’) amazing the discussion that comes after them.”
The resilience of children
One thing Smith has learned in her work, a lesson that has been underlined during the pandemic, is that children know how to work through grief, and often can talk more honestly about it than adults who sometimes are hampered by their reluctance to discuss their loss. The overwhelming burden of dealing with covid has made many people not wanting to think about the potential loss and that leads to avoidance. We are “so death avoidant in this culture,” Smith says. But for Smith and her fellow hospice workers they are “reminded every day that life is short,” and that spurs them to help families cope with the crisis.
“The work that I do is so life affirming,” Smith says, adding that she feels “privileged and inspired to witness kids who went through something really, really hard and went out the other side even stronger.”
In her personal life, she draws comfort and support from her own two adult children and three grandchildren. When not at work, she spends a lot of time with her family, and as an “outdoorsy person” recharges by walking, running and hiking. An avowed explorer of new things, she also enjoys reading and cooking. But it is the teamwork and the resiliency of children that she finds in her work that also bring her joy.[/vc_column_text][vc_button border_width=”0″ link=”url:https%3A%2F%2Fapp.memorywell.com%2Fstory%2F722%2Fmemorywell%2Fpdf” icon=”fa fa-file-pdf-o”]PDF[/vc_button][/vc_column][/vc_row]
Neil Parker’s Story
A second chance
Neil Parker’s long-lasting marriage and four beautiful children almost did not happen. He cancelled his engagement mere weeks before his wedding day more than a half century ago, wracked with a severe case of cold feet.
But a few months separated from young Frances Peltzman humbled him, and by the spring he was calling on her again. “I found out I really loved her,” he says of their time apart.
Fortunately for him, she agreed to take him back, and their elopement in the summer of 1965 opened the door to all the good things that followed.
From Trenton to Yardley to Penn State
Neil was born to Sydney and Rose Parker on September 14,1942 in Trenton, New Jersey. The couple went to the same high school and met on the bus to school.
They divorced when Neil was 3. His father owned a printing company and his mother worked for a children’s clothing store and later as a secretary at De Laval turbine company. She and her boss Fred fell in love, a romance that necessitated a change in jobs for her — she became a telephone operator — and led to their marriage. The family bought a house in Yardley, PA.
Growing up, Neil loved baseball and summer trips to Atlantic City with his grandmother.
Neil’s father was diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis when Neil was young. Sydney Parker lived with his parents after he got sick, and Neil recalls visits to their house on weekends. Sometimes his father would take him bowling. “He kept score and I bowled,” he recalls, noting his father had limited mobility.
Neil graduated from Pennsbury high school in Yardley and went on to college at Penn State. He played minor league football and earned his degree in rehabilitation education. He was interested in working with people with disabilities like his father.
A blind date
During his senior year, Neil met Fran on a blind date. She was working at the New Jersey Department of Health at the time. They got engaged soon after Neil graduated from college and planned a big family wedding. But weeks before their big day, Neil cancelled the wedding.
Fran was devastated. She quit her job and moved to New York City to start fresh. Neil joined the National Guard, training at Fort Dix in Trenton. But several months later his heart pulled him back and he went to find her again. They went to the World’s Fair on a date in the spring of 1965. He asked her to marry him again that weekend. She said no. With some coaxing from her best friend, Fran saw him again, and they agreed to get married.
Their wedding almost did not happen a second time. They found a justice of the peace to marry them, but the judge rejected Fran’s official documentation, a birth certificate that had been doctored to help her get into a club when she was 17. One reissued official birth certificate later, they drove to Maryland and tied the knot on July 31, 1965.
“Nobody knew about it but us,” Fran says. “I was shaking. He was shaking.”
The only thing scarier was telling their parents. “We had to go face the music,” says Neil. He knew he had to earn back the trust of Fran’s parents. And he did.
“I think it was two years before my father said, ‘Neil, you are good man,’” Fran says.
From Philadelphia to Northern Virginia
The couple moved to Philadelphia and Neil got a job as a case worker. He made home visits to determine eligibility for public assistance. On weekends he served in the National Guard. On August 1966, their daughter Sherri Lynn was born. A year later, Scott David was born.
Neil went back to school in the evenings and got his Masters degree in Counseling and Guidance at Temple University. He got a job in Washington DC and the family moved to Virginia when Sherri was five years old and Scott was four years old.
He worked at the College Board, where he tested and counseled teenagers for college readiness. After two years, he was hired by DC government, where he worked with minority youth, including those who were disabled or who had been incarcerated, to help them find jobs. He later became a program analyst.
Fran and Neil had two more children, Frank Paul in 1972 and Michael Alan in 1975. They bought a house in Vienna when Frank was born. Neil coached Little League on the weekends. And in the summers he took his kids to the same stretch of beach in Atlantic City that he used to go to as a child.
He retired after 23 years with the DC government. He missed working with youth, though, and for several years he was a substitute teacher in the Fairfax County schools.
The children loved him, Fran recalls, and delighted in his stories – like the time he and Fran accidentally brought a gecco home in their suitcase from a vacation in Costa Rica. They found it two days later in a roll top desk and set it free in a park, where the neighborhood kids would go and look for it.
A close-knot international family nearby
As their children grew up and got married, the Parker family became increasingly international. Neil and Fran welcomed a daughter-in-law from Mexico, another from Poland, and a third with Japanese ancestry who was born and raised in Lima, Peru.
The extended family lives close to each other and they pitch in to help one another. Neil’s mother lived with him and Fran for ten years before she died, and they helped her through cancer treatment. Then in 2016, they moved into Sherri’s home, the same year Neil was diagnosed with Parkinson’s.
Now his grandchildren go for walks with him and they are very happy to be quarantining together. Neil still loves sports and rooting for the Nationals and the former Washington Redskins.
https://app.memorywell.com/story/684/memorywell/pdf
Sulaiman Bangura’s Story
Seeking a better life
When Sulaiman Bangura came to America from Sierra Leone 17 years ago at the age of 23, he was seeking a better life. He found it not only in the United States, but also through a rewarding career in nursing.
Now as an RN for at-home hospice services with Capital Caring Health, the largest non-profit provider of elder health, advanced illness, hospice, and at-home care services for the Maryland, Virginia, and Washington D.C. area, Bangura looks forward to seeing his patients every day.
More than just a job
“When I first got to the United States, someone told me that I should become a certified nursing assistant,” say Bangura. “They said it was a field where you can always get a job.”
But it soon became more than a job to Bangura; it was a calling. He progressed from working as a CNA at a nursing home to becoming a Licensed Practical Nurse. He then trained to become a Registered Nurse and ultimately got his Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree.
He has worked at Capital Caring for the past 13 years, where he has become passionate about helping people at the end of life. “I fell in love with the job,” Bangura says. “Every patient is unique. You never know who you’ll meet with each admission.”
Covid concerns
The onset of the novel coronavirus pandemic dramatically changed his work. Suddenly he had to connect with patients through virtual telehealth visits.
Bangura says that was really hard. “Part of our job is to make patients feel like they aren’t alone, like someone is there to listen,” he says.
Since the hospice team has been able to make home visits again, they have been careful to take precautions for both the patients and themselves. They pre-screen patients, as well as any family member or caretaker who’ll be present, to check for common symptoms of the virus before each visit.
Bangura goes home each night to his wife, three children and both his mother and mother-in-law, and so he worries about getting the virus or bringing it home. But he says everyone is very mindful about safety at work. “We wear face masks and shields and I wash my hands and sanitize all the time,” he explains. “And then I wash my clothes as soon as I get back home.”
The pandemic has been stressful for everyone, Bangura says, but he believes it’s been especially hard on nurses because of the way it impacts the way they can provide care.
“Hospice is a special kind of nursing,“ he explains. “It’s not just about caring for the patient, but also the family.” He says working with patients at the end of life is very personal. It’s important to build confidence and trust with the patient and their family and to let them know that someone is there for them. The most important thing, he says, is to treat each patient with respect and dignity, whether that’s in person or virtually.
Life’s blessings
Bangura’s key to managing stress is taking one day at a time. In his spare time he likes to listen to music. He enjoys reading books. And he’s very interested in the politics of his adopted country. Bangura walks often and has an exercise machine at home, both of which are great for managing stress. But he especially enjoys weekends watching soccer with his friends.
Most of all, Bangura is passionate about his job in hospice care. “I wish more people were aware of hospice services — it’s such a huge blessing,” he says, adding that hospice patients tend to live a little longer, especially when they begin soon after their end of life diagnosis.
Sulaiman was recently recognized as a Special Ceca Foundation Award Winner for his dedication and professionalism as an RN case manager. His hospice patients and their families were quick to praise his work, saying he consistently displays compassion and goes above and beyond for all his patients.
This is a job where caring for others is just second nature, but Bangura would be the first to tell you he gets much more in return. “When a patient says, ‘Thank you so much,’ it really makes my day,” he says. “It’s just a special feeling to be able to help.”
https://app.memorywell.com/story/728/memorywell/pdf
Steven Skobel’s Story
Dealing with loss: the nature of the business
Helping families cope with loss is an intrinsic part of daily work for Steven Skobel, a palliative care nurse practitioner. “Anyone who works in this business knows in their soul of understanding this is the nature of the business,” he says.
At Capital Caring Health, the largest non-profit provider of elder health, advanced illness, hospice, and at-home care services for the Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. area, he tends to the needs of patients and families alike as a life comes to an end. But even with that familiarity, it has been a challenge to cope with the sheer volume of Covid-19 deaths. There is no escaping the shadow of the pandemic at work, and away from the hospital Skobel and his colleagues have had to find new ways to recharge their batteries for another challenging shift.
A medical embrace
As an expert in the field of palliative care, Skobel is part of a relatively new discipline, but one with deep roots in the very origins of nursing. The first hospice was founded in the U.K. after World War II, and in 1990, the World Health Organization recognized palliative care as a specialty dedicated to relieving suffering and improving quality of life for people with serious illnesses. The specialty takes its name from the Latin word, pallium, meaning “cloak.”
Essentially, palliative care wraps the patient and their family in a sort of medical embrace, a way to ease the journey.
Skobel’s career has paralleled the enormous growth in palliative care across the country. He earned his degree in 1991, his master’s in 1998, and a doctorate in 2005. When he first entered nursing school, there were just a handful of men in his class. Over time the profession has become more diverse, embracing more men and a broad mix of ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
A job transformed
No one enters nursing without knowing that it is a “very dangerous” occupation, he says, and there have been diseases in the past that have threatened health providers. What is different with Covid-19 is the scope of the outbreak, he says. It is on a scale that has not been seen since the 1918 Spanish influenza epidemic.
Because of the high number of Covid-related deaths, he has been working as a full-time member of the intensive care team, combining his palliative care expertise with other nursing skills needed in the intensive care unit which, at one point, was operating an extended ward to cope with overflow.
Before Covid-19, Skobel was used to seeing families cope with both sudden, unexpected loss and those who have some warning of what is ahead. Perhaps a bad case of pneumonia takes hold unexpectedly, or a longtime cancer winds towards an inevitable end. Family members might be at a patient’s bedside for two or three weeks. Skobel would guide families through the final days, or hours as they sat bedside, able to touch, talk, and comfort their loved one, and, in turn be comforted by nurses and doctors.
But now, in the midst of a pandemic, that family comfort and professional guidance must come at a distance, with farewells said via FaceTime, and updates and developments delivered by phone or text message.
Recharging for the future
In recent weeks, the number of cases his team is seeing has fallen. “But it’s a certainty we will see another wave,” he says.
He believes the medical teams battling the virus are better prepared as new patients come in, thanks to a steep learning curve about which drugs work and help flatten the curve. His fellow professionals also have been sharing both formal research from noted journals, and the sort of anecdotal information grounded in daily experiences.
Like everyone else, his life beyond the hospital has changed. “Before Covid I would go to the gym three times a week,” he says, “and I played in a men’s baseball league on Sundays.” Now, he does the family grocery shopping in his scrubs and face mask as he heads home to his wife and one of two daughters who are sheltering in place. He and his wife are walking the family dog daily. Recharging his batteries in new ways.
Dealing with a pandemic has reinforced a fundamental truth he holds about his chosen profession. As he tells nursing students: “All nurses understand palliative care — that’s why they got into this.”
https://app.memorywell.com/story/665/memorywell/pdf
Tom Koutsoumpas
President & CEO
Tom Koutsoumpas serves as President and CEO of Capital Caring Health, one of the largest not-for-profit hospice and advanced illness care providers in the nation. Capital Caring Health ( CCH ), under Tom’s leadership, is dedicated to delivering 24 by 7 care in the patient’s home for anyone of any age suffering from one or more advanced chronic illnesses including children. For those patients that require more intense care around the clock, CCH also operates four inpatient residential centers including the nation’s first inpatient center for hospice services that became operational in 1982. The dedicated staff at CCH serve patients and their caregivers in Washington D.C., Maryland, and Virginia.
Tom also serves as President & CEO of the National Partnership for Healthcare and Hospice Innovation ( NPHI ). NPHI is a unique not- for- profit organization that includes as members 70 hospice/advanced illness care providers. Collectively NPHI members serve over 121,000 patients and families across America every day and annually provide over 40 million dollars in charity care. Their shared mission is that care must be delivered at the bedside and not dictated in the boardroom.
Earlier in Tom’s career he focused on making the hospice movement in America a reality by helping lead the effort to develop and implement the Medicare hospice benefit. His passion to improve care delivery also led him to be a co-founder of the Coalition to Transform Advanced Care ( C-TAC ). C-TAC is a national, non-profit non partisan alliance of patient and consumer advocacy groups, health care providers both public and private, and faith-based organizations, all with the shared mission of providing comprehensive world-class patient-centered advanced illness care especially for those who might otherwise not have access to the best available chronic illness management.
Other accomplishments include helping establish Healthsperien, a consulting and legal services firm focused on strategic issues that bring together the public and private sectors to advance hospice and advanced illness care. And, Tom is a member of the Roundtable on Quality Care for the seriously ill which is attached to the Medical Division of the National Academy of Sciences and is a contributor to the Project on Advanced Care at the Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School.
Tom is a co-author of A Roadmap to Success: Transforming Advanced Illness Care in America. He also penned the foreword to the publication, Have Your Own Say: Getting the Right Care When It Matters Most ( 2012 ) by Gundersen Health System and the Center for Health Transformation.
A native of Indiana, Tom received his Bachelor of Arts degree in American Studies from Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. where he has served as a Board of Regents member.
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2015-04-15T07:48:30+00:00
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Welcome to the Permanent Collection here at the Muskegon Museum of Art. More...
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Muskegon Art Museum
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https://muskegonartmuseum.org/mma-permanent-collection/
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Pierre Bonnard (French, 1867-1947)
La porte de la villa du Bosquet au Cannet (Gate at the Villa Bosquet in Le Cannet)
Oil on canvas, 1944
Gift of the L.C. and Margaret Walker Foundation, 1975.25
Born and educated in the environs of Paris, Pierre Bonnard began to make regular winter visits to the French Riviera in the early 1900s. He discovered Le Cannet, a picturesque town adjacent to the resort of Cannes, in 1922. In 1926, he purchased a villa called Le Bosquet, perched in the hills above the village.
Bonnard lived at the villa for the next 21 years until his death in 1947. The villa remained a reserve of sparse simplicity and seclusion that served the creative needs of the artist. From this haven of solitude, Bonnard explored the endless visual treasure of the region and painted every corner and angle of the villa and its gardens. Le Bosquet was to Bonnard what Giverny was to Monet.
Bonnard painted La porte de la villa du Bosquest au Cannet three years before his death. He revels in the view from the villa’s terrace to the red-roofed houses of Le Cannet, stretching to the far reaches of the Cote d’Azur below. The garden gate centers the composition, its rectangular structure standing firm against the riotous chorus of color and lush vegetation that is barely contained within the canvas. The gate, for Bonnard, held great meaning. While it provided access to the outside world, it also enclosed his private paradise where, with an unrestrained brush, he transposed the tangle and tumble of flower and branch in fragrant, dreamlike abandon.
Elizabeth Catlett (American b. 1915)
Glory
Cast bronze, 1981
Drs. Osbie and Anita Herald Fund purchase,
2000.1
Elizabeth Catlett’s work is bold and powerful, shaped by her social viewpoint to reveal the strength, character, and struggle of African Americans. Glory represents a frequent theme in Catlett’s work, transforming the idealized classical bust into the image of an African American woman; and, in so doing, reveals a powerful dignity, serenity, and hope.
In 1931 Catlett won a scholarship to study art at the Carnegie Institute of Technology, but was rejected admission due to her race. Instead, she attended Howard University and studied under Lois Mailou Jones. While at Howard she worked briefly for the WPA. After graduating, she worked for two years as a teacher in Durham, North Carolina where, alongside NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall, she fought for equal wages for Black teachers.
Frustrated by the segregated South, Catlett left to study at the University of Iowa under Grant Wood. Wood’s encouragement transformed the direction of her work into one that would explore and celebrate African American culture and the lives of women. Catlett was the first student to earn an MFA in Sculpture from the university and her thesis piece, a limestone sculpture entitled Mother and Child, won first prize in sculpture at the American Negro Exposition in Chicago. While in Chicago she met her first husband, the artist Charles White.
Alfred Sisley (1839-1899)
The Seine at St. Mammes
Oil on canvas, c.1867-69
Gift of Martin A. Ryerson on the 20th anniversary of the Hackley Art Gallery, 1932
Alfred Sisley’s La Seine à St. Mammès was a gift of Chicago civic leader, arts patron, and connoisseur Martin Ryerson, Jr. He was an honorary trustee of the Hackley Art Gallery board and son of Martin Ryerson, Sr., one of Muskegon’s early lumber barons. While Ryerson, Jr. did not choose to give the Gallery one of his Monets, the Sisley represents Monet’s abiding influence. Indeed Monet and Sisley often painted together. The Seine was a favorite subject, exemplified in Sisley’s view of the river’s sparkling waters framed by a grand, vigorously brushed tree and the shadows cast from its overarching branches.
This subject was an unusual one for Sisley. However, in 1880 and again in 1896 and 1897, Monet painted a series of works devoted to similar tree-lined riverbanks. As the MMA’s Sisley predates these paintings, perhaps La Seine à St. Mammès was a direct influence upon Monet’s river scenes.
Dale Chihuly (American, b. 1941)
Cobalt Blue Persian Set with Cadmium Red Lip Wraps
Blown glass, 1972
Gift of the SPX Corporation, 2002.3a-n
photo by Frederic A. Reinecke
Joos van Cleve (Flemish, c. 1485-1541)
Saint Jerome in Penitence
Oil on panel, c.1516-1518
Hackley Picture Fund purchase, 1940.47
Winslow Homer (American, 1836-1910)
Answering the Horn
Oil on canvas, 1876
Hackley Picture Fund Purchase, 1927.2
After a brief apprenticeship with a lithographer, Winslow Homer became a freelance illustrator for Ballou’s Pictorial in Boston, then for Harper’s Weekly in New York in 1859. Harper’s Weekly sent him to the front when the Civil War broke out, resulting in some of the most important visual reports on the war in print. Homer’s wood engravings depicted the war dispassionately, showing the mundane activities of the soldiers as often as the battles and conflicts. After the war Homer took up painting and spent time in Paris in 1866 and 1867 but, except for some Barbizon influence, was largely unchanged by the experience. Homer’s early work was often painted plein-air and depicted young men and women or children playing and working outside. His interest in the outdoors and in a simple, agrarian lifestyle, are typified in Answering the Horn, painted in 1876. In 1873 Homer began to paint in watercolor as well and used it as often as oil. Homer’s career changed markedly with a trip to the coast of England in 1881 and 1882, where the artist encountered the majesty and fury of the sea and the struggle of men and women against its power. Homer settled at Prout’s Neck in Maine along the rocky coast and the sea remained his major focus for the duration of his career.
Edward Hopper (American, 1882-1967)
New York Restaurant
Oil on canvas, c. 1922
Hackley Picture Fund purchase, 1936.12
Edward Hopper studied under Robert Henri and Kenneth Hayes Miller at the New York School of Art from 1900 to 1906 and also had some contact with William Merritt Chase. He made three trips to Europe, but did not enroll for formal study. Hopper was included in the 1913 Armory Show but after the exhibit he abandoned painting for the next decade, making a living as a commercial artist and refining his art through etchings and watercolors. In the early 1920s a watercolor, The Mansard Roof, was exhibited and purchased by the Brooklyn Art Museum. It laid out what would become the hallmarks of Hopper’s work: a precise sense of location; clear, harsh light; strong geometric elements; and a sense of loneliness and melancholy. His subtle observations of American life made Hopper a pivotal figure in the development of American art. New York Restaurant comes out of Hopper’s early career. While the scene is crowded, the woman in the red hat seems removed and distant, uninvolved with the man who sits with her. Hopper spoke of this painting in a letter to the MMA dated January 9, 1937: "The picture New York Restaurant was painted about 1922 – not later at any rate. In a specific and concrete sense, the idea was to attempt to make visual the crowded glamour of a New York restaurant during the noon hour. I am hoping that ideas less easy to define have, perhaps, crept in also."
William Sonntag
William Sonntag was born in rural Pennsylvania and at an early age aspired to be a landscape artist. After failed apprenticeships to a carpenter and architect, Sonntag moved to Cincinnati, where he is thought to have studied at the Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts. By the mid-40s he was established as an itinerant painter, selling paintings and sketches as he traveled the Ohio Valley. A storefront exhibition in Cincinnati drew the attention of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which commissioned the artist in 1846 to paint a series of views along the railroad’s route, in hopes of attracting tourists and settlers. In 1855 Sonntag traveled to Florence to study for a year, then settled in New York where he resided permanently after 1860. He was awarded full academic status in the National Academy of Art in 1862.
Sonntag’s early career was markedly influenced by Thomas Cole and the Hudson River aesthetic, of which this painting is a fine example. Depicting a rugged, untamed landscape bereft of human presence, this painting embraces the mid-19th century belief that art was an interpreter of nature, which in turn was an interpreter of God. Celebrating meditation of the divine, landscape painting revealed the face of God in every aspect of nature and is most notably here in the distant, inaccessible mountain form rising from the mists, a metaphor for an awesome, monotheistic deity. The three trees in the bottom left of the painting might also be interpreted as three crosses. The depiction of such virgin landscapes also instilled in American viewers a sense of nationalist pride as they contemplated the majesty of their land and the vast potential for expansion.
After 1860 Sonntag’s style matured and into the 1870s he enjoyed substantial artistic recognition. Upon his death in 1900 his works became largely forgotten, awaiting the current renewed interest in 19th century American painting.
Severin Roesen
Little is known about Roesen, though his paintings are well recognized for their 19th century popularity and wide use as “dining room pictures.” Thought to have been born in Germany around 1815, Roesen likely trained as a porcelain or enamel painter and is recorded as having displayed a painting in Cologne in 1847. In 1848 he immigrated to New York and immediately offered his paintings for view at the American Art Union. While still lifes had a tradition in American Art, Roesen’s work achieved a new height of popularity, and was quickly purchased by New York households for display. It is speculated he ran a workshop while in New York to keep up with demand. By 1850 Roesen had married, but that year left his family to wander New York and Pennsylvania before settling in Williamsport, Pennsylvania in 1862. Williamsport was a prosperous logging town and Roesen enjoyed a following during his years there. In 1872 he disappeared, leaving a mystery as to his destination and ultimate end. He was rumored to have died on the steps of a public building in New York or in a poorhouse in Philadelphia.
The still life has been a theme in art since the early Renaissance, though it is best recognized from the 17th and 18th century Dutch tradition. Still life served as both a celebration of the bounty of nature and as an allegory or metaphor for spiritual and religious themes. The appearance of rot or decay in the still life bespoke the ongoing struggle between good and evil. While the still life’s prominence had faded in Europe by the 19th century, it enjoyed great popularity in America, especially among the general populace. For his collectors and admirers, Roesen’s paintings were celebrations of nature’s bounty and of the blessings of the New World.
Charles Webster Hawthorne
Charles Webster Hawthorne was an extremely influential figure in Provincetown, Massachusetts, both through his writings and his teachings at the Cape Cod School of Art, which he established in 1899. He studied at the National Academy of Design in New York City and served as a studio assistant to William Merritt Chase at his Shinnecock Hills Long Island School. Hawthorne was also a founding member of the Provincetown Art Association in 1914.
While trained in the Academic tradition, Hawthorne’s ideas of working out-of-doors, and the move toward a more open brushstroke are an introduction to the Impressionist style that was making its way into the United States. Students at his Cape Cod School of Art took with them, among other things, the Impressionist idea that colors should create the form in a work and that the composition of a work is to dominate over all else.
The subjects of Hawthorne’s works explore the human experience. In Youth, Hawthorne pairs a young man and woman in a dark, moody landscape.
Willard Leroy Metcalf
In 1859, Willard Leroy Metcalf was born in Lowell, Massachusetts – the home of the famous American artist, Winslow Homer. Metcalf’s artistic career began with his studies at the art school of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. From 1876 to 1877 he was the student of George Loring Brown, a prominent landscape painter of Boston, and later continued his studies in Paris at the Academie Julian in 1884. It was there Metcalf encountered many well-known Impressionist painters, such as Robert Reid, Theodore Robinson, and Claude Monet. While in Paris, Metcalf was awarded an honorable mention at the Salon of 1888. Metcalf took the French Impressionist style with him when he returned to the United States, and became highly successful in magazine and book illustrating in the 1890s.
Metcalf gave up his illustration career at the age of 40 to spend a year in the woods in Maine and to devote his time exclusively to painting. Metcalf continued painting in New York until his death in 1925. Most of his works are representations of New England, with most of the focus being placed on the natural setting, rather than people or man-made subjects.
Metcalf’s career as an illustrator combines well with the stylistic functions of Impressionism. The trees in Le Sillon, with few details and a limited number of strokes, are portrayed in a sketch-like manner. His use of a wide spectrum of colors is similar to that of the French Impressionists. Metcalf uses a variety of colors in the foreground of the work, but the colors are carefully chosen to balance the painting and to work together to create an overall atmosphere of warmth and light.
While a New England Landscape, this painting bears a French title at the suggestion of the artist's wife. It is apparently the only one he allowed her to title.
Palmer Cole Hayden
Palmer Cole Hayden (christened Peyton Cole Hedgeman) was born in 1890 in Widewater, Virgina. Self-taught, he developed a naïve style that would return in his later work. His first formal training came from a drawing correspondence course he enrolled in after enlisting in the Army in 1914. In 1919 he went to work in New York while studying at the Cooper Union School of Art. He moved to the Boothbay Art Colony in Maine in 1925 under a working fellowship and, in 1926, one of his paintings won the first Harmon Foundation Gold Medal Award, an award for distinguished achievement by an African American in the fine arts field. With the prize money and patron support, he traveled to Paris to study at the École des Beaux Arts and had his first solo show there in 1928.After several group shows, Hayden returned to New York in 1932, where he worked at a variety of part-time jobs to allow him the freedom to paint. Ironically, Hayden worked as a janitor in the Harmon Foundation’s office building, even while regularly participating in their exhibitions.
Hayden developed his art during the formation of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, but he did not embrace the movement’s preferences for abstraction and African themes. However, one of his best-known works, Fetiche et Fleurs, did incorporate African objects and textiles, linking him to the Harlem movement. His early work was of marine subjects, but in New York he returned to a consciously naïve style and captured the day-to-day lives of African-Americans in urban and rural settings. His penchant for including unflattering, even stereotypical, images of blacks often placed him at odds with his peers, who, rather than see irony or satire, accused him of caricaturing blacks for the amusement of whites. Despite such criticisms, there is no doubt Hayden brought a distinctive African-American presence to American art, and played an important role in the recognition and celebration of black artists.
James Abbott McNeill Whistler
James Abbott McNeill Whistler was born in 1834 in Lowell, Massachusetts. His first art training was in 1845 at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, where his father served as a civil engineer for the St. Petersburg-Moscow railway. He attended West Point from 1851 to 1854, but excelled only at art and was dismissed from the academy. In 1855 he traveled to Paris to study with Charles Gleyre and eventually met and befriended artists Henri Fantin-Latour and Gustave Courbet.
Whistler began his career as an etcher, and during his lifetime was acknowledged as the greatest exponent of etching since Rembrandt. He moved to London in 1859 and attempted to spread French Realism to England. His direction changed very quickly however, as he became interested in the aesthetics of Japanese art and the new French movement towards Impressionism, and he began to incorporate ideas from both into his work. He was rejected from the Salon of 1863, but was included in the seminal Salon des Refusés with artists such as Manet and Pissarro.
Whistler came into his maturity in the 1870s with his Nocturnes, fully embracing the idea of art for art’s sake and abandoning precise realism to instead emphasize the beauty of pictorial effect and design. Whistler’s personality made him a controversial figure, and he made enemies as quickly as he made friends.
Whistler had a profound effect on the rise of Impressionism in America. While never fully an Impressionist himself, he worked aggressively to promote European Impressionist works and his style influenced many of the artists that would define American Impressionism. The Tonalists owe a huge debt to Whistler’s subtle colors and tones - the hallmarks of their movement.
A Study in Rose and Brown was painted shortly before the artist’s death in 1903. Whistler met the subject, Rosie Rendall, during a trip to the village of Lyme Regis in Dorset. The painting bears all the hallmarks of Whistler – his atmospheric handling of tone and color, a flat, almost decorative picture plane, and simple but elegant rendering. A Study in Rose and Brown appeared in the 1905 Memorial exhibit to the artist and in the 1913 Armory Show. When it was purchased by the MMA at the close of the Armory Show, the painting was at the forefront of avant-garde modernism.
The acquisition of this painting in 1914 was highly controversial, with many of the members of the Muskegon Public School Board arguing that the purchase price of $6,750 for the work was extravagant. The furor surrounding the piece is evident in numerous local newspaper articles from the time, containing passionate arguments for and against the acquisition. Today, A Study in Rose and Brown is of unquestionable artistic worth.
Manierre Dawson
Manierre Dawson was born in Chicago in 1887 and trained as an architect and civil engineer at the Armour Institute of Technology. He spent his spare time painting and his earliest works are clearly shaped by the influence of mathematical architectural ideas. In 1910 he took a leave of absence from the firm of Holabird and Roche to travel to Europe to pursue his passion for art. While in Paris he encountered Gertrude Stein, who purchased one of his paintings. When Dawson returned to the U.S. he became acquainted with Albert P. Ryder and Arthur B. Davies, the latter of which invited Dawson to submit work for the 1913 Armory Show. Although only one of his paintings was accepted into the show, its inclusion represented the single high point of Dawson’s artistic career during his lifetime.
Financial circumstances led Dawson to move to his family farm in Ludington, Michigan in 1914. The demands of running the apple orchard forced him to largely abandon painting and what time he set aside for art making he used mainly for sculpture. Shortly before his death, his work was revisited in a one-man retrospective at the Grand Rapids Art Museum in 1966. A year later the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago staged his first major retrospective. Dawson died in 1969.
Dawson’s painting was highly advanced for his time, arguably making him one of the first truly abstract artists. More remarkably, he came to his style of painting largely without any art training or exposure to the ideas of the time, instead deriving his unique style from his training as an architect. Dawson’s first abstract paintings actually predate those of Wassily Kandinsky, the Russian artist widely regarded as the father of abstraction. Afternoon II uses soft browns and golds to establish an autumnal mood with the complex geometric forms suggesting a landscape and in some areas a figurative presence. The abstract forms highlight Dawson’s search for a new visual language that would match his exposure to the modern age of technology and architecture.
Dawson was also a collector of art and, in 1968, along with this painting, donated to the Muskegon Museum of Art Return from the Chase by the Portuguese artist Amadeo de Souza-Cardosa. Dawson acquired Return from the Chase after its appearance in the 1913 Armory Show.
John Woodrow Wilson
John Woodrow Wilson was born in 1922 in Roxbury, Massachusetts. In 1939 he enrolled, with a full scholarship, at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, where he studied painting and drawing. During his study, his work received numerous awards at the Annual Atlanta University Exhibition, the only national annual exhibit for African-Americans at the time. After his graduation in 1945, Wilson taught at the Boris Mirski School of Modern Art while pursuing a B.S. in education at Tafts University.
In 1947 Wilson was awarded the James William Paige Fellowship, sending him to Europe where he studied in Paris with the Cubist and Purist painter, Fernand Léger. He returned to the U.S after a year and taught at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts of Boston until 1955. He studied in Mexico in 1950-51 under the John Hay Whitney Fellowship, and again in 1952 through a fellowship with the International Institute of Education Exchange. He continued to exhibit and teach in Chicago and New York before settling in Boston in 1964, where he became a professor of art at Boston University.
Wilson has shown in numerous national and international exhibitions, and has been the recipient of many prestigious prizes and awards throughout his career. His work is included in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, the Museum of the National Center of Afro-American Artists, and numerous other public and private collections.
Father and Son is a studio cast of a seven-foot tall public work executed for Boston’s Roxbury Community College. Indicative of Wilson’s style, the figures are simplified into direct, natural forms that possess an open and expressive emotional content. For Wilson, the importance of his work is to capture fundamental human characteristics by portraying spiritual and emotional gesture through the movement of real and natural forms. The theme of this work, the relationship between father and son, was inspired by the artist’s childhood, and the Sunday mornings he spent on his father’s lap being read the Sunday comic strips.
Frederick William MacMonnies
Frederick William MacMonnies was born in 1863 in New York and studied art with his mother at an early age. At thirteen, a family financial loss forced him to work as an errand boy until, in 1880, he found work at the studio of the renowned sculptor, Augustus Saint-Gaudens. While taking night classes at Cooper Union and the National Academy of Design, he began work with Saint-Gaudens running errands and mixing clay. His artistic talents were soon recognized and he was promoted to studio assistant, allowing him to assist in creating Saint-Gaudens’ works. His time with Saint-Gaudens exposed him to the elite social circle of his mentor and he formed friendships with prominent businessmen and artists; relationships that would greatly influence and expand his career.
In 1886 MacMonnies went to Paris to study at the École des Beaux Arts with Alexandre Falguière, a sculptor whom the young artist would strive to emulate. He won the Prix d’Atelier in 1886 and debuted in the Salon in 1887 with two plaster medallions and a portrait bust. He returned to New York in 1888 to work with Saint-Gaudens for a year before returning to Paris. Diana, of which this sculpture is a reduction, won an honorable mention in the 1889 Salon. In 1891 MacMonnies received the Medal of Second Class at the Salon for two portraits. The 1891 award brought him much fame, and studio reductions of his works, or “parlour bronzes,” were soon in high demand.
In France, he taught at the Academy Vitti, at his estate in Giverny, and at the Academy Carmen with James Abbott McNeill Whistler. MacMonnies spent much of his time involved with American commissions for large-scale public works, including the Columbian Fountain for the 1893 Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition, a statue of Nathan Hale for New York’s City Hall, the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Memorial Arch in Brooklyn, and his Pioneer Monument in Denver.
MacMonnies was one of the most highly paid sculptors of his day, and received numerous honors for his sculptures, among them an appointment as a Chevalier of the Legion d’Honor of France. In America, his works, which frequently depicted nudes, were met with controversy, and were often moved to less public locations after initial outcries. Despite his fame and early fortune, MacMonnies died in poverty in 1937, leaving behind a legacy of some of the finest Beaux-Arts public sculpture in America.
Joshua Johnson
Joshua Johnson worked in Baltimore from about 1789 to 1835.
While he worked in the stylistic tradition of Charles Willson Peale and Charles
Peale Polk, Johnson’s career is remarkable in that he achieved artistic success
as a free black man when slavery was still legal in the U.S. Little is known
about his origins; in 1796 the city directory lists Johnson as a painter and
free man of color and subsequent records further indicate his status as a free
man. Of his contemporaries, Johnson was the only artist to remain in Baltimore
for the duration of his career, most likely due to the risk of being kidnapped
and returned to slavery. Most of Johnson’s commissions were for working and
middle class families. This portrait is typical of Johnson’s work, and
demonstrates the smaller-than-life-scale format that defined many of his
portraits. The pose reflects the manner of many of the artist’s early works, as
do the hand positions and props. The identity of the sitter comes from an
inscription on the painting from an earlier owner, though scholarly research
has proven inconclusive.
The American portrait rose from the European tradition
and saw widespread popularity in the 1800s. Itinerant artists moved from city
to city advertising their skills and availability, then moved on to the next
location as business slowed. The portrait served as a symbol of status and
prestige for the wealthy, but as artists discounted their prices and became
more widespread, the appeal of portraiture spread to the lower classes.
Johnson’s painting is a testament to the rich legacy of American portraiture.
Leon Dabo – Nassau Beach
Leon Dabo was born in France in 1865 and was raised in Detroit, Michigan. He first studied art under his father, who had been a professor of aesthetics in France. Dabo traveled to Paris in 1884 where he studied architecture and decoration, moved to Italy in 1887, and eventually returned to the U.S. in 1892, where he settled permanently in New York. While in New York he saw Charles Freer’s Whistler Collection, which was to profoundly influence his career. In 1910 he participated in the “Independents” exhibit organized by The Eight and was a principle organizer of the 1913 Armory Show. In 1944 he was elected a full Academician of the National Academy of Design.
Dabo is best remembered as a Tonalist, indeed being referred to as “the Poet of Color” during his career. Having studied under Whistler, Dabo was greatly interested in the decorative qualities of Whistler’s work and of Japanese art, as well as the sense of quiet poetry and harmony he achieved through his subtle use of color, value, and shape. Nassau Beach appears as if in a fog, filled with warm grays and hints of blue. Forms are hazy and indistinct, lending an air of mystery to the scene and emphasizing a sense of the ethereal.
Daniel Garber
Daniel Garber was born in North Manchester, Indiana to a farming family. The pastoral landscapes that surrounded him as a youth made a strong impression, and led him to the landscape paintings for which he is best known. Though his primary interest was landscape, he also had great success with interior works such as Interior, Green Street. Garber studied at the Cincinnati Academy and, later, at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts where he was inspired by the sincerity and integrity of the works of Thomas Eakins. Garber later studied on his own in Europe, but brought little of the European artistic ideals of the time back with him to the United States, where he became a faculty member at his alma-matter, the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.
Garber’s painting style was conservative and like many of his contemporaries he was a member of the National Academy. His works praise a simple, yet artistic world, and he often includes a theme of love for one’s fellow person.
Interior, Green Street is a genre painting of Mrs. Garber quietly stitching while rocking in the corner of a sun-lit room. This attention to light in the work, as it relates to the mood of a scene, is common in Garber’s other interior works as well. His interests in the subject as a person, as well as his attention to details in his work, exemplify Garber as a Realist. Unlike many Academic painters, Garber does not try to add glory to the human experience, but finds interest in its natural complexity.
George Inness
American (1825-1894)
Landscape (Peaceful Meadows)
Oil on canvas, circa. 1878
Gift of Mr. Charles W. Marsh
1943.17
George Inness was born near Newburgh, New York, in 1825, the fifth of thirteen children. Rejecting his father’s attempt to train him in the grocery business, he studied for a month with the painter John Jesse Baker in New Jersey before serving a two-year apprenticeship as an engraver with the mapmaking firm of Sherman and Smith of New York. During his early career he also studied briefly with the painter Régis Gignoux and was heavily influenced by the Hudson River School painters Thomas Cole and Asher B. Durand. Inness first exhibited at the National Academy of Design in 1844 and was named a full Academician in 1868. Two trips to Europe in the early 1850s exposed Inness to the work of the Barbizon painters and changed the direction of his work. Always interested in the notion of the connection between the real world and the spiritual one, perhaps the greatest influence on the work of Inness was his introduction to the writings of Emmanuel Swedenbourg, a Scandanavian theologian, in 1863. The Swedenborgian sect believed a spiritual essence of vitalizing and harmonizing energy flowed through the material world of appearances, an idea that resonated deeply with Inness’ artistic and pictorial goals.
While he began painting in the Hudson River School style, Inness’s exposure to the Barbizon painters and his interest in the presence of divinity in the landscape led him to the exploration of a more unified and harmonious atmosphere of light and shadow. The quiet calm and spiritual contemplation in his work became signatures of the new movement of Tonalism. Along with Whistler, Inness would influence many of the artists who would embrace that movement, including Leon Dabo and Dwight W. Tryon.
Plagued with epilepsy his entire life, Inness died in 1894 while on a recuperative trip in Scotland, having enjoyed an artistic career filled with critical and commercial success.
Samuel Isham
Samuel Isham was born in New York in 1855. He graduated from Yale in 1875 and traveled to Paris to study art before returning to New York to study law at Columbia University. After practicing law from 1880-85, Isham returned to his study of art in Paris, enrolling at the Academie Julien, where he studied under Louis Boulanger and Jules-Joseph Lefebvre. While in Paris, Isham exhibited regularly in the Paris Salon and upon his return to the United States he achieved some critical success, becoming a full member of the National Academy of Design in 1906. His work typifies the style of late nineteenth century French Academic circles, concentrating mainly on the landscape and the figure. Isham’s most notable contribution to American art was his work as a prominent critic. In 1905 he wrote The History of American Painting, the goal of which was to record the intellectual and cultural growth of the country. The book arranged artists into categories and then provided critical analysis of their styles, successes, and failures. The History of American Painting had a major influence over American painting and collecting for the next three decades.
Girl in White with Chrysanthemums typifies the Academic painters’ interest in languid, introspective female subjects. Here, an adolescent girl is as decorative as the flowers she rests beside. Clad in a simple white dress with yellow ribbon, she is reduced to the character of the chrysanthemum: pretty, delicate, and in need of tending.
Leonard Ochtman
Leonard Ochtman was born in Zonnemaire, Holland in 1854 and came to Albany, New York with his parents in 1866. He received his earliest exposure to art as a youth while assisting his father, a professional decorative artist, and at age sixteen he took a job as a draftsman in an engraving plant, which lasted until he was 26. During this time he opened a studio in Albany and studied briefly at the Art Student’s League, but remained largely self-taught. His work was accepted into the National Academy of Design exhibition in 1880, 1882, and 1883, launching his success as a professional artist. Using proceeds from his sales, Ochtman traveled to Europe in 1885, visiting England, France, and Holland before returning to New York in 1887. Ochtman settled into a studio in New York with fellow artist Charles Warren Eaton and was soon established as a teacher and exhibiting artist. He married a student, Nina Fonda, in 1891 and the two moved to the art colony of Cos Cob, Connecticut, a center for the new American Impressionist movement.
The 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, the first major exhibit to include American Impressionist paintings, included three of Ochtman’s oils. Ochtman became a full member of the National Academy of Design in 1904 and enjoyed great critical and financial success as an artist until his death in 1934.
Ochtman is most noted for the subtlety and delicacy of his painting, and George Inness is known to have been an admirer of his work. With its heavier brushstrokes, Twilight is arguably impressionist in nature, and Ochtman is most closely related to that movement. However, the simplified composition, moody colors, and softly muted values also suggest the search for the quiet and natural poetry of Tonalism.
Ernest Lawson
Ernest Lawson was born in 1873 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and was raised by his aunt. In 1888 he rejoined his parents in Kansas City and in 1889 traveled with his father, a doctor, to Mexico City. There, he worked as a draftsman for an engineering company and studied at the Santa Clara Art Academy. A year later he enrolled in the Art Students League of New York, then studied briefly in Connecticut with J. Alden Weir and John Twachtman. In 1893 he left for Paris to attend the Academie Julian, but spent his two years in Paris working largely on his own, under the strong influence of the works of Alfred Sisley, whom he met, and Cezanne.
After returning to American to again study with Twachtman, Lawson resettled in New York in 1898, already singled out by William Merritt Chase as “America’s greatest landscape painter.” Favoring the landscape, Lawson lived and worked in the then-rural Washington Heights area of Manhattan and painted the sparsely settled woods and farmlands along the Hudson River.
While Lawson worked in a highly impressionist manner, he focused on the influence of human beings on the landscape, often including docks, bridges, and squatter huts in his semi-industrialized landscapes. His realism drew the attention of Robert Henri and, in 1908, Lawson was invited to participate in the now famous show of “The Eight” at Macbeth Gallery in New York. Lawson went on to participate in the 1913 Armory Show, which he helped organize, and the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exhibition. Despite his reputation, Lawson suffered financial problems late in his career, probably compounded by severe rheumatoid arthritis. He moved to Florida in 1936 and was found dead on the beach on December 18, 1939. The cause of his death is unknown.
Lawson’s work is characterized by brilliant colors and heavy impasto painting, one critic likening his work to “crushed jewels.” Connecticut Summer, possibly painted after his return from Paris, typifies Lawson’s flattening of the picture plane, as the illusion of space is diminished by an energized surface of line and color.
Jerome Myers
Jerome Myers was born in Virginia in 1867 to poverty and hardship. His father, Abram, traveled from one failed venture to the next, leaving his family behind. An invalid, Myers’ mother was hospitalized in 1877 and her five children were sent to foster homes and orphanages, factors likely leading to Myers’ life-long empathy with the common man. In 1887 Myers enrolled at the Cooper Union in New York where he was making his living as a sign and scene painter. A year later he enrolled at the Art Students League. Myers disagreed with the League’s rigid academic approach to art, finding more interest in reacting to urban life, so he often left his studies to paint and draw the city. This fascination with urban life made him one of the first American social realists.
In 1895 Myers traveled to Paris but remained only a short time before returning to New York. He opened his studio in 1902 and met art dealer William Macbeth. Myers exhibited frequently, including at the National Academy of Design, and, in 1908, had a solo exhibition at Macbeth Gallery, just before the exhibit of The Eight. Given his early use of urban life as subject, and his friendship with Henri, there is much speculation as to why Myers was not included with The Eight. Myers was, however, one of the four founding organizers of the American Painters and Sculptors, the group that established the Armory Show of 1913. Myers continued to aggressively contribute to the advancement of American art until his death in 1940.
The work of Myers portrayed the people of the Lower East Side of New York, capturing their energy and unpretentious nature. An admirer of Rembrandt, Myers followed the master in painting both ghetto life and numerous self-portraits, using the same limited palette and low-key tones. Much of Myers’ work is characterized by a golden atmosphere that merges with the surrounding space, rendered in a faintly decorative manner that hints to modernism. The Courtyard portrays a favorite subject for the artist, a gathering of children, with many largely lost in their own joy and games.
George Bellows
George Wesley Bellows was born in 1882 in Columbus, Ohio. He attended Ohio State, where he played varsity baseball and basketball, and, after graduation, he moved to New York in 1904 to attend the New York School of Art, where he studied under Robert Henri. Two years later he opened his own studio and, in 1908, received a prize at the National Academy of Design. In 1909 he was named an associate of the National Academy, the youngest member ever accepted. Unlike most of his peers, he did not study in Europe, and his work is characterized by the raw, direct qualities of early 20th century American Realism. He is best known for paintings depicting the drama and excitement of athletic events, street scenes, and construction workers, which capture the human figure in moments of physical stress and robust energy.
While a close friend and student of Henri, Bellows was not included in the exhibit of The Eight, though he soon became one of the best known second generation Ashcan artists and was a participant and organizer of the Armory Show of 1913. He joined the staff of The Masses as an artist in 1912, and worked under John Sloan, a job that led to a series of paintings and lithographs of war atrocities in 1916. In his later career, Bellows turned to the mathematical theories of Jay Hambridge, experimenting in his art with geometric compositions that laid figures out along precise vertical, horizontal, and diagonal lines. He died tragically at 42, of a ruptured appendix.
The Baseball Game was painted in 1908 as a wedding gift to Grace Carter. She wrote in a letter to the Muskegon Museum of Art, “I am quite sure he painted it around that time. He always worked very fast.” The low-key colors and dark values are typical of Ashcan painting, and the direct, calligraphic strokes used to render the figures and the wooded area on the right are hallmarks of Bellows’ rapid, bravura style of painting. This work is all the more intriguing and personal to the artist’s life because of Bellows’ passion for baseball.
John Singer SargentJohn Singer Sargent, son of American expatriates, was born in Florence, Italy in 1856. Sargent spent his youth traveling around Europe and studied art in Paris at the studio of Carolus-Duran at the École des Beaux-Arts. Carolus-Duran was heavily influenced by Velasquez and the Spanish school of painting, and that passion transferred quickly to the young Sargent. Sargent was soon showing portraits regularly at the Salon, and his popularity resulted in numerous commissions. In 1884 he showed his now famous portrait, Madame X, at the Paris Salon. The bare shoulders, ostentatious gown, and arrogance of the sitter, American Virginie Gautreau, shocked the Paris critics and public, forcing Sargent to re-establish himself in London. In a short time he became greatly admired for his portraits in Britain and the U.S., and was soon in high demand. He also experimented with the Impressionist style during those years and became a close friend of Claude Monet. Sargent had first visited the United States in 1876 and returned in the early 1880s to begin a series of murals for the Boston Public Library that would occupy him for the next 25 years. He also painted murals for the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the Widener Memorial Library at Harvard. He was a prolific painter and produced over 500 portraits and more than 1,000 oil and watercolor landscapes before his death in 1925 in London.With its bold immediacy and expressiveness of brushwork, the oil sketch, Jacob Wrestling with the Angel, clearly expresses the hand of the artist, showcasing the attributes for which Sargent is celebrated.
Charles Harold Davis
Charles Harold Davis was born in Amesbury, Massachusetts in 1856. He began his career in a carriage factory, but, after seeing an exhibition of French Barbizon School painting that featured the works of Jean Francois Millet, enrolled at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in 1877. In 1880 a local businessman gave Davis a thousand dollars to study in France, where he lived for the next decade. While in France, Davis studied at the Acadmie Julien with Jules Lefebvre and continued to be heavily influenced by the Barbizon style. He displayed regularly at both the Paris Salon and the Paris Exposition, and sent works back to the United States for frequent one-man shows at Doll and Richards Gallery in Boston.
In 1891 Davis returned to the States with his French wife, Angele Legarde, and the two settled in Mystic, Connecticut. The rural Mystic area provided him with the subject matter for his landscapes, which quickly became Impressionist. In 1892 he founded the Mystic Art Colony and by 1895 he was focused primarily on the theme of clouds, using a low horizon line to emphasize the forms and movement of the clouds and the open, brilliant blues of the sky. In April likely comes from this period, due not just to the subject matter, but as well to the loose Impressionist brushwork and emphasis on the quality of light. While In April is certainly an Impressionist painting, the soft greens and grays, and the subtle transition from light to shadow across the landscape, hint at the Tonalist style of Davis’ early career and lend a sense of quiet and stillness to the painting.
During his career, Davis’ paintings won numerous prizes and medals and he enjoyed both critical and commercial success during his lifetime. He was exhibited at the Chicago Art Institute, the Corcoran Gallery, and at the National Academy, and his works were shown in major national and international exhibitions, including the Universal Exposition of 1889 in Paris, the Armory Show of 1913, and the Pan-Pacific Exposition in 1915. Davis died in Mystic at the age of 77.
Dwight Tryon
Dwight W. Tryon was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1849.
Strongly influenced by the French Barbizon style and its emphasis on tonal
harmony and careful observation, Tryon traveled to Paris in 1876 to study under
Jacquesson de la Chevreuse (a pupil of Ingres) and later under Charles
Françoise Daubigny, Henry Harpignies, and Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemet at
the École des Beaux-Arts. While in
Paris he was strongly influenced by Whistler’s compositions and subtle
palettes, which, when coupled with the influence of George Inness, would direct
Tryon’s work into Tonalism. Tyron established a studio in New York in 1881 and
began a life-long friendship with Thomas Wilmer Dewing, with whom he had much
in common artistically and even collaborated with on occasion. In 1885 Tryon
joined the faculty of Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, eventually
becoming the head of the art department until his retirement in 1923. Tryon
received numerous prizes during his career and was appointed a full member of
the National Academy of Design in 1891.
Tryon’s work was avidly collected by Thomas B. Clarke and
Charles Freer, both influential collectors that believed the works of Tryon,
Dewing, Whistler, and Thayer were the most advanced art of the time. Freer
hired Tryon to assist him in decorating his Detroit mansion and much of Tryon’s
work now rests in the Freer Gallery in Washington D.C.
The soft, muted colors and stillness of Tryon’s compositions
exemplify the movement of Tonalism. In Moonrise at Sunset, the landscape
is captured during the transition from day to night, a time of blended shadows,
quiet, and mystery. Subtle and lyrical, Tryon’s paintings reveal his deep love
of nature.
Moonrise at Sunset is
one of the first paintings purchased by the Hackley Public Library through the
bequest of Charles Hackley, predating the 1912 opening of the Hackley Art
Gallery. It is the first artwork listed in the museum’s inventory.
Robert HENRI
American, 1865-1929
Laughing Child
Oil on canvas, 1907
Purchased in honor of the 100th Anniversary of the Muskegon Museum of Art, through the gifts of the Van Kampen Boyer Molinari Foundation, the 100th Anniversary Art Acquisition Fund, the Shaw and Betty Walker Fund, the Hackley Picture Fund, Roger & Marilyn Andersen, Jim & Donna Brooks, George & Barbara Gordon, Baker College in honor of Gary Ostrom, Frank & Susan Bednarek, Jon & Jane Blyth, Timothy & Anne Erickson, Robert & Ruth Fountain, John J. Helstrom, Mathias & Esther Helstrom, Larry & Roxanna Herder, Hines Corporation, Mr. & Mrs. Timothy Michalski, Marge & Paul Potter, Mike & Debby Schubert, Drs. Donald T. & Shirley A. Van Hoeven, and Kenneth & Marguerite Winter
2009.3
It was a great dream of Raymond Wyer, the MMA’s first director, who set the stage for the success and recognition of this Museum, that one day we acquire a painting by Robert Henri. One hundred years later, Laughing Child is one of the most important acquisitions in MMA history, comparable to the greatest artworks that have shaped this institution since 1912. Henri was a founder of what became known as the Ashcan School—a style, attitude, and outlook on the world not well represented in the collections. Laughing Child takes the more traditional 19th-century leanings of the MMA collections into a strong period of early 20th-century forays in the grittier subjects of urban realism painted, with a greater freedom of handling. This work shows Henri at his most raw and experimental, drawing inspiration from great 17th-century Dutch painters like Frans Hals. This is one of 17 known portraits of Cori Peterson, a young girl from Haarlem, the Netherlands, that Henri painted in the summer of 1907. The winsome portrait makes connections with historic Dutch artistic traditions that are increasingly represented in the MMA collections (from 17th- and 18th-century drawings, to 19th-century paintings and 20th-century sculpture and prints), and it speaks to the strong Dutch heritage of West Michigan. Laughing Child was formerly in the collection of the family of the late Norman Hirschl, one of America’s most respected and influential New York art dealers and a champion of the Ashcan School painters.
Jacob Lawrence (American, 1917-2000)
The Builders: The Family (from the Genesis Series)
Serigraph on paper, 1974
Gift of the L.C. and Margaret Walker Family Foundation
1999.29
Jacob Lawrence is known for dynamic tempera paintings and lithographs that depict narrative scenes of African American life and history. He frequently worked in large series, including those on the lives of Toussaint L’Ouverture, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman.
Lawrence was born in 1917 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. His father left the family in 1924, and the Lawrence children moved through a series of foster homes before being reunited with their mother in Harlem in 1930. He took art classes while in school, but dropped out before finishing high school. Lawrence worked at a laundry and printing plant, but continued to study art with Charles Alston at the Harlem Community Art Center. In 1936, he completed his first series, a satirical look at life in Harlem. Several series followed, culminating in The Migration Series in 1940, a 60-panel history of black migration from the South to North after World War I.
After serving on the Coast Guard’s first racially integrated ship during World War II, Lawrence returned to New York, where his work became highly popular, and enjoyed sales, commissions, and awards, including a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1946, he began teaching at Black Mountain College in North Carolina at the invitation of Josef Albers. He also taught at Art Students League, the New School for Social Research, and the Pratt Institute in New York, and at the Skowhegan School in Maine. He began teaching at the University of Washington in Seattle in 1971, retiring as professor emeritus in 1986. He died of cancer in 2000, survived by his wife and fellow painter Gwendolyn Knight.
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The Writings of George Washington, vol. XIII (1794-1798)
|
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Vol. 13 covers December 1794 to May 1798 and includes letters and papers.
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https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/ford-the-writings-of-george-washington-vol-xiii-1794-1798
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Citation
The Writings of George Washington, collected and edited by Worthington Chauncey Ford (New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1890). Vol. XIII (1794-1798).
Copyright
The text is in the public domain.
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Maryland Civil War Battles Casualties Killed Battlefields
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Introduction
Maryland was one of the Thirteen Colonies and on April 28, 1788, by ratifying the United States Constitution, it was admitted to the Union as the 7th U.S. state.
Maryland is a U.S. state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and has three occasionally used nicknames: the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State.
In 1498 the first European explorers sailed along the Eastern Shore, off present-day Worcester County. In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano, sailing under the French flag, passed the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. In 1608 John Smith entered the bay. The first European settlements were made in 1634, when the English arrived in significant numbers and created a permanent colony. Maryland was notable for having been established with religious freedom for Catholics. Like other colonies of the Chesapeake Bay, its economy was based on tobacco as a commodity crop, cultivated primarily by African slave labor, although many young people came from the British Isles as indentured servants in the early years.
Maryland Civil War History Province of Maryland Map
The Province of Maryland was an English and later British colony in North America that existed from 1632 until 1776, when it joined the other twelve of the Thirteen Colonies in rebellion against Great Britain and became the U.S. state of Maryland.
The province began as a proprietary colony of the English Lord Baltimore, who wished to create a haven for English Catholics in the new world at the time of the European wars of religion. Although Maryland was an early pioneer of religious toleration in the English colonies, religious strife among Anglicans, Puritans, Catholics, and Quakers was common in the early years, and Puritan rebels briefly seized control of the province. In 1689, the year following the Glorious Revolution, John Coode led a Protestant rebellion that expelled Lord Baltimore from power in Maryland. Power in the colony was restored to the family in 1715 when Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, swore publicly that he was a Protestant. See also Lord Baltimore: Founder of Maryland.
Despite early competition with the colony of Virginia to its south, and the Dutch colony of New Netherland to its north, the Province of Maryland developed along very similar lines to Virginia. Its early settlements and populations centers tended to cluster around the rivers and other waterways that empty into the Chesapeake Bay and, like Virginia, Maryland's economy quickly became centered around the farming of tobacco for sale in Europe. The need for cheap labor, and later with the mixed farming economy that developed when tobacco prices collapsed, led to a rapid expansion of indentured servitude and, later, forcible immigration and enslavement of Africans.
The Province of Maryland was an active participant in the events leading up to the American Revolution, and echoed events in New England by establishing committees of correspondence and hosting its own tea party similar to the one that took place in Boston. By 1776 the old order had been overthrown, as Marylanders signed the Declaration of Independence, forcing the end of British colonial rule.
In 1776, during the American Revolution, Maryland became a U.S. state. After the war, numerous planters freed their slaves as the economy changed. In 1839, the United States' first passenger railway service opened between Baltimore and nearby Ellicott City. As the railway expanded westward to Cumberland and Chicago, it competed for business with the earlier 189 miles Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the National Road. The United States Naval Academy was founded in Annapolis in 1845, and the Maryland Agricultural College was chartered in 1856, growing eventually into the University of Maryland.
Although still a slave state in 1860, by that time nearly half the black population was already free, due mostly to manumissions after the American Revolution. Maryland was among the Border States that remained in the Union during the American Civil War (1861-1865).
Approximately 65,000* Maryland men joined the Union military during the Civil War, while approximately 30,000 joined the Confederate Army. To help ensure Maryland's inclusion in the Union, Abraham Lincoln suspended several civil liberties, including the writ of habeas corpus, an act deemed illegal by the Maryland native, Chief Justice Roger Taney of the United States Supreme Court.
Lincoln ordered U.S. troops to place artillery on Federal Hill to threaten the city of Baltimore, and helped ensure the election of a new pro-Union governor and legislature. Lincoln ordered certain pro-South members of the state legislature and other prominent men jailed at Fort McHenry, including the Mayor of Baltimore, George William Brown. The grandson of Francis Scott Key was included in those jailed. Historians continue to debate the constitutionality of these actions taken during the crisis of wartime. The Thomas Viaduct, which crosses the Patapsco River on the B&O Railroad, was considered so strategically important that Union troops were assigned to guard it throughout the entirety of the war.
Because Maryland remained in the Union, it was exempted from the abolition provisions of the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, which applied only to states in rebellion. In 1864 the state held a constitutional convention that culminated in the passage of a new state constitution. Article 24 of that document abolished slavery. In 1867, following passage of constitutional amendments that granted voting rights to freedmen, the state extended suffrage to non-white males.
Map of Maryland Civil War Battles Maryland Civil War History and Map of Battlefields
Maryland and Civil War Border State History Map Map depicts the hotly contested Border States as well as Southern and Northern States
Slavery
The institution of slavery in Maryland spanned approximately two centuries, and initially it developed along very similar lines to neighboring Virginia. The early settlements and population centers of the Province tended to cluster around the rivers and other waterways that empty into the Chesapeake Bay; as in Virginia, Maryland's economy quickly became centered on the farming of tobacco for sale in Europe. The need for cheap labor to help with the growth of tobacco, and later with the mixed farming economy that developed when tobacco prices collapsed, led to a rapid expansion of indentured servitude and, later, forcible immigration and enslavement of Africans. The first Africans were brought to Maryland in 1642, when 13 slaves arrived at St. Mary's City, the first English settlement in the Province.
Maryland developed into a plantation colony by the 18th century. In 1700 there were about 25,000 people and by 1750 that had grown more than 5 times to 130,000. By 1755, about 40% of Maryland's population was black. Maryland planters also made extensive use of indentured servants and penal labor. An extensive system of rivers facilitated the movement of produce from inland plantations to the Atlantic coast for export. Baltimore was the second-most important port in the eighteenth-century South, after Charleston, South Carolina.
