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22709	yago	0	46	https://www.madmonarchs.nl/madmonarchs/juana/juana_bio.htm	en	Biography of Juana the Mad of Castile (1479			[]	[]	[]	[ "royal", "Queen", "history", "Castille", "Spain", "Juana la Loca", "Joan the Mad", "Aragon", "passionate", "catholic", "rulers", "Spanish", "King", "Prince", "Lord", "moodiness", "gloomy", "coffin", "Tordesillas", "jealousy", "hysterical tantrums", "odd", "Crown Princess", "headstrong", "emotional", "handsome", "depressions", "Isabella I", "Ferdinand", "Philip the Fair", "Felipe", "Filips de schone", "psychological", "nickname", "sensual", "hot tempered", "power hungry men", "suffering", "Johanna de waanzinnige", "Joan Bos", "Emperor Charles V", "whimsical", "melancholic", "melancholia", "Fernando", "Hapsburg", "Castilla", "strange", "crazed", "crazy", "lunacy", "moods", "weird", "remains", "maddening", "gek", "reina", "rey", "loca", "locos", "real", "historia", "degenerado", "biografías", "insano", "princesa", "rainha", "loucura", "rei", "dinastia", "louco" ]	null	[]	null	Biography of Juana the Mad of Castile.		../../crown.ico		null
22709	yago	2	49	http://raullongoria.net/Genealogy/FamilyTree/b3.html	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Ferdinand II (KING OF LEON) was born in 1137. He died on 22 January 1188 at the age of 51. Parents: Alfonso VII (the Emperor) RAIMUNDEZ (Count of Castile) and Berenguela BERENGAR of Barcelona. Spouse: Urraca of Portugal . Urraca of Portugal and Ferdinand II (KING OF LEON) were married in 1165. The marriage was annulled in 1175. They had their marriage annulled in 1175. Children were: Alfonso IX (KING OF LEON). Spouse: Teresa FERNANDEZ de Trava. Teresa FERNANDEZ de Trava and Ferdinand II (KING OF LEON) were married before 7 October 1178. Spouse: Urraca LOPEZ de Haro. Urraca LOPEZ de Haro and Ferdinand II (KING OF LEON) were married in 1187. St. Ferdinand III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON)1 was born in 1199. He died on 30 May 1252 at the age of 53. Ferdinand III permanently united the Kingdom of Castile with the Kingdom of Leon. His mother, Berenguela of Castile, was the sister of King Henry I of Castile. When Henry I died in 1217, the right of succession fell to Berenguela. She, however, renounced that right in favor of her son, Ferdinand. Thus, Ferdinand III became King of Castile in 1217 and upon the death of his own father in 1230 became King of Leon. Despite much opposition, he proceeded to unite the two Kingdoms into one, which became known as the Kingdom of Castile and Leon. Ferdinand III heeded his mother's advice and married Beatrice, a most virtuous princesses of that time. Their marriage produced six princes and one princess. Ferdinand III was responsible for almost completing the reconquest of Spain, having reclaimed vast amounts of territory from the Moors. He captured Cordoba in 1236, occupied Murcia in 1243, took Jaen in 1246, captured Seville in 1248, and reduced the Kingdom of Granada to a vassal state. He reestablished Catholic worship everywhere and built churches and founded monasteries. He converted the great mosques of Cordoba and Seville into cathedrals, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, and founded the University of Salamanca. The Catholic Encyclopedia has this to say about Ferdinand III and his conduct during the military campaigns: "He watched over the conduct of his soldiers, confiding more in their virtue than in their valor, fasted strictly himself, wore a rough hairshirt, and often spent his nights in prayer, especially before battles. Amid the tumult of the camp he lived like a religious in the cloister. The glory of the Church and the happiness of his people were the two guiding motives of his life". After his reign, all that remained for the complete reconquest of Spain was the defeat of Granada. He was planning an expedition to Morocco when he died in 1252 and was buried in the cathedral at Seville, clothed as he had requested in the habit of the Third Order of St. Francis. Many miracles took place at his tomb and his body reportedly remains incorrupt. He was canonized in 1671; his feast day is May 30. Ferdinand III was succeeded as King by his son, Alfonso X. Parents: Alfonso IX (KING OF LEON) and Berenguela of Castile . Spouse: Beatrice (Elizabeth) VON HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia. Beatrice (Elizabeth) VON HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia and St. Ferdinand III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) were married on 30 November 1219. Children were: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON). Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) was born on 6 December 1285. He died on 7 December 1312 at the age of 27. Ferdinand IV became King in 1295 at the age of 10; his mother served as regent during his minority. He led an unsuccessful campaign to capture Algeciras from the Moors but was successful in conquering Gibraltar in 1309, with the help of Aragon. He died at the age of 27 and was succeeded by his son Alfonso XI. Parents: Sancho IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Maria de MOLINA. Spouse: Constanza of Portugal . Constanza of Portugal and Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON)3 were married in 1302. Children were: Leonor of Castile , Constanza of Castile , Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon). Fernando2 was born (date unknown). Parents: Ferdinand and Blanche of France . Children were: Blanca . Fernando Alfonso (sn de Ledesma) was born in 1336. Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman .Fernando of Castile was born in 1332. Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Maria of Portugal .Frederick I (Barbarossa) (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) was born in 1122. He died on 10 June 1190 at the age of 68. He drowned in the River Calycandus, Cilicia. Also known as Frederick Barbarossa, he was a Duke of Swabia and King of Germany prior to becoming Holy Roman Emperor. Parents: Frederick II HOHENSTAUFEN and Judith of Bavaria . Spouse: Adelheid von VOHBURG. Adelheid von VOHBURG and Frederick I (Barbarossa) (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR)3 were married in 1147. They were divorced in 1153. Spouse: Beatrix of Burgundy . Beatrix of Burgundy and Frederick I (Barbarossa) (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR)3 were married on 10 June 1156. Children were: Henry VI HOHENSTAUFENS of Sicily (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR), Philip HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Gerberga was born (date unknown). Spouse: Adalbert of Italy (KING OF ITALY). Gerberga and Adalbert of Italy (KING OF ITALY) were married. Children were: Othon-Guillaume de Macon . Gerberga1 was born (date unknown). Parents: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) and St. Matilda of Ringelheim .Geva was born (date unknown). Spouse: Wittekind (Widukind) of the Saxons (KING OF THE SAXONS). Geva and Wittekind (Widukind) of the Saxons (KING OF THE SAXONS) were married. Children were: Wigebart of Saxony (Duke of Saxony). Gisela of Friaul was born (date unknown). Spouse: Adalbert of Ivrea (Count & Margrave of Ivrea). Gisela of Friaul and Adalbert of Ivrea (Count & Margrave of Ivrea) were married. Gorka was born (date unknown). Spouse: Ziemonislaw of Poland (Duke of Poland). Gorka and Ziemonislaw of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married. Children were: Mieczislaw (Burislaf) I of Poland (Duke of Poland). Guifre (Wilfred) the Hairy (Count of Barcelona) died in 897. He was killed while fighting the Moors. Parents: Sunifred I of Urgell (Count of Barcelona) and _____ (mother of Guifre the Hairy). Spouse: _____ (mother of Sunyer of Barcelona). Children were: Sunyer of Barcelona . Hatheburg was born (date unknown). Spouse: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Hatheburg and Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) were married in 906. Hatheburg was a young widow when she married Henry I the Fowler; their marriage was subsequently declared invalid. Hedwig1 was born (date unknown). Parents: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) and St. Matilda of Ringelheim .Hedwige was born (date unknown). One source (Stammtafeln) believes she was the daughter of Henry, Margrave of Mark (died 886) and not Arnulf. Parents: Arnulf of Carinthia (KING OF GERMANY) and Oda of Bavaria . Spouse: Otto of Saxony (Duke of Saxony). Hedwige and Otto of Saxony (Duke of Saxony) were married about 869. Children were: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Heilwig was born about 931. She died on 12 November. Spouse: Hermann of Palatine . Heilwig and Hermann of Palatine were married. Children were: Ezzo of Palatine (Count Palatine). Henry (Duke of Bavaria)1 was born (date unknown). Parents: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) and St. Matilda of Ringelheim .Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) was born about 876. He died on 2 June 936 at the age of 60. Parents: Otto of Saxony (Duke of Saxony) and Hedwige . Spouse: Hatheburg . Hatheburg and Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) were married in 906. Hatheburg was a young widow when she married Henry I the Fowler; their marriage was subsequently declared invalid. Spouse: St. Matilda of Ringelheim . St. Matilda of Ringelheim and Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) were married in 909. Children were: Henry (Duke of Bavaria), Otto I the Great, King of Germany (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR), St. Bruno (Archbishop of Cologne), Gerberga , Hedwig . Henry II of Castile (KING OF CASTILE) was born about 1333. He died on 30 May 1379 at the age of 46. Also known as Enrique (or Henry) of Trastamara, he was the illegitimate son of King Alfonso XI, who was succeeded after he died in 1350 by his legitimate son, Peter the Cruel. Henry II took part in several revolts against his half-brother, but they were all unsuccessful. Henry II sought help from Du Guesclin and Peter IV of Aragon and finally succeeded in removing Peter the Cruel from the throne in 1366. Peter the Cruel responded by forming an alliance with England and, with the aid of Edward the Black Prince, defeated Henry II in battle at Najera in 1367. However, Edward the Black Prince had to depart to participate in the French campaign and, after he departed, Henry II attacked and killed Peter the Cruel in battle at Montiel in 1369. Henry II was able to retain the throne despite opposition from King Ferdinand I of Portugal and John of Gaunt. John of Gaunt was the brother of Edward the Black Prince and, in 1371, married Constance of Castile, the daughter of Peter the Cruel (perhaps marriage was the price Constance paid for the help of John of Gaunt, who undoubtedly used it make his own claim to Castile). Henry II successfuly resisted all opposition and remained King until his death in 1379; he was succeeded by his son, John I of Castile. Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman . Spouse: Juana Manuel de Castilla (sna de Villena). Juana Manuel de Castilla (sna de Villena) and Henry II of Castile (KING OF CASTILE)3 were married on 27 July 1350. Children were: John I of Castile , Leonor of Castile (Infanta of Castile), Juana of Castile (Infanta of Castile). Spouse: Elvira Iniquez DE LA VEGA. Children were: Alfonso ENRIQUEZ. Henry III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) was born in 1379. He was born on 4 October 1379. He died in 1406 at the age of 27. Henry III became King of Castile and Leon in 1390 upon the death of his father, John I. His father arranged his marriage to Catherine, the daughter of John of Gaunt, as a means to end the conflict between the two men. Henry III was only 9 years old when he was married, and became King at the age of 11. One of his most notable achievements was his push to colonize the Canary Islands. Upon his death in 1406 at the age of 27, he was succeeded by his son John II. Parents: John I of Castile and Leonor of Aragon . Spouse: Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster. Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster and Henry III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) were married in 1388. They were married. Children were: John II of Castille . Henry IV was born on 4 January 1425. He died in 1474 at the age of 49. He is sometimes referred to as Henry IV the Impotent. Parents: John II of Castille and Maria of Aragon . Spouse: Juana of Portugal . Juana of Portugal and Henry IV were married. Children were: Juana la Beltraneja . King Henry XIII (KING OF ENGLAND)4 was born (date unknown). Spouse: Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND). Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND) and King Henry XIII (KING OF ENGLAND) were married. Hermann of Palatine was born about 929. He died after 16 July 996 at the age of 67. Spouse: Heilwig . Heilwig and Hermann of Palatine were married. Children were: Ezzo of Palatine (Count Palatine). Hildegarde of Vinzgau was born in 758. Spouse: Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST). Hildegarde of Vinzgau and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 771. Children were: Louis I the Pious of Aquitaine (KING OF FRANCE). Himiltude was born (date unknown). Spouse: Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST). Himiltude and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married about 768. Hugh of Provence1 was born (date unknown). Spouse: _____ ______ (mother of Lothaire). _____ ______ (mother of Lothaire) and Hugh of Provence were married. Children were: Lothaire . Infante Juan4 was born on 30 June 1478. He died in 1497 at the age of 19. "The Prince who died of love" Parents: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) and Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN).Irene of Byzantium was born in 1145. Spouse: Philip HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Irene of Byzantium and Philip HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR)3 were married on 25 May 1197. Children were: Beatrice (Elizabeth) VON HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia. Irmengard of Hesbain was born about 778. Spouse: Louis I the Pious of Aquitaine (KING OF FRANCE). Irmengard of Hesbain and Louis I the Pious of Aquitaine (KING OF FRANCE) were married in 798. Children were: Louis II, the German (KING OF EAST FRANKS). Isabel was born about 1265. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .Isabel de Limoges was born in 1283. Parents: Sancho IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Maria de MOLINA.Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal)3 was born in 1271. She died on 4 July 1336 at the age of 65. Also known as the "Peacemaker", she was named after her great-aunt, Elizabeth of Hungary. She was educated and lived very piously, and was married at a young age. Her husband's court was very corrupt, but Elizabeth did her best to win her husband's affections, while still pursuing her religious beliefs, being especially devoted to the poor and sick. Elizabeth finally, through prayer and unfailing sweetness, succeeded in reforming her husband, but by then he was late in life. Their son, Alfonso, so resented the favors the King showed to his illegitimate sons that, in 1323, he declared war against his father. Elizabeth rode between the two opposing armies and succeeded in reconciling her husband and son. After her husband died in 1325, she retired to a convent of Poor Clares which she had founded at Coimbra. She took the Franciscan Tertiary habit, devoting the rest of her life to the poor and sick. However, she had to act as peacemaker once more when, in 1336, her son Alfonso IV, the new King of Portugal, marched against the King of Castile, to whom he had married his daughter Maria, and who had neglected and mis-treated her. She went to Estremoz where the two opposing armies were fighting, stopped the fighting and arranged a peace between the two kingdoms. This great effort brought on her final illness, and she died of a fever shortly afterward. She is interred at the convent at Coimbre. She was canonized by Pope Urban VIII in 1625; her feast day is July 8. Parents: Pedro III (KING OF ARAGON) and Constantia . Spouse: Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE). Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal) and Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE) were married. Children were: Constanza of Portugal , Alfonso IV "O Osado" (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE). Isabella of Asturias was born on 2 October 1470. Parents: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) and Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN).Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN) was born on 22 April 1451.9 She died on 26 November 1504 at the age of 53.7 Parents: John II of Castille and Isabella of Portugal . Spouse: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN). Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN) and Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) were married on 19 October 1469.7 Children were: Isabella of Asturias , Infante Juan , Juana (The Mad), Mary , Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND). Isabella of Portugal was born in 1428. She died on 15 August 1496 at the age of 68. Parents: Joao of Portugal and Isabella de BRAGANCA. Spouse: John II of Castille . Isabella of Portugal and John II of Castille were married in August 1447. Children were: Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN), Alfonso of the Asturias . Jaime (Juan) of Castile (sn de los Cameros) was born before 11 August 1268. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .Jaime I the Conqueror (KING OF ARAGON) was born in 1208. He died in 1276 at the age of 68. Parents: Pedro II the Catholic (KING OF ARAGON) and Maria of Montepellier . Spouse: Leonor of Castile . Leonor of Castile and Jaime I the Conqueror (KING OF ARAGON) were married on 6 February 1221. They were divorced in 1229. Spouse: Yolande (Violante) of Hungary . Yolande (Violante) of Hungary and Jaime I the Conqueror (KING OF ARAGON) were married. Children were: Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon . Queen Joanna Enriquez was born in 1425. She died on 13 February 1468 at the age of 43. Her father was Fadrique Enriquez, Count of Malgar y Rueda. Spouse: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO). Queen Joanna Enriquez and John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO)8 were married on 1 April 1444. Children were: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN), Juana of Aragon , Maria of Aragon (Infanta of Aragon). Joao of Portugal was born on 13 January 1400. Spouse: Isabella de BRAGANCA. Isabella de BRAGANCA and Joao of Portugal were married. Children were: Isabella of Portugal . John I of Castile was born on 24 August 1358. He died on 9 October 1390 at the age of 32. John I succeeded his father, Henry II, as King of Castile and Leon in 1379. He tried to unite the Castilian and Portuguese crowns but was twice defeated in battle by the Portuguese. He was more successful in defending his crown when it was threatened by John of Gaunt, who was claiming the throne through his marriage to Constance, daughter of Peter the Cruel who had been killed and removed as King by Henry II, the father of John I. The power struggle was finally ended when John I married his 9-year old son Henry to Catherine, the daughter of John of Gaunt. Henry succeeded him as King of Castile and Leon and became known as Henry III. Parents: Henry II of Castile (KING OF CASTILE) and Juana Manuel de Castilla (sna de Villena). Spouse: Leonor of Aragon . Leonor of Aragon and John I of Castile were married on 18 June 1375. Children were: Henry III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON), Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY). Spouse: Beatriz of Portugal (QUEEN OF PORTUGAL). Beatriz of Portugal (QUEEN OF PORTUGAL) and John I of Castile were married in May 1383. John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) was born on 29 June 1398. He died on 19 January 1479 at the age of 80. Also known as John II of Trastamara, he became King of Navarre in 1425 after marrying Blanche, the heiress of the Kingdom of Navarre. After his wife died in 1442, Navarre was ruled by their son Charles of Viana. Soon, however, a power struggle developed between father and son, leading to civil war in Navarre. Charles escaped to Italy leaving his father John II to rule Navarre. He succeeded his brother Alfonso V in 1458 and became King of Aragon and Sicily, and ruled Catalonia as the Count of Barcelona. An uprising in Catalonia in 1461 forced John II to recognize Charles as his heir; however, Charles died that very same year. This led to the expulsion of John II from Catalonia, and Rene of Anjou was chosen to be Count of Barcelona. In 1472, John II succeeded in pacifying and reclaiming Catalonia. In 1468, John II passed the Kingdom of Sicily to his son Ferdinand II. Upon the death of John II in 1479, Ferdinand II also inherited the Kingdom of Aragon and Catalonia. (Ferdinand II was also known as Ferdinand the Catholic and later became King Ferdinand V of Castille after marrying Queen Isabella of Castille. The Kingdom of Navarre, upon the death of John II, passed through his daughter Leonor to the house of Foix, into which she had married. Parents: Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY) and Leonor Urrac de Castilla de Albuquerque. Spouse: Blanche of Navarre . Blanche of Navarre and John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) were married on 18 January 1420. Children were: Carlos of Viana , Juana of Aragon (Infanta of Aragon), Blanca of Aragon , Eleanor of Navarre . Spouse: Queen Joanna Enriquez . Queen Joanna Enriquez and John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO)8 were married on 1 April 1444. Children were: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN), Juana of Aragon , Maria of Aragon (Infanta of Aragon). John II of Castille was born on 6 March 1405. He died on 20 July 1454 at the age of 49. Parents: Henry III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster. Spouse: Maria of Aragon . Maria of Aragon and John II of Castille were married on 4 August 1420. Children were: Catalina of the Asturias , Leonor of the Asturias , Henry IV , Maria of Castile . Spouse: Isabella of Portugal . Isabella of Portugal and John II of Castille were married in August 1447. Children were: Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN), Alfonso of the Asturias . John of Gaunt was born in 1340. He died in 1399 at the age of 59. John of Gaunt married Blanche, the heiress of Lancaster, in 1359 and thus became Earl of Lancaster in 1361 and Duke of Lancaster in 1362. His wife's holdings made him one of the wealthiest men in England, and enabled him to become one of England's most influential nobles. He served under his brother, Edward the Black Prince, in the Hundred Years War and in the campaign of help Peter the Cruel of Castile in 1367. After his first wife died, John of Gaunt, married Constance of Castile, the daughter of Peter the Cruel, in 1371. Peter the Cruel had been killed by his half-brother, Henry II, in 1369. Through his marriage to Constance, John of Gaunt was able to make a claim to the throne of Castile. His brother, Edward the Black Prince, fell ill during the French campaign of 1370-71 and John of Gaunt left to take chief command, but accomplished little in that campaign. After a truce was called in 1375, John of Gaunt returned to England and allied himself with the corrupt court party led by Alice Perrers, the mistress of his aging father, Edward III. In effect, John of Gaunt actually ruled England for a short time, but his party was removed from power by the Good Parliament in 1376. He soon restored his power and influence and became one of the most powerful men in the goverment, devoting himself primarily to military matters. In 1386, he allied himself with the King of Portugal, John I, who had married one of John of Gaunt's daughters, and led an expedition against John I of Castile in an attempt to make good his claim to the Castilian throne. His expediition was unsuccessful, but John of Gaunt and John I of Castile reached a truce in 1388 by agreeing to the marriage of John of Gaunt's daughter, Catherine, with Henry III, the 9-year old son of John I of Castile. John of Gaunt returned to England in 1389 where he was made Duke of Aquitaine. In 1396, he married Catherine Swynford, who had been his mistress for many years. He had his illegitimate children by her, under the name of Beaufort, declared legitimate. He died in 1399, soon after his eldest son, the Duke of Hereford, had been exiled by the King. (The Duke of Hereford later became Henry IV, first of the royal line of Lancaster.) Parents: Edward III of England and _____ (spouse of Edward III). Spouse: Blanche of Lancaster . Blanche of Lancaster and John of Gaunt were married in 1359. Spouse: Constance of Castile . Constance of Castile and John of Gaunt were married in 1371. Children were: Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster. Spouse: Catherine SWYNFORD. Catherine SWYNFORD and John of Gaunt were married in 1396. Juan de Castile (sn de Badajoz) was born in 1341. Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman .Juan of Castile (Infant of Castile) was born before April 1264. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .Juana (The Mad)4 was born on 6 November 1479. She died in 1555 at the age of 76. Parents: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) and Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN). Spouse: Phillip I (The Beautiful). Juana (The Mad) and Phillip I (The Beautiful) were married. Children were: KING Charles I (KING OF SPAIN). Juana Alfonsa was born (date unknown). Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman .Juana de Castro was born (date unknown). Spouse: Peter the Cruel . Juana de Castro and Peter the Cruel were married in 1354. There is some confusion here as to the spouses and dates of marriage. Juana la Beltraneja was born in 1462. She died in 1530 at the age of 68. Juana was widely believed to have been fathered by Beltran de la Cueva, the court favorite. For that reason, she was usually referred to as Juana la Beltraneja. The Cortes of Castile, however, recognized her as the legitimate heiress to the throne. Castilian nobles, however, refused to recognize Juana as the rightful heiress and forced Henry IV to designate his half-brother, Alfonso, as his successor. Alfonso died in 1468 and Henry IV then designated his half-sister Isabella to be his successor. When Isabella married Ferdinand II of Aragon, Henry IV changed his mind and in 1470 again recognized Juana as his heir. However, when Henry IV died in 1474, Isabella took the opportunity to seize the throne. Juana had her own supporters and they arranged for her marriage to Alfonso V of Portugal, and thus obtained his help to try to regain the throne. Isabella defeated Alfonso V in a battle at Toro in 1476, ending the threat to her rule. Isabella received recognition as Queen of Castille in 1479. And, Juana retired to a convent in Portugal. Parents: Henry IV and Juana of Portugal .
22709	yago	0	50	https://www.iheart.com/podcast/105-stuff-you-missed-in-histor-21124503/episode/why-was-juana-called-la-loca-30207984/	en	Why was Juana called "la Loca"? Part 1 - Stuff You Missed in History Class	https://i.iheart.com/v3/url/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub21ueWNvbnRlbnQuY29tL2QvcHJvZ3JhbXMvZTczYzk5OGUtNmU2MC00MzJmLTg2MTAtYWUyMTAxNDBjNWIxL2NmYjQyOGVmLWVhZmMtNDRkMC05ZDA5LWFlMjcwMTc0N2U2Zi9pbWFnZS5qcGc_dD0xNjg0OTYxNDM4JnNpemU9TGFyZ2U?ops=contain(1200,630)	https://i.iheart.com/v3/url/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub21ueWNvbnRlbnQuY29tL2QvcHJvZ3JhbXMvZTczYzk5OGUtNmU2MC00MzJmLTg2MTAtYWUyMTAxNDBjNWIxL2NmYjQyOGVmLWVhZmMtNDRkMC05ZDA5LWFlMjcwMTc0N2U2Zi9pbWFnZS5qcGc_dD0xNjg0OTYxNDM4JnNpemU9TGFyZ2U?ops=contain(1200,630)	[ "https://i.iheart.com/v3/re/new_assets/5d52ce1f6ba279940ae2376e?ops=fit(120%2C120)", "https://i.iheart.com/v3/re/new_assets/5d52ce3e6ba279940ae23772?ops=fit(120%2C120)", "https://i.iheart.com/v3/catalog/podcast/43034875?ops=fit(480%2C480)", "https://i.iheart.com/v3/catalog/podcast/28888454?ops=fit(480%2C480)", "https://i.iheart.com/v3/catalog/podcast/29319113?ops=fit(480%2C480)" ]	[]	[]	[ "Why was Juana called \"la Loca\"? Part 1", "Stuff You Missed in History Class", "Talk", "Radio", "Listen", "On Demand", "iHeartRadio", "iHeart" ]	null	[]	null	<p>Juana of Castile has gone down in history as 'Juana la Loca.' But Juana's mental state was likely not as bad as it seemed. Was she instead the victim of conniving relatives? In this episode, we discuss Juana's youth, her marriage and more.</p><p> </p> Learn more about your ad-choices at <a href='https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com'>https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com</a><p>See <a href='https://omnystudio.com/listener'>omnystudio.com/listener</a> for privacy information.</p>	en	https://www.iheart.com/static/assets/favicon.ico	iHeart	https://www.iheart.com/podcast/105-stuff-you-missed-in-histor-21124503/episode/why-was-juana-called-la-loca-30207984/	Juana of Castile has gone down in history as "Juana la Loca." But Juana's mental state was likely not as bad as it seemed. Was she instead the victim of conniving relatives? In this episode, we discuss Juana's youth, her marriage and more. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com
22709	yago	1	30	https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/the-year-of-isabella-i-of-castile-2024/the-year-of-isabella-i-of-castile-the-early-years-of-king-ferdinand-ii-of-aragon/	en	The early years of King Ferdinand II of Aragon	https://i0.wp.com/www.hi…273%2C1527&ssl=1	https://i0.wp.com/www.hi…273%2C1527&ssl=1	[ "https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/moniekheader4-1.png", "https://i0.wp.com/www.historyofroyalwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/ferdinand01.jpg?resize=678%2C381&ssl=1", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/49d87a32a97a5b99f4b25d2be2d5ffb7?s=125&d=mm&r=g", "https://i0.wp.com/www.historyofroyalwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/184646-1309795385.jpg?resize=80%2C60&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.historyofroyalwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/empress12.jpg?resize=80%2C60&ssl=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Moniek Bloks", "www.facebook.com" ]	2024-03-09T23:00:00+00:00	The future King Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on 10 March 1452 as the son of King John II of Aragon and Navarre and his second wife, Juana Enríquez. At the time of his birth, he had an elder half-brother and two elder half-sisters from his father's first marriage to Blanche I, Queen of Navarre in her own right.	en	https://i0.wp.com/www.hi…it=32%2C22&ssl=1	History of Royal Women	https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/the-year-of-isabella-i-of-castile-2024/the-year-of-isabella-i-of-castile-the-early-years-of-king-ferdinand-ii-of-aragon/	The future King Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on 10 March 1452 as the son of King John II of Aragon and Navarre and his second wife, Juana Enríquez. At the time of his birth, he had an elder half-brother and two elder half-sisters from his father’s first marriage to Blanche I, Queen of Navarre in her own right. Although upon Blanche’s death, the throne of Navarre technically passed to Ferdinand’s brother Charles, his father John had kept the power in his own hands. Charles would die in 1461 without ever having held power. The throne then passed firstly to Ferdinand’s elder half-sister, Queen Blanche II, who had returned home after a disastrous marriage and was promptly imprisoned. She died in 1464. Ferdinand’s second half-sister, Eleanor, perhaps knew better than to oppose him, and she only briefly succeeded officially as Queen of Navarre after Ferdinand’s death. The throne of Navarre would pass through Eleanor’s line. John and Juana had another child after Ferdinand, a daughter named Joanna, who ended up marrying King Ferdinand I of Naples. Ferdinand himself was born in the town of Sos del Rey Católico, then just called Sos, and he too belonged to the House of Trastámara, to which his future wife also belonged. They were second cousins through a common descent from King John I of Castile and Eleanor of Aragon. As a younger son, he was not born to be a King, and he grew up in a politically difficult climate. Following the death of Ferdinand’s brother Charles on 23 September 1461, the nine-year-old Ferdinand was sworn in as heir apparent of Aragon on 6 October 1461. He was then “conducted by his mother into Catalonia, in order to receive the more doubtful homage of that province.” He was later described as having “chivalrous valour, combined with maturity of judgment far above his years. Indeed, he was decidedly superior to his rivals in personal merit and attractions.” About his education, Ferdinand would later say that he had “seen much but read little.” He still had the basis of a classical education, and he was taught Latin by Francisco Vidal de Noya. However, he had his own horse from the age of eight and spent more time in the saddle than in the classroom. As his father became increasingly blind over the years, Ferdinand soon joined him on the battlefield. The marriage between Ferdinand and Isabella had been on the cards when they were just children, but it had not happened then. Isabella, who was recognised as heiress by her half-brother in 1468, knew that Ferdinand was the right choice. Several suitors had already been considered for her, or rather yet, forced upon her. It thus took some secret manoeuvring for the marriage between Isabella and Ferdinand to take place. The 17-year-old Ferdinand had already fathered a son, Alfonso, who was born in 1469. He had also been ceded the Kingdom of Sicily by his father in 1468. Yet, he took a chance on a Princess whose road to Queenship was not set in stone.
22709	yago	3	29	http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/jo/John_II_of_Aragon	en	Encyclopedia > John II of Aragon			[ "http://kids.net.au/images/logo.jpg", "http://www.kids.net.au/images/spacer.gif", "http://kids.net.au/images/spacer.gif", "http://www.kids.net.au/images/spacer.gif", "http://www.kids.net.au/images/spacer.gif", "http://www.kids.net.au/images/home.jpg", "http://www.kids.net.au/images/website.jpg", "http://www.kids.net.au/images/encyclopedia.jpg", "http://www.kids.net.au/images/dictionary.jpg", "http://www.kids.net.au/images/thesaurus.jpg", "http://www.kids.net.au/images/spacer.gif", "http://www.kids.net.au/images/spacer.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Kids.Net.Au", "kids", "children", "search engine", "portal", "parents", "teachers", "directory", "child safe", "kids safe", "encyclopedia", "dictionary", "thesaurus", "language translator", "teaching resources", "games", "kids toys", "marketplace", "parent's forum", "teacher's forum", "kids radio", "business directory", "" ]	null	[]	null	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > John II of Aragon				null	John II (1397-1479), king of Aragon, son of Ferdinand I and of his wife Eleanor of Albuquerque[?], born on June 29 1397, was one of the most stirring and most unscrupulous kings of the 15th century. In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II. Till middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his ols age he was engaged in incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns. His trouble with his subjects were closely connected with the tragic dissension in his own family. John was first married to Blanche of Navarre[?] of the house of Evreux[?]. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his life. But a son Charles, called, as heir of Navarre, prince of Viana, had been born of the marriage. John from the first regarded his son with jealousy, which after his second marriage with Joan Henriquez, and under her influence, grew into absolute hatred. He endeavoured to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. The cause of the son was taken up by the Aragonese, and the king's attempt to join his second wife n the lieutenant-generalship was set aside. There followed a long conflict, with alternations of success and defeat, which was not terminated till the death of the prince of Viana, perhaps by poison given him by his stepmother, in 1461. The Catalans[?], who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of heir own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders. In conflict with these the last years of King John were spent. He was forced to pawn Rousillon, his possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to Louis XI, who refused to part with it. In his old age he was blinded by cataract, but recovered his eyesight by the operation of couching. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but John had war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with lis neighbour the French king till his death on January 20 1479. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already associated with his wife Isabella as joint sovereign of Castile. For the history, see Rivadeneyra, "Cronicas de los reyes de Castilla," Biblioteca de autores espanoles, vols. Ixvi, Ixviii (Madrid, 1845, &c.); G Zurita, Anales de Aragon (Saragossa, 1610). The reign of John II of Aragon is largely dealt with in WH Prescott's History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella (1854). This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
22709	yago	0	0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon	en	John II of Aragon	https://upload.wikimedia…28cropped%29.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…28cropped%29.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/SOAOTO_-_Folio_067R_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Carlino_Giovanni_II.jpg/220px-Carlino_Giovanni_II.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ducado_aragon%C3%A9s_Juan_II_de_Arag%C3%B3n_%281453%29.jpg/220px-Ducado_aragon%C3%A9s_Juan_II_de_Arag%C3%B3n_%281453%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/80px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2002-11-24T18:43:51+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon	King of Aragon from 1458 to 1479 John II (Spanish: Juan II, Catalan: Joan II, Aragonese: Chuan II and Basque: Joanes II; 29 June 1398 – 20 January 1479), called the Great (el Gran) or the Faithless (el Sense Fe), was King of Aragon from 1458 until his death in 1479. As the husband of Queen Blanche I of Navarre, he was King of Navarre from 1425 to 1479. John was also King of Sicily from 1458 to 1468. John was born at Medina del Campo (in the Crown of Castile), the son of King Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque. In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II of Castile. Until middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was preoccupied by incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella I of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile and which was to create the Monarchy of Spain. His troubles with his subjects were closely connected with tragic dissensions within his own family. In 1432, John II appointed the baron Don Juan Vélaz de Medrano, lord of Igúzquiza, Learza, etc., as his royal chamberlain in an attempt to manage the royal household. John was first married to Blanche I of Navarre of the House of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But one son, Charles, given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard this son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, it grew into absolute hatred, being encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, however, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside. There followed the long Navarrese Civil War, with alternations of success and defeat, ending only with the death of the prince of Viana, possibly by poison administered by his father in 1461. The institutions of the Principality of Catalonia, who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of their own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders in the ten year's Catalan Civil War. John spent his last years contending with them. He was forced to pawn Roussillon, his Catalan possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to King Louis XI of France, who refused to part with it. In his old age John was blinded by cataracts, but recovered his eyesight with an operation (couching) conducted by his physician Abiathar Crescas, a Jew. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but until his death in 1479 John carried on a war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbor the French king. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already married to Isabella I of Castile. With his death and son's accession to the throne of Aragon, the unification of the realms of Spain under one royal house began in earnest. From his first marriage to Blanche of Navarre, John had the following children: Charles, Prince of Viana (1421–1461) Joanna of Navarre (1423 – 22 August 1425) Blanche II of Navarre (1424–1464) Eleanor of Navarre (1426-1479) From his second marriage to Juana Enríquez, John had the following children: Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516). Married Isabella I of Castile. Joanna of Aragon (1455–1517). Married Ferdinand I of Naples. Illegitimate children: Alfonso de Aragón y de Escobar (1417-1495), Duke of Villahermosa Juan de Aragón (1440–1475), Archbishop of Zaragoza Felipe de Carrayos del Radona (Phillipe del Radona)[citation needed] Castilian Civil War of 1437–1445 Earenfight, Theresa (2015). "Trastamara Kings, Queens, and the Gender Dynamics of Monarchy". In Todesca, James (ed.). The Emergence of León-Castile c.1065-1500: Essays Presented to J.F. O'Callaghan. Ashgate. pp. 141–160. Livermore, H. V. (1966). A New History of Portugal (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 120 Merriman, Roger Bigelow (1918). The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old and in the New. Vol. 2. The Macmillan Company. Ruiz, Teófilo F. (2007). Spain's centuries of crisis: 1300–1474. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2789-9. Scofield, Cora Louise (1923). The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, King of England and of France, and Ireland. Vol. 1. Longmans, Green, and Co. Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274–1512. Palgrave Macmillan. Rivadeneyra. "Cronicas de los reyes de Castilla," Biblioteca de autores espanoles, vols. Ixvi, Ixviii. Madrid, 1845. Zurita, G. Anales de Aragon. Saragossa, 1610.[title incomplete][volume & issue needed] Prescott W. H. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. 1854. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "John II.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 440.