Maryland remained in the Union during the American Civil War, and so the state was not included under the January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, which declared all slaves in Southern Confederate states (but not those in Union Border States like Maryland) to be free. Slavery survived in Maryland until the following year, when a constitutional convention was held which culminated in the passage of a new state constitution on November 1 1864. Article 24 of that document outlawed the practice of slavery, and the right to vote was extended to non-white males in the Maryland Constitution of 1867, which remains in effect today.
One feature of the new constitution was a highly restrictive oath of allegiance which was designed to reduce the influence of Southern sympathizers, and to prevent such individuals from holding public office of any kind. The new constitution emancipated the state's slaves (who had not been freed by President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation), disenfranchised Southern sympathizers, and re-apportioned the General Assembly based upon white inhabitants. This last provision diminished the power of the small counties where the majority of the state's large former slave population lived.
The constitution was submitted to the people for ratification on October 13, 1864, and it was narrowly approved by a vote of 30,174 to 29,799 (50.31% to 49.69%) in a referendum widely characterized by intimidation and fraud. This was a controversial result, given the state's Confederate ties and sympathies. Those voting at their usual polling places were opposed to the Constitution by 29,536 to 27,541. However, the constitution secured ratification after Maryland's soldiers' votes were included in the count. Marylanders serving in the Union Army were overwhelmingly in favor (2,633 to 263). Maryland soldiers who were fighting for the Confederacy, and therefore could not vote, would likely have overwhelmingly opposed it.
The new constitution, effective November 1, 1864, emancipated the state's slaves, but this did not mean equality for them, in part because the franchise continued to be restricted to white males. However, the abolition of slavery in Maryland did precede the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery throughout the United States, and did not come into effect until December 6, 1865. Emancipation did not immediately bring citizenship for former slaves. The Maryland legislature refused to ratify both the 14th Amendment, which conferred citizenship rights on former slaves, and the 15th Amendment, which gave the vote to African Americans.
Maryland, US Expansionism, and Sectionalism Map As the United States expanded rapidly, sectional strife intensified between the North and South
Sentiment
Maryland, as a slave-holding Border State, was deeply divided over the antebellum arguments over States’ Rights and the future of slavery in the Union. Culturally, geographically and economically, Maryland found herself neither one thing nor another, a unique blend of Southern agrarianism and Northern mercantilism. In the lead up to the American Civil War, it became clear that the state was bitterly divided in its sympathies. There was much less appetite for secession than elsewhere in the Southern States, but Maryland was equally unsympathetic toward the potentially abolitionist position of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln. In the presidential election of 1860 Lincoln won just 2,294 votes out of a total of 92,421, only 2.5% of the votes cast. In seven counties, Lincoln received not a single vote.
The areas of Southern and Eastern Maryland, especially those on the Chesapeake Bay, which had prospered on the tobacco trade and slave labor, were generally sympathetic to the South, while northern and western areas of the state, especially Marylanders of German origin, had stronger economic ties to the North. Not all blacks in Maryland were slaves. The 1860 Federal census indicates there were nearly as many free blacks (83,942) as slaves (87,189) in Maryland.
However, across the state, sympathies were mixed. Many Marylanders were simply pragmatic, recognizing that the state's long border with pro-Union Pennsylvania would be almost impossible to defend in the event of war. Maryland businessmen feared the likely loss of trade that would be caused by war and the strong possibility of a blockade of Baltimore's port by the Union navy. After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, many citizens began forming local militias, determined to prevent a future slave uprising.
Not all those who sympathized with the rebels would abandon their homes and join the Confederacy. Some, like physician Richard Sprigg Steuart, remained in Maryland, offered covert support for the South, and refused to sign an oath of loyalty to the Union. Later in 1861, Baltimore resident W. W. Glenn described Steuart as a fugitive from the authorities:
"I was spending the evening out when a footstep approached my chair from behind and a hand was laid upon me. I turned and saw Dr. R. S. Steuart. He has been concealed for more than six months. His neighbors are so bitter against him that he dare not go home, and he committed himself so decidedly on the 19th April and is known to be so decided a Southerner, that it more than likely he would be thrown into a Fort. He goes about from place to place, sometimes staying in one county, sometimes in another and then passing a few days in the city. He never shows in the day time & is cautious who sees him at any time."
Maryland: United We Stand, Divided We Fall! Massachusetts Militia Passing Through Baltimore (Baltimore Riot of 1861), F.F. Walker (1861)
Baltimore Riot of 1861
The first bloodshed of the Civil War occurred in Maryland. Anxious about the risk of secessionists capturing Washington, D.C. (known as Washington City at the time), given that the capital was bordered by Virginia in the south and Maryland in the north, The Federal government requested armed volunteers to suppress "unlawful combinations" in the South. Soldiers from Pennsylvania and Massachusetts were transported by rail to Baltimore, where they had to disembark, march through the city, and board another train to continue their journey south to Washington.
As one Massachusetts regiment was transferred between stations on April 19, a group of secessionists and Southern sympathizers attacked the train cars and blocked the route; some began throwing cobblestones and bricks at the troops, assaulting them with "shouts and stones". Panicked by the situation, several soldiers fired into the mob, whether "accidentally", "in a desultory manner", or "by the command of the officers" is unclear. Chaos ensued as a giant brawl began between fleeing soldiers, the violent mob, and the Baltimore police who tried to suppress the violence. Four soldiers and twelve civilians were killed in the riot, and dozens more were wounded.
The disorder inspired James Ryder Randall to write a poem which would be put to music and eventually become the state song, "Maryland, My Maryland" (it remains the official state song to this day). The song's lyrics urged Marylanders to "spurn the Northern scum" and "burst the tyrant's chain" - in other words, to secede from the Union. Confederate States Army bands would later play the song after they crossed into Maryland territory during the Maryland Campaign in 1862.
After the April 19 rioting, skirmishes continued in Baltimore for the next month. Mayor George William Brown and Maryland Governor Thomas Hicks implored President Lincoln to reroute troops around Baltimore city and through Annapolis to avoid further confrontations. In a letter to President Lincoln, Mayor Brown wrote:
"It is my solemn duty to inform you that it is not possible for more soldiers to pass through Baltimore unless they fight their way at every step. I therefore hope and trust and most earnestly request that no more troops be permitted or ordered by the Government to pass through the city. If they should attempt it, the responsibility for the bloodshed will not rest upon me".
Hearing no immediate reply from Washington, on the evening of April 20 Governor Hicks and Mayor Brown formed a plan to disable the railroad bridges into the city, preventing further incursions by Union soldiers. For a time it looked as if Maryland might join the rebels, but Lincoln moved swiftly to defuse the situation, promising that the troops were needed purely to defend Washington, not to attack the South. President Lincoln also complied with the request to reroute troops to Annapolis, as the political situation in Baltimore remained highly volatile. Meanwhile, plans were being drawn up to take military control of the state.
"Two incidents reflecting on the Baltimore Riot are worthy of mention. On June 17, 1865, a monument was unveiled in Merrimac square, Lowell, Mass., to the memory of Luther C. Ladd and Addison O. Whitney, two soldiers of the 6th Mass., who were killed in the riot, and on this occasion Lieut.-Col. T. J. Morris, of Gov. Bradford's staff, presented to Gov. Andrew, as the representative of Massachusetts, a fine silk flag, made by the women of Baltimore. On the staff was a silver plate bearing the inscription: "Maryland to Massachusetts, April 19, 1865. May the Union and Friendship of the Future obliterate the Anguish of the Past." The second incident occurred in the spring of 1898, when the 6th Mass. — a regiment bearing the same numerical designation as the one assaulted on April 19, 1861, — marched through Baltimore on its way to take part in the Spanish-American War. Instead of being greeted by a mob it was given an ovation by the patriotic citizens of the Monumental City, thus fully demonstrating that the hope expressed by the inscription on the flag-staff of 33 years before had found its fruition in a reunited country." The Union Army, vol. 2
Maryland and Southern Secession Map Secession of Southern States and their respective readmission to the Union dates
Martial Law
The political situation in Maryland remained uncertain until May 13, 1861 when General Benjamin F. Butler entered Baltimore by rail with 1,000 Federal soldiers and, under cover of a thunderstorm, quietly took possession of Federal Hill. Butler fortified his position and trained his guns upon the city, threatening its destruction. Butler then sent a letter to the commander of Fort McHenry:
“I have taken possession of Baltimore. My troops are on Federal Hill, which I can hold with the aid of my artillery. If I am attacked to-night, please open upon Monument Square with your mortars.”
Butler went on to occupy Baltimore and declared martial law, in order to prevent any further likelihood of secession. By May 21 there was no need to send further troops.
Mayor Brown, members of the city council and the police commissioner were arrested and imprisoned at Fort McHenry. One of the militia captains was John Merryman, who was arrested and held in defiance of a writ of habeas corpus on May 25, sparking the case of Ex parte Merryman, heard just 2 days later on May 27 and 28, in which the Chief Justice Roger B. Taney held that the arrest of Merryman was unconstitutional:
"The President, under the Constitution and laws of the United States, cannot suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, nor authorize any military officer to do so".
Merryman created a sensation, but its immediate impact was rather limited, as the Government and the Army simply ignored the ruling. After the occupation of the city, Union troops were garrisoned throughout the state. Several members of the Maryland legislature were also arrested. By late summer Maryland was firmly in the hands of Union soldiers. Arrests of Confederate sympathizers soon followed, and Steuart's brother, the militia General George H. Steuart, fled to Charlottesville, Virginia, after which much of his family's property was confiscated by the Federal government. Civil authority in Baltimore was swiftly withdrawn from all those who had not been steadfastly in favor of the Federal government's emergency measures.
Maryland Civil War Battlefield Map Map of Principal Civil War Battles in Maryland
Secession
Although Maryland remained in the Union, it was accomplished by the strong hand and strong-arm tactics of President Abraham Lincoln.
The weeks following the Baltimore Riot of 1861 were tense as troop lines were reestablished. On April 27, President Lincoln authorized the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in Maryland. Lincoln also ordered the military to arrest several Confederate sympathizers and hold them as political prisoners. John Merryman was among those incarcerated at Fort McHenry. When Merryman appealed for his release, Chief Justice Roger Taney, in ex parte Merryman, ruled that the Constitution permitted only Congress to suspend the writ. This debate on civil liberties only served to further galvanize citizens of Maryland against Union occupation.
Despite considerable popular support for the cause of the Confederate States of America, Maryland would not secede during the Civil War. However, a number of leading citizens, including physician and slaveholder Richard Sprigg Steuart, placed considerable pressure on Governor Hicks to summon the state Legislature to vote on secession, following Hicks to Annapolis with a number of fellow citizens:
"to insist on his [Hicks] issuing his proclamation for the Legislature to convene, believing that this body (and not himself and his party) should decide the fate of our state"...if the Governor and his party continued to refuse this demand that it would be necessary to depose him".
Responding to pressure, on April 22 Governor Hicks finally announced that the state legislature would meet in a special session in Frederick, a strongly pro-Union town. The Maryland General Assembly convened in Frederick and unanimously adopted a measure stating that they would not commit the state to secession, explaining that they had "no authority to take such action" whatever their own personal feelings might have been. On April 29, the Legislature voted 53–13 against secession. See also Maryland in the American Civil War (1861-1865).
Civil War
According to the 1860 U.S. census, Maryland had a free population of 599,860 and an additional slave population of 87,189. During the American Civil War (1861-1865) as many as 30,000 Marylanders traveled south to fight for the Confederacy, while approximately 65,000* Maryland men, including nearly 9,000 colored troops, served in all branches of the Union military. Marylanders in the Union Army served in 20 regiments and 1 independent company of infantry, 4 regiments and 4 companies of cavalry, 6 batteries of light artillery, and 6 regiments of colored infantry.
During the conflict, Marylanders fought in practically every major theater, and the state was host to some of the deadliest fighting. By war's end, Maryland troops suffered more than 3,000 in killed and several thousands more in wounded. Casualties at the Battle of Antietam, Maryland, were greater than 23,000, and it was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history and the 8th deadliest and bloodiest engagement of the entire war. Although Antietam was Lee's first invasion of the North, he made a second and final attempt into Union territory at Gettysburg less than one year later.
Prominent Maryland leaders and officers during the Civil War included Governor Thomas H. Hicks who, despite his early sympathies for the South, helped prevent the state from seceding, and General George H. Steuart, who was a noted brigade commander under General Robert E. Lee. The Brothers' War, another name for the American Civil War, and divided loyalties may be seen in other Marylanders: Union Brevet Brig. Gen. James Monroe Deems was an American composer and music educator; Confederate Brig. Gen. James Jay Archer was the first brigadier prisoner-of-war from Lee's Army of Northern Virginia; Union NCO Christian Fleetwood was an African-American soldier who was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor; Union Brig. Gen. Henry Moses Judah was a Jewish soldier who assisted in thwarting Morgan's Raid in 1863 but led a disastrous attack during the Battle of Resaca; Union Bvt. Maj. Gen. John Reese Kenly commanded a division in the Army of the Potomac; Union Rear Admiral Samuel Phillips Lee served in many capacities before commanding the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron; Confederate Rear Admiral Raphael Semmes was captain of the commerce raider CSS Alabama — which took 65 prizes; Confederate Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman was selected by the Rebel government to build two forts to defend the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, and he was killed at the Battle of Champion Hill during the defense of Vicksburg; and Confederate Maj. Gen. Isaac Ridgeway Trimble was wounded and captured during Pickett's ill-fated charge and spent the remainder of the conflict as a POW.
Many Marylanders sympathetic to the South easily crossed the Potomac River into secessionist Virginia in order to join and fight for the Confederacy. During the early summer of 1861, several thousand Marylanders crossed the Potomac River to join the Confederate Army. Most of the men enlisted in regiments from Virginia or the Carolinas, but six companies of Marylanders formed at Harpers Ferry into the Maryland Battalion. Among them were members of the former volunteer militia unit, the Maryland Guard Battalion, initially formed in Baltimore in 1859.
Maryland Exiles, including Arnold Elzey and brigadier general George H. Steuart, would organize a "Maryland Line" in the Army of Northern Virginia which eventually consisted of one infantry regiment, one infantry battalion, two cavalry battalions and four battalions of artillery. Most of these volunteers tended to hail from south and eastern counties of the state, while northern and western Maryland furnished more volunteers for the Union armies. Captain Bradley T. Johnson refused the offer of the Virginians to join a Virginia Regiment, insisting that Maryland should be represented independently in the Confederate army. It was agreed that Arnold Elzey, a seasoned career officer from Maryland, would command the 1st Maryland Regiment. His executive officer was the Marylander George H. Steuart, who would later be known as "Maryland Steuart" to distinguish him from his more famous cavalry colleague JEB Stuart.
During hostilities, Maryland, a slave state, was one of the Border States straddling the South and North. Because of its strategic location, bordering the capital city of Washington D.C., and the strong desire of the opposing factions within the state to sway public opinion toward their respective causes, Maryland would play an important role in the conflict. The State of Maryland would experience from raids, operations, to campaigns, with its most notable Civil War battles fought at Antietam (aka Sharpsburg); Boonsboro; Folck's Mill; Hancock; Monocacy; South Mountain; Williamsport; and Fort Stevens.
Maryland in the Civil War Map Maryland Campaign Map
The first fatalities of the war happened during the Baltimore Riot of April 1861, and the single bloodiest day of combat in American military history occurred near Sharpsburg, Maryland, at the Battle of Antietam, on 17 September 1862. Antietam, though tactically a draw, was strategic Union victory that gave President Abraham Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared slaves in the Confederacy (but not those in Border States like Maryland) to be free.
Gen. Robert E. Lee's first invasion of the North, September 4–20, 1862, known as the Antietam or Maryland Campaign, was repulsed by the Army of the Potomac under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, who moved to intercept Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia and eventually attacked it near Sharpsburg, Maryland. The resulting Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history and is widely considered one of the major turning points of the war.
Following his victory in the Northern Virginia Campaign, Lee moved north with nearly 55,000 men through the Shenandoah Valley starting on September 4, 1862. His objective was to resupply his army outside of the war-torn Virginia theater and to damage Northern morale in anticipation of the November elections. He undertook the risky maneuver of splitting his army so that he could continue north into Maryland while simultaneously capturing the Federal garrison and arsenal at Harpers Ferry. McClellan accidentally found a copy of Lee's orders to his subordinate commanders and planned to isolate and defeat the separated portions of Lee's army.
While Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson surrounded, bombarded, and captured Harpers Ferry (September 12–15), McClellan's army of 87,000 men attempted to move quickly through the South Mountain passes that separated him from Lee. The Battle of South Mountain on September 14 delayed McClellan's advance and allowed Lee sufficient time to concentrate most of his army at Sharpsburg. The Battle of Antietam (or Sharpsburg) on September 17 was the bloodiest day in American military history with more than 23,000 casualties. Lee, outnumbered two to one, moved his defensive forces to parry each offensive blow, but McClellan never deployed all of the reserves of his army to capitalize on localized successes and destroy the Confederates. On September 18, Lee ordered a withdrawal across the Potomac and on September 19–20, fights by Lee's rear guard at Shepherdstown ended the campaign.
Although Antietam was a tactical draw, Lee's Maryland Campaign failed to achieve its objectives. President Abraham Lincoln used this Union victory as the justification for announcing his Emancipation Proclamation, which effectively ended any threat of European support for the Confederacy.
Early in June 1863, the Confederate army under Gen. Lee began moving down the Shenandoah Valley and it soon became evident that another invasion of Maryland was intended. On the 15th President Lincoln issued his proclamation calling for 100,000 men, to be immediately mustered into the service of the United States for six months, unless sooner discharged. Of this levy Maryland was to raise 10,000 men.
Accordingly on the 16th Gov. Bradford published an appeal to the people of the state to furnish the 10,000 by voluntary enlistments. The Baltimore city council, in extra session, appropriated $400,000 to be paid as bounties to those enlisting before June 26, $50 to be paid at the time of enlistment and $10 a month thereafter for five months. Under this stimulus all the uniformed military organizations of the city offered their services for the six months under the call, and other portions of the state were equally prompt in furnishing their proportion of the levy. Lee's invasion ended disastrously for the Confederates in the battle of Gettysburg, and at the expiration of the term of enlistment these emergency troops, as they were called, were mustered out.
The Gettysburg Campaign was a series of battles fought in June and July 1863. After Gen. Lee’s victory in the Battle of Chancellorsville, Gen. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia moved north for offensive operations in Maryland and Pennsylvania. The Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker and then (from June 28) by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, pursued Lee, defeated him at the Battle of Gettysburg, but allowed him to retreat to Virginia.
Lee's army slipped away from Federal contact at Fredericksburg, Virginia, on June 3, 1863. While they paused at Culpeper, the largest predominantly cavalry battle of the war was fought at Brandy Station on June 9. The Confederates crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains and moved north through the Shenandoah Valley, capturing the Union garrison at Winchester, Virginia, in the Second Battle of Winchester, June 13–15. Crossing the Potomac River, Lee's Second Corps advanced through Maryland and Pennsylvania, reaching the Susquehanna River and threatening the state capital of Harrisburg. However, the Army of the Potomac was in pursuit and had reached Frederick, Maryland, before Lee realized his opponent had crossed the Potomac. Lee moved swiftly to concentrate his army around the crossroads town of Gettysburg.
The Battle of Gettysburg was the largest and deadliest of the war. Starting as a chance meeting engagement on July 1, the Confederates were initially successful in driving Union cavalry and two infantry corps from their defensive positions, through the town, and onto Cemetery Hill. On July 2, with most of both armies now present, Lee launched fierce assaults on both flanks of the Union defensive line, which were repulsed with heavy losses on both sides. On July 3, Lee focused his attention on the Union center. The defeat of his massive infantry assault, Pickett's Charge, caused Lee to order a retreat that began the evening of July 4.
The Confederate retreat to Virginia was plagued by bad weather, difficult roads, and numerous skirmishes with Union cavalry. However, Meade's army did not maneuver aggressively enough to prevent the Army of Northern Virginia from crossing the Potomac to safety on the night of July 13–14.
At the beginning of 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and given command of all Union armies. He chose to make his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, although Maj. Gen. George G. Meade remained the actual commander of that army. He left Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies. Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, along with Sherman and President Abraham Lincoln, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would bring an end to the war. Therefore, scorched earth tactics would be required in some important theaters. He devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of the Confederacy from multiple directions: Grant, Meade, and Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler against Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia near Richmond; Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel to invade the Shenandoah Valley and destroy Lee's supply lines; Sherman to invade Georgia and capture Atlanta; Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks to capture Mobile, Alabama.
1864 Maryland Civil War Map Gen. Early enters Maryland!
Robert E. Lee was concerned about the Union advance in the Valley during 1864, which threatened critical railroad lines and provisions for the Virginia-based Confederate forces. As a result, Lee sent Jubal Early's corps, the Army of the Valley (independent command of the Army of Northern Virginia's Second Corps, renaming it the Army of the Valley), to sweep Union forces from the Valley and, if possible, to menace Washington, D.C., hoping to compel Grant to dilute his forces against Lee around Petersburg, Virginia. Early was operating in the shadow of Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, whose 1862 Valley Campaign against superior forces was etched in Confederate history. Early had a good start as he proceeded down the Valley without opposition, bypassed Harpers Ferry, crossed the Potomac River, and advanced into Maryland. Grant dispatched a corps under Horatio G. Wright and other troops under George Crook to reinforce Washington and pursue Early.
The Confederacy's main objective of the entire series of battles was to pull, draw or lure Grant's army and resources away from Lee, who was pinned down in the Richmond-Petersburg Campaign (aka Siege of Petersburg), and consequently relieve Lee of the overwhelming Union resources that confronted him. Although the hotly contested Shenandoah Valley Campaigns resulted in 33,000 Union and Confederate casualties, it is perhaps the least studied and talked about of all the Civil War campaigns.
Originally organized as the Second Corps in Lee's army, Early's Army of the Valley (officially the Army of the Valley District) numbered approximately 14,000 soldiers. The infantry, totaling near 9,000, was organized into two corps, each consisting of two divisions. The First Corps was commanded by Robert E. Rodes, a Virginia Military Institute graduate and one of the highest-ranking Confederate officers not to have attended the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York. The Second Corps, meanwhile, was led by John C. Breckinridge (cousin to Mary Todd Lincoln), the former U.S. vice president under James Buchanan and a Democratic candidate for president in 1860 (ran against Lincoln). The North Carolinian Robert Ransom commanded roughly 4,000 cavalrymen, organized into four brigades. Approximately sixteen artillery batteries supplemented the army.
The Shenandoah Valley held considerable strategic and logistical promise that attracted the attention of both Union and Confederate forces. The 1864 Valley Campaign far exceeded Confederate general Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's famed 1862 Valley Campaign in scope and impact. Early's Army of the Valley engaged in systematic marching maneuvers up and down the Valley, engaged Union forces in numerous battles, offered resistance to Union general Philip H. Sheridan's hard-war policies, invaded Maryland and Pennsylvania twice, and also ransomed and burned Northern cities in hard-war tactics of its own.
Lt. Gen. Jubal Early's independent command during the Shenandoah Valley Campaigns in the summer and autumn of 1864 was the last Confederate unit to invade Northern territory, reaching the outskirts of Washington, D.C. (The Army, however, became defunct after its decisive defeat at the Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia, on March 2, 1865.)
The Confederate's invasion of Maryland arrived in the early part of July, 1864, when the Southern forces under Gen. Early suddenly and unexpectedly entered the Cumberland valley. The people of Hagerstown were forced to raise $20,000 to prevent the destruction of the city, and a demand was made upon the merchants to furnish from their stocks of goods 1,500 suits of clothes, 1,500 hats, 1,500 pairs of shoes, 1,500 shirts, 1,900 pairs of drawers and 1,500 pairs of socks within four hours. There were not enough articles in the city of the kind described to comply with the demand, but all that could be found were appropriated, after which Gen. McCausland gave the city authorities a written assurance against any further tribute being levied against the town or its citizens. From Hagerstown Early moved on Frederick City, which was evacuated by the Union troops, and a demand was made for $200,000, in default of which payment the city would be burned. Mayor Cole called together the officials remaining in the city and after a short consultation decided to submit to the terms and ransom the city. The money was accordingly paid in United States currency, Confederate money and bank notes being refused, and the Confederate soldiers visited the stores and "took what they wanted," sometimes offering Confederate currency in payment, but more frequently without either offer of compensation or apology. Early's advance was checked by Gen. Wallace at Monocacy on the 9th and he made a precipitate retreat back to Virginia.
The Battle of Monocacy (aka Battle that Saved Washington) was fought on Maryland soil on July 9, 1864, and was a tactical victory for the Confederate army but a strategic defeat, as the delay inflicted on the Southerners cost General Jubal Early his chance to capture the Federal capital of Washington, D.C. (See also Battle of Fort Stevens: The Civil War Battle of Washington.)
During March 1865, Gen. Early's army was captured by Gen. Sheridan at Waynesboro, thus eliminating the remaining threat in the valley. After nearly ten months of exhaustive siege warfare, during the Richmond-Petersburg Siege, Lee's army was weakened by desertion, disease, and shortage of supplies, and, while Grant commanded an army of 125,000 men, the Confederate general was in command of 50,000 troops. Lee, moreover, knew that an additional 50,000 men under Sheridan would be returning soon from the Shenandoah Valley and that Sherman, as of April 1, 1865, commanded a massive army of 88,948 troops and too was rapidly approaching Richmond. Lee, now pressed on every front, surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, 1865, and ended the bloodiest conflict in the history of the nation. See also Maryland Civil War History and Maryland in the American Civil War (1861-1865).
Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Maryland Union soldiers manned and aimed these cannon toward downtown Baltimore
Fort McHenry
Fort McHenry, in Baltimore, Maryland, is a coastal star-shaped fort best known for its role in the War of 1812, when it successfully defended Baltimore Harbor from an attack by the British navy in Chesapeake Bay during September 13–14, 1814. It was during the bombardment of the fort that Francis Scott Key was inspired to write "The Star-Spangled Banner," the poem that would eventually be set to the tune of "To Anacreon in Heaven" and become the national anthem of the United States. During the Civil War, Key’s grandson, Francis Key Howard, was imprisoned at McHenry because, according to President Lincoln’s policy, he was deemed a Southern sympathizer along with 2,000 political prisoners, including 28 newspapermen, 31 members of the Maryland General Assembly, and the mayor of Baltimore. Freedom of Speech and Due Process were ignored.
During the Civil War, Union troops, stationed at Fort McHenry, turned the fort’s guns toward Baltimore to ensure that Baltimore, as well as Maryland, would remain in the Union.
During the conflict, Fort McHenry served as a Union transfer prison camp for Southern sympathizers and confederate prisoners-of-war. Usually, prisoners were confined at the fort for short periods of time before being transferred to such larger prisons as Point Lookout, Fort Delaware or Johnson's Island.
In May, 1861, Union officials began arresting Marylanders suspected of being Confederate sympathizers. Many never were charged with a crime and never received trials. “Lincoln’s justification for Imprisonment ranged from raising the Confederate flag at one’s home to speaking to a Southerner to riding your horse across the border into Virginia.” Many sympathizers were released after pledging not to "render any aid or comfort to the enemies of the Union," or by taking an oath of allegiance.
The imprisoned included newly-elected Baltimore Mayor George William Brown, the city council, and the new police commissioner, George P. Kane, and members of the Maryland General Assembly along with several newspaper editors and owners. Among the most prominent civilians detained at the fort were the marshal of the Baltimore City Police force and the board of police commissioners, the mayor of Baltimore, a former governor of Maryland, members of the House of Delegates from Baltimore City and County, the congressman from the 4th Congressional District, a state senator, newspaper editors, including the grandson of Francis Scott Key, ministers, doctors, judges and lawyers. Prisoners-of-war included privates, officers, chaplains and surgeons.
A drama beginning the famous Supreme Court case involving the night arrest in Baltimore County and imprisonment here of John Merryman and the upholding of his demand for a writ of habeas corpus for release by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney occurred at the gates between Court and Federal marshals and the commander of Union troops occupying the Fort under orders from President Abraham Lincoln in 1861.
Life at Fort McHenry was very difficult. Each prisoner was given one blanket, but was denied bedding, chairs, stools, wash basins and eating utensils. They used a tin cup, pocket knife, hardtack for a plate, and forks and spoons whittled from bits of wood. Prisoners received three meals each day: breakfast, consisting of coffee and hardtack; a second meal of bean soup and hardtack; and a main meal of coffee, 1/2 pound of salt pork or pickled beef and hardtack. Occasionally, the meat would be rancid and the hardtack moldy. The prisoners who could afford to do so, bought fresh fruits, vegetables and comfort items from sutlers. Also, sympathizers from Baltimore sent large quantities of food, clothing, blankets and money. The prisoners spent their time engaged in a number of activities. They formed literary societies and debating teams. Many made trinkets which they traded for extra rations. There were daily ball games and rat hunts. Each evening, the prisoners staged a show.
At times, the inmate population swelled to numbers that severely strained the prison facilities. In February, 1862, there were only 126 prisoners at Fort McHenry. Early in 1863, the number of prisoners totaled 800. However, in July, 1863, following the battle of Gettysburg, there were 6,957 prisoners. After the large Gettysburg influx was dispersed, the monthly total ranged between 250 and 350 prisoners. During the last months of the war, the number dwindled sharply; and in September, 1865, there were only 4 prisoners at the fort. At the end of 1865, only a small detachment of Union troops remained to handle routine maintenance.
In contrast to the high death tolls at other prisons, the death toll at Fort McHenry was only 15. At least three men were executed at the fort. These included a Union soldier hanged for the murder of an officer, another, shot after having been found guilty of desertion and the attempted murder of several civilians, and a confederate sympathizer found guilty of murdering two civilians while practicing guerrilla warfare. Because of its role as a prison camp during the Civil War, Fort McHenry became known as the "Baltimore Bastille."
Historical Significance
Among the many historic events which occurred during the Civil War, one stands out in special relation to Fort McHenry. It was an event which tested the powers of the President against the limits of power of the Presidency written into the Constitution. At the beginning of the war Lincoln stretched his powers to the edge. In the eyes of many, he went over that edge and violated constitutional law.
The war began in 1861, and until Congress could convene in July the President was forced to make decisions without the advice and consent of Congress. One of these was deciding on measures to take to insure Maryland did not secede and join the Confederacy.
Maryland was rife with secessionists. Many prominent citizens in the state openly voiced their hatred for Lincoln and the U.S. Army. Many supporters rallied to their call of "Secession" in Baltimore. Obviously, Lincoln was desperate to keep Maryland in the Union for it was through Baltimore that vital rail and telegraph lines passed from the west and north before proceeding to Washington. So determined was the President to preserve the North’s tenuous hold on Maryland, that he sanctioned extreme measures against the state's secessionists.
A Writ of Habeas Corpus
On April 27th Lincoln startled the country by suspending the Constitutional privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus along the military lines from Washington to Philadelphia. Habeas Corpus is a personal right that goes back to English common law, predating our own Constitution. In short, the Writ says that a person being arrested must be charged with a specific crime or he/she must be released. It is a safeguard against unlawful seizures and violation of due process. By suspending the Writ, Lincoln gave de facto powers to the U.S. Army to arrest, and hold indefinitely, anyone it pleased. Lincoln's aim was to silence any opposition that might catapult Maryland into secession and to preserve national safety.
John Merryman
On May 25, 1861, U.S. Soldiers arrested John Merryman at his home "Hayfields" in Cockeysville, Maryland. He was a lieutenant in the Maryland State Militia who had (under orders from the Governor) burned rail bridges north of Baltimore to prevent the passage of northern troops through the city. The army confined Merryman at Fort McHenry, and he was held without charges and denied legal counsel.
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney
Hearing of Merryman's plight, Chief Justice Taney intervened. He issued a Writ of Habeas Corpus to Fort McHenry's commanding officer, Major George Cadwalader. However, citing military orders from the President, Cadwalader had the Writ refused at the Forts outer gate. Taney's written opinion, known afterwards as "Ex Parte Merryman," stated that only Congress has the power to suspend the Writ, and then, only in cases of extreme emergency. He admonished the President for overstepping his Constitutional limits; as he had no right to suspend the Writ.
The President's Response
Lincoln read Taney's opinion, but decided not to honor it. He felt the state of affairs warranted emergency action, and since Congress was not in session, he had to act on its behalf. In response to Taney's opinion, Lincoln wrote, "Are all the laws but one to go unexecuted and the government itself go to pieces lest that one be violated." As the war progressed, the arrests continued, and Lincoln suspended the Writ as far north as Maine. On March 3, 1863, Congress authorized the President to suspend the Writ.
In The Minds of the People
In the minds of Lincoln's supporters, the president's actions were necessary to preserve the Union and essential to the survival of the United States. The Southern leaders, however, condemned Lincoln, calling him a dictator, a despot, and also a man who would stop at nothing to gain total power. Were Lincoln's actions lawful? Was the conduct necessary? Was Lincoln a tyrant or dictator, or were his actions justified in order to hold together the country in its most perilous hour? Think about it. You decide.
Maryland Civil War Battlefield Map High Resolution Map of Maryland
Maryland and the Civil War Point Lookout Prison Historical Marker
Point Lookout Prison
Point Lookout, aka Point Lookout Prison Camp, was the largest Union Prisoner-of-War camp in the North. It was located in Ridge, Maryland, approximately 80 miles south of Washington, D.C., at the mouth of the Potomac River. During the Civil War, the Union Army established a hospital on the site after General George McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign failed to capture Richmond. Following the Battle of Gettysburg, the Union desperately needed a repository for Confederate soldiers in the region; as a consequence Point Lookout was transformed into a prison.
As in many Union prisons, the inmate population at Point Lookout ballooned as the war progressed. Between 1863 and 1865, more than 50,000 Confederate prisoners passed through the gates of Point Lookout. Many prisoners briefly stayed in Point Lookout before transferring to other prisons farther north. At various points over this period, the total population of Point Lookout reached 20,000 or more, double the intended capacity. Approximately 4,000 Confederates died at the site. Many of the inmates lived in tents instead of barracks, which contributed to the large number of deaths by exposure.
Confederate remains at Point Lookout are interred in a common grave. Originally, the soldiers were buried in two cemeteries near the prison camp. However, in 1870 the state of Maryland removed the remains to a more favorable site one-mile inland. After the transfer, the individual graves could not be identified; as a result the remains were buried in a common grave. In 1910, Maryland asked the Federal government to assume care of the burial site and, toward that end, passed an act relinquishing all right, title, and interest in the cemetery.
Aftermath
Before the war, Maryland's economy was divided between slave plantations in the South, small farms in the North, and manufacturing industry in Baltimore. Manufacturing became dominant after the war.
The end of the war would bring the abolition of slavery in Maryland, with a new constitution voted in 1864 by a wafer-thin majority. Such was the disgust of Marylander John Wilkes Booth at this outcome that in April 1865 he assassinated President Lincoln, crying "I have done it, the South is avenged!".
Since Maryland had remained in the Union during the Civil War, the state did not undergo Reconstruction like the states of the former Confederacy. However, as a former "slave state", many Maryland residents struggled to maintain white supremacy over freedmen and formerly free blacks, and racial tensions rose. There were deep divisions in the state between those who fought for the North and those who fought for the South, which were also difficult to reconcile.
The whites in the Democratic Party rapidly regained power in the state and replaced Republicans who had ruled during the war. Support for the Constitution of 1864 ended, and Democrats replaced it with the Maryland Constitution of 1867. That document, which is still in effect today, resembled the 1851 constitution more than its immediate predecessor and was approved by 54.1% of the state's population. Although the reapportionment of the legislature based on population, not counties, gave greater power to freedmen (as well as to urban areas), the new constitution deprived African Americans of some of the protections of the 1864 document.
Over the next several decades, the African-American population struggled in a discriminatory environment. In 1910 the legislature proposed the Digges Amendment to the state constitution. It would have used property requirements to effectively disfranchise many African Americans as well as many poor whites (including new immigrants), a technique used by other Southern states of that period, beginning with Mississippi in 1890. The Maryland General Assembly passed the bill, which Governor Austin Lane Crothers supported. Before the measure went to popular vote, a bill was proposed that would have effectively passed the requirements of the Digges Amendment into law. Due to wide public opposition, that measure failed, and the amendment was also rejected by the voters of Maryland. This was the most notable rejection nationally of a black-disfranchising amendment. Similar measures had earlier been proposed, but also failed to pass (the Poe Amendment in 1905 and the Straus Amendment in 1909).
The businessmen Johns Hopkins, Enoch Pratt, George Peabody, and Henry Walters were philanthropists of 19th-century Baltimore; they founded notable educational, health care, and cultural institutions in that city, which bear their names, including a university, library, music school and art museum.
*65,000 is an estimate since, depending on the source, totals vary slightly. Estimates for Maryland, furthermore, range from 60,000 to 70,000 Union troops, which would include the following: Volunteers, Militia, Marylanders serving in U.S. units (referred to as "regulars"), Navy, Marines, and nearly 9,000 colored troops. The Union Army, vol 2, p. 270, states that "From the beginning to the close of the war Maryland furnished twenty regiments and one independent company of infantry; four regiments, one battalion and one independent company of cavalry; and six light batteries — a total of 50,316 white troops — and six regiments of colored infantry, numbering 8,718 men. In addition to these volunteers the state furnished her due proportion to the regular army of the United States and 5,636 men to the navy and marine corps."
See also
Sources: National Park Service; National Archives; Library of Congress; Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies; The Union Army (1908); US Census Bureau; Veterans Affairs; Maryland State Archives; Baltimore City Archives; Maryland Historical Society; A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion by Frederick L. Dyer (Morningside Books, 1978); Phisterer, Frederick. Statistical record of the armies of the United States (1883); Fox, William F. Regimental Losses in the American Civil War (1889); Hardesty, Jesse. Killed and died of wounds in the Union army during the Civil War (1915) Wright-Eley Co.; Baltimore During the Civil War by Daniel C. Toomey and Scott S. Sheads (Toomey Press; (1997) Civil War Burials in Baltimore: Loudon Park Cemetery by Anna M. Watring (Baltimore, 1996); Selected Records of the War Department Relating to Confederate Prisoners of War, 1861-1865; Fort McHenry Military Prison (National Archives, M-598, Roll 96)ƒ The Union: A Guide to Federal Archives Relating to the Civil War By K. Munden and H. Beers (NARA, 1986); The Confederacy : A Guide to the Archives of the Government of the Confederates States of America By H. Beers, (NARA, 1986); Military Service Records: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm publications (National Archives, 1985); Andrews, Matthew Page, History of Maryland, Doubleday, New York (1929); Arnett, Robert J., et al., Maryland: A New Guide to the Old Line State The Johns Hopkins University Press (1999); Brugger, Robert J. (1988). Maryland, A Middle Temperament: 1634-1980. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5465-2; Chappelle, Susan Ellery Green; et al. (1986). Maryland: A History of its People. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-3005-2; Clayton Colman Hall, ed. Narratives of Early Maryland, 1633–1684 (1910); Curry, Denis, C., "Native Maryland, 9000 B.C.-1600 A.D." (2001); Davis, David Brion, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World; David Hein, editor. Religion and Politics in Maryland on the Eve of the Civil War: The Letters of W. Wilkins Davis. 1988; revised ed., Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2009; Denton, Lawrence M. (1995). A Southern Star for Maryland. Baltimore: Publishing Concepts. ISBN 0-9635159-3-4; Freehling, William H., The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854; Gallagher, Gary W., Antietam: Essays on the 1862 Maryland Campaign, Kent State University Press (31 Dec 1992); Gillipsie, James M., Andersonvilles Of The North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners, University of North Texas Press (2011); Goldsborough, W. W., The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army, Guggenheimer Weil & Co (1900), ISBN 0-913419-00-1; Hein, David (editor),. Religion and Politics in Maryland on the Eve of the Civil War: The Letters of W. Wilkins Davis. 1988. Rev. ed., Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2009; Maryland State Archives (16 Sept. 2004). Historical Chronology; Mitchell, Charles W., Maryland Voices of the Civil War; Scharf, J. Thomas (1967 (reissue of 1879 ed.)). History of Maryland From the Earliest Period to the Present Day. 3. Hatboro, PA: Tradition Press; Scharf, J. Thomas, History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties. (1882); Tagg, Larry, The Generals of Gettysburg, Savas Publishing (1998), ISBN 1-882810-30-9.
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Minion F. Knott, 1st Maryland Battalion – Killed at Gettysburg
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Minion F. Knott, sometimes referred to as Ninion F. Knott or M. F. Knott, was 23 or 24 years old at the Battle of Gettysburg, meaning he was born in 1838, 1839, or 1840. Unfortunately, almost nothing is known about his life prior to the Civil War; his name does not appear in any currently available birth or census records. This raises several questions. Could he have enlisted in the war under a pseudonym? What exact sort of background did he come from? What were his thoughts on the war’s causes, and what motivated him to fight? We may never know the specific answers to these questions. Instead, we must look to the broader context of Knott’s world to provide some information about his individual life.
Whatever the exact circumstances of his upbringing, Minion Knott grew up in a state very much divided on the eve of the Civil War. Slavery remained legal in Maryland at the outbreak of hostilities. Though supporters of the “peculiar institution” argued that it was practiced more humanely in the Old Line State than the Deep South, brutality against slaves in Maryland remained an open “secret.” Former Maryland slave Frederick Douglass, for example, pushed back strongly against the falsehood of humane slavery in his moving autobiography, and large swaths of the state utilized little to no slave labor. In the heated presidential election of 1860, Maryland’s electoral votes went to the Southern Democratic candidate, John C. Breckenridge, an ardent defender of slavery. However, his narrow margin of victory over centrist John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party demonstrated that many Marylanders felt uneasy about the possibility of war (Northern Democrat Stephen A. Douglas and Republican Abraham Lincoln received far smaller fractions of the total state vote). In the halls of the state government in 1861, ardent secessionists urged that the state join the Confederate States of America, but Governor Thomas Holliday Hicks blocked their efforts to hold a special convention. Thus, Maryland remained on the brink as war broke out. Soldiers enlisted to serve both the Union and the Confederacy, and pro-southern civilians of Baltimore clashed with Union troops in the infamous Pratt Street Riots of April 1861. Supporters of both sides felt that their way of life was under attack, whether from an oppressive “slave power” aiming to preserve the institution forever or from a tyrannical federal government. The future of Maryland appeared very much in doubt.
Minion Knott’s first appearance in the historical record stands out as particularly intriguing when considered in relation to his death wearing the Confederate gray at Gettysburg. According to military records, on April 16, 1861, Knott enlisted in Company C of the 6th Battalion, District of Columbia Militia Infantry. This unit served for three months as a Union force assigned to protect the capital city. Knott served his full term, mustering out on July 11 of that year. The only noted remark regarding his service states that he still needed to pay for his issued canteen and strap. Again, this document adds to the complexity of Minion Knott’s story. It indicates that he likely came from the area surrounding Washington, D.C. in modern-day Montgomery and Prince George’s Counties. His motivations for this service, though, are a mystery. Why did Knott enlist in a Federal militia unit only to join the Confederates later? Perhaps his opinions on the war changed as it unfolded, and he did not support the federal government’s manner of conducting the conflict. Aggressive Union conduct towards southern civilians, such as the policies advocated by General John Pope in July and August of 1862, may have been particularly alienating for a man from a border state, or perhaps he may have disagreed with abolition and felt that President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation constituted a step too far. He may also have truly believed in either the Union or the Confederate cause and joined the opposite side against his will, potentially by coercion or encouragement from friends and acquaintances. Whatever the case, Knott’s apparently changing loyalties mirrored those of his home state, making his military service a fascinating microcosm of the deep divides in Maryland throughout the Civil War.
At some point, likely early in 1863, Minion Knott joined the 1st Maryland Battalion, CSA. This unit, renamed the 2nd Maryland Infantry in 1864, included many veterans of the former 1st Maryland Infantry, a regiment whose term of service had expired in 1862. According to Major W. W. Goldsborough, who served in both the old and new units, these survivors felt a clear sense of duty to their new nation that compelled them to reenlist. Recruits from southern-sympathizing parts of the state, including Minion Knott, filled out the battalion’s ranks. Knott joined Company F of the new battalion. The men of the unit took great pride in their home state and believed they were continuing the tradition of the Maryland Line that had fought bravely under George Washington, just as their Union foes believed they constituted the true upholders of Washington’s legacy through their defense of the nation he created. Though Knott’s personal thoughts remain unknown, he likely shared in this camaraderie. The battalion did not participate in the Chancellorsville campaign, but as Robert E. Lee’s army turned north in the summer of 1863, the Maryland men would play a key role in the action. Their unit cohesion would soon be solidified as they jointly faced the carnage of battle.
The 1st Maryland Battalion saw its first combat action at the Second Battle of Winchester, fought from June 13 to 15, 1863. This engagement sought to eliminate the Federal garrison at Winchester, Virginia, a key strategic town in the Shenandoah Valley. As part of the brigade commanded by George H. “Maryland” Steuart, a fellow native of the Old Line State, the battalion remained active throughout the battle. They primarily fought as skirmishers but played a key role in harassing Union defenses south and east of town, ultimately breaking through at the defensive bastion known as Star Fort. Second Winchester became a near-total Confederate victory, and Minion Knott and his comrades had done their part. The battalion suffered relatively light casualties: 9 men wounded (2 mortally) and 1 captured, but they had received a stark reminder of the horrors of battle that stood ahead of them. The path now lay open for the Maryland men to continue marching northward.
On June 18, the 1st Maryland Battalion crossed the Potomac River and reentered the state of Maryland. Many of the soldiers felt overcome by their emotions upon returning to their native soil, with some weeping tears of joy and others “act[ing] as though they had lost their reason.” Major Goldsborough also relayed an anecdote from Quartermaster John Howard about the exuberance expressed by their brigade commander. General Steuart allegedly “turned seventeen double somersaults before he ceased, and then stood on his head for five minutes, all the while whistling ‘Maryland, My Maryland.’” The men camped that evening on the fields around Sharpsburg, the scene of the horrific Battle of Antietam just nine months prior, likely providing a sobering topic of reflection as the Marylanders pondered the chaos and suffering of battle. The aims of the war had greatly changed since that horrible struggle, with the Emancipation Proclamation transforming the war into one that would decide the fate of slavery in America. The gravity of the situation likely hung heavy in their minds, as the stakes were now higher than ever before. Though their stay in Maryland proved short, with Lee’s army continuing north into Pennsylvania, Knott and his comrades would surely have felt a renewed sense of purpose from their time in their home state and departed with a tangible reminder of what they were fighting for. With spirits high, the 1st Maryland Battalion headed towards Gettysburg and the cataclysm of battle as the calendar turned into July.
Minion Knott and his Maryland comrades arrived in Gettysburg on the evening of July 1, 1863. Their division, under the command of General Edward “Allegheny” Johnson, had marched a significant distance to reach the town, and Knott surely felt the sore muscles and aching bones of a long campaign. Confederate troops had won a great victory that day, pushing Union troops off their defensive positions north and west of Gettysburg and driving them in disarray through the streets of the town, where the Federals rallied on Cemetery Hill and Culp’s Hill. In one of the most controversial episodes of the Battle of Gettysburg, the 1st Maryland Battalion’s corps commander, Richard Ewell, had permission from Robert E. Lee to launch an attack against Culp’s Hill using Johnson’s division that evening, but opted not to. Two of his three divisions had suffered greatly in the day’s fighting, while Johnson’s men were exhausted from their journey to the field and not in any shape for a major assault. Despite not seeing battle on July 1, Knott and his fellow Marylanders would have heard about the great Confederate successes of the day, motivating them to fight just as courageously when their time came in order to capitalize on the early successes of their comrades. The 1st Maryland Battalion’s first combat at Gettysburg would arrive the following day.
Robert E. Lee’s battle plan for July 2 put Minion Knott and the 1st Maryland Battalion in position to make a key impact on the course of the engagement. Lee’s main attack that day would strike the Union left flank, but the Maryland men had their own role to play in opposing the other end of the Federal line. Lee ordered Ewell to “make a simultaneous demonstration upon the enemy’s right, to be converted into a real attack should opportunity offer.” Due to a series of mishaps and errors, the assault on the Union left did not begin until the late afternoon, delaying Knott’s entrance into the battle. However, this attack enabled Ewell’s “demonstration” to become a true offensive. Union General George Meade had to pull most of the Union 12th Corps off Culp’s Hill to bolster his endangered left flank, abandoning earthworks they had dug and leaving behind only George S. Greene’s brigade of Federal soldiers. Thus, when Johnson’s division began their assault, Minion Knott and his fellow Marylanders initially met with almost no resistance. They easily captured empty Union earthworks on the lower portion of the hill and advanced to confront the remaining soldiers in blue, with the 1st Maryland Battalion in the middle of Steuart’s line. However, the defenders had the advantage of well-prepared breastworks. Though Knott and the Maryland men fought hard to dislodge them, the Union troops held firm as darkness fell. Minion Knott must have felt a mixture of emotions after the fighting ceased that night. The Confederates had come so close to a critical breakthrough, providing a sense of optimism that the next day would bring victory. However, the Marylanders were assaulting breastworks, an experience unfamiliar to many of them at this point in the war, and they understood the great challenge that lay between them and their goals. These varied thoughts likely raced through Knott’s mind as he and his comrades waited through a sleepless night.
The battle for Culp’s Hill resumed at around 4:30 in the morning on July 3. Union artillery opened the fighting as units of Gen. Henry Slocum’s 12th Corps, with men from Ohio and Pennsylvania in the lead, seized the initiative by launching their own counterattack against the Confederates who had claimed their earthworks on the lower hill the previous day. Major Goldsborough, commanding the battalion at this point, remembered that “the whole hillside seemed to be enveloped in a blaze.” In a cruel twist of fate, among the Union units who slammed into Minion Knott and his comrades was the 1st Regiment Eastern Shore Volunteer Maryland Infantry. The narrative of the Civil War as brother against brother rarely echoed more clearly than it did on Culp’s Hill. Knott and his comrades poured their fire into the ranks of their state’s loyal sons. The men from the divided state locked with one another in lethal combat as ever-growing numbers of Union troops filtered into the vicinity. This overwhelming opposition forced the Maryland Confederates from their initial position, sending them back down towards Spangler’s Spring. Minion Knott may have fallen with his mortal wound in this phase of the engagement, perhaps gunned down by one of his fellow Marylanders. If not, he certainly took his fatal bullet in the climactic final action of the 1st Maryland Battalion that occurred later on Culp’s Hill.
As the hours passed on the morning of July 3, 1863, the Confederates’ plight on Culp’s Hill grew increasingly dire. Multiple attacks and counterattacks had left thousands of men dead or wounded, and Johnson’s division had failed to break through the Union lines. If Knott was still in the fight at this point, simultaneous feelings of exhaustion from the hard fighting and frustration caused by the inability to achieve victory certainly weighed heavily upon him. Around 10:30 that morning, General Johnson ordered one final surge against the hill’s defenders. Steuart’s brigade would comprise the left flank of this push; Minion Knott’s brigade commander reportedly disagreed with the order, but had to send his men forward nonetheless. Goldsborough echoed Steuart’s concerns, arguing that “it was nothing less than murder to send men into that slaughter pen.” However, Steuart’s responsibilities as a leader required him to put aside his own misgivings and issue this difficult command. The Marylanders, perhaps including Knott, would make their assault across a clearing now known as Pardee Field. After some brief preparations, General Steuart gave the command “Attention! Forward, double-quick! March!” With this order, the 1st Maryland Battalion lurched grimly forward, heading for the stone wall lining the northeast sector of the field.
Almost as soon as they set off, though, Steuart’s brigade exposed itself to a horrific crossfire. Maryland blood spilled over the grass as men fell dead and wounded at every step; one survivor from the battalion wrote that “[T]he death shriek rends the air on every side.” The withering gunfire proved too much to overcome for the other units of Steuart’s brigade, who fell back, leaving the Maryland men isolated. Major Goldsborough recalled their withdrawal with disgust in his history of the battalion, remembering “[N]ever shall I forget the expressions of contempt on the faces of the men of the left companies of the [1st Battalion] as they cast a side glance upon their comrades who had proved recreant in this supreme moment.” The Maryland men must have felt that their comrades had shamefully abandoned them in a moment of great need, demonstrating the utmost cowardice – a great moral failing, coupled with a disregard of duty. Goldsborough himself fell wounded during the charge and, as historian Harry Pfanz stated, “watched his battalion shatter before his eyes.” Minion Knott may have fallen at this critical moment, as the 1st Maryland Battalion disintegrated amidst a hail of Union bullets. The Confederates fell back from the field, and ultimately, the battle for Culp’s Hill reached its end.
The fighting for Culp’s Hill devastated the 1st Maryland Battalion. The unit entered the battle with 400 men in the ranks; 192 of them fell dead or wounded, including Minion Knott. General Steuart, having watched his proud Maryland men fall to bits, was inconsolable in the wake of the attack, weeping and wringing his hands while exclaiming “My poor boys! My poor boys!” Despite everything that had happened, the bonds of a shared home persisted across enemy lines after the battle had ended. The victorious Union soldiers chose to take care of their stricken Maryland foes. Colonel James Wallace, commander of the 1st Maryland Eastern Shore, wrote that “[T]he 1st Maryland Confederate Regiment met us and were cut to pieces. We sorrowfully gathered up many of our old friends and acquaintances and had them carefully and tenderly cared for.” These Union soldiers must have felt a range of emotions as they tended to the enemy wounded. The men of both sides indeed shared Maryland roots, but the Federals must have looked upon their dead comrades and seethed at the thought that they had been slain by their state’s disloyal traitors. The stricken Confederates of the Old Line State, then, were at the mercy of a foe who could react with great compassion or with great cruelty, surely filling them with dread. These varying emotions complicated the more comforting and romantic scenes of brotherhood and camaraderie that played out on the slopes of Culp’s Hill after the fighting on July 3.
Minion Knott almost certainly was one of the “old friends and acquaintances” who received care from his fellow Marylanders as he lay with a bullet lodged in his body. It is impossible to know what thoughts must have run through his head as he considered the complexities of his situation. Perhaps he questioned whether he had made the right choice in joining the Confederate army, or he may have expressed contempt towards the Maryland men who had gone North. He must have felt great anxiety over how his fellow Marylanders would treat him as a prisoner; would they demonstrate the bonds of brotherhood of their shared home or force greater suffering upon him for his choice to take up arms for the Confederacy? In any case, Knott became a prisoner of war, and he faced the prospect of a future in which it was uncertain if he would live or die.
On July 5, 1863, Minion Knott became a patient in the massive Union field hospital complex known as Camp Letterman. The Confederate army’s retreat left Knott permanently in enemy hands. Men of the 1st Maryland Battalion received treatment and died at hospital sites all around the Gettysburg area, including the Bushman farm and Pennsylvania Hall, the central building of Pennsylvania (now Gettysburg) College. Crippled by a wound to his side, Knott’s senses would have been assaulted by all the terrible sights, sounds, and smells of a Civil War medical facility as he lay in his hospital bed. The cries of the wounded and dying and the constant footfalls of the harried, blood-soaked surgeons surely comprised a sobering scene for a stricken man. Minion Knott’s injuries were particularly severe. The bullet had entered his left side and lodged near his spine, evidently puncturing his large intestine in the process. This was a grievous and painful wound, and it ultimately proved a mortal one.
What might Knott have thought of as he lay dying? Perhaps he reflected on his personal journey from Unionist to Confederate and wondered what might become of divided Maryland. Perhaps he questioned his decision to fight in Lee’s army and worried that he would be remembered as a traitor. Conversely, he may have reaffirmed his confidence in his decision, resolving that he was struck down fighting for his home state and preserving the true legacy of the American Revolution by making war against an unjust government. Knott likely thought of family and friends at home and of God and the afterlife to come. He lay so close to his native state that the prospect of returning home must have provided a tantalizing prospect, offering him the ability to die the “Good Death” at home, surrounded by friends and family, yet it remained just out of his reach. While he received attention and comfort from members of the Sanitary Commission or U.S. Christian Commission, they could only attempt to ease his suffering. After more than a month of excruciating pain, Minion F. Knott died on August 24, 1863, within fifteen miles of his home state.
Union medical personnel buried Minion Knott in the cemetery established at Camp Letterman after his death. According to their records, he rested in grave number 23 of the fifth section. For most of Knott’s comrades, their story temporarily ended there until they could be returned to the South after the war. Many of these Confederates would lose their identities in the process. However, his story took a far different turn. Around the time of Knott’s death, a committee of local citizens, with the support of Andrew Curtin, Pennsylvania’s governor, began the process of creating a national cemetery to provide a final resting place for the hastily-buried dead of the Battle of Gettysburg. Reinterments began in late October and were overseen by Samuel Weaver, a local merchant. The cemetery was intended to house only the Federal dead, and the burial crews worked judiciously to uphold this principle. The establishment of a hallowed space to honor those who gave their lives for the cause of Union stood out as of the utmost importance throughout the process. Yet despite Samuel Weaver’s belief “that there has not been a single mistake made in the removal of soldiers to the cemetery by taking the body of a rebel for a Union soldier,” the Confederate Minion Knott now lies alongside his Federal foes. How could this have happened? The mistake likely stemmed from the confusion of three separate Maryland regiments with the designation “1st” all fighting within a relatively small area on Culp’s Hill. In addition to the 1st Maryland Battalion and 1st Maryland Eastern Shore, the 1st Maryland Potomac Home Brigade, USA also took part in the struggle for the hill. The additional confusion of the crowded Camp Letterman cemetery also likely threw off Weaver and his men, demonstrating just a small example of the administrative chaos which hobbled logistical efforts throughout the war. Ironically, many of the names of dead Confederate soldiers sent home for reburial after the war were lost to history through such mismanagement, while Knott’s has been preserved due to the mistake. Thus, Minion F. Knott, 1st Maryland Battalion, CSA became “M.F. Knott, Co. F Regt. 1,” the appellation which appears on his gravestone today. Knott’s remains now rest amid those of the men both he and his comrades sought to kill, a poignant bit of irony within the carefully constructed memorial landscape of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery.
More than twenty years after the battle, the remaining survivors of the 1st Maryland Battalion returned to Culp’s Hill to dedicate their unit’s monument in 1884. This memorial produced a great deal of controversy. Before its construction, no Confederate monuments stood on the Gettysburg battlefield, and the Union veterans and members of the battlefield commission put up a strong resistance to any commemoration of the defeated South. The idea that their sacred landscape, the site of perhaps the Union’s greatest victory, could be polluted by Confederate monuments was anathema to many of them. Even long after the shooting had stopped, notions of regional pride and enmity endured, contradicting the common narrative of post-war reconciliation. Conflicts like this one played out on battlefields across the nation in the decades following the Civil War. Ultimately, though, the battalion received approval to dedicate their monument, under one condition: Its inscription had to label the regiment as the “2nd MD. Infantry, C.S.A.” in order to differentiate it from the two Maryland Union regiments designated “1st.” However, the Confederates had the last word, including a small inscription reading “1 MD. changed to” above the “2nd Maryland” designation. The memorial includes the Baltimore cross on all four sides, signifying the battalion’s roots in that area of Maryland. The 1st Maryland Battalion’s monument stands along Slocum Avenue near the top of the “lower hill” today, forever marking the area where Minion Knott and so many of his comrades from the Old Line State added themselves to the litany of casualties of the Civil War.
Minion Knott’s fascinating story carries continuing significance to this day. What does it mean for the legacy of the Civil War and of the cause of the Union, for example, to have a Confederate soldier buried among the Federal dead in the Soldiers’ National Cemetery? The vast majority of visitors to the site today have no idea of the complexities of his life and service, and simply assume that he fought and died for the Union just as those around him did. Those who do take an interest in his story often view him more as a battlefield curiosity or a tragic misfit than as a man with numerous complexities of character. Thus, in a strange sort of way, Minion Knott’s full identity has been lost to the general public over the years. His memory, except to the highly-motivated historian of Gettysburg, has been subsumed wholly with that of the Union, rather than the Confederacy, despite his having fought for both sides. Disentangling these complicated strands of history and memory, then, has become necessary to see Minion Knott as he truly lived. His story encapsulates so many themes that ran throughout the Civil War: The chaos and tragedy of battle, the development and altering of thoughts and ideas on the conflict, and the contradictions and evolution of a state and a nation deeply divided, both of which he took up arms to defend.
Bibliography:
Coco, Gregory A. Wasted Valor: The Confederate Dead at Gettysburg. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1996.
Cottom, Robert I., Jr., and Mary Ellen Hayward. Maryland in the Civil War: A House Divided. Baltimore, MD: Maryland Historical Society, 1994.
Goldsborough, William Worthington. The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army, 1861-1865. 2nd ed. Gaithersburg, MD: Butternut Press, 1983.
Hawks, Steve A. “Monument to the 2nd Maryland Infantry at Gettysburg.” Stone Sentinels – Gettysburg. 2018.
Manakee, Harold R. Maryland in the Civil War. Baltimore, MD: Maryland Historical Society, 1961.
Military, Compiled Service Records. Civil War. Carded Records, Volunteer Organizations. Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, 1890–1912. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Pfanz, Harry W. Gettysburg – Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Hill. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1993.
Narrative and map by Ryan Bilger, Gettysburg College
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On They Came Like an Angry Flood: The Battle of Chickamauga
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James Longstreet’s assault at the Battle of Chickamauga broke the Union’s string of victories, but failed to make gains for the Confederates.
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https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/on-they-came-like-an-angry-flood-the-battle-of-chickamauga/
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By Arnold Blumberg
It had been a little over six months since Major General William S. Rosecrans and his Army of the Cumberland had checked the Confederates at the Battle of Stones River (December 31,1862–January 2,1863). Fought 30 miles southeast of Nashville, Stones River (or Murfreesboro as the Confederates called it) secured the Tennessee capital for the North as a base of supply. From there the Federal advance south could continue to the next vital strategic objective in the state—Chattanooga. Its capture would unlock the door to Georgia, thus bringing the South one step closer to ultimate defeat.
The single most important obstacle to Federal designs on Chattanooga in the summer of 1863 was the principal Rebel army in the West—the Army of Tennessee. Battle hardened and determined, the “second army of the Confederacy” was dogged by ill fortune and a lack of manpower and equipment. As telling as these problems were, they were compounded by the poor leadership of its army commander, Braxton Bragg.
Braxton Bragg: ‘A Dunghill in Disaster’
A graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, class of 1837, Bragg had acquired “a most unenviable reputation” in the western army after two years of war. Dictatorial, quarrelsome, and impatient with most of his officers, he tended to disregard sound advice when proffered, assuming it had been prompted because of ulterior motives on the part of the giver. His passion for strict discipline naturally melded with his obsessive attention to minutiae, preventing him from seeing or understanding the “big picture” regarding a battle, campaign, or the legitimate concern of a subordinate. Thus, he was unable to win the loyalty of his officers and men.
The army’s leaders and soldiers had little confidence in Bragg as a military commander. Many commentators agreed that Bragg’s most blatant shortcoming was his propensity to fall back from the enemy at the critical time when a situation demanded continuation of the battle, or a forward, not backward, step. This may have resulted from his habit of stationing himself too far to the rear and the “strange mental withdrawal that would come over him every time the course of battle would compel him to alter his original plans,”in the words of Lt. Gen. Daniel Harvey Hill.
The most concise description of Bragg the military man was written by William Gale, a nephew of Confederate General Leonidas Polk, a member of Bragg’s staff. Gale concluded that “Bragg was obstinate yet without firmness, ruthless without enterprise, crafty yet without stratagem, suspicious, envious, jealous, vain, a batman in success and a dunghill in disaster.”
Combined with inadequate direction from the top, the Army of Tennessee also lacked a hard core of competent general officers to lead it and exert a moderating influence on Bragg. The Army of Tennessee started the war with but a small pool of trained military commanders. Consequently, early in the conflict many brigadier and major general slots were given to nonprofessional soldiers who owed their placement to factors other than their knowledge or experience of war. As the struggle continued this trend remained, mandated by attrition and lack of suitable replacements. Examples were Simon B. Buckner and John C. Breckinridge, political appointees, and Bragg’s senior lieutenant Leonidas Polk, a West Point graduate and Episcopal bishop who frequently treated his superiors “in a manner that smacked of insubordination” and “often chose to obey … only when it pleased him to do so.”
Shortcomings of the Army of Tennessee
In addition to the command problems, the Army of Tennessee was constantly short of manpower and the basic needs of its soldiers to make war. Replacement of lost troops was difficult because the shortfall had to be made good from the more sparsely populated states of the Confederacy such as Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. Compounding the problem was the logistical base from which the army had to feed, clothe, and equip its members. Constantly narrowed as the war progressed, by the summer of 1863 this base was restricted to eastern Tennessee, Georgia (but only north and west of Atlanta), and northern Alabama. By the time of the Battle of Chickamauga, most of east Tennessee and all of north Alabama had been overrun by the Federals, and the rest of Alabama had been assigned away from Bragg’s army.
The persistent problems of the Army of Tennessee were manifold after the Battle of Stones River. It was apparent to all observers that this force could not, as it stood, hope to either aggressively advance against the enemy and take back Tennessee or adequately defend the vast area placed in its charge. One such “observer,” the Lincoln administration, was keen to take advantage of this military dilemma.
By late 1862 the Federal government had turned its efforts to the conquest of the Confederacy west of the Appalachians. The plan was to sever direct rail and road communications between the Atlantic coast and western portions of the rebel nation. This would then give Federal forces a straight path to the Deep South and its main areas of industry and population. All the while, the drive to literally sever the Confederacy in two by the conquest of the Mississippi River would be ongoing. Control of Tennessee would provide a shield to the Federal efforts to accomplish this. By the middle of 1863 the Union government had accepted military stalemate in the East in return for a powerful Northern concentration against its enemy in the West. The Army of the Cumberland under Major General William Rosecrans would be the instrument responsible for the implementation of this policy west of the Appalachians.
William Rosecrans: Eccentric but Likable
The 44-year-old Union officer was a graduate of West Point, class of 1842. After serving on the staff of George B. McClellan in West Virginia, the Ohioan—a Democrat but active supporter of the Lincoln administration—was transferred to the West as a brigadier general of volunteers. Prominent in the battles of Iuka and Corinth, he was made major general and given command of the Army of the Cumberland. Winning the fight at Stones River (because, unlike his opponent Braxton Bragg, he chose not to retreat from the field), Rosecrans was ordered to follow up his victory by a rapid advance to the vital rail hub at Chattanooga. This he failed to do for another six months despite the threats and pleas forthcoming from Washington. But once the general felt his requirements in men and supplies were adequate for the task, he went on to conduct one of the most spectacular campaigns of the American Civil War.
The Federal authorities back East should not have been surprised that all their cajoling failed to move Rosecrans to action. Like Braxton Bragg, he was one of the most eccentric army commanders produced in the war. But unlike his opposite in gray, he was a far more likeable fellow. His genuine feelings for the welfare of his men were rewarded by the affection they held for him. While Bragg could not elicit loyalty from his officers and soldiers, Rosecrans was showered by it. For his part, the general was loyal to a fault. His sense of obligation to his subordinate commanders prevented him from replacing those who had shown themselves unfit for their positions. Prime examples were Rosecrans’ failure to remove Alexander McCook and Thomas Crittenden, the Army of the Cumberland’s 20th and 21st Infantry Corps leaders, respectively, despite their proven record of military incompetence. When asked why he never rid himself of their dubious services, Rosecrans replied that he could not because he ”hated to injure such two good fellows.”
Unlike Bragg, Rosecrans had a genial disposition; but like his Confederate counterpart, he also possessed a hair-trigger temper. His habit of lashing out at both superiors and inferiors left wounds that did not heal. Compounding his erratic temper was a lack of a sense of humor.
Regardless of its commander’s peculiar traits, the Army of the Cumberland was relatively free from the boiling animosities that prevented the smooth operation of the Army of Tennessee. It had a record of success that bred a sense of intense pride in itself; it was well supplied and kept up to strength as far as possible. With a commander at its helm who was viewed as concerned with the enlisted men’s well-being, this Federal military machine looked forward to any task.
Initiating what would be called the Tullahoma Campaign, Rosecrans moved against Bragg’s Army of Tennessee on June 24,1863. With over 65,000 men, against 44,000 graybacks, the Federal force slipped around the enemy right flank, and for the next 17 rain- soaked days slowly but surely forced the Confederates to retreat. Bragg wanted to make a stand at Tullahoma but was deterred from doing so by Union cavalry that had penetrated into his rear supply areas. The constant contradictory demands of his two top commanders, Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk and Lt. Gen. William Joseph Hardee—the former advocating immediate retreat while the latter lobbied for a grand frontal assault—also did much to impede his judgment as how to counter the Union advance. True to form, and not surprisingly to his army, but to their bitter chagrin, Bragg resolved his dilemma by retreating toward Chattanooga.
In less than two weeks Rosecrans had advanced 100 miles and driven the Confederates out of middle Tennessee for a loss of 570 men as against 2,000 on the Rebel side. Strategically, the campaign was very important. It prevented reinforcements going from Tennessee to either John Pemberton’s or Joe Johnston’s armies at Vicksburg or Jackson, Mississippi, respectively, during the summer of 1863. As a result, the defeat of the Southern forces at those two places and the consequent control of the Mississippi River by the Union were made certain.
The Strategic Importance of Chattanooga
While Bragg and his army took shelter in Chattanooga after their withdrawal from Tullahoma, Rosecrans sat behind the rugged Cumberland Mountains a few dozen miles northwest of the city. Not until mid-August was he finally pressured by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton and Army General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck to resume his advance. In the intervening time, Rosecrans’ delay and the threat to Chattanooga his close proximity signaled had caused the government at Richmond to come to a crucial decision: They would reinforce the Army of Tennessee in order to beat back the invaders.
The importance of the city of Chattanooga was apparent by a mere glance at a map. Situated on a bend of the Tennessee River, it was 300 miles south of Cincinnati, Ohio, and 150 miles southeast of Nashville, Tenn., the former being the supply source, and the latter a vast forward supply depot for any Union force operating in Tennessee. A Federal army preparing to enter Georgia would need the city (population about 5,000 in 1863) as a supply base to support its advance south. The four major railways radiating out from Chattanooga connected her to the Midwest via Nashville, the West via Memphis, the Deep South via Atlanta, and Virginia via Knoxville. The city was the gateway to Georgia and the Carolinas, and the Confederates could not afford to lose it without a major fight.
President Jefferson Davis ordered any and all reinforcements that could be found sent to Bragg’s army. The South’s Atlantic seaboard was stripped of its garrisons; forces from Mississippi (John Breckinridge’s and W.H.T. Walker’s divisions) were sent; and, most significantly, 11,000 veterans of Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia (eight infantry brigades with artillery) under Lt. Gen. James Longstreet were shipped by rail to boost the numbers of the Army of Tennessee.
As the Confederacy poured whatever manpower it could into southeast Tennessee to save Chattanooga, the Army of the Cumberland finally resumed its march. On August 16, Rosecrans moved forward, separating his three army corps to both flank Bragg’s position and march more quickly through the few passes that penetrated the Lookout Mountain range. A feint up the Tennessee River, followed by the real intended advance down that waterway caught Bragg off guard and turned his position.
Rather than being trapped in the town, the Confederate leader retreated, and Chattanooga was occupied by the bluecoats on September 9. Although outfoxed by his opponent, Bragg, now reinforced, attempted to hit his enemy, who was still widely spread out, in piecemeal fashion. Opportunities to accomplish this arose on September 9, 10, and 12, but the failure of Bragg’s subordinates to follow his orders—owing to their total lack of faith in his leadership—allowed Rosecrans to pull back northward and concentrate his 62,000 men on the west bank of Chickamauga Creek.
Battle of Chickamauga Begins
From the east shore of the creek, Bragg—with a force of 65,000 and expecting additional regiments from Virginia—decided to cross and turn Rosecrans’ northern flank, thus cutting the Federals off from their base at Chattanooga. Having given his adversary four days to concentrate his forces and prepare for a vigorous defense, Bragg nevertheless went ahead with his plan. On September 18, the Rebels fought their way across the creek, but darkness halted their short advance.
September 19, a Saturday, saw the Battle of Chickamauga commence in earnest. Bragg began the day with a drive southwestward hoping to strike the enemy’s left and drive it toward McLemore’s Cove and away from Chattanooga. But during the previous night Rosecrans had been able to extend his left flank to the north and continued this movement Saturday morning. Bragg encountered Yankees where he did not expect them and his initial plan lost its simplicity. As the day progressed, the battle spread southward. Rosecrans’ main concern was retaining control of the La Fayette Road, his main north-south communication link to Chattanooga. Having been unable to cave in his opponent’s left flank, Bragg spent most of the afternoon and evening fighting off Federal counterattacks, stabilizing his own lines, and figuring out exactly where the enemy army was positioned. A Confederate breakthrough at the Brotherton Field on the left-center of the Union line occurred in the late afternoon but was quickly contained by arriving Federal reinforcements. When darkness enveloped the battlefield the fighting petered out and the two exhausted armies drew a short distance apart.
Before the sun rose over the battlefield on Sunday, September 20, both sides had made their plans for the second day’s fighting. Realizing he was outnumbered (about 50,000 Union to around 64,000 Rebels, after the losses of the day before were subtracted), Rosecrans meant to fight a defensive battle that day. He would give special attention to his left, fearing that the enemy would attack there in an attempt to cut him off from Chattanooga. The Union commander was correct: Bragg was determined to continue his effort to turn the Union left (north) flank while applying pressure to the enemy center. To accomplish these goals, the Confederate reorganized his army into a Right Wing under Polk and a Left Wing under the newly arrived Longstreet.
Early on Sunday, Longstreet reached the front to form up his command. Facing the center of the Union line, not more than 300 heavily forested and thicket-strewn yards away, he concentrated eight brigades, formed in a column five brigades deep occupying a frontage of about a quarter of a mile. Commanded by John B. Hood, Longstreet’s battering ram comprised Bushrod Johnson’s division of three brigades—two up front, the third in reserve—followed by Hood’s old division under Evander Law with two brigades forward and one back, and the brigades of Joseph B. Kershaw and George Humphreys directly behind Law. The Rebel phalanx consisted of about 11,000 men. To its immediate left (south) the divisions of Thomas Hindman and William Preston, totaling six brigades, stood ready to parallel Longstreet’s advance and protect his left. It would be 11 am before Longstreet was ready to start his attack.
Fumbling on the Confederate Right
While the Left Wing commander coolly ordered his units into position that morning, the Confederate Right Wing under Polk was fumbling further north. Bragg had sent orders to the prewar clergyman to attack by dawn (about 6 am). Polk did not get his men moving until 10 o’clock. After some promising advances, the planned grand sweep around Union General George H. Thomas’s 14th Corps’ rear stalled and then developed into a much narrower turning movement. This was met by intense Union musket fire. The result was stalemate. With Polk’s Right Wing checked, it would be up to Longstreet’s forces to win the battle for the Confederates.
As the struggle heightened against Polk’s Rebels, more and more Federal units were pulled away from the southern end of the Union line. Rosecrans’ fear for his lines of communication with Chattanooga, bolstered by Thomas’s repeated pleas for aid against Polk, slowly denuded the Federal center and right, already stretched thin. Before 3 am on the morning of the 20th Thomas had asked for reinforcements for his sector in the north. He specifically requested the return of Maj. Gen. James Negley’s division, which was part of Thomas’s Corps. Rosecrans immediately assented and Negley’s three-brigade outfit was ordered out of the Brotherton Field where it had helped plug the gap in the Union center the day before. But Negley was reluctant to leave his position before his relief had come up.
Just before 9:30 am Negley had yet to move even though Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood’s First Division of Crittenden’s 21st Corps was stationed only a few hundred yards west on a ridge bordering Dyer’s Field. Even after requests from Negley, Wood refused to move. Apparently his corps commander, Crittenden, had not fully explained Wood’s responsibility to replace Negley, and the division leader would not budge without definite orders. These were forthcoming when Rosecrans, learning the reason Negley had not yet departed for the north of the Federal line, rode to speak with Woods. At their brief meeting Rosecrans rejected Wood’s excuse that he was ordered by his corps leader to station his command on the ridge west of Dyer Field. With a volley of invectives, the army commander demanded that Wood take up the position Negley’s men then held “… as soon as the Lord will let you.” Without further ado Rosecrans rode away leaving Wood seething with anger. Wood proceeded to move his men the third of a mile to Negley’s site. Ominously, Wood’s skirmishers became engaged with their Southern counterparts as soon as the former entered Brotherton Field.
As Negley moved off and Wood’s three brigades moved east to take his place, Rosecrans continued his efforts to shift his units to firm up his lines prior to the expected general Confederate attack. He moved the 21st Corps’ Third Division under Brig. Gen. Horatio P. Van Cleve first to the ridge Wood had just left, then across the field to the edge of the timber range. Once there he was to deploy two of his brigades (Dick’s and Beatty’s) up front with his third brigade (Barnes’) in support. Not long after, Rosecrans further strengthened his right by putting Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis’s First Division, 20th Corps, on Wood’s right in the direction of the Viniard Farm. Seeing Davis’s position, corps commander McCook, ordered Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan to move one of his brigades, Laiboldt’s, to protect Davis’s right. Lytle’s Brigade of Sheridan’s division was instructed to stay a little back to the west on the Widow Glenn Hill. Sheridan’s third unit, under Colonel Nathan H. Walworth, extended Lytle’s right near the Dry Valley Road. The right of the Federal battle line was completed by Colonel John T. Wilder’s “Lighting Brigade”—five regiments of mounted infantry toting Spencer Repeating Rifles—and part of Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds’ Fourth Infantry Division, 14th Corps.
With the firing on Thomas’s part of the battlefield growing in volume, Rosecrans now focused on his northern wing. He decided about 10:30 am to draw even more men from his right in order to reinforce his left. To that end he directed Sheridan’s and Van Cleve’s entire divisions to be sent to aid Thomas. To compensate for these withdrawals, the Federal right was to close on its left. McCook would execute Rosecrans’ order and then take charge of the weakened Union flank which would, after the transfer, contain only Wood’s and Davis’s divisions and Wilder’s Brigade.
By 11 o’clock Wilder had received his instructions to move toward Davis. Sheridan got his marching orders about the same time and told his brigadiers, Lytle and Walworth, to form on the Glenn-Kelly Road (a dirt tract below and west of the Brotherton Field, which ran east before it entered the La Fayette Road). Once they formed on the road, they were to move north. Van Cleve was also preparing to depart for the army’s opposite flank.
Woods Follows Orders Over Common Sense
A few minutes after 11 am Wood received a messenger from Rosecrans’ chief-of-staff, Brig. Gen. James A. Garfield. The aide carried an order for Wood to “… occupy the vacancy made by the removal of Brannan’s division.” John M. Brannan of Thomas’ 14th Corps had been ordered to Thomas’s left. In fact, there was no unoccupied space between Wood and the next Federal unit to the north—Reynolds’ Infantry Division. (Brannan’s division remained in the interval between Wood and Reynolds, although partially hidden by heavy forest). After reading the missive from Garfield, Wood informed the aide that as far as he knew Brannan was in position and therefore there was no vacant ground between him and Reynolds. He then told the messenger that since the order “was clear and undoubted” Wood would obey it immediately and move his unit from its present position and “close upon him [Reynolds] and support him.” Under the circumstances Garfield’s staff officer was dumbfounded by Wood’s pronouncement.
Thomas John Wood, a 39-year-old Kentuckian, had graduated from West Point in 1845. During the War with Mexico he was breveted for gallantry for his conduct at the Battle of Buena Vista. After the war he served in the regular U.S. cavalry as a captain. In October 1861 he was commissioned a brigadier general of volunteers and led an infantry division with distinction at Shiloh, Perryville, and Stones River. At the latter he was wounded in action but refused to leave the field until the battle was over.
Tom Wood’s injury at Stones River had been painful, but the prickly general had been pained even more by the recent criticism of his army commander. Ninety minutes before being handed Garfield’s order, Rosecrans had upbraided Wood in front of his entire staff for not moving to the front to replace Negley in the battle line. Wood would not undergo that indignation again. His pride blinded his common sense. He ordered his officers to get the men of his division in marching order. In a fit of anger the general was going to leave his present position on the front line unattended and march north and east on the west side (rear) of the Union positions to connect with Reynolds. As the men were formed up, Wood claimed he asked corps commander McCook to fill the position he was about to abandon. Wood claimed McCook agreed to do so, but McCook denied he ever promised any such thing. Nevertheless, McCook did order up Martin’s tiny brigade of Davis’s division, which went in to cover the left of Carlin’s Brigade of the same division.
Longstreet Launches His Grand Attack
In a few minutes Colonels George Buell, Charles G. Harker (Wood’s Division) and Sidney Barnes (part of Van Cleve’s command) were mustered on the Glenn-Kelly Road, ready to proceed north. As the bluecoats formed into march columns, Confederates, in heavy skirmish lines, could be seen approaching not 200 yards distant. Longstreet’s grand attack had begun.
At 11:10 am Longstreet ordered his men forward against the center of the Army of the Cumberland. He had eight brigades packed in a space of just 70 acres of deep forest east of the Brotherton Field. The first line lay 600 yards east of the La Fayette Road and was made up of, from left to right, Gregg’s Tennessee Brigade, Fulton’s Tennesseeans, and McNair’s brigades. They occupied the width of the Brotherton field—about 500 yards. The second line was formed by the remainder of Gregg’s outfit under Colonel Sugg; the third line comprised “Aunt Pollie” Robertson’s Texas, and Sheffield’s Alabama brigades; the fourth Benning’s Georgians; and the last Kershaw’s South Carolinians and Humphrey’s Mississippi regiments.
The first Union soldiers struck by the initial wave of onrushing Confederates were members of Buell’s Brigade who were out in the Brotherton Field acting as skirmishers while waiting to be relieved. They were shattered quickly by Fulton’s and McNair’s troops who swooped toward the La Fayette Road on either side of the Brotherton farmstead. Next, Martin’s Yankees were overrun as they formed behind Buell’s old position marked by a low breastwork built the day before. Any chance Martin’s men would rally vanished as they were flanked on the left by General Zachariah C. Deas’s Alabama Brigade, Hindman’s Division, joining the attack on Bushrod Johnson’s left. Only 20 minutes had elapsed since the Confederate assault had started and Fulton’s men were already at the edge of Dyer Field, entering the enemy’s rear area.
NcNair’s regiments stormed into the woods west of Brotherton Field and smashed into Buell’s Federals while they were still in march column. Most of the Union troops under Buell were stampeded into and across Dyer Field in a complete state of panic. Buell and one of his regiments, the 58th Indiana Infantry, were able to retire west of Dyer Field. Among the confusion the 13th Michigan (Buell’s Brigade) was able to place so much fire, followed by a bayonet charge, on McNair and his men that they were driven back to Brotherton Field. But the Wolverines were in turn charged by Sugg’s four Tennessee regiments and sent “pell-mell” back beyond the La Fayette Road. In the meantime, as Johnson drove due west toward Dyer Field, Hood brought his division forward and veered to the north to eliminate some Federal resistance from that direction. Led by Sheffield’s men, followed by Benning and Hood’s old Texas Brigade, the Confederates smashed into Colonel John M. Connell’s Brigade of Brannan’s Division, 14th Corps, overthrowing the Northerners and capturing three pieces of artillery from Battery B, 1st Michigan Light Artillery. The wreck of Connell’s Brigade and the artillery fled across Dyer Field.
Next to fall to the Rebel tidal wave was Sam Beatty’s Brigade from Van Cleve’s Division. It had been behind Connell’s brigade waiting to enter the Glenn-Kelly Road on its way to help Thomas. The resulting pandemonium saw Beatty’s four regiments dissolve in flight through Dyer Field. There in the mist of his broken units rode General Van Cleve, trying to rally his boys until he was carried from the field by the rush of his retreating troops.
Brigadier General John M. Brannan, commander of the Third Division of the 14th Corps, was nearby and tried to keep what was left of his division in the fight. To that end he ordered Colonel John T. Croxton to face his brigade to the south and block any Rebel advance coming from that direction. He was supported by Battery C, First Ohio Light Artillery. No Confederates came at Croxton’s position until shortly before noon. “Old Rock” Benning and his Georgians squared off against Croxton along the southern edge of Poe Field. They charged the Federals from 200 yards out and were staggered by enemy rifle fire. A firefight ensued, Croxton was seriously wounded, and the Yankee brigade and its companion battery retreated, half to Dyer Field, the rest in an orderly fashion to join Reynolds’ troops farther north.
It was now about 11:45. Bushrod Johnson’s command (the brigades of Fulton, Sugg, McNair, Sheffield, and Robertson) had advanced into Dyer Field. But much more had to be done according to Hood when he came upon Johnson. He ordered Johnson to continue the advance and take the ridgeline just ahead.
Laioboldt’s and Deas’ Disastrous Charges
A little south of Johnson’s victorious concentration, beginning at 11:20 am, the Alabama Brigades of Zachariah C. Deas and General Arthur M. Manigault, followed by Patton Anderson’s Mississippi Brigade, moved to the attack. Their first Yankee victim was Brig. Gen. William P. Carlin’s outfit, which was rapidly flanked and broke to the rear upon first contact. All this was viewed with apprehension by Colonel Bernard Laiboldt’s men stationed on a hill (thereafter known as Lytle Hill) 500 yards to the west. The brigade’s four regiments were stacked one behind another, a good defensive arrangement for it and its supporting artillery battery, but a poor one for an attack. And attack was what the newly arrived General Davis wanted Laiboldt to undertake. The colonel declined the general’s demand.
While Laiboldt and Davis argued the matter, corps commander McCook rode up. He ordered Laiboldt to charge the enemy immediately. So impatient was McCook for the move that he would not allow the brigade to form from a column of regiments into a line of battle. The result was as tragic as it was predictable. Laiboldt’s men marched down the hill into the volleys of Deas’s Confederates, which struck each Union regiment in succession from the left, right, and center, causing the whole to fold and retreat. Deas pursued the broken and fleeing bluecoats back up the wooded hill. But halfway up the Alabamians were met by the withering fire of the 88th Illinois Infantry Regiment (Lytle’s Brigade) sent by Sheridan to help the faltering Laiboldt. Following behind the 88th was Lytle and the rest of his command, which had been at the base of Lytle Hill on the Glenn-Kelly Road, ready to depart for the northern end of the battlefield.
Deas was stymied just short of the hill crest and took fearful losses until fortune once more sided with the Confederates. On Deas’s left, Manigault kept moving west, producing a gap of several hundred yards between him and Deas, a gap that one of Sheridan’s brigades—under Colonel Nathan Walworth—was about to enter. Seeing the danger, Hindman ordered up Anderson’s Brigade from the second line to plug the hole. Anderson’s move motivated Deas to renew his assault on the high ground. With the Confederates converging on his position from three sides, Lytle was killed and his brigade broken. Off to Lytle’s right Walworth, after fighting Anderson’s regiments to the left and Manigault’s on the right to a standstill for 20 minutes, was finally flanked on both sides and forced to retreat. By noon Sheridan’s division was a shambles and Deas and Anderson were 300 yards east of the Dry Valley Road deep in the Union army’s rear.
All the general officers on the Federal right, including Rosecrans, knew that the battle had been lost in that quarter after Sheridan’s defeat. They were content to let their beaten men leave the field and seek safety beyond Missionary Ridge, or with Thomas to the north. However, Colonel John Wilder’s Brigade, along with Lilly’s Indiana Battery, appeared on the field a little after noon. They had come from the army’s extreme right to close the distance between it and Sheridan’s force before Hindman’s attack. Instead of friendly Sheridan they found Confederate Manigault and went after him with a vengeance. Manigault’s Brigade was just then engaged to its front by remnants (less than a regiment and a half) of Sheridan’s infantry and a few artillery pieces. Emerging from the Glenn-Viniard Road, Wilder’s men poured volleys of Spencer rifle fire into their surprised opponents. Hit in the flank, Manigault tried to withdraw but his command fell into rout with Wilder in hot pursuit, driving the graybacks east to the La Fayette Road.
The appearance of Rebel Colonel Robert C. Trigg’s Brigade (from Brigadier William Preston’s Division) caused Wilder to retire back to Glenn Hill. By 1 o’clock the Union colonel was forming his regiments in preparation for a flank attack on Hindman and Johnson’s Confederates. But Sheridan had sent word that the closest friendly troops to Wilder, on what had been the Union right that morning, were over three-fourths of a mile to his rear and advised the colonel to “get out of there.” Undeterred, Wilder was still going ahead with his planned attack when Special Assistant to the Secretary of War Charles A. Dana appeared. Running for the safety of Chattanooga, Dana had wandered into Wilder’s area and ordered Wilder not to carry out his scheme or try to cut his way through to Thomas. He demanded that Wilder withdraw to Chattanooga. Wilder, not knowing Dana’s exact authority, assented, but did not leave the battlefield until after 3 o’clock. He spent about two hours gathering up Union supply wagons and artillery units that had been scattered during the fighting on the right. He then formed an escort for McCook’s reformed supply trains and herded them up the Dry Valley Road toward McFarland’s Gap and Chattanooga.
With Wilder’s departure, the fight for the Federal center and right ended, but the Battle of Chickamauga didn’t. It would continue for the rest of the day as the Confederates turned their attack to the north and the killing grounds of Kelly Field, Horseshoe Ridge, and Snodgrass Field. Thomas held on to his position all through the terrible afternoon of the 20th in one of the most remarkable stands made during the war. He then retreated after dark.
Longstreet’s Assault Made the Difference
Chickamauga was one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. More casualties may have been suffered on the first day than at Antietam, but army records did not distinguish between losses of the first and second days of the battle. The Confederates lost about 18,000 men, the Federals about 16,600.
Longstreet’s assault on the Federals at the Battle of Chickamauga rivaled any such effort attempted during the American Civil War. Such decisive assaults were rare during that conflict, and only at First and Second Manassas and the Battle of Nashville did an attack occur that not only smashed the enemy to pieces, but assured a clear-cut victory. Even in the latter two struggles, a large flank maneuver was the prime ingredient in their success.
The tactical achievement of Longstreet’s action led to a Confederate triumph that stalemated the Federal advance in the West for two months, broke the North’s string of victories, and shook the Union’s confidence as to the war’s outcome. It was well thought out, executed to perfection, and graced with good luck. It was one of the grandest actions of the war.
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https://news.vumc.org/2024/08/08/va-honors-robert-dittus-for-health-professions-education/
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VA honors Robert Dittus for health professions education
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2024-08-08T00:00:00
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He is the first from VUMC to receive the award, which recognizes “champions” of health professions education who have advanced the VA’s health care education mission.
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VUMC News
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https://news.vumc.org/2024/08/08/va-honors-robert-dittus-for-health-professions-education/
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Vanderbilt University Medical Center’s Robert S. Dittus, MD, MPH, is the recipient of the 2024 David M. Worthen Career Achievement Award in Health Professions Education from the Veterans Health Administration, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
Dittus is the Albert and Bernard Werthan Professor of Medicine, Chief Innovation Officer & Senior Vice President of the Vanderbilt Health Affiliated Network and director of both the Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) and the Quality Scholars Program at the VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System.
He is the first from VUMC to receive the prestigious award, which recognizes “champions” of health professions education who have advanced the VA’s health care education mission.
“This award is a testament to his long-standing commitment to the VA and to improving the health of Veterans,” said Russell Rothman, MD, MPP, the Ingram Professor of Integrative and Population Health and Senior Vice President of Population and Public Health at VUMC.
Dittus was honored in part for his 25 years of leadership as founding director of both the GRECC and the Vanderbilt-VA Quality Scholars Fellowship Training Program.
“Accomplishments recognized by awards such as this one are an acknowledgment of many who are part of the various teams that build, sustain and continuously improve educational programs,” Dittus said. “I have been privileged to work alongside great colleagues and friends.”
During his 40-year career, Dittus has mentored 142 interprofessional fellows and junior faculty who have helped improve the effectiveness and efficiency of care both inside the VA and beyond.
He also developed an innovative, widely adopted curricular design for research training, and served as the principal investigator of one or more federally funded clinical research training programs for each of his 40 faculty years.
“Providing mentorship and a nourishing environment for clinicians, scientists and students to develop as scholars and leaders in health care has been a joy for me,” Dittus noted. “Watching them flourish and succeed is a great source of pride.”
The Worthen award also recognizes Dittus’ contributions to health profession’s education outside the VA. These include: his leadership of VUMC’s clinical research curriculum award, which fostered the development of the Master of Public Health and Master of Science in Clinical Investigation degree programs; his stewardship of the development of Vanderbilt’s PhD programs in Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Health Policy; and his role as an original co-program director of VUMC’s Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA).
Dittus has secured more than $600 million in grant funding, co-authored more than 275 publications with over 54,000 citations, advanced the methodology of medical decision-making, and delineated the comparative effectiveness of alternative strategies for improving clinical care and advancing health care equity.
He has served as a senior investigator guiding the discovery of critical illness-associated delirium and long-term cognitive impairment that led to the development of new treatment paradigms, which have had a global impact, for reducing the mortality, morbidity and cost of critical care.
“His many roles at VUMC have helped translate knowledge into better health,” said Rothman, who succeeded Dittus as director of the Institute for Medicine and Public Health (IMPH) in 2020.
Dittus combined training from Purdue University in industrial engineering, from Indiana University in medicine, internal medicine residency and chief residency, and from the University of North Carolina in public health to address and improve the quality of health care. He has been honored with distinguished alumni awards from each university.
In 1997, Dittus joined the Vanderbilt faculty as chief of the Division of General Internal Medicine. He subsequently became the founding director of both the Vanderbilt Center for Health Services Research and the IMPH.
Dittus also served as associate vice chancellor and Executive Vice President for Public Health and Health Care and senior associate dean for Population Health Sciences, and in 2004, received Vanderbilt University’s Harvie Branscomb Distinguished Professor Award.
His contributions to health professions education include serving as President of the Association for Clinical Research Training.
An elected member of the Association of American Physicians, Dittus has been honored for innovations in research training and education by national organizations including the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Association for Clinical and Translational Science.
The Veterans Health Administration is the nation’s largest education and training program for health professionals. Its Career Achievement, Rising Star, and Innovator awards are named for the late David M. Worthen, MD, former associate chief medical director for Academic Affairs, and an inspirational leader of VA’s education mission.
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https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/ufc-battle-motors-light-heavyweight-division-presenting-partner/
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Battle Motors becomes UFC's first light heavyweight division presenting partner
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2021-06-29T08:20:12+00:00
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Tie-up could open up more brand deals in select weight divisions.
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en
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SportsPro
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https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/ufc-battle-motors-light-heavyweight-division-presenting-partner/
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Battle Motors also named official light duty truck of the UFC
Agreement includes octagon canvas branding and sponsorship integrations within UFC content
The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) has partnered with Battle Motors in a deal that sees the truck company named the inaugural presenting partner of the mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion’s light heavyweight division.
The agreement for the US market also sees Los Angeles-based Battle Motors become the official light duty truck of the UFC.
Under the new partnership, Battle Motors will receive a branded presence on the octagon canvas at select events. In addition, the company will have numerous sponsorship integrations within UFC content on linear and digital platforms, including live broadcasts, pay-per-views (PPVs) and social media assets.
UFC agrees Hisense deal to expand Fight Pass distribution
Battle Motors branding will also be integrated into UFC marketing material related to the light heavyweight division, including the main card bouts on PPV broadcasts. The Battle Motors brigade, a special seating area near the octagon set aside for frontline industrial workers, will also be introduced.
Stay up to date with the latest sports business news and insights.
SIGN UP
The deal is the first time that the UFC has signed up a brand to sponsor only one of its weight classes, potentially opening the door for further partnerships in each division.
“We love creating innovative partnerships, like this one with Battle Motors, that gives us the opportunity to provide extraordinary value to our sponsors,” said Paul Asencio, the UFC’s senior vice president, global partnerships.
“We’re looking forward to helping Battle Motors reach more customers than ever through the power of the UFC brand.”
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https://www.onthisday.com/birthdays/date/1797
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en
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Famous People Born in 1797
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1797-08-18T00:00:00
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Celebrate the birthdays of 60 famous people, historical figures and celebrities born in 1797 like Sojourner Truth, Wilhelm I and Mary Shelley.
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On This Day
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https://www.onthisday.com/birthdays/date/1797
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http://www.chinaoilpainting.com/htmlindexfind/directory-s001.html
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s001 Wholesale China Oil Painting Wholesale China Artist
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German Academic Painter, 1828-1899,German painter, was born at Frankfurt-am-Main. He studied art first at the Städel Institute in his native town, and then at Stuttgart and Munich. He painted many of his favourite subjects in his travels in the East. He first accompanied Prince Thurn and Taxis through Hungary, Wallachia, Russia and Turkey; then, in 1854, he followed the Austrian army across the Wallachian frontier. In 1856 he went to Egypt and Syria, and in 1861 to Algiers. In 1862 he settled in Paris, but returned to Germany in 1870; and settled at Cronberg near Frankfurt, where he died. Arab Horsemen by Schreyer.Schreyer was, and is still, especially esteemed as a painter of horses, of peasant life in Wallachia and Moldavia, and of battle incidents. His work is remarkable for its excellent equine draughtsmanship, and for the artist's power of observation and forceful statement; and has found particular favour among French and American collectors. Of his battle-pictures there are two at the Schwerin Gallery, and others in the collection of Count Mensdorff-Pouilly and in the Raven Gallery, Berlin. His painting of a Charge of Artillery of Imperial Guard was formerly at the Luxembourg Museum. The Metropolitan Museum, New York owns three of Schreyer's oriental paintings: Abandoned, Arabs on the March and Arabs making a detour; and many of his best pictures are in the Rockefeller family, Vanderbilt family, John Jacob Astor, William Backhouse Astor, Sr., August Belmont, and William Walters collections. RA (1854-1935) was an English landscape painter. Born in Southport, Lancashire, he became a cotton broker in Liverpool, where his artistic talent was noticed by John Herbert RA, who advised him to submit his drawings to the Royal Academy. He entered the Royal Academy Schools in 1872 and exhibited at the Academy from 1876. In that year went to France where he lived for 10 years, settling back in England in 1886, at Carbis Bay and joining the artists' colony at St Ives. Adrian Stokes was a landscape painter, concerned most with atmospheric effects, and later with decorative landscapes. He was the author of 'Landscape Painting' (1925). He became ARA in 1909 and RA in 1919, won medals at the Paris Exhibition and Chicago World Fair (1889), became first President of the St Ives Society of Arts (1890) and Vice President of the Royal Watercolour Society (1932). He married Marianne Preindlesberger of Graz, Austria, in 1884, while living in France. She became a well known artist under her married name of Marianne Stokes. An obituary of Adrian Stokes was published in The Times Monday 2 December 1935 Russian Painter, 1830-1897 was a Russian landscape painter and creator of the lyrical landscape style. Savrasov was born into the family of a merchant. He began to draw early and in 1838 he enrolled as a student of professor Rabus at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (graduated in 1850), and immediately began to specialize in landscape painting. In 1852, he traveled to Ukraine. Then, in 1854 by the invitation of the Grand Duchess Maria Nikolayevna, President of the Imperial Academy of Arts, he moved to the neighborhood of St. Petersburg. In 1857, Savrasov became a teacher at the Moscow School of painting, sculpturing and architecture. His best disciples, Isaac Levitan and Konstantin Korovin, remembered their teacher with admiration and gratitude. The Rooks Have Come Back was painted by Savrasov near Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma.In 1857, he married Sophia Karlovna Hertz, sister of art historian K. Hertz. In their home they entertained artistic people and collectors including Pavel Tretyakov. Savrasov became especially close with Vasily Perov. Perov helped him paint the figures of the boat trackers in Savrasov's Volga near Yuryevets, Savrasov painted landscapes for Perov's Bird catcher and Hunters on Bivouac. In the 1860s, he traveled to England to see the International Exhibition, and to Switzerland. In one of his letters he wrote that no academies in the world could so advance an artist as the present world exhibition. The painters who influenced him most were British painter John Constable and Swiss painter Alexandre Calame. The Rooks Have Come Back (1871) is considered by many critics to be the high point in Savrasoves artistic career. Using a common, even trivial, episode of birds returning home, and an extremely simple landscape, Savrasov emotionally showed the transition of nature from winter to spring. It was a new type of lyrical landscape painting, called later by critics the mood landscape. The painting brought him fame. In 1870, he became a member of the Peredvizhniki group, breaking with government-sponsored academic art. In 1871, French 1839-1899 Alfred Sisley Galleries Alfred Sisley (October 30, 1839 ?C January 29, 1899) was an English Impressionist landscape painter who was born and spent most of his life in France. Sisley is recognized as perhaps the most consistent of the Impressionists, never deviating into figure painting or finding that the movement did not fulfill his artistic needs. Sisley was born in Paris to affluent English parents; William Sisley was in the silk business, and his mother Felicia Sell was a cultivated music connoisseur. At the age of 18, Sisley was sent to London to study for a career in business, but he abandoned it after four years and returned to Paris. Beginning in 1862 he studied at the atelier of Swiss artist Marc-Charles-Gabriel Gleyre, where he became acquainted with Fr??d??ric Bazille, Claude Monet, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Together they would paint landscapes en plein air (in the open air) in order to realistically capture the transient effects of sunlight. This approach, innovative at the time, resulted in paintings more colorful and more broadly painted than the public was accustomed to seeing. Consequently, Sisley and his friends initially had few opportunities to exhibit or sell their work. Unlike some of his fellow students who suffered financial hardships, Sisley received an allowance from his father??until 1870, after which time he became increasingly poor. Sisley's student works are lost. His earliest known work, Lane near a Small Town is believed to have been painted around 1864. His first landscape paintings are sombre, coloured with dark browns, greens, and pale blues. They were often executed at Marly and Saint-Cloud. 1823-1906 Alfred Stevens Galleries Flemish Alfred Emile Stevens (May 11, 1823 - August 29, 1906) , Belgian painter, was born in Brussels. El??gants sur les BoulevardsHis father, an old officer in the service of William I of the Netherlands, was passionately fond of pictures, and readily allowed his son to draw in the studio of François Navez, director of the Brussels Academy. In 1844 Stevens went to Paris and worked under the instructing of Camille Roqueplan, a friend of his father's; he also attended the classes at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, where Ingres was then professor. In 1849 he painted at Brussels his first picture, A Soldier in Trouble, and in the same year went back to Paris, where he definitely settled, and exhibited in the Salons. He then painted Ash-Wednesday Morning, Burghers and Country People finding at Daybreak the Body of a Murdered Gentleman, An Artist in Despair, and The Love of Gold. Allegory of the Night MSK, Oostende, BelgiumIn 1855 he exhibited at the Antwerp Salon a little picture called At Home, which showed the painter's bent towards depicting ladies of fashion. At the Great Exhibition in Paris, 1855, his contributions were remarkable, but in 1857 he returned to graceful female subjects, and his path thenceforth was clear before him. At the Great Exhibition of 1867 he was seen in a brilliant variety of works in the manner he had made his own, sending eighteen exquisite paintings; among them were the Lady in Pink (in the Brussels Gallery), Consolation, Every Good Fortune, Miss Fauvette, Ophelia, and India in Paris. At the Paris International Exhibitions of 1878 and 1889, and at the Historical Exhibition of Belgian Art, Brussels, 1880, he exhibited The Four Seasons (in the Palace at Brussels), The Parisian Sphinx, The Japanese Mask, The Japanese Robe, and The Lady-bird (Brussels Gallery). "Alfred Stevens is one of the race of great painters," wrote Camille Lemonnier, "and like them he takes immense pains with the execution of his work." The example of his finished technique was salutary, not merely to his brethren in Belgium, but to many foreign painters who received encouragement from the study of his method. The brother of Alfred Stevens, Joseph Stevens, was a great painter of dogs and dog life. See J. du Jardin, L'Art flamand; Camille Lemonnier, Histoire des beaux arts en Belgique. Alonso Sachez Coello (1531/32 -August 8, 1588) was a portrait painter of the Spanish Renaissance and one of the pioneers of the great tradition of Spanish portrait painting. Alonso Sachez Coello was born in Benifairode les Valls, near Valencia, and spent his childhood there, until the death of his father when he was around ten years old. He was educated in Portugal at his grandfather's home. Coello's years in Portugal and his family name of Portuguese origin led to a long-standing belief that he was in fact Portuguese. His grandfather (after whom he was named) was in the service of King John III of Portugal who sent the young painter to study with Anthonis Mor (also known as Antonio Moro) in Flanders around 1550. He was under the service of Antoine de Granville, bishop of Arras, learning from Mor. While studying in Flanders, Coello also spent time copying some of Titian's works. b.July 16, 1486, Florence d.Sept. 28, 1530, Florence Italian Andrea del Sarto Galleries Andrea del Sarto (1486 ?C 1531) was an Italian painter from Florence, whose career flourished during the High Renaissance and early-Mannerism. Though highly regarded by his contemporaries as an artist "senza errori" (i.e., faultless), he is overshadowed now by equally talented contemporaries like Raphael. Andrea fell in love with Lucrezia (del Fede), wife of a hatter named Carlo, of Recanati; the hatter dying opportunely, Andrea married her on 26 December 1512. She has come down to us in many a picture of her lover-husband, who constantly painted her as a Madonna and otherwise; even in painting other women he made them resemble Lucrezia. She was less gently handled by Giorgio Vasari, a pupil of Andrea, who describes her as faithless, jealous, and vixenish with the apprentices; her offstage character permeates Robert Browning's poem-monologue "Andrea del Sarto called the 'faultless painter'" (1855) . He dwelt in Florence throughout the memorable siege of 1529, which was soon followed by an infectious pestilence. He caught the malady, struggled against it with little or no tending from his wife, who held aloof, and he died, no one knowing much about it at the moment, on 22 January 1531, at the comparatively early age of forty-three. He was buried unceremoniously in the church of the Servites. His wife survived her husband by forty years. A number of paintings are considered to be self-portraits. One is in the National Gallery, London, an admirable half-figure, purchased in 1862. Another is at Alnwick Castle, a young man about twenty years, with his elbow on a table. Another youthful portrait is in the Uffizi Gallery, and the Pitti Palace contains more than one. 1559-1661 Italian Andrea Sacchi Gallery As a young man, Sacchi had worked under Cortona in Castel Fusano (1627-1629). But in a set of public debates later developed in the Roman Artist's Guild, Accademia di San Luca, he strongly criticized Cortona's exuberance. In particular, Sacchi advocated that since a unique, individual expression needs to be assigned to each figure in a composition, a painting should not consist of more than about ten figures. In a crowded composition, the figures would be deprived of individuality, and thus cloud the particular meaning of the piece. In some ways this is a reaction against the zealous excess of crowds in paintings by men such as Zuccari of the prior generation, and by Cortona among his contemporaries. Simplicity and unity were essential to Sacchi. Cortona argued that large paintings were more like an epic, that could avail themselves of multiple subplots. The encrustation of a painting with excess decorative details, including melees of crowds, would represent "wall-paper" art rather than focused narrative. Among the partisan's of Sacchi's argument for simplicity and focus were his friends, the sculptor Algardi and painter Poussin. The controversy was however less pitched than some suggest, and also involved the dissatisfaction that Sacchi and Albani, among others, shared regarding the artistic depiction of low or genre subjects and themes, such as preferred by the Bamboccianti and even the Caravaggisti. They felt that high art should focus on exalted themes- biblical, mythologic, or from classic history. Sacchi, who worked almost always in Rome, left few pictures visible in private galleries. He had a flourishing school: Poussin and Carlo Maratta were younger collaborators or pupils. In Maratta's large studio, Sacchi's preference for grand manner style would find pre-eminence among Roman circles for decades to follow. But many others worked under him or his influence including Luigi Garzi, Francesco Lauri, Andrea Camassei and Giacinto Gimignani. Sacchi's own illegitimate son Giuseppe, died young after giving very high hopes. Sacchi died at Nettuno in 1661. Italian C1703-1771 Italian painter. George Vertue, the only source for Soldi's earliest years, described him in 1738 as a Florentine aged 'about thirty-five or rather more' who had been in England 'about two years'. He had previously been in the Middle East, where he painted some British merchants of the Levant Company who had advised him to go to London. Two three-quarter-length portraits called Thomas Sheppard (1733 and 1735-6; ex-art market, London, 1917 and 1924, see Ingamells, 1974) belong to this period. In London Soldi enjoyed considerable success in the period between 1738 and 1744; Vertue reported that he began 'above thirty portraits' between April and August 1738. He was extensively patronized by the 2nd and 3rd Dukes of Manchester (eight portraits, sold Kimbolton Castle, Cambs, 18 July 1949), the 3rd Duke of Beaufort (four portraits at Badminton House, Glos) and the 4th Viscount Fauconberg (eight portraits at Newburgh Priory, N. Yorks). The seated three-quarter-length of Isabella, Duchess of Manchester, as Diana (1738; London, Colnaghi's, 1986) and the informal full-length of Lord Fauconberg (c. 1739; Newburgh Priory, N. Yorks) exemplify his lively handling, strong colour and theatrical, Italianate imagination. In a less extravagant vein, the Duncombe Family (1741; priv. col., see Ingamells, 1974), a conversation piece of some charm, and the Self-portrait (1743; York, C.A.G.) suggest a versatile talent. Soldi's bravura contrasted with contemporary English portrait practice, then wavering between the sober manner of Kneller and a playful Rococo, and his attraction for Italianate Englishmen was obvious. He was rivalled only by Jean-Baptiste van Loo, who was in London between 1737 and 1742; both artists painted the dealer Owen McSwiny and the poet Colley Cibber about 1738. He far outclassed his Italian rivals, the Cavaliere Rusca (1696-1769), who worked in London from 1738 to 1739, and Andrea Casali, who was in London from 1741 to 1766. (February 16, 1787, The Hague - April 19, 1870, The Hague) was a Dutch painter, etcher and lithographer, known for his landscape paintings. He belongs to the Romantic movement. His Dutch winter scenes and frozen canals with skaters were already famous during his lifetime. He became one of the most influential Dutch landscape artists of his century. He started as a house painter in the framing business of his father. He already started painting pictures in his spare time. After a well-received first exhibition in The Hague, his father sent him to receive proper training to Joannes Breckenheimer (1772-1856), a stage designer, in The Hague. He learned not only the technical aspects of painting, but also made detailed studies of the 17th-century Dutch landscape artists Meindert Hobbema en Jacob van Ruisdael. In 1815 he started his own workshop. Through his technical excellence and sense of composition and his use of naturalistic colours, he soon became famous also outside The Hague. In 1819 he was awarded the Gold Medal at the exhibition in Antwerp. In 1818 he became a member of the Royal Academy for Visual Arts of Amsterdam. He reputation continued to grow and in1822 he was given the rank of Fourth Class Correspondent of the Royal Dutch Institute. From then on, one exhibition followed after another. Initially he painted mainly summer scenes, beach scenes, and animal paintings. But as his initial winter scenes even had more success, he began to include them in his exhibitions. He was mainly a studio artist, relying on his sketches done en plein air. His sketchbook Liber Veritatis (Book of Truth) shows that he made about twenty paintings a year, among them a few foreign views. This indicated that he travelled abroad around 1825. In later years he visited France in 1833, England in 1835 (especially to study the works of Constable) and Germany. He provided training to several painters who would become famous in their own right : Johan Hendrik Weissenbruch, Johan Jongkind (one of the forerunners of the Impressionists), Charles Leickert, Jan Willem van Borselen, Nicholas Roosenboom, Willem Troost, the American Hudson River School Painter Louis Remy Mignot and his son-in-law Wijnand Nuyen. At the end of his career he put together a series of eighty landscape drawings, mainly recordings of previous paintings and watercolours. They were drawn in chalk and lightly coloured. His death marked the end of the Romantic period in Holland. He is considered a precursor of the Hague School Italian Mannerist Painter, 1532-1625 The best known of the sisters, she was trained, with Elena, by Campi and Gatti. Most of Vasari's account of his visit to the Anguissola family is devoted to Sofonisba, about whom he wrote: 'Anguissola has shown greater application and better grace than any other woman of our age in her endeavours at drawing; she has thus succeeded not only in drawing, colouring and painting from nature, and copying excellently from others, but by herself has created rare and very beautiful paintings'. Sofonisba's privileged background was unusual among woman artists of the 16th century, most of whom, like Lavinia Fontana (see FONTANA (ii),(2)), FEDE GALIZIA and Barbara Longhi (see LONGHI (i), (3)), were daughters of painters. Her social class did not, however, enable her to transcend the constraints of her sex. Without the possibility of studying anatomy, or drawing from life, she could not undertake the complex multi-figure compositions required for large-scale religious or history paintings. She turned instead to the models accessible to her, exploring a new type of portraiture with sitters in informal domestic settings. The influence of Campi, whose reputation was based on portraiture, is evident in her early works, such as the Self-portrait (Florence, Uffizi). Her work was allied to the worldly tradition of Cremona, much influenced by the art of Parma and Mantua, in which even religious works were imbued with extreme delicacy and charm. From Gatti she seems to have absorbed elements reminiscent of Correggio, beginning a trend that became marked in Cremonese painting of the late 16th century. This new direction is reflected in Lucia, Minerva and Europa Anguissola Playing Chess (1555; Poznan, N. Mus.) in which portraiture merges into a quasi-genre scene, a characteristic derived from Brescian models. The best known of the sisters, she was trained, with Elena, by Campi and Gatti. Most of Vasari's account of his visit to the Anguissola family is devoted to Sofonisba, about whom he wrote: 'Anguissola has shown greater application and better grace than any other woman of our age in her endeavours at drawing; she has thus succeeded not only in drawing, colouring and painting from nature, and copying excellently from others, but by herself has created rare and very beautiful paintings'. Sofonisba's privileged background was unusual among woman artists of the 16th century, most of whom, like Lavinia Fontana (see FONTANA (ii),(2)), FEDE GALIZIA and Barbara Longhi (see LONGHI (i), (3)), were daughters of painters. Her social class did not, however, enable her to transcend the constraints of her sex. Without the possibility of studying anatomy, or drawing from life, she could not undertake the complex multi-figure compositions required for large-scale religious or history paintings. She turned instead to the models accessible to her, exploring a new type of portraiture with sitters in informal domestic settings. The influence of Campi, whose reputation was based on portraiture, is evident in her early works, such as the Self-portrait (Florence, Uffizi). Her work was allied to the worldly tradition of Cremona, much influenced by the art of Parma and Mantua, in which even religious works were imbued with extreme delicacy and charm. From Gatti she seems to have absorbed elements reminiscent of Correggio, beginning a trend that became marked in Cremonese painting of the late 16th century. This new direction is reflected in Lucia, Minerva and Europa Anguissola Playing Chess (1555; Poznan, N. Mus.) in which portraiture merges into a quasi-genre scene, a characteristic derived from Brescian models. (1655 - 13 August 1726) was a Flemish painter. He was born in Antwerp and became a pupil of Erasmus Quellinus II and his son Jan-Erasmus Quellinus. He travelled to Rome and like his teachers had done before him, joined the Bentvueghels with the nickname "Parrhasius" in 1674. In Rome he lived with Charles de Vogelaer in the via Margutta and later he lived from 1688-89 in the Corso, near the via di Ripetta. In 1695 he became court painter in Vienna, where he later died. During the course of his lengthy career he also worked in Antwerp, Riems, Lyon, Amsterdam, the Hague, Brno, Dusseldorf, Copenhagen, and Berlin.He is known for portraits and historical allegories, and was the teacher of Georg Gsell. (Porto, 11 November 1850 - Porto, 11 June 1893) was a Portuguese naturalist painter. Born in Porto, he studied there under João Antenio Correia and T. Furtado, then continued his studies in Paris and Rome. While in Paris he exhibited his work in the Salon and in the World´s Fair of 1878. In Paris, he studied with his friend João Marques de Oliveira, where they were pupils of Adolphe Yvon and Alexandre Cabanel. They became followers of the naturalist Barbizon School, and brought the new school of painting to Portugal, when they returned in 1879. Silva Porto become one of the most acclaimed naturalist painters of his generation, showing the heritage of Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot and Charles-François Daubigny. Secondary effects from impressionism can sometimes be found in his paintings.
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Christian Theology
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Judith Wolfe
This article introduces Christian theology in its substantial, structural, biblical, historical, and contextual dimensions. Section 1 lays out the substance of theology: after an introductory discussion of the term ‘theology’ and its developing meaning within Christianity, the section introduces theology’s central subjects, outlining their basic claims, their key questions, and the main challenges they face. Section 2 lays out the structure within which this substance takes shape: the principles on whose basis theology treats its subjects, the extent of its capacities to do so, and the settings in which it functions. This section also outlines the organization of theology as an academic discipline. Section 3 discusses the sources of theological content, practice, and imagination in the Bible: the Old Testament, the New Testament, and the Bible as a unified canon. This section also briefly discusses the relationship between theology and modern biblical studies. Section 4 offers a brief overview of the history of theology, enumerating the challenges and achievements, as well as the institutions, forms, and people that enabled them, of the five large periods of Christian history in the West: the Patristic era, the Middle Ages, Reformation and post-Reformation, the Enlightenment, and late modernity. This section also outlines Eastern Orthodox periodizations after the Great Schism of East and West, and the volatile history of Jewish Christianity. Section 5 presents theology as a practice shaped by traditions: denominational traditions, spiritual traditions, and contextual traditions. Section 6 concludes the article with a brief consideration of theology as science and as art, also discussing its critical and constructive relationships to the natural, applied, and social sciences and to the visual, literary, and musical arts.
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ChristianityChristian theologyChristian doctrineChristian denominationsChurch historyTheological methods and approaches
Table of contents
1 The substance of theology
1.1 Terminology and scope
1.2 Doctrine of God
1.3 Creation
1.4 Theological anthropology
1.5 Christology
1.6 Soteriology
1.7 Pneumatology
1.8 Ecclesiology
1.9 Eschatology
2 The structure of theology
2.1 The principles of theology
2.1.1 Revelation
2.1.2 Reason
2.1.3 Tradition
2.1.4 Experience
2.2 The capacities of theology
2.2.1 Language
2.2.2 Method
2.2.3 Style
2.3 The settings and tasks of theology
2.3.1 The community of worship
2.3.2 The life of faith
2.3.3 The academy
2.3.4 The public sphere
2.4 The structure of theology as an academic discipline
2.4.1 Biblical studies
2.4.2 Historical theology
2.4.3 Systematic theology
2.4.4 Practical theology
2.4.5 Religious studies
2.4.6 Contextual and interdisciplinary theological studies
3 Biblical sources
3.1 Theology in the Old Testament
3.1.1 History as theology
3.1.2 Law and wisdom as theology
3.1.3 Narrative as theology
3.1.4 Prayer as theology
3.1.5 Prophecy and vision as theology
3.1.6 Names of God as theology
3.2 Theology in the New Testament
3.2.1 History as theology
3.2.2 Ethical teaching as theology
3.2.3 Narrative as theology
3.2.4 Prayer as theology
3.2.5 Prophecy and vision as theology
3.2.6 Names of God as theology
3.3 Theology in the canon
3.3.1 Figuration and typology as theology
3.3.2 Canon as theology
3.4 Biblical scholarship and theology
4 History of theology
4.1 Patristic theology (first to seventh centuries)
4.1.1 Challenges and achievements
4.1.2 Institutions and forms
4.1.3 Theologians
4.2 Theology in the medieval church (eighth to fifteenth centuries)
4.2.1 Challenges and achievements
4.2.2 Institutions and forms
4.2.3 Theologians
4.3 Theology during and following the Reformation (sixteenth to mid-seventeenth centuries)
4.3.1 Challenges and achievements
4.3.2 Institutions and forms
4.3.3 Theologians
4.4 Theology in the Enlightenment (mid-seventeenth to eighteenth centuries)
4.4.1 Challenges and achievements
4.4.2 Institutions and forms
4.4.3 Theologians
4.5 Theology in the late modern era (nineteenth to twenty-first centuries)
4.5.1 Challenges and achievements
4.5.2 Institutions and forms
4.5.3 Theologians
4.6 The Eastern churches
4.7 Jewish Christianity
5 Traditions
5.1 Denominational traditions
5.1.1 Eastern Orthodox Church
5.1.2 Roman Catholic Church
5.1.3 Lutheran churches
5.1.4 Reformed churches
5.1.5 Anglican churches
5.1.6 Free churches
5.2 Spiritual traditions
5.2.1 Liturgical traditions
5.2.2 Holiness traditions
5.2.3 Evangelical traditions
5.2.4 Mystical and charismatic traditions
5.3 Contextual traditions
6 Theology between science and art
6.1 Theology as science
6.2 Theology and the sciences
6.3 Theology and the arts
How to cite this article
Citation style
Select a citation style
Wolfe, Judith. 2022. 'Christian Theology', St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology. Edited by Brendan N. Wolfe et al. https://www.saet.ac.uk/Christianity/ChristianTheologyWolfe, Judith. "Christian Theology." In St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology, edited by Brendan N. Wolfe et al. University of St Andrews, 2022–. Article published August 10, 2022. https://www.saet.ac.uk/Christianity/ChristianTheology.Wolfe, J. (2022) Christian Theology. In: B. N. Wolfe et al., eds. St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology. University of St Andrews. Available at: https://www.saet.ac.uk/Christianity/ChristianTheology [Accessed ].Judith Wolfe , 'Christian Theology', in St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology, ed. by Brendan N. Wolfe et al. (University of St Andrews, 2022) <https://www.saet.ac.uk/Christianity/ChristianTheology>
1 The substance of theology
1.1 Terminology and scope
The Christian use of the term ‘theology’ (from Greek theologia, speech or thought concerning God) has its roots in the tension between the mythic, philosophical, and cultic meanings of the term in Graeco-Roman antiquity: theology as mythic stories about the gods (theologia fabulosa), theology as reasoning about the nature of the divine (theologia naturalis), and theology as proficiency in civic religion (theologia civilis) (Varro, Antiquities of Human and Divine Things; cited in Augustine, City of God 6.5). In their classical context, these three senses were at odds with one another: Plato addressed the difficulty of reconciling the stories of gods told by the poets with rational criteria for defining divinity, including immutability and goodness (Republic 2.379). Similarly, Varro discussed the contrast between this kind of divinity and the gods of whom images might be made in civic religion (Antiquities of Human and Divine Things 2.1, cited in Augustine, City of God 4.27 and 4.31). When they confessed Jesus as the incarnate Logos and therefore as the true face of divinity, some early Christian authors consciously adopted the verb theologein in the specific sense of ‘to speak of someone as God’; that is, ‘to attribute deity to Christ’ (e.g. Origen, Commentary on the Gospel of John 2.1). Theologia as the true doctrine of God understood through his Word made flesh came to be seen as reconciling the seemingly irreconcilable aspects of pagan theology – myth, reason, and cult – in new and previously unimagined ways (Eusebius, The History of the Church 2.1.1).
In uniting the seemingly conflicting domains of myth, reason, and cult, the adoption of the term ‘theology’ by the early church signals the fact that Christian thought about God moves within enduring fields of tension: within the spaces created by truths that stand in tension with each other, but must nevertheless be held together in order to remain true to the breadth of divine revelation and human experience. These tensions include not only the basic Christian confessions of one God in three persons and one Saviour with two ‘natures’ (divine and human), but also other tensions, including the following: a belief in God as both utterly transcendent and intimately present; the need, but also acknowledged inability, to express divine truth in human language; the confession that universal truth has been revealed in unique historical events; a trust in ancient texts alongside an expectation of the creative agency of the Holy Spirit; an aspiration to universal community within a commitment to clearly delineated statements of faith; a detailed diagnosis of evils within a basic trust in the goodness of the world; an engagement with death as both natural and unnatural; a reliance on critical reason, tempered by a commitment to faith, hope, and love; and an orientation towards the realization and maintenance of social goods delimited by an expectation that their fulfilment awaits the return of Christ and the eternal reign of God.