22709	yago	0	93	http://www.royaltombs.dk/navarre.html	en	NAVARRE			[ "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_sanczo2.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_garcia2.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_sanczo3.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_munia.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_garcia3.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_stefania.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_sanczo4.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_sanczo5_piotr1.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_felicja.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_bertha.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_alfonso1.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_pamplona_tablica.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_urraca.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_pamplona_tablica.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_sancza_kastylijska.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_sanczo7.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/f_ludwik10.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/f_klementyna.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			favicon.png		null	BURIAL CHURCHES OF NAVARRESE SOVEREIGNS FROM A TO Z CLAIRVAUX (FRANCE) BURIED IN CLAIRVAUX ABBEY (Clairvaux, l'Ã©glise de l'abbaye): Queen MARGARET (+1256), consort of King Theobald I. The Abbey Church was demolished in the early 19th century. HUESCA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF SAN PEDRO EL VIEJO (Huesca, Monasterio de San Pedro el Viejo, Plaza de San Pedro): King ALFONSO I (+1134) LEÃN (SPAIN) BURIED IN ST ISIDORE’S BASILICA (LeÃ³n, Basilica de S. Isidoro el Real, Plaza de San Isidoro): Queen URRACA OF CASTILE (+1126), consort of King Alfonso I. The tombs in the Royal Pantheon had been destroyed by the French in 1812 and all what was left is a couple of unidentified tombstones with no inscriptions. LESCAR (FRANCE) BURIED IN LESCAR CATHEDRAL (CathÃ©dral Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption de Lescar, Place Royale): 01. King FRANCIS I PHOEBUS (+1483) 02. Queen CATHERINE (+1517) 03. King JOHN III (+1516), consort of Queen Catherine 04. King HENRY II (+1555) 05. Queen MARGARET OF ANGOULÃME (+1549), consort of King Henry II LONDON (ENGLAND) BURIED IN MINORESSES' CONVENT, ALDGATE: Queen BLANCHE OF ARTOIS (+1302), consort of King Henry I the Fat. The church was demolished in the past. MONTARGIS (FRANCE) BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF ST DOMINIC (Montargis, l’Ã©glise St Dominique): Queen MARY OF LUXEMBOURG (+1324), consort of King Charles I The church was demolished during the French Revolution. NÃJERA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF ST MARY (NÃ¡jera, Monasterio de Santa MarÃa la Real, Plaza de Santa MarÃa): 01. King GARCIA III (+1054) 02. Queen STEPHANIA OF FOIX (+before 1066), consort of King Garcia III 03. King SANCHO IV (+1076) 04. Queen SANCHA OF CASTILE (+1177), consort of King Sancho VI OÃA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF SAN SALVADOR (Monasterio de San Salvador de OÃ±a, Calle del PestiÃ±o): 01. King SANCHO III (+1035) 02. Queen MUNIA MAYOR OF CASTILE (+after 1066), consort of King Sancho III PALENCIA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF PALENCIA (La Catedral de Palencia, Plaza de la Immaculada ConcepciÃ³n): Queen URRACA OF CASTILE (+1189), consort of King Garcia IV PAMPELUNA (SPAIN) BURIED IN ST MARY’S BASILICA (Pamplona/IruÃ±a, BasÃlica de Santa MarÃa la Real, Calle DormitalerÃa): 01. King GARCIA IV (+1150) 02. Queen MARGARET DE L'AIGLE (+1141), wife of King Garcia IV. The tomb has not been preserved. 03. King SANCHO VI THE WISE (+1194) 04. King THEOBALD I (+1253) 05. King HENRY I (+1274) 06. King PHILIP III (+1343) 07. King CHARLES II THE BAD (+1387). His heart is buried in the Church of Santa Maria in UjuÃ© (Uxue). 08. King CHARLES III THE NOBLE (+1425) 09. Queen Eleanor of Castile (+1415), consort of King Charles III PARIS (FRANCE) BURIED IN THE CONVENT OF ST FRANCIS (Paris, l'Ã©glise des CordeliÃ¨rs): 01. Queen JOAN I OF NAVARRE (+1305), consort of King Philip I 02. Queen JOAN OF BURGUNDY (+1329), consort of King Philip II. The church was demolished in the past. POBLET (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE ROYAL ABBEY OF ST MARY (El Reial Monestir de Santa Maria de Poblet): 01. King JOHN II (+1479) 02. Queen JOANNA ENRIQUEZ (+1468), consort of King John II PROVINS (FRANCE) BURIED IN THE CONVENT OF THE FRANCISCANS (Provins, Le Couvent des CordeliÃ¨rs, Rue de Jouy): 01. King THEOBALD II (+1270) 02. Queen ISABELLA OF FRANCE (+1271), consort of King Theobald II RONCESVALLES/ORREAGA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE AUGUSTINIAN ROYAL ABBEY OF ST MARY (Roncesvalles/Orreaga, Iglesia de la Real Colegiata de Santa MarÃa, Calle de Nuestra SeÃ±ora de Roncesvalles): 01. King SANCHO VII THE STRONG (+1234) 02. Queen CLEMENCE, consort of King Sancho VII SAINT DENIS (FRANCE) BURIED IN SAINT-DENIS ABBEY (La basilique Saint-Denis, Place de la LÃ©gion d’Honneur): 01. King PHILIP I (+1314) 02. King LOUIS I (+1316) 03. Queen CLEMENTINE OF HUNGARY (+1328), consort of King Louis I 04. King JOHN I (+1316) 05. King PHILIP II (+1322) 06. King CHARLES I (+1328) 07. Queen JOANNA OF EVREUX (+1371), consort of King Charles I 08. Queen JOAN OF FRANCE (+1373), consort of King Charles II of Navarre. The tomb has not been preserved. 09. Queen JOAN II OF NAVARRE (+1349) 10. King HENRY III (+1610). The tomb has not been preserved. 11. Queen MARGARET OF VALOIS (+1615), consort of King Henry III. The tomb has not been preserved. 12. Queen MARIE DE' MEDICI (+1642), consort of King Henry III. The tomb has not been preserved. SAN JUAN DE LA PEÃA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE OLD ROYAL MONASTERY (Real Monasterio de San Juan de la PeÃ±a, Monasterio Viejo-PanteÃ³n Real): 01. King SANCHO II (+994) 02. Queen URRACA OF CASTILE (+after 1006), consort of King Sancho II 03. King GARCIA II (+1000) 04. Queen JIMENA (+after 1035), consort of King Garcia II 05. King SANCHO V (+1094) 06. Queen FELICIA OF ROUCY (+1086), consort of King Sancho V 07. King PETER I (+1104) 08. Queen BERTHA (+before 1111), consort of King Peter I SAN MILLÃN DE LA COGOLLA (SPAIN) MONASTERY OF SAN MILLÃN DE SUSO (San MillÃ¡n de la Cogolla, Monasterio de Suso): Queen TODA DE LARRAUN (+after 970), consort of King Sancho I SANTA MARIA LA REAL DE NIEVA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE CONVENT OF SANTA MARIA LA REAL DE NIEVA (Monasterio de Santa MarÃa la Real de Nieva, Plaza Mayor): Queen BLANCHE OF NAVARRE (+1441) TAFALLA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE CONVENT OF ST FRANCIS (Tafalla, Convento de San Francisco): Queen ELEANOR OF NAVARRE (+1479). The convent was demolished in 1812. VENDÃME (FRANCE) BURIED IN THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH OF ST GEORGE (VendÃ´me, L’Ã©glise Saint-Georges): 01. Queen JOAN III OF NAVARRE (+1572) 02. King ANTHONY OF BOURBON (+1562), consort of Queen Joan III. The church was demolished in the past. VERNON (FRANCE) BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF CORDELIERS (Vernon, l'Ã©glise des Cordeliers): Queen MARGARET OF BURGUNDY (+1315), consort of King Louis I of Navarre. The church was demolished during the French Revolution. VILLAMAYOR DE MONJARDÃN (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE CASTLE OF SAN ESTEBAN DEYO (Villamayor de MonjardÃn, Castillo de San Esteban Deyo): 01. King SANCHO I (+925). The tomb has not been preserved. 02. King GARCIA I (+970). The tomb has not been preserved. LIST OF NAVARRESE SOVEREIGNS 905-1589 KINGDOM OF NAVARRE 905-1589: HOUSE OF SANCHEZ (Casa de Sanchez) 905-925: SANCHO I Born in c. 865. Father: King Garcia II of Pamplona. Mother: Queen Oneca de Sanguesa. Married firstly Countess Urraca of Aragon. Married secondly TODA de Larraun (c. 885,+after 970). His issue who reigned: -GARCIA I (919,+970; son of Toda), -Sancha (+959; Queen of LeÃ³n; daughter of Toda), -Urraca (+956; Queen of LeÃ³n; daughter of Toda), -Oneca (+931; Queen of LeÃ³n; daughter of Toda). Died in 925. Probably buried in the Castle of San Esteban Deyo in Villamayor de MonjardÃn (no tomb). His consort Queen Toda was buried in the Monastery of San MillÃ n de Suso in San MillÃ n de la Cogolla. 925-970: GARCIA I Born in 919. Father: King Sancho I of Navarre. Mother: Queen Toda de Larraun. Married firstly Countess ANDREGOTO of Aragon (+972). Repudiated. Married secondly before 943 Princess THERESA of LeÃ³n. His issue who reigned: SANCHO II (after 935,+994; son of Andregoto). Died in 970. Probably buried in the Castle of San Esteban Deyo in Villamayor de MonjardÃn (no tomb). 970-994: SANCHO II Born after 935. Father: King Garcia I of Navarre. Mother: Queen Andregoto of Aragon. Married in 962 Dowager Queen of LeÃ³n URRACA of Castile (+after 1006). His issue who reigned: GARCIA II (c. 964,+1000). Died in 994. Buried with his Queen Urraca of Castile in the Monastery of San Juan de la PeÃ±a. 994-1000: GARCIA II Born in c. 964. Father: King Sancho II of Navarre. Mother: Queen Urraca of Castile. Married before 981 JIMENA FernÃ¡ndez (+after 1035). His issue who reigned: -SANCHO III (990/92,+1035), -Urraca (Queen of LeÃ³n). Died in 1000. Buried with his Queen Jimena in the Monastery of San Juan de la PeÃ±a. 1000-1035: SANCHO III Born in 990/992. Father: King Garcia II of Navarre. Mother: Queen Jimena Fernandez. Married in c. 1010 Countess MUNIA MAYOR of Castile (995,+after 1066). His issue who reigned: -Ferdinand I (1017,+1065; King of Castile and LeÃ³n), -GARCIA III (after 1020,+1054; King of Navarre). Died in 1035 (murdered). Buried with his Queen Munia Mayor in San Salvador's Monastery at OÃ±a. 1035-1054: GARCIA III Born after 1020. Father: King Sancho III of Navarre. Mother: Queen Munia Mayor of Castile. Married in 1038 STEPHANIA of Foix (+before 1066). His issue who reigned: SANCHO IV (1039,+1076). Killed in 1054 in the Battle of Atapuerca. Buried with his Queen Stephania of Foix in St Mary's Monastery at NÃ¡jera. 1054-1076: SANCHO IV Born in 1039. Father: King Garcia III of Navarre. Mother: Queen Stephania of Foix. Married after 1068 PLACENCIA. Died in 1076 at Penalen (murdered). Buried in St Mary's Monastery at NÃ¡jera. 1076-1094: SANCHO V (King of Aragon as Sancho I) Born in 1043. Father: King Ramiro I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Gisberga. Married firstly in c. 1064 Isabella of Urgell (+c. 1069). Married secondly in c. 1070 FELICIA of Roucy (+1086). His issue who reigned: -PETER I (1068,+1104; son of Isabella), -ALFONSO I (1073,+1134; son of Felicia), -Ramiro II (c. 1080,+1147; son of Felicia. King of Aragon). Died in 1094 at the Siege of Huesca. Buried with his second consort Queen Felicia at the Royal Monastery of San Juan de la PeÃ±a. 1094-1104: PETER I (Pedro I; King of Aragon) Born in 1068. Father: King Sancho I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Isabella of Urgell. Married firstly in 1086 at Jaca AGNES of Aquitaine (+1097). Married secondly in 1097 in Huesca BERTHA (+before 1111). Died in 1104 at Valle de ArÃ¡n. Buried with his both consorts at the Royal Monastery of San Juan de la PeÃ±a. 1104-1134: ALFONSO I (King of Aragon) Born in c. 1073. Father: King Sancho I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Felicia of Roucy. Married in 1109 at MuÃ±Ã³ near Burgos Queen URRACA of Castile (1081,+1126 Saldana). Marriage was annulled in 1114 in LeÃ³n. Died in 1134 at PoleÃ±ino. Buried firstly in the Monastery of MontearagÃ³n near Huesca. Reburied in the Church of San Pedro el Viejo at Huesca in the 19th c. His Queen Urraca was buried in St Isidore's Basilica in LeÃ³n (no tomb). 1134-1150: GARCIA IV THE RESTORER (Garcia IV el Restaurador) Born after 1110. Father: Ramiro Sanchez. Mother: Cristina de Vivar. Married firstly after 1130 MARGARET de l'Aigle (+1141). Married secondly in 1144 in LeÃ³n URRACA of Castile (after 1126,+1189). His issue who reigned: -SANCHO VI (after 1132,+1194; son of Margaret), -Blanche (after 1133,+1156; Queen of Castile; daughter of Margaret), -Margaret (+1182; Queen of Sicily; daughter of Margaret). Died in 1150 at Lorca de Navarra. Buried with his first consort Queen Margaret in St Mary's Basilica in Pampeluna (Pamplona). His second consort Queen Urraca was buried in the Cathedral of Palencia. 1150-1194: SANCHO VI THE WISE (Sancho VI el Sabio) Born after 1132. Father: King Garcia VI of Navarre. Mother Queen Margaret de l'Aigle. Married in 1153 at Carrion Princess SANCHA of Castile (1137,+1177). His issue who reigned: -Berengaria (c. 1163/65,+c. 1230; Queen of England), -SANCHO VII (after 1170,+1234). Died in 1194 at Pamplona. Buried in St Mary's Basilica in Pampeluna (Pamplona). His Queen Sancha of Castile was buried in the Monastery of St Mary at NÃ¡jera. 1194-1234: SANCHO VII THE STRONG (Sancho VII el Fuerte) Born after 1170. Father: King Garcia VI of Navarre. Mother: Queen Sancha of Castile. Married firstly after 1195 Countess CONSTANCE of Toulouse (+c. 1260). Repudiated 1200. Married secondly CLEMENCE (of Germany?). Died in 1234 at Tudela. Buried with his Queen Clemence in St Mary's Abbey at Roncesvalles. HOUSE OF CHAMPAGNE (DinastÃa de ChampaÃ±a) 1234-1253: THEOBALD I (Teobaldo I) Born in 1201 in Pamplona. Father: Count Theobald III of Champagne. Mother: Countess Blanche of Navarre. Married firstly in 1220 Gertrud of Dagsburg (+c. 1225). Repudiated in 1222. Married secondly in 1222 Agnes of Beaujeu (+1231). Married thirdly in 1232 MARGARET of Dampierre (+1256 Provins). His issue who reigned: -THEOBALD II (1238,+1270; son of Margaret), -HENRY I (c. 1244,+1274; son of Margaret). Died in 1253. Buried in St Mary's Basilica in Pampeluna. His third consort Queen Margaret was buried in the Abbey of Clairvaux, France (demolished). 1253-1270: THEOBALD II (Teobaldo II) Born in 1238. Father: King Theobald I of Navarre. Mother: Queen Margaret of Dampierre. Married in 1255 at Melun Princess ISABELLA of France (1241,+1271 Hieres). Died in 1270 at Trapani, Sicily. Buried with his Queen Isabella of France in the Franciscan Convent at Provins, France. 1270-1274: HENRY I THE FAT (Enrique I el Gordo) Born in c. 1244. Father: King Theobald I of Navarre. Mother: Queen Margaret of Dampierre. Married before 1269 BLANCHE of Artois (1248,+1302 Paris). His issue who reigned: JOAN I (1273,+1305). Died in 1274 in Pamplona. Buried in St Mary's Basilica in Pampeluna. His Queen Blanche was probably buried in the Convent of Minoresses, Aldgate, London (demolished). 1274-1305: JOAN I (Juana I) Born in 1273. Father: King Henry I of Navarre. Mother: Queen Blanche of Artois. Married in 1284 in Paris King PHILIP IV of France (1268 Fontainebleau,+1314 Fontainebleau). Her issue who reigned: -LOUIS I (1289,+1316), -PHILIP II (1291,+1322); -Isabella (1292,+1358; Queen of England), -CHARLES I (1295,+1328). Died in 1305 at Vincennes near Paris. Buried in the Convent of St Francis in Paris (demolished). Her consort King Philip IV of France was buried in the Basilica of St Denis, France. HOUSE OF CAPET (DinastÃa Capeta) 1284-1314: PHILIP I (Felipe I; King of France as Philip IV) Born in 1268 at Fontainebleau. Father: King Philip III of France. Mother: Queen Isabella of Aragon. Married in 1284 in Paris Queen JOAN I of Navarre (1273 Bar-sur-Seine,+1305 Vincennes). His issue who reigned: -LOUIS I (1289,+1316), -PHILIP II (1291,+1322); -Isabella (1292,+1358; Queen of England), -CHARLES I (1295,+1328). Died in 1314 at Fontainebleau. Buried in the Basilica of St Denis. His Queen Joan I of Navarre was buried in the Convent of St Francis in Paris (demolished). 1314-1316: LOUIS I (Luis I; King of France as Louis X) Born in 1289. Father: King Philip I of Navarre. Mother: Queen Joan I of Navarre. Married firstly in 1305 at Vernon Princess MARGARET of Burgundy (1290,+1315 ChÃ¢teau de Gaillard). Married secondly in 1315 in Paris Princess CLEMENTINE of Hungary (1293,+1328 Paris). He was crowned in 1307 in Pampeluna. His issue who reigned: -JOAN II (1311,+1349; daughter of Margaret), -JOHN I (/+1316; son of Clementine). Died in 1316 at Vincennes. Buried in the Basilica of St Denis. His first consort Queen Margaret of Burgundy was buried at Vernon (demolished). His second consort Queen Clementine of Hungary was firstly buried in the Church of Jacobins in Paris. In 1816 she was reburied in the Basilica of St Denis, France. 1316: JOHN I (Juan I; King of France as John I) Born in 1316 in Paris. Father: King Louis I of Navarre. Mother: Queen Clementine of Hungary. Unmarried. Died in 1316 in Paris (probably poisoned). Buried in the Basilica of St Denis, France. 1316-1322: PHILIP II (Felipe II; King of France as Philip V) Born in 1291. Father: King Philip I of Navarre. Mother: Queen Joan I of Navarre. Married in 1307 at Corbeil Countess JOAN of Burgundy (1291,+1329 Roye-en-Picardie). Died in 1322 at Longchamps. Buried in the Basilica of St Denis. His Queen Joan of Burgundy was buried in the Convent of St Francis in Paris (demolished). 1322-1328: CHARLES I (Carlos I; King of France as Charles IV) Born in 1295 in Clermont. Father: King Philip I of Navarre. Mother: Queen Joan I of Navarre. Married firstly in 1306/07 BLANCHE of Burgundy (c. 1295, +c. 1326 Maubuisson). Repudiated in 1322. Burial place unknown. Married secondly in 1322 in Paris Princess MARY of Luxembourg (1305,+1324 Issoudun-en-Berry). Married thirdly in 1325 at Brie-Comte-Robert JOANNA of Evreux (1310,+1371 Brie-Comte-Robert). Died in 1328 at Vincennes. Buried with his third consort Queen Joanna of Evreux in the Basilica of St Denis, France. His second consort Queen Mary of Luxembourg was buried in the Church of St Dominic at Montargis, France (demolished). 