The character of particular theological periods or movements is often shaped by the ways in which they endeavour to hold or resolve these tensions, including their relative failures to consider both poles or to resist premature resolutions. In the present, one dominant concern is the tension between a trust in divine revelation and ecclesial tradition on the one hand, and, on the other, awareness of the deep potential of claims to revelation and of traditional hierarchies and forces to be oppressive, manipulative, and marginalizing. This tension is being tested in a wide range of ways in feminist, liberation, Black, queer, and other emerging theologies that resist systematization and impel non-traditional forms of expression and action. Questions of power, justice, inclusion, freedom, and newness are also tested in different ways by spiritual movements, including charismatic and new monastic movements. To these and other communities, it is patent that the breadth of divine revelation and human experience can only be sustained in their promise and challenge through spiritual discipline. To many, therefore, theology is above all a way of life or a practice of prayer and devotion.
In more general modern usage, Christian theology is the systematic and critical representation, explication, examination, and elaboration of the content and form of Christian faith. It seeks to represent Christianity’s statements of belief coherently, to explicate them by reference to their foundations and contexts, to examine their significance and resilience, and to elaborate them in relation to new questions and discoveries. The substance of theology is usually divided into two groups: God, and God’s relation to the world. Within the first, theology asks questions about the character of God as triune (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), and as described by traditional perfections such as eternity, simplicity, omnipotence, omniscience, omnipresence, and omnibenevolence (1.2). Within the second, its subjects include the creation of the world (1.3), the nature of human beings (1.4), the incarnation of the Son (1.5), the achievement of salvation (1.6), the activity of the Holy Spirit (1.7), the constitution of the church (1.8), and the ‘last things’ or end of the created order (1.9).
1.2 Doctrine of God
The doctrine of God describes God as he is understood through revelation and reason.
Key claims are that God is the creator, redeemer, and perfecter of the world, and that he has revealed himself as triune, that is, as three persons in one essence. The doctrine of God therefore reasons about the perfections that belong necessarily to a God who creates and guides the world, often thought to include necessary existence, eternity, simplicity, omnipotence, omniscience, omnipresence, and omnibenevolence. More distinctively, it explicates the doctrine of the Trinity, reasoning about the relationship of the three divine persons – God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit – to one another and to the divine essence, as witnessed to in the Bible and defined in the early creeds.
Key questions for theologians concern adequate accounts of God’s nature and persons; of God as he is in himself (the immanent Trinity) and as he is ‘for us’ (the economic Trinity); the ascription of ‘God’ to the Father and to the triune Godhead; and the most appropriate sources and forms of discourse about God.
Key challenges include the relationship between God as portrayed in the Bible (especially the Old Testament) and God as conceptually describable; the apparent hiddenness of God; and the perceived tensions between the Christian doctrine of God as triune and ordinary logic.
1.3 Creation
The study of creation concerns the act and purposes of creation, and the created world as a whole.
A key claim is that the world is created from nothing by the triune God. In creation, God communicates his goodness and love, and establishes material and spiritual order to his glory and to the delight of his creatures.
Key theological questions about creation concern its ends or purposes (teleology), the relationship between material and non-material aspects of creation, as well as between time and eternity; and the forms its relations with its creator take.
Key challenges include the presence of evil in a good creation, and the relationship between theology and scientific representations of the world. (See Creation.)
1.4 Theological anthropology
Theological anthropology is the theological study of human beings (Greek: anthropoi).
Key claims are that humans are created in God’s image (Gen 1:27) and called to communion with him, but that their correspondence to this image and their response to this calling are marred by sin.
Key theological questions concern the forms of human relationship with God; the relationship of their freedom to their calling; their historical condition as sinful; their rights and duties; and the relationship between their material and their non-material reality.
Key challenges include how, if at all, to define human ‘nature’; how to understand human life in relation to illness, decay, and death; how to understand human evil and its consequences (either natural or divinely imposed); and how to interpret the relationship between humanity and non-human creatures.
1.5 Christology
Christology is the study of Jesus Christ (Greek: Christos, meaning ‘anointed’ or ‘Messiah’).
Key claims are that God the Son is the second person of the triune God, begotten of the Father before all worlds, and one with him in essence; and that Jesus Christ, conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary, is God the Son, born in human flesh to restore humans’ broken relationship to God, and to be raised to new life with him.
Key theological questions concern adequate descriptions of the relationship between Jesus’ humanity and divinity; his humanity and ours; as well as between Jesus Christ, God the Father, and God the Holy Spirit.
Key challenges include the relationship between divine providence, humanity’s fall, and Christ’s incarnation; the possibility and relevance of reconstructing the historical Jesus; the significance of his ministry and teachings; and the apparent tensions between the Christian doctrine of a God-man and ordinary reasoning.
1.6 Soteriology
Soteriology is the study of salvation (Greek: soteria).
Key claims are that humans, created in and for free communion with God, broke this communion by disdaining the divine law, and entangled themselves in evil from which they cannot now free themselves; and that God the Son became a human being to restore and raise humans into new communion with God by dying on their behalf on a cross, and rising from the dead.
Key theological questions concern adequate description of the problem and its solution; the contexts within which salvation is to be understood; the means by which it is achieved and appropriated; its scope (within and beyond humanity); and its ultimate outcome.
Key challenges include the question whether all humans or only some are saved; how Jesus’ defeat of death in the resurrection is to be understood in the face of continuing experiences of death’s triumph; and how a series of events in history can have universal efficacy.
1.7 Pneumatology
Pneumatology is the study of the Holy Spirit (Greek: to Hagion Pneuma).
A key claim is that the Holy Spirit of whom the Bible speaks is the third person of the triune God, proceeding eternally from the Father (through the Son), active in creation and incarnation, and sent into the world to guide and sanctify his people.
Key theological questions concern the relationship of the Spirit to the Father and the Son, especially the question whether he proceeds from the Father only (as the Eastern churches affirm) or also from the Son (as the Western churches claim); and his sphere of action in the world, including the question of the continued presence of the ‘gifts of the Spirit’ which were characteristic of the New Testament church.
Key challenges include the difficulty of discerning the work of the Holy Spirit amid the subjective experience and interpretation of an individual or community; and the tendency to identify the Holy Spirit with the prevailing ‘spirit of the age’.
1.8 Ecclesiology
Ecclesiology is the study of the church (Greek: ekklesia).
A key claim is that after Jesus’ ascension into heaven, a church was established and quickened by the Holy Spirit. The church is the body of Christ in the world, sustaining his followers and extending his good news of salvation to the world.
Key theological questions concern the claims and tasks of the church both internally and externally; the right understanding and practice of the sacraments or ordinances, especially baptism and the Eucharist; the church’s governance, organization and boundaries; and its relationship to wider society.
Key challenges include the relationship of the church to the Jewish people, both of whom may be called the ‘people of God’; the relationship between the empirical reality of the historical church and the spiritual reality of the church affirmed by faith; the tension between the credal affirmation of the church as ‘one, holy, catholic, and apostolic’ and the reality of church division; the tension between church membership constituted by ‘tribal’ descent and by personal belief; and the far-reaching differences between denominational accounts of the key questions of ecclesiology.
1.9 Eschatology
Eschatology is the study of the last things (Greek: eschata) – that is, the consummation of God’s purposes for individual lives and for creation at large. Traditionally, this study centres on the four eschata or ‘last things’: death, judgment, heaven, and hell.
Key claims are that God created and redeemed the world so that at least some of his creatures might live joyfully with him forever; that the resurrection of Jesus announces the resurrection of all flesh; and that life and history therefore do not simply dissipate, but await judgement and fulfilment at Christ’s return in glory.
Key theological questions concern appropriate interpretation of the eschatological imagery of the Bible; adequate understandings of eternal life or beatitude (as resurrected bodies, a peaceable kingdom, and/or the beatific vision); the nature and duration of punishment for evil; intermediary states of the dead awaiting judgement; the historical claims involved in the credal affirmations of the church that ‘Christ will come again to judge the living and the dead’; and the nature and place of death.
Key challenges include the tension of eschatological claims with biological and cosmological laws of decay and entropy; repeatedly falsified predictions of an imminent return of Christ; the tension of biblical images of hell with the perceived injustice of eternal punishment for finite wrongdoing; and the epistemological and logical opaqueness of much eschatological material.
2 The structure of theology
How communities and theologians approach these doctrinal subjects depends on their orientation within theology as an intellectual and practical structure. This section describes theology from this structural perspective. Abstracting from concrete theological traditions, it describes the dimensions which structure any theological work, and examines the variety of ways in which these dimensions can be realized and interrelated. There are three main such dimensions:
The principles of theology (2.1), that is, the sources and norms of theological inquiries. The four most widely recognized principles are revelation (2.1.1), reason (2.1.2), tradition (2.1.3), and experience (2.1.4). The relation of these principles to each other is itself an important theological question.
The capacities of theology (2.2), that is, the aims that theology is capable of achieving through its choice of language (2.2.1), method (2.2.2), and style (2.2.3).
The settings and tasks of theology (2.3), that is, the contexts within which it is practised to certain ends. These settings with their respective tasks include the community of worship (2.3.1), the life of faith (2.3.2), the academy (2.3.3), and the public sphere (2.3.4).
The section also describes the specific organization of theology as an academic discipline (2.4).
2.1 The principles of theology
Theology, especially in the Western traditions, treats its subject matter on the basis of four main principles: revelation, reason, tradition, and experience. ‘Principles’, in this sense, function in one or both of two ways: as sources or as norms of theology. Principles function as sources when they provide the substance which theologians interpret, order, and build on. They function as norms when they provide criteria for the interpretation, organization, and elaboration of theology’s substance, and for evaluating its claims.
Most theological traditions recognize all four principles, but differ in their understanding and weighting of each, and in their uses of each as source and/or norm. These differences often account for contrasts not only in the claims of different theological traditions, but also in their ways of arguing for these claims, developing them in changing circumstances, and evaluating new data. Critical problems and challenges in theology often arise from perceived conflicts between two principles, such as revelation and tradition (as paradigmatically in the Reformation), tradition and reason (as paradigmatically in the Enlightenment), or revelation and experience (as paradigmatically in modernity). Attempted solutions sometimes involve the repurposing of one principle from a source to a norm.
Subsections 2.1.1 to 2.1.4 define each of the principles, give examples of their use as source and as norm, and outline central challenges relating to their definition and use.
2.1.1 Revelation
Revelation, in its most basic sense, is the self-revelation of God to his people. In other words, it is (within Christian theology) not primarily the disclosure of facts or propositions, but personal self-communication. The origin and the principal content of revelation are thus both God as self-revelatory, as a God who opens himself to relationship with his people. As an offer of relationship, such revelation can only be received in an attitude of faith: a trusting, receptive disposition on the part of the addressee. Thus, faith is the human counterpart of revelation. God’s self-revelation is mediated primarily through his history with his people Israel and, above all, the incarnation, as witnessed by the Bible and received by faith.
Revelation functions as a source when the self-revelation of God in Christ and in the Bible furnishes the substance of belief. Central examples are the character of God as the giver of life, laws, ordinances, and promises through covenants with all humankind, and especially with Israel; and the identity of Jesus as Messiah of Israel and Son of God, whose death and resurrection overcome human faithlessness and renew creation’s life with God.
By contrast, revelation functions as a norm when criteria for formulating and assessing theological claims are derived from the person, works, and words of Christ, or from the Bible more generally. The Reformation principle sola scriptura (‘by scripture alone’) emphasizes the role of the Bible not only as source but also as sole final norm in arbitrating theological claims.
Central challenges concerning revelation as a principle of theology include: what role do human and textual mediators of revelation play? By whom, and by what criteria, is revelation adequately interpreted? How are experiences of ‘private revelations’, professed by many Christian believers and groups, to be evaluated? How is revelation to be understood in relation to other ways in which humans acquire reliable beliefs?
2.1.2 Reason
Theologically, reason may be understood as the illumination of the human intellect by the light of Reason, that is, of God’s own ordering of creation. In the opening of John’s gospel, ‘en arche en ho logos […] kai ho logos sarx egeneto’, traditionally translated ‘In the beginning was the Word…and the Word was made flesh (see John 1:1–14), may also be translated ‘in the beginning was Reason […] and Reason was made flesh’.
However, in common modern usage, reason is usually understood not in this metaphysical but in a procedural sense, as the capacity to understand the qualities, causes, and interrelations of objects or classes of objects, both physical and abstract, through disciplined processes of observation, description, and forming connections. Such reasoning processes always begin from assumptions and data that are accepted as axiomatic, even if separate reasoning processes may investigate these assumptions and data, relying on others in turn accepted as axiomatic. In this sense, reason understood procedurally is always grounded in principles not directly accessible to it. Since the nineteenth century, when these grounding principles were no longer universally assumed to be divine, questions about the grounds of reason have become sources of profound cultural anxiety, and there have been growing concerns that reason may always rely on biases themselves rooted in desire for advantage.
Reason functions as a source of theology when reasoning processes provide the material of theological claims. Strictly speaking, this is the case only very rarely, most notably in the ontological argument for the existence of God, which seeks to rely solely on logic. More broadly, reason is sometimes adduced as a source for ‘natural theology’, understood as a theology that suspends trust in revelation and draws its substance entirely from human reason. However, insofar as reason is a capacity to connect or orient oneself within what is antecedently given in experience, conversation, or imagination, such a use of reason as source in practice always relies on prior sources. In its fullest theological sense of the human intellect’s participation in the order of creation, reason functions as a more comprehensive ‘source’ of theology; but see 6.1 (‘Theology as science’).
Reason functions as a norm when it is employed in the rational evaluation, organization, and elaboration of material given in revelation, tradition, and experience. In this capacity, reason is intrinsic to theology as to all human thought, though it is open to important challenges.
Central challenges concerning reason as a principle of theology include: how is reason conditioned? What are its grounds and proper limits? What is the relationship between ‘ho Logos’ and human exercises of reason?
2.1.3 Tradition
Tradition describes the process of handing on from one generation to the next, and comprises the deposit of norms, texts, practices, and sensibilities that is passed on within a church or other group over significant lengths of time.
Tradition functions as a source when rules, stories, and practices that have arisen and been handed down within a group form part of the substance of theological work. The form of the biblical canon and the credal affirmations of the ecumenical councils function as sources for most Christian traditions; papal pronouncements, conciliar documents, and confessions (such as those of Augsburg or Westminster) function as identity-defining sources for particular denominations.
By contrast, tradition functions as a norm when theological sources are interpreted, assessed, and elaborated according to the precedents, priorities, and practices of a particular tradition.
Central challenges concerning the principle of tradition include: who determines tradition? How does one distinguish between the development of tradition and aberration from it? How does one distinguish its core from its ephemera? Is its authority limited to a group, or claimed as universal?
2.1.4 Experience
Experience is the phenomenon of being consciously the subject of a condition or action, or of being consciously affected by an event, including that of divine self-revelation. More widely, experience describes one’s affective and lived engagement with the world, other people, oneself, and God.
Experience functions as a source of theology when such engagement and affect, including affective and transformative experiences of divine reality, form part of the substance of theological work. Augustine’s ‘restless heart’ (Confessions 1.1), Schleiermacher’s ‘feeling of absolute dependence’ (Schleiermacher 1996: ch. 2), and John Wesley’s experience of a ‘heart strangely warmed’, shared by so many people of faith, can be sources in this sense (see The Journal of John Wesley). Experiences of prophecy and miracles, especially in charismatic movements, form more contentious sources of theological assertion. Beyond religious experience, the ordinary experiences of socially defined groups are key sources for contextual theologies in twentieth- and twenty-first-century theology.
By contrast, experience functions as a norm when theological sources and claims are assessed against experiential criteria, for example in questions such as: is a rule or description consistent with experience? Does it lead to suffering or exclusion? The elevation of non-religious experience as a norm for theology is a distinctive and contentious aspect of twentieth- and twenty-first-century theology.
Central challenges concerning the principle of experience include: how does one evaluate experience? In particular, how does one adequately take into account both that experience is compelling in its immediacy and that it is nevertheless contingent and malleable? How does one balance its position between subjectivity and universality?
2.2 The capacities of theology
How theologians treat particular subjects depends not only on the principles in which their understanding is rooted and by which it is conditioned, but also on their basic intuitions about the capacities of theology to approach, articulate, and shape Christian belief. The question what theology (as opposed to other articulations of faith, for example in prayer) is capable of achieving is vital for a critical practice of theology, and all theological work explicitly or implicitly reflects intuitions about its own capacities.
2.2.1 Language
A central question about theology’s capacities concerns its use of language, particularly in speaking about God. Since God is not an ordinary object of human understanding, but trusted as the ground and horizon of all being, knowledge, and speech, the questions whether and how ordinary language is capable of referring to God determine not only the content but also the form of any theological work.
There are two basic ways in which theology may be capable of speaking of God: kataphasis (affirmation) and apophasis (negation). Cataphatic language comprises what may be said affirmatively or positively about God; apophatic language comprises what may only be said by negation, which may include negating a final opposition between affirmation and negation (see Dionysius the Areopagite, The Mystical Theology 1.2). Some thinkers and traditions practice theology as effectively cataphatic; others regard it as necessarily apophatic to a larger or smaller degree.
The distinction between cataphatic and apophatic language is related to that between univocal and analogical language as means of speaking about God. To speak univocally about God and creation is to use words in just the same sense when applying them to God as when applying them to created things: to say that ‘God loves’ means just what it means to say ‘humans love’ unless differences are specified adjectivally. To speak analogically is to expect that words, when applied to God, will not mean exactly what they mean when applied to created things: saying that ‘God loves’ is intended as both similar and infinitely different to saying that ‘humans love’, though the exact differences will require elaboration. Some thinkers and traditions regard univocity as the basis of a reliable and meaningful theology; others regard theological language as necessarily analogical.
2.2.2 Method
Another central question about theology’s capacities concerns the methods by which the substance of faith is best approached. These in turn depend on how that faith itself is understood.
Metaphysical methods approach the Christian faith as disclosing a metaphysical structure which theology is capable of explaining. They usually yield works of systematic theology, philosophical theology, or fundamental theology.
Hermeneutic methods approach the Christian faith as communicating divine and human intentions which theology is capable of interpreting and responding to. They usually yield works of biblical theology, as well as other works of interpretation (including some forms of historical interpretation).
Historical methods approach the Christian faith as constituting a history that theology is capable of expounding. They usually yield works of historical theology or intellectual history.
Critical methods approach the Christian faith as involving assumptions, biases, or errors that theology is capable of identifying and resolving. They usually yield works of critical or contextual theology.
Pragmatic methods approach the Christian faith as presenting practical questions and challenges that theology is capable of addressing. They usually yield works of pastoral, practical, or ‘occasional’ theology.
2.2.3 Style
The question of theological method is closely related to that of theological style, which reflects the primary aims that a theological work sets itself in relation to the substance of Christian belief. Many works of theology combine several styles, though they often deploy one more successfully than the other.
Dogmatic styles seek to formulate how best to understand the subjects of Christian belief (see section 1) on the basis of theology’s principles (see 2.1) and capacities (see 2.2), often in accordance with particular traditions (see section 5).
Didactic styles seek to explain and pass on received beliefs, usually within particular settings such as churches or educational institutions (see 2.3), and often in the context of particular traditions (see section 5).
Apologetic styles seek to show the vitality and truth of Christian beliefs to those who do not share them, and to defend these beliefs against erosion and encroachment, often by appealing to or establishing shared principles (see 2.1).
Critical styles examine specific theological beliefs (see section 1), principles (see 2.1), or capacities (see 2.2), testing them against intellectual and practical challenges from within or outside theology.
Constructive styles seek to develop the substance of belief creatively to address new questions and challenges, often arising from within particular contexts (see especially 2.3, 5.3) or interdisciplinary confrontations (see section 6).
2.3 The settings and tasks of theology
Theology is deeply shaped by the settings in which it is practised, and the tasks that it fulfils in those settings. The four main settings of theological work are the community of worship (2.3.1), the individual life (2.3.2), the academy (2.3.3), and the public sphere (2.3.4). The following subsections introduce theology in these settings, describing the aims to which it contributes there and the qualifications required to pursue it. Although different traditions prioritize the four settings and tasks differently, all four play some role in most traditions of theology (see also section 5).
2.3.1 The community of worship
Theology, as Karl Barth describes it, is ‘the rational self-examination of the Christian Church with respect to the content of its distinctive talk about God’ (Barth 2010: 3): it is communal reasoning about and in light of the faith received and handed on by the church. Theology in this sense is situated within a Christian community, and plays a vital role in its self-understanding, worship practices, teachings, wider activity, and organization. Theology’s tasks, in this setting, are to illuminate and deepen the church’s worship; to equip its mission; to inform its self-organization; to clarify its teachings and their meaning in changing contexts (for example through sermons, lectures, study groups, publications, and councils); and to guide and hold to account its internal and external practice. The qualification for leading these theological tasks is typically an ecclesial role, originally that of bishop, but also other ordained or lay church ministries (such as pastor, priest, or catechist), a consecrated life within the church (such as monks, nuns, or friars), and high church office other than bishop. These are supported by lay theologians and the entire church community. Significant theological differences mark different denominations and traditions; these are discussed in section 5 below.
2.3.2 The life of faith
Theology, as Anselm describes it, is ‘faith seeking understanding’ (Anselm of Canterbury 2008: 83): it is the attempt to gain a better understanding of one’s faith, and how it relates to the whole breadth of one’s experiences, convictions, and actions. Theology in this sense is situated within a life of faith and plays a vital role in its maturation. Its task is to achieve increasing aptness, clarity, and coherence of belief and practice, and thereby to support a deeply rooted, mature, generous, and reflective faith. There are no special qualifications for this task, insofar as it is not optional but always already being pursued to some extent. All people of faith have theological intuitions, which are informed by their formation and disposition, their devotional and church practices, reading and listening habits, and their engagements with people of the same, other, and no faiths. These intuitions sometimes remain unreflective and unintegrated: they do not always cohere with each other or with surrounding beliefs, experiences, and practices. But whether implicit or explicit, they influence how believers understand and interact with God, other people, the world, and their own lives. The task of seeking aptness, clarity, and coherence through prayer, personal reading, communal learning, and discussion, and in some cases academic study, is therefore a vital part of a life of faith.
2.3.3 The academy
Theology, as Thomas Aquinas defines it, is the study of ‘all things […] treated of under the aspect of God: either because they are God Himself or because they refer to God as their beginning and end’ (Summa Theologiae 1.1.7). Theology in this sense is a subject of study within the university, and plays a role in its mission to conserve, expand, integrate, and apply knowledge. Theology’s task, in this setting, is the rational examination of the content, principles, practices, and contexts of religious faith. The qualification for these theological tasks is an academic rather than ecclesial role, often with a specialization in one or more subdisciplines, such as biblical studies, historical theology, systematic theology, practical theology, or religious studies. There is a wide spectrum of approaches to the academic study of theology; these are discussed in 2.4 below.
2.3.4 The public sphere
Theology, as Jürgen Moltmann describes it, ‘has to be public theology […] for the kingdom of God’s sake’ (Moltmann 1999: 5). Theology of this kind is driven by a sense of public responsibility, as assumed by Paul in his speech on the Areopagus (Acts 17). Its main tasks are to share and apply the gospel, to articulate and defend religious responses to public questions, and to oppose public ills. There are no formal qualifications for these theological tasks, which may be undertaken by Christians in any profession, though especially by missionaries, teachers, writers, speakers, and other public figures. The widening separation of church and state, and the secularization of the public sphere since the eighteenth century, have increasingly problematized the public role of theology: the basis and scope of theological interventions in public discourse is a subject of debate both within and across religious boundaries. In many countries, public theology is censored either officially or tacitly, and incurs risk of professional, private, and sometimes legal detriment. Nevertheless, the gospel as the announcement of God’s kingdom is not reducible to the private sphere or the visible church, but addresses itself to all aspects of personal and communal life.
2.4 The structure of theology as an academic discipline
Theology as an academic discipline is organized into subjects, which developed in their modern forms in the nineteenth century and continue to evolve. These subjects represent distinctive approaches to theology and focal points within its key areas. They are shaped by canons of texts and arguments, and by evolving methodological protocols, apparatus, and debates.
The organization of subjects varies with their institutional contexts, depending especially on educational setting and denominational affiliation. The most common academic settings are seminaries, research universities, and liberal arts colleges. Most larger church bodies around the world operate seminaries for the education of their ministers. These tend to be small, and offer both intellectual formation and practical training in church ministry. Within the wider academy, many research universities were Christian foundations, and commonly retain theological faculties (as in Europe) or affiliated seminaries (as in the USA). Though denominationally shaped, these long-established faculties and seminaries generally accept students of many denominational affiliations for ministerial study, and students both with and without religious intent for academic study. Similarly, many liberal arts colleges in the USA are Christian foundations, and some continue to provide a religious education, both by including a theological curriculum and by teaching the liberal arts within a broadly religious context.
Theology as an academic discipline is often called Divinity, particularly at institutions or in academic degrees focused on ministerial training. Although originally a higher degree, pursued after a foundational education in the liberal arts, it is now often taught from undergraduate level onwards, especially as an academic (rather than ministerial) subject. Academically oriented degrees include the standard degrees of BA, MA, and PhD in Theology, and the (now often honorary) higher Doctor of Divinity (DD). Graduate degrees preparing for ministerial or professional work within the churches include the Bachelor of Divinity (BD, now mainly UK) or Master of Divinity (MDiv, mainly US), as well as the Doctor of Ministry (DMin, mainly US) as ministerial degrees; the Master of Theology (MTh or MTheol, sometimes also MTS or STM) and Doctor of Theology (DTh or ThD) as professional academic degrees; and Pontifical bachelors (STB), licenciates (STL and JCL) and doctorates (STD and JCD) as professional academic degrees within Roman Catholicism. (See also the histories of theological institutions in 4.1 to 4.5.)
Subsections 2.4.1 to 2.4.7 introduce the subject areas into which theology is divided within most Roman Catholic and Protestant seminaries and faculties of theology worldwide: biblical studies (2.4.1), historical theology (2.4.2), systematic or dogmatic theology (2.4.3), practical theology (2.4.4), religious studies (2.4.5), and varieties of contextual and interdisciplinary theological studies (2.4.6). Practical theology (2.4.4) encompasses a wide range of subjects relevant to church ministry and is most strongly represented at seminaries. Religious studies (2.4.5) and contextual and interdisciplinary studies (2.4.6) were widely established in the late twentieth century and are represented primarily at research universities. Each subsection outlines the range of its subject and the methods it commonly employs.
2.4.1 Biblical studies
Biblical studies include the study of the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible and of the New Testament: their origins, languages, and textual and literary forms and relationships; religious and theological questions within and arising from them; the histories, languages, and texts of surrounding cultures; and (especially in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries) the reception of the Bible in later history. Their methods include philology, exegesis, hermeneutics, various forms of criticism (especially textual criticism, source criticism, form criticism, and literary criticism), epigraphy, and archaeology.
2.4.2 Historical theology
Historical theology includes historical particularities and developments of theology, as well as church history (commonly periodized into Patristic, medieval, Reformation, and modern). It uses methods shared with history, including manuscript studies, textual analysis, contextualization and comparison, and (especially in the case of church history) attention to material culture.
2.4.3 Systematic theology
Systematic theology includes dogmatics, theological ethics, philosophical theology, philosophy of religion, and (especially in Roman Catholicism) fundamental theology. It uses methods shared with a variety of disciplines: with philosophy, it shares logical analysis, critical argument, phenomenological investigation, and other approaches; with ethics, methods of common-sensical and formal analysis, distinction, and generalization; with literature, close reading and application of theoretical frameworks; with history, contextualization and comparison; and with biblical studies, hermeneutics and exegesis. Systematic theology uses these methods synthetically, aiming to understand theology as an intellectual system, with articulated sources, assumptions, criteria, and claims, and with defined parts that stand in coherent relation to other components as well as to extra-theological realities.
2.4.4 Practical theology
Practical theology can be understood in two ways: as comprising subjects relevant to church ministry, including pastoral care and leadership, liturgics, homiletics, and missiology; or as theological engagement with the practices of church and society. In the first sense, practical theology cultivates practical skills shared with other professions, including counselling, rhetoric, management, and administration. In the second sense, it combines theological and empirical studies in a wide variety of ways.
2.4.5 Religious studies
Religious studies include comparative religion, anthropology of religion, sociology of religion, psychology of religion, and history of religions. These studies often adopt an etic (external) rather than an emic (internal) approach to theology. They apply the methods of anthropology, sociology, psychology, and comparative studies to manifestations of religious faith and practice, analysing religion as a cluster of psychological, social, and anthropological phenomena.
2.4.6 Contextual and interdisciplinary theological studies
Contextual theology includes the study of theology through the lens of critical theories (including gender and queer theories, and race and postcolonial theories), political theologies, and the study of religion and society. Major fields of interdisciplinary theological study include theology and philosophy, theology and the arts, and theology and science (see also 6.2).
3 Biblical sources
The Christian Bible, consisting of texts collected in the Old and New Testaments and received as the inspired word of God, is Christian theology’s foundational canon of texts. It is the source of theology in at least four ways. First, it conveys God’s words, actions, character, and will as revealed to his people Israel and to the wider world. Secondly, it unfolds the story of God’s good creation, humanity’s alienation, and God’s faithfulness and redemption which has shaped the history and self-understanding of Israel and of the church. Thirdly, the Bible therefore institutes theology as a practice that is not merely speculative, but forms part of a human response to God’s call, aiming to ‘be transformed by the renewing of your minds, so that you may discern what is the will of God – what is good and acceptable and perfect’ (Rom 12:2). Fourth, in these and other ways, it shapes what sociologists call the ‘imaginary’ of Christian theology, that is, the shared set of intuitions, values, and symbols through which Christians imagine and encounter their world.
These four sources of theology – disclosures of God’s agency and will, accounts of salvation history, expressions of divine calling and human response, and the unfolding of images, symbols, and stories that fill the Christian imaginary – require a great range of means of expression. The Bible, accordingly, abounds in different textual genres and styles, which themselves represent different ways of doing theology. The following sections explore biblical genres and textual forms in the Old and New Testaments (3.1 and 3.2), and in the Bible as a unified canon (3.3). They discuss the ways in which different types of text seek to represent and mediate God, the forms of human response they enable, and some of the ways they have influenced later theology. These outlines do not aim to present a biblical theology or to describe all biblical genres, but only to offer an introduction to the complex relationship between biblical texts and Christian theology.
3.1 Theology in the Old Testament
The Old Testament of the Christian Bible is traditionally divided either into the three ancient Jewish categories of Torah, Prophets, and Writings, or into the four categories of Pentateuch, historical books, wisdom books, and prophetic books. The precise extent of the Old Testament canon varies slightly among denominations.
3.1.1 History as theology
The Pentateuch, the historical books, and large portions of the prophetic books contain historical material. This material concerns above all the creation and population of the world, the vocation of the Patriarchs, and the fraught history of Israel as the people of God’s covenant. It reveals God as the sovereign agent of creation, provision, retribution, and redemption. In Christian theology, the history recounted in the Old Testament also furnishes the scheme of salvation history, establishing a characteristically theological view of history as directed by God towards covenant and consummation. The character of God as expressed in these histories, and the challenges of interpreting global and personal history in light of salvation history as instituted through the biblical texts, have shaped theology and its interactions with other domains from the early church to the present day.
3.1.2 Law and wisdom as theology
The Pentateuch, the historical books, and the wisdom books (especially Proverbs) contain extensive legal and prudential material: rules, precepts, and maxims intended to order the lives of communities and individuals. In these texts, the good order of such lives presupposes, constitutes, and enables knowledge of God, by whom it is ordained and to whom it is directed. In Christian theology, the laws and moral precepts of the Old Testament form complex sources of Christian reasoning. On the one hand, they are regarded as foundational for moral reasoning and social theory; on the other, they are seen as requiring figurative interpretation, recasting some (but not all) of Israel’s laws and precepts typologically through the mediating lens of Jesus Christ’s person, teaching, and work. The challenges posed by this complex process of reinterpretation and normative application have defined theological disputes both internally and externally throughout Christian history.
3.1.3 Narrative as theology
The Pentateuch, historical, wisdom, and prophetic books contain stories and parables of divine and human action. Some are stories told by the books’ characters with explicit aims, such as the parable of the sheep owners told by the prophet Nathan to his king David with the conclusion, ‘thou art the man’ (2 Sam 12:7). Others are stories comprising entire books, arguably including Job and Jonah. They illuminate moral and metaphysical questions or provide commentary on historical and legal material. These stories are significant in figurative and canonical contexts (see 3.3.1 and 3.3.2), and serve as exemplars for later literary forms.
3.1.4 Prayer as theology
Pervading the Pentateuch, historical, and prophetic books – and concentrated in Job, the Psalms, and Lamentations – are texts of praise, lamentation, supplication, and thanksgiving. Some of these are the prayers or compositions of individuals, others the ritual prayers of communities. In praise and lamentation, God is addressed as one who not only beholds, but pervades, elucidates, and transforms human experience. Historically, the Psalms and Canticles which structure the daily prayers of individuals, congregations, and monastic orders have shaped the theological imaginary and self-understanding more than most other biblical texts. The common detachment of modern academic theology from these frameworks of affect, expression, and encounter is a significant rupture with far-ranging effects.
3.1.5 Prophecy and vision as theology
The dominant mode of the prophetic books, which account for about one quarter of the Old Testament, is prophetic speech and vision. In words and visions imparted by God or his angels, God is encountered as speaker, sender, and sovereign actor, and as one whose providence may be hidden from ordinary sight, yet is active and manifest in prophetic and apocalyptic vision. This providence, though sometimes retributive, is ultimately redemptive. Much of the prophetic material of the Old Testament – whether it explicitly speaks of future events or relates to God’s agency and disposition in the prophet’s present – is accordingly seen, both in and after the New Testament, as foretelling the coming, work, and significance of Jesus the Redeemer. In Christian theology, prophetic material is also interpreted ethically or allegorically, and sometimes interpreted as predicting certain historical events, both now past and yet to come. Particularly charged is visionary and prophetic material concerned with the eschata or ‘last things’, on which much of Christian eschatology (see 1.9) depends. More generally, these texts assume formal significance as loci of revelation inaccessible by unaided human reasoning.
3.1.6 Names of God as theology
The biblical texts abound with names addressing or referring to God, including El, Elohim, El Shaddai, Elyon, and YHWH. These and other names are important sources for discussions of God’s character in Christian theology, especially in the Patristic and medieval periods. YHWH (also referred to as the Tetragrammaton, sometimes vocalized as Yahweh or Jehovah, and often rendered LORD in biblical translations) assumes special significance as a derivation of God’s self-revelation to Moses in Exod 3:14. That self-revelation, usually translated ‘I am’ (or, less commonly, ‘I will be’), also forms the background to the ‘I am’ sayings of Jesus recorded in the Gospel of John (6:35; 8:12; 8:58; 10:7; 10:11; 11:25; 14:6; 15:1; 18:4-5), and to later metaphysical accounts of God as Being itself (e.g. Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 1.2.3). Other names and forms, including terms such as ‘the Spirit of the Lord’, as well as the plural form of Elohim, are sometimes linked in Christian theology to the persons of the Trinity.
3.2 Theology in the New Testament
The New Testament is the recapitulation, transformation, and expansion of the covenantal history of Israel in the light of Jesus Christ – his person, ministry, work, and commission. It consists of four gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John), a chronicle of the work and experience of the apostles (Acts of the Apostles), twenty-one letters to young churches, and a visionary book or apocalypse (the Book of Revelation). Like the Old Testament books, these comprise a range of textual forms that reflect significant theological modes. Subsections 3.2.1 to 3.2.6 present these as paralleling and transforming Old Testament modes.
3.2.1 History as theology
The four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, and parts of the letters contain histories of Jesus Christ and of his followers. They continue and reinterpret the history of Israel, presenting God’s covenants with Adam, Abraham, and Moses as oriented towards a kingdom ushered in by Jesus through instruction, personal and social transformation, and the institution of a new covenant in his death and resurrection (see also 3.3.1 and 3.3.2). In this new covenant, the New Testament histories also find history itself transformed, marked no longer by a division between the Jews as God’s chosen people and all Gentiles as aliens, and by a perpetual succession of births and deaths among both Jews and Gentiles, but rather by the promise of resurrection and eternal life with God extended to all humanity. The historical claim that Jesus rose from the dead is therefore the central claim of the New Testament, and foundational for Christian theology.
3.2.2 Ethical teaching as theology
All books of the New Testament contain moral teaching. This forms an important part of Jesus’ teaching, often in explicit dialogue with the Mosaic law, which Jesus seeks to clarify, revise, and consummate. Moral teaching also forms a significant stratum of the apostles’ teaching in the public sphere and, above all, the newly formed Christian communities. The New Testament’s moral injunctions and advice present interpretative challenges arising from three key tensions in its understanding of the Christian life. The first tension is between the conflicting experiences of the Christian life as, on the one hand, a decisive death to sin and rebirth to God and, on the other, as the continuing exercise of ordinary human capacities and ongoing struggle with temptation and sin. This is partly related to the second, theological tension between the call to imitate Jesus’ perfection through works of righteousness on the one hand, and the unconditional forgiveness of sins received through faith in his death and resurrection on the other. The third tension is between the conflicting horizons of Christian agency: on the one hand, the imminent eschaton, which requires readiness and detachment from the world; on the other, the growing church and contemporary world, which require intervention and investment. These tensions have continued to shape theological thought about moral frameworks and orientations throughout Christian history.
3.2.3 Narrative as theology
The four Gospels contain an extensive catalogue of stories and parables that Jesus tells to disciples, critics, and crowds. These stories offer analogies and images of aspects of the kingdom of God which Jesus announces as coming. They are surprising, puzzling, and sometimes in tension with each other, demanding iterative interpretations and readiness to identify with their characters and learn from them. They therefore address their hearers’ reason, imagination, and emotions, enabling them to see their own lives and world through new and shifting lenses. Addressed to all ages and estates, the stories and parables of the New Testament are among the central elements of Christian instruction, and formative for Christian imagination and art throughout history.
3.2.4 Prayer as theology
Most books of the New Testament record prayers, both by the books’ subjects and by their authors (especially Paul’s prayers for his addressees, and the prayer ‘Amen, come Lord Jesus’ concluding the Book of Revelation). Of special significance is the prayer Jesus teaches his disciples to exemplify how to pray (see Matt 6:9; Luke 11:2), which became formative for Christian spirituality and theology through its adoption as ‘the Lord’s Prayer’ or ‘Our Father’. Of notable importance are also those prayers and doxologies which invoke the Son, and sometimes the Holy Spirit, as or in association with God, and thereby serve as earliest exemplars for the development of Trinitarian theology (see e.g. Rom 9:5; Rom 16:25–27; 2 Cor 13:13; Eph 3:20–21; 1 Tim 6:14–16; 2 Tim 4:18).
3.2.5 Prophecy and vision as theology
Many books of the New Testament, including the Gospels, Acts, and several letters, contain prophetic and visionary material. This material includes prophecies uttered by Jesus and the apostles, as well as divine visions seen by Peter, Stephen, Paul, and others. The Book of Revelation as a whole is a visionary book, revealing the eschata or ‘last things’ that take place or will take place as God establishes his everlasting kingdom. These highly charged visions project a complex world-historical structure, with a double culmination first in Jesus’ incarnation, death, resurrection, and ascension (the historical events animating the New Testament), and secondly in his expected return to raise the dead, gather his redeemed, and reign eternally.
3.2.6 Names of God as theology
The Gospels, letters, and Book of Revelation describe and invoke God by various names. One of the most characteristic is the invocation of God as Father, primarily of Jesus Christ and secondarily of all believers. Equally significant are the names and invocations of Jesus: his personal name, Jesus (Hebrew: Yeshua, ‘Saviour’); his epithet, Immanuel (Hebrew: God with us); his address as the Word of God, the Son of God, the Lamb of God, Messiah, and Lord; and his self-identification as bread of life (John 6), light of the world (John 8:12), door (John 10:7), good shepherd (John 10:11), true vine (John 15:1), resurrection and life (John 11:25), and the way, the truth, and the life (John 14:6). Also significant are personal invocations of God’s Spirit as Paraclete, Holy Spirit, and Spirit of God. These names are sources for central Trinitarian and christological doctrines, and shape theological reflection on God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit throughout Christian history.
3.3 Theology in the canon
The biblical texts have been read not primarily as individual texts, but as part of a canon, composed of two testaments. In this canon, the birth, life, death, resurrection and ascension of Jesus recapitulate and fulfil God’s act of creation and God’s history with his people Israel. Institutions such as priesthood, sacrifice, and kingship, and the crises they undergo in Israel’s exile and colonization, are recast; they now appear as anticipations of the decisive sacrifice, the eternal priesthood, and the everlasting kingship of Jesus as Israel’s Messiah and Son of God. Within the kingdom of God Jesus inaugurates, Gentiles as well as Jews are able to ‘worship the Father’, ‘neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem […] but in spirit and truth’ (John 4:21–23).
3.3.1 Figuration and typology as theology
All categories of Old Testament books contain what the New Testament and later Christian writers regard as figures or types, that is, as anticipations of Jesus Christ and of the history he shapes. These include events and characters of the Pentateuch and historical books, literary personae of the wisdom books, and figures in prophetic utterances and visions. In the New Testament, the citation of Old Testament personages and events as ‘types’ is a generative means of interpreting Jesus and his work, both in specific details (e.g. in the many biblical glosses on Matthew’s gospel narrative) and more generally (e.g. in Matthew’s interpretation of Jesus as the new Moses, or Paul’s of Jesus as the second Adam). Impetus for such typological readings is already found within the Old Testament canon, where difficult or obscure phenomena are sometimes interpreted by reference to earlier or later ones: the seventh day of creation as precedent for the weekly Sabbath and pledge of the messianic kingdom of peace; circumcision and sacrifices as types of the dedication of human hearts; the kingship of David as surety of an eternal kingdom. These relations of figuration serve as interpretative lenses on both the earlier and the later occurrences, which are understood in light of each other.
Types and figures suggest a complex interconnectedness of reality and imply God as an author poetically narrating, arranging, and illuminating the world. This sense of interconnection decisively shapes the Christian imaginary, whether or not it is explicated in theoretical terms.
3.3.2 Canon as theology
The canonical arrangement of the Old and New Testaments is a significant source of theological understanding and practice, not only because it shapes a continuous narrative, but also because it establishes central principles of reading texts: principles of coherence, of permitting mutual inflection and elaboration, of explaining the obscure by the clearer, and of understanding divine inspiration not primarily through the model of individual authorship but through the dynamic accumulation and disruption of tradition. Apart from typology, prominent examples include the complementary perspectives and mutual commentary of the wisdom books, and the fourfold perspective of the gospels. In Christian history, this form of reading has also influenced approaches to ecclesial textual traditions more widely.
3.4 Biblical scholarship and theology
In the early, medieval, and Reformation church, commentary on biblical texts formed a central part of theological learning, teaching, and discovery. In theology as practised in the community of worship (see 2.3.1), the life of faith (see 2.3.2), and in confessional seminaries (see 2.3.3), this often remains true today, especially for Protestant denominations. By contrast, in theology as practised in the research university (see 2.3.3), biblical scholarship and theology have, since the eighteenth century, increasingly diverged. The professionalization of philosophical, philological, historical, and empirical disciplines has led to the pursuit of theology and biblical studies as separate academic subjects with distinct methods and aims (see 2.4). Their integration has become a challenge rather than a point of departure.
In this context, the theological significance of biblical texts is most commonly either an area of interdisciplinary engagement or a specialism within biblical studies and theology, respectively. Within biblical studies, ‘biblical theology’ (as well as ‘Old Testament theology’ and ‘New Testament theology’) denotes study of the theological rather than textual, social, or historical dimensions of the biblical texts. It seeks to identify the distinctive (even conflicting) theological perspectives of different biblical authors, and the contexts to which they respond. Within theology, ‘biblical theology’ comprises various attempts to reconstruct the theological outlook of the biblical texts, often with the intent to conform contemporary theology as closely as possible to their original substance and terminology. A wider reintegration of biblical scholarship and theology is regarded as an important task in many theological institutions.
4 History of theology
Christian theology arose from an attempt to make sense of the reality of Jesus Christ, encountered as both man and God, in light of the faith of ancient Israel and the philosophies of Greece and Rome. In the first centuries, theological work clustered in the Greek-speaking East and the Latin-speaking West of the Roman Empire. Despite periods of close dialogue and shared dogmas codified at seven ecumenical councils between 325 and 787 AD, and East and West formed distinctive traditions, adopting the epithets ‘Greek’ and ‘Latin’ or ‘Roman’, respectively. The Greek tradition predominated in the early centuries; as Western Europe expanded and the Byzantine empire receded, Western theology grew to dominance. After the Great Schism of 1054, East and West formed separate churches each using the title ‘Catholic’ (from Greek katholikos, ‘universal’), with the East also using ‘Orthodox’ (from Greek orthos doxa, ‘right faith or worship’). This article surveys the history of theology primarily from a Western perspective, supplying only a brief overview of Eastern developments after the era of the seven ecumenical councils.
The history of Western theology is traditionally surveyed in five long periods: Patristic (first to seventh centuries), medieval (eighth to fifteenth centuries), Reformation and post-Reformation (sixteenth to mid-seventeenth centuries), Enlightenment (mid-seventeenth to eighteenth centuries), and modern (nineteenth to twenty-first centuries). Sections 4.1 to 4.5 introduce each of these periods, enumerating their distinctive concerns, challenges, and achievements, and their outstanding theologians. They also describe theology’s characteristic institutions and forms, which express its priorities and possibilities and form its structures of communication.
An outline of Eastern periodization follows in 4.6, and a brief discussion of the history of Jewish Christianity in 4.7.
4.1 Patristic theology (first to seventh centuries)
4.1.1 Challenges and achievements
The New Testament texts theorize about God in language and categories shaped by the Old Testament and inflected by the revelation of Jesus Christ. They profess that the God covenanted to Israel is revealed in and through the person of Jesus, who is ‘the Son of God’ (Luke 1:32–35; etc.) and ‘the image of the invisible God’ (Col 1:15). Christ’s virgin birth, messianic ministry, death, resurrection, ascension, and commission to ‘go and make disciples of all nations’ (Matt 28:19) recapitulate and fulfil God’s promises to his people Israel, and extend his covenant beyond that people’s bounds to the whole world.
This framework of understanding God and his self-revelation in the person of Jesus Christ depended on a lived covenantal history of the Jewish people as the chosen people who had received God’s law, inhabited the land he had promised, endured exile and foreign rule, and held fast to the promise of redemption. As the gospel of Christ’s universal rule and reconciliation with God spread to the Graeco-Roman world, it had to be made intelligible within or against that world’s theology in its three dimensions: civic religion (theologia civilis), pagan myth (theologia fabulosa), and metaphysical and moral philosophy (theologia naturalis). Christian theology as it emerged in the early church was shaped by this conversation.
Between the second and seventh centuries, Christian theologians engaged in great detail with the public worship, mystery cults, and philosophical traditions of classical and late antique Greece and Rome, especially middle and neo-Platonism and Stoicism. They reshaped terms from philosophical discourse including logos, ousia, and hypostasis to express the metaphysical realities seen to underlie and make sense of biblical witness. In doing so, questions of orthodoxy or heresy – faithful interpretation of God’s self-revelation or its distortion through misapplied philosophy or incorrect exegesis – were central criteria of engagement. Central dogmas about the reality of God as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, and about the reality of Jesus Christ as the eternal Son born as a man, were codified at ecumenical councils representing the church in both East and West.
Consolidated initially in the midst of imperial persecution, the Christian faith was legalized and then adopted as the imperial religion in the early fourth century, after which theology was looked to (and sometimes forcefully wielded) as a unifying power within the Roman empire and its successors.
4.1.2 Institutions and forms
The doctrinal, catechetical and speculative developments of the early church were enabled by two institutions. One comprised schools and free teachers, who shaped and passed on knowledge orally, and produced commentaries, apologetic and polemical writings, and philosophical treatises. The other was the episcopacy, which oversaw the churches, delivering catechetical instruction and sermons, as well as letters and other pastoral documents; and which sat in councils, issuing conciliar documents including creeds, anathemas, and proceedings. From the fourth century on, councils were often called and partly manoeuvred by the imperial court, which gradually became its own locus of theological importance. Notable individuals also wrote hymns (e.g. Ephrem the Syrian), poetry (e.g. Gregory of Nazianzus, Ambrose of Milan, Prudentius, and Augustine), and autobiographies (especially Gregory of Nazianzus and Augustine).
4.1.3 Theologians
Patristic theologians are traditionally categorized either chronologically (into Apostolic, ante-Nicene, and Nicene and post-Nicene Fathers) or linguistically (primarily into Greek and Latin Fathers).
Among Apostolic Fathers, the most notable named theologians are Polycarp, Clement of Rome, and Ignatius of Antioch.
Among ante-Nicene Fathers, notable Greek-speaking theologians include Justin Martyr, Irenaeus of Lyons, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen of Alexandria; notable Latin-speaking theologians include Tertullian, Cyprian of Carthage, and Lactantius; notable Coptic-speaking theologians include Anthony the Great.
Among Nicene and post-Nicene Fathers, notable Greek-speaking theologians include Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius of Alexandria, the Cappadocian Fathers (Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Gregory of Nyssa), John Chrysostom, Cyril of Alexandria, Pseudo-Dionysius, Maximus the Confessor, and John of Damascus; notable Latin-speaking theologians include Hilary of Poitiers, Ambrose of Milan, Jerome, Augustine of Hippo, Pope Gregory the Great, Isidore of Seville, and Boethius; notable Syriac- and Coptic-speaking theologians include Ephrem the Syrian, Macarius of Egypt, and Isaac the Syrian.
4.2 Theology in the medieval church (eighth to fifteenth centuries)
4.2.1 Challenges and achievements
Medieval theology, building above all on the seminal work of Augustine, was conditioned by conflicts between state and papal power in the Christian West, and by the schism of Eastern and Western churches in the eleventh century; by movements of reform and repristination in different parts of the church, driven especially by religious orders and reformers; and by interreligious encounters especially between Christianity and newly expanding Islam, both conflictual (as in the Muslim conquest of Hispania or the crusades to the Holy Land) and constructive (as in the intellectual exchanges occasioned by the Arabic rediscovery and translation of Aristotle).
The theological work that emerged from these contexts profoundly shaped medieval Europe and determined the course of theology, both substantially and as a catalyst, for many centuries. This work had legal, mystical, and scholastic dimensions. In the papal court, canon law was formalized and expanded, setting the practical parameters of theological reasoning. In the religious orders, the ideals of evangelical simplicity and mystical union with God blossomed in enduring works of mystical vision and theology, which inspired poetry and art, exploring the far reaches of human experience. In the universities, the newly appropriated Aristotelian physics and metaphysics – especially his models of form and matter (hylomorphism) and of act and potency, and his resultant accounts of causality, motion, and the acquisition of knowledge and virtue – enabled theologians to formulate a unified understanding of physical and intellectual realities in their relationship to God and each other. These progressively formalized accounts encompassed medieval understandings of science, revelation, history, metaphysics, and ethics, sometimes at the price of increasing remoteness from ordinary experience and the language of biblical revelation.
4.2.2 Institutions and forms
Courts and councils continued to mould theology in the Middle Ages. Alongside and in rivalry with imperial and princely courts, the papal court gained significant influence over the doctrinal, administrative, and disciplinary affairs of the Western church from the eleventh century onwards. It convened councils, issued bulls (formal letters), and sponsored legal documents, collected in the Corpus Iuris Canonici (‘Body of Canon Law’).
Cathedrals continued to exert theological influence, creating and performing choral and other liturgical settings, offering catechesis and direction, and establishing schools for the education of clergy and laity. In this, they were often supported by religious orders, themselves among the most significant institutions of medieval Europe. Beginning with St Benedict and the order he established in the sixth century, religious communities of monks or nuns, and later friars, spread throughout Europe, working, praying, studying, teaching, as well as creating and copying the manuscripts of ancient and modern learning and piety.
Cathedral and monastic schools were instrumental in the development of the other great institution of medieval Europe, the university. Established from the eleventh century onwards, universities trained clergy and lay professionals in the liberal arts and the higher disciplines of law, medicine, or theology; alongside monasteries, they produced, translated, and transmitted written texts, including the newly rediscovered works of Aristotle. The proliferation of theological and philosophical sources required the development of a critical method for their apposition, assessment, and harmonization. That method, employed in both research and teaching, included commentaries on seminal texts and the structured disputation of questions arising from them. Pioneered by Anselm and others, this scholastic method informed the great philosophical-theological syntheses of Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham.
Other forms of medieval theology included hagiographies, biographies, and autobiographies; mystical writings; and the theological sensibilities expressed and stimulated by art, architecture, poetry, and music.
4.2.3 Theologians
Medieval Western theologians are traditionally categorized as pre-scholastic, scholastic, or mystical.
Pre-scholastic theologians notably include Alcuin of York, John Scotus Eriugena, and Bede the Venerable.
Scholastic theologians notably include Anselm of Canterbury, Peter Abelard, Peter Lombard, Hugh of St Victor, Richard of St Victor, Alexander of Hales, Albertus Magnus, Bonaventure, Thomas Aquinas, Henry of Ghent, Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham.
Mystical and devotional theologians notably include Bernard of Clairvaux, Hildegard of Bingen, Meister Eckhart, John of Ruysbroeck, Johannes Tauler, Catherine of Siena, Nicholas of Cusa, Marsilio Ficino, Julian of Norwich, Jean Gerson, and Thomas à Kempis.
4.3 Theology during and following the Reformation (sixteenth to mid-seventeenth centuries)
4.3.1 Challenges and achievements
Scholastic systematization came under intense scrutiny in the sixteenth-century Reformation of the church. The moral impetus of the Reformation was the perception of grave distortions of the gospel by church authorities. Its intellectual impetus was derived from the aim to relativize human speculation in favour of an immediate reliance on divine pro-action through receptive faith informed by biblical witness (solus Christus, sola gratia, sola fide, sola scriptura). The reformers found these not to be achievable within existing structures and hierarchies. The Lutheran and Reformed churches, as well as the Church of England, emerged as separate church bodies, carrying forward the theological and organizational reforms of the magisterial Reformers. Radical reform groups also formed throughout Europe, prominent among them the Anabaptists, whose expectation of the imminent return of Christ intensified a more widespread sense among reform-seeking Christians that the profound upheavals of the time carried apocalyptic urgency.
These upheavals affected theology at all levels. On the one hand, the Humanist rediscovery of ancient and early Christian texts enabled a more immediate understanding of theological sources than the curated medieval compilations had afforded, and invigorated the study of the Bible and the early Church Fathers. On the other hand, the intellectual structures within which knowledge of God and creation had previously been ordered were pervasively entwined with theological understandings of the church and its mediation of divine reality and revelation. The division of the church made a simple reliance on its universal magisterium impossible. This fuelled a profound scepticism about reliable modes of knowledge and argument, which catalysed the intellectual developments of modernity.
4.3.2 Institutions and forms
Theology during the Reformation and post-Reformation era continued to be shaped by universities, as well as by the establishment of dedicated seminaries for the training of clergy and missionaries. In the Roman Catholic Church, the papal court continued to exert strong influence on the development of theology; in the Protestant churches, by contrast, the critique of church hierarchy led to a fresh emphasis on parish churches as loci of theological learning and transmission. The need to re-establish theological foundations also led to a renewed prominence of councils, synods, and convocations in all Western churches, which produced or ratified the great confessional statements of the Lutheran and Reformed traditions, as well as reassertions and reforms of Catholicism (especially in the Council of Trent, which was foundational for the post-Reformation Roman Catholic Church).
The rise of the print industry after the invention of the printing press in the mid-fifteenth century enabled a proliferation of theological forms, including tracts and polemical treatises, catechetical materials, collections of sermons, and above all vernacular translations of the Bible. The ability to reproduce and distribute printed works also significantly simplified the transmission of confessional statements and other forms of theological material.
4.3.3 Theologians
Reformation and post-Reformation Western theologians are generally categorized by denomination.
Roman Catholic theologians notably include Erasmus of Rotterdam, Thomas Cajetan, Johann Eck, Ignatius of Loyola, Teresa of Avila, Philip Neri, Charles Borromeo, John of the Cross, Robert Bellarmine, and Cornelius Jansen.
Lutheran theologians notably include Martin Luther, Argula von Grumbach, Philip Melanchthon, Andreas Osiander, Martin Chemnitz, Jakob Andreä, Johann Arndt, Jakob Böhme, Johann Gerhard, Georg Calixtus, Abraham Calov, and Johannes Quenstedt.
Reformed and Presbyterian theologians notably include Huldrych Zwingli, William Farel, Martin Bucer, Peter Vermigli, Heinrich Bullinger, John Calvin, John Knox, Theodore Beza, and Samuel Rutherford.
Anglican theologians notably include William Tyndale, Thomas Cranmer, Richard Hooker, Lancelot Andrewes, William Perkins, William Laud, Jeremy Taylor, and Richard Baxter.
Radical Reformers notably include Thomas Müntzer, Andreas Karlstadt, Caspar Schwenkfeld, Sebastian Franck, Jacob Hutter, Michael Servetus, and Faustus Socinus.
4.4 Theology in the Enlightenment (mid-seventeenth to eighteenth centuries)
4.4.1 Challenges and achievements
In the seventeenth century, the separation between philosophical and theological claims – originally motivated by theological concerns – catalysed an emancipation of rational thought from theological authority. The resultant critique of religious tradition prompted new attempts to integrate philosophy and theology, usually by erecting a modest theology on the foundation of philosophy understood as pure rationality. Philosophical theologies of the early Enlightenment, such as those of René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, and John Locke, characteristically focused on accounts of God that are derivable from the nature of the world and of human knowledge. Many central eighteenth-century philosophical debates arose from the contested viability of such natural theology, especially in its radical Deist form. David Hume’s critiques of causation and induction presented a radical challenge to Deist claims. Hume’s perspective in turn elicited Immanuel Kant’s critiques of pure and practical reason, which transposed Protestant scepticism of philosophical constructs of God into an Enlightenment focus on the nature of reason.
These and other developments took place within a wider context of increasing criticism of tradition and authority, leading (in the political sphere) to the increasing separation of church and state and (in the academic sphere) to a surge of new discoveries, theorems, and theories, often described as ‘the scientific revolution’. Resistance to these understandings of rationality and emancipation emphasized the irreducible significance of experience and feeling, expressed in the terms of the Romantic movement and of various religious renewal movements including the Pietists and Methodists.
4.4.2 Institutions and forms
During the Enlightenment, intellectual culture developed institutions separate from ecclesial oversight, through the establishment of academies, learned societies, clubs, and salons. Theologians participated only to a limited extent in these endeavours, though theologically influenced philosophers and scientists were among their driving forces, publishing academic treatises, encyclopaedia entries, journal articles, and tracts.
Within ecclesial circles, the papal court continued to grow in theological influence within the increasingly ultramontanist Roman Catholic Church. Meanwhile, local and general synods and assemblies set the theological and practical course of the Protestant churches. Seminaries and colleges for the education of clergy became widespread, including in America, where the nine colonial colleges were founded, training ministers in a range of denominations.
4.4.3 Theologians
Enlightenment theologians may be categorized by the denomination to which they adhered or by which they were formed.
Roman Catholic theologians or philosophers notably include René Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Giambattista Vico, Nicholas Malebranche, Nicolas-Sylvestre Bergier, and Benedict Stattler.
Lutheran theologians or philosophers notably include G. W. Leibniz, Philipp Spener, David Hollatz, Johann Sebastian Bach, Immanuel Kant, Johann Georg Hamann, G. E. Lessing, and Johann Gottfried Herder.
Anglican theologians notably include George Berkeley, John Wesley, Charles Wesley, and George Whitefield.
Reformed, Presbyterian, and non-conformist theologians notably include John Owen, Isaac Watts, Jonathan Edwards, Thomas Reid, and John Witherspoon.
4.5 Theology in the late modern era (nineteenth to twenty-first centuries)
4.5.1 Challenges and achievements
In late modernity, and for the first time since the Apostolic era, theology developed in a context which it was no longer actively shaping. Although many of the intellectual and social structures of the modern West were rooted in Christian ideas, values, and expectations, these structures became increasingly uprooted from their theological soil, and were justified and developed on new, secular terms. In the intellectual world, the pursuit of discoveries and theories without theological assumptions produced explanatory frameworks that rivalled, and radically challenged, Christian ones. This is especially the case in materialist accounts of constitution and causation (spanning both the natural world and the human psyche), and modern critical theories of the origins of biblical texts, structures of authority, and other traditional sources of Christian identity. Theologians, consequently, increasingly adopted stances that were either responsive (rethinking theology in the light of secular developments) or oppositional (setting theological principles against prevailing cultural or intellectual ones). Among the former, feminist, postcolonial and liberation theologies, and (in the twenty-first century) queer and critical race theories, have decisively shaped contemporary theology especially in North America. Among the latter, traditionalist Catholic and other denominational movements, as well as forms of Protestant fundamentalism, have grown increasingly influential. Beside responsive strategies, mediating strategies – attempting to illuminate and sublate secular developments theologically – have often marked the academic theological elite, as in the Protestant and Catholic Tübingen Schools, Christian existentialism, post-liberalism, and Radical Orthodoxy movements.
Within the churches, increasing resistance or disregard from wider society led to a continuing splintering of religious denominations, driven by contrasting responses to this secular context. At the same time, there has been an increasing need and desire for Christian unity, pursued through ecumenical dialogue and interdenominational associations.