1328-1349: JOAN II (Juana II) Born in 1311 at Conflans. Father: King Louis I of Navarre. Mother: Queen Margaret of Burgundy. Married in 1329 at Conflans King PHILIP III of Navarre (1301,+1343 Jerez). Her issue who reigned: -Maria (1330,+1347; Queen of Aragon), -Blanche (1331,+1398; Queen of France), -CHARLES II (1332,+1387). Died in 1349 at Conflans. Buried in the Basilica of St Denis. Her consort King Philip III was buried in St Mary's Basilica in Pampeluna (Pamplona). HOUSE OF EVREUX (DinastÃa Evreux) 1328-1343: PHILIP III (Felipe III) Born in 1306. Father: Count Louis of Evreux. Mother: Countess Margaret of Artois. Married in 1329 at Conflans Queen JOAN II of Navarre (1311 Conflans,+1349 Conflans). His issue who reigned: -Maria (1330,+1347; Queen of Aragon), -Blanche (1331,+1398; Queen of France), -CHARLES II (1332,+1387), -Agnes (1334,+1396; married Count Gaston III of Foix, Prince of Andorra). Killed in 1343 in the Siege of Jerez de la Frontera. Buried in St Mary's Basilica in Pampeluna. His Queen Joan II was buried in the Basilica of St Denis. 1349-1387: CHARLES II THE BAD (Carlos II el Malo) Born in 1332 at Evreux. Father: King Philip III of Navarre. Mother: Queen Joan II of Navarre. Married in 1351 at Vivier-en-Brie Princess JOAN of France (1343 ChÃ¢teauneuf-sur-Loire,+1373 Evreux). His issue who reigned: -CHARLES III (1361,+1425), -Joan (1370,+1437; Queen of England). Died in 1387 in Pampeluna. Buried in St Mary's Basilica in Pampeluna. His Queen Joan of France was buried in the Basilica of St Denis (no tomb preserved). 1387-1425: CHARLES III THE NOBLE (Carlos III el Noble) Born in 1361 at Mantes, France. Father: King Charles II of Navarre. Mother: Queen Joan of France. Married in 1375 at Leria Princess ELEANOR of Castile (c. 1363,+1416 Olite). He was crowned in 1390 in the Cathedral of Pampeluna (Pamplona). His issue who reigned: -Joanna (1382,+1413; married Count of Foix John I), -BLANCHE II (1391,+1441). Died in 1425 at Olite. Buried with his Queen Eleanor of Castile in St Mary's Basilica in Pampeluna (Pamplona). 1425-1441: BLANCHE (Blanca) Born in 1391. Father: King Charles III of Navarre. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Castile. Married firstly in 1402 King Martin I of Sicily (1376,+1409 Cagliari). Married secondly in 1420 in Pampeluna King JOHN II of Aragon (1397,+1479). She was crowned in 1428 in the Cathedral of Pampeluna (Pamplona). Her issue who reigned: ELEANOR (1425,+1479). Died in 1441 at Santa Maria la Real de Nieva. Buried in the Convent of S. Maria la Real de Nieva. Her first consort King Martin I of Sicily was buried in Cagliari Cathedral. Her second consort King John II of Aragon was buried in the Abbey of Poblet, Spain. HOUSE OF TRASTAMARA (Casa de TrastÃ¡mara) 1425-1479: JOHN II (Juan II; King of Aragon and Sicily) Born in 1398 at Medina del Campo. Father: King Ferdinand I of Aragon and Sicily. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Castile. Married firstly in 1420 in Pampeluna Queen BLANCHE of Navarre (1391,+1441 S. Maria de Nieva). Married secondly in 1447 in Calataiud JOAN (Juana) Enriquez (c. 1425,+1468 Tarragona). He was crowned in 1428 in the Cathedral of Pampeluna (Pamplona). His issue who reigned: -ELEANOR (1426,+1479; daughter of Blanche), -Ferdinand II (1452,+1516; King of Aragon and Castile; son of Joan), -Joanna (1454,+1517; Queen of Naples; daughter of Joan). Died in 1479 in Barcelona. Buried with his second consort Queen Joan in the Abbey of Poblet, Spain. His first consort Queen Blanche of Navarre was buried in the Convent of S. Maria la Real de Nieva. 1479: ELEANOR (Leonor) Born in 1426 at Olite. Father: King John II of Aragon. Mother: Queen Blanche of Navarre. Married in 1436 Count Gaston IV of Foix (1425,+1472 Roncesvalles). She was crowned in 1479 at the Palacio Decanal in Tudela. Died in 1479 at Tudela. Buried in the Convent of San Francisco at Tafalla (demolished). HOUSE OF FOIX (DinastÃa Foix) 1479-1483: FRANCIS I PHOEBUS (Francisco I Febo) Born in 1466. Father: Prince Gaston of Viana. Mother: Princess Madeleine of France. Unmarried. Died in 1483 in Pampeluna (Pamplona). Buried in Lescar Cathedral, France. 1483-1512/17: CATHERINE OF FOIX (Catalina de Foix) Born in 1468. Father: Prince Gaston of Viana. Mother: Princess Madeleine of France. Married in 1484 at Orthez Jean d'Albret, later King JOHN III of Navarre (c. 1469,+1516 Pau). She was crowned in 1484 in St Mary's Cathedral in Pampeluna (Pamplona). Her issue who reigned: HENRY II (1503,+1555). Deposed in 1512 and exiled in France. From 1512 to 1517 she ruled in Lower Navarre (north of the Pyrenees) only. Died in 1517 at Mont-de-Marsan. Buried with her consort King John III of Navarre in Lescar Cathedral, France. 1512: UPPER NAVARRE (S. OF THE PYRENEES) ABSORBED BY SPAIN HOUSE OF ALBRET (DinastÃa Albret) 1484-1516: JOHN III (Juan III) Born in 1469. Father: Count Alain d'Albret. Mother: Countess FranÃ§oise de Perigord. Married in 1484 at Orthez Queen CATHERINE of Navarre (1470,+1518 Mont-de-Marsan). He was crowned in 1484 in St Mary's Cathedral in Pampeluna (Pamplona). His issue who reigned: HENRY II (1503,+1555). Deposed in 1512 and exiled in France. From 1512 to 1516 he ruled in Lower Navarre (north of the Pyrenees) only. Died in 1516 at Pau. Buried with his consort Queen Catherine of Navarre in Lescar Cathedral, France. 1516-1555: HENRY II (Enrique II) Born in 1503 at SangÃ¼esa. Father: King John III of Navarre. Mother: Queen Catherine of Navarre. Married in 1527 Princess MARGARET of AngoulÃªme (1492 AngoulÃªme,+1549 Odos-en-Bigorre). His issue who reigned: JOAN III (1528,+1572). Died in 1555 at Hagetmau. Buried with his consort Queen Margaret of AngoulÃªme in Lescar Cathedral, France. 1555-1572: JOAN III (Juana III) Born in 1528 at Pau. Father: King Henry II of Navarre. Mother: Queen Margaret of AngoulÃªme. Married firstly in 1541 Duke William of Cleves (1516 DÃ¼sseldorf,+1592 DÃ¼sseldorf). Divorced in 1546. Married secondly in 1548 at Moulins Duke ANTHONY of Bourbon (1518 La FÃ¨re,+1562 Les Andelys). Her issue who reigned: -HENRY III (1553,+1610; King of France; son of Anthony). Died in 1572 in Paris (murdered). Buried with her second consort King Anthony of Bourbon in the Church of St George in VendÃ´me, France (demolished). HOUSE OF BOURBON (DinastÃa BorbÃ³n) 1572-1610: HENRY III (Enrique III; King of France as Henry IV from 1589) Born in 1553 at Pau. Father: Prince Antoine de Bourbon. Mother: Queen Joan III of Navarre. Married firstly in 1572 in Paris Princess MARGARET of Valois (1553 St-Germain-en-Laye,+1615 Paris). Marriage annulled in 1599. Married secondly in 1600 in Lyon Princess MARIA de' Medici (1573 Florence,+1642 Cologne). His issue who reigned: -Louis XIII (1601,+1643; King of France and Navarre; son of Maria), -Elizabeth (1602,+1644; Queen of Spain; daughter of Maria), -Christine Marie (1606,+1663; Duchess of Savoy; daughter of Maria), -Henrietta Maria (1609,+1669; Queen of England and Scotland; daughter of Maria). Died in 1610 in Paris (assassinated). Buried with his both queens in the Basilica of St Denis near Paris (no tombs preserved). 1589: LOWER NAVARRE (NORTH OF THE PYRENEES) UNITED WITH FRANCE (French kings continued to use the title King of Navarre until the 19th c., although Lower Navarre had been fully incorporated into the Kingdom of France in 1620).
22709	yago	2	65	https://academic.oup.com/book/26955/chapter/196103096	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
22709	yago	3	91	https://allthingstudor.com/mary-tudor-or-katherine-of-aragon/	en	Mary Tudor or Katherine of Aragon?	https://i0.wp.com/allthi…691%2C1000&ssl=1	https://i0.wp.com/allthi…691%2C1000&ssl=1	[ "https://i0.wp.com/allthingstudor.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/AllThingsTudor-Masthead-Logo.png?fit=1250%2C200&ssl=1", "https://allthingstudor.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Catherine-of-Aragon-painting-Michael-Sittow-Kunsthistorisches.webp", "https://i0.wp.com/allthingstudor.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Catherine-of-Aragon-painting-Michael-Sittow-Kunsthistorisches.webp?resize=207%2C300&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/allthingstudor.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/The-Tudors-Art-and-Majesty-in-Renaissance-England-installation-view.-Courtesy-the-Metropolitan-Museum-of-Art.-Photo-Anna-Marie-Kellen-1.jpg?resize=231%2C300&ssl=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-11-26T03:21:24+00:00	The portrait of a young woman thought to be Katherine of Aragon has recently been identified as Mary Tudor, the youngest sister of Henry VIII. It is by the Estonian painter Michel Sittow. It is currently on display as part of the exhibition entitled, The Tudors: Art and Majesty in Renaissance England at The Metropolitan…	en	https://i0.wp.com/allthi…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	All Things Tudor	https://allthingstudor.com/mary-tudor-or-katherine-of-aragon/	The portrait of a young woman thought to be Katherine of Aragon has recently been identified as Mary Tudor, the youngest sister of Henry VIII. It is by the Estonian painter Michel Sittow. It is currently on display as part of the exhibition entitled, The Tudors: Art and Majesty in Renaissance England at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fifth Avenue. It will remain there until January 8, 2023. In 1915 Max J. Friedländer identified the subject of this portrait as Katherine of Aragon. His argument was largely informed by the jewels that feature so prominently in the painting: the border of gold cockleshells centered by a tiny C that ornaments the neckline of the bodice; and a heavy gold collar necklace set with jewels, pearls, and alternating enameled roses and the initial K. As roses were a symbol of the Tudor dynasty and cockleshells the symbol of Santiago (Saint James), the patron saint of Spain, Friedländer theorized that the woman was a Spanish princess with ties to the Tudor court and a name commencing with C or K – plausibly Katherine of Aragon, who married Henry’s brother Arthur, Prince of Wales, in 1501 and subsequently, Henry in 1509. However, the physiognomy of the sitter differs considerably from documented likenesses of Katherine, which show her to be stout, with small eyes, a pointed chin, and a tightly held mouth. So, we can surmise that until 1915, this portrait was not identified as Katherine of Aragon. It is a much more modern concept. Dr Emma Cahill Marron states, “I believe that Catherine is more likely to be the sitter due to several facts in connection to her activities as an artistic agent for Henry VII. For example, in 1505 Catherine said to the Spanish ambassador that Sittow was an incredible portraitist.” Who was Michael Sittow? Michael or Michel Sittow was an Estonian painter trained in Early Netherlandish painting. Sittow worked as a court portrait painter for Isabella of Castile, the Habsburgs, and other prominent royal houses. Michael Sittow became an independent master in the late 1400s. From 1492 until 1502, Sittow worked for Isabella I of Castile at the Spanish court, painting portraits and some religious works. By late 1505 or early 1506, he was working for Isabella’s son-in-law, Philip the Fair, Duke of Burgundy. Following a period in Reval, by 1515 Sittow was back in the Netherlands in the service of Philip’s sister, Margaret of Austria, and her nephew Charles V, the future Holy Roman Emperor. In 1515 Sittow was documented as being in Spain, to claim debts incurred by Isabella of Castile. In these documents he is referred to as the painter of Margaret of Austria. This appears to be true because in 1514 he painted Christian II in Copenhagen as part of his betrothal to Margaret’s niece, Isabella of Austria. Sharing portraits was a diplomatic custom of that time. Sources cite Sittow as painting a portrait of Mary Tudor in 1514 as part of the betrothal negotiations with Charles. This is displayed in the Vienna Kunsthistorisches Museum although it is currently on loan to The Metropolitan Museum (The Met) in New York City. This portrait has been assumed to be of Catherine of Aragon. Two other Sittow paintings of Mary Magdalene and the Virgin Mary appear to have used the same model. (Members of royal households as models for sacred figures who are their namesakes are often found in court art during this time.) According to Elizabeth Cleland, co-curator of The Tudors: Art and Majesty in Renaissance England. “If we accept the attributed date and artist, it is much more likely to be Mary than Katherine (who would have been a married mum in her thirties by this point)- and the jewelry, even with its K, match pieces Mary was given by none other than her erstwhile suitor, the Habsburg Prince Charles (“Karolus”)- which marriage negotiations provide the likely context for the creation of this lovely work.” Marjorie E. Wieseman of the National Gallery of Art has conducted extensive research on the portrait, the meaning of its symbolisms, Katherine of Aragon, and Mary Tudor. Since 2019 Ms. Wieseman has been curator and head of the department of northern European paintings at the National Gallery of Art. She is a specialist in 17th-century Dutch and Flemish paintings, with a particular interest in genre painting, and portraiture (including portrait miniatures). Read more about the work of Ms. Wieseman at the National Gallery of Art. More from The Met exhibition and catalogue entry, which details the painting: “Posed before a green background now darkened with age, she wears a deep red gown with a low, square neckline; a close-fitting, multilayered headdress covers her reddish-gold hair. Finely sculpted facial features, sumptuous garments, and glittering jewels are all meticulously rendered with smooth, virtually undiscernible brushstrokes. The style of the painting fits most comfortably with Sittow’s portraits of about 1515, by which time Katherine would have been about thirty-considerably older than the young woman depicted here. The identification of the artist as Michel Sittow was first proposed in 1933 by Gustav Glück. Originally from Reval (Tallinn) in Estonia, Sittow came to Bruges in 1484 and may have completed his artistic training under Hans Memling. In attributing the present portrait (then still assumed to be a likeness of Katherine of Aragon) to Sittow, Glück proposed that it had been painted during a hypothetical visit by the artist to England in 1505. While there is no documentary evidence to support either Friedländer’s proposed identification of the sitter or Glück’s revised chronology for the artist, an identification as Mary Tudor appears better substantiated. In 1506 Mary was betrothed to Charles V, then aged six, in an alliance that would potentially unite two of the most powerful ruling houses in Europe. A marriage by proxy took place in late 1508, celebrated by a week of festivities, during which the imperial ambassadors presented Mary with a gift from her young groom: a large piece of jewelry with a K (for “Karolus”) garnished with diamonds and pearls and an inscription praising Mary’s holy namesake. It is not known what Charles’s gift looked like, whether it was similar or identical to the necklace, but this type of jewelry, incorporating initials and devices alluding to royal or noble lineage and marital alliance, was a popular fashion among the Burgundian nobility. The stylized roses seen here may allude to both the Tudor dynasty and Mary’s second name, Rose. Mary is clothed in Franco-Burgundian fashions, characterized in part by a close-fitting cloth hood instead of the gabled headdress then popular in England.” It was customary that, betrothal, princesses adopt the national costume of their future partners. Indeed, Henry VIII wanted Mary’s wedding dress to be in the Burgundian style, and Mary herself wrote to her aunt, Margaret of Austria, “for a long time I have had the desire to know how the ornaments and clothing that are used over there [in Flanders] will fit me and now that I have tried them I am greatly contented with them.” Despite the long betrothal, however, the marriage ceremony between Mary and Charles planned 1514 did not take place, and in October of that year, Mary was married to Louis XII of France. Mary was regarded as one of the beauties of her age, with blue eyes and golden hair tinged with red. There is, however, no consistency to portraits assumed to have been made of her, and thus no concrete evidence of her appearance. If this sweetly haunting portrait is a likeness of Mary Tudor, it is possible that Sittow painted it in London on commission from Margaret of Austria. In the mid-1510s the archduchess ordered a number of portraits in connection with the betrothals of her nieces and nephews, from Sittow and from other artists in her employ. The inventory of her extensive art collection lists multiple portraits of Mary Tudor, although none are explicitly described as by Sittow and cannot by their description be associated with the present painting. How and when Sittow might have made it to England is not known. In late June 1514 the Habsburg envoy sent to London to placate Henry VIII over the failed marital alliance wrote to the archduchess, “The painter has made a good likeness of Mary”. It is possible that Sittow visited London en-route to the Danish court at Copenhagen, where he is documented on June 1, 1514, and painted this portrait of the king’s sister at that time. As has frequently been noted, there is a marked similarity between the face of the sitter in this portrait and that of Mary Magdalene in Sittow’s painting and of the Virgin in his Madonna and Child, both of which have been dated to about 1515. Most likely, Sittow adopted his subject’s refined facial features to express the perfect beauty of the religious exemplars who shared her name.” The portrait is on loan from Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. There, it is displayed as: Mary Rose Tudor Catherine daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon (1485 – 1536) Isabella daughter d. John II of Castile (1451 – 1504) The provenance listed is Ambraser Coll. The fact that the museum lists identifies three noblewomen as the sitter adds even more to the mystery. You can link directly to the painting and the Kunsthistorisches Museum gallery via this link. Find out more information about The Met exhibit Purchase the catalogue of the exhibition at The Met entitled The Tudors: Art and Majesty in Renaissance England Images and information shared courtesy of The Met Fifth Avenue and Dr Cahill Marron. Spelling inconsistencies are based on the sources supplied for this article.
22709	yago	3	87	https://kids.kiddle.co/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon	en	Ferdinand II of Aragon facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…l_Sittow_004.jpg	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…l_Sittow_004.jpg	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/2/2d/Michel_Sittow_004.jpg/300px-Michel_Sittow_004.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/7/73/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_signature.svg/125px-Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_signature.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/b/bf/Foruak.jpg/300px-Foruak.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/3/33/Columbian_Issue_1893-5c.jpg/300px-Columbian_Issue_1893-5c.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/0/08/Fernando_e_Isabel.jpg/300px-Fernando_e_Isabel.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/2/2f/Fernando_II_entre_dos_escudos_del_Se%C3%B1al_Real_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg/210px-Fernando_II_entre_dos_escudos_del_Se%C3%B1al_Real_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/6/6f/Fernando_el_Cat%C3%B3lico_01.jpg/230px-Fernando_el_Cat%C3%B3lico_01.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/c/c9/Capilla_real_tombs.jpg/300px-Capilla_real_tombs.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/0/0e/Ferdinand_of_Aragon.jpg/230px-Ferdinand_of_Aragon.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/e/e2/FerdinandCatholic.jpg/230px-FerdinandCatholic.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Queen_Isabella_of_Castile_%281474-1492%29.svg/148px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Queen_Isabella_of_Castile_%281474-1492%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/1/19/Coat_of_Arms_of_Queen_Isabella_of_Castile_%281492-1504%29.svg/152px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Queen_Isabella_of_Castile_%281492-1504%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/b/bf/Blas%C3%B3n_de_Fernando_II_de_Arag%C3%B3n_en_la_Aljafer%C3%ADa.jpg/133px-Blas%C3%B3n_de_Fernando_II_de_Arag%C3%B3n_en_la_Aljafer%C3%ADa.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_%281479-1492%29.svg/198px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_%281479-1492%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/6/6d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_with_supporters_%281513-1516%29.svg/225px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_with_supporters_%281513-1516%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs_%281474-1492%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs_%281474-1492%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/3/3a/Arms_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs_%281492-1504%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs_%281492-1504%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_%281504-1513%29.svg/98px-Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_%281504-1513%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/f/f9/Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_%281513-1516%29.svg/98px-Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_%281513-1516%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/b/b2/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_as_Lord_of_Biscay.svg/144px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_as_Lord_of_Biscay.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5f/Kids_robot.svg/60px-Kids_robot.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn Ferdinand II of Aragon facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon	Ferdinand II (Aragonese: Ferrando; Catalan: Ferran; Basque: Errando; Spanish: Fernando; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was the king of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516. As the husband of Queen Isabella I of Castile, he was also the king of Castile from 1475 to 1504 (as Ferdinand V). He reigned jointly with Isabella over a dynastically unified Spain; together they are known as the Catholic Monarchs. Ferdinand is considered the de facto first king of Spain, and was described as such during his reign, even though, legally, Castile and Aragon remained two separate kingdoms until they were formally united by the Nueva Planta decrees issued between 1707 and 1716. The Crown of Aragon that Ferdinand inherited in 1479 included the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, and Sicily, as well as the principality of Catalonia. His marriage to Queen Isabella I of Castile is regarded as the "cornerstone in the foundation of the Spanish monarchy". Ferdinand and Isabella played a major role in the European colonization of the Americas, sponsoring the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. That year the couple defeated Granada, the last Muslim state in Western Europe, thus completing the centuries-long Reconquista. Ferdinand was the king of the Crown of Castile until Isabella's death in 1504, when their daughter Joanna became queen. That year, after a war with France, Ferdinand conquered the Kingdom of Naples. In 1507 he became regent of Castile on behalf of Joanna, who was alleged to be mentally unstable. In 1506, as part of a treaty with France, Ferdinand married Germaine of Foix, but there were no surviving children. In 1512 he conquered the Kingdom of Navarre, ruling all the territories comprising modern-day Spain until his death in 1516. He was nominally succeeded by his daughter Joanna but power was soon assumed by her son Charles I (later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). Early life Ferdinand was born on 10 March 1452, in the town of Sos del Rey Católico, Kingdom of Aragon, as the son of John II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez. Marriage and accession Ferdinand married Isabella, the half-sister and heir presumptive of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon. Isabella also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara, and the two were second cousins by descent from John I of Castile. They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement on sharing power, and under the joint motto "tanto monta, monta tanto". He became jure uxoris King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her deceased brother in 1474. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joanna, the purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union. The various states were not formally administered as a single unit, but as separate political units under the same Crown. (The legal merging of Aragon and Castile into a single Spain occurred under Philip V in 1707–1715.) The first years of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule saw the Spanish conquest of the Emirate of Granada, the last Islamic al-Andalus entity on the Iberian peninsula, completed in 1492. The completion of the Reconquista was not the only significant act performed by Ferdinand and Isabella in that year. In March 1492, the monarchs issued the Edict of Expulsion of the Jews, also called the Alhambra Decree, a document which ordered all Jews either to be baptised and convert to Christianity or to leave the country. It allowed Mudéjar Moors (Islamic) and converso Marrano Jews to stay, while expelling all unconverted Jews from Castile and Aragon (most Jews either converted or moved to the Ottoman Empire). 1492 was also the year in which the monarchs commissioned Christopher Columbus to find a westward maritime route for access to Asia, which resulted in the Spanish arrival in the Americas. In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the entire world beyond Europe between Portugal and Castile (Spain) for conquest and dominion purposes – by a north–south line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean. Forced conversions Ferdinand abrogated a section of the 1491 Treaty of Granada peace treaty in 1502 by dismissing the clearly guaranteed religious freedom for Mudéjar Muslims. Ferdinand forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert, converso Moriscos, to Catholicism, or else be expelled. Some of the Muslims who remained were mudéjar artisans, who could design and build in the Moorish style. This was also practised by the Spanish inquisitors on the converso Marrano Jewish population of Spain. The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes with successive kings of France over control of Italy, the Italian Wars. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II, who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and step nephew, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand II, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following Ferdinand II's death and accession of his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart and, over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba fought to take Naples from the French, finally succeeding by 1504. Some time before 1502 Andreas Palaiologos, the last exiled claimant to the Byzantine throne of his house, sold his titles and royal and imperial rights to Ferdinand. Those, however, had never been made use of, due to the doubtful nature of the deal. After Isabella Isabella made her will on 12 October 1504, in advance of her 26 November 1504 death. In it she spelled out the succession to the crown of Castile, leaving it to Joanna and then to Joanna's son Charles. Isabella was dubious of Joanna's ability to rule and was not confident of Joanna's husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand moved quickly after his wife's death to continue his role in Castile. On the day of his wife's death, he formally renounced his title as king of Castile and instead became governor (gobernador) of the kingdom, as a way to become regent. Philip deemed his wife sane and fit to rule. A compromise was forged between Philip and Ferdinand, which gave Ferdinand a continued role in Castile. Ferdinand had served as Joanna's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband. In the Treaty of Villafáfila of 1506, Ferdinand renounced not only the government of Castile in favor of Philip but also the lordship of the Indies, withholding half of the income of the "kingdoms of the Indies". Joanna and Philip immediately added to their titles the kingdoms of Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea. But the Treaty of Villafáfila did not hold for long because of the death of Philip; Ferdinand returned as regent of Castile and as "lord of the Indies". The widowed Ferdinand made an alliance with France in July 1505 and married Germaine of Foix, cementing the alliance with France. She was the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor of Navarre and niece of Louis XII of France. Had Ferdinand's son with Germaine, John, Prince of Girona, born on 3 May 1509, survived, "the crown of Aragon would inevitably been separated from Castile" and denied his grandson Charles the crown of Aragon. But the infant Prince John died within hours and was buried in the convent of Saint Paul in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon, and later transferred to Poblet Monastery, Vimbodí i Poblet, Catalonia, Kingdom of Aragon, traditional burial site of the kings of Aragon. Ferdinand had no legal position in Castile, with the cortes of Toro recognizing Joanna and her children as heirs and Ferdinand left Castile in July 1506. After his son-in-law Philip's untimely death in September 1506, Castile was in crisis. Joanna was allegedly mentally unstable, and Joanna's and Philip's son, Charles, the future Emperor Charles V, was only six years old. Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom, was made regent, but the upper nobility reasserted itself. Ferdinand led an army against Pedro Fernández de Córdoba y Pacheco, the marquis of Priego of Córdoba, who had seized control there by force. In 1508 war resumed in Italy, this time against the Republic of Venice, in which all the other powers with interests on the Italian peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand II, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League of Cambrai soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the 'Holy League' was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against Louis XII and France. In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law King Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against Navarre and France ahead of the Spanish invasion of Navarre as of July 1512. After the fall of Granada in 1492, he had manoeuvred for years to take over the throne of the Basque kingdom, ruled by Queen Catherine of Navarre and King John III of Navarre, also lords of Béarn and other sizeable territories north of the Pyrenees and in Gascony. Ferdinand annexed Navarre first to the Crown of Aragon, but later, under the pressure of Castilian noblemen, to the Crown of Castile. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however. Ferdinand II died on 23 January 1516 in Madrigalejo, Extremadura, Kingdom of Castile and Leon. He is entombed at Capilla Real, Granada. His wife Isabella, daughter Joanna, and son-in-law Philip rest beside him there. Legacy and succession Ferdinand and Isabella established a highly effective sovereignty under equal terms. They utilised a prenuptial agreement to lay down their terms. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to his joint motto of equality: "Tanto monta [or monta tanto], Isabel como Fernando" ("They amount to the same, Isabel and Ferdinand"). Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, or at least more united than it ever had been; the crown power was centralised, at least in name; the reconquista was successfully concluded; the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid; a legal framework was created; the church was reformed. Even without the benefit of the American expansion, Spain would have been a major European power. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for the first modern world power. During the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain pursued alliances through marriage with Portugal, Habsburg Austria, and Burgundy. Their first-born daughter Isabella was married to Alfonso of Portugal, and their first-born son John was married to Margaret of Austria. However, the deaths of these children, and the death of Isabella, altered the succession plan forcing Ferdinand to yield the government of Castile to Philip of Habsburg the husband of his second daughter Joanna. In 1502, the members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Zaragoza, and Parliaments of the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia in Barcelona, as members of the Crown of Aragon, swore an oath of loyalty to their daughter Joanna as heiress, but Alonso de Aragón, Archbishop of Saragossa, stated firmly that this oath was invalid and did not change the law of succession which could only be done by formal legislation by the Cortes with the King. So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon, and his grandson Charles became Governor General (regent). Nevertheless, the Flemish wished that Charles assume the royal title, and this was supported by his paternal grandfather the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and by Pope Leo X. Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian Regent, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him as King of Aragon jointly with his mother. Ferdinand's grandson and successor Charles, was to inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Austrian and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, which would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent and, with the discoveries and conquests in the Americas and elsewhere, of the first truly global Empire. Children Main article: Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile With his wife Isabella I the Catholic (whom he married 19 October 1469), King Ferdinand had seven children: Isabella (1470–1498), Princess of Asturias (1497–1498). She married first Afonso, Prince of Portugal, then after his death married his uncle Prince Manuel, the future King Emanuel I of Portugal. She died in childbirth delivering her son Miguel da Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who, in turn, died in infancy. A son miscarried on 31 May 1475 in Cebreros John (1478–1497), Prince of Asturias (1478–1497). He married Margaret of Habsburg (daughter of Emperor Maximilian I). He died of tuberculosis and his posthumous child with Margaret was stillborn. Joanna I (1479–1555), Princess of Asturias (1500–1504), Queen of Castile (1504–1555), Queen of Aragon (1516–1555). She married Philip I (Philip the handsome) (son of Emperor Maximilian I); and was the mother of King Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor). Ferdinand made her out to be mentally unstable and she was incarcerated by him, and then by her son, in Tordesillas for over 50 years. Her grandson, Philip II of Spain, was crowned in 1556. Maria (1482–1517). She married King Emanuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella, and was the mother of King John III of Portugal and of the Cardinal-King, Henry I of Portugal. A stillborn daughter, twin of Maria. Born 1 July 1482 at dawn. Catalina (1485–1536), later known as Catherine of Aragon, queen of England. She married first Arthur, Prince of Wales, son of and heir to King Henry VII of England and, after Prince Arthur's death, she married his brother Henry, Duke of York, who also became Prince of Wales and then King Henry VIII. She thus became Queen of England and was the mother of Queen Mary I. With his second wife, Germaine of Foix, niece of Louis XII of France (whom he married on 19 October 1505 in Blois, Kingdom of France), King Ferdinand had one son: John, Prince of Girona, who died hours after being born on 3 May 1509. He also left several illegitimate children, two of them were born before his marriage to Isabella: With Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany, a Catalan noblewoman of Cervera, he had: Alonso de Aragón (1469–1520). Archbishop of Zaragoza and Viceroy of Aragon. With Joana Nicolaua: Juana de Aragón (1469 – bef. 1522). She married Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías. With Toda de Larrea: María Esperanza de Aragón (? – 1543). Abbess of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas. With Beatriz Pereira: (? – 1550). Nun at Madrigal de las Altas Torres. Heraldry Depiction in film and television Films Year Film Director(s) Actor 1951 Hare We Go Robert McKimson Mel Blanc 1976 La espada negra Francisco Rovira Beleta Juan Ribó 1985 Christopher Columbus Alberto Lattuada Nicol Williamson 1992 Christopher Columbus: The Discovery John Glen Tom Selleck 1992 1492: Conquest of Paradise Ridley Scott Fernando García Rimada 1992 Carry On Columbus Gerald Thomas Leslie Phillips 2001 Juana la Loca Vicente Aranda Héctor Colomé 2016 Assassin's Creed Justin Kurzel Thomas Camilleri TV series Year Series Channel 1980 Shaheen(Based on Naseem Hijazi Novel) PTV 1991 Réquiem por Granada TVE 2004 Memoria de España TVE 2011 Muhteşem Yüzyıl Show TV 2012 Isabel, mi reina TVE 2014 Borgia (TV series) Canal+ See also In Spanish: Fernando II de Aragón para niños