4.5.2 Institutions and forms
In the nineteenth century, the establishment of the modern research university – first in Germany and then across Europe and North America – led to increasing professionalization and subdivision within theology. Modern forms of academic writing, including theological journals, monographs, and large systematizing works, became standard modes of developing, debating, and disseminating theological arguments. Although sometimes still under ecclesial oversight, the appointment of university scholars became increasingly independent from church office and standing, and the university came to be understood as a secular sphere in which theology should pursue a discourse convertible with that of other disciplines. Decolonization and globalization unsettled the casual assumption of European and white American centrality in the theological enterprise, and called for engagement with the widely divergent experiences and perspectives of different people groups, including the suffering caused by the forceful imposition of dominant views.
The churches, too, have undergone increasing professionalization, resulting in the establishment or reform of specialized departments (including the papal congregations) and commissions to advise church leaders on theological matters. Decolonialization and globalization led to the establishment of independent church bodies especially in former British colonies, and to increasingly complex international denominational associations. These brought the contrasting theological realities and priorities of different areas to the forefront of theological discussion.
In the public sphere, theological sensibilities have been expressed, fostered, and increasingly questioned through poetry, novels, plays, and ephemera including radio, television, and (in the twenty-first century) online media.
4.5.3 Theologians
Modern Western theologians are most commonly categorized by denomination.
Roman Catholic theologians notably include John Henry Newman, H. E. Manning, Joseph Kleutgen, Tommaso Maria Zigliara, Matthias Joseph Scheeben, Prosper Guéranger, Désiré-Joseph Mercier, Thérèse of Lisieux, Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Yves Congar, Romano Guardini, Edith Stein, Henri de Lubac, Hans Urs von Balthasar, Karl Rahner, and Joseph Ratzinger.
Lutheran theologians notably include G. W. F. Hegel, N.F.S. Grundtvig, J. K. W. Löhe, Isaak August Dorner, C. F. W. Walther, Albrecht Ritschl, Søren Kierkegaard, Adolf von Harnack, Wilhelm Hermann, Ernst Troeltsch, Rudolf Otto, Albert Schweitzer, Gustaf Aulén, Rudolf Bultmann, Paul Tillich, Anders Nygren, Bo Giertz, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Wolfhart Pannenberg, Robert Jenson, Eberhard Jüngel, Tuomo Mannermaa, and Christoph Schwöbel.
Reformed and Presbyterian theologians notably include Friedrich Schleiermacher, Thomas Erskine, Charles Finney, Charles Hodge, John McLeod Campbell, Philip Schaff, Abraham Kuyper, Herman Bavinck, B.B. Warfield, Karl Barth, Emil Brunner, G.C. Berkouwer, T.F. Torrance, and Jürgen Moltmann.
Anglican theologians notably include Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keble, Edward Pusey, John Henry Newman, F.D. Maurice, Benjamin Jowett, B.F. Westcott, J.B. Lightfoot, Charles Gore, Alfred Whitehead, William Temple, C.S. Lewis, Austin Farrer, Michael Ramsey, E.L. Mascall, Henry Chadwick, J.I. Packer, John Mbiti, Oliver O’Donovan, N. T. Wright, Rowan Williams, Sarah Coakley, John Milbank, John Webster, and Kathryn Tanner.
4.6 The Eastern churches
The Eastern understanding of the Church as manifested in local churches specific to geographic regions deters attempts at a unified theological history of the Eastern Christianity organized by a single system of periodization. Nevertheless, histories of Eastern theology commonly share the following broadly chronological elements.
The first and second centuries marked a founding era dedicated to theological definition, identity, and establishment.
The second to fifth centuries comprised a seminal era for the formation of christological and trinitarian dogma, in which theologians consolidated theoretical-speculative and spiritual-meditative reflection upon the church’s foundational definitions and institutions. Alexandrine dissent from the Chalcedonian definition of Christology resulted in a separation of portions of the churches in Armenia, Egypt, and Syria from the rest of the Christian church, establishing what are now known as the Oriental Orthodox churches.
The sixth to fifteenth centuries were dominated by the Byzantine Empire, including its rise, mission or expansion, fall, and the consequence of this dissolution, including life with and under Islam. The ninth to twelfth centuries were also shaped by the Great Schism with the Western Church, its antecedents and consequences.
The twelfth to twentieth centuries are generally described in separate accounts of the lives and concerns of regional or national Churches. These are often presented relatively autonomously, though typically with some reference to the more recent history of the Russian Church.
The twentieth and twenty-first centuries have been marked by brutal persecution under communism, and by a wide dispersion and concomitant theological activity. This includes reflection upon Orthodox identity in relation to other Christian Churches, the relation of the present to the Patristic era, and the Church and Orthodox spiritual life in the modern world.
Notable theologians include:
Byzantine: John of Damascus, Theodore the Studite, Symeon the New Theologian, Gregory Palamas, and Nicholas Cabasilas.
Early modern: Cyril Lucaris, Peter Mohyla, Dositheus of Jerusalem, Macarius Notaras, and Nicodemus the Hagiorite.
Modern: Aleksey Khomiakov, Alexander Bukharev, Vladimir Solovyov, Sergius Bulgakov, Pavel Florensky, Georges Florovsky, Vladimir Lossky, Dumitru Staniloae, Elisabeth Behr-Sigel, Alexander Schmemann, Oliver Clement, Boris Bobrinskoy, John Meyendorff, John Zizoulas, Kallistos Ware, Christos Yannaras, and David Bentley Hart.
See also 5.1.1.
4.7 Jewish Christianity
Neither of these periodizations reflects theological developments in Jewish Christianity or in Messianic Judaism, understood as adherence to Jesus Christ as a form of Jewish identity. A significant constituency within the New Testament church were Jews who followed Jesus as Israel’s Messiah and Son of God. The Gospel of Matthew, the Didache, and sources underlying the fourth-century Pseudo-Clementine writings bear witness to the existence and vitality of communities which combined faith in Jesus and a commitment to distinctive Jewish patterns of life. From at least the third century onwards, however, the two identities were treated by most Jewish and Christian authorities as mutually exclusive. The causes, means, and timescales of the ‘parting of the ways’ of Judaism and Christianity are matters of significant scholarly debate.
In the nineteenth century, adherence to Jesus as Israel’s Messiah re-emerged as a form of Jewish identity among self-identified Hebrew or Jewish Christians. This modern phenomenon originated among Jewish Christians associated with Protestant environments, but by the twentieth century also appeared in Catholic and Orthodox settings. In the final third of the twentieth century, Protestant-inflected streams of Jewish Christianity consolidated into a new movement calling itself ‘Messianic Judaism’. Adherents of this movement worship Jesus (a name usually rendered in its original Hebrew form, Yeshua) as God’s son and Israel’s Messiah, and seek to live their faith and identity in distinctive Jewish patterns of life. In the twenty-first century, Jewish followers of Jesus operate in diverse contexts, both Messianic Jewish and historic Christian, where they have developed a range of institutions, forms, and emerging traditions.
Key theological figures have included Alfred Edersheim, Joseph Rabinowitz, Paul Levertoff, Jakob Jocz, Edith Stein, Elias Friedman, Cardinal Jean-Marie Aaron Lustiger, Alexander Men, David Stern, Daniel Juster, and Mark Kinzer.
5 Traditions
Theology is a traditioned practice: it is pursued and passed on within traditions of study, worship, and life. These traditions are of different types. The most conspicuous are denominational; that is, traditions that shape a particular church over an extended period (5.1). Others are more broadly spiritual, crossing denominational lines; these include liturgical traditions, holiness traditions, evangelical traditions, mystical traditions, and charismatic traditions (5.2). Yet others are contextual, shaping theology through the geographic or demographic contexts within which it is practised (5.3). This section briefly introduces these types of traditions, indicating their central features and aspects of their development.
5.1 Denominational traditions
The most visible traditions are denominations: large church groupings bearing a common name, sharing common beliefs and practices, and organized within a common administrative structure. Denominations have their historical origins in successive divisions within Christianity: the eleventh-century schism between Eastern and Western Churches; the sixteenth-century division of the Western Church into Roman Catholic and Protestant churches during the Reformation; and subsequent divisions between Protestant churches continuing to the present day. Notwithstanding these divisions, denominations understand themselves as ‘the church’ in one or more of several ways: as its fullness, as its local manifestation, as a movement for its reform, or as its faithful remnant.
Denominational traditions are shaped by a denomination’s origins, especially if these are marked by conflict; by its foundational figures, especially if these are outstanding theologians; by its local conditions, especially if it is established in a particular country; and by factors such as size and antiquity. The following subsections briefly outline the distinctive traditioning elements of the largest denominations o
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Karl Anselm, 4th Prince of Thurn and Taxis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Anselm,_4th_Prince_of_Thurn_and_Taxis
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Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Karl Anselm, 4th Prince of Thurn and Taxis,[citation needed] full German name: Karl Anselm Fürst von Thurn und Taxis[citation needed] (2 June 1733 – 13 November 1805)[citation needed] was the fourth Prince of Thurn and Taxis, Postmaster General of the Imperial Reichspost, and Head of the Princely House of Thurn and Taxis from 17 March 1773 until his death on 13 November 1805.[citation needed] Karl Anselm served as Prinzipalkommissar at the Perpetual Imperial Diet in Regensburg for Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor from 1773 to 1797.
Early life
[edit]
Karl Anselm was the eldest son of Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis and his first wife Margravine Sophie Christine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth.[citation needed]
Marriages and family
[edit]
Karl Anselm married Duchess Auguste of Württemberg, sixth and youngest child of Karl Alexander, Duke of Württemberg and his wife Princess Maria Augusta of Thurn and Taxis, on 3 September 1753 in Stuttgart, Duchy of Württemberg.[citation needed] Karl Anselm and Auguste had eight children:[citation needed]
Princess Maria Theresia of Thurn and Taxis (born 10 July 1757 † 9 March 1776)[citation needed]
∞ 25 August 1774 Kraft Ernst, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen
Princess Sophie Friederike of Thurn and Taxis (born 20 July 1758; † 31 May 1800)[citation needed]
∞ 31 December 1775 Prince Hieronim Wincenty Radziwiłł (11 May 1759-18 September 1786)
∞ around 1795 NN Kazanowski
∞ 1797 to a Count Ostrorog
Prince Franz Johann Nepomuck of Thurn and Taxis (baptized 2 October 1759; † 22 January 1760)[citation needed]
Princess Henrica Karoline of Thurn and Taxis (baptized 25 April 1762; † 25 April 1784)[citation needed]
∞ 21 April 1783 with Johannes Aloysius II, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen and Oettingen-Spielberg
Prince Alexander Karl of Thurn and Taxis (born 19 April 1763; † 21 April 1763)[citation needed]
Princess Friederike Dorothea of Thurn and Taxis (born 11 September 1764 † 10 November 1764)[citation needed]
Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn and Taxis (born 22 February 1770; † 15 July 1827)[citation needed]
∞ 25 May 1789 with Duchess Therese of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Prince Friedrich Johann Nepomuck of Thurn and Taxis (born 11 April 1772 † 7 December 1805), unmarried[citation needed]
Auguste and Karl Anselm had eight children until 1772.[citation needed] After several assassination attempts by his wife, Karl Anselm banished Auguste in January 1776 to strict house arrest at first to Burg Trugenhofen (later renamed Schloss Taxis) in Dischingen and then to Schloss Hornberg in the Black Forest, where she died on 4 June 1787. The couple legally divorced in 1776.[citation needed] Following the death of his first wife, Karl Anselm married that same year morganatically to Elisabeth Hildebrand.[1]
Acquisition of new territories
[edit]
Karl Anselm acquired in 1786, the Swabian county of Friedberg-Scheer and had to spend almost the entire proceeds from the Imperial Reichspost. Thereupon the Emperor Joseph II brought the county to "Gefürsteten Grafschaft" status. During the invasion of French troops in the Austrian Netherlands in 1794, the local properties of the Thurn und Taxis family were seized. With the further advance of the French troops, all the possessions of the Thurn and Taxis were lost. To compensate, Karl Anselm was awarded in 1803, according to Article 13 of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (formally the Hauptschluss der außerordentlichen Reichsdeputation, or "Principal Conclusion of the Extraordinary Imperial Delegation") other Swabian lands, including the Free Imperial City of Buchau, the Imperial Abbey of Buchau, the Imperial Abbeys of Marchtal and Neresheim, Ostrach, and other villages.
Losses within the Reichspost
[edit]
By 1790, the hereditary fiefs of the Thurn and Taxis family fueled the Imperial Reichspost to its greatest extent. The Austrian Netherlands and Tyrol were added to the Thurn and Taxis postal system. Due to the Napoleonic Wars, Karl Anselm's Imperial Reichspost gradually lost more and more postal districts beginning with the Austrian Netherlands, thus depriving the post of important sources of revenue. With the Treaty of Lunéville formalized on 9 February 1801, the Imperial Reichspost lost all postal districts in the Rhine region. After Prussia had been compensated for the loss of its left-bank territories by right bank areas in May 1802, Prussia took over the sovereignty over the postal services, and so the Imperial Reichspost lost further postal districts. Only under his son and successor, Karl Alexander, was the Thurn and Taxis family able to re-establish its postal system as the private company Thurn-und-Taxis-Post.
Ancestry
[edit]
References
[edit]
Sources
[edit]
Wolfgang Behringer, Thurn und Taxis, München 1990 ISBN 3-492-03336-9
Wolfgang Behringer, Im Zeichen des Merkur, Göttingen 2003 ISBN 3-525-35187-9
Wolfgang Behringer, in: Damals, Juli 2005
Martin Dallmeier, Quellen zur Geschichte des europäischen Postwesens, Kallmünz 1977
Martin Dallmeier und Martha Schad, Das fürstliche Haus Thurn und Taxis, 300 Jahre Geschichte in Bildern, Verlag Pustet, Regensburg 1996 ISBN 3-7917-1492-9
Siegfried Grillmeyer, Habsburgs Diener in Post und Politik. Das Haus Thurn und Taxis zwischen 1745 und 1867, Mainz 2005
Adolf Layer, Schloß Trugenhofen(= Schloß Taxis) im 18. Jahrhundert, in: Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins in Dillingen an der Donau, Jahrgang 1983, Dillingen an der Donau 1983, S. 179-194
Christoph Meixner, Die Familien Oettingen-Wallerstein und Thurn und Taxis und die Fürstenhochzeit auf Schloß Trugenhofen 1774. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Hofmusik im 18. Jahrhundert, in: Rosetti-Forum 7, 2006, S. 12–25.
Christoph Meixner, Artikel Thurn und Taxis, in: MGG2 (Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 2. Auflage), Supplementband, Kassel u.a. 2008, Sp. 942-945
Max Piendl, Das fürstliche Haus Thurn und Taxis, Regensburg 1980
Europäische Stammtafeln Band V, Genealogie Thurn und Taxis, Tafel 131
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[
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[
"Kathleen Van Lierop",
"Visit profile"
] |
2021-12-14T00:00:00+01:00
|
Germany royal history: Who is the family Thurn und Taxis?
|
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|
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|
https://allaboutroyalfamilies.blogspot.com/2021/12/who-is-family-thurn-und-taxis.html
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While I was waiting on the Christmas cards 2021 - I thought about the postal service
in the past. Who took care of the royal correspondence? Immediately I came to
the family Thurn und Taxis.
Who is the family Thurn und Taxis?
The Princely House of Thurn and Taxis is a family of German nobility that is part
of the Briefadel. It was a key player in the postal services in Europe during the
16th. century until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. It became well
known as the owner of breweries and builder of many castles.
History?
The Tasso family was a Lombard family in the area of Bergamo. Omodeo Tasso
organized 32 of his relatives into the Company of Couriers and linked Milan to
Venice and Rome.
In 1443, Ruggiero de Tassis was named to the court of Emperor Frederick the
Peaceful. He organized a post system between Bergamo and Vienna by 1450; from
Innsbruck to Italy and Styria around 1460; and Vienna with Brussels by 1480.
Ruggiero was knighted and made a gentleman of the Chamber.
Janetto von Taxis was appointed Chief Master of the Postal Services at Innsbruck
in 1489. Philip of Burgundy elevated Janetto's brother Francesco I de Tassis to
captain of his post in 1502.
By 1516 Francisco had moved the family to Brussels in the Duchy of Brabant, then
under Habsburg Rule.
Traces of Francisco de Tassis in Brussels
At the death of Francisco in 1517, Emperor Charles V, appointed his nephew Johann
Baptista von Taxis , Generalpostmeister of the Reichspost.
Raymond de Tassis (1515-1579) took over the office of postmaster general to the
Crown of Spain and settled in Spain. He married into Spanish nobility and his son
Juan de Tassis was created Count of Villamediana in 1603 by Philip III.
The name Turn und Taxis came from the translation into the German of the
Family's French title: the Tour et Taxis (Tassis).
In 1695, under the rule of Emperor Leopold I, the family operated the Turn-und-
Taxis Post, successor of the Imperial Reichspost of the Holy Roman Empire.
This lasted until 1867.
Until 1919, the title of the head of the Princely House was His Serene Higness
the Prince of thurn and Taxis.
Since 1748, the family seat was established in Regensburg, Germany at the
St. Emmeram Castle.
I visited Regensburg and the St. Emmeram Castle in 2014. This was a blogpost
about the castle.
Who is who?
Eugen Alexander Franz, First prince of Thurn und Taxis
Eugen Alexander Franz was the First Prince of Thurn und Taxis. He was
baptized in Brussels on 11 January 1652.
In 1681, the last Habsburg King of Spain, Charles II, appointed Eugen Alexander
Franz from a count to a prince. Emperor Leopold I made him an imperial prince in
1695.
In 1702, he moved his postal system's headquarters from Brussels to
Frankfurt am Main.
Anselm Franz, 2nd Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Anselm Franz was the eldest child and son of Eugen Alexander Franz, 1st.
Prince of Thurn and Taxis and his wife Prince Anna Adelheid of Fürstenberg-
Heiligenberg. He was baptised on 30 January 1681 at the Our Blessed Lady
of Zavel Church in Brussels.
When his father died, Anselm Franz was appointed Postmaster General by
Charles VI in 1715. He returned to Brussels. However in 1724 he moved
back to Frankfurt am Main. There he started the construction of the Baroque
Palais Thurn und Taxis in 1729.
From 1739 he lived in the still unfinished palace in Frankfurt but then he
returned to Brussels in 1739. There he died unexpectedly.
Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Alexander Ferdinand was the eldest child and only son of Anselm Franz, 2nd.
Prince of Thurn and Taxis and Maria Ludovika anna Franziska, Princess of
Lobkowicz.
From 1 February 1743 till 1745, Alexander Ferdinand served as
Principal Commissioner of Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor at the Preptual
Imperial Diet in Frankfurt am Main.
When the Diet relocated from Frankfurt am Main to Regensburg, Alexander
Ferdinand moved the principal residence of the Princely House from Frankfurt
to Regensburg.
He died on 17 March 1773.
Alexander Ferdinand
Karl Anselm 4th. Prince of Thurn und Taxis
Karl Anselm was the eldest son of Alexander Ferdinand 3rd and his first wife
Margravine Sophie Christine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth.
During the invasion of the French troops in the Austrian Netherlands in 1794,
the local properties of the Thurn und Taxis family were seized.
Due to the Napoleonic Wars, Karl Anselm's Imperial Reichspost gradually lost
more and more.
Karl Anselm was awarded in 1803 other Swabian lands, including the Free
Imperial City of Buchau, the Imperial Abbey of Buchau, the
Imperial abbeys of Marchtal and Neresheim, Ostrach and other villages.
Maximilian Karl, 6th. Prince of Thurn und Taxis
With the annexation of the Free City of Frankfurt by the Kingdom of Prussia
in 1866 and the forced sale of the Thurn-und-Taxis-Post, ended an era of the
family's postal monopoly. The handover took place on 1 July 1867.
This happened when Maximilian Karl, the 6th. Prince of Thurn and Taxis
was the head of the Princely House. He died on 10 November 1871.
Another drama took place on 26 June 1867. Then Maximilian Anton Lamoral,
Hereditary Prince of Thurn und Taxis died of either kidney failure or lung
paralysis. He only was 35 years old and left a wife and children. He was married
to Duchess Helene in Bavaria the sister of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (Sissi).
Albert Maria Joseph Maximilian Lamoral, 8th Prince of Thurn und Taxis
Albert was born on 8 May 1867 at Regensburg, Germany as the younger son of
Maximilian Anton Lamoral, Hereditary Prince of Thurn and Taxis and
Duchess Helene of Bavaria. His father died when he was less than 2 months old
and he was raised by his mother. He was made a knight of the Austrian
Order of the Golden Fleece on 30 November 1889. He died on 22 January 1952.
Franz Joseph Maximilian Maria Antonius Ignatius Lamoral,
9 th Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Franz Joseph was the eldest son of Albert, 8th. Prince of Thurn and Taxis and his
wife Archduchess Margarethe Klementine of Austria. He was born on 21 December
1893 in Regensburg. His christening was attended by Emperor Franz Jozef of Austria.
On 6 August 1914 Franz Joseph joined the Prussian Elite Regiment Gardes du Corps.
During the war he was promoted to lieutenant. After the war he returned to Regensburg.
He married Princess Isabel Maria of Braganza on 23 November 1920. They stayed
most of their time at Schloss Haus in Neueglofsheim.
At the age of 46, Franz Joseph served Nazi Germany in the Invasion of Poland in 1939.
By the end of June 1940, he was serving in the Battle of France. He was dismissed due
to a decree from Adolf Hitler on the inability of the German Defense nobility.
Franz Joseph's son Gabriel was killed in action on 17 December 1942 in the Battle of
Stalingrad.
He died after a severe illness on 13 July 1971 and he was interred in the burial chapel
at St. Emmeram's Abbey in Regensburg.
Karl August Joseph Maria Maximilian Lamoral, 10th. Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Karl August was born on 23 July 1898 as the third son of Albert 8th. Prince of Thurn
and Taxis and his wife Archduchess Margaretha Klementine of Austria.
On 18 August 1921, he married Princess Maria Anna of Braganza . They had 4
children. They lived at Schloss Höfling in Regensburg. Karl August forbade his
children to join the Hitler Youth.
Becauwe of his anti-Nazi attitude, Karl August was imprisoned in a Gestapo prison
in Landshut from 1944 to 1945.
Karl August restored interior parts of the Saint Emmeram's Abbey as well as
tapestries from the 17th. and 18th. centuries.
He died on 26 April 1982 and was entombed in the chapel of Saint Emmeram's Abbey.
Nowadays
One of the famous members of the family is Gloria, Princess of Thurn and
Taxis. She married to Johannes the 11th. Prince of Thurn and Taxis.
Gloria and her husband were known for their lavish lifestyle,
becoming social and fashion icons in the 1980s. She became part of
the European jet set and was referred to in the media as the
"punk princess" and "Princess TNT"
When her husband died in 1990, Gloria was left to settle his debts,
which totaled at US$500 million. Her son, Albert, became the
12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis at the time of Johannes' death.
She acted as the trustee for Albert, taking over management of the family
estate, Saint Emmeram's Abbey. She went into isolation from society,
studying finance, accounting, and estate management. She sold off
family property including art, jewelry, castles, cars, and land to preserve
the family fortune. During this time she undertook a spiritual pilgrimage to
the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes in Lourdes, France,
emerging as a sobered Roman Catholic activist and philanthropist.
Gloria has become a successful artist, focusing mainly on portraits done with
oil paint and pastel. The Hotel Chelsea asked her to do a series of pastels of
its most famous denizens—a gallery show which brought her much acclaim as
a painter. She has referred to herself as a "dilettante", and cites her art collection
as inspiration for her contemporary style of portraiture.
In 2015 she had a solo show at the National Exemplar Gallery in New York.
She also paints freelance.
In January 2019 the El Museo del Barrio in Manhattan decided to cancel
an upcoming exhibition of Gloria's work at their 50th anniversary gala
due to her right wing political stances and comments she
had made about race and AIDS.
A devout Catholic, Gloria serves 300 hot meals to the poor every day from a
dedicated room in her home. She also works closely with conservative
Traditionalist Catholic leaders including Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò,
Cardinal Raymond Burke, Wilhelm Imkamp, and Steve Bannon.
Her palatial home, Schloss Thurn und Taxis was suggested by
Bannon as a potential site for a school to educate and train right-wing
Catholics, although no firm plans have been made.
Gloria is a personal friend of Hillary Clinton, and was one of a
dozen women to attend her 2016 birthday party.
Albert 12th. Prince of Thurn and Taxis is the current head of the family. The
family is one of the wealthiest in Germany. The family's brewery was sold to
the Paulaner Group of Munich in 1996, but it still produces beer under the
brand of Thurn und Taxis.
Conclusion
There always is a slight confusion about the family name: 'and' is in German
'und'; 'Tassis' is French, but the German name is 'Taxis'. However this princely
House had made its goal in past and present times. Although the postal
system luckily has changed a lot, we must not forget what they have achieved.
Source pictures
Regensburg: Own picture taken in 2014
Brussels: Own picture taken in 2017
Wikipedia
Gloria - Book cover
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Who is the family Thurn und Taxis?
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Kathleen Van Lierop",
"Visit profile"
] |
2021-12-14T00:00:00+01:00
|
Germany royal history: Who is the family Thurn und Taxis?
|
en
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https://allaboutroyalfamilies.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
|
https://allaboutroyalfamilies.blogspot.com/2021/12/who-is-family-thurn-und-taxis.html
|
While I was waiting on the Christmas cards 2021 - I thought about the postal service
in the past. Who took care of the royal correspondence? Immediately I came to
the family Thurn und Taxis.
Who is the family Thurn und Taxis?
The Princely House of Thurn and Taxis is a family of German nobility that is part
of the Briefadel. It was a key player in the postal services in Europe during the
16th. century until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. It became well
known as the owner of breweries and builder of many castles.
History?
The Tasso family was a Lombard family in the area of Bergamo. Omodeo Tasso
organized 32 of his relatives into the Company of Couriers and linked Milan to
Venice and Rome.
In 1443, Ruggiero de Tassis was named to the court of Emperor Frederick the
Peaceful. He organized a post system between Bergamo and Vienna by 1450; from
Innsbruck to Italy and Styria around 1460; and Vienna with Brussels by 1480.
Ruggiero was knighted and made a gentleman of the Chamber.
Janetto von Taxis was appointed Chief Master of the Postal Services at Innsbruck
in 1489. Philip of Burgundy elevated Janetto's brother Francesco I de Tassis to
captain of his post in 1502.
By 1516 Francisco had moved the family to Brussels in the Duchy of Brabant, then
under Habsburg Rule.
Traces of Francisco de Tassis in Brussels
At the death of Francisco in 1517, Emperor Charles V, appointed his nephew Johann
Baptista von Taxis , Generalpostmeister of the Reichspost.
Raymond de Tassis (1515-1579) took over the office of postmaster general to the
Crown of Spain and settled in Spain. He married into Spanish nobility and his son
Juan de Tassis was created Count of Villamediana in 1603 by Philip III.
The name Turn und Taxis came from the translation into the German of the
Family's French title: the Tour et Taxis (Tassis).
In 1695, under the rule of Emperor Leopold I, the family operated the Turn-und-
Taxis Post, successor of the Imperial Reichspost of the Holy Roman Empire.
This lasted until 1867.
Until 1919, the title of the head of the Princely House was His Serene Higness
the Prince of thurn and Taxis.
Since 1748, the family seat was established in Regensburg, Germany at the
St. Emmeram Castle.
I visited Regensburg and the St. Emmeram Castle in 2014. This was a blogpost
about the castle.
Who is who?
Eugen Alexander Franz, First prince of Thurn und Taxis
Eugen Alexander Franz was the First Prince of Thurn und Taxis. He was
baptized in Brussels on 11 January 1652.
In 1681, the last Habsburg King of Spain, Charles II, appointed Eugen Alexander
Franz from a count to a prince. Emperor Leopold I made him an imperial prince in
1695.
In 1702, he moved his postal system's headquarters from Brussels to
Frankfurt am Main.
Anselm Franz, 2nd Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Anselm Franz was the eldest child and son of Eugen Alexander Franz, 1st.
Prince of Thurn and Taxis and his wife Prince Anna Adelheid of Fürstenberg-
Heiligenberg. He was baptised on 30 January 1681 at the Our Blessed Lady
of Zavel Church in Brussels.
When his father died, Anselm Franz was appointed Postmaster General by
Charles VI in 1715. He returned to Brussels. However in 1724 he moved
back to Frankfurt am Main. There he started the construction of the Baroque
Palais Thurn und Taxis in 1729.
From 1739 he lived in the still unfinished palace in Frankfurt but then he
returned to Brussels in 1739. There he died unexpectedly.
Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Alexander Ferdinand was the eldest child and only son of Anselm Franz, 2nd.
Prince of Thurn and Taxis and Maria Ludovika anna Franziska, Princess of
Lobkowicz.
From 1 February 1743 till 1745, Alexander Ferdinand served as
Principal Commissioner of Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor at the Preptual
Imperial Diet in Frankfurt am Main.
When the Diet relocated from Frankfurt am Main to Regensburg, Alexander
Ferdinand moved the principal residence of the Princely House from Frankfurt
to Regensburg.
He died on 17 March 1773.
Alexander Ferdinand
Karl Anselm 4th. Prince of Thurn und Taxis
Karl Anselm was the eldest son of Alexander Ferdinand 3rd and his first wife
Margravine Sophie Christine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth.
During the invasion of the French troops in the Austrian Netherlands in 1794,
the local properties of the Thurn und Taxis family were seized.
Due to the Napoleonic Wars, Karl Anselm's Imperial Reichspost gradually lost
more and more.
Karl Anselm was awarded in 1803 other Swabian lands, including the Free
Imperial City of Buchau, the Imperial Abbey of Buchau, the
Imperial abbeys of Marchtal and Neresheim, Ostrach and other villages.
Maximilian Karl, 6th. Prince of Thurn und Taxis
With the annexation of the Free City of Frankfurt by the Kingdom of Prussia
in 1866 and the forced sale of the Thurn-und-Taxis-Post, ended an era of the
family's postal monopoly. The handover took place on 1 July 1867.
This happened when Maximilian Karl, the 6th. Prince of Thurn and Taxis
was the head of the Princely House. He died on 10 November 1871.
Another drama took place on 26 June 1867. Then Maximilian Anton Lamoral,
Hereditary Prince of Thurn und Taxis died of either kidney failure or lung
paralysis. He only was 35 years old and left a wife and children. He was married
to Duchess Helene in Bavaria the sister of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (Sissi).
Albert Maria Joseph Maximilian Lamoral, 8th Prince of Thurn und Taxis
Albert was born on 8 May 1867 at Regensburg, Germany as the younger son of
Maximilian Anton Lamoral, Hereditary Prince of Thurn and Taxis and
Duchess Helene of Bavaria. His father died when he was less than 2 months old
and he was raised by his mother. He was made a knight of the Austrian
Order of the Golden Fleece on 30 November 1889. He died on 22 January 1952.
Franz Joseph Maximilian Maria Antonius Ignatius Lamoral,
9 th Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Franz Joseph was the eldest son of Albert, 8th. Prince of Thurn and Taxis and his
wife Archduchess Margarethe Klementine of Austria. He was born on 21 December
1893 in Regensburg. His christening was attended by Emperor Franz Jozef of Austria.
On 6 August 1914 Franz Joseph joined the Prussian Elite Regiment Gardes du Corps.
During the war he was promoted to lieutenant. After the war he returned to Regensburg.
He married Princess Isabel Maria of Braganza on 23 November 1920. They stayed
most of their time at Schloss Haus in Neueglofsheim.
At the age of 46, Franz Joseph served Nazi Germany in the Invasion of Poland in 1939.
By the end of June 1940, he was serving in the Battle of France. He was dismissed due
to a decree from Adolf Hitler on the inability of the German Defense nobility.
Franz Joseph's son Gabriel was killed in action on 17 December 1942 in the Battle of
Stalingrad.
He died after a severe illness on 13 July 1971 and he was interred in the burial chapel
at St. Emmeram's Abbey in Regensburg.
Karl August Joseph Maria Maximilian Lamoral, 10th. Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Karl August was born on 23 July 1898 as the third son of Albert 8th. Prince of Thurn
and Taxis and his wife Archduchess Margaretha Klementine of Austria.
On 18 August 1921, he married Princess Maria Anna of Braganza . They had 4
children. They lived at Schloss Höfling in Regensburg. Karl August forbade his
children to join the Hitler Youth.
Becauwe of his anti-Nazi attitude, Karl August was imprisoned in a Gestapo prison
in Landshut from 1944 to 1945.
Karl August restored interior parts of the Saint Emmeram's Abbey as well as
tapestries from the 17th. and 18th. centuries.
He died on 26 April 1982 and was entombed in the chapel of Saint Emmeram's Abbey.
Nowadays
One of the famous members of the family is Gloria, Princess of Thurn and
Taxis. She married to Johannes the 11th. Prince of Thurn and Taxis.
Gloria and her husband were known for their lavish lifestyle,
becoming social and fashion icons in the 1980s. She became part of
the European jet set and was referred to in the media as the
"punk princess" and "Princess TNT"
When her husband died in 1990, Gloria was left to settle his debts,
which totaled at US$500 million. Her son, Albert, became the
12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis at the time of Johannes' death.
She acted as the trustee for Albert, taking over management of the family
estate, Saint Emmeram's Abbey. She went into isolation from society,
studying finance, accounting, and estate management. She sold off
family property including art, jewelry, castles, cars, and land to preserve
the family fortune. During this time she undertook a spiritual pilgrimage to
the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes in Lourdes, France,
emerging as a sobered Roman Catholic activist and philanthropist.
Gloria has become a successful artist, focusing mainly on portraits done with
oil paint and pastel. The Hotel Chelsea asked her to do a series of pastels of
its most famous denizens—a gallery show which brought her much acclaim as
a painter. She has referred to herself as a "dilettante", and cites her art collection
as inspiration for her contemporary style of portraiture.
In 2015 she had a solo show at the National Exemplar Gallery in New York.
She also paints freelance.
In January 2019 the El Museo del Barrio in Manhattan decided to cancel
an upcoming exhibition of Gloria's work at their 50th anniversary gala
due to her right wing political stances and comments she
had made about race and AIDS.
A devout Catholic, Gloria serves 300 hot meals to the poor every day from a
dedicated room in her home. She also works closely with conservative
Traditionalist Catholic leaders including Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò,
Cardinal Raymond Burke, Wilhelm Imkamp, and Steve Bannon.
Her palatial home, Schloss Thurn und Taxis was suggested by
Bannon as a potential site for a school to educate and train right-wing
Catholics, although no firm plans have been made.
Gloria is a personal friend of Hillary Clinton, and was one of a
dozen women to attend her 2016 birthday party.
Albert 12th. Prince of Thurn and Taxis is the current head of the family. The
family is one of the wealthiest in Germany. The family's brewery was sold to
the Paulaner Group of Munich in 1996, but it still produces beer under the
brand of Thurn und Taxis.
Conclusion
There always is a slight confusion about the family name: 'and' is in German
'und'; 'Tassis' is French, but the German name is 'Taxis'. However this princely
House had made its goal in past and present times. Although the postal
system luckily has changed a lot, we must not forget what they have achieved.
Source pictures
Regensburg: Own picture taken in 2014
Brussels: Own picture taken in 2017
Wikipedia
Gloria - Book cover
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Frank
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Anne Frank | Biography, Age, Death, & Facts
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[
"Anne Frank",
"encyclopedia",
"encyclopeadia",
"britannica",
"article"
] | null |
[
"Michael Berenbaum"
] |
1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00
|
Anne Frank, a young Jewish girl whose diary captured the horrors of Nazi persecution during World War II, remains an enduring symbol of resilience and hope in the face of adversity.
|
en
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/favicon.png
|
Encyclopedia Britannica
|
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Frank
|
Anne Frank (born June 12, 1929, Frankfurt am Main, Germany—died February/March 1945, Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, near Hannover) was a Jewish girl whose diary of her family’s two years in hiding during the German occupation of the Netherlands became a classic of war literature.
Early in the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler, Anne’s father, Otto Frank (1889–1980), a German businessman, took his wife and two daughters to live in Amsterdam. In 1941, after German forces occupied the Netherlands, Anne was compelled to transfer from a public school to a Jewish one. On June 12, 1942, she received a red-and-white plaid diary for her 13th birthday. That day she began writing in the book: “I hope I will be able to confide everything to you, as I have never been able to confide in anyone, and I hope you will be a great source of comfort and support.”
When Anne’s sister, Margot, was faced with deportation (supposedly to a forced-labour camp), the Franks went into hiding on July 6, 1942, in the backroom office and warehouse of Otto Frank’s food-products business. With the aid of a few non-Jewish friends, among them Miep Gies, who smuggled in food and other supplies, the Frank family and four other Jews—Hermann and Auguste van Pels and their son, Peter, and Fritz Pfeffer—lived confined to the “secret annex.” During this time, Anne wrote faithfully in her diary, recounting day-to-day life in hiding, from ordinary annoyances to the fear of capture. She discussed typical adolescent issues as well as her hopes for the future, which included becoming a journalist or a writer. Anne’s last diary entry was written on August 1, 1944. Three days later the annex was discovered by the Gestapo, which was acting on a tip from Dutch informers.
The Frank family was transported to Westerbork, a transit camp in the Netherlands, and from there to Auschwitz, in German-occupied Poland, on September 3, 1944, on the last transport to leave Westerbork for Auschwitz. Anne and Margot were transferred to Bergen-Belsen the following month. Anne’s mother died in early January, just before the evacuation of Auschwitz on January 18, 1945. It was established by the Dutch government that both Anne and Margot died in a typhus epidemic in March 1945, only weeks before the liberation of Bergen-Belsen, but scholars in 2015 revealed new research, including analysis of archival data and first-person accounts, indicating that the sisters might have perished in February 1945. Otto Frank was found hospitalized at Auschwitz when it was liberated by Soviet troops on January 27, 1945.
Friends who searched the hiding place after the family’s capture later gave Otto Frank the papers left behind by the Gestapo. Among them he found Anne’s diary, which was published as Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl (originally in Dutch, 1947). Precocious in style and insight, it traces her emotional growth amid adversity. In it she wrote, “I still believe, in spite of everything, that people are really good at heart.”
The Diary, which has been translated into more than 65 languages, is the most widely read diary of the Holocaust, and Anne is probably the best known of Holocaust victims. The Diary was also made into a play that premiered on Broadway in October 1955, and in 1956 it won both the Tony Award for best play and the Pulitzer Prize for best drama. A film version directed by George Stevens was produced in 1959. The play was controversial: it was challenged by screenwriter Meyer Levin, who wrote an early version of the play (later realized as a 35-minute radio play) and accused Otto Frank and his chosen screenwriters, Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, of sanitizing and de-Judaizing the story. The play was often performed in high schools throughout the world and was revived (with additions) on Broadway in 1997–98.
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https://frankfurt.de/english/international-city/international-affairs/visit-programme-of-the-city-of-frankfurt-am-main
|
en
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City of Frankfurt am Main
|
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en
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/Assets/img/Favicon_F.ico
|
City of Frankfurt am Main
| null |
The City of Frankfurt am Main has been running a programme since 1980 aimed at allowing former Frankfurt citizens, including those of Jewish descent and/or those who suffered political or religious persecution, to visit the city. Over the last 30 years or more, around 3,500 people from all over the world have returned to visit their own (or their parents' or grandparents') former home city of Frankfurt am Main.
The programme is aimed at all those (including themselves, their parents or grandparents) who suffered persecution during the National Socialist regime and were forced to leave Frankfurt am Main. If you or your parents or grandparents are former Frankfurt citizens as described above and would like to visit your/their hometown to search for traces of the past and get to know modern-day Frankfurt with its democratic society and culture, this page contains all the relevant information about the programme. Please note the application requirements for our visit programme. Do not hesitate to contact us should you have any questions regarding the visit programme.
Based on a decision by the City Council, the children and grandchildren of former Frankfurt citizens are invited to visit their parents' home city. This visit programme is organised once a year. On behalf of the City Government of the City of Frankfurt am Main and the Municipal Parliament of the City of Frankfurt am Main, the city invites about 25 guests to spend time in Frankfurt am Main, their parents' or grandparents' former home.
The City of Frankfurt am Main covers the following costs:
Reimbursement of fares for the invited individual*
Overnight stay including breakfast
Supporting programme with reception, cultural events, etc.
Tickets for the public transport network in the Frankfurt city zone
* Due to legal requirements, your reimbursement of fares is an administrative decision. Therefore and in order to handle public money responsibly and efficiently, we are required by law and regulation to base the administrative decision (stating your reimbursement sum) on the basis of your actual fares as well as an upper bound of the reimbursement. Therefore, a copy or scan of your actual travel fares (e.g. plain, ship or train tickets) is required. Afterwards—and only upon receiving your actual travel expanses in regards to fares—the amount of your reimbursement can be calculated. This procedure is dictated by the Allgemeinen Richtlinien für die Gewährung Städtischer Zuwendungen (General Regulation On Granting Municipal Subsidies). Your reimbursement is going to be wired to the account you specified to us after you received an official invitation of the City of Frankfurt am Main (variations in requirement are possible due to the international / national / local regulatory requirements in the area of monetary transactions).
Conditions
Your parents or grandparents must have been born in Frankfurt am Main and have emigrated from the city during the National Socialist regime.
Registration
Those who belong to the defined group of people and who wish to register should fill in and sign the registration form and then send it to the City of Frankfurt am Main. Please enclose suitable proof of identity and origin (e.g. copy of identity card stating place of birth, or certificate of descent) with your registration. We will assess your entitlement to participate in the visit programme based on the information you provide. The date of registration and the year of birth are the main criteria for the order of the invitation.
Registrations can be sent either as a scan via e-mail to visitprogramme@stadt-frankfurt.deInternal Link or via mail to:
Stadt Frankfurt am Main
Referat für internationale Angelegenheiten
Sandgasse 6
60311 Frankfurt am Main
DATA PROTECTION
The address and any other personal data submitted in the registration will be stored in an automatically generated file exclusively for the purpose of providing further support. No data will be passed to third parties unless this has been explicitly consented to.
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https://phonebookoftheworld.com/thurn-taxis/
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Taxis.com from Post to Phone Book of the World, Telecom History since 1290
|
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] |
[
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/MXHL89PDHAc"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null |
Cremerie No1 in the old Postal Building
reinvented as the first Internet Cafe in Paris
1994
The fortunes of Sony did not last,
Akio Morita the founder of the Japaneese company
stepped down from the company board
folling a heart attack.
Almost overnight everything changed
and very quickly new revenues needed to be found.
Thurn & Taxis was not there any more to backup the desaster
but we remembered his lesson
of the difficulties the old postmasters had to face
always leading to new ideas.
The first idea was to sell American Phonelines
via a Callback system.
Before the liberalisation of the European voice phone markets
it was possible to bypass the expensive local phone rates
using a phonesignal coming from California.
Receiving a commision on phone bills new income was building up.
Facing turbulances
Remembering the T&T Stories
Dawn of the Internet 1997
Soon was added an Internet cafe.
The first times of the cafe were difficult ...
not enough people were using internet,
American travellers were the only clients
not enough customers at the cafe.
Phone commission from California took time to build up.
Before beeing able to stabilise from the Sony changes
a retirement pension fund send his "huissiers" (bailiffs)
to collect delayed payments for social security charges.
As we could not pay fast enough
all the computers in the cafe were taken away.
Things are not always easy in France
when you are a young ...
What would the old Postmasters have done ?
All clients had to leave the cafe,
among them someone from California
that was a friend of our dog "Electrica".
Electrica loved him probably because
he had some biscuts for her while surfing the web.
Our dog connected us to the man.
He was fascinated by our stories from the
Villeroys and the Bourbons living at the house
and by the old Postmasters organise mail transport
at a time computers, electricity,
phones did not exist yet.
He was fascinated we were connected
to the Thurn & Taxis history,
the inventors of Telecommunication industry.
The visitor from California
couldn't beleive our Webcafe
had reopened in the exact same location
where
300 years earlier
the letters for Louis XIV
passed through.
After closing the Webcafe for 3 days
we rembered how Thurn & Taxis had always told us
how important it was to be resistant
when turbulances arrive ...
We realised it was possible to get a personal shopping card
from Fnac, a French store for consumer electronics
making it possible to buy two new computers payable in 24 mensualities.
Mum send the money for a third one.
Another one was found in front of a "poubelle" (trash can)
It was not working, but with four computers
the cybercafe looked less poor than with three.
The wild looking customer from California
returned and he was happy the web cafe had reopened.
"You know I'm from a hi-tech background
and I have seen turbulances happen many times.
What is important is to keep going ... "
I would love do something to help you.
Too bad I did not meet you a few years earlier.
At the time it was possible to register really spectaculer Internet Adresses
the 676 Two Letter Domains.
They are the shortest and most glamorous addresses on the web.
It is sometimes beleived internet came alive
without a specific person organising it.
This is not true.
There is indeed a “central” channel of the Net.
Jon Postel was its leader.
He was the creator and then guardian of the network's address system, an authority known as Iana (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). Among its functions: linking digital addresses (IP numbers)
and domain names (.com, .net, .edu).
|
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|
dbpedia
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3
| 36
|
https://www.annefrank.ch/en/family/margot-frank
|
en
|
Anne Frank Fonds
|
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[] |
[] |
[
"en",
"Family",
"Margot Frank"
] | null |
[] | null |
Margot Frank ist Annes ältere Schwester. Sie ist klug und besonnen. Die wildere Anne empfindet sich als Gegenteil. Die beiden bleiben bis zum Tod zusammen.
|
en
|
/_cmsbox_103/favicon.ico
|
https://www.annefrank.ch/en/family/margot-frank
|
In mid-1927, Edith and Otto Frank with two-year-old Margot moved into a spacious rented apartment in Marbachstrasse, in a residential Frankfurt area. The house had a garden where the neighbourhood children met for playing. Two years later, in 1929, her younger sister Anne was born. Edith and Otto educated their daughters along progressive lines, by supporting and furthering their development. The neighbourhood children also felt at home at the Franks’.
At the same time, the financial situation of the Frank family became difficult and their neighbourhood was increasingly targeted by members of the Nazi party (NSPAD) who marched through the streets chanting anti-Semitic slogans. In 1933, they moved to a smaller, cheaper apartment in Ganghoferstrasse in what is still known as the «Dichterviertel» (poets’ quarter). Margot had to change schools.
On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the Reich. One month later the Nazis unleashed the state terror against opponents, left-wing proponents, liberals, intellectuals and Jews. Children were not spared either: after the 1933 Easter holidays, Jewish children were allocated separate benches at school to segregate them from the “Aryan” pupils. Otto and Edith were hugely concerned about their future as a family and in particular about their children. They decided to leave Germany. While Otto Frank tried to build a new livelihood for his family in Amsterdam, Edith, Margot and Anne moved in with Edith’s mother, Rosa Holländer, in Aachen. In late December 1933, Edith followed her husband to Amsterdam with Margot who started at her new school in January. Anne was brought to Amsterdam six weeks later.
Early summer 1942 sees the start of the systematic deportation of Jews from the Netherlands. On 5 July 1942, Margot is one of the first to receive a summons for “labour duty in Germany”. The summons is compulsory and means separation from the family and deportation to a concentration camp. Otto and Edith are aware of the summons’ meaning and act immediately: the following day, the Frank family goes into hiding in the secret annex of Otto Frank’s company building.
Margot is sixteen years old when she goes into hiding. Together with Anne, her parents, the van Pels family and Fritz Pfeffer, she spends more than two years in the secret annex, supported and looked after by former employees of Otto Frank’s. Everyday life is strictly structured around the working day in the spice warehouse below the secret annex: during work hours there must not be any activities that cause noise. Margot and Anne diligently pursue their learning so that they will be able to continue with their education after liberation. In the evenings, the girls also help with office tasks. At first the girls share a bedroom, but once Fritz Pfeffer moves in to the secret annex, Margot sleeps in her parents’ room.
Anne writes that Margot’s character resembles that of her mother Edith, that she rarely loses control, that she is disciplined and clever. Anne, who loves theatre and films and would like to become a writer, finds it hard to understand her sister’s more modest goals. Margot wants to be a maternity nurse in Palestine after the war.
«When I see him being partial to Margot, approving Margot’s every action, praising her, hugging her, I feel a gnawing ache inside, because I’m mad about him. I model myself on Father, and there’s no one in the world I love more. He doesn’t realize that he treats Margot differently from me: Margot just happens to be the cleverest, the kindest, the prettiest and the best. But I have a right to be taken seriously too. I’ve always been the clown and mischief-maker of the family; I’ve always had to pay double for my sins: once with scoldings and then again with my own sense of despair. I’m no longer satisfied with the meaningless affection or the supposedly serious talks. I long for something from Father that he’s incapable of giving. I’m not jealous of Margot; I never have been. I’m not envious of her brains or her beauty. It’s just that I’d like to feel that Father really loves.»
However, time and again, there are episodes in the diary where the closeness of the two sisters becomes apparent, for example when they are lying under a blanket together and reading. The relationship changes in particular during the second year in the secret annex: Anne starts to open up to Margot and finds in her an ally who is pleased about her little sister being close to and in love with Peter van Pels.
Between late October and early November, the two girls are separated from their mother and transported to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp where there is no space for the many new detainees. Margot and Anne sleep in tents which do not withstand the winter storms, and are given hardly anything to eat. During the day they rip the soles off old shoes. Both are weak and run a high fever; they lie next to each other in the sick barracks. Margot dies first, Anne dies a few days later. It is presumed that they die in late February 1945, ultimately from typhus.
|
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8320
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| 37
|
https://edurank.org/uni/goethe-university-of-frankfurt-am-main/alumni/
|
en
|
100 Notable alumni of Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
|
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[
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[
"EduRank"
] |
2021-08-11T10:00:00-08:00
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Below is the list of 100 notable alumni from the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main sorted by their wiki pages popularity. The directory includes famous graduates and former students along with research and academic staff. 1 individuals affiliated with the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main won Nobel Prizes in Physics.
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EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location
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https://edurank.org/uni/goethe-university-of-frankfurt-am-main/alumni/
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100 Notable alumni of
Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
Updated: February 29, 2024
EduRank
The Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main is 242nd in the world, 82nd in Europe, and 14th in Germany by aggregated alumni prominence. Below is the list of 100 notable alumni from the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main sorted by their wiki pages popularity. The directory includes famous graduates and former students along with research and academic staff. 1 individual affiliated with the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main won Nobel Prizes in Physics.
Jürgen Klopp
Born in
Germany
Years
1967-.. (age 57)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
In 1995 studied sports science
Occupations
association football managerassociation football player
Biography
Jürgen Norbert Klopp is a German professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Premier League club Liverpool. He is widely regarded as one of the best football managers in the world.
Helmut Kohl
Born in
Germany
Years
1930-2017 (aged 87)
Occupations
historianChancellor of Germanypoliticianpolitical scientist
Biography
Helmut Josef Michael Kohl was a German politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 and Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998. Kohl's 16-year tenure is the longest of any German chancellor since Otto von Bismarck, and oversaw the end of the Cold War, the German reunification and the creation of the European Union (EU). Furthermore, Kohl's 16 years and 30-day tenure is the longest for any democratically elected chancellor of Germany.
Erich Fromm
Born in
Germany
Years
1900-1980 (aged 80)
Occupations
university teachereconomistwriterpsychoanalystpsychologist
Biography
Erich Seligmann Fromm was a German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist. He was a German Jew who fled the Nazi regime and settled in the United States. He was one of the founders of The William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Psychology in New York City and was associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory.
Peter Drucker
Born in
Austria
Years
1909-2005 (aged 96)
Occupations
writercolumnistuniversity teachersculptorjournalist
Biography
Peter Ferdinand Drucker was an Austrian American management consultant, educator, and author, whose writings contributed to the philosophical and practical foundations of modern management theory. He was also a leader in the development of management education, and invented the concepts known as management by objectives and self-control, and he has been described as "the founder of modern management".
Theodor W. Adorno
Born in
Germany
Years
1903-1969 (aged 66)
Occupations
composeraestheticianwriteracademicaphorist
Biography
Theodor W. Adorno was a German philosopher, musicologist, and social theorist.
Ludwig Erhard
Born in
Germany
Years
1897-1977 (aged 80)
Occupations
university teacherpoliticianeconomist
Biography
Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard was a German politician and economist affiliated with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), and chancellor of West Germany from 1963 until 1966. He is known for leading the West German postwar economic reforms and economic recovery (Wirtschaftswunder, German for "economic miracle") in his role as Minister of Economic Affairs under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer from 1949 to 1963. During that period he promoted the concept of the social market economy (soziale Marktwirtschaft), on which Germany's economic policy in the 21st century continues to be based. In his tenure as Chancellor, however, Erhard lacked support from Adenauer, who remained chairman of the party until 1966, and failed to win the public's confidence in his handling of a budget deficit and his direction of foreign policy. His popularity waned, and he resigned his chancellorship on 30 November 1966.
Christian Drosten
Born in
Germany
Years
1972-.. (age 52)
Occupations
virologistuniversity teacher
Biography
Christian Heinrich Maria Drosten is a German virologist whose research focus is on novel viruses (emergent viruses). During the COVID-19 pandemic, Drosten came to national prominence as an expert on the implications and actions required to combat the illness in Germany.
Nancy Faeser
Born in
Germany
Years
1970-.. (age 54)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
Studied jurisprudence
Occupations
politicianlawyerjurist
Biography
Nancy Faeser is a German lawyer and politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), serving as Federal Minister of the Interior and Community in Chancellor Olaf Scholz's cabinet since 2021. She served as a member of the State Parliament of Hesse from the 2003 elections until 2021. In 2019, she became the party's leader in Hesse, as well as the leader of the Opposition in the Landtag of Hesse.
Michel Friedman
Born in
France
Years
1956-.. (age 68)
Occupations
lawyerjuristtelevision presenterjournalistpolitician
Biography
Julien Michel Friedman is a German author, former CDU politician and talk show host. From 2000 to 2003 Friedman was vice president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, and president of the European Jewish Congress from 2001 to 2003. From 1998 to 2003 he had his own show on German television. Since 2004 he has been hosting a weekly talk show on N24 called Studio Friedman. Friedman is a lawyer by profession and studied law and philosophy.
Max Horkheimer
Born in
Germany
Years
1895-1973 (aged 78)
Occupations
university teacherliterary criticsociologistpedagoguephilosopher
Biography
Max Horkheimer was a German philosopher and sociologist who was famous for his work in critical theory as a member of the Frankfurt School of social research. Horkheimer addressed authoritarianism, militarism, economic disruption, environmental crisis, and the poverty of mass culture using the philosophy of history as a framework. This became the foundation of critical theory. His most important works include Eclipse of Reason (1947), Between Philosophy and Social Science (1930–1938) and, in collaboration with Theodor Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947). Through the Frankfurt School, Horkheimer planned, supported and made other significant works possible.
Hans Bethe
Born in
France
Years
1906-2005 (aged 99)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
1924-1926 studied physics
Occupations
university teacherphysicist
Biography
Hans Albrecht Bethe was a German-American theoretical physicist who made major contributions to nuclear physics, astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics, and solid-state physics, and who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. For most of his career, Bethe was a professor at Cornell University.
Hans-Hermann Hoppe
Born in
Germany
Years
1949-.. (age 75)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
1979-1981 graduated with Master of Science in economics
Occupations
writeruniversity teacheracademiceconomistphilosopher
Biography
Hans-Hermann Hoppe is a German-American academic associated with Austrian School economics, anarcho-capitalism, right-wing libertarianism, and opposition to democracy. He is professor emeritus of economics at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), senior fellow of the Mises Institute think tank, and the founder and president of the Property and Freedom Society.
Janine Wissler
Born in
Germany
Years
1981-.. (age 43)
Occupations
political scientistpolitician
Biography
Janine Natalie Wißler, known professionally as Janine Wissler, is a German politician who has been co-chairwoman of The Left and member of the Bundestag for Hesse since 2021. Prior to that, she served as member of the Landtag of Hesse since 2008 and leader of the state parliamentary group since 2009, including as sole leader since 2014, as well as deputy leader of the federal party since 2014. She was one of The Left's lead candidates for the 2021 German federal election, alongside Dietmar Bartsch.
Charlotte Link
Born in
Germany
Years
1963-.. (age 61)
Occupations
children's writerwriter
Biography
Charlotte Link is a German writer. She is among the most successful contemporary authors writing in German.
Alex Karp
Born in
United States
Years
1967-.. (age 57)
Occupations
international forum participantbusinessperson
Biography
Alexander Caedmon Karp is billionaire businessman, and the co-founder and CEO of the software firm Palantir Technologies. As of February 2024, his estimated net worth is US$1.9 billion.
Peter Tauber
Born in
Germany
Years
1974-.. (age 50)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
Studied in 1994-2007
Occupations
politicianhistorian
Biography
Peter Michael Tauber is a former German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who served as a member of the Bundestag from 2009 to 2021. From 16 December 2013 to 26 February 2018 he served as Secretary General of the CDU under the leadership of its chairwoman Angela Merkel.
Sabine Hossenfelder
Born in
Germany
Years
1976-.. (age 48)
Occupations
physicistYouTuberwriterscientist
Biography
Sabine Hossenfelder is a German theoretical physicist, author, science communicator, professional YouTuber, musician, and singer. She is the author of Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray, which explores the concept of elegance in fundamental physics and cosmology, and of Existential Physics: A Scientist’s Guide to Life’s Biggest Questions.
Max von Laue
Awards
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914
Born in
Germany
Years
1879-1960 (aged 81)
Occupations
university teacherphysicistcrystallographer
Biography
Max Theodor Felix von Laue was a German physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.
Alexander Kluge
Born in
Germany
Years
1932-.. (age 92)
Occupations
television producerfilm editorpoet lawyerlawyerdirector
Biography
Alexander Kluge is a German author, philosopher, academic and film director.
Kurt Biedenkopf
Born in
Germany
Years
1930-2021 (aged 91)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
In 1958 graduated with Doctor of Laws in general economics and legal science
Occupations
university teacherpoliticianjurist
Biography
Kurt Hans Biedenkopf was a German jurist, academic teacher and politician of the Christian-Democratic Union (CDU) party. He was rector of the Ruhr University Bochum.
Carl Zuckmayer
Born in
Germany
Years
1896-1977 (aged 81)
Occupations
poetplaywrightwriterscreenwriter
Biography
Carl Zuckmayer was a German writer and playwright. His older brother was the pedagogue, composer, conductor, and pianist Eduard Zuckmayer.
Giulia Enders
Born in
Germany
Years
1990-.. (age 34)
Occupations
physiciannon-fiction writerwriter
Biography
Giulia Enders is a German writer and scientist whose first book Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body's Most Underrated Organ, has sold more than two million copies in Germany and that was published in English, French (more than one million copies sold), Italian, Spanish, Arabic and other translations in 2015.
Joachim Fest
Born in
Germany
Years
1926-2006 (aged 80)
Occupations
film directorhistorianwriterscreenwriterhistorian of Modern Age
Biography
Joachim Clemens Fest was a German historian, journalist, critic and editor who was best known for his writings and public commentary on Nazi Germany, including a biography of Adolf Hitler and books about Albert Speer and German resistance to Nazism. He was a leading figure in the debate among German historians about the Nazi era. In recent years his writings have earned both praise and strong criticism.
Marion Gräfin Dönhoff
Born in
Russia
Years
1909-2002 (aged 93)
Occupations
journalisteditor-in-chiefresistance fighteropinion journalist
Biography
Marion Hedda Ilse Gräfin von Dönhoff was a German journalist and publisher who participated in the resistance against Nazism, along with Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, Peter Yorck von Wartenburg, and Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. After the war, she became one of Germany's leading journalists and intellectuals, working for over 55 years as an editor and later publisher of the Hamburg-based weekly newspaper Die Zeit.
Aby Rosen
Born in
Germany
Years
1960-.. (age 64)
Occupations
art collector
Biography
Aby Rosen is a German and American real estate tycoon living in New York City. He co-founded RFR Holding, which owns a portfolio of 93 properties valued over $15.5 billion in cities including New York, Miami, Las Vegas, and Tel Aviv. Highlights include the Seagram Building, W South Beach, The Jaffa Tel Aviv, Gramercy Park Hotel, Paramount Hotel, and Miracle Mile Shops at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino, among other properties. Rosen is also a member of, a founding investor in, and the landlord of the CORE Club in New York.
Roland Koch
Born in
Germany
Years
1958-.. (age 66)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
Studied legal science
Occupations
lawyerpoliticianbusiness executivelegal counselorinternational forum participant
Biography
Roland Koch is a German jurist and former conservative politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He was the 7th Minister President of Hesse from 7 April 1999, immediately becoming the 53rd President of the Bundesrat, completing the term begun by his predecessor as Minister President, Hans Eichel, until his resignation on 31 August 2010. During his time in office, Koch was widely regarded as one of Chancellor Angela Merkel's main rivals within the CDU.
Carolin Emcke
Born in
Germany
Years
1967-.. (age 57)
Occupations
non-fiction writerwritercolumnistLGBTQI+ rights activistjournalist
Biography
Carolin Emcke is a German author and journalist who worked for Der Spiegel from 1998 to 2006, often writing from areas of conflicts. From 2007 to 2014, she worked as an international reporter for Die Zeit. Her book Echoes of Violence – Letters from a War Reporter was published in 2007 at Princeton University Press. In 2008, she published Stumme Gewalt ("Mute force"), in 2013 How We Desire (German: Wie wir begehren), in 2016 Against Hate (German: Gegen den Hass), and in 2019 Yes means yes and... (Ja heißt ja und...). Carolin Emcke was honoured with several awards such as the Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels in 2016, and a Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ("Federal Cross of Merit") in 2017.
Tarek Al-Wazir
Born in
Germany
Years
1971-.. (age 53)
Occupations
politician
Biography
Tarek Mohammed Al-Wazir is a German politician of Alliance '90/The Greens who served as deputy to the Hessian Minister-President, and Hessian Minister of Economics, Energy, Transport and Regional Development from 2014 to 2024. He is a member of the Landtag of Hesse and was co-chair of the Hessian Green Party.
Bettina Stark-Watzinger
Born in
Germany
Years
1968-.. (age 56)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
Studied in 1993
Occupations
economistpolitician
Biography
Bettina Stark-Watzinger is a German economist and politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) who has been serving as Minister of Education and Research in Chancellor Olaf Scholz's cabinet since 2021. She has been a member of the Bundestag from the state of Hesse since 2017.
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Born in
Chile
Years
1942-.. (age 82)
Occupations
university teacherbiologistphysiologistgeneticistpsychologist
Biography
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard ( German pronunciation: [kʁɪsˈti̯anə ˈnʏslaɪ̯n ˈfɔlˌhaʁt]; born 20 October 1942) is a German developmental biologist and a 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate. She is the only woman from Germany to have received a Nobel Prize in the sciences.
Nicola Beer
Born in
Germany
Years
1970-.. (age 54)
Occupations
politicianinternational forum participantlawyer
Biography
Nicola Beer is a German lawyer and politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) who has been serving as a vice president of the European Investment Bank since 2024, under the leadership of president Nadia Calviño.
Otto Stern
Born in
Poland
Years
1888-1969 (aged 81)
Occupations
chemistuniversity teacherphysicist
Biography
Otto Stern was a German-American physicist and Nobel laureate in physics. He was the second most nominated physicist for a Nobel Prize, with 82 nominations in the years 1925–1945 (most times nominated is Arnold Sommerfeld with 84 nominations), ultimately winning in 1943.
Benjamin List
Born in
Germany
Years
1968-.. (age 56)
Occupations
chemistuniversity teacherscientist
Biography
Benjamin List is a German chemist who is one of the directors of the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research and professor of organic chemistry at the University of Cologne. He co-developed organocatalysis, a method of accelerating chemical reactions and making them more efficient. He shared the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with David MacMillan "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis".
Karin Strenz
Born in
Germany
Years
1967-2021 (aged 54)
Occupations
politician
Biography
Karin Strenz was a German politician who represented the CDU. Strenz served as a member of the Bundestag for the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern between 2009 and 2021.
Michael Roth
Born in
Germany
Years
1970-.. (age 54)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
Studied in 1991-1997
Occupations
politician
Biography
Michael Helmut Roth is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) who has been serving as a member of the German Bundestag since 27 September 1998.
Herfried Münkler
Born in
Germany
Years
1951-.. (age 73)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
In 1977 studied political science and German studies
Occupations
political scientistuniversity teacher
Biography
Herfried Münkler is a German political scientist. He is a Professor of Political Theory at Humboldt University in Berlin. Münkler is a regular commentator on global affairs in the German-language media and author of numerous books on the history of political ideas (German: Ideengeschichte), on state-building and on the theory of war, such as "Machiavelli" (1982), "Gewalt und Ordnung" (1992), "The New Wars" (orig. 2002) and "Empires: The Logic of World Domination from Ancient Rome to the United States" (orig. 2005). In 2009 Münkler was awarded the Leipzig Book Fair Prize in the category "Non-fiction" for Die Deutschen und ihre Mythen (engl. "the Germans and their myths").
Peter Duesberg
Born in
Germany
Years
1936-.. (age 88)
Occupations
chemistuniversity teachervirologist
Biography
Peter H. Duesberg is a German-American molecular biologist and a professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is known for his early research into the genetic aspects of cancer. He is a proponent of AIDS denialism, the claim that HIV does not cause AIDS.
Jana Maláčová
Born in
Czech Republic
Years
1981-.. (age 43)
Occupations
economistpoliticianpolitical scientist
Biography
Jana Maláčová is a Czech politician and member of the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD). In July 2018 she took up the post as the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs in the Czech Republic in the Government led by Andrej Babiš. Between March 2019 and December 2021 she was also deputy chairperson of the ČSSD.
Rüdiger Safranski
Born in
Germany
Years
1945-.. (age 79)
Occupations
literary historianwriterphilosophertelevision presenter
Biography
Rüdiger Safranski is a German philosopher and author.
Reinhard Selten
Born in
Poland
Years
1930-2016 (aged 86)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
Studied in 1951-1961
Occupations
economistmathematicianEsperantistuniversity teacher
Biography
Reinhard Justus Reginald Selten was a German economist, who won the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (shared with John Harsanyi and John Nash). He is also well known for his work in bounded rationality and can be considered one of the founding fathers of experimental economics.
Peter Grünberg
Born in
Czech Republic
Years
1939-2018 (aged 79)
Occupations
university teacherphysicist
Biography
Peter Andreas Grünberg was a German physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his discovery with Albert Fert of giant magnetoresistance which brought about a breakthrough in gigabyte hard disk drives.
Boris Rhein
Born in
Germany
Years
1972-.. (age 52)
Occupations
politician
Biography
Boris Rhein is a German lawyer and politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who has been serving as Minister-President of Hesse since 2022. He has been active in the politics of Hesse since the late 1990s. After being elected to the Landtag of Hesse in 1999, he served as the state's Minister for the Interior from 2010 until 2014 and as the Minister for Science and Art from 2014 to 2019. On 31 May 2022, he was elected to succeed Volker Bouffier as the Minister-President of Hesse. He led the CDU to a victory in the 2023 Hessian state election.
Andrea Ypsilanti
Born in
Germany
Years
1957-.. (age 67)
Occupations
flight attendantpolitician
Biography
Andrea Ypsilanti is a German politician.
Hermann Otto Solms
Born in
Germany
Years
1940-.. (age 84)
Occupations
politiciantreasurer
Biography
Hermann Otto Solms is a German politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP).
Thomas Metzinger
Born in
Germany
Years
1958-.. (age 66)
Occupations
university teacherwriterphilosopher
Biography
Thomas Metzinger is a German philosopher and Professor Emeritus of theoretical philosophy at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz. As of 2011, he is an Adjunct Fellow at the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, a co-founder of the German Effective Altruism Foundation, president of the Barbara Wengeler Foundation, and on the advisory board of the Giordano Bruno Foundation and the MIND Foundation. From 2008 to 2009, he served as a Fellow at the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study; from 2014 to 2019, he was a Fellow at the Gutenberg Research College; from 2019 to 2022, he was awarded a Senior-Forschungsprofessur by the Ministry of Science, Education and Culture. From 2018 to 2020, Metzinger worked as a member of the European Commission’s High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence. In 2022 he was elected into the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
Daniela Schadt
Born in
Germany
Years
1960-.. (age 64)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
In 1985 graduated with Magister Artium in politics, French literature, and German studies
Occupations
journalist
Biography
Daniela Schadt is a German journalist, and, since 2000, the domestic partner of Joachim Gauck, former President of Germany, who has been legally married since 1959 to Gerhild Radtke. She has sometimes been referred to by the media as "First Lady".
Gerd Binnig
Born in
Germany
Years
1947-.. (age 77)
Occupations
physicist
Biography
Gerd Binnig is a German physicist. He is most famous for having won the Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Heinrich Rohrer in 1986 for the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope.
Bassam Tibi
Born in
Syria
Years
1944-.. (age 80)
Occupations
university teacherwriterphilosopher
Biography
Bassam Tibi, is a Syrian-born German political scientist and professor of international relations specializing in Islamic studies and Middle Eastern studies. He was born in 1944 in Damascus, Syria to an aristocratic family, and moved to West Germany in 1962, where he later became a naturalized citizen in 1976.
Erhard Eppler
Born in
Germany
Years
1926-2019 (aged 93)
Occupations
politician
Biography
Erhard Eppler was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and founder of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). He studied English, German and history in Frankfurt, Bern and Tübingen, achieved a PhD and worked as a teacher. He met Gustav Heinemann in the late 1940s, who became a role model. Eppler was a member of the Bundestag from 1961 to 1976. He was appointed Minister for Economic Cooperation first in 1968 during the grand coalition of Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU) and Willy Brandt (SPD), continuing under Chancellor Brandt in 1969 and Chancellor Helmut Schmidt (SPD) in 1974, when he stepped down.
Günter Blobel
Born in
Poland
Years
1936-2018 (aged 82)
Occupations
biologistuniversity teacherphysicianbiochemistcell biologist
Biography
Günter Blobel was a Silesian German and American biologist and 1999 Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell.
Wolfgang Streeck
Born in
Germany
Years
1946-.. (age 78)
Occupations
university teachersociologisteconomic sociologist
Biography
Wolfgang Streeck is a German economic sociologist and emeritus director of the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies in Cologne.
Heinz Nixdorf
Born in
Germany
Years
1925-1986 (aged 61)
Occupations
engineerentrepreneur
Biography
Heinz Nixdorf was a German computing pioneer, businessman and founder of Nixdorf Computer AG.
Jörg Baberowski
Born in
Germany
Years
1961-.. (age 63)
Occupations
university teacherhistorian
Biography
Jörg Baberowski is a German historian and Professor of Eastern European History at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He studies the history of the Soviet Union and Stalinist violence. Baberowski earlier served as Director of the Historical Institute and Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy I at the Humboldt University in Berlin.
Karl August Wittfogel
Born in
Germany
Years
1896-1988 (aged 92)
Occupations
university teachersociologisthistorianeconomistplaywright
Biography
Karl August Wittfogel was a German-American playwright, historian, and sinologist. He was originally a Marxist and an active member of the Communist Party of Germany, but after the Second World War, he was an equally fierce anticommunist.
Peter Stein
Born in
Germany
Years
1937-.. (age 87)
Occupations
film directortheatrical directorscreenwriteractor
Biography
Peter Stein is a German theatre and opera director who established himself at the Schaubühne am Lehniner Platz, a company that he brought to the forefront of German theatre.
Friedrich Pollock
Born in
Germany
Years
1894-1970 (aged 76)
Occupations
sociologistphilosophereconomist
Biography
Friedrich Pollock was a German social scientist and philosopher. He was one of the founders of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main, and a member of the Frankfurt School of neo-Marxist theory.
Heinz Riesenhuber
Born in
Germany
Years
1935-.. (age 89)
Occupations
chemistpolitician
Biography
Heinz Friedrich Ruppert Riesenhuber is a German politician (CDU) who served as Minister of Scientific Research under Chancellor Helmut Kohl from 1982 to 1993.
Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul
Born in
Germany
Years
1942-.. (age 82)
Occupations
politicianteacher
Biography
Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul is a German politician and a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since 1965.
Joachim Kaiser
Born in
Poland
Years
1928-2017 (aged 89)
Occupations
writeruniversity teacherliterary criticmusicologistjournalist
Biography
Joachim Kaiser was a German musician, literature and theatre critic and senior editor in the feuilleton of the Süddeutsche Zeitung (from 1959). Starting 1977 to 1996 he held a seat as a professor of history of music at the State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart.
Wilhelm Genazino
Born in
Germany
Years
1943-2018 (aged 75)
Occupations
journalistplaywrightwriteressayist
Biography
Wilhelm Genazino was a German journalist and author. He worked first as a journalist for the satirical magazine pardon and for Lesezeichen. From the early 1970s, he was a freelance writer who became known by a trilogy of novels, Abschaffel-Trilogie, completed in 1979. It was followed by more novels and two plays. Among his many awards is the prestigious Georg Büchner Prize.
Saskia Bartusiak
Born in
Germany
Years
1982-.. (age 42)
Occupations
association football player
Biography
Saskia Bartusiak is a German retired footballer. She played as a centre back.
Wolfgang Benz
Born in
Germany
Years
1941-.. (age 83)
Occupations
historianuniversity teacherwriter
Biography
Wolfgang Benz is a German historian from Ellwangen. He was the director of the Center for Research on Antisemitism of the Technische Universität Berlin between 1990 and 2011.
Bodo Kirchhoff
Born in
Germany
Years
1948-.. (age 76)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
Studied in 1979
Occupations
screenwriterwriter
Biography
Bodo Kirchhoff is a German writer and novelist. He was born in Hamburg before moving with his family to Kirchzarten in the Black Forest in 1955, which he describes as a culture shock. In addition to writing literary fiction, he has worked on various projects for German television, such as long-runner Tatort, and has written movie screenplays. One of his best-known novels is Infanta (1990), which has been translated into more than a dozen languages. In 2016, his novel, which features an African migrant in Italy, Encounter won the German Book Prize.
Pete Namlook
Born in
Germany
Years
1960-2012 (aged 52)
Occupations
record producercomposer
Biography
Pete Namlook was an ambient and electronic music producer and composer. In 1992, he founded the German record label FAX +49-69/450464, which he oversaw. He was inspired by the music of Eberhard Weber, Miles Davis, Antonio Carlos Jobim, Chopin, Wendy Carlos, Tangerine Dream and Pink Floyd, and most importantly Klaus Schulze.
Katja von Garnier
Born in
Germany
Years
1966-.. (age 58)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
Studied in 1985-1989
Occupations
film directordirectorscreenwriter
Biography
Katja von Garnier is a German film director.
Wolfgang Bernhard
Born in
Germany
Years
1960-.. (age 64)
Occupations
businessperson
Biography
Wolfgang Bernhard is a former member of the Board of Management of Daimler AG. He served as the former President and COO of Chrysler from 2000 to 2004.
Cora Stephan
Born in
Germany
Years
1951-.. (age 73)
Occupations
journalisttranslatorwriter
Biography
Cora Stephan is a German-speaking writer and essayist.
Alfred Schmidt
Born in
Germany
Years
1931-2012 (aged 81)
Occupations
translatoruniversity teachersociologistphilosopher
Biography
Alfred Schmidt was a German philosopher.
Mike Josef
Born in
Syria
Years
1983-.. (age 41)
Occupations
political scientistpolitician
Biography
Mike Josef is a German politician (SPD) and the Lord Mayor of Frankfurt am Main.
Horst Ludwig Störmer
Born in
Germany
Years
1949-.. (age 75)
Occupations
university teacherphysicist
Biography
Horst Ludwig Störmer is a German physicist, Nobel laureate and emeritus professor at Columbia University. He was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Daniel Tsui and Robert Laughlin "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" (the fractional quantum Hall effect). He and Tsui were working at Bell Labs at the time of the experiment cited by the Nobel committee.
Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd
Born in
United Kingdom
Years
1907-1997 (aged 90)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
Studied in 1931
Occupations
physicistuniversity teacherpoliticianbiochemistchemist
Biography
Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron Todd was a British biochemist whose research on the structure and synthesis of nucleotides, nucleosides, and nucleotide coenzymes gained him the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1957.
Katja Leikert
Born in
Germany
Years
1975-.. (age 49)
Occupations
political scientistpolitician
Biography
Katja Isabel Leikert is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag (Germany's national parliament) since 2013, representing the Hanau electoral district. Within the CDU/CSU Bundestag Group, parliamentary colleagues elected her one of the alliance's eleven Bundestag deputy chairpersons in January 2018.
Souad Mekhennet
Born in
Germany
Years
1978-.. (age 46)
Occupations
international forum participantjournalist
Biography
Souad Mekhennet is an ethnic Turkish and Moroccan journalist and author who has written or worked for The New York Times, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, The Washington Post, The Daily Beast and German television channel ZDF. She is a civic national of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Ursula Lehr
Born in
Germany
Years
1930-2022 (aged 92)
Occupations
politicianuniversity teacherpsychologistgerontologist
Biography
Ursula Lehr née Leipold was a German academic, age researcher and politician. She was the first professor of gerontology in Germany, with a chair at the University of Heidelberg from 1986. She served as federal minister of youth, family, women and health from 1988 to 1991. She was a member of the Bundestag from 1990 to 1994. Returning to science, she founded the German centre for research on aging (DZFA) of the University of Heidelberg in 1995, and was head of the German National Association of Senior Citizens' Organizations (BAGSO) from 2009 to 2015.
Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt
Born in
Germany
Years
1901-1986 (aged 85)
Occupations
politicianjudgejurist
Biography
Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). She was Federal Minister of Health in the German Cabinet from 1961 to 1966, the first woman to hold a Ministerial position in Germany.
Lorentzos Mavilis
Born in
Greece
Years
1860-1912 (aged 52)
Occupations
chess playermilitary personnelwriterpoliticiantranslator
Biography
Lorentzos Mavilis was a Greek sonneteer, war poet, and chess problems composer. He is best known for his sonnets.
Freda Meissner-Blau
Born in
Germany
Years
1927-2015 (aged 88)
Occupations
lecturerpoliticianenvironmentalistnursejournalist
Biography
Freda Meissner-Blau was an Austrian politician, activist, and prominent figurehead in the Austrian environmental movement. She was a founder and the federal spokesperson of the Austrian Green Party.
Filiz Polat
Born in
Germany
Years
1978-.. (age 46)
Occupations
politician
Biography
Filiz Polat is a German politician for the Alliance 90/The Greens.
Otto Bayer
Born in
Germany
Years
1902-1982 (aged 80)
Occupations
chemistengineer
Biography
Otto Bayer was a German industrial chemist at IG Farben who was head of the research group that in 1937 discovered the polyaddition for the synthesis of polyurethanes out of poly-isocyanate and polyol.
Haim Cohn
Born in
Germany
Years
1911-2002 (aged 91)
Occupations
university teacherjuristpedagoguepoliticianjudge
Michaela Noll
Born in
Germany
Years
1959-.. (age 65)
Occupations
politicianlawyer
Biography
Michaela Marion Noll is a German lawyer and politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who served as a member of the Bundestag from the state of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2002 until 2021.
Santiago Castro-Gómez
Born in
Colombia
Years
1958-.. (age 66)
Occupations
university teacherwriterphilosopher
Silvia Bovenschen
Born in
Germany
Years
1946-2017 (aged 71)
Occupations
literary scholarwriteressayist
Thomas Hettche
Born in
Germany
Years
1964-.. (age 60)
Occupations
writerman of letterstranslatorliterary scholargermanist
Biography
Thomas Hettche is a German author.
Gerd Koenen
Born in
Germany
Years
1944-.. (age 80)
Occupations
historianwriterhistorian of Modern Ageopinion journalistjournalist
Jan Costin Wagner
Born in
Germany
Years
1972-.. (age 52)
Occupations
musicianwriter
Biography
Jan Costin Wagner is a German crime fiction writer. His novels are set in Finland and feature detective Kimmo Joentaa.
Patrick Breyer
Born in
Germany
Years
1977-.. (age 47)
Occupations
judgepolitician
Biography
Patrick Breyer is a German digital rights activist, jurist, Pirate Party Germany politician, and – since 2019 – Member of the European Parliament (MEP). From 2012 to 2017 he was a member of the state parliament of Schleswig-Holstein and from April 2016 until the end of the legislative period he was also the leader of the Pirate group in that assembly. Breyer is one of four European Pirate Party MEPs in the 2019–2024 term along with three Czech Pirate Party members, all of whom are members of the Greens / EFA parliamentary group.
Ernst Lemmer
Born in
Germany
Years
1898-1970 (aged 72)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
Studied in 1923
Occupations
Federal minister (Germany)trade unionistpoliticianspyminister
Biography
Ernst Lemmer was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former member of the German Bundestag.
Albrecht Wellmer
Born in
Germany
Years
1933-2018 (aged 85)
Occupations
philosophersociologist
Biography
Albrecht Wellmer was a German philosopher at the Freie Universität Berlin.
Friedwardt Winterberg
Born in
Germany
Years
1929-.. (age 95)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
In 1953 graduated with Master of Science
Occupations
university teacherphysicist
Biography
Friedwardt Winterberg is a German-American theoretical physicist and was a research professor at the University of Nevada, Reno. He is known for his research in areas spanning general relativity, Planck scale physics, nuclear fusion, and plasmas. His work in nuclear rocket propulsion earned him the 1979 Hermann Oberth Gold Medal of the Wernher von Braun International Space Flight Foundation and a 1981 citation by the Nevada Legislature. He is also an honorary member of the German Aerospace Society Lilienthal-Oberth.
Hans Matthöfer
Born in
Germany
Years
1925-2009 (aged 84)
Occupations
politician
Biography
Hans Hermann Matthöfer was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).
Shelomo Dov Goitein
Born in
Germany
Years
1900-1985 (aged 85)
Occupations
historianuniversity teachereducatorethnographerorientalist
Biography
Shelomo Dov Goitein was a German-Jewish ethnographer, historian and Arabist known for his research on Jewish life in the Islamic Middle Ages, and particularly on the Cairo Geniza.
S. H. Foulkes
Born in
Germany
Years
1898-1976 (aged 78)
Occupations
psychoanalystpsychiatrist
Biography
S. H. Foulkes was a German-British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. He developed a theory of group behaviour that led to his founding of group analysis, a variant of group therapy. He initiated the Group Analytic Society, and the Institute of Group Analysis (IGA) in London. In 1933, owing to his Jewish descent, Foulkes emigrated to England. In 1938, he was granted British citizenship and changed his name to S. H. Foulkes.
Thomas Meyer
Born in
Germany
Years
1943-.. (age 81)
Occupations
political scientistuniversity teacher
Biography
Thomas Meyer is a German political scientist and professor emeritus at Dortmund university.
Tabea Rößner
Born in
Germany
Years
1966-.. (age 58)
Occupations
politician
Biography
Tabea Rößner is a German journalist and politician of Alliance 90/The Greens who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag since 2009. In 2019, she unsuccessfully ran as the Green Party's candidate for Mayor of Mainz.
Norbert Walter
Born in
Germany
Years
1944-2012 (aged 68)
Occupations
university teacherbankereconomist
Biography
Norbert Walter was a German economist. He was the chief economist of Deutsche Bank from 1990 to 2009.
Patrice Nganang
Born in
Cameroon
Years
1970-.. (age 54)
Occupations
novelistwriterpoet
Biography
Alain Patrice Nganang is an American writer, poet and teacher of Cameroonian origin, a member of the Bamileke people.
Hilde Mangold
Born in
Germany
Years
1898-1924 (aged 26)
Occupations
biologist
Biography
Hilde Mangold was a German embryologist who was best known for her 1923 dissertation which was the foundation for her mentor, Hans Spemann's, 1935 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the embryonic organizer, "one of the very few doctoral theses in biology that have directly resulted in the awarding of a Nobel Prize". The general effect she demonstrated is known as embryonic induction, that is, the capacity of some cells to direct the developmental trajectory of other cells. Induction remains a fundamental concept and area of ongoing research in the field.
Matthias Kollatz
Born in
Germany
Years
1957-.. (age 67)
Enrolled in the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
Studied general economics
Occupations
politicianeconomistengineernon-fiction writer
Biography
Matthias Kollatz is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) who served as State Minister of Finance in the government of Mayor Michael Müller of Berlin from 2014 to 2021.
Holm Gero Hümmler
Born in
Germany
Years
1970-.. (age 54)
Occupations
nuclear physicistauthorphysicist
Biography
Holm Gero Hümmler is a German nuclear physicist and skeptic, living in Bad Homburg, near Frankfurt am Main.
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Nadia Dardon"
] |
2024-04-12T17:37:28+00:00
|
Check out this blog and discover the fascinating lives and legacies of Famous People From Germany in this captivating guide!
|
en
|
Strømmen Language Classes
|
https://strommeninc.com/who-are-the-20-most-famous-people-from-germany/
|
Famous people from Germany have long been at the forefront of worldwide recognition, with achievements covering a wide range of fields and leaving an unmistakable impact on history. From pioneering scientists to trailblazing artists, their influence reaches far beyond their own country.
In this blog post, we set out to discover the incredible stories and lasting legacies of twenty great personalities who have altered the direction of human achievement. Join us as we explore the lives of these amazing people and commemorate their lasting impact on the global stage.
20 Most Famous People From Germany
1. Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1400-1468)
Johannes Gutenberg, a German inventor and printer born in Mainz, introduced printing to Europe with the creation of the movable-type printing machine. Gutenberg’s breakthrough transformed the diffusion of knowledge, laying the groundwork for the Renaissance and Reformation.
2. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
Johann Sebastian Bach, a composer and pianist born in Eisenach, is regarded as one of the finest composers in Western music history. Bach’s music, renowned for his mastery of counterpoint and profound theological compositions, is still admired for its intricacy and beauty today.
3. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, born in Frankfurt, was a poet, novelist, and playwright whose works are considered some of the greatest achievements of German literature. From “Faust” to “The Sorrows of Young Werther,” Goethe’s writings explore themes of love, morality, and the human condition.
4. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
Ludwig van Beethoven, born in Bonn, was a brilliant composer whose music continues to captivate audiences worldwide. Beethoven’s compositions, ranging from symphonies to sonatas, including the Ninth Symphony and “Für Elise,” are renowned for their emotional depth and inventive energy.
5. Jacob Grimm (1785-1863) & Wilhelm Grimm (1786-1859)
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, brothers and philologists born in Hanau and Steinau, are best known for their collection of fairy stories, “Grimm’s Fairy Tales.” Their classic stories, such as “Cinderella,” “Snow White,” and “Hansel and Gretel,” have enthralled readers of all ages for years.
6. Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Richard Wagner, born in Leipzig, was a composer known for his epic operas and innovative musical techniques. Wagner’s works, such as “Tristan und Isolde” and the “Ring Cycle,” pushed the boundaries of traditional opera and had a profound impact on the development of music.
7. Henri Nestlé (1814-1890)
Henri Nestlé, an entrepreneur born in Frankfurt, created Nestlé, one of the world’s largest food and beverage corporations. His innovation of newborn formula and the development of milk chocolate improved nutrition and transformed the food industry.
8. Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Karl Marx, born in Trier, was a philosopher, economist, and revolutionary whose theories shaped the path of modern history. Marx, co-author of “The Communist Manifesto” and “Das Kapital,” inspired political revolutions and influenced the evolution of socialist ideas.
9. Levi Strauss (1829-1902)
Levi Strauss, born in Buttenheim, was a German-American businessman who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans. Originally designed as durable workwear for miners during the California Gold Rush, Levi’s jeans became a symbol of American culture and fashion.
10. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Friedrich Nietzsche, a philosopher born in Röcken, defied traditional wisdom and had a significant influence on existentialism and postmodernism. Nietzsche’s ideas, which include themes like “Übermensch” and “will to power,” continue to excite debate and inspire thinkers all over the world.
11. Bertha Benz (1849-1944)
Bertha Benz, born in Pforzheim, was an automotive pioneer who created history in 1888 by driving the first long-distance car voyage. Bertha’s tour, using her husband Karl Benz’s invention, the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, helped publicize and illustrate the automobile’s practicality.
12. Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Albert Einstein, born in Ulm, was a theoretical physicist whose ground-breaking theories transformed our knowledge of the cosmos. Einstein’s theory of relativity (E=mc²) established modern physics and led to his Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
13. Amalie Emmy Noether (1882-1935)
Emmy Noether, born in Erlangen, was a mathematician whose groundbreaking work in abstract algebra and theoretical physics laid the foundation for modern mathematics. Despite facing discrimination as a woman in academia, Noether’s contributions to algebra and physics are celebrated as some of the most influential in the field.
14. Marlene Dietrich (1901-1992)
Marlene Dietrich, born in Berlin, was an iconic actress and singer known for her sultry voice and captivating presence on the silver screen. With her roles in films like “The Blue Angel” and “Destry Rides Again,” Dietrich became a symbol of glamour and sophistication during the Golden Age of Hollywood.
15. Anne Frank (1929-1945)
Anne Frank, a Jewish girl born in Frankfurt, wrote “The Diary of a Young Girl,” which became one of the world’s most widely read novels. Anne’s diary, written while she was hiding from the Nazis in Amsterdam during World War II, offers a poignant and intimate look into the life of a little girl dealing with the horrors of the Holocaust. Tragically, Anne and her family were discovered and sent to concentration camps, where Anne died at the age of fifteen from typhus in Bergen-Belsen. Despite her brief existence, Anne’s diary continues to inspire readers with its message of hope, resilience, and the unbreakable strength of the human spirit.
16. Angela Merkel (born in 1954)
Angela Merkel, born in Hamburg, is a German politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021, making her one of the most tenured leaders in European history. Merkel’s leadership throughout crises such as the Eurozone debt crisis and the immigration crisis garnered her international recognition and praise.
17. Cornelia Funke (born in 1958)
Cornelia Funke, born in Dorsten, is a bestselling author known for her fantasy and adventure novels for children and young adults. With works like the “Inkheart” trilogy and “The Thief Lord,” Funke’s imaginative storytelling and vivid characters have captured the hearts of readers around the world.
18. Michael Schumacher (born in 1969)
Michael Schumacher, born in Hürth, is a legendary Formula One racing driver who holds numerous records in the sport. With seven World Championship titles and 91 Grand Prix victories to his name, Schumacher’s skill and determination have solidified his status as one of the greatest drivers in history.
19. Anke Huber (born in 1974)
Anke Huber, born in Bruchsal, is a former professional tennis player who reached the top five of the WTA rankings during her career. Huber, known for her powerful groundstrokes and fierce spirit, won titles in both singles and doubles competitions.
20. Alexander Zverev (born in 1997)
Alexander Zverev, born in Hamburg, is a professional tennis player who has achieved success on the ATP Tour, including winning the ATP Finals and reaching the final of the US Open. Known for his powerful serve and baseline game, Zverev is considered one of the top talents in men’s tennis.
Let’s Explore Germany!
As we approach to the end of our look at the 20 most famous Germans, it’s evident that their influence spans borders and generations. From science and art to politics and sports, each individual has made an unmistakable stamp on the world stage, molding our collective history and determining the trajectory of human progress.
Thank you for joining us on this journey through the lives of some of Germany’s most iconic individuals. Their stories remind us that greatness knows no boundaries and that the human spirit is capable of achieving the extraordinary when fueled by passion, perseverance, and a relentless pursuit of excellence.
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https://www.starsinsider.com/celebrity/460040/celebrities-who-were-born-on-a-military-base
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en
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Celebrities who were born on a military base
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"Military brats day"
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[
"StarsInsider",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2024-05-10T12:15:00+01:00
|
Being born on a military base is not very common
|
en
|
Stars Insider
|
https://www.starsinsider.com/celebrity/460040/celebrities-who-were-born-on-a-military-base
|
A military base is any facility that is directly owned and operated by or for the military. It may be used to shelter military equipment and personnel, or to facilitate training and operations.
While military bases are not always self-sufficient, many often are. This means that they normally have an on-site hospital where, among other things, the babies of military personnel are born.
Being born on a military base is not very common, but there are in fact a few celebs who came into the world in this peculiar way.
Check out this gallery to see which celebs were born on a military base.
|
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| 23
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https://www.myheritage.com/names/sophie_brandenburg-bayreuth
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""
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8320
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0
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https://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p4085.htm
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en
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Ancestors & Cousins: Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner (over 193,000 names).
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
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Children
Maria Theresia von Thurn-Taxis2 b. 10 Jul 1757, d. 9 Mar 1776
Sophie Friederike Dorothea Henriette von Thurn-Taxis2 b. 20 Jul 1758, d. 31 May 1800
Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn-Taxis, Prince of Buchau & Krotoszyn, Graf zu Friedberg-Scheer & Valsassina3 b. 22 Feb 1770, d. 19 Jul 1827
Children
Maria Theresia von Thurn-Taxis3 b. 10 Jul 1757, d. 9 Mar 1776
Sophie Friederike Dorothea Henriette von Thurn-Taxis3 b. 20 Jul 1758, d. 31 May 1800
Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn-Taxis, Prince of Buchau & Krotoszyn, Graf zu Friedberg-Scheer & Valsassina2 b. 22 Feb 1770, d. 19 Jul 1827
Children
Wilhelm I Friedrich Karl, King of Württemberg4,1 b. 27 Sep 1781, d. 25 Jun 1864
Paul von Württemberg+4 b. 19 Jan 1785, d. 16 Apr 1852
Family
Friedrich I Wilhelm Karl, King of Württemberg, Russian Lt. Gen & Governor-General of Finland b. 6 Nov 1754, d. 30 Oct 1816 Children
Wilhelm I Friedrich Karl, King of Württemberg2,3 b. 27 Sep 1781, d. 25 Jun 1864
Paul von Württemberg+3 b. 19 Jan 1785, d. 16 Apr 1852
Family
George IV, King of England, Ireland, & Hannover, Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall & Rothsay, Prince of Wales b. 12 Aug 1762, d. 25 Jun 1830
Family
Friedrich I Wilhelm Karl, King of Württemberg, Russian Lt. Gen & Governor-General of Finland b. 6 Nov 1754, d. 30 Oct 1816
Family
Wilhelm Friedrich Philipp von Württemberg, Danish Lt. General, Governor of Copenhagen, General Field Marshal of Württemberg b. 11 Mar 1767, d. 10 Aug 1830 Child
Karl August Wilhelm von Tunderfeldt, Burggraf von Tunderfelt+1 b. 20 Mar 1746, d. 4 Jul 1802
Child
Karl August Wilhelm von Tunderfeldt, Burggraf von Tunderfelt+1 b. 20 Mar 1746, d. 4 Jul 1802
Family
Gustav Johann de Rodes von Tunderfelt b. 7 Feb 1656, d. 10 Feb 1710 Child
Carl Friedrich Schilling von Canstatt, Freiherr von Canstatt+1 b. 10 Apr 1697, d. 8 Jul 1754
|
||||||||
8320
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 1
|
https://royalty.miraheze.org/wiki/Karl_Anselm,_4th_Prince_of_Thurn_and_Taxis
|
en
|
Karl Anselm, 4th Prince of Thurn and Taxis
|
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Royalpedia"
] |
2023-02-01T20:38:54+00:00
|
en
|
Royalpedia
|
https://royalty.miraheze.org/wiki/Karl_Anselm,_4th_Prince_of_Thurn_and_Taxis
|
Karl Anselm, 4th Prince of Thurn and Taxis (2 June 1733 – 13 November 1805) was the fourth Prince of Thurn and Taxis, Postmaster General of the Imperial Reichspost, and Head of the Princely House of Thurn and Taxis from 17 March 1773 until his death in November 1805. Karl Anselm served as Prinzipalkommissar at the Perpetual Imperial Diet in Regensburg for Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor from 1773 to 1797.
Marriage[edit]
On 3 September 1753, Karl Anselm married Duchess Auguste of Württemberg in Stuttgart.
Issue[edit]
Princess Maria Theresia of Thurn and Taxis (10 July 1757 - 9 March 1776) married Kraft Ernst, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen
Princess Sophie Friederike of Thurn and Taxis (20 July 1758 - 31 May 1800) married (1) Prince Hieronim Wincenty Radziwiłł married (2) to a Count Ostrorog
Prince Franz Johann Nepomuck of Thurn and Taxis (2 October 1759; † 22 January 1760)
Princess Henrica Karoline of Thurn and Taxis (25 April 1762 - 25 April 1784) married Johannes Aloysius II, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen and Oettingen-Spielberg
Prince Alexander Karl of Thurn and Taxis (19 April 1763; † 21 April 1763)
Princess Friederike Dorothea of Thurn and Taxis (11 September 1764 - 10 November 1764)
Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn and Taxis (22 February 1770 - 15 July 1827) married Duchess Therese of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
Prince Friedrich Johann Nepomuck of Thurn and Taxis (11 April 1772 - 7 December 1805) unmarried.
Titles and styles[edit]
2 June 1733 - 17 March 1773 His Serene Highness The Hereditary Prince of Thurn and Taxis.
17 March 1773 – 13 November 1805 His Serene Highness The Prince of Thurn and Taxis.
|
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https://melissadegroote.wixsite.com/theglobetrotters/single-post/2015/04/10/famous-people-from-germany
|
en
|
Famous people from Germany
|
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"Margaux Pappijn"
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2015-04-10T00:00:00
|
Hello everybody! Since Monday, we are in Germany. What a beautiful country with a lot of things to do. Tomorrow, we are going to Berlin. Where we are going to visit a museum. The museum is famous because it is about Anne Frank. I am sure that you have heard about her. But I would like to give you some more information about Anne. Because she was such a strong and beautiful girl. Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank was born on 12 June 1929 and died in February 1945. She was a diarist and writer. She
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nl
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https://www.wix.com/favicon.ico
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theglobetrotters
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https://melissadegroote.wixsite.com/theglobetrotters/single-post/2015/04/10/famous-people-from-germany
|
Hello everybody!
Since Monday, we are in Germany. What a beautiful country with a lot of things to do. Tomorrow, we are going to Berlin. Where we are going to visit a museum. The museum is famous because it is about Anne Frank. I am sure that you have heard about her. But I would like to give you some more information about Anne. Because she was such a strong and beautiful girl.
Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank was born on 12 June 1929 and died in February 1945. She was a diarist and writer. She is one of the most discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Her diary ‘The Diary of a Young Girl’ has been the basis for several performances and films. She was born in Frankfurt but lived most of her life in or near Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. Frank lost her citizenship in 1941.
The family Frank moved from Germany to Amsterdam in 1933, this was the year the Nazis gained control over Germany. In May 1940, they were trapped in Amsterdam by the German occupation of the Netherlands. In July 1942, the family hided in a room behind a bookcase in the building where Anne's father worked. After two years, the group was betrayed and transported to concentration camps. Anne Frank and her sister, Margot Frank, were transferred to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where they died.
Otto Frank, the only survivor, returned to Amsterdam after the war where he found out that Anne's diary had been saved by one of the helpers. With help from other people, they published it in 1947. It has been translated into many languages.
This is such a sad story but also very beautiful... I really want to visit the museum because I want to know everything about the girl and her family. In her Diary, I have found a signature.
I end this blog with a quote of Anne Frank, The Diary of a Young Girl. It gives me constantly goose bumps.
“In spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart. I simply can’t build up my hopes on a foundation consisting of confusion, misery, and death. I see the world gradually being turned into a wilderness, I hear the ever approaching thunder, which will destroy us too, I can feel the sufferings of millions and yet, if I look up into the heavens, I think that it will all come right, that this cruelty too will end, and that peace and tranquillity will return again.”
I hope you enjoyed my blog and maybe you are also going to read her book.
Tschüss!
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https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3531683
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en
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Karl Anselm, Duke of Urach
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Prince Karl Anselm Franz Joseph Wilhelm Louis Philippe Gero Maria of Urach, Count of Württemberg, 4th Duke of Urach was born on the 5 February 1955 in Regensburg, Germany, the son of Prince Erbhard of Urach and Princess Iniga of Thurn and Taxis…
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Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
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https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3531683
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Prince Karl Anselm Franz Joseph Wilhelm Louis Philippe Gero Maria of Urach, Count of Württemberg, 4th Duke of Urach was born on the 5 February 1955 in Regensburg, Germany, the son of Prince Erbhard of Urach and Princess Iniga of Thurn and Taxis and a grandson of King Mindaugas II of Lithuania.
Prince Karl Anselm succeeded his uncle Karl Gero as Duke of Urach and titular King of Lithuania following his death in 1981 and held the Ducal title until 1991 when he renounced it due to his morganatic marriage. It is implied that he also renounced his Lithuanian rights, since the succession laws would be the same and if his morganatic offspring are unable to succeed to a Ducal title it is much less likely they could succeed to a Royal one. His brother Wilhelm Albert succeeded him in his titles.
Karl Anselm is the owner of Greshornish Forestry estate in Inverness, Scotland.
He married Saskia Wüsthof (born 1968) on February 9, 1991 at Stuttgart. They had two children before divorcing in 1996.
* Wilhelm Fürst von Urach, born 8 July 1991
* Maximilian Fürst von Urach, born 5 May 1993
External references
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2
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https://www.tate.org.uk/research/in-focus/heroic-symbols-anselm-kiefer/kiefer-and-beuys
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en
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Kiefer and Beuys: Cathexis and Cartharsis – In Focus
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Tate In Focus research project exploring Heroic Symbols 1969 by Anselm Kiefer, authored by Christian Weikop
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/favicon.ico
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Tate
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https://www.tate.org.uk/research/in-focus/heroic-symbols-anselm-kiefer/kiefer-and-beuys
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Five years before Kiefer embarked on his project Heroic Symbols in 1969, the student Heinrich Riebesehl took the now-famous photograph of Beuys with a bleeding nose, holding a wooden cross towards the camera and with his right arm extended upwards in an ambiguous salute (fig.2). The photograph was taken during Beuys’s performance Kukei/Akopee-nein/Browncross/Fat corners/Model fat corners at the Fluxus Festival of New Art at the Technical College Aachen on 20 July 1964. The date of the festival coincided with the twentieth anniversary of the 1944 Hitler assassination attempt, which the festival organisers declared ‘an excellent background’, promoting the event as ‘a commemorative ceremony of international artists’. The violent disruption of the festival halfway through the evening, when the enraged audience stormed the stage during Beuys’s performance, led to its location ‘between incomprehension, aggression and scandal’. It was the artists’ political disposition that was at the centre of the controversy. The evening opened with Joseph Goebbels’s infamous 1943 speech ‘Do you want total war?’ blasting from loudspeakers, on top of which the first performer, Bazon Brock, spoke a senseless seminar paper composed of fragments from texts by Karl Marx and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Confronted with this aggressive transgression of what was an ethical-moral and political taboo in post-war Germany, namely the public dissemination of Nazi propaganda, the audience grew increasingly agitated. The critic Dorothea Solle observed that from the outset the artists tried to confuse, provoke and intimidate, writing that their intention was to ‘fight Fascism with the methods of Fascism’, but that the desired illumination of consciousness had the opposite effect: ‘helplessness and rage’. By the time Beuys entered the stage, the tension in the auditorium had reached its peak. After he had melted two blocks of fat on a burner and lifted a copper staff wrapped in felt, a small explosion occurred, caused by chemicals left carelessly on the stage. This was the trigger: the audience stormed the stage, with one student hitting Beuys in the face.
Kiefer’s re-enactment of the Hitler salute in historically and politically charged settings is no doubt indebted to Beuys’s Aachen performance. In particular, it was Kiefer’s challenge to established German memory politics: his attempt to come to terms with the history of German fascism by physically and psychologically re-experiencing it, which owed much to Beuys. Heroic Symbols stands at the beginning of Kiefer’s development of a pictorial language that thematises the history of National Socialism not through absences and silences, as prescribed by the post-war West German dictum of abstraction, but through occupying precisely those cultural symbols and icons that the Nazis had brutally appropriated from German art and cultural history. The title he chose for the 1975 publication of eighteen of the Heroic Symbols photographs, ‘Besetzungen’ (‘Occupations’) indicates this intention. Huyssen has suggested that rather ‘than seeing this series of photos only as representing the artist occupying Europe with the fascist gesture of conquest we may, in another register, see the artist occupying various framed image-spaces: landscapes, historical buildings, interiors’ – that is, precisely those ‘image-spaces’ of the German cultural tradition (ranging from the tree and forest mythology to Romanticism) which the Nazi propaganda machine had exploited for its own ends.
The transportation of Germany’s haunted cultural images into contemporary art was a path that Beuys had already begun to take in the performances – or Aktionen (‘actions’) as he branded them – that he had conducted in the context of the Fluxus movement. Beuys entertained an ambiguous relationship with Fluxus. Although he adopted much of the Fluxus format, including the performance-as-concert, the improvised adaptation to settings and events and the experimentation with artist-audience relations, he filled his actions with symbolically laden content that alluded to his own biography and national history. Unlike the Fluxus artists Beuys did not aspire to the total abandonment of art, but instead he sought to break down the barriers between art and life and between art and politics. This approach is expressed in his Erweiterter Kunstbegriff (‘expanded concept of art’), which he began to develop in the early 1960s (drawing on the social theories of German anthroposophist Rudolf Steiner) with the aim of initiating a new kind of art that would reshape society. For Beuys performance art was an artistic medium that could have such a transformative effect.
Through direct contact with his audience Beuys sought to move people into emotional and cognitive activity, to unleash their individual creativity (‘everyone an artist’), heal their sense of alienation and, ultimately, to awaken their social-political agency. His intention was to trigger a catharsis in his audience that would lead not only to a heightened awareness of history – incited by Beuys’s ‘heavy, complicated and anthropological’ symbolism – but also, and more importantly for Beuys, to a heightened sense of being in the world today. Thus, commenting on the injury he sustained during the Aachen performance, Beuys observed of the student who hit him in the face: ‘I can imagine that our Happenings awaken emotional centres of which the man didn’t have any control, any insight until now’. Echoes of the Fluxus concept of provocation as a means of creating a more engaged audience can be found in this comment. However, the Riebesehl photograph and its multi-layered symbolism suggests that the ‘emotional centres’ Beuys sought to awaken also stood for the process of coming to terms with the Nazi past and Auschwitz. While Beuys’s right outstretched arm conjures up the memory of Germany’s fascist past, his bleeding face and the cross connote religious imagery of Christ’s suffering and scenes of salvation, a reference that was further enhanced by Beuys’s giving out chocolate to the audience after his injury.
Compared with Kiefer’s salute, the overlaying of fascist icons with religious motifs positions Beuys’s gesture in a somewhat different relation to post-war Vergangenheitsbewältigung and its conflicting dispositions of victim and perpetrator, suffering and guilt. The Riebesehl photograph soon assumed its place in art history as ‘heroic icon of the bleeding artist’. The translation of the religious motif of the wounded body of Christ into the wounded body of the artist has been a leitmotif in German art since Albrecht Dürer (1471–1524). Beuys revived this tradition, creating for himself a myth of the suffering artist and an iconography of the wound that addressed the collective historical trauma of Nazism and the destruction of the war. The mythologised story of his plane crash as a Luftwaffe pilot in the Crimea, which – so the story goes – he survived miraculously under the care of Tartars who wrapped him in fat and felt, portrayed Beuys as shaman and Christ-like redeemer: a soldier who had returned from the dead as artist and who, cleansed from his sins and suffering at war, would heal the German people. Critics such as Donald Kuspit have suggested that ‘Beuys’s art acts out every German’s wartime suffering in symbolic form … in his painful struggle to understand his personal suffering, he enabled other Germans to acknowledge their suffering’. Beuys propagated a view of art as therapeutic, creating a body of work that moved within the topos of the wound and healing. Metaphors of trauma, sickness and death, on one side, and rescue, cure and rebirth, on the other, abound in his work. The most characteristic is his signature Braunkreuz emblem, which has the colour of dried blood and is an unmistakable allusion to the Red Cross.
In Beuys’s art the experiences of suffering and guilt and the roles of perpetrator and victim are difficult to separate. Correspondingly his art has at one and the same time been described as a ‘refutation and antidote to Nazi history and ideology’ and as ‘an unconscious reflection of the teachings of that time’. While a growing cohort of critics and art historians today speaks of a ‘secret’ Holocaust narrative and gestures of mourning in Beuys (referring above all to his choice of materials, colours and objects), the thesis that Beuys never managed to entirely liberate himself from the ‘völkisch’ and authoritarian ideas with which he was indoctrinated during his youth in National Socialism has recently also received new impetus. This divided reception is reflective of Beuys’s position as someone who experienced the Third Reich and who after 1945 became a leading figure of the West German student movement and its calls for social reform and a thorough working through of the Nazi past. However, in contrast to many of his student disciples, for Beuys Vergangenheitsbewältigung meant not only the confrontation of German guilt, but also working through one’s own and others’ suffering, since only then would the people be free to accept collective guilt. It is here that Kiefer’s aesthetic project sharply diverges from Beuys’s position and that the generational gap between the two artists becomes visibly manifest.
In line with the critical memory agenda of the Nachgeborenen generation, Kiefer’s re-enactment of the Nazi salute directly confronts the viewer with German responsibility for the horrors of the Second World War. Assuming the role of the perpetrator, his performance is an act of ‘moral self-incrimination’, which gives expression to his concern with the legacy of fascism in contemporary Germany and the question of intergenerational guilt. As Kiefer explained in an interview from 1987: ‘In those early pictures … I wanted to evoke the questions for myself. Am I a fascist? That’s very important, you cannot answer so quickly’. The art historian and critic Sabine Schütz has argued that Kiefer’s re-experiencing of fascism constitutes a critical process of self-questioning, through which he probes ‘the potential Nazi elements of his own character and possibly attains insight into the mental and psychological background of everyday fascism’. The choice of the title ‘Occupations’ for the 1975 publication of his earlier photographs confirms this view. The title bears not only obvious military connotations, but it also stands for the Freudian psychoanalytic concept ‘Besetzung’ that literally translates into English as ‘occupation’ but has been redefined as ‘cathexis’ to describe emotional and psychic attachments, as well as to theorise notions of loss, trauma and mourning.
Intriguingly, despite Kiefer’s taking a distance from Beuys’s concern with suffering and healing, the reception of Kiefer has often pointed to a similar therapeutic intention in his work. The characteristic burned and damaged surfaces of Kiefer’s later paintings and photographs, as well as his use of blood and ash as artistic materials, position him in close proximity to Beuys’s aesthetic of woundedness. However, although Kiefer no doubt shares Beuys’s concern with historical trauma, and although much of his art appears to be driven by the same desire to overcome the horrors of the German past, he never confessed to the curative and cathartic powers Beuys ascribed to art. The utopianism that is so central to Beuys’s ‘expanded concept of art’ and his programme for a future society based on the ideals of individual freedom, creativity and responsibility is absent from Kiefer. Without undermining Beuys’s position, the critic Kim Levin has carefully suggested that his convergence of art and politics bears faint echoes of Hitler’s will to power, but with a twist. Like Hitler, Beuys cultivated a self-image of the Christ-like redeemer of the German people and humankind; and, like Hitler, he engaged in mesmerising performances that captivated his audiences. However, Levin observes that in contrast to his evil counter-player, Beuys’s flirtation with the political was directed at progressive democratic ends: ‘Instead of molding a master race, Beuys wants to make everyone an artist. Substituting internationalism for nationalism, creativity for destruction, humankind for the Volk, “living-feeling” for “race-feeling,” Green for Brown, and warmth for cold’.
When asked about his relationship to Beuys in interviews, Kiefer has on multiple occasions rejected the older artist’s engagement with the troubled German past under the sign of self-renewal and anticipated social-political transformation. Instead, Kiefer has explained his adaptation and manipulation of the Nazis’ image-world as directed at critically examining its hold on his own and the collective German consciousness. Speaking in an interview in 1990, he described his art as ‘processing history … I attempt in an unscientific manner to get close to the centre from where events are controlled.’ This difference between the two artists’ social-political aspirations also surfaces in the aesthetic format of their performances. Whereas the therapeutic and cathartic intentions of Beuys’s actions depended on his direct contact and exchange with his audiences, Kiefer’s re-enactments of the Nazi salute are spatially and temporally removed from the viewer. Rather than live events they are documented and mediated through photography. The camera functions as an inquisitive device and as witness to the critical process of self-inquiry and self-reflection. In 1969, the same year that Kiefer produced his artist book Heroic Symbols, he created another book with the title You Are a Painter (in German Du bist Maler). Together with his performances of the Nazi salute, You Are a Painter attests to Kiefer’s attempt to examine critically his position and responsibility as an artist and intellectual in relation to the history of National Socialism. For Kiefer the role of art and the artist in post-war Germany is not to alleviate suffering but to dig for the cultural origins of National Socialism and to reveal its afterlife in contemporary culture.
In the work of both Kiefer and Beuys, the National Socialists’ Führer cult takes a central place. Beuys appropriated elements from Hitler’s personality cult, albeit for different social-political ends. Kiefer, for his part, mimics its embodiment in the Sieg Heil gesture with the intention of visualising its paradoxical location between the powerful and the absurd. In the Heroic Symbols photographs the absence of the cheering crowds, the quirkiness of Kiefer’s figure and its dwarf-like appearance through the distorted relations of scale render the salute ridiculous and banal. Beginning his artistic career in the late 1960s Kiefer was part of an emerging generation of artists who enrolled the previously taboo tropes of humour and parody in their engagement with the Nazi past. His performances involve an element of irony and self-mockery that cannot be found in Beuys, who cultivated an image of the artist as healer and saviour – a variation of the nineteenth-century concept of the artist-genius. One object that stands at the beginning of Beuys’s oeuvre, and which later also appears in Kiefer’s Heroic Symbols, namely the bathtub, illustrates this difference in artistic self-presentation particularly well.
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https://www.thenumisplace.com/1219-iceland
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The NumisPlace
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Thurn und Taxis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurn_und_Taxis
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German noble family
This article is about the German noble family. For the postal system, see Thurn-und-Taxis Post. For the board game, see Thurn and Taxis (board game). For the New York fashion house, see House of Thurn.
The Princely House of Thurn and Taxis (German: Fürstenhaus Thurn und Taxis, [ˈtuːɐ̯n ʔʊnt ˈtaksɪs]) is a family of German nobility that is part of the Briefadel. It was a key player in the postal services in Europe during the 16th century, until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, and became well known as the owner of breweries and commissioner of several castles. The family has resided in Regensburg since 1748 with their seat at St. Emmeram Castle from 1803. The family is one of the wealthiest in Germany, and the current head of the House is Albert, 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis.
They are one of the mediatised Houses for their former Sovereign Imperial counties, later mediatised to Kingdom of Württemberg (Buchau Princely Abbey, now Bad Buchau), Kingdom of Bavaria and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.
History
[edit]
See also: Compagnia dei Corrieri and Kaiserliche Reichspost
The Tasso family (from the Italian word for "badger", the family's heraldic animal) was a Lombard family in the area of Bergamo. The earliest records place them in Almenno in the Val Brembana around 1200,[1] before they fled to the more distant village of Cornello to escape feuding between Bergamo's Colleoni (Guelf) and Suardi (Ghibelline) families. Around 1290,[2] after Milan had conquered Bergamo, Omodeo Tasso organized 32 of his relatives into the Company of Couriers (Compagnia dei Corrieri) and linked Milan with Venice and Rome.[3] The recipient of royal and papal patronage, his post riders were so comparatively efficient that they became known as bergamaschi throughout Italy.[4]
Ruggiero de Tassis was named to the court of the Emperor Frederick the Peaceful in 1443. He organized a post system between Bergamo and Vienna by 1450;[2] from Innsbruck to Italy and Styria around 1460; and Vienna with Brussels around 1480.[2] Upon his success, Ruggiero was knighted and made a gentleman of the Chamber.[4][5] Janetto von Taxis [de] was appointed Chief Master of Postal Services at Innsbruck in 1489. Philip of Burgundy elevated Janetto's brother Francesco I de Tassis [it] to captain of his post in 1502.[6] Owing to a payment dispute with Philip, Francisco opened his post to public use in 1506.[2] In 1512 the family was ennobled by Emperor Maximilian I.[7] By 1516, Francisco had moved the family to Brussels in the Duchy of Brabant, where they became instrumental to Habsburg rule, linking the rich Habsburg Netherlands to the Spanish court.[6] The normal route passed through France, but a secondary route across the Alps to Genoa was available in times of hostility.
At the death of Francisco in 1517, Emperor Charles V appointed Francisco's nephew Johann Baptista von Taxis (1470-1541) as Generalpostmeister of the Kaiserliche Reichspost. Johann Baptista was briefly succeeded by his eldest son, Franz II von Taxis (1514-1543), after whose untimely death the family split into two further branches. The youngest son, Leonhard I von Taxis, succeeded as Generalpostmeister and is the ancestor of the princely Thurn and Taxis family. Johann Baptista's second-eldest son, Raymond de Tassis (1515-1579), took over the office of postmaster-general to the Crown of Spain and settled in Spain. Raymond married into Spanish nobility, and his eldest son Juan de Tassis was created Count of Villamediana in 1603 by Phillip III. The Spanish line of the family became extinct with Juan de Tassis, 2nd Count of Villamediana, a celebrated poet who died in mysterious circumstances in 1622.[8]
In 1608 the Brussels line was raised to the status of hereditary barons, and in 1642 the Innsbruck line as well (which descends from Gabriel de Tassis, d. 1529). When the Brussels line was raised to the hereditary status of counts in 1624, they needed illustrious lineage to legitimize their intended further ascension to the high nobility. Alexandrine von Taxis commissioned genealogists to "clarify" their origin, who until then had only been considered a family descending from medieval knights who had become merchants. They now claimed, albeit without documentary evidence, that they descended from the famous Italian noble family Della Torre, or Torriani, who had ruled in Milan and Lombardy until 1311. She then applied to the emperor for a name change. With the Germanization, the coat of arms symbol of the Milanese family, the tower (Torre), became Thurn (an older German spelling, nowadays Turm) and was placed in front of the actual family name Tasso, translated with Taxis (an older German spelling for Dachs = Badger). The tower of the Torriani was added to the badger as a coat of arms.[9] They formally adopted the German form of their name in 1650, including the comital Innsbruck line, which also exists to this day.
In 1681 the Brussels line was elevated to the Spanish Netherlands' rank of prince with Eugen Alexander Franz, 1st Prince of Thurn and Taxis, with Braine-le-Château (acquired in 1670) as his titular principality (Principauté de la Tour et Tassis), and in 1695 to the rank of imperial prince at the behest of Emperor Leopold I, although at that time no territorial possessions existed in the Holy Roman Empire. Admission to the Imperial Council of Princes in the Imperial Diet took place in 1704.[10]
The Brussels line moved to Frankfurt in 1703 because of the War of the Spanish Succession; their new family seat built from 1731 was the Palais Thurn und Taxis. Emperor Charles VII appointed Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis, Principal Commissioner (Lord Chancellor) of the Imperial Diet in 1743. He therefore moved to Regensburg, where the parliament was seated, in 1748. The position became hereditary in the family who lived in different houses there, but the company headquarters remained in Frankfurt. When Saint Emmeram's Abbey in Regensburg was secularized in 1803, the monastery buildings were donated to the princes of Thurn and Taxis, who had them converted into a residence, henceforth known as Schloss Thurn and Taxis, sometimes also called Saint Emmeram Palace. It has remained their family seat to this day.[11]
In 1786, Karl Anselm, 4th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, acquired the Upper Swabian county of Friedberg with the lordships of Scheer, Dürmentingen and Bussen from the princes of Waldburg, which from 1787 was known as the County of Friedberg-Scheer. Only then did the Thurn und Taxis rule their own principality of the empire for 20 years, but their main source of income remained the Imperial Reichspost.
The family operated the Thurn-und-Taxis Post, successor to the Imperial Reichspost of the Holy Roman Empire, between 1806 and 1867. Their postal service was gradually lost over the centuries, with the Spanish network being bought by the crown in the 18th century and the German post being purchased by Prussia after the fall of the Free City of Frankfurt in 1866. By investing their earnings from the postal business - later also the settlements for the postal rights - in numerous landed estates, a large number of forests and farms as well as castles were added to the family property, especially from secularized church property, among them Buchau Abbey, Marchtal Abbey, Neresheim Abbey, Ennetach Abbey, Siessen Abbey, and others. In 1803 they were summarized as Imperial Principality of Buchau.[12] The buildings of these monasteries were mostly re-donated to the church in the 20th century, but the lands continue to be cultivated by the princely administration. Besides the St Emmeram's Palace the current prince still owns Taxis Castle (Trugenhofen) and Garatshausen Castle at Feldafing on Lake Starnberg.
Rainer Maria Rilke wrote his Duino Elegies while visiting Princess Marie of Thurn and Taxis (née Princess of Hohenlohe, wife of Prince Alexander) at her family's Duino Castle. Rilke later dedicated his only novel (The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge) to the princess, who was his patroness. Her son Prince Alexander (1881–1937) became an Italian citizen named Principe della Torre e Tasso and was raised in 1923 by the Italian king to Duke of Castel Duino. Today Duino Castle belongs to his grandson, Prince Carlo della Torre e Tasso, Duca di Castel Duino (b. 1952). The Duino branch is part of the family's Czech branch that in the early 19th century settled in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic).
Several members of the family have been Knights of Malta.
Until 1919, the titles of the head of the princely house were His Serene Highness the Fürst von Thurn und Taxis, Prince of Buchau and Prince of Krotoszyn, Duke of Wörth and Donaustauf, Princely Count of Friedberg-Scheer, Count of Valle-Sássina, Marchtal, Neresheim etc., Hereditary Postmaster General.[13]
The current head of the house of Thurn and Taxis is Albert II, 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, son of Johannes and his wife, Gloria. The family is one of the wealthiest in Germany. The family's brewery was sold to the Paulaner Group of Munich in 1996, but it still produces beer under the brand of Thurn und Taxis.
Princes of Thurn and Taxis
[edit]
The Thurn and Taxis family came to massive media attention during the late 1970s through mid-1980s when Prince Johannes married Countess Mariae Gloria of Schönburg-Glauchau, a member of an impoverished but mediatized noble family. The couple's wild, "jet set" lifestyle and Princess Gloria's over-the-top appearance (characterized by bright hair colours and avant-garde clothes) earned her the nickname of "Princess TNT".[14]
Popular culture
[edit]
The mail monopoly of Thurn and Taxis is central to the plot of The Crying of Lot 49 by Thomas Pynchon.
The board game Thurn and Taxis, by Andreas Seyfarth and Karen Seyfarth, is inspired by the family.
The protagonist of Walter Jon Williams's Elegy for Angels and Dogs is the head of the Thurn und Taxis family.
Thurn und Taxis are also mentioned in several volumes of the 163x series by Eric Flint and others, e.g. 1635: The Dreeson Incident and 1636: The Saxon Uprising.
The credits for Season 3, Episode 4 of the television show The Good Place features a character named "The Baroness von Thurn und Taxis," played by Ilka Urbach.
See also
[edit]
Czech branch of the House of Thurn and Taxis
Donaustauf Castle (Bavaria)
Donaustauf Palace (Bavaria)
Dukes of Castel Duino (an Italian branch)
Order of Parfaite Amitié
Palais Thurn und Taxis (Frankfurt)
Thurn-und-Taxis Post
Tour & Taxis (Brussels)
References
[edit]
Sources
[edit]
Wolfgang Behringer, Thurn und Taxis, Die Geschichte ihrer Post und ihrer Unternehmen, München, Zürich 1990 ISBN 3-492-03336-9
Martin Dallmeier, Quellen zur Geschichte des europäischen Postwesens, Kallmünz 1977
Martin Dallmeier and Martha Schad, Das Fürstliche Haus Thurn und Taxis, 300 Jahre Geschichte in Bildern, Regensburg 1996, ISBN 3-7917-1492-9
Fritz Ohmann, Die Anfänge des Postwesens und die Taxis, Leipzig 1909
Joseph Rübsam, Johann Baptista von Taxis, Freiburg im Breisgau 1889
Marecek, Zdenek, Loucen a Thurn Taxisove. Pohledy do doby minule i nedavne. Obec Loucen, 1998.