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"https://www.townandcountrymag.com/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/instagram.f282b14.svg?primary=%2523ffffff&id=social-button-icon", "https://www.townandcountrymag.com/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/pinterest.e8cf655.svg?primary=%2523ffffff&id=social-button-icon", "https://www.townandcountrymag.com/_assets/design-tokens/townandcountrymag/static/images/logos/network-logo.3fe5847.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Lauren Hubbard" ]	2019-06-10T00:00:01.895277-04:00	The Spanish queen Joanna of Castille was even more unlucky on the throne than Catherine of Aragon. Read about the real life story behind the Spanish Princess here.	en	/_assets/design-tokens/townandcountrymag/static/images/favicon.80ace0d.ico	Town & Country	https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a27786471/catherine-of-aragon-sister-juana-la-loca-spanish-princess/	Catherine of Aragon had a famously fraught time as Queen, but for all the turmoil that her marriage to King Henry VIII entailed, Catherine was not the only woman in her family to find tribulations awaiting her on the throne. In fact, one could argue that Catherine's older sister, Juana, as seen on this week's episode of The Spanish Princess, had even worse luck when it came to ruling. While Catherine's marriage to Henry would lead to divorce, a religious revolution, and a struggle over succession that would stretch for generations, her sister would ultimately find herself, through a series of circumstances largely beyond her control, going down in history best known as Juana la Loca—Juana the Mad. Juana la Loca aka Joanna the Mad was Queen of Castile and Aragon, though she was prevented from ruling by the men in her life. Groomed for Greatness Sometimes Anglicized as Joan or Joanna, Juana was born on November 6, 1479, the third child and second daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Prior to Isabella and Ferdinand's marriage, Castile, which made up a large portion of the northern and central Iberian peninsula, and Aragon, which encompassed the northeastern region, were separate kingdoms. Though the marriage between Isabella and Ferdinand united the two crowns, establishing the kingdom of Spain, Castile and Aragon continued to maintain their own separate political and governmental structures and functioned essentially as separate countries; despite ruling over Spain together with his wife, Ferdinand had no legal claim on the Castilian throne, nor did Isabella on the crown of Aragon—a fact that would become tragically pivotal in Juana's life. Juana's mother, Isabella I, was an ardent Catholic (she was granted the right to style herself as Isabella the Catholic by Pope Alexander VI) and the Spanish Inquisition began during her reign. Juana, however, never showed the same level of religious devotion and, according to some sources, was brutally punished by her mother for her more moderate faith. Having both an older sister, Princess Isabella, and an older brother, Prince Juan, Juana was considered unlikely to ever ascend to the throne in her native Spain, however that hardly meant that she wasn't expected to be a Queen. Educated in politics, languages, and music, Juana was groomed from childhood to stand alongside one of the kings of Europe in a political marriage that would strengthen Spain's foreign alliances. Alba Galocha Vallejo plays Juana, who would become Queen of Castile and Aragon, in The Spanish Princess. An Impromptu Wedding That political marriage came in the form of a two-part deal with Maximilian I, the Austrian emperor, who agreed to marry his eldest son and heir, Philip the Fair, to Juana and his daughter, Margaret, to Juan. After months of planning, the 16-year-old Juana sailed to Flanders with a fleet of over 100 ships in August of 1496. Storms at sea delayed her arrival; however, she was finally able to meet her intended on October 19 of that year. Their wedding was already planned for the following day, but evidently the first meeting between the two young royals was a dramatic success—rather than waiting, they ordered a priest to marry them on the spot. Together the two would go on to have six children, including Charles V, who would become King of Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand, who succeeded his brother as Holy Roman Emperor, and four daughters, all of who would go on to become queens in their own right—Eleanor (who was a various points Queen of Portugal and Queen of France); Elizabeth, Queen of Denmark; Maria, Queen of Hungary; and Catherine, who married the successor of her sister Eleanor's husband to also become Queen of Portugal. Despite their apparent passion, Juana's husband Philip was frequently unfaithful to her, his indiscreet affairs causing Juana to fly into rages and periods of depression that provoked the first rumors about Juana's mental state. Alba Galocha Vallejo and Philip Andrew as Juana and Philip the Fair in The Spanish Princess An Unexpected Throne Given that she was third in line for the throne with two married siblings, it came as a surprise to all when it was Juana who ascended as Queen of Castile. Her brother and heir to both of their parents' thrones, Juan, died of an illness in the fall of 1497, and though his wife, Margaret of Austria, was pregnant at the time, the child was stillborn. From there, the position of heir briefly went to Juana's older sister, Isabella of Asturias, but she died in childbirth less than a year later. Her son, Prince Miguel survived to the age of two before passing, leaving Juana as the heir to Castile and Aragon. With the rise in status, Juana became increasingly politically useful and Philip began attempting to assert increasing control over his independent-minded wife. The couple fought openly and Philip had Juana confined to her rooms for a time. In retaliation, Juana would often employ a method that she had utilized throughout her life, refusing to eat or sleep as a form of passive protest. Trapped Between Her Husband and Her Father It was not until November 26, 1504, when Isabella I died that Juana would take the title of Queen of Castile, but the transition was far from smooth. Both Philip and Juana's father, Ferdinand II wanted to control Castile, but Isabella, in her fear that the people of Castile would not accept a foreign king, had complicated matters for them by stipulating that Philip could only act as consort to Juana, unless she proved unfit to rule, in which case Ferdinand was to take up governance as a regent until Juana's son Charles came of age. Philip attempted to rule Castile through the rightful queen, his wife, Juana. Ferdinand quickly took up a campaign declaring his daughter mentally incompetent and styling himself as the rule of Castile. It was en route to take a stand against his claims in 1506 that Juana and Philip would find themselves in England courtesy of storms. There Juana was briefly reunited with her sister, Catherine, who by then had been widowed by Prince Arthur, though not yet married to Henry VIII. Henry's father, Henry VII, supported Philip's control of Castile over Ferdinand, and his power may in part have influenced Ferdinand's agreement to cede Castile in favor of military and monetary support. Philip had planned to exert further control over his wife, rendering her a figurehead for Castile, however his plans were cut short by his own death in 1506. According to writers of the period, Juana refused to leave the body's side for months, frequently having Philip's casket reopened to gaze upon and even kiss his corpse. It is unclear how accurate these accounts were, however, as access to Juana after this time was heavily limited by her father, and later her son Charles, both of whom had a stake in ensuring that Juana was known to be insane. Juana was rumored to keep Philip’s body at her side for months. Queen of Castille and Aragon In July of 1507, Juana handed over the regency of Castile to her father. Juana herself had never shown any particular inclinations towards governance, but nonetheless there are strong suggestions that the decision to leave the ruling of Castile to Ferdinand was not entirely of Juana's own volition. Regardless of the nature of Ferdinand's regency, Juana most certainly didn't consent to her enforced sequester at his hands. Ferdinand had his daughter ensconced at the royal palace in Tordesillas in 1509 along with her youngest daughter, Catherine. In the seven years she remained functionally jailed there, her father is said to have visited only twice. When Ferdinand died in 1516 making Juana Queen of Castille and Aragon, her son Charles took up the role as his mother's jailer, briefly removing the 11 year old Catherine from her care before ultimately returning her when Juana refused to eat. Charles forbid anyone from telling his mother of Ferdinand's death and kept her even more isolated than she had been under his father's control. Juana was briefly freed by rebels who wanted her to rule as the rightful Queen of Castile after Charles became Holy Roman Emperor in 1509, but Juana was uncooperative and after almost of year of freedom, was returned to Tordesillas when Charles stamped out the resistance. He also removed Catherine from her care once, again, this time to marry her to King John III of Portugal. Imprisonment and Death Juana remained in the palace at Tordesillas for the remaining 30 years of her life, though not much is known about her time there. She died, still held captive, in April of 1555 at the age of 75. Alba Galocha Vallejo’s Juana on The Spanish Princess, before the queen was placed into seclusion by her father. The Madness of Juana Though, obviously, it would be impossible to accurately diagnose a mental illness at the remove of several centuries, it does appear that Juana did indeed suffer from some form of psychological disorder. Scholars throughout the years have cited a variety of possibilities ranging from depression to schizophrenia to a form of bipolar disorder. The theory is supported by Juana's maternal grandmother, Isabella of Portugal, who apparently suffered from her own psychological issues, including paranoia, which could indicate a hereditary factor. Nonetheless, it was to the benefit of the men who controlled her to spread the story of Juana's mental instability and it is possible that some accounts were exaggerated for this purpose. Regardless, given the number of male rulers in European history that were also of questionable mental fitness, it seems unlikely that any mental health issues Juana may have suffered from would have ended in her imprisonment and removal from power if she had been king instead of queen.
22709	yago	2	24	https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/juana-la-loca-1479-1555	en	Juana la Loca (1479–1555)			[ "https://www.encyclopedia.com/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Juana la Loca (1479–1555)Queen of Castile from 1504 to 1555", "during which time Spain became a world power", "who never actually ruled due to her own mental instability and the greed for power of her father", "husband", "and son. Name variations: Juana or Joanna the Mad; Juana of Castile; Juana of Spain; Joanna of Spain." ]	null	[]	null	Juana la Loca (1479–1555)Queen of Castile from 1504 to 1555, during which time Spain became a world power, who never actually ruled due to her own mental instability and the greed for power of her father, husband, and son. Name variations: Juana or Joanna the Mad; Juana of Castile; Juana of Spain; Joanna of Spain. Source for information on Juana la Loca (1479–1555): Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia dictionary.	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.ico		https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/juana-la-loca-1479-1555	Queen of Castile from 1504 to 1555, during which time Spain became a world power, who never actually ruled due to her own mental instability and the greed for power of her father, husband, and son. Name variations: Juana or Joanna the Mad; Juana of Castile; Juana of Spain; Joanna of Spain. Born on November 6, 1479, in Toledo, Spain; died in Tordesillas on April 11 or 12, 1555; second daughter and third child of Isabella I (1451–1504), queen of Castile (r. 1474–1504), and Ferdinand II, king of Aragon (r. 1479–1516); sister of Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536); married Philip I the Fair also known as Philip the Handsome (1478–1506, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I), archduke of Austria, king of Castile and Leon (r. 1506), on October 19, 1496; children: Eleanor of Portugal (1498–1558); Carlos also known as Charles V (1500–1558), king of Spain (r. 1516–1556), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1519–1558);Elisabeth of Habsburg (1501–1526); Fernando also known as Ferdinand I (1502 or 1503–1564), king of Bohemia (r. 1526–1564), king of Hungary (r. 1526–1564), Holy Roman Emperor (1558–1564); Mary of Hungary (1505–1558); Catherine (1507–1578, who married John III, king of Portugal). Marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon (1469); death of Juana's brother John of Spain (1497); death of Juana's elder sister Isabella of Asturias (1498); death of Miguel, Juana's nephew, making Juana heir to the throne (1500); Juana and Philip are acclaimed crown princess and prince (1501); Juana proclaimed queen of Castile upon the death of her mother (1504); Cortes of Toro recognized regency of Ferdinand (1505); Juana and Philip arrived in Spain from Flanders and were acclaimed monarchs of Castile (1506); Juana confined to palace in Tordesillas by Ferdinand, where she remained for rest of life (1509–1555); death of Ferdinand (1516); arrival of Charles in Spain to rule (1517); election of Charles as Holy Roman emperor (1519); Comunero Revolt temporarily frees Juana from seclusion (1520); abdication of Charles I (1555); death of Charles I (1558). Early on the morning of November 6, 1479, Queen Isabella I of Castile gave birth to her third child, a daughter named Juana in honor of King Ferdinand II of Aragon's mother, Joanna Enriquez . Although Juana was a princess, destiny seemed to hold little of importance for the infant girl, whose brother John of Spain, born the preceding year, stood to inherit the Spanish kingdoms. Should he die, the monarchs' eldest child, Isabella of Asturias (1471–1498), would rule. Yet with ironic twists, destiny brought Juana to the throne of Castile and Aragon, although misfortune denied her the chance to rule in her own right. Instead, she spent most of her adult life under forced seclusion, isolated for more than four decades within the dreary walls of Tordesillas castle. Little is known of Juana's childhood. She apparently bore a striking resemblance to Ferdinand's mother, so much so that Isabella I sometimes jokingly called the girl "mother-in-law." A slender brunette with an elongated face, Juana was "the beauty of the family," according to eminent historian Garrett Mattingly, who added that she also was "high-strung, ill-balanced, excessively responsive to affection or ill-treatment." Her parents trained Juana in more than the domestic arts and religious piety appropriate to a princess. They intended to marry her to one of Western Europe's royal families, creating a useful political alliance for Spain. Thus, Juana learned about politics and studied foreign languages. For the latter, she showed real talent, mastering both Latin and French. Juana also displayed passion for music and was an accomplished musician, playing the clavichord, organ, and guitar. As a youth, Juana observed her parents' maneuvers to build their combined kingdoms into a great power. In 1490, she bid farewell to her sister Isabella of Asturias, who departed to marry Prince Alphonso, heir to the Portuguese throne. When Alphonso died from a riding accident shortly after the marriage and Isabella of Asturias returned home, Juana learned how fleeting marital happiness could be. She was present for the siege of Granada, culminating in its formal capitulation to the Catholic kings on January 2, 1492. The Moors' surrender of their last stronghold on Iberian soil must have seemed far more important to the princess than her mother's support of Columbus' voyage later that year. Meanwhile, to enhance Aragon's interests in Italy and to strengthen Spain's position against France, Ferdinand and Isabella had opened negotiations with Maximilian I, the Austrian emperor, regarding marital alliances between the two families. When concluded in 1495, the negotiations provided for two royal marriages: Juana's to Philip the Fair, Maximilian's heir; and the Spanish crown prince John's to Margaret of Austria (1480–1530), Maximilian's other child. These marriages joined Spanish geo-political interests to those of the Austrian Habsburgs and strengthened Spain's ties to Flanders, the principal market for Iberian wool. After months of preparation, a fleet of over 100 ships sailed from Laredo on August 22, 1496, to carry Juana to Flanders. Accompanying her was a large retinue of nobles and servants, intended by Isabella to guide the 16-year-old through the political shoals of continental politics. Beset by storms, the fleet arrived late and without forewarning. As a result, neither Maximilian nor the bridegroom was on hand to welcome Juana. She is under guard in a fortress so that no one may see her or talk with her. She is the most unfortunate woman ever born and would be far better off as the wife of a laborer. —Miguel Pérez de Almazán to the Castilian ambassador in Rome Messengers relayed the news to Philip in Austria, while Juana's entourage made its way to Lierre, feted everywhere along the way by the Flemish. When Philip and Juana met for the first time on October 19, the wedding had been scheduled for the following day. Philip already had a reputation for philandering, and Juana was perhaps glad to be free of her mother's pious control. Driven by passion, the two ordered a priest in the entourage to marry them on the spot, whereupon they retired to a hastily prepared bedroom. Juana gave herself ardently to her husband, described by the Venetian ambassador as "handsome, skillful, and vigorous." For a while, he reciprocated her love and passion. Juana soon gave up her sober Spanish clothes in favor of more daring, luxurious Flemish dresses for the continual round of parties and dances in Brussels. But the insecure girl, unprotected in a foreign land, soon discovered the vagaries of fortune. Rumors of her husband's affairs provoked Juana to "brief hysterical outbursts and of weeping or anger, alternating with long periods of silent melancholy." Philip failed to support his wife and her retinue as the marriage contract stipulated, causing her further chagrin. Back in Spain, her sickly brother John succumbed to fever on October 4, 1497, although rumor had him dying of sexual excess. His wife Margaret of Austria was pregnant but miscarried, leaving Juana's older sister Isabella of Asturias to inherit the crown. Again fate intervened. Married to Manuel I of Portugal, Isabella of Asturias died in childbirth in 1498. Her surviving infant son Miguel died two years later, and Juana became heir to the thrones of Castile and Aragon. Meanwhile, back in Flanders, Juana had given birth to Princess Eleanor of Portugal in 1498 and the future Charles V in 1500. With the death of Prince Miguel, Ferdinand and Isabella insisted that Juana and Philip come to Spain to live. Isabella worried about reports of the skeptical Juana's irreligiosity and the public scandal of her marital disputes. Both Ferdinand and Isabella feared that Spaniards would not accept a foreign monarch. Philip was also heir to his father's realms and, from the viewpoint of his parents-in-law, acted too friendly to France. He tried to dominate his wife politically, although Juana refused to sanction anything without consulting first with her parents. Thus, it was important that Juana, along with her husband and children, return home to prepare for eventual ascension