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Prince George (1869-1957) and Princess Marie Bonaparte (1882-1962)
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Giorgios (George) of Greece & Denmark (Corfu, 24 June 1869 - St.Cloud, 25 November 1957); married civilly in Paris on 21 November 1907 and religiously in...
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The Royal Forums
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https://www.theroyalforums.com/threads/prince-george-1869-1957-and-princess-marie-bonaparte-1882-1962.20014/
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From wikipedia:
Prince George of Greece and Denmark, known as Uncle Goggy to his family, (Greek: Πρίγκιπας Γεώργιος) (24 June 1869–25 November 1957) was the second son of King George I of the Hellenes and Grand Duchess Olga, and is remembered chiefly for having saved the life of a future Emperor of Russia, Nicholas II. He served as high commissioner of Crete during its transition towards independence from Ottoman rule and union with Greece.
From 1883, George lived at Bernstorff Palace near Copenhagen with Prince Valdemar of Denmark, his father's younger brother. The king had taken the boy to Denmark to enlist him in the Danish royal navy, and consigned him to the care of Valdemar, who was an admiral in the Danish fleet. Feeling abandoned by his father on this occasion, George would later describe to his fiancée the profound attachment he developed for his uncle from that day forward.
In 1891, George accompanied his cousin the Tsarevich Nicholas on his voyage to Asia, and saved him from an assassination attempt in Japan, in what became known as the Otsu Incident.
George, along with his brothers Constantine and Nicolas, were involved with the organization of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. George served as president of the Sub-Committee for Nautical Sports.
Although much of modern Greece had been independent since the 1820s, Crete remained in Ottoman hands. For the rest of the 19th century, there had been many rebellions and protests on the island. A Greek force arrived to annex the island in 1897 and the Great Powers acted, occupying the island and dividing it into British, French, Russian and Italian areas of control.
In 1898, Turkish troops were ejected and a national government was set up, still nominally under Ottoman suzerainty. Prince George, not yet thirty, was made High Commissioner, and a joint Muslim-Christian assembly was part-elected, part-appointed. However, this was not enough to satisfy Cretan nationalists.
Eleftherios Venizelos was the leader of the movement to reunite Crete with Greece. He had fought in the earlier revolts and was now a member of the Assembly, acting as minister of justice to Prince George. They soon found themselves opposed. George, a staunch royalist, had assumed absolute power. Venizelos led the opposition to this. In 1905, however, he summoned an illegal revolutionary assembly in Theriso, in the hills near Chania, the then capital of the island.
During the revolt, the newly-created Cretan Gendarmerie remained faithful to George. In this difficult period, the Cretan population were divided: in the 1906 elections the pro-Prince parties took 38,127 votes, while pro-Venizelos parties took 33,279. But the Gendarmerie managed to execute its duties without taking sides. Finally, British diplomats brokered a settlement and in September 1906 George was replaced by former Greek prime minister Alexandros Zaimis, and left the island. In 1908, the Cretan Assembly unilaterally declared enosis with Greece.
In October 1912 George returned from Paris to Athens so that he could join the naval ministry as Greece prepared for war against Turkey. Later he served as aide-de-camp to King George who, however, was assassinated in March 1913. George went to Copenhagen to settle his father's financial affairs there, as he had never ceased to be a Prince of Denmark.
read the entire article here.
From wikipedia:
Princess Marie Bonaparte (2 July 1882 - 21 September 1962) was a French author and psychoanalyst, closely linked with Sigmund Freud. Her wealth contributed to the popularity of psychoanalysis, and enabled Freud's escape from Nazi Germany.
Marie Bonaparte was a great-grand-niece of Emperor Napoleon I of France. She was a daughter of Prince Roland Bonaparte (19 May 1858 - 14 April 1924) and Marie-Félix Blanc (1859-1882). Her paternal grandfather was Pierre Napoleon Bonaparte, son of Lucien Bonaparte, who was one of Napoleon's rebellious and disinherited younger brothers. For this reason, despite her title Marie was not a member of the dynastic branch of the Bonapartes who claimed the French imperial throne from exile. However, her maternal grandfather was François Blanc, the principal real-estate developer of Monte Carlo. It was from this side of her family that Marie inherited her great fortune.
She was born at Saint-Cloud, a town in Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France. Her mother died of an embolism induced by giving birth to Marie.
On 21 November 1907 in Paris, she married Prince George of Greece, the second son of King George I of the Hellenes, in a civil ceremony, with a subsequent religious ceremony on 12 December 1907, at Athens. She was thereafter officially also known as Princess Marie of Greece and Denmark. They had two children, Peter (1908-1980) and Eugénie (1910-1988).
Troubled by her difficulty in achieving sexual fulfillment, Marie engaged in research. In 1924 she published her results under the pseudonym A. E. Narjani and presented her theory of "frigidity" in the medical journal "Bruxelles-Médical". Having measured the distance between the clitoris and the vagina in 243 women, she concluded after analysing their sexual history that the distance between these two organs was critical for the ability to reach orgasm ("volupté"); she identified women with a short distance (the "paraclitoridiennes") who reached orgasm easily during intercourse, and women with a distance of more than two and a half centimeters (the "téleclitoridiennes") who had difficulties while the "mesoclitoriennes" were in between. Marie considered herself a "téleclitorienne" and approached Josef Halban to surgically move her clitoris closer to the vagina. She underwent and published the procedure as the Halban-Narjani operation. When it proved unsuccessful in facilitating the sought-after outcome for Marie, the physician repeated the operation.
Read the entire article here.
Who is Eugenie?
Their daughter, SAR La Princesse Eugέnie de Grece. They had also a son, Peter, Prince of Greece and Denmark, who upon the death of King Paul and before Constantine's marriage and birth of issue, that is, from March 1964 until the summer of 1965, was second-in-line of succession to the Greek throne after Princess Irene, who became Diadoch for the aforementioned period. Princess Eugenie married HSH Prince Dominic Radziwill (1939), whom she divorced in 1948. Her second husband was HSH Prince Raymundo della Torre e Tasso, Duke of Castel Duino whom she married in 1949 and divorced in 1965. I read somewhere that either the second wedding or the honeymoon that followed took place in Athens and that the Duke of Castel Duino was caught chasing men, thus creating a big scandal considering the conservatism of the era.
What surprises me in the above photo is that Prince George appears to wear the regalia of the Knight of the Garter. Was he a Knight of the Garter? I know that this, the highest British decoration, has been given to very few people, mostly within Britain and the Royal Family.
Line II (Bohemian Line) descends from Prince Maximilian Joseph (1769-1831). Amongst his descendants are the Torre e Tasso family. In 1923 Prince Alexander (Alessandro) of Thurn und Taxis (1881-1937) became a naturalised Italian along with his two sons. The King of Italy granted him the title of Principi della Torre e Tasso, 1st Duke di Castel Duino with the qualification of Serene Highness.
The family seat is Duino Castle (Castello di Duino) in Duino, Province of Trieste. It is very impressive.
-> Duino Castle, large
-> Duino Castle, aerial
Very impressive and it must be costly to maintain it. Thus, it is unlikely that the current Duke, Carlo Alessandro, son of Eugenie, is poor. I also understand that Eugenie had two children with Prince Radziwill, Tatiana, Madame Fruchaud and George who died childless.
Therefore, given that prince Peter died childless, the surviving descendants of Prince George of Greece and Marie Bonaparte are Madame Fruchaud (granddaughter) and her children and Carlo Alessandro, 3rd Duke of Castel Duino (grandson).
My understanding is that Marie Bonaparte, albeit a descendant of an non-dynastic branch of the Napoleon House (due to a morganatic marriage) inherited a fortune in Monte Carlo etc.
It would be interesting to find out about the fate of the fortune and who has placed the jewels for auction.
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Genealogy of the Imperial and Royal Family of Austria
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Genealogy of the Imperial and Royal Family of Austria-Hungary1
HI & RH Archduchess Marie Louise Duchess of Parma and her descendants
HI & RH Marie Louise Leopoldine Franziska Theresia Josepha Lucia Princess Imperial and Archduchess of Austria, Princess Royal of Hungary and Bohemia, Duchess of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla
(Born as: HI & RH Marie Louise Leopoldine Franziska Theresia Josepha Lucia Princess Imperial and Archduchess of Austria, Princess Royal of Hungary and Bohemia)
* Vienna, December 7th, 1791
Parma, December 17th, 1847
Duchess of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, June 9th, 1815
Married:
(by proxy) Hofpfarrkirche des Heiligen Augustinus, Vienna, March 11th and (in person) (civil) Ch�teau de St. Cloud, April 1st and (religious) Salon-carr�, Ch�teau Louvre, Paris, April 2nd and Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, April 11th, 1810:
HIM Napol�on I Emperor of the French
(Born as: Napol�on Bonaparte)
* Ajaccio, August 15th, 1769
Longwood, St. Helena, May 5th, 1821
First Consul of France, 1799; Consul for life of France, 1802; Emperor of the French, May 18th, 1804 (abdicated: April 11th, 1814; returned to the throne: March 12th, 1815; abdicated again in favour of his son: June 22nd, 1815); King of Italy, 1805-1814; Protector of the Rhinish Confederation, 1806-1814; Sovereign Prince of the Island of Elba, 1814-1815
Division General, 1795
Parma, September 7th, 1821:
Adam Adalbert Count and Lord von Neipperg
* Vienna, April 8th, 1775
Parma, February 22nd, 1829
Parma, February 17th, 1834:
Charles-Ren� Count de Bombelles
* Versailles, November 6th, 1785
7 Rue de la Biblioth�que, Versailles, May 30th, 1856
Child from the first marriage:
HIM Napol�on II Fran�ois Joseph Charles Emperor of the French
(Born as: HM Napol�on Fran�ois Joseph Charles Prince Imperial of France and King of Rome
(Since July 22nd, 1818:) HSH Napol�on Fran�ois Joseph Charles Duke von Reichstadt
* Palais des Tuileries, Paris, March 20th, 1811
Schlo� Sch�nbrunn, Vienna, July 22nd, 1832
King of Rome, March 20th, 1811 - April 11th, 1814; Emperor of the French, June 22nd, 1815 (deposed: July 3rd, 1815); created HSH Duke von Reichstadt, July 22nd, 1818
Children from the second marriage:
Albertine Countess von Montenuovo
* Parma, May 1st, 1817
Castel di Fontanellato, December 26th, 1867
(Born out of wedlock)
Married:
Piacenza, October 26th, 1833:
Luigi Sanvitale Count di Fontanellato
* Parma, November 7th, 1799
Parma, January 3rd, 1876
Children from this marriage:
Albert Count di Fontanellato
* 1834
?
Marie Countess di Fontanellato
* 1836
?
Stephan Count di Fontanellato
* 1838
?
Luise Countess di Fontanellato
* ?
at a young age
Wilhelm Albrecht Count von Montenuovo
Mathilde Countess von Montenuovo
* 1822
1822
Wilhelm Albrecht Count von Montenuovo
(Since July 20th, 1864:) Wilhelm Albrecht F�rst von Montenuovo
* Salagrande Castle, Parma, August 8th, 1819
Heilanstalt Dr. Leidersdorf, Ober-D�bling, April 6th, 1895
Created F�rst von Montenuovo, July 20th, 1864
(Born out of wedlock)
Married:
Vienna, May 18th, 1850:
Juliana Franziska Johanna Maria Stephanie Countess Batthy�ny von N�m�t-Ujv�r
* Vienna, June 10th, 1827
Hietzing, November 19th, 1871
Children from this marriage:
Albertine Princess von Montenuovo
* Vienna, June 30th, 1853
Schlo� Chroberz, November 13th, 1895
Married:
Schwaigern, August 5th, 1873:
Zygmunt Count Wielkopolski
* Cracow, January 30th, 1833
Berlin, February 27th, 1902
Alfred Adam Wilhelm Johann Maria F�rst von Montenuovo
Maria Sophia Princess von Montenuovo
* Vienna, September 10th, 1859
Vienna, March 2nd, 1911
Married:
Vienna, May 23rd, 1878:
Anton Count Apponyi von Nagy-Appony
* Vienna, December 29th, 1852
Bad Ischl, February 4th, 1920
Alfred Adam Wilhelm Johann Maria F�rst von Montenuovo
(Born as: Alfred Adam Wilhelm Johann Maria Prince von Montenuovo)
* Vienna, September 16th, 1854
Vienna, September 6th, 1927
F�rst von Montenuovo, April 6th, 1895
Married:
Vienna, October 30th, 1879:
Franziska Countess Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau
* Vienna, December 26th, 1861
Margarethen am Moos, July 11th, 1935
Children from this marriage:
Juliana Rosa Franziska Leopoldine Maria Princess von Montenuovo ("Julia")
* Margarethen am Moos, November 15th, 1880
Schlo� Berg am Starnberger See, June 27th, 1961
Married:
Vienna, May 20th, 1903:
Dionys Count Draskovich von Trakostjan
* Szent-Kiraly, June 28th, 1875
Vienna, March 8th, 1909
Br�ck an der Leitha, February 3rd, 1914:
HSH Karl Friedrich Wolfgang Kraft Notger Petrus Prince zu Oettingen-Oettingen und Oettingen-Wallerstein, Count zu Oettingen-Baldern, Lord von Soetern
* K�nigsaal, April 27th, 1877
Munich, May 24th, 1930
Marie Princess von Montenuovo
* Margarethen am Moos, October 20th, 1881
Tegernsee, August 10th, 1954
Married:
Vienna, August 5th, 1909:
Franz Count von Ledebur-Wicheln
* Petersburg, September 6th, 1877
Wallerstein, May 24th, 1954
Ferdinand Bonaventura Franz Alfred Wilhelm Erwin Maximilian F�rst von Montenuovo
Franziska de Paula Maria Ludowika Juliane Wilhelmine Margarete Princess von Montenuovo ("Fanny")
Ferdinand Bonaventura Franz Alfred Wilhelm Erwin Maximilian F�rst von Montenuovo
(Born as: Ferdinand Bonaventura Franz Alfred Wilhelm Erwin Maximilian Prince von Montenuovo)
* Margarethen am Moos, May 29th, 1888
Szob, May 2nd, 1951
F�rst von Montenuovo, September 6th, 1927
Married:
Budapest, November 10th, 1927:
Ilona Baroness Solymossy de Lo�s et Egerv�r
* Nagyteremi, April 18th, 1895
Vienna, July 13th, 1988
Children from this marriage:
Julia Franziska Ilona Maria Princess von Montenuovo
* Budapest, September 27th, 1930
Married:
Budapest, May 11th, 1950:
Gyula Mathe
* Torok-Kanizsa, 1904
Vienna, July 8th, 1976
Marie-Julie Johanna Gabrielle Princess von Montenuovo
* Budapest, September 29th, 1931
Vienna, December 2nd, 1987
Married:
Budapest, December 24th, 1955:
Robert Reithauser
* Budapest, December 1st, 1919
Eisenstadt, December 7th, 1989
Franziska Marie Johanna Gabrielle Princess von Montenuovo
Franziska de Paula Maria Ludowika Juliane Wilhelmine Margarete Princess von Montenuovo ("Fanny")
* Margarethen am Moos, August 22nd, 1893
Wels, November 3rd, 1972
Married:
Vienna, April 11th, 1918:
HSH Maria Leopold Willibald Bernhard Balthasar Prince von Lobkowicz
* Unterberkovic, July 7th, 1888
Prague, May 15th, 1933
Children from this marriage:
HSH Maria Julia Franziska Ida Kaspara Walpurga Princess von Lobkowicz
HSH Amalie Franziska Ida Melchiora Pauline Leonhardine Princess von Lobkowicz
HSH Leopoldine Bertha Marie Franziska Ida Balthasar Leonhardine Princess von Lobkowicz
* Unterberkovic, November 14th, 1926
Married:
Unterberkovic, August 22nd, 1945:
Johann Count Dobrzensky von Dobrzenicz
* Chotebor, June 19th, 1911
Havlickuv Brod, February 7th, 1996
HSH Rosa Maria Franziska Ida Kaspara Leonhardine Anselma Princess von Lobkowicz
* Prague, April 21st, 1929
Franziska Marie Johanna Gabrielle Princess von Montenuovo
* Budapest, May 24th, 1934
Vienna, April 25th, 1984
Married:
Budapest, March 19th, 1955:
Egon Nezs�ny�
* Mez�-Hegyes, July 6th, 1914
Children from this marriage:
Franziska Nezs�ny�
* Vienna, September 23rd, 1957
Married:
October 1st, 1979:
Louis Freiherr K�beck von K�bau
* July 24th, 1954
Marie Julie Nezs�ny�
* Vienna, June 20th, 1959
Married:
Margarethen am Moos, June 1st, 1985:
Heinrich Count von Mensdorff-Pouilly
* Makassar, February 6th, 1958
Child from this marriage:
Franziska Countess von Mensdorff-Pouilly
* Vienna, October 20th, 1986
HSH Maria Julia Franziska Ida Kaspara Walpurga Princess von Lobkowicz
* Prague, February 25th, 1919
Married:
Prague, January 26th, 1939:
HSH Johann von Nepomuk Emmerich Lamoral Leo Udalrich Emmo Maria Josef Erich Gabriel Ignatius Prince von Thurn und Taxis ("Hans")
* Schlo� Mzell, June 28th, 1908
Freiburg im Breisgau, April 3rd, 1959
Children from this marriage:
HSH Maria Alexandra Franziska Gabrielle Leonhardine Kaspara Ursula Princess von Thurn und Taxis ("Almerie")
HSH Leopold Erich Maria Lamoral Leonhard Karl Anselm Kaspar Petrus Prince von Thurn und Taxis
* Komotau, April 29th, 1943
Graz, December 8th, 1957
HSH Friedrich Leonhard Ignatius Josef Maria Lamoral Balthasar Prince von Thurn und Taxis ("Fritz")
* Linz, June 22nd, 1950
Married:
(morganatic) Munich, June 4th, 1977:
Beata B�ry
* Munich, February 21st, 1947
HSH Karl Ferdinand Maria Lamoral Leonhard Ignatius Anselm Prince von Thurn und Taxis
* Linz, April 13th, 1952
Married:
(morganatic) (civil) Seevetal-Ramelsloh, May 16th and (religious) Hamburg, June 10th, 1982:
Viola Christine Pauen
* Hamburg, June 10th, 1960
Children from this marriage:
Alice Marie Stephanie Prinzessin von Thurn und Taxis
* Flensburg, August 16th, 1985
Stanislaus Johann Franz Prinz von Thurn und Taxis
* Flensburg, April 29th, 1987
Raphael Ferdinand Egon Prinz von Thurn und Taxis
* Flensburg, March 10th, 1992
Benedikt Nikolaus Anselm Prinz von Thurn und Taxis
* Bonn, October 16th, 1996
HSH Maximilian Anselm Andreas Paulinus Leonhard Lamoral Maria Prince von Thurn und Taxis
* Linz, June 22nd, 1955
HSH Amalie Franziska Ida Melchiora Pauline Leonhardine Princess von Lobkowicz
* Unterberkovic, January 25th, 1921
Married:
Unterberkovic, May 23rd, 1944:
HSH Franz Friedrich Maria Prince zu Schwarzenberg
* Prague, March 24th, 1913
Unzmarkt, March 9th, 1992
Children from this marriage:
HSH Ludmila Maria de Victoria Franziska de Paula Eleonore Thad�a Leonharda Agnes de Bohemia Princess zu Schwarzenberg
* Prague, July 25th, 1945
Married:
(civil) New Hope, February 14th and (religious) Salebury, Pennsylvania, February 14th, 1998:
Carl Barton Hess
* Chicago, Illinois, ...
HSH Isabella Eleonora Maria Franziska Romana Leonharda Thadd�a Sidonia Princess zu Schwarzenberg
* Rome, June 22nd, 1946
Married:
(civil) Gr�felfing, July 15th and (religious) Vienna, July 25th, 1970:
Louis von Harnier Freiherr von Regendorf
* Munich, July 3rd, 1938
Children from this marriage:
Colienne von Harnier Freiin von Regendorf
* Munich, August 29th, 1974
America von Harnier Freiin von Regendorf
* Munich, August 20th, 1976
Elisabeth von Harnier Freiin von Regendorf
* Munich, March 3rd, 1978
HSH Johann von Nepomuk Maria Heinrich Franz Leonhard Thadd�us Thomas von Aquin Prince zu Schwarzenberg
* Chicago, Illinois, February 19th, 1957
Married:
Unzmarkt, September 19th, 1982:
Regina Hogan
* Milford, New York, October 22nd, 1949
Child from this marriage:
HSH Alexander Prince zu Schwarzenberg
* Newport, Rhode Island, April 5th, 1984
Adopted child:
Elisabeth Regina Maria Gabriela Prinzessin zu Schwarzenberg
* Vienna, October 1st, 1947
(Adopted: Gusterheim, January 24th, 1993; confirmed by court: January 25th, 1993)
Married:
(civil) P�ls, May 16th and (religious) P�ls, May 31st, 1970:
R�diger von Pezold
* W�rzburg, July 11th, 1940
HSH Maria Alexandra Franziska Gabrielle Leonhardine Kaspara Ursula Princess von Thurn und Taxis ("Almerie")
* Prague, October 21st, 1939
Married:
Munich, September 20th, 1962:
Franz Rudolf Maria Count von Colloredo-Mannsfeld
* Paris, August 10th, 1938
Children from this marriage:
Antony Georg Ferdinand Maria Count von Colloredo-Mannsfeld
* Vienna, April 25th, 1964
Married:
Vienna, September 3rd, 1988:
Claudia Dorothea Pless
* Vienna, September 5th, 1965
Children from this marriage:
Jakob Ernst Rudolf Maria Count von Colloredo-Mannsfeld
* Vienna, February 23rd, 1995
Laura Dorothea Maria Countess von Colloredo-Mannsfeld
* Tulln, August 22nd, 1997
Theresita Countess von Colloredo-Mannsfeld
* Vienna, December 27th, 1965
Married:
(civil) Salzburg, July 22nd, 1996 and (religious) Sierndorf, June 28th, 1997:
Christoph Oliver Herbert Lieben-Seutter
* Vienna, June 3rd, 1964
Child from this marriage:
Pauline Lieben-Seutter
* Vienna, January 19th, 1997
Nikodemus Ferdinand Christian Bruno Count von Colloredo-Mannsfeld
* Vienna, November 19th, 1969
Mabel Marie Friederike Johanna Countess von Colloredo-Mannsfeld
* Sierndorf, October 8th, 1978
Footnotes:
With special thanks to Hein Bruins, Brigitte Gastel Lloyd, Netty Leistra, Paul Theroff and Ton Veth.
Back to:
Genealogies of Royal Families.
Royal Families in Europe.
The Imperial and Royal Family of Austria-Hungary.
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https://www.onthisday.com/birthdays/may/4
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Famous Birthdays on May 4
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2024-05-04T00:00:00
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Famous birthdays for the 4th of May. See which celebrities, historical figures, scientists and criminals were born on May 4.
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On This Day
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https://www.onthisday.com/birthdays/may/4
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Birthdays 1 - 200 of 218
Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, The Persian Sufi, born in Herat, Khorasan (now Afghanistan) (d. 1088)
Henry I, King of the Franks (1031-60), born in Reims, France (d. 1060)
Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect and composer, born in Rome (d. 1691)
Willem van Outhoorn, Dutch governor-general (Dutch East Indies), born in Larike, Ambon Island, Dutch East Indies (d. 1720)
Kangxi Emperor of China, 4th Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, born in Jingren Palace, Forbidden City, Beijing, Qing dynasty, China (d. 1722)
Bartolomeo Cristofori, Italian instrument maker - considered the inventor of the piano, born in Padua (d. 1731)
Richard Graves, English writer, born in Mickleton, Gloucestershire (d. 1804)
Jean-Charles de Borda, French mathematician, physicist, political scientist, and sailor, born in Dax, France (d. 1799)
Josef Kohaut, Czech composer, born in Žatec, Czech Republic (d. 1777)
Marianne Martinez, Austrian composer, born in Vienna, Austria (d. 1812)
John Brooks, 11th Governor of Massachusetts (1816-23), born in Medford (d. 1825)
Franz Stanislaus Spindler, German composer, born in Steingaden, Germany (d. 1819)
Joseph Carpue, English surgeon who pioneered early plastic surgery in England, born in London, England (d. 1846)
Tyagaraja, Indian classical Carnatic music composer, born in Tiruvarur, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu (d. 1847)
Charles Hague, English composer, born in Tadcaster, Yorkshire (d. 1821)
Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus, German encyclopedia publisher, born in Dortmund, Germany (d. 1823)
Johann Friedrich Herbart, German philosopher and psychologist, born in Oldenburg, Germany (d. 1841)
Charles-Louis-Joseph Hanssens, Belgian composer, born in Ghent, Belgium (d. 1852)
Karl Christian Friedrich Krause, German philosopher, born in Eisenberg, Germany (d. 1832)
Horace Mann
American educator, author, abolitionist and politician who pioneered public schools, born in Franklin, Massachusetts
Joseph Pannell Taylor, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Louisville, Kentucky (d. 1864)
1796 William H. Prescott, American historian, born in Salem, Massachusetts (d. 1859)
Thomas Duncan, Scottish painter, born in Kinclaven, Perthshire, Scotland (d. 1845)
Alexander Walewski, French earl and Foreign Minister, born in Walewice, Warsaw, Poland (d. 1868)
Joseph Whitaker, British publisher (Whitaker's Almanack), born in London (d. 1895)
1820 Julia Gardiner Tyler, 2nd wife of President John Tyler (1841-45), born in Gardiners Island, New York (d. 1889)
Charles Boucher de Boucherville, Premier of Quebec, born in Montreal, Quebec (d. 1915)
Augustus Le Plongeon, French-American photographer and antiquitarian, born in Island of Jersey, France (d. 1908)
1825 Thomas Henry Huxley, English biologist (comparative anatomy), born in Ealing, Middlesex, England (d. 1895)
Frederick Edwin Church, American romantic landscape painter (Hudson River Sch), born in Hartford, Connecticut (d. 1900)
John Hanning Speke, British explorer, the first European to reach Lake Victoria in east Africa, born in Bideford, Devon (d. 1864)
Edmund Hart Turpin, English composer, born in Nottingham, England (d. 1907)
Alice Liddell, English schoolgirl model for Alice in Wonderland, born in London (d. 1934)
Emil Nikolaus von Reznicek, Austrian composer (Donna Diana), born in Vienna, Austria (d. 1945)
Dynam-Victor Fumet, French composer and organist, born in Toulouse, France (d. 1949)
Alexandre Benois, Russian artist, born in St Petersburg, Russia (d. 1960)
Mynona, Polish writer (The Creator), born in Gołańcz, Poland (d. 1946)
Joe De Grasse, Canadian film director, born in Bathurst, New Brunswick Canada (d. 1940)
Ramiro de Maeztu, Spanish writer (Don Quixote & Celestine), born in Alava, Spain (d. 1936)
1875 Reggie Schwartz, English cricket spin bowler (20 Tests South Africa, 55 wickets, BB 6/47) and rugby union fly half (3 Tests England), born in London, England (d. 1918)
Arthur Lang, American boxer and businessman, born in Van Wert, Ohio (d. 1992)
Wilhelm Lehmann, German writer, born in Puerto Cabello, Venezuela (d. 1968)
Wang Jingwei, Chinese politician (21st Premier of the Republic of China 1932-35), born in Sanshui, Guangdong, Qing Dynasty (d. 1944)
Frank H. Wilson, American actor (Beware, Paradise in Harlem), born in Harlem, New York (d. 1956)
Francis Spellman, American Bishop and Cardinal of Roman Catholic Church, born in Whitman, Massachusetts (d. 1967)
Frederick Jacobi, American composer, born in San Francisco (d. 1952)
1891 J. W. F. Werumeus Buning, Dutch poet (Daily Bread), born in Amsterdam (d. 1958)
Edgar Dearing, American actor (Pollyanna, Abraham Lincoln, Free & Easy), born in Ceres, California (d. 1974)
1893 Royal Butler [Edwin Richey], American actor (Zenobia), born in Atlanta, Georgia (d. 1973)
Archibald McIndoe
New Zealand plastic surgeon pioneer who rehabilitated badly burned Royal Air Force crew during WWII, born in Dunedin, New Zealand [1]
(Nicolaas) "Cola" Debrot, Dutch lawyer, doctor.author and politician (Governor of the Netherlands Antilles, 1962-70), born in Kralendijk, Netherlands (d. 1981)
1902 Cvjetko Rihtman, Bosnian composer, born in Rijeka, Croatia (d. 1989)
1902 Rodney Meredith Thomas, English architect and painter, born in London (d. 1996)
Elmer Layden, College Football Hall of Fame fullback (Notre Dame legendary 4-horsemen, 1st NFL Commissioner), born in Davenport, Iowa (d. 1973)
1903 Luther Adler, American actor (D.O.A., The Desert Fox), born in New York City (d. 1984)
Umm Kulthum
Egyptian singer and actress, born in Tummāy al-Zahāyrah, Egypt
Al Dexter [Poindexter], American honky-tonk country musician, and singer-songwriter ("Pistol Packin' Mama"), born in Jacksonville, Texas (d. 1984)
1905 Mátyás Seiber, Hungarian-British classical and jazz composer (Scherzando), born in Budapest, Hungary (d. 1960)
Esmond Knight, British actor (Hamlet, Sleeping Murder), born in East Sheen, England (d. 1987)
Lincoln Kirstein, American writer and impresario, born in Rochester, New York (d. 1996)
Howard Da Silva [Silverblatt], American actor (1776, The Lost Weekend, The Blue Dahlia), born in Cleveland, Ohio (d. 1986)
1909 Jeroom Verten [Jozef Frans Vermetten], Flemish playwright, born in Berchem, Antwerp, Belgium (d. 1958)
Mady Alfredo [Maria De Brieder], Flemish actress (Alicia), born in Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands (d. 1989)
Lou Brown, American orchestra leader (Jerry Lewis Show), born in Brooklyn, New York (d. 2007)
Charles Curtis "Curt" Conway, American actor (Raw Deal; The Twilight Zone), born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1974)
1913 Lady Katherine Brandram, Princess of Greece, the last surviving great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria, born in Athens, Greece (d. 2007)
Abd al-Karīm Qāsim, Prime Minister of Iraq (1958-63), born in Baghdad, Iraq (d. 1963)
1914 Emmanuel Roblès, Algerian-French novelist and playwright (Lesson Hauteurs), born in Oran, Algeria (d. 1995)
Pedro Saenz, Argentine and Spanish composer, born in Buenos Aires (d. 1995)
Jane Jacobs, American-Canadian author and urbanologist (The Death and Life of Great American Cities), born in Scranton, Pennsylvania (d. 2006)
1916 Maurice "Moe" Purtill, American jazz drummer, born in Huntington, New York (d. 1994)
Edward Toner Cone, American pianist, composer and pedagogue, born in Greensboro, North Carolina (d. 2004)
Kakuei Tanaka, Japanese Prime Minister (1972-74), convicted of bribe-taking, born in Kariwa, Japan (d. 1993)
1918 Thomas Mead, Australian politician and journalist, born in Randwick, Australia (d. 2004)
Mary Ann McCall, American big band singer, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (d. 1994)
Edo Murtić, Croatian painter, born in Velika Pisanica, Bjelovar, Croatia (d. 2005)
1921 John van Kesteren, Dutch tenor (Komische Oper, West-Berlin), born in The Hague, Netherlands (d. 2008)
1921 Virginia "Patsy" Garrett, American singer (Fred Waring's Pleasure Time), and actress (Nanny & the Professor), born in Atlantic City, New Jersey (d. 2015)
John Paul Hammerschmidt, American politician (Rep-R-AR, 1967-93), born in Harrison, Arkansas (d. 2015)
Assi Rahbani, Lebanese musical theater composer, with his lyricist brother, Mansour (Biya el-Khawatim - The Ring Seller), born in Antelias, Lebanon (d. 1986)
1923 Edward "Ed" Cassidy, American musician (Spirit), born in Harvey, Illinois (d. 2012)
1923 Eric Sykes, British radio, stage and television comedy writer, actor and director (Goon Show; Sykes and A...), born in Oldham, Lancahsire, England (d. 2012)
1923 Mrinal Sen, Bengali film director (In Search of Famine), born in Faridpur, East Bengal (d. 2018)
Tatiana Nikolayeva, Russian pianist and composer, born in Bezhitsa, Russia (d. 1993)
Maurice R. Greenberg, American businessman and CEO of American International Group (AIG), born in New York City
1925 Peter Blum, Afrikaan poet (Capricorn), born in Trieste, Italy (d. 1990)
Gerlind Reinshagen, German novelist, children's book author, and playwright (Himmel und Erde (Heaven and Earth)), born in Konigsberg, Germany (d. 2019)
1926 Milt Thompson, American astronaut (Dynasoar, X-15), NASA test pilot and chief-engineer, born in Crookston, Minnesota (d. 1993)
1926 Pascual Pérez, Argentine boxer (World flyweight champion 1954-60; Olympic gold Flyweight 1948), born in Mendoza, Argentina (d. 1977)
Owen "Terry" Scott, British actor and comedian (Terry and June, Carry On Films), born in Watford, Hertfordshire (d. 1994)
Betsy Rawls
American golfer (US Women's Open: 1951, 53, 57, 60; PGA C'ship 1959, 69; Western Open 1952, 59), born in Spartanburg, South Carolina
Hosni Mubarak
Egyptian president (1981-2011) who was ousted during the Arab spring, born in Kafr-El Meselha, Egypt
Maynard Ferguson, Canadian jazz trumpeter (Roulette), born in Verdun, Quebec (d. 2006)
1928 Wolfgang von Trips, German auto racer (29 x F1 GP, 2 wins), born in Cologne, Germany (d. 1961)
Audrey Hepburn
British actress (Roman Holiday; Breakfast at Tiffany's; My Fair Lady), born in Brussels, Belgium
Sydney M. Lamb, American linguist (Stratificational grammar), born in Denver, Colorado
Katherine Jackson [Kattie B Screws], American matriarch of the Jackson family, born in Clayton, Alabama
1930 Roberta Peters, American operatic soprano (NY Metropolitan Opera, 1950-85), born in The Bronx, New York (d. 2017)
1930 Ron Pickering, British athletics coach (GB 1964 Summer Olympics) and broadcaster (BBC), born in Hackney, England (d. 1991)
Gennady Rozhdestvensky, Russian conductor (Bolshoi Theatre, 1951-61; USSR State Radio, 1961-74; USSR Ministry of Culture Symphony, 1983-91), born in Moscow, Russia, USSR (d. 2018)
1931 Thomas Stuttaford, British doctor, medical columnist (The Times, 1981-2009), and Conservative MP (1970-74), born in Norfolk, England (d. 2018)
Fausto Razzi, Italian composer, choral director, and educator, born in Rome (d. 2022)
J. Fred Duckett, American sports announcer (Houston Astros, Rice University, US Track & Field) and teacher, born in Houston, Texas (d. 2007)
Frederik von Pallandt, Danish-Dutch pop singer and guitarist (Nina & Frederik), born in Copenhagen, Denmark (d. 1994)
1934 Pete Barbutti, American comedian (Garry Moore Show), born in Scranton, Pennsylvania
El Cordobés [Manuel Benítez Pérez], Spanish matador, born in Palma del Río, Andalusia, Spain
Dick Dale [Mansour], American surf-rock guitarist ("Let's Go Tripping"; "Misirlou"; "Pipeline"), born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 2019)
1937 Hans Ulrich Lehmann, Swiss composer, born in Biel, Switzerland (d. 2013)
1937 Mr. Fuji [Harry Masayoshi Fujiwara], American professional wrestler, born in Honolulu, Hawaii (d. 2016)
1937 Ron Carter, American jazz double bassist and cellist (Ron Carter Meets Bach), born in Ferndale, Michigan
Carlos Monsiváis, Mexican writer and political activist, born in Mexico City
1938 Tyrone Davis, American R&B singer ("Can I Change My Mind"; "Turn Back The Hands Of Time"), born in Greenville, Mississippi (d. 2005)
1938 William J. Bennett, American politician, U.S. Secretary of Education (1985-88), born in New York City
Amos Oz, Israeli author (My Michael), born in Jerusalem
1939 Paul Gleason, American actor (Breakfast Club, Die Hard), born in Jersey City, New Jersey (d. 2006)
Dick Curl, American football coach (World Bowl 1999 Frankfurt Galaxy; NFL Europe Coach of the Year 1998, 99), born in Chester, Pennsylvania
1940 Robin Cook, American physician and novelist, born in New York City
David LaFlamme [Gary Posie], American electric rock violinist (It's A Beautiful Day - "White Bird"), born in New Britain, Connecticut (d. 2023)
1941 George Will, American political analyst (Night Line), born in Champaign, Illinois
1941 Nickolas "Nick" Ashford, American songwriter, record producer("Ain't No Mountain High Enough"; "Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)"), and singer (Ashford & Simpson - "Solid"), born in Fairfield, South Carolina (d. 2011)
Ronnie Bond, British drummer (Troggs - "Wild Thing"; "Love Is All Around"), born in Andover, Hampshire, England (d. 1992)
Mihail Chemiakin, Russian painter, born in Moscow
1943 Stella Parton, American singer ("A Woman's Touch"), sister of Dolly Parton, born in Sevierville, Tennessee
Peggy Santiglia, American singer-songwriter (Angels), born in Belleville, New Jersey
Georg Wadenius, Swedish rocker (Blood, Sweat & Tears), born in Stockholm, Sweden
1945 Monika van Paemel, Belgian writer (Accursed Fathers), born in Poesele, Belgium
1945 Narasimhan Ram, Indian journalist (The Hindu), born in Madras, British India
John Watson, Irish auto racer (World F1 C'ship 3rd 1982; 5 x F1 GP wins) and broadcaster (Eurosport, F1TV, BBC, BSkyb), born in Belfast, Northern Ireland
1946 Renee Powell, American golfer, broadcaster (first woman to compete in a men's golf tournament), born in East Canton, Ohio
1946 Richard L. Brodsky, American lawyer and NY State Assemblyman (D) (1983-2010), born in Brooklyn, New York
Richard Jenkins
American actor (The Shape of Water, The Visitor), born in DeKalb, Illinois
Billy O'Donnell, Canadian harness racing driver (5,742 career wins; Harness Tracks of America Driver of the Year 1982, 84; Little Brown Jug 1985, 86), born in Springhill, Nova Scotia
1948 George Tupou V, King of Tonga (2006-2012), born in Tongatapu, Tonga (d. 2012)
1948 Hurley Haywood, American auto racer (24 Hours of Le Mans 1977, 83, 94; 24 Hours of Daytona 1973, 75, 77, 79, 91), born in Chicago, Illinois
Graham Swift, British author (Waterland, Last Orders), born in London
1949 John Force, American drag racer (16 NHRA Championships), born in Bell Gardens, California
1949 Sybil Danning, Austrian-American actress (Chained Heat), born in Wels, Austria
1949 Zal Cleminson, Scottish guitarist (The Sensational Alex Harvey Band), born in Glasgow, Scotland
Darryl Hunt, British celtic-rock bassist (The Pogues - "Fairytale of New York"), born in Christchurch, Hampshire, England (d. 2022)
1950 Hilly Hicks, American actor (Roll Out, Roots), born in Los Angeles, California
1950 René van Asten, Dutch actor (Herenstraat 10), born in Tilburg, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands
(Sigmund) "Jackie" Jackson, American pop singer and songwriter (Jackson 5 - "ABC"; "I Want You Back"), born in Gary, Indiana
1951 Colin Bass, British bassist (Camel), born in London
1951 Mick Mars [Robert Alan Deal], guitarist (Mötley Crüe), born in Terre Haute, Indiana (alternative date 4 April 1955)
Michael Barrymore, English comedian, actor, quiz master and entertainer, born in Bermondsey, London
(Raymundo) "Ryan" Cayabyab, Filipino music director, composer, conductor, and pianist, born in Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines
1954 Doug Jones, American attorney and politician (US Senator-D-Alabama 2018-21), born in Fairfield, Alabama
1954 Julie Budd, American singer ("Child of Plenty"), born in Brooklyn, New York
1954 Marilyn Martin, American singer-songwriter ("Separate Lives"), born in Tennessee
1954 Pia Zadora [Schipani], American actress (Hairspray), and singer, born in Hoboken, New Jersey
Renate Bruemmer, Swiss cosmonaut, born in St. Gallen, Switzerland
1955 Robert Ellis Orrall, American singer and songwriter, born in Winthrop, Massachusetts
Barrie Masters, British pub-rock singer (Eddie & the Hot Rods), born in Rochford, Essex, England (d. 2019)
1956 David Guterson, American author (Snow Falling on Cedars), born in Seattle, Washington
1956 Michael L. Gernhardt, American NASA astronaut (STS 69, 83, 94, sk 100), born in Mansfield, Ohio
1956 Sharon Jones, American soul singer (Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings), born in Augusta, Georgia (d. 2016)
1956 Ulrike Meyfarth, German athlete (Olympic gold high jump 1972 WR 1.92m, 1984; WR 2.02m 1982), born in Frankfurt, Germany
Peter Sleep, Australian cricket all-rounder (14 Tests, 31 wickets, BB 5/72, 3 x 50; South Australia), born in Penola, Australia
1957 Soozie Tyrell, American session and touring violinist and vocalist (E-Street Band; Seeger Sessions Band; Buster Poindexter; Southside Johnny), born in Pisa, Italy
Keith Haring
American graffiti artist (Vanity Fair, Paris Review) and social activist, born in Reading, Pennsylvania
Bob Tway, American golfer (PGA C'ship 1986; US Open 1998 3rd; PGA Player of the Year 1986), born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Randy Travis
American country and gospel music singer ("Diggin' Up Bones"; "Forever and Ever, Amen"), and actor, born in Marshville, North Carolina
1959 Rohn Stark, American football punter (First-team All-Pro 1983; 4 × Pro Bowl; Indianapolis Colts; NFL record: highest net average punting yards in a game 59.50 1992), born in Minneapolis, Minnesota
1959 Scott Armstrong, American professional wrestling referee, born in Marietta, Georgia
Andrew Denton, Australian television presenter and comedian, born in Sydney, Australia
1960 Martyn Moxon, English cricket batsman (10 Tests, 3 x 50; Yorkshire CCC, Northern Cape), born in Barnsley, England
Ishita Bhaduri, Indian (Bengali) poet, born in Kolkata, India
1961 Jay Aston, English singer (Bucks Fizz), born in Purley, Surrey
1961 Luis Herrera, Colombian cyclist (Vuelta a España General classification 1987; Tour de France mountains classification 1985, 87; Giro d'Italia mountains classification 1989), born in Fusagasugá, Colombia
1961 Mary Elizabeth McDonough, American actress (Erin in The Waltons), born in Van Nuys, California
Oleta Adams, American soul singer and pianist, born in Seattle, Washington
Goran Prpić, Croatian tennis player (Hopman Cup Yugoslavia 1991 [Monica Seles], born in Zagreb, Croatia
1964 Zsuzsa Mathe, Hungarian painter and visual artist, founder of transrealism
Jane McGrath, British-Australian co-founder of the McGrath Foundation for breast cancer, born in Paignton, Devon (d. 2008)
Ana Gasteyer, American actress (Saturday Night Live), born in Washington, D.C.
1967 Kate Garraway, English TV presenter (ITV Breakfast), born in Abingdon-on-Thames, Berkshire
1967 Matthew Crane, American actor (Matt Cory-Another World), born in Kimberton, Pennsylvania
Eddie Pérez, Venezuelan baseball catcher (World Series 1995, 2021 [coach]; NLCS MVP 1999; Atlanta Braves), born in Ciudad Ojeda, Venezuela
1968 Julian Barratt, English comedian and musician, one half of The Mighty Boosh, born in Leeds, England
1968 Sophia Arvaniti, Greek pop-rock singer ("The Desert Is in Your Heart"), born in Athens, Greece
Dawn Staley, American Basketball HOF guard (6 × WNBA All-Star, Charlotte Sting, Houston Comets; Olympic gold 1996, 2000, 04) and coach (Olympic gold 2020), born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1970 Giovanni Mirabassi, Italian-French jazz pianist (Avanti!), born in Perugia, Italy
1970 Gregg Alexander, American pop-rock musician, songwriter, and producer (New Radicals- "You Get What You Give"), born in Grosse Pointe, Michigan
1970 Will Arnett, Canadian-American actor (Arrested Development), born in Toronto, Ontario
Joe Borowski, American baseball pitcher (AL saves leader 2007 Cleveland Indians) and broadcaster (Arizona Diamondbacks), born in Bayonne, New Jersey
Chris Tomlin, American contemporary Christian music singer-songwriter, and worship leader, born in Grand Saline, Texas
1972 Gretchen Ulion, American ice hockey forward (Olympic gold 1998; 2 x Ivy League Player of the Year, Dartmouth College), born in Marlborough, Connecticut
Mike Dirnt
American rock bassist (Green Day - "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)"), born in Berkeley, California
Ed Hervey, American football wide receiver (Grey Cup 2003, 05 Edmonton Eskimos; CFL All-Star 2001, 03) and executive (GM Edmonton Eskimos, Grey Cup 2015), born in Houston, Texas
1973 Guillermo Barros Schelotto, Argentine soccer forward (10 caps; Boca Juniors 300 games, Columbus Crew) and manager (Palermo, Boca Juniors, LA Galaxy, Paraguay), born in La Plata, Argentina
1973 Žibuoklė Martinaitytė, Lithuanian composer (In Search Of Lost Beauty...), born in Leningrad, Russia
Laci Peterson, American murder victim, born in Modesto, California (d. 2002)
1975 Pablo Ruiz, Spanish singer, born in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Ben Grieve, American baseball outfielder (MLB All-Star & AL Rookie of the Year 1998; Oakland A's), born in Arlington, Texas
1976 Heather Kozar, playmate (Jan, 1998), born in Akron, Ohio
Emily Perkins, Canadian actress (Hiccups), born in Vancouver, British Columbia
1977 Mariano Pernía, Argentine soccer left back (11 caps Spain; Independiente, Recreativo, Getafe, Atlético Madrid), born in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Shaenon K. Garrity, American webcomics writer and artist (creator of Narbonic)
Lance Bass, American pop singer (NSYNC - "Bye, Bye, Bye"), born in Laurel, Mississippi
1979 Lesley Vainikolo, Tongan rugby union winger (5 Tests England; Gloucester Rugby, La Rochelle) and rugby league winger (12 Tests NZ; Canberra Raiders, Bradford Bulls), born in Nukuʻalofa, Tonga
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Category:Karl Anselm, 4th Prince of Thurn and Taxis
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Subcategories
This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.
Media in category "Karl Anselm, 4th Prince of Thurn and Taxis"
The following 3 files are in this category, out of 3 total.
Fürst Carl Anselm.jpg 950 × 1,306; 128 KB
Karl Anselm von Thurn und Taxis.jpg 1,142 × 1,660; 365 KB
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History, Climate, Government, Economy, Culture
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2023-11-22T10:51:00+00:00
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Frankfurt is the fifth-most populous city in Germany, a country in Western Europe. It is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and is also considered Germany’s financial capital, economic center, and travel hub. Click for PDF and Google Slides worksheets.
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en
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KidsKonnect
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https://kidskonnect.com/geography/frankfurt/
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Not ready to purchase a subscription? Click to download the free sample version Download sample
Table of Contents
Frankfurt is the fifth-most populous city in Germany, a country in Western Europe. Named after the Franks, its official name is Frankfurt am Main (“Frankfurt on the Main”). It is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and is also considered Germany’s financial capital, economic center, and travel hub. Expect to see soaring skyscrapers, impressive 15th-century buildings, and one of the largest airports in Europe if you visit Frankfurt.
See the fact file below for more information about Frankfurt, or you can download our 28-page Frankfurt worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment.
Key Facts & Information
ETYMOLOGY
The name Frankfurt comes from the Franconofurt of the Germanic tribe of the Franks, which, in English, would mean “Ford of the Franks”.
A ford is a passageway where a shallow river or stream may be crossed on foot.
The name was earlier spelled as Frankfort.
Frankfurt had been accepted since the city’s official spelling by the 19th century.
Earlier than that, in the 14th century, the suffix am Main (“on the Main”) had been added to Frankfurt’s name in reference to the river where the city lies.
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
Frankfurt is the largest city in the German state of Hesse.
Frankfurt is located on the right and left sides of the river Main, which is the longest tributary of the Rhine.
The center of Frankfurt is on the north side of Main.
Frankfurt claims to be at the center of Europe, geographically.
Frankfurt is 440 kilometers from Amsterdam, Netherlands; 600 kilometers from Paris, France; 640 kilometers from London, England; and 670 kilometers from Milan, Italy.
Frankfurt comprises 16 Ortsbezirke (administrative divisions) subdivided into 46 quarters or city districts.
Frankfurt’s climate is continental to temperate-oceanic like the rest of the country.
There is often snow in Frankfurt from early December to early February.
It is primarily cloudy all year round.
Summers are warm from early June to early September.
Frankfurt is nicknamed “Mainhattan” because of its gorgeous skyline reminiscent of Manhattan, New York, USA.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Frankfurt was founded in the first century: as early as 794 CE, Franconofurd (meaning “City of Franks”) was first documented.
Prior to that, evidence suggests Roman settlements existed in Frankfurt.
From 768 to 815, Charlemagne was the king of the Franks.
Frankfurt became one of the most important cities in the Holy Roman Empire, as the Roman emperors were crowned and elected in this city.
From 1356 onwards, Frankfurt became a permanent home to Roman kings by issue of the Golden Bull decree by King Charles IV of Luxembourg.
Annual fairs were held in Frankfurt, which attracted merchants and made the city a commercial hub.
In 1372, Frankfurt became a “Reichsstadt”, which translates to “Imperial Free City.”
A plague broke out in the 1630s, resulting in thousands of deaths.
In the 19th century, after the decline of the Holy Roman Empire, the German Confederation was founded, and Frankfurt became its capital.
The Industrial Revolution saw an increase in factories, and railway lines were being constructed in Frankfurt.
More buildings were built in the city center, such as the opera house Alte Oper, theaters, museums, and stock exchange.
In 1888, a main railway station was established, making transportation easier in the flourishing city.
In World War II, the Allied forces bombed the city, which destroyed many buildings, including the cathedral, city hall, and zoo.
Those buildings have since been reconstructed.
Animals, like lions, wandered the streets because of the bombing.
Following the war, Frankfurt rose to be the economic center of West Germany.
GOVERNMENT
The city council is the highest decision-making body in Frankfurt’s government.
Councils serve for a full term of five years and are elected by the public.
The city council elects the members of the city’s government, except the Lord Mayor, which the citizens elect.
Mike Josef of the Social Democratic Party is the incumbent mayor of Frankfurt as of September 2023.
ECONOMY
Frankfurt is a top commercial and technological hub in Germany.
Since 1240, international trade fairs have been held in Frankfurt.
One of the largest stock exchanges in the world, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, is found in Frankfurt and was first established in 1585.
Manufacturing companies of automobiles, chemical and pharmaceutical products, machinery, printing materials, and food processing are major contributors to Frankfurt’s economy.
Frankfurt serves as a major traffic hub for western Germany.
The canalization of the Main in the 1880s led to Frankfurt being an important inland shipping port in the country.
Frankfurt is known for being home to the biggest airport in Germany, Frankfurt Airport.
Frankfurt is considered the financial capital of Germany.
The European Union’s central bank is found in Frankfurt.
CULTURE, FOOD, AND SPORT
Frankfurt is a melting pot of different cultures, with people of more than 180 different nationalities calling the city home.
People in Frankfurt are ranked as one of the top populations with a high quality of life, as reported by numerous studies.
Their high quality of life is characterized by a good work-life balance, public safety, reliable healthcare, efficient transportation, and overall happiness level.
The Frankfurt Book Fair, which is the largest trade fair for books in the world, spans five days and is held annually in October.
“Ebbelwoi”, or apple wine, is a popular drink in Frankfurt.
High-quality sausages called frankfurters are a popular food in the city.
The Frankfurt Christmas market is a popular seasonal event.
Frankfurt is a city of sport, being the home base of some of the country’s major sports associations, such as the German Olympic Sports Confederation, the German Gymnastics Federation, and the German Football Association.
Frankfurt has professional teams or clubs for football, soccer, ice hockey, rugby, and basketball.
Plenty of fitness and recreational activities are also offered in Frankfurt, such as hiking, swimming, and cycling.
PROMINENT SITES AND LANDMARKS
A 5,000-hectare forest called the Stadtwald Frankfurt is the largest city forest in Germany and consists of a 450-kilometer network of trails.
Skyscrapers may not be as common in Germany as in other major European cities, but Frankfurt is home to 14 out of the 15 tallest skyscrapers in the country.
The Commerzbank Tower, which is 260 meters high, is the tallest skyscraper in the city.
The Römerberg is the most beautiful square in Frankfurt, a medieval square considered “the historic heart” of Frankfurt.
Constructed in the 14th and 15th centuries, the St. Bartholomew’s Cathedral (also known as Frankfurt Cathedral) is the main church of Frankfurt.
Destroyed by bombing in 1944, the Old Opera House was beautifully reconstructed and reopened in 1981.
NOTABLE PEOPLE
Famous poet and playwright Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born in Frankfurt in 1749.
Goethe’s birthplace was destroyed by fire in World War II; it has been restored.
In 1914, the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt was established and is now one of the largest educational institutions in Germany.
In 1861, Johann Philipp Reis invented the first make-and-break telephone in Frankfurt.
Celebrated diarist Anne Frank was born in Frankfurt in 1929.
Film composer and Oscar and Grammy winner Hans Zimmer was born in Frankfurt.
Frankfurt Worksheets
This fantastic bundle includes everything you need to know about Frankfurt across 28 in-depth pages. These ready-to-use worksheets are perfect for teaching kids about Frankfurt. It is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and is also considered Germany’s financial capital, economic center, and travel hub.
Complete List of Included Worksheets
Below is a list of all the worksheets included in this document.
Frankfurt Facts
Gathering Info
Frank About Frankfurt
Historical Timeline
Culture Crossword
People Scramble
A City of Sport
Travel Guide
Frankfurt or False
Trivia Trip
Postcard from Frankfurt
Frequently Asked Questions
Where is Frankfurt located?
Frankfurt is a city in Germany, situated in the state of Hesse, in the central-western part of the country.
What is Frankfurt known for?
Frankfurt is known for several things, including its status as a major financial hub in Europe, the presence of the European Central Bank, its international airport, and its skyline dominated by modern skyscrapers, earning it the nickname “Mainhattan.”
What is the significance of Frankfurt’s airport?
Frankfurt Airport (Flughafen Frankfurt am Main) is one of the busiest and most important international airports in the world. It serves as a major transportation hub in Europe, connecting travelers to various destinations worldwide.
What are some cultural attractions in Frankfurt?
Frankfurt offers a range of cultural attractions, such as the Städel Museum, which houses an extensive collection of European art, the Goethe House (birthplace of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe), and the Palmengarten, a beautiful botanical garden.
What is the Frankfurt Stock Exchange?
The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse) is one of the world’s oldest stock exchanges and plays a vital role in the global financial markets. It is known for trading various types of financial instruments, including stocks, bonds, and derivatives, and it is a key component of Frankfurt’s reputation as a financial center.
Link/cite this page
If you reference any of the content on this page on your own website, please use the code below to cite this page as the original source.
Link will appear as Frankfurt Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com - KidsKonnect, November 22, 2023
Use With Any Curriculum
These worksheets have been specifically designed for use with any international curriculum. You can use these worksheets as-is, or edit them using Google Slides to make them more specific to your own student ability levels and curriculum standards.
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Famous People with Visual Impairments
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See our list of historically famous people with visual impairments including total blindness, sight conditions, or blindness in one eye.
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en
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https://brailleworks.com/wp-content/themes/Backup/brailleworks-html5blank/img/icons/favicon.ico
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Braille Works
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https://brailleworks.com/braille-resources/famous-people-with-visual-impairments/
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Historically Famous People with Blindness or Visual Impairments
Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological and/or neurological factors. Complete blindness is the total lack of form and light perception and is clinically recorded as “No Light Perception” or “NPL”. Eye injuries, mostly occurring in people under 30, are the leading cause of monocular blindness (vision loss in one eye). People who are blind or visually impaired have devised a number of techniques that allow them to complete daily activities using their remaining senses and recently created accessible technology such as screen reading software enables visually impaired people to use mainstream computer applications including the Internet. Listed below are historically famous people with visual impairments including total blindness, sight conditions, or blindness in one eye.
If you have any materials you’d like produced in braille, large print and/or audio for your customers who are blind or have low vision; you can request a free quote or call 1-800-258-7544 (M-F 8:30am to 5pm EST). We also offer 508 document remediation services so you can be sure all of your electronic documents are compliant with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act.
NOTE: We have assembled this list from online and offline resources. If you know of a discrepancy on this page please contact us so we can amend the entry. Thank You!
Louis Braille (January 4, 1809 – January 6, 1852): Louis Braille became blind after he accidentally stabbed himself in the eye with his father’s awl. He later became an inventor and the designer of braille writing, which enables people who are blind to read by feeling a series of organized bumps representing letters. This concept was beneficial to all blind people from around the world and is still commonly used today. If it were not for Louis Braille’s blindness he may not have invented this method of reading and no other blind person could have enjoyed a story or been able to comprehend important written materials.
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Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968): Helen Adams Keller was an American author, activist and lecturer. She was the first deaf/blind person to graduate from college. She was not born blind and deaf; it was not until nineteen months of age that she came down with an illness described by doctors as “an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain”, which could have possibly been scarlet fever or meningitis. The illness did not last for a particularly long time, but it left her deaf and blind. Keller went on to become a world-famous speaker and author. She is remembered as an advocate for people with disabilities amid numerous other causes.
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Harriet Tubman (c. “in approximately” 1820 – March 10, 1913): Harriet Tubman was a slave throughout her youth, being treated as an animal until she eventually escaped captivity. She was an abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the American Civil War. When she had reached Canada she did not stay to enjoy her freedom. She returned to the lands and brought hundreds of black slaves back to safety, saving them from slavery by escaping in what was then called The Underground Railroad. After a severe wound to the head, which was inflicted by a slave owner before her escape, she became a victim to vision impairment and seizures. That did not keep her from tossing her fears aside and to keep fighting for the freedom of her people.
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Homer (Unknown): A legendary ancient Greek epic poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. He was also said to have been blind. The ancient Greeks generally believed that Homer was a historical individual, but modern scholars are skeptical because no reliable biographical information has been handed down from classical antiquity, and the poems themselves manifestly represent the culmination of many centuries of oral story-telling and a well-developed “formulaic” system of poetic composition. The date of Homer’s existence was controversial in antiquity and is no less so today. Herodotus said that Homer lived 400 years before his own time, which would place him at around 850 BC; but other ancient sources gave dates much closer to the supposed time of the Trojan War (1194 – 1184 BC). The formative influence of the works of Homer in shaping and influencing the whole development of Greek culture was recognized by many Greeks themselves, who considered him to be their instructor.
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Ray Charles (September 23, 1930 – June 10, 2004): Known by his stage name Ray Charles, he was an American pianist and musician who shaped the sound of rhythm and blues. He brought a soulful sound to country music, pop standards, and a rendition of “America the Beautiful” that Ed Bradley of 60 Minutes called the “definitive version of the song, an American anthem.” In 1965, Charles was arrested for possession of heroin, a drug to which he had been addicted for nearly 20 years. It was his third arrest for the offense, but he avoided jail time after kicking the habit in a clinic in Los Angeles. He spent a year on parole in 1966. Ray also appeared in the 1980 hit movie, The Blues Brothers and Frank Sinatra called him “the only true genius in the business.” In 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked Charles number ten on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and also voted him number two on their list of The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time.
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945): Franklin, sometimes better known as FDR; was the 32nd President of the United States of America and played a big role during World War II. Roosevelt eventually aided the poor and unemployed of America and restored order at various times during his presidency. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms mostly because of his help in the recovery of the economy. It has been said that Roosevelt had several disabilities including vision impairment.
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Galileo Galilei (February 15, 1564 – January 8, 1642): Galileo Galilei was a Tuscan (Italian) astronomer, mathematician, physicist, and philosopher being greatly responsible for the scientific revolution. Some of his accomplishments include improvements to the telescope, accelerated motion and astronomical observations. Galileo was the first to discover the four largest satellites (moons) of Jupiter which were named the Galilean moons in his honor. Galileo had also improved compass design and eventually opposed the geocentric view. His sight started to deteriorate at the age of 68 years old and it eventually led to complete blindness.
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Stevie Wonder (May 13, 1950 – Present): Born Steveland Hardaway Judkins, he later changed his name to Steveland Hardaway Morris. Wonder is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer. Blind from infancy, Wonder signed with Motown Records as a pre-adolescent at the age of twelve, and continues to perform and record for the label to this day. It is thought that he received excessive oxygen in his incubator which led to retinopathy of prematurity, a destructive ocular disorder affecting the retina. It is characterized by abnormal growth of blood vessels, scarring, and sometimes retinal detachment. A prominent figure in popular music during the latter half of the 20th century, Wonder has recorded more than thirty U.S. top ten hits and won twenty-two Grammy Awards (the most ever won by a solo artist) as well as a Lifetime Achievement Award. He has also won an Academy Award for Best Song, and been inducted into both the Rock and Roll and Songwriters halls of fame. He has also been awarded the Polar Music Prize. American music magazine Rolling Stone named the ninth greatest singer of all time.