to power. After many delays, the young couple left for Spain in 1501, journeying overland through France. His Flemish possessions made Philip a nominal vassal of the French monarch, and, to cement an alliance with France, he negotiated the marriage of their son Charles (V) to Louis XII's daughter, Renée of France . Juana refused to pay obeisance to her parents' French foe, however, and dismayed her husband and the French court with her air of independence. Lingering overlong, they traversed the Pyrenees in winter, and in early 1502 Juana was again in her homeland, following an absence of seven years. In Toledo, her parents convoked the cortes, an assembly representing the towns and nobility of Castile, which recognized Juana as Isabella's successor and Philip as her consort. A few months later, on August 4, 1502, she received the oath of the Aragonese cortes in Saragossa. Thereupon, Philip determined to return to Flanders, despite Juana's "tenacious resistance" to his departure. Pregnant with her son Ferdinand (I), who was born two months later, Juana felt intensely Philip's lack of love. She tried to join him, but her mother refused to let her leave Spain. In response, the princess resorted to a tactic she had employed in Flanders against Philip's abuse: passive resistance. She refused to eat or sleep, and soon doctors began to worry about her health. In Flanders, Philip was anxious to wrest Juana from Isabella and Ferdinand's control. Using emotional blackmail, he had young Charles write a plaintive letter asking her to return home. Visited by her mother at La Mota castle in Medina del Campo, Juana berated Isabella, who later confided that her outburst "was in no way proper to her station." Although Isabella worried about her daughter's mental stability, the queen's chief concern was political: would xenophobic Castile allow Juana to wear the crown should she return to Flanders and try to rule from there? Yet Juana's melancholy was so intense that Isabella finally relented and in 1504 allowed the princess to join Philip. Their separation had done nothing to make Philip more attentive or Juana less jealous. Her public rages scandalized Flanders. Philip openly berated and even struck her. In a desperate attempt to win his affection, she lavished care on her toilette, assisted by Moorish slaves. But the more extreme her emotions, the more disgusted Philip became. He finally locked her in her apartments. Historians have ascribed her affliction to "erotic obsession," echoing her contemporaries who concluded: "She only sees in the archduke the man and not the husband and governor." In reality, she suffered from manic depression. Despite Philip's callous neglect, he needed Juana as his only claim to power south of the Pyrenees. A few months after she reached Flanders, on November 26, 1504, her mother Isabella died, making Juana and Philip monarchs of Castile. The great queen's will clearly stated that Juana was to exercise power and Philip was merely to act as her consort unless she proved unfit to rule. In that case, Ferdinand should govern as regent until young Charles was old enough to reign. Isabella had no intention of turning her kingdom over to the foreigner Philip. Thus, Juana was Philip's key to power in Castile, if he could dominate her completely. But he could not put her aside as incompetent because that would give power to Ferdinand as regent. More dangerous to Juana's claim was the attitude of her father Ferdinand, who was, according to historian Townsend Miller, "quite as greedy and unprincipled as his son-in-law." As king of Aragon, Ferdinand had no right to rule Castile, and in fact many Castilian nobles hated him. But he needed the military might of Castile to back his forays into Italy. Thus, he could not permit his daughter to rule, out of fear that her francophile husband would thwart Aragon's Italian policies. Betraying Juana at the cortes of Toro, Ferdinand announced that he would rule as regent because of his daughter's "illness and passion." For political motives, he had declared her incompetent. Meanwhile, recognizing the threat Ferdinand posed, Philip became more attentive to Juana. In early 1506, Philip and Juana departed for Castile, where they hoped the anti-Ferdinand aristocrats would enable her to take the throne. A storm beset the fleet on the voyage home and forced Juana's ship to put in at Weymouth, where they were received by Henry VII. Juana briefly met her widowed sister Catherine of Aragon , soon to be forced into her tragic marriage with the future Henry VIII. In Spain, Ferdinand married Germaine de Foix in the futile hope of begetting an heir rather than leaving Aragon to Philip and Juana. Departing England, they proceeded on to Castile, making landfall at La Coruña on April 26, 1506. Powerful nobles rallied to their cause, chiefly out of enmity for Ferdinand. In June, Ferdinand and Philip met secretly at Villafáfila without consulting Juana. Her father agreed to surrender Castile to them, in exchange for certain monetary concessions, but the two men also declared the queen unfit to rule. Ferdinand thus acknowledged Philip's right to rule, although it remained to be seen if Castile would submit to the foreigner. Though Philip intended to imprison her in a castle and rule in her name, visitors to Juana found her responsive and lucid. Philip needed to prepare carefully before casting her aside. He never had the chance. In Burgos, he fell ill (probably of a fever, although some claimed poison). Juana set aside her anger at him and assiduously nursed him for six days to no avail. When he died on September 25, 1506, she shed no tears but "fell as though petrified. She passed days and nights there, disconcerted, melancholy, and defenseless." Chroniclers later reported that she constantly had his coffin reopened to gaze on Philip's decaying remains. But such stories of necrophilia are greatly exaggerated and reflect the political need of Ferdinand and later of Charles to discredit her. Juana made hesitating attempts to rule Castile, revoking concessions Philip had made to win aristocratic support and expelling his Flemish courtiers from positions of power. But she had no court or financial resources nor any real ambition to reign. Ferdinand returned, and father and daughter met on August 29, 1507, in Tórtales, where she turned the government over to him. He brutally suppressed the dissident nobles, who called for a rising in Juana's name. To protect his hold on Castile, he sequestered her in Tordesillas castle in 1509. She rebelled by raging against her jailer, Luis Ferrer, or by refusing to eat or sleep. Manic depression afflicted her more frequently, and as months and years passed, she paid less attention to hygiene and clothing. Imprisoned with Juana was her youngest child Catherine , upon whom the queen lavished affection. In seven years, her father visited Juana only twice. Then, on January 23, 1516, Ferdinand died, and the populace of Tordesillas rebelled against Ferrer's treatment of the queen. In Flanders, Charles claimed the throne, but Castilian authorities informed him that as long as Juana was alive, she was the monarch. When he arrived in Spain in September 1517 and went to Tordesillas, he had not seen his mother for 12 years. Out of compassion for Catherine, he secretly had the 11-year-old taken from her mother. But the queen rebelled, refusing to eat, drink or sleep, and Charles finally returned Catherine. He also improved his mother's physical conditions, but his grasp on power was too precarious to allow him to free her. Instead, he secluded her even more, even preventing her from going to mass at the convent of Santa Clara where Philip's remains were. She resorted to passive resistance again, including a refusal to attend mass which led to accusations of heresy. Her warden, Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas, marquis of Denia, even tried to isolate her servants from the outside world. On Charles' orders, no one told her Ferdinand had died, and they blamed him for her imprisonment. The marquis warned Charles: "It cannot be permitted that she speak with anybody because she would convince anyone." In other words, she suffered isolation because of the political threat she represented rather than disabling mental illness. Juana had one last chance to escape her prison. In 1519, Charles was elected Holy Roman emperor and the following year departed for Central Europe. Tired of being ruled by a Flemish king, Castile erupted in the Comunero Revolt. The rebels besieged Tordesillas and freed Juana. Despite their appeals, however, she refused to sign decrees legitimizing the rebels. Instead, she told them: "Don't try to make me quarrel with my son, for I have nothing that is not his." She enjoyed eight months of relative freedom and showed a renewed interest in the outside world. But when Charles succeeded in defeating the rebels, he isolated her once again, with the detested marquis of Denia as her jailer. In 1525, Charles returned to Tordesillas and took her remaining jewels, to which she retorted: "It's not enough that I let you reign but you sack my house." Worse still for Juana, he took Catherine away from her, to marry the girl to the king of Portugal. As her daughter left, Juana reportedly watched stone-like and tearless from a window. She remained there motionless for two nights. For the next 30 years, Juana's isolation shrouded the horrible mystery of her life. In such bleak conditions, her obsessive behavior and depression intensified, yet no one cared. Matters of state dictated that she remain imprisoned even though she had never shown interest in wielding power. When death approached, her grandson Philip wanted her to convert to Catholic orthodoxy. He sent Jesuit Francisco de Borja to minister to the queen, but she remained largely indifferent to religion. In February 1555, she suffered burns from a hot bath. These developed into gangrene which claimed her life on Good Friday, April 12, 1555. Catherine (1507–1578) Queen of Portugal. Name variations: Catalina; Katherine; Katherina Habsburg. Born on January 14, 1507, in Torquemada; died on February 12, 1578 (some sources cite 1577), in Lisbon; daughter of Philip I the Fair also known as Philip the Handsome, king of Castile and Leon (r. 1506), and Juana la Loca (1479–1555); sister of Eleanor of Portugal (1498–1558), Mary of Hungary (1505–1558), Charles V, Holy Roman emperor (r. 1519–1558), Ferdinand I, Holy Roman emperor (r. 1558–1564), and Elisabeth of Habsburg (1501–1526); married Joao also known as John III (b. 1502), king of Portugal (r. 1521–1557), in 1525; children: Alfonso (1526–1526); Mary of Portugal (1527–1545, first wife of Philip II of Spain); Isabella (1529–1530); Manuel (1531–1537); Filippe (1533–1539); Diniz (1535–1539); John of Portugal (1537–1554, who married Joanna of Austria [1535–1573]); Antonio (1539–1540); Isabella (1529–1530); Beatriz (1530–1530). Queen Juana's life was a tragedy provoked by mental illness and others' greed for political power. Abusive treatment undoubtedly heightened her manic depression. Yet her illness probably would not have disqualified her from governing had she been a man. After all, Philip V suffered long and severe bouts of depression yet remained king of Spain for nearly half of the 18th century. On the other hand, Juana's father, husband, and son all brutally sacrificed her to their own ambition, despite the fact that Juana showed little inclination to reign. sources: Altayó, Isabel, and Paloma Nogués. Juana I: La reina cautiva. Madrid: Silex, 1985. Dennis, Amarie. Seek the Darkness: The Story of Juana la Loca. Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1956. Liss, Peggy K. Isabel the Queen: Life and Times. NY: Oxford University Press, 1992. Mattingly, Garrett. Catherine of Aragon. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1941. Miller, Townsend. The Castles and the Crown; Spain: 1451–1555. NY: Coward-McCann, 1963. suggested reading: Pfandal, Ludwig. Juana la Loca. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, S. A., 1969. Prawdin, Michael. The Mad Queen of Spain. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1939.
22709	yago	1	26	https://gw.geneanet.org/comrade28%3Flang%3Den%26n%3Denriquez%26p%3Djuana	en	Navigation inhabituelle	https://geneacdn.net/pub…/img_generic.jpg	https://geneacdn.net/pub…/img_generic.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Leader de la généalogie en France et en Europe : publiez votre arbre généalogique et recherchez vos ancêtres dans la première base de données généalogique.	fr	https://geneacdn.net/favicon.ico	Geneanet	https://gw.geneanet.org/bots/firewall?cause=suspicious_ip	Il semblerait que vous ayez désactivé Javascript Vous avez désactivé Javascript : son utilisation est indispensable au fonctionnement de nombreux sites, dont Geneanet. Si vous voulez pouvoir utiliser normalement le site, merci de vouloir réactiver Javascript dans les options de votre navigateur.
22709	yago	2	73	https://prezi.com/ilwuy72eyrb6/ferdinand-and-isabella-of-spain/	en	Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain	https://0901.static.prez…r3dnitcq_3_0.png	https://0901.static.prez…r3dnitcq_3_0.png	[ "https://assets.prezicdn.net/assets-versioned/prezipage-versioned/5184-868acf0/common/img/icons/Close.svg", "https://assets.prezicdn.net/assets-versioned/prezipage-versioned/5184-868acf0/common/img/footers/facebook-icon.svg", "https://assets.prezicdn.net/assets-versioned/prezipage-versioned/5184-868acf0/common/img/footers/twitter-icon.svg", "https://assets.prezicdn.net/assets-versioned/prezipage-versioned/5184-868acf0/common/img/footers/linkedin-icon.svg", "https://assets.prezicdn.net/assets-versioned/prezipage-versioned/5184-868acf0/common/img/footers/facebook-icon.svg", "https://assets.prezicdn.net/assets-versioned/prezipage-versioned/5184-868acf0/common/img/footers/twitter-icon.svg", "https://assets.prezicdn.net/assets-versioned/prezipage-versioned/5184-868acf0/common/img/footers/linkedin-icon.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Biological info Ferdinand II was named king of Sicily in 1468. In 1469 he married princess Isabella of Castile. 1475-1479 he struggled to take a firm seat in Castile. 1482-1492 was frantic for him. In the spring he directed the campaign against the kingdom of Grenada, winning its	en	https://assets.prezicdn.net/assets-versioned/prezipage-versioned/5184-868acf0/common/img/favicon.ico?v=2	prezi.com	https://prezi.com/ilwuy72eyrb6/ferdinand-and-isabella-of-spain/
22709	yago	0	85	https://www.tudorsociety.com/19-october-an-important-european-marriage/	en	An important European marriage	https://www.tudorsociety…October-2020.jpg	https://www.tudorsociety…October-2020.jpg	[ "https://www.tudorsociety.com/wp-content/themes/tudorsociety/img/tudor_society_logo.png", "https://www.tudorsociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/20-October-2020-205x155.jpg", "https://www.tudorsociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/18-October-205x155.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Claire Ridgway" ]	2020-10-19T07:47:58+01:00	On this day in history, 19th October 1469, an event took place in Spain that was not only important in Spanish history, but which had an impact on Europe and which has links with the Tudors. The event was the marriage of an eighteen-year-old woman called Isabella and a seventeen-year-old man called Ferdinand. They'd become the famous Reyes Catolicos, the Catholic monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, and would bring together two powerful kingdoms, which comprised most of what is modern-day Spain. In today's talk, I tell you more about this powerful couple, their reigns and their legacy.	en	/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png	The Tudor Society	https://www.tudorsociety.com/19-october-an-important-european-marriage/	On this day in history, 19th October 1469, an event took place in Spain that was not only important in Spanish history, but which had an impact on Europe and which has links with the Tudors. The event was the marriage of an eighteen-year-old woman called Isabella and a seventeen-year-old man called Ferdinand. They'd become the famous Reyes Catolicos, the Catholic monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, and would bring together two powerful kingdoms, which comprised most of what is modern-day Spain. In today's talk, I tell you more about this powerful couple, their reigns and their legacy. Also on this day in Tudor history, 19th October 1536, the Pilgrimage of Grace Rebellion in the north of England was well underway, and King Henry VIII had come to the decision that tough action was needed to put it down. The action he ordered wasn’t just tough, it was downright brutal, and you can find out more about it in last year’s video: Also on this day in history: 1512 – Reformer Martin Luther was awarded his Doctorate of Theology from the University of Wittenberg. 1592 – Death of Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu, courtier and member of Parliament, at his manor of West Horsley, Surrey, He was buried at Midhurst. Montagu served Mary I as an ambassador and Privy Councillor, and Elizabeth I as Lord Lieutenant of Sussex. Transcript: On this day in history, an event took place in Spain that was not only important in Spanish history, but which had an impact on Europe and which has links with the Tudors. For, on 19th October 1469, in the Palacio de los Vivero in Valladolid, in what is now Castile and Leon, in Spain, a couple who would become the famous Reyes Catolicos, the Catholic monarchs, got married. The bride was eighteen-year-old Isabella, daughter of John II of Castile and Isabella of Portugal, and the groom was seventeen-year-old Ferdinand, son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez. The couple were second cousins, both being descended from John I of Castile. Isabella wasn’t supposed to marry Ferdinand. Her half-brother, Henry IV of Castile, had negotiated several matches for her even after he had named her heir presumptive and promised that he wouldn’t force her to marry against her wishes. Most recently, in 1468, Henry had been arranging a match between Isabella and his brother-in-law Alfonso V of Portugal and then Charles, Duke of Berry, brother of King Louis XI of France. Isabella was against the idea, preferring Ferdinand, to whom she’d been betrothed when she was just six years old. Isabella corresponded with John II of Aragon and secretly promised to marry Ferdinand. Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia, the future Pope Alexander VI, helped the couple to obtain a dispensation from the Pope to cover the fact that they were related within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity, and then Isabella left court, pretending that she was going to visit her brother’s tomb in Ávila. Instead, she met up with Ferdinand, who had disguised himself as a servant. They married on this day in 1469. Isabella became Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1474, following the death of her half-brother, and Ferdinand became King Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1479, following his father’s death. Their marriage was an important one, for it united the powerful kingdoms of Aragon and Castile, a vast territory which comprised most of what is modern-day Spain. They didn’t have things easy though. Isabella had to deal with plots against her and war over the succession, but she remained queen and reigned until her death in November 1504. Ferdinand remarried in 1506, taking Germaine de Foix, niece of King Louis XII of France, as his wife. He died in January 1516.
22709	yago	3	48	https://www.creativehistorian.co.uk/blog/read_198145/desperately-seeking-sons-manuel-isabella-maria-and-eleanor.html	en	Desperately Seeking Sons: Manuel, Isabella, Maria and Eleanor	http://www.creativehistorian.co.ukhttps://sites.create-cdn.net/siteimages/35/4/2/354289/19/3/2/19328121/300x384.jpg?1620072282	http://www.creativehistorian.co.ukhttps://sites.create-cdn.net/siteimages/35/4/2/354289/19/3/2/19328121/300x384.jpg?1620072282	[ "https://sites.create-cdn.net/siteimages/35/4/2/354289/19/3/2/19328121/300x384.jpg?1620072282", "https://sites.create-cdn.net/siteimages/35/4/2/354289/19/3/2/19328124/300x368.jpg?1620072437", "https://assetsbeta.create-cdn.net/_assets/livesites/component/card-logos/mastercard.svg", "https://assetsbeta.create-cdn.net/_assets/livesites/component/card-logos/maestro.svg", "https://assetsbeta.create-cdn.net/_assets/livesites/component/card-logos/visa.svg", "https://assetsbeta.create-cdn.net/_assets/livesites/component/card-logos/visaelectron.svg", "https://assetsbeta.create-cdn.net/_assets/livesites/component/card-logos/paypal.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Desperately Seeking Sons", "King Manuel I of Portugal", "Isabella of Aragon", "Queen of Portugal", "Maria of Aragon", "Eleanor of Austria", "Queen of France", "Portuguese history", "" ]	null	[]	2021-05-04T07:00:00	King Henry VIII might have claimed that Catherine of Aragon marrying two brothers was wrong, but no one batted an eye at Manuel I of Portugal marrying sisters, or their niece.		https://sites.create-cdn.net/sitefiles/35/4/2/354289/favicon.ico?05876b11274d8e88c00c73620b5ce199	The Creative Historian	https://www.creativehistorian.co.uk/blog/read_198145/desperately-seeking-sons-manuel-isabella-maria-and-eleanor.html	King Manuel I of Portugal is known as “Manuel the Fortunate” because he wasn't supposed to become King. He was the youngest of his parents nine children and the last of their six sons, but illness and murder conspired to leave him as the sole heir to both his parents lands and the family's claim to the Portuguese throne. Although he was a bachelor when he came to the Portuguese throne, Manuel ultimately married three times. His first two wives were sisters and his third wife was their niece. Although none of his predecessors had married sisters, local politics meant that many Queen Consorts of Portugal were from Castile or Aragon, interspersed with Portuguese noblewomen and one English noblewoman, and Manuel was simply following this convention. Isabella of Aragon Isabella was the eldest sister of England's Queen, Catherine of Aragon. For the first seven years of her life young Isabella, who was born in October 1470, was the heir to the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. Although Castile had a history of accepting Queens Regnant, Aragon didn't. Despite this both countries were relieved when her brother Juan was born in June 1478. He was followed by Juana in 1479, Maria in 1482, and Catalina (Catherine) in 1485. With only one son there was always a chance that Isabella might yet becoming Queen of Castile or Aragon, or both. Isabella's mother, Queen Isabella of Castile, had had to fight Portugal for her throne. In the resulting peace treaty the young Princess was required to live in Portugal, effectively as a royal hostage. The same treaty agreed that Isabella would marry the heir to the Portugese throne, Prince Afonso. Her three years in Portugal included a period living with the young Prince and his grandmother. Afonso was five years younger than Isabella so the pair wouldn't have much in common, but the experience did make Isabella familiar with both the language and the Portuguese court. The marriage was finally realised in 1490 with a proxy wedding in the spring and then in-person in November that same year. Isabella was 20 years old and Afonso was 15. It quickly proved to be an excellent match. Isabella fell in love with Afonso, and his family loved her. The scene was set for a popular and happy future. But sadly the marriage didn't even last a year. Afonso died on 13th July 1491, reportedly after being thrown from and trampled by his own horse. Isabella returned to her parent's court a widow and swore that she wished to join a convent and take a vow of perpetual chastity. She had loved her young husband and had no wish to be married to anyone else. Prince Afonso had been the only surviving legitimate male heir of King John II and his death led to a brief succession crisis. At first John tried to arrange for his illegitimate son to be acknowledge as heir but when this failed he turned to his closest male relative, Duke Manuel of Beja and Viseu. When King John died in 1495 Manuel was unmarried and now King and thus a very eligible bachelor. But Manuel didn't just want anyone as his wife. Having met her at the Portugese court when she was Afonso's wife, Manuel was keen to have Isabella as his Queen and after some persuasion from her parents (who made Manuel swear to persecute his Jewish population in return for their support) Isabella finally consented. Her second marriage took place in September 1497. But it was marred by a second tragedy. As she and her family moved towards the Castilian-Portugese border for her wedding her only brother Juan fell sick and died. As a result Isabella was now Queen of Portugal and prospective Queen of Castile and possibly even Aragon. Isabella and Manuel left Portugal for Castile, where Isabella's mother arranged for her courtiers to swear allegience to the pair as her heirs. They then moved on to Aragon, where Isabella gave birth to a baby boy on 23rd August 1498, who was named Miguel. But Isabella, whose health may have been poor for some time, died shortly after he was born. Manuel now had his required heir, but he was a widower and needed a new Queen. Maria of Aragon Born in June 1482, Maria was reportedly the survivor of a set of twins (although sources differ over whether her sibling was male or female). Like her sisters her parents were keen to arrange a good match for her, but unlike her sisters there didn't seem to be a “stand out” candidate for her hand. Isabella was betrothed to Afonso at an early age, Juana's marriage was arranged as a joint match with the Duchy of Burgundy (Juana married Philip “the Handsome” and her brother Juan married Philip's sister Margaret), and Catalina was the favoured candidate for England from the age of three. Maria was proposed as a potential wife for the King of Scotland, but instead the King married the English princess Margaret Tudor. Nothing was set in stone for her when her sister Isabella died, and suddenly there was a neighbouring King in need of a wife. Manuel and Maria had met when he and Isabella had visited Castile and Aragon so they knew each other, and while Maria didn't have the same familiarity with the Portugese court as her sister she was still a well educated Princess. Maria and Manuel were married in October 1500. The wedding may have had a certain urgency as little Miguel had died the previous month so Manuel was now heirless. But that problem was soon forgotten about. In June 1502 Maria gave birth to a boy named John. This was the start of fourteen years of pregnancies and births, giving Manuel a total of ten children, of whom eight survived infancy. As Queen, Maria appears to have been focused on her family. She had received an excellent education and ensured that her children were also well taught. She was deeply pious and supported religious initiatives such as religious houses, and her husband's plan to conquer the Muslim world, regain control of Jerusalem, and destroy Islam's two holiest sites – Mecca and Medina. Maria's fertility was great for the Portugese nursery, but terrible for her in the long run. Her health slowly got worse with each subsequent pregnancy until the birth of her last son Antonio in September 1516. Antonio died within hours of birth, and Maria struggled to recover in the following months. When she died in March 1517 she left Manuel with six sons and two daughters. Her death was probably caused by her pregnancies, she may have been suffering from pernicious anaemia or another deficiency. Manuel had her buried at the Jeronimos Monastery, where their tombs can still be found side by side. Eleanor of Austria Despite his overflowing nursery Manuel decided to marry again. Once more he looked to his neighbours for a wife, and eventually settled on Maria and Isabella's niece Eleanor of Austria. Eleanor was the first child born to Maria and Isabella's sister Juana by her husband Philip. Philip was the heir to both the Duchy of Burgundy and the Holy Roman Empire. Fifteen months after her birth she was joined by a brother, Charles. Over the following years more siblings arrived; Isabella, Ferdinand, Maria and Catalina were born between July 1501 and January 1507. However, Ferdinand and Catalina were primarily raised in Spain while Eleanor, Charles and Maria resided in the Netherlands. The early death of Philip in 1506 (Juana was pregnant with Catalina at the time) meant that Eleanor's future would be at the command of her younger brother. The pair were raised together with their sister Maria, under the care of their great-aunt Margaret (sister of England's King Edward IV) and then their aunt, also named Margaret (Philip's sister). From their early years they shared a schoolroom with the same tutors, lived in the same household, and travelled together when the court moved. But while they were close Charles would prove to be a man who did not let affection for his siblings get in the way of what he felt was best for the countries he ruled. As they grew up the question of marriages began to be raised, particularly for Eleanor since she was the eldest. From an early age there were plans to marry her to the young English prince, Henry Tudor. Since Eleanor's aunt Catherine had been married to Henry's brother Arthur there were questions over whether it was appropriate for her to marry Henry. Had the old King Henry VII lived a few years more the prince might have found himself being sent down the aisle with Eleanor at his side, but since he was single when he came to the throne he was able to choose himself. He chose Catherine, and Eleanor remained unattached. But there was no shortage of candidates for a young and well-connected princess. King Louis XII of France was elderly and in need of a son and on his death his cousin, who became King Francis I, was also thought of as possible groom. King Sigismund I of Poland remained unmarried until his mid-forties, while the Duke of Lorraine was a mere 9 years older than Eleanor and could be a useful ally for the Netherlands. But as the years went by and a husband failed to appear on the horizon Eleanor seems to have tried to take matters into her own hands. She fell in love with a member of her brother's court, Duke Frederick the Elector Palatine, and they ended up exchanging love letters. Eleanor appears to have been genuinely in love with Frederick, whether he was in love with her or cynically manipulating a young woman's crush is difficult to tell. Eleanor may have been building up to ask Charles for permission to marry Frederick, but before she could do so she appears to have been betrayed by one of her servants. Charles forced the couple to confess all the details before banishing Frederick from court. Their aunt Maria was already dead and it seems that Charles had already proposed Eleanor as her replacement, and no mere Elector Palatine was going to get in the way. When Charles left the Netherlands for Spain in 1517 Eleanor went with him. It took time for a marriage to be negotiated, and there seems to have been some question over whether Eleanor would be a better match for Manuel and Maria's eldest son John. But in July 1518 it was Manuel whom Eleanor was married to. She became stepmother to Maria's children, the eldest of whom was only four years younger than her. In February 1520 she gave birth to her first child, a boy named Charles. Sadly for Eleanor he died of illness in April 1521, and two months later she delivered a daughter named Maria. In December 1521 Manuel died suddenly after contracting the plague. His eldest son by Maria became King John III. Eleanor may have wanted to stay in Portugal with her baby daughter but Charles persuaded her to return to Spain with the promise that he would not force her to marry again. He named her as Regent of Castile in October 1523 when he left to fight in Navarre, but by this point had already broken his promise by arranging her betrothal to the Duke of Bourbon. The marriage to Bourbon never went ahead. Instead in 1526 Eleanor was betrothed to King Francis I of France. Three years later the peace agreed between Charles and Francis confirmed that the marriage would go ahead, and she married Francis in July 1530, while her coronation was held in May 1531. It was not a happy marriage. Francis was more interested in his latest mistress and his wife had very little influence or power. Once again she had become a stepmother and raised Francis' daughters Madeleine and Marguerite in her household. She and Francis had no children and it was rumoured that this was because Francis rarely went to bed with her, again preferring his mistress. While she had no obvious political power or influence over her husband, Eleanor did act as a go-between for France and her brother. She wrote to Charles with news from the French court and on at least one occasion gave him valuable insight into Francis' frame of mind (an insight which Charles ignored which ultimately led to him getting a less favourable treaty). Several times she was present at or actively engaged in peace negotiations between Francis and Charles. Francis died in March 1547, once again leaving Eleanor a widow. Again she returned to Charles' court, this time at their childhood home in the Netherlands. Charles abdicated as Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain in October 1555 and in August 1556 Eleanor and their sister Maria returned to Spain with Charles, where he entered a monastery. Eleanor and Maria lived nearby and frequently visited their brother. In 1558 Eleanor's daughter by Manuel, Maria, was given permission to visit her mother. The pair met at Badajoz near the border with Portugal, where Maria stayed for three weeks. They hadn't seen each other in 28 years and Maria was unmarried and the wealthiest woman in Portugal, almost as rich as the King. Despite Eleanor's pleas Maria refused to move to Castile permanently to live with her and ultimately returned to Portugal. As Eleanor returned home she fell ill and died on 25th February. Despite the number of sons Maria had provided Manuel, the early death of their grandson King Sebastian led to a succession crisis that saw Charles' son King Philip II of Spain add Portugal to his extensive holdings. Eventually the throne would be claimed by their great-great-grandson John, descendant of their sixth son Duarte. Eleanor and Manuel's daugher Maria never married.
22709	yago	2	53	https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/blog/the-fathers-in-law-of-king-henry-viii-part-1	en	The Father’s in Law of King Henry VIII of England, Part 1	http://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/ferdinandcatholic.jpg?1594976247	http://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/ferdinandcatholic.jpg?1594976247	[ "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/ferdinandcatholic.jpg?1594976247", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/thomas-boleyn_orig.jpg", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/john-seymour.jpg?1594976442", "https://cdn2.editmysite.com/images/old/bg_feed.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Genealogy UK", "Genealogy", "Genealogist", "Family History UK", "Professional Genealogist", "Family Tree Researcher", "Family History Research England", "Family History Researcher", "Ancestry Researcher", "Sarah Dobby", "Association of Professional Genealogists" ]	null	[]	null	A brief look at the lives of the first 3 father’s in law of King Henry VIII, the King of Aragon, the Earl of Ormond and the Groom of the Bedchamber.	en			http://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/3/post/2020/07/the-fathers-in-law-of-king-henry-viii-part-1.html	A while ago I looked at the lives of the Mother’s in Law of King Henry VIII. I thought it was about time I considered his Father’s in Law. King Ferdinand II of Aragon 1452-1516 Henry’s first Father in Law was King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the father of Catherine of Aragon. When Henry and Catherine married in 1509 Ferdinand was the King of Aragon, Majorca, Sardinia, Valencia, Sicily, Naples and Navarre. He was also Count of Barcelona. Whilst his wife Queen Isabella of Castile was alive he was King of Castile as well. Ferdinand was born in Aragon on the 10th March 1452. He was the son of King John II of Aragaon and his wife Juana Enriquez. When he married Infanta Isabella of Castile the heir to the throne of Castile Ferdinand was only King of Sicily. Ferdinand is probably best known as being one of the monarchs to introduce the Spanish Inquisition of Spain. It was used to expel the non-Catholic people from Spain or force them to convert to Catholicism. After Isabella’s death in 1504 Ferdinand continued to have a role in Castille when his daughter inherited the throne. Due to her metal state after her husband’s death Ferdinand acted as regent for his grandson the future King Charles I of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor. The King remarried after Isabella died. He married the 18 year old niece of King Louis XII of France in an attempt to a male heir to inherit the throne of Aragon. Ferdinand was 54 and the marriage did produce a son but he died young, thus the throne of Aragon went to his daughter Joanna I. Ferdinand died in 1516 in Spain and was buried in the Royal Chapel of Granada alongside his first wife Isabella of Castile. Through his children he was the father in law of the King of Portugal through his daughters Isabella and Maria who both married King Emanuel I of Portugal and King Henry I of Portugal through his daughter Maria as well as Henry VII. Possibly Thomas Boleyn c1477-1539 Henry’s second father in law was Thomas Boleyn the father of Anne Boleyn. Thomas was born around 1477 in Norfolk to Sir William Boleyn a wealthy merchant and his wife Lady Margaret Butler. He married Lady Elizabeth Howard around 1499. She was the daughter of Thomas Howard the 2nd Duke of Norfolk. The couple had 3 surviving children in Mary, Anne and George. As Anne’s favour grew at court so did Thomas. He was an envoy and ambassador for the King in Europe. He was made Viscount Rochford by the King and later Henry interceded on his behalf in a dispute over the titles of the Earldoms of Ormond and Wiltshire which both were granted to Thomas. Thomas was made a Knight of the Garter and was Lord Privy Seal (he was responsible for looking after the Kings personal seal). As Anne and George fell from favour so too did Thomas. After the execution of his children which Thomas accepted without fighting Thomas lost his positions and titles. He died at his home Hever Castle in Kent in 1539. He was survived by his wife and daughter Mary Stafford. Sir John Seymour c1474-1536
22709	yago	1	5	https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/wi-no-ferdinand-of-aragon.204210/	en	WI: No Ferdinand of Aragon			[ "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/styles/default/xenforo/xenforo-logo.png", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/9/9487.jpg?1522139313", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/1/1414.jpg?1463481028", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/1/1581.jpg?1513948025" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "kasumigenx" ]	2011-07-23T04:43:28+00:00	Say that Juana Enriquez dies in childbirth and Ferdinand of Aragon dies or Juana Enriquez is not married to John II of Aragon which makes John II of Aragon...	en		alternatehistory.com	https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/wi-no-ferdinand-of-aragon.204210/	I am not an expert, but I think the next in line would have been: Henry, Duke of Segorbe, Count of Ampurias (1445-1522), the grandson of Ferdinand I through the Duke of Villena. Not necessarily. Yes, under Salic Law Henry should become king of Aragon. But the problem is that the Aragonese never really followed Salic Law, otherwise Henry should have become king of Aragon when Ferdinand II died. Instead, the king forced the nobility to accept his daugther Joanna and his grandson Charles as his heirs. So, assuming that Juana Enriquez is barren (kill her earlier wouldn't help, the king would only remarry again) then you have three options: a) the king makes his daugther Eleanor of Navarre his heir, and so Aragon and Navarre are united under the House of Foix; b) the nobles force the king to accept Salic Law and Henry, Duke of Segorbe, becomes king; c) Ferdinand I of Naples, bastard son of Alfonso V (eldest brother of John II) decides to raise a claim to Aragon. Also, don't forget that if Juana fails to give the king a son then his relationship with his eldest son, Charles of Vianna, might be completely changed. The odds of Charles dieing the way he did IOTL would be much smaller here. Not necessarily. Yes, under Salic Law Henry should become king of Aragon. But the problem is that the Aragonese never really followed Salic Law, otherwise