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Dr. Abraham Nemeth (October 16, 1918 – October 2, 2013): Dr. Nemeth was an American mathematician and inventor. He was Professor of Mathematics at the University of Detroit Mercy in Detroit, Michigan. Though his employers were sometimes reluctant to hire him knowing that he was blind, his reputation grew as it became apparent that he was a capable mathematician and teacher. He developed the Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation in 1952. Nemeth Code has gone through 4 revisions since its initial development and continues in wide use today. Dr. Nemeth is also responsible for the rules of MathSpeak, a system for orally communicating mathematical text. Dr. Nemeth is an active member of the National Federation of the Blind. He has written several short stories and made many speeches for the NFB about his life as a blind mathematician.
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John Milton (December 9, 1608 – November 8, 1674): John Milton was a civil servant, English poet and prose polemicist. Milton was well known through his epic poem Paradise Lost and also for his radical views on republican religion. He never was well adjusted in school and once got expelled for having a fist fight with his tutor. Eventually he began to write poetry in English, Latin and Italian. John Milton became blind at the age of 43 in 1651, and has written books containing quotes of how the experience sometimes made him miserable.
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James Thurber (December 8, 1894 – November 2, 1961): James Thurber was a comedian and cartoonist most known for his contributions to New Yorker Magazine. Thurber had two brothers, William and Robert. Once, while playing a game, his brother William shot James in the eye with an arrow. Because of the lack of medical technology, Thurber lost his eye. This injury would later cause him to be almost entirely blind. During his childhood he was unable to participate in sports and activities because of his injury, and instead developed a creative imagination, which he shared in his writings.
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Alec Templeton (July 4, 1909 – March 28, 1963): Alec was a composer, pianist and satirist. Blind from birth, he studied at London’s Royal Academy. In 1936, he moved from Wales to the United States as a member of Jack Hylton’s Jazz Band, where he played with a number of orchestras and gave his first radio performances on The Rudy Vallée Show, The Chase and Sanborn Hour, Kraft Music Hall and The Magic Key. His radio program, Alec Templeton Time, sponsored by Alka-Seltzer, was first broadcast from 1939 to 1941, returning in 1943 and 1946–47. It was sometimes known as The Alec Templeton Show. He memorized the scripts for his shows by having them read to him 20 times. There is some confusion concerning Alec Templeton’s year of birth. Most published and Internet biographies give his birth year as 1909, but his headstone shows 1910 as his year of birth. He died at age 52 or 53 and is interred at Putnam Cemetery in Greenwich, Connecticut.
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Claude Monet (November 14, 1840 – December 5, 1926): Also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet, he was a founder of French impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement’s philosophy of expressing one’s perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting. The term “Impressionism” is derived from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise. His popularity and fame grew and by 1907 he had painted many well-known paintings, but by then he had “his first problem with his eyesight.” He started to go blind. He still painted, though his eyes got worse. He wouldn’t stop painting until he was nearly blind. In the last decade of his life Monet, nearly blind, painted a group of large water lily murals for the Musée de l’Orangerie (art gallery of impressionist and post-impressionist paintings located on the Place de la Concorde, Paris) in Paris.
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Andrea Angel Bocelli (September 22, 1958 – Present): Andrea is an Italian tenor and has recorded over 20 pop and classical albums, as well as seven complete operas. He has sold over 65 million albums worldwide. It was evident at birth that he had problems with his sight, and after visits to many doctors Bocelli was diagnosed with glaucoma. In 1970, at the age of 12, he completely lost his sight after an accident during a soccer game. As a young boy, Bocelli showed a great passion for music. At the age of six he started piano lessons before he also learned to play the flute, saxophone, trumpet, trombone, harp, guitar and drums. Bocelli once said “I don’t think a singer decides to sing, it is the others who choose that you sing by their reactions.” Bocelli has sung with other great singers such as Pavarotti and has only been further admired due to his blindness.
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Joseph Pulitzer (April 10, 1847 – October 29, 1911): Joseph was a Hungarian-American publisher best known for posthumously establishing the Pulitzer Prizes (along with William Randolph Hearst) and for originating yellow journalism. In 1882 Pulitzer purchased the New York World, a newspaper that had been losing $40,000 a year, for $346,000 from Jay Gould. Pulitzer shifted its focus to human-interest stories, scandal, and sensationalism. At the age of 42 Joseph became blind due to retinal detachment leaving him no choice but to retire.
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Horatio Nelson (September 29, 1758 – October 21, 1805): Nelson was a British flag officer famous for his service in the Royal Navy, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars. Nelson was born into a moderately prosperous Norfolk family, and joined the navy through the influence of his uncle, Maurice Suckling. He rose rapidly through the ranks and served with leading naval commanders of the period before obtaining his own command in 1778. He developed a reputation in the service through his personal valor and firm grasp of tactics, but suffered periods of illness and unemployment after the end of the American War of Independence. The outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars allowed Nelson to return to service, where he was particularly active in the Mediterranean. He was wounded several times in combat, losing most of one arm and the sight in one eye. He won several victories, including the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, during which he was killed. His death at Trafalgar secured his position as one of England’s most heroic figures.
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Marla Runyan (January 4, 1969 – Present): Marla Runyan is a marathon runner who is legally blind. She is a three-time national champion in the women’s 5,000 meters. Runyan’s career as a world-class runner began in 1999 at the Pan American Games, where she won the 1,500-meter race. The next year, she placed eighth in the 1,500-meter in the 2000 Sydney Olympics, making Runyan the first legally blind athlete to compete in the Games and the highest finish by an American woman in that event. In 2002 she finished as the top American at the 2002 New York City Marathon with a time of 2 hours, 27 minutes and 10 seconds to post the second-fastest debut time ever by an American woman.
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Thomas Gore (December 10, 1870 – March 16, 1949): Thomas was a Democratic politician. He became blind as a child through two separate accidents but did not give up his dream of becoming a senator. In 1907, he was elected to the Senate as one of the first two senators from the new state of Oklahoma. He was re-elected in 1908 and 1914 but defeated in 1920. He was known as a member of the progressive wing of the Democratic Party, who worked with Republicans such as Robert La Follette. He was to a large extent no different from any other politician because of his blindness, but there were problems, as La Follette recounts an example in his memoirs when, during a filibuster, Gore did not realize that the senator who was to take over speaking for him had left the room, and the filibuster failed because he did not continue to speak.
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William Prescott (February 20, 1726 – October 13, 1795): Prescott was an American colonel in the Revolutionary War who commanded the rebel forces in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Prescott became widely attributed for the famous quote, “Do not fire until you see the whites of their eyes,” an important instruction to his soldiers in order to conserve ammunition. The former town of Prescott, Massachusetts, was named in his honor. The town was dis-incorporated in 1938 as part of the building of the Quabbin Reservoir, and the land now makes up Prescott Peninsula, which divides the main branches of the reservoir. Prescott’s likeness was made into a statue for a memorial for the Battle of Bunker Hill.
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Joseph Plateau (October 14, 1801 – September 15, 1883): Joseph Plateau was a Belgian physicist. In 1836, Plateau invented an early stroboscopic device, the “phenakistoscope”. It consisted of two disks, one with small equidistant radial windows, through which the viewer could look, and another containing a sequence of images. When the two disks rotated at the correct speed, the synchronization of the windows and the images created an animated effect. The projection of stroboscopic photographs, creating the illusion of motion, eventually led to the development of cinema. Fascinated by the persistence of luminous impressions on the retina, he performed an experiment in which he gazed directly into the sun for 25 seconds. Consequently, he lost his eyesight later in his life.
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Jorge Luis Borges (August 24, 1899 – June 14, 1986): Jorge Luis Borges was an Argentine writer. His output includes short stories, essays, poetry, literary criticism, and translations. Borges was born on August 24, 1899 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to an educated family descended from famous military figures in Argentina’s history; in accordance with Argentine custom, he never used his entire name. His family was comfortably wealthy, but not quite wealthy enough to live in downtown Buenos Aires. Instead, they lived in the then suburb of Palermo, famous for its knife-fights, where urban space gave way to the countryside. Due to a hereditary condition, Borges became blind in his late fifties.
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Esref Armagan (1953 – Present): Esref is a blind painter of Turkish origin. Esref Armagan was born both unsighted and to an impoverished family. As a child and young adult he never received any formal schooling or training; however, he has taught himself to write and print. Mr. Armagan is an important figure in the history of picture-making, and in the history of knowledge. His work is remarkable. He has demonstrated for the first time that a blind person can develop on his or her own pictorial skills equaling most depictions by the sighted. This has not happened before in the history of picture-making. He has had exhibitions in Turkey, Holland and the Czech Republic. In 2004, he was the subject of a study of human perception, conducted by the psychologist John Kennedy of University of Toronto.
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John Stanley (January 17, 1712 – May 19, 1786): John Stanley was an English composer and organist. Stanley, who was blind from an early age, studied music with Maurice Greene and held a number of organist appointments in London, such as St Andrew’s, Holborn from 1726. He was a friend of George Frideric Handel, and following Handel’s death, Stanley joined first with John Christopher Smith and later with Thomas Linley to continue the series of oratorio concerts Handel had established, and succeeded him as a governor of the Foundling Hospital.
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Thomas Rhodes Armitage (April 2, 1824 – October 23, 1890): Thomas was a British physician, and founder of the Royal National Institute of Blind People. He was born in Sussex into a family of wealthy Yorkshire industrialists. He was raised at Avranches in France, and at Frankfurt and Offenbach in Germany. He attended the Sorbonne and King’s College London. He became a physician, practicing at the Marylebone Dispensary, in the Crimean War, and as a private consultant in London. He was forced to abandon his medical career because of deteriorating vision, eventually becoming blind. Armitage decided to help make literature available to blind people through embossed type. He formed the “British and Foreign Society for Improving the Embossed Literature of the Blind”, later the “British and Foreign Blind Association for Promoting the Education and Employment of the Blind” and (after his death) the “National Institute for the Blind”. This group decided to adopt the system of Louis Braille, and Armitage worked tirelessly for the adoption of Braille.
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Frederick Delius (January 29, 1862 – June 10, 1934): Delius was an English composer born in Bradford in the West Riding of Yorkshire in the north of England. Although born in England and educated at Bradford Grammar School, Frederick Delius felt little attraction for the country of his birth and spent most of his life abroad, in the United States and the continent of Europe, chiefly in France. Nonetheless his music has been described as ‘extremely redolent of the soil of Britain and characteristic of the finer elements of the national spirit’ by Felix Aprahamian.
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Judith E. Heumann (December 18, 1947 – March 4, 2023): Judy Heumann is an American disability rights activist. An internationally recognized leader in the disability community, Heumann is a lifelong civil rights advocate for disadvantaged people. Her work with governments and non governmental organizations (NGOs) has produced significant contributions since the 1970s to the development of human rights legislation and policies benefiting children and adults with disabilities, and to the international development of the independent living movement. Heumann’s commitment to disability rights stems from her personal experiences. She had polio at the age of 18 months, and has used a wheelchair most of her life. In 1970 Heumann and several friends with disabilities founded Disabled in Action, an organization that focused on securing the protection of people with disabilities under civil rights laws. While serving as a legislative assistant to the chairperson of the U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, in 1974 she helped develop legislation that became the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. An early leader in the Independent Living Movement, she then moved to Berkeley where she served as deputy director of the Center for Independent Living. She also organized the sit-ins at the U.S. Department of Health Education, and Welfare offices in San Francisco and around the U.S. which resulted in HEW Secretary Joseph Califano signing the Rehabilitation Act’s Section 504 regulations. She co-founded the World Institute on Disability with Ed Roberts and Joan Leon in 1983, serving as co-director until 1993. Heumann served in the Clinton Administration as Assistant Secretary of the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services at the US Department of Education from 1993 to 2001.
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Rahsaan Roland Kirk (August 7, 1936 – December 5, 1977): Rahsaan was an American jazz multi-instrumentalist, playing tenor saxophone, flute and other reed instruments. He was perhaps best known for his vitality on stage, where virtuoso improvisation was accompanied by comic banter, political ranting and his famous ability to play a number of instruments simultaneously. Kirk was also very political, using the stage to talk on black history, civil rights and other issues, which he was always capable of tipping over into high comedy. He went blind at an early age due to poor medical treatment.
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Matilda Ann Aston (December 11, 1873 – November 1, 1947): better known as Tilly Aston, she was a blind Australian writer and teacher, who founded the Victorian Association of Braille Writers, and later went on to establish the Association for the Advancement of the Blind, with herself as secretary. She is remembered for her achievements in promoting the rights of vision impaired people. Aston was also a prolific writer, particularly of poetry and prose sketches, though her writing was often interrupted by her teaching and other activities.
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Leonhard Euler (April 15, 1707 – September 18, 1783): Leonhard was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. Euler made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, optics, and astronomy. Euler’s left eye became blind from cataract and suffered from eyestrain caused by a strong fever in 1735.
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Doc Watson (March 3, 1923 – May 29, 2012): Doc Watson is an American guitar player, songwriter and singer of bluegrass, folk, country, blues and gospel music. An eye infection caused Watson to lose his vision before his first birthday. Despite this, he was taught by his parents to work hard and care for himself. He attended North Carolina’s school for the visually impaired, The Governor Morehead School, in Raleigh NC. The first song Doc ever learned to play was “When Roses Bloom in Dixieland”. By the time he reached his adult years Doc had become a prolific acoustic and electric guitar player.
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Al Hibbler (August 16, 1915 – April 24, 2001): Hibber was an American vocalist with several pop hits. He is best known for his million selling recording of “Unchained Melody” (1955). He achieved national prominence in the United States with the Ellington orchestra in the mid 1940s, and went on to build a substantial career, which included continuing involvement with jazz musicians. Born Albert George Hibbler in Tyro, Mississippi, he was blind from birth. Hibbler attended a school for the blind in Little Rock, Arkansas where he joined the school choir. He won an amateur talent contest in Memphis, Tennessee, where he first worked with local bands and started his own band. He died in Chicago in 2001, at the age of 85. He was survived by a sister and a brother. Hibbler has a star at 1650 Vine Street on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
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Susan Townsend (April 2, 1946 – April 10, 2014): Susan is an English novelist and playwright, best known as the author of the Adrian Mole books. Her writing often combines comedy with social commentary, though she has written purely dramatic works as well. Townsend has suffered from diabetes for many years, as a result of which she was registered blind in 2001 and she has woven this theme into her work. On February 25, 2009, Leicester City Council announced that Townsend will be given the Honorary Freedom of Leicester.
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Erik Weihenmayer (September 23, 1968 – Present): Weihenmayer is the first blind person to reach the summit of Mount Everest, on May 25, 2001. He also completed the Seven Summits in September 2002. His story was covered in a Time article in June 2001 titled “Blind to Failure”. He is author of “Touch the Top of the World: A Blind Man’s Journey to Climb Farther Than the Eye can See”, his autobiography. Erik is an acrobatic skydiver, long distance biker, marathon runner, skier, mountaineer, ice climber, and rock climber. He is a friend of Sabriye Tenberken and Paul Kronenberg, the co-founders of Braille Without Borders, whom he visited in Tibet to climb with them and teenagers from the school for the blind. In addition, Erik is an active speaker on the lecture circuit. He is represented by Leading Authorities speakers bureau.
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Abdurrahman Wahid (September 7, 1940 – December 30, 2009): Also known as Gus Dur, Abdurrahman is an Indonesian Muslim religious and political leader who served as the President of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001. The long-time president of the Nahdlatul Ulama and the founder of the National Awakening Party (PKB), Wahid was the first elected president of Indonesia after the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998.
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William Samuel McTell (May 5, 1898 – August 19, 1959): Better known as Blind Willie McTell, he was an influential American blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He was a twelve-string finger picking Piedmont blues guitarist, and recorded 149 songs between 1927 and 1956. Born William Samuel McTier in Thomson, Georgia, blind in one eye, McTell had lost his remaining vision by late childhood, but became an adept reader of Braille. He showed proficiency in music from an early age and learned to play the six-string guitar as soon as he could. A blues festival in McTell’s honor is held annually in his birthplace, Thomson, Georgia. He was inducted into the Blues Foundation’s Hall of Fame in 1981.
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Clarence Carter (January 14, 1936 – Present): Clarence is a blind American soul singer and musician. Born in Montgomery, Alabama on 14 January, 1936, Carter attended the Alabama School for the Blind in Talladega, Alabama, and Alabama State College in Montgomery, graduating in August 1960 with a Bachelor of Science degree in music.
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Wilma Pearl Mankiller (November 18, 1945 – April 6, 2010): Born in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, Wilma was the first female Chief of the Cherokee Nation. She served as the Principal Chief for ten years from 1985 to 1995. The family surname, Mankiller, is a traditional Cherokee military rank and is pronounced “Asgaya-dihi” in Cherokee. By 1983, she was elected deputy chief of the Cherokee Nation, alongside Ross Swimmer, who was serving his third consecutive term as principal chief. In 1985, Chief Swimmer resigned to take the position as head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. This allowed Mankiller to become the first female principal chief. She was freely elected in 1987, and re-elected again in 1991 in a landslide victory, collecting 83% of the vote. In 1995, Wilma chose not to run again for Chief largely due to health problems.
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Ronnie Lee Milsap (January 16, 1945 -Present): Born in Robbinsville, North Carolina, Milsap is an American country music singer and musician. Ronnie Milsap was born with a congenital defect, leaving him almost completely blind. He was one of country’s most popular and influential artists in the 1970s and 1980s. Ronnie became country music’s first blind superstar. He was also one of the most successful country crossover singers of his time, appealing to both country and pop markets. Milsap’s biggest crossover hits include “It Was Almost Like a Song”, “Smoky Mountain Rain”, “(There’s) No Gettin’ Over Me”, “I Wouldn’t Have Missed It for the World”, “Any Day Now”, and “Stranger in My House”, among others. He is credited with forty #1 hits in country music, third to George Strait and Conway Twitty.
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José Montserrate Feliciano García (September 10, 1945 – Present): is a Puerto Rican singer, virtuoso guitarist and composer, known for many international hits including the 1970 holiday single “Feliz Navidad”. Born in Lares, Puerto Rico, Feliciano was one of twelve children and was first exposed to music at the age of three. His blindness is a result of congenital glaucoma. Feliciano holds the distinction of being one of the few singers to have enjoyed success both in Spanish language music and in English language rock and roll. In 1965 and 1966, he released his first albums “The Voice and Guitar of Jose Feliciano” and “A Bag Full of Soul”, two folk-pop-soul albums that showcased his talent on radio across the USA, where he was described as a “10 finger wizard”. In 1970, he wrote and released an album of Christmas music, Feliz Navidad, which may be deemed to be his most famous recording. He received a star in the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1987, and continued as a very popular singer during the 1980’s. In 1995, Feliciano was honored by the City of New York, which re-named Public School 155 the Jose Feliciano Performing Arts School.
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Dr. Jacob Bolotin (January 3, 1888 – April 1, 1924): Born in 1888 to a poor immigrant family in Chicago, Jacob Bolotin fought prejudice and misconceptions about the capabilities of blind people in order to win acceptance to medical school and then into the medical profession. He was one of the most respected physicians in Chicago in the early twentieth century, particularly well known for his expertise on diseases of the heart and lungs. Dr. Jacob Bolotin was the first man born totally blind to become fully licensed to practice medicine.
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Richard H. Bernstein (November 9, 1973 – Present): An American lawyer, practicing at The Law Offices of Sam Bernstein. He also is an adjunct professor at the University of Michigan and served on the Wayne State University Board of Governors for one eight-year term, including two years as vice chair and two more as chair. Bernstein has been classified as legally blind since birth, as a result of retinitis pigmentosa. Richard Bernstein is also an avid runner and advocate for disability rights.
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David Alexander Paterson (May 20, 1954 – Present): American politician and the former Governor of New York. He is the first African American governor of New York and also the second legally blind governor of any U.S. state after Bob C. Riley, who was Governor of Arkansas for eleven days in January 1975. At the age of three months, Paterson contracted an ear infection that spread to his optic nerve, leaving him with no sight in his left eye and severely limited vision in his right eye.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurn_und_Taxis
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German noble family
This article is about the German noble family. For the postal system, see Thurn-und-Taxis Post. For the board game, see Thurn and Taxis (board game). For the New York fashion house, see House of Thurn.
The Princely House of Thurn and Taxis (German: Fürstenhaus Thurn und Taxis, [ˈtuːɐ̯n ʔʊnt ˈtaksɪs]) is a family of German nobility that is part of the Briefadel. It was a key player in the postal services in Europe during the 16th century, until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, and became well known as the owner of breweries and commissioner of several castles. The family has resided in Regensburg since 1748 with their seat at St. Emmeram Castle from 1803. The family is one of the wealthiest in Germany, and the current head of the House is Albert, 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis.
They are one of the mediatised Houses for their former Sovereign Imperial counties, later mediatised to Kingdom of Württemberg (Buchau Princely Abbey, now Bad Buchau), Kingdom of Bavaria and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.
History
[edit]
See also: Compagnia dei Corrieri and Kaiserliche Reichspost
The Tasso family (from the Italian word for "badger", the family's heraldic animal) was a Lombard family in the area of Bergamo. The earliest records place them in Almenno in the Val Brembana around 1200,[1] before they fled to the more distant village of Cornello to escape feuding between Bergamo's Colleoni (Guelf) and Suardi (Ghibelline) families. Around 1290,[2] after Milan had conquered Bergamo, Omodeo Tasso organized 32 of his relatives into the Company of Couriers (Compagnia dei Corrieri) and linked Milan with Venice and Rome.[3] The recipient of royal and papal patronage, his post riders were so comparatively efficient that they became known as bergamaschi throughout Italy.[4]
Ruggiero de Tassis was named to the court of the Emperor Frederick the Peaceful in 1443. He organized a post system between Bergamo and Vienna by 1450;[2] from Innsbruck to Italy and Styria around 1460; and Vienna with Brussels around 1480.[2] Upon his success, Ruggiero was knighted and made a gentleman of the Chamber.[4][5] Janetto von Taxis [de] was appointed Chief Master of Postal Services at Innsbruck in 1489. Philip of Burgundy elevated Janetto's brother Francesco I de Tassis [it] to captain of his post in 1502.[6] Owing to a payment dispute with Philip, Francisco opened his post to public use in 1506.[2] In 1512 the family was ennobled by Emperor Maximilian I.[7] By 1516, Francisco had moved the family to Brussels in the Duchy of Brabant, where they became instrumental to Habsburg rule, linking the rich Habsburg Netherlands to the Spanish court.[6] The normal route passed through France, but a secondary route across the Alps to Genoa was available in times of hostility.
At the death of Francisco in 1517, Emperor Charles V appointed Francisco's nephew Johann Baptista von Taxis (1470-1541) as Generalpostmeister of the Kaiserliche Reichspost. Johann Baptista was briefly succeeded by his eldest son, Franz II von Taxis (1514-1543), after whose untimely death the family split into two further branches. The youngest son, Leonhard I von Taxis, succeeded as Generalpostmeister and is the ancestor of the princely Thurn and Taxis family. Johann Baptista's second-eldest son, Raymond de Tassis (1515-1579), took over the office of postmaster-general to the Crown of Spain and settled in Spain. Raymond married into Spanish nobility, and his eldest son Juan de Tassis was created Count of Villamediana in 1603 by Phillip III. The Spanish line of the family became extinct with Juan de Tassis, 2nd Count of Villamediana, a celebrated poet who died in mysterious circumstances in 1622.[8]
In 1608 the Brussels line was raised to the status of hereditary barons, and in 1642 the Innsbruck line as well (which descends from Gabriel de Tassis, d. 1529). When the Brussels line was raised to the hereditary status of counts in 1624, they needed illustrious lineage to legitimize their intended further ascension to the high nobility. Alexandrine von Taxis commissioned genealogists to "clarify" their origin, who until then had only been considered a family descending from medieval knights who had become merchants. They now claimed, albeit without documentary evidence, that they descended from the famous Italian noble family Della Torre, or Torriani, who had ruled in Milan and Lombardy until 1311. She then applied to the emperor for a name change. With the Germanization, the coat of arms symbol of the Milanese family, the tower (Torre), became Thurn (an older German spelling, nowadays Turm) and was placed in front of the actual family name Tasso, translated with Taxis (an older German spelling for Dachs = Badger). The tower of the Torriani was added to the badger as a coat of arms.[9] They formally adopted the German form of their name in 1650, including the comital Innsbruck line, which also exists to this day.
In 1681 the Brussels line was elevated to the Spanish Netherlands' rank of prince with Eugen Alexander Franz, 1st Prince of Thurn and Taxis, with Braine-le-Château (acquired in 1670) as his titular principality (Principauté de la Tour et Tassis), and in 1695 to the rank of imperial prince at the behest of Emperor Leopold I, although at that time no territorial possessions existed in the Holy Roman Empire. Admission to the Imperial Council of Princes in the Imperial Diet took place in 1704.[10]
The Brussels line moved to Frankfurt in 1703 because of the War of the Spanish Succession; their new family seat built from 1731 was the Palais Thurn und Taxis. Emperor Charles VII appointed Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis, Principal Commissioner (Lord Chancellor) of the Imperial Diet in 1743. He therefore moved to Regensburg, where the parliament was seated, in 1748. The position became hereditary in the family who lived in different houses there, but the company headquarters remained in Frankfurt. When Saint Emmeram's Abbey in Regensburg was secularized in 1803, the monastery buildings were donated to the princes of Thurn and Taxis, who had them converted into a residence, henceforth known as Schloss Thurn and Taxis, sometimes also called Saint Emmeram Palace. It has remained their family seat to this day.[11]
In 1786, Karl Anselm, 4th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, acquired the Upper Swabian county of Friedberg with the lordships of Scheer, Dürmentingen and Bussen from the princes of Waldburg, which from 1787 was known as the County of Friedberg-Scheer. Only then did the Thurn und Taxis rule their own principality of the empire for 20 years, but their main source of income remained the Imperial Reichspost.
The family operated the Thurn-und-Taxis Post, successor to the Imperial Reichspost of the Holy Roman Empire, between 1806 and 1867. Their postal service was gradually lost over the centuries, with the Spanish network being bought by the crown in the 18th century and the German post being purchased by Prussia after the fall of the Free City of Frankfurt in 1866. By investing their earnings from the postal business - later also the settlements for the postal rights - in numerous landed estates, a large number of forests and farms as well as castles were added to the family property, especially from secularized church property, among them Buchau Abbey, Marchtal Abbey, Neresheim Abbey, Ennetach Abbey, Siessen Abbey, and others. In 1803 they were summarized as Imperial Principality of Buchau.[12] The buildings of these monasteries were mostly re-donated to the church in the 20th century, but the lands continue to be cultivated by the princely administration. Besides the St Emmeram's Palace the current prince still owns Taxis Castle (Trugenhofen) and Garatshausen Castle at Feldafing on Lake Starnberg.
Rainer Maria Rilke wrote his Duino Elegies while visiting Princess Marie of Thurn and Taxis (née Princess of Hohenlohe, wife of Prince Alexander) at her family's Duino Castle. Rilke later dedicated his only novel (The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge) to the princess, who was his patroness. Her son Prince Alexander (1881–1937) became an Italian citizen named Principe della Torre e Tasso and was raised in 1923 by the Italian king to Duke of Castel Duino. Today Duino Castle belongs to his grandson, Prince Carlo della Torre e Tasso, Duca di Castel Duino (b. 1952). The Duino branch is part of the family's Czech branch that in the early 19th century settled in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic).
Several members of the family have been Knights of Malta.
Until 1919, the titles of the head of the princely house were His Serene Highness the Fürst von Thurn und Taxis, Prince of Buchau and Prince of Krotoszyn, Duke of Wörth and Donaustauf, Princely Count of Friedberg-Scheer, Count of Valle-Sássina, Marchtal, Neresheim etc., Hereditary Postmaster General.[13]
The current head of the house of Thurn and Taxis is Albert II, 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, son of Johannes and his wife, Gloria. The family is one of the wealthiest in Germany. The family's brewery was sold to the Paulaner Group of Munich in 1996, but it still produces beer under the brand of Thurn und Taxis.
Princes of Thurn and Taxis
[edit]
The Thurn and Taxis family came to massive media attention during the late 1970s through mid-1980s when Prince Johannes married Countess Mariae Gloria of Schönburg-Glauchau, a member of an impoverished but mediatized noble family. The couple's wild, "jet set" lifestyle and Princess Gloria's over-the-top appearance (characterized by bright hair colours and avant-garde clothes) earned her the nickname of "Princess TNT".[14]
Popular culture
[edit]
The mail monopoly of Thurn and Taxis is central to the plot of The Crying of Lot 49 by Thomas Pynchon.
The board game Thurn and Taxis, by Andreas Seyfarth and Karen Seyfarth, is inspired by the family.
The protagonist of Walter Jon Williams's Elegy for Angels and Dogs is the head of the Thurn und Taxis family.
Thurn und Taxis are also mentioned in several volumes of the 163x series by Eric Flint and others, e.g. 1635: The Dreeson Incident and 1636: The Saxon Uprising.
The credits for Season 3, Episode 4 of the television show The Good Place features a character named "The Baroness von Thurn und Taxis," played by Ilka Urbach.
See also
[edit]
Czech branch of the House of Thurn and Taxis
Donaustauf Castle (Bavaria)
Donaustauf Palace (Bavaria)
Dukes of Castel Duino (an Italian branch)
Order of Parfaite Amitié
Palais Thurn und Taxis (Frankfurt)
Thurn-und-Taxis Post
Tour & Taxis (Brussels)
References
[edit]
Sources
[edit]
Wolfgang Behringer, Thurn und Taxis, Die Geschichte ihrer Post und ihrer Unternehmen, München, Zürich 1990 ISBN 3-492-03336-9
Martin Dallmeier, Quellen zur Geschichte des europäischen Postwesens, Kallmünz 1977
Martin Dallmeier and Martha Schad, Das Fürstliche Haus Thurn und Taxis, 300 Jahre Geschichte in Bildern, Regensburg 1996, ISBN 3-7917-1492-9
Fritz Ohmann, Die Anfänge des Postwesens und die Taxis, Leipzig 1909
Joseph Rübsam, Johann Baptista von Taxis, Freiburg im Breisgau 1889
Marecek, Zdenek, Loucen a Thurn Taxisove. Pohledy do doby minule i nedavne. Obec Loucen, 1998.
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15 Distinctively German Things to Buy in Frankfurt
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"what to buy in Frankfurt",
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"Frankfurt shopping guide"
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"GPSMYCITY Inc"
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2015-11-09T00:00:00
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What to buy in Frankfurt? Check out these 15 gift and souvenir ideas for the perfect trip memento to bring home from Frankfurt.
|
en
|
/d/favicon.ico
|
GPSmyCity
|
https://www.gpsmycity.com/articles/36-15-distinctively-german-things-to-buy-in-frankfurt.html
|
1. Frankfurt Homburg-Style Hat
The ‘bad’ in Bad Homburg, eight miles from downtown Frankfurt, indicates this is a community that authorities deemed wholesome enough to grant it a spa status. It was the healthy climate that drew the Prince of Wales, future King Edward VII, to Bad Homburg in 1882. While there, he bought a hat that he, and subsequently the rest of the world, would thenceforth refer to as Homburg. A Homburg is a stiff hat made of wool or fur felt with a crease running the length of the crown. The edge of the brim is turned up sharply all the way around, and often topped with trim of the same material as the hatband. The style was rediscovered by hip-hop artists in the 1990s, who gave a ‘bad’ Homburg a whole new meaning. Despite its notoriety, the hat is not widely available.
The original Homburger Hutsalon can be found in Bad Homburg on Rathausstraße 8. Bad Homburg is part of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban area and can be reached in 20+ minutes by taking the S5 from Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof, or from Frankfurt city centre at Hauptwache and Konstablerwache. Homburg hat prices start at €129 ($178).
Where to find it:
Homburger Hutsalon
Address: Rathaus Strasse 8, 61348 Bad Homburg
Operation Hours: Tuesday-Friday: 10a.m.-1p.m., 3p.m.-6:30p.m.; Saturday: 10a.m.-2:30p.m.
Email: info@homburger-hutsalon.de
Buy It on Amazon:
Offline reading and travel directions:
With GPSmyCity App you can read this article offline on your mobile device, use the embedded offline city map and GPS navigation, as well as create a self-guided walk to visit the venues featured in the article.
2. Apple Wine ‘Bembel’
A Bembel is a stoneware pitcher used to serve apple wine, and not incidentally, to keep it cool during the warm summer months. Frankfurt is known for its apple wine locales and their owners keep several sizes on hand to serve the needs of small and large groups. When served, the pitcher is left at the table, usually with a bottle of sparkling water, and the clientele mix their own drinks. A Bembel is generally grey in color with a simple blue design behind the glaze. Some depict city landmarks. As a gift intended for someone who does not drink apple wine, these pitchers can serve as rustic bric-a-brac; they also make very good flower pots.
Toepferei Maurer is a family operation that makes and sells Bembels and related pottery. Their Bembels are priced between 12 and 30 euros and the shop is in the middle of the Sachsenhausen apple wine district; Wallstrasse 5, 60594 Frankfurt. Hours are 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. on weekdays and until 1 p.m. on Saturdays. Another source is Dippemarkt at Fahrgasse 80, 60311 Frankfurt, near the Konstablermarkt.
Where to find it:
Toepferei Maurer
Address: Wall Strasse 5, 60594 Frankfurt
Operation Hours: Monday-Friday: 9 a.m.-6 p.m.; Saturday: 9 a.m.-1 p.m.
Dippemarkt
Address: Fahrgasse 80, 60311 Frankfurt
Offline reading and travel directions:
With GPSmyCity App you can read this article offline on your mobile device, use the embedded offline city map and GPS navigation, as well as create a self-guided walk to visit the venues featured in the article.
3. Frankfurt Wine
Frankfurt is one of the few German municipalities deeply involved in wine business. The city has had its own vineyard at Lohrberg, a modest hill on the northern border of the city, since 1803. Another source of wine is found outside the city limits in nearby Hochheim. The Lohrberg vineyard produces about 10,000 bottles a year. These wines and those from Hochheim can be bought at a wine shop located in an archway on the left side of the City Hall at Roemerberg.
Prices range from 5 to 82 euros a bottle, the latter being for a 2003 Hochheimer Riesling from grapes selected late in the harvest. Sparkling wines are also available. The bottles make nice Frankfurt gifts because they bear distinctive labels with the city seal and landmarks.
Where to find it:
Wine shop
Address: Limpurgergasse 2, 60311 Frankfurt
Operation Hours: Monday-Friday: 9 a.m.-12:30 p.m.
Offline reading and travel directions:
With GPSmyCity App you can read this article offline on your mobile device, use the embedded offline city map and GPS navigation, as well as create a self-guided walk to visit the venues featured in the article.
4. Designer Soap
Frankfurt is known as a banking center with more skyscrapers than anywhere else in Germany. The very first of them, however, wasn’t a bank but a building belonging to a soap and scent factory. The Mousonturm still carries the name of the soap works, but now is a performing arts center. Die Seifenmanufaktur, located in the north of Frankfurt, carries on the soap tradition as a wholesaler of a wide range of hand-made soaps found at shops around the city. Natural ingredients are prevalent and the soaps come in many different colors, shapes and scents. These soaps can be found at the Hessen Shops in the Sachsenhausen district at Diesterwegstr. Soaps are priced from several euros up to 35 euros or more for gift arrangements.
Where to find it:
Hessen Shops
Address: Leipziger Strasse 49, 60487 Frankfurt, near the university in Bockenheim
Address: Diesterweg Strasse 22, 60594 Frankfurt
Seifenmanufaktur
Address: Nistergasse 16, 60439 Frankfurt
Operation Hours: Monday-Friday: 2 p.m.-6 p.m.
5. Car Models
Adam Opel AG began building cars in 1899 at a factory near Frankfurt in Ruesselsheim. General Motors first took a stake in the German car company in 1929 and Opel still remains a GM subsidiary. Classics from more than 110 years of car making are available at the Opel store in the form of scale models, generally on a scale of 1:43 or 1:67. One possibility is to combine shopping with a tour of the plant, but it’s not necessary. Subways S8 and S9 run every 10 to 15 minutes from downtown Frankfurt. The journey takes 14 to 20 minutes, depending on where you get on. Get off Ruesselsheim main station. The Opel shop is in the big red factory building on the left when you come out of the station. Prices: Smaller models cost several euros; top range products are more than 30 euros.
Where to find it:
Opel Forum
Address: Bahnhofsplatz, 65423 Ruesselsheim
Operation Hours: Monday-Friday: 7 a.m.-5:30 p.m.
Buy It on Amazon:
6. Eintracht team Scarf
Eintracht Frankfurt is a sports club with about 16,000 members that is best known for its professional soccer team. Because the season is long, running from July till May, fan-wear is almost always available. The eagle and crown of the official city seal is also found on the Eintracht Frankfurt club logo. Both, the logo and the words Eintracht Frankfurt are found on most fan scarves, thus making it a good and somewhat offbeat souvenir. A trip to the stadium without a scarf is something no true fan would consider, be it winter or summer. The scarves cost about 13 euros and can be found almost anywhere sporting goods are sold.
Where to find it:
Sport Arena
Address: An der Hauptwache 1, 60313 Frankfurt
Operation Hours: Monday-Wednesday: 10 a.m.-8 p.m., Friday: 10 a.m.-8 p.m.; Thursday,Saturday: 10 a.m.-9 p.m.; Sunday: Closed
The Eintracht-Shop
Address: Bethmann Strasse 19, 60311 Frankfurt
Operation Hours: Monday-Friday: 10 a.m.-6 p.m.; Saturday: 10 a.m.-2 p.m.; Sunday: Closed
7. Leather Handbag
Leather-making was an important industry through the middle of the 20th Century in Frankfurt and the surrounding region. The center of the industry was just east of the city limits, in the town of Offenbach. However, by year 2000, there were less than 20 companies left making leather goods in and around Offenbach. One of those companies is Picard, founded in 1928 and located in Obertshausen about 7.5 miles from Frankfurt. Picard makes leatherwear for men and women that has a reputation for quality and durability. Its products are found in many Frankfurt leather shops.
Gabler, located downtown at Toengesgasse 33, 60311 Frankfurt, is a good venue. Gabler predates Picard by about 50 years and is located one block away from Zeil, the pedestrian zone that is the heart of the Frankfurt shopping district. The ladies handbags shown here range in size and are priced from 119 to 199 euros. Gabler store hours are 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. on weekdays and 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on Saturdays.
Where to find it:
Gabler
Address: Toengesgasse 33, 60311 Frankfurt
Operation Hours: Monday-Friday: 10 a.m.-7 p.m.; Saturday: 10 a.m.-6 p.m.
8. Euro Mug
Frankfurt is the home of the European Central Bank, which is located at Kaiserstr. 29, 60311 Frankfurt, at least until it moves to a permanent location currently under construction outside the downtown financial district. On the ground floor of the current building, on the Kaiserstrasse side, is a glass-walled facility called Infoshop in the ECB. Infoshop is not part of the central bank. It primarily sells coins, books and there is a small coffee shop. Among the souvenirs on offer here are coffee mugs in true-to-life colors and designs of the euro notes. Whatever the denomination: 5, 10, 50 or 500 euros, the price for a mug is the same 5.90 euros. Shop hours are Mon-Fri, 10 a.m. to 7:30 p.m.
Where to find it:
Infoshop
Address: Kaiser Strasse 29, 60311 Frankfurt
Operation Hours: Monday-Friday: 10 a.m.-7:30 p.m.
9. Techno Music
It was in 1982, legend has it, that an employee in a record store below Frankfurt’s main train station decided to categorize disparate electronic music bands, such as Germany’s Kraftwerk and the English group Depeche Mode, under one label. Because "technology" was too long a word, the label was shortened to techno, and Frankfurt was on its way to becoming the German capital for developing the music whose roots are in the U.S.
A legendary cavernous disco at Frankfurt airport was an early stage for mixes by DJs who remain mainstays of the scene; Talla 2XLC and Sven Vaeth are two. Both sell product on their websites. Recordings also are available in the few remaining CD shops. For people who know their way around the music, Freebase located at Brueckenstr. 36, 60594 Frankfurt sells LPs and CDs and has a European-wide reputation. CDs from better known DJs, like Vaeth, are available on the top floor of Saturn in the MyZeil shopping mall, 106 Zeil, 60313 Frankfurt. A CD will cost about 17 euros.
Where to find it:
Freebase
Address: Bruecken Strasse 36, 60594 Frankfurt
Top floor of Saturn, MyZeil shopping mall
Address: 106 Zeil, 60313 Frankfurt
Buy It on Amazon:
10. Apple-Wine Glass
Given the importance of the apple wine culture in Frankfurt, it should come as no surprise that there is a drinking glass made for and used only to drink apple wine. The glasses have a distinctive ribbed diamond pattern and most display the logo of an apple-wine maker. Those logos are what make the glasses an attractive souvenir, because they often feature Frankfurt motifs with the city name printed on the glass. Standard sizes are one-quarter liter or a half-liter, and they can be found everywhere apple wine is served. The glasses are readily available at shops, but finding one with a commercial brand is a little bit more difficult. One location in the middle of the city is Frankfurt Forum, in the Roemer city square at Roemerberg 32, 60311 Frankfurt. A quarter-liter glass costs 1.60 euros. Another location is KaufhausHessen, in the cafe district of Bornheim, at Berger Strasse 288, 60385 Frankfurt.
Where to find it:
Frankfurt Forum
Address: Roemerberg 32, 60311 Frankfurt
KaufhausHessen
Address: Berger Strasse 288, 60385 Frankfurt
11. Frankfurt Mustard
Mustard is known all over the world and mustard seeds are grown in many places far away from Frankfurt. Great Britain is a mustard-seed producer and English mustards are renowned. Frankfurt lays claim to the frankfurter, which is one reason the city has a reputation for good mustards. Writing in 1805, the German academic Carl Philipp Funke said, “The English mustard is preferred. In Germany, the best mustard comes from Frankfurt am Mayn (sic).” Today, the spelling of the river is different but the city mustard culture flourishes. Ingredients in specialty mustards can include the seven herbs found in the traditional Frankfurt ‘green sauce,’ apple wine and pumpkin.
There are mustards that go well with cheese and, of course, a hot dog. KaufhausHessen, a shop at Berger Strasse 288, 60385 Frankfurt, offers a variety of mustards with labels identifying the product as coming from Frankfurt am Main. Price: 5 to 7 euros.
Where to find it:
KaufhausHessen
Address: Berger Strasse 288, 60385 Frankfurt
12. Frankfurt Apple Wine
Some people claim the city of Frankfurt is the heart of the apple wine culture, while others say the center is where you are sitting when sampling this regional favorite. Apple wine is fermented without sugar and its alcoholic content at 5.5 per cent is about half that found in wine made from grapes. Apple wine normally is served in a stoneware pitcher with a separate bottle of mineral water. Consumer are invited to mix their drink themselves. The combination is a refreshing, low-cal treat with a punch.
Big commercial brands, like the Possman varieties, are found anywhere alcoholic beverages are sold, including the supermarket in the basement of Karstadt department store at 90 Zeil. The Zeil is a pedestrian zone that is the city’s central shopping district. Kaufhaus Hessen away from city center in trendy Bornheim at 288 Berger Strasse, 60385 Frankfurt, offers a connoisseur’s selection. Store hours are 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. on weekdays and until 4 p.m. on Saturdays. Closed Sundays. Possmann Original costs about €1.60 ($2.20) for a 1 liter bottle. Specialty brands cost more, but still not expensive.
Where to find it:
Karstadt department store
Address: 90 Zeil, 60313 Frankfurt
Kaufhaus Hessen
Address: 288 Berger Strasse, 60385 Frankfurt
Operation Hours: Monday-Friday: 10 a.m.-8 p.m.; Saturday: 10 a.m.-4 p.m.; Sunday: Closed
13. Jack Wolfskin Sportswear
Jack Wolfskin was founded in Frankfurt in 1981 and is one of Germany’s most successful manufacturers of outdoor gear. Today, the company is based near Frankfurt, in Idstein. Jack Wolfskin products are sold in more than 4,000 stores across Europe and Asia. The clothing is generally light weight and comes in bright colors stamped with the company’s yellow-paw trademark. A feature with their jackets is the separable jackets and inner liners that can be worn separately and are interchangeable. This means the customers can select a liner to go with their jacket and vice versa. Because the jackets also ‘breathe,’ they are popular with skiers and hikers. A basic winter jacket is available for 130 euros and top of the line combinations cost 400 euros.
There are two Jack Wolfskin stores in Frankfurt. A downtown store is located at Neue Kraemer 30, 60311 Frankfurt. The Nordwestzentrum shopping mall in the north of the city has a store at Tituscorso 5, 60439 Frankfurt. Shops are open from 10 a.m. until early evening, except on Sunday. Another shop is in Terminal 1 at Frankfurt Airport; it stays open until 10 p.m. seven days a week.
Where to find it:
Jack Wolfskin stores
Address: Neue Kraemer 30, 60311 Frankfurt
Address: Nordwestzentrum shopping mall, Tituscorso 5, 60439 Frankfurt
Address: Terminal 1 at Frankfurt Airport
Buy It on Amazon:
14. Frankfurter
Frankfurt lends its name to a pork sausage, known around the world as the frankfurter. Although it tastes best fresh, at least one butcher has come up with an idea of a canned product suitable as an edible city souvenir that can be transported long distances. The history of Gref-Völsings goes back to 1894 when the butchery by the same name was founded. Gref-Völsings products are found all over town, at supermarkets, gas stations, restaurants and butcher shops. For canned products, the company uses traditional design cans to pack their sausages. Frankfurters are long and slender, and a half-dozen will fit into a can that sells for about 6 euros.
Suggestions for both fresh and canned Frankfurters are butchers’ Metzgerei Ullmann or Schoen in the city market at Kleinmarkthalle, Hasengasse 7, 60311 Frankfurt. The canned variety is available at Kulturothek just outside the market at An der Kleinmarkthalle 7-9. Hessen Shop outlets and KaufhausHessen also sell the product.
Where to find it:
Metzgerei Ullmann, city market at Kleinmarkthalle
Address: Hasengasse 7, 60311 Frankfurt
Schoen, city market at Kleinmarkthalle
Address: Hasengasse 7, 60311 Frankfurt
Kulturothek
Address: An der Kleinmarkthalle 7-9, 60311 Frankfurt
KaufhausHessen
Address: Berger Strasse 288, 60385 Frankfurt
Buy It on Amazon:
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https://www.kidpaw.net/names/anselm
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Anselm Meanings in English, Popularity, Origin
|
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Anselm is a Christian Germanic baby boy name. Its meaning is "God's Helmet". Anselm name origin is Germanic. , Baby names meaning in Urdu, Hindi
|
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https://www.kidpaw.net/names/anselm
|
Anselm Name Meaning in English
What does the name Anselm mean? What is the meaning of the name Anselm, lucky number, lucky stone, origin and religion.
Derived from the Germanic elements ans "god" and helm "helmet, protection". This name was brought to England in the late 11th century by Saint Anselm, who was born in northern Italy. He was archbishop of Canterbury and a Doctor of the Church.
Anselm Name Meaning, Origin & Details
Meaning: God's helmet Short Info: Saint Anselm was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109. Details: From the old German ans, meaning "God" and helm, meaning "helmet" and taken to mean "protected by God". Gender: Boy Origin: Germanic Religion: Christian Suitable for: Boys / Male / Guys Hardness: Medium hard to pronounce Uniqueness: It is a common name Short & Easy: Not very short Syllables: 6 Letters and 1 Words
Related or Similar Names
If you like the meanings or synonyms of name Anselm; we have created list of popular names that can be considered as alternative of the name Anselm.
Below names are with similar meaning as God's helmet. Explore the list below for names that not only share a similar meaning to "God's helmet" but also encapsulate the essence and significance associated with the name "Anselm."
Anselm Name Lucky Number 3
Anselm Name Numerology And Personality
Anselm has the numerology 3. The religion is Christian. These people with numerology 3 are known to be very expressive and they are very verbal about everything that they want or they like in their life. The meaning of this beautiful name is God's helmet. These people are known to be opinionated and that is what makes them different from others.
They are also thought to be social birds because they like to socialize so much. the gender of this name Anselm is Boy. These are the people who know how to enjoy their life the most and that is because they know the joy of living. And they are also known to be very fond of art.
These people are very much into art and that is what makes them extremely creative with everything that they decide to do.
Anselm Ethnicity Distribution
Popular personalities with Anselm Name.
Anselm Name Wallpaper
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How People Search Anselm
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https://www.thefamouspeople.com/frankfurt-1416.php
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Famous People From Frankfurt, Germany & Celebs Born In Frankfurt
|
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Frankfurt has produced a number of famous personalities, including record producers, poets, chemists, philosophers, actors etc.
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//www.thefamouspeople.com/images/favicon_tfp.ico
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1
J. Cole
(One of the Most Influential Rappers of His Generation)
210
63
Listed In: Singers
Birthdate: January 28, 1985
Sun Sign: Aquarius
German born American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer J. Cole is considered one of the most respected and influential rappers of his generation. Interested in music from a young age, he decided to become a singer when he was just 12. His debut mixtape was a hit, and he went on to release many other successful mixtapes and albums.
2
Hans Zimmer
(Film Score Composer and Music Producer Known for His Work in the Films: ‘The Lion King’ and ‘Dune’)
122
31
Listed In: Musicians
Birthdate: September 12, 1957
Sun Sign: Virgo
German film score composer and record producer Hans Zimmer has composed music for over 150 films so far. He developed a love for music as a child and started playing professionally when he was in his teens. He eventually ventured into films. He is the recipient of four Grammy Awards and three Classical BRIT Awards.
3
Martin Lawrence
(Known for His Roles in the Sitcom 'Martin' & 'Bad Boys' Movie Franchise)
142
16
Listed In: Film & Theater Personalities
Birthdate: April 16, 1965
Sun Sign: Aries
Martin Lawrence is a German born-American actor and comedian. Despite being traumatized after witnessing his parents' divorce at the age of eight, Lawrence went on to succeed as a comedian and later as a leading Hollywood actor. After a problematic 1990s, which included episodes of arrests, lawsuits, and health problems, he bounced back with several hit films.
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Anne Frank
(Diarist)
618
102
Listed In: Writers
Birthdate: June 12, 1929
Sun Sign: Gemini
Died: March 12, 1945
One of the numerous Jewish victims of the Holocaust, Anne Frank gained recognition posthumously after her diary Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl was published. The diary, which has been widely read and translated into numerous other languages, details the lives of Anne Frank and her family when they went into hiding for two years, after Germany occupied Netherlands.
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5
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
(Novelist Best Known for 'The Sorrows of Young Werther', the First Novel of The Sturm Und Drang Movement)
97
25
Listed In: Writers
Birthdate: August 28, 1749
Sun Sign: Virgo
Died: March 22, 1832
Regarded as the greatest literary figure in Germany's modern era, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a statesman and writer. Apart from writing poetry and prose, he also wrote treatises on color, anatomy, and botany. Thanks to his literary genius, Goethe was made part of the Duke's privy council in Weimar and he implemented several reforms at the University of Jena.
6
Erik Erikson
(Psychoanalyst Best Known for His Theory on Psychological Development of Human Beings)
41
12
Listed In: Intellectuals & Academics
Birthdate: June 15, 1902
Sun Sign: Gemini
Died: May 12, 1994
Erik Erikson was a German-American psychoanalyst and developmental psychologist best remembered for developing a theory on the psychological development of humans. He is credited with coining the term identity crisis, the failure to achieve ego identity. Also a prolific writer, Erikson won a US National Book Award and a Pulitzer Prize for his book Gandhi's Truth.
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Nicole Brown Simpson
(Murdered Wife of American Footballer O. J. Simpson)
88
39
Listed In: Miscellaneous
Birthdate: May 19, 1959
Sun Sign: Taurus
Died: June 12, 1994
Nicole Brown Simpson was the ex-wife of O. J. Simpson. Her murder led to one of the most famous criminal trials of all time, the O. J. Simpson murder case. After her murder, The Nicole Brown Charitable Foundation was established in her memory. Her story inspired several movies, such as the 1995 TV movie The O. J. Simpson Story.
8
Theodor W. Adorno
(German Philosopher, Sociologist, Psychologist and Composer)
12
5
Listed In: Intellectuals & Academics
Birthdate: September 11, 1903
Sun Sign: Virgo
Died: August 6, 1969
One of the most prominent intellectuals of the 20th century, Theodor Adorno was a pioneer of the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory and despised the culture industry. Born to a singer mother, the German sociologist grew up amid music and could even play Beethoven on the piano by 12.
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Otto Hahn
(Chemist)
21
5
Listed In: Scientists
Birthdate: March 8, 1879
Sun Sign: Pisces
Died: July 28, 1968
Nobel Prize-winning German chemist Otto Hahn is remembered for revolutionary discovery of nuclear fission, along with Fritz Strassmann. Born to a glazier, he was pushed to study architecture but chose chemistry instead. He spent his final years grieving the death of his only son in a car accident.
10
Niklas Sule
(German Professional Footballer Who Plays as a Centre-Back)
16
5
Listed In: Sportspersons
Birthdate: September 3, 1995
Sun Sign: Virgo
Height: 6'5" (196 cm)
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Erich Fromm
(German Social Psychologist and Psychoanalyst & One of the Founders of The 'William Alanson White Institute')
14
6
Listed In: Intellectuals & Academics
Birthdate: March 23, 1900
Sun Sign: Aries
Died: March 18, 1980
Erich Fromm was a German social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, and socialist. A German Jew, he fled the Nazi regime and settled in the United States. He was a co-founder of The William Alanson White Institute and was associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory. He is best remembered for authoring the book Escape from Freedom.
12
P. J. Soles
(Regarded as a scream queen)
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2
Listed In: Film & Theater Personalities
Birthdate: July 17, 1950
Sun Sign: Cancer
Height: 5'5" (165 cm)
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Zaytoven
(Record producer)
7
7
Listed In: Musicians
Birthdate: January 12, 1980
Sun Sign: Capricorn
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Jermaine Jones
(American Former Professional Soccer Player Who Played as a Defensive Midfielder)
1
0
Listed In: Sportspersons
Birthdate: November 3, 1981
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Height: 6'0" (183 cm)
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Thorsten Kaye
(Actor)
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0
Listed In: Film & Theater Personalities
Birthdate: February 22, 1966
Sun Sign: Pisces
Height: 6'0" (183 cm)
16
Evelyn Sharma
(Actress who made her Bollywood debut in the 2012 film From Sydney with Love and shot to success with Ayan Mukerji's Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani)
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4
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Birthdate: July 12, 1986
Sun Sign: Cancer
Height: 5'5" (165 cm)
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Klaus Badelt
(Composer)
2
0
Listed In: Musicians
Birthdate: June 12, 1967
Sun Sign: Gemini
18
Inaara Aga Khan
(Aga Khan IV's ex wife)
1
0
Listed In: Miscellaneous
Birthdate: April 1, 1963
Sun Sign: Aries
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Peter Thiel
(Co-founder of 'PayPal', First outside Investor in 'Facebook')
25
29
Listed In: Business People
Birthdate: October 11, 1967
Sun Sign: Libra
Peter Thiel is a German-American venture capitalist and entrepreneur. As the co-founder of PayPal, Peter Thiel redefined the way online payments and online money transfers work in the United States and most Asian countries. He also played a major role in the development of Facebook as its first outside investor.
20
Sophie, Princess of Prussia
(Princess)
1
0
Listed In: Miscellaneous
Birthdate: March 7, 1978
Sun Sign: Pisces
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Karl Schwarzschild
(German Physicist and Astronomer)
6
1
Listed In: Scientists
Birthdate: October 9, 1873
Sun Sign: Libra
Died: May 11, 1916
Karl Schwarzschild was a German astronomer and physicist. He is remembered for his contributions to the general theory of relativity; Schwarzschild came up with the first exact solution to the Albert Einstein field equations. He also contributed immensely to the theory of black holes.
22
Willy Messerschmitt
(Aeronautical engineer, Engineer, University teacher)
6
1
Listed In: Engineers
Birthdate: June 26, 1898
Sun Sign: Cancer
Died: September 15, 1978
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Duane Washington Jr.
(Basketball player)
1
0
Listed In: Sportspersons
Birthdate: March 24, 2000
Sun Sign: Aries
Height: 6'3" (190 cm)
24
Darius Butler
(American football player)
3
0
Listed In: Sportspersons
Birthdate: March 18, 1986
Sun Sign: Pisces
Height: 5'10" (178 cm)
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Destinee Hooker
(American Indoor Volleyball Player Who Plays as Opposite Attacker)
3
2
Listed In: Sportspersons
Birthdate: September 7, 1987
Sun Sign: Virgo
Height: 6'3" (190 cm)
26
David Wagner
(German-American Professional Football Manager and Former Player)
0
1
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Birthdate: October 19, 1971
Sun Sign: Libra
Height: 5'11" (180 cm)
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Emre Can
(German Professional Footballer Who Plays as a Central Midfielder)
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8
Listed In: Sportspersons
Birthdate: January 12, 1994
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Height: 6'1" (185 cm)
28
Namika
(German Rapper and Singer)
16
4
Listed In: Singers
Birthdate: August 23, 1991
Sun Sign: Virgo
Height: 5'6" (168 cm)
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Gustav, 7th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg
(Prince)
1
0
Listed In: Miscellaneous
Birthdate: January 12, 1969
Sun Sign: Capricorn
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Corinna zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn
(Entrepreneur)
1
2
Listed In: Business People
Birthdate: January 28, 1964
Sun Sign: Aquarius
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Sabine Hossenfelder
(Author)
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2
Listed In: Intellectuals & Academics
Birthdate: September 18, 1976
Sun Sign: Virgo
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Nadja Benaissa
(Singer)
1
1
Listed In: Musicians
Birthdate: April 26, 1982
Sun Sign: Taurus
Height: 5'5" (165 cm)
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Amschel Mayer Rothschild
(German Jewish banker)
1
1
Listed In: Business People
Birthdate: June 12, 1773
Sun Sign: Gemini
Died: December 6, 1855
34
Michael Gross
(Former German Competitive Swimmer)
0
0
Listed In: Sportspersons
Birthdate: June 17, 1964
Sun Sign: Gemini
Height: 6'7" (201 cm)
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Birgit Prinz
(Football player - Striker)
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2
Listed In: Sportspersons
Birthdate: October 25, 1977
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Height: 5'10" (178 cm)
36
Robert Aumann
(Israeli-American Mathematician Known for His Work on Conflict and Cooperation Through Game Theory Analysis)
0
0
Listed In: Scientists
Birthdate: June 8, 1930
Sun Sign: Gemini
Robert Aumann is an Israeli-American mathematician. He is a professor at the Center for the Study of Rationality in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences. A founding member of the Stony Brook Center for Game Theory, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2005.
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Buddy Elias
(Actor)
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1
Listed In: Film & Theater Personalities
Birthdate: June 2, 1925
Sun Sign: Gemini
Died: March 16, 2015
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Siegfried Kracauer
(German Writer, Sociologist, Journalist, Film Theorist, and Cultural Critic)
0
0
Listed In: Writers
Birthdate: February 8, 1889
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Died: November 26, 1966
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Jan Kirchhoff
(Association football player)
0
1
Listed In: Sportspersons
Birthdate: October 1, 1990
Sun Sign: Libra
Height: 6'5" (196 cm)
44
Otto Loewi
(American Pharmacologist and Psychobiologist)
7
0
Listed In: Scientists
Birthdate: June 3, 1873
Sun Sign: Gemini
Died: December 25, 1961
Otto Loewi was a German-born American psycho-biologist and pharmacologist, whose research on neurology proved that chemicals were involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. Working with Sir Henry Dale, he established the role of acetylcholine as an endogenous neurotransmitter, co-winning the Nobel Prize for it. Later, he worked on diabetes and devised Loewi’s test for the detection of pancreatic disease.
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Wolfgang Flür
(Musician)
0
0
Listed In: Musicians
Birthdate: July 17, 1947
Sun Sign: Cancer
Height: 5'8" (173 cm)
46
Aymen Barkok
(Professional Footballer Who Plays as a Midfielder)
9
0
Listed In: Sportspersons
Birthdate: May 21, 1998
Sun Sign: Gemini
Height: 6'2" (188 cm)
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Ernest Mandel
(One of the Most Significant Marxist Economists and Holocaust Survivor)
1
0
Listed In: Intellectuals & Academics
Birthdate: April 5, 1923
Sun Sign: Aries
Died: July 20, 1995
Ernest Mandel was a Belgian Trotskyist activist and theorist, Marxian economist, and Holocaust survivor. During the German occupation of Belgium, Mandel fought against the Nazis in the underground resistance. He served as an editor of Het Vrije Woord, an underground newspaper during the Second World War. During his life, Mandel published some 30 books and 2,000 articles in various languages.
48
Georg Konrad Morgen
(SS Lawyer and Judge)
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2
Listed In: Miscellaneous
Birthdate: June 8, 1909
Sun Sign: Gemini
Died: February 4, 1982
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49
Erich Hoepner
(German General During World War II)
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4
Listed In: Leaders
Birthdate: September 14, 1886
Sun Sign: Virgo
Died: August 8, 1944
Erich Hoepner was a German general during World War II. He led his troops during the invasion of Poland and the Battle of France at the beginning of the war. He also commanded the 4th Panzer Group during the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. He was a participant in the failed 20 July assassination plot against Hitler.
50
Selina Mour
(German Influencer and TikTok Star)
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11
Listed In: Social Media Stars
Birthdate: March 8, 2000
Sun Sign: Pisces
Selina Mour is a German social media influencer, singer, and actress. She first gained popularity TikTok. After gaining considerable social media fame, she went on to release her original songs. She soon ventured into acting as well and played the lead role in the 2019 influencer movie Misfit.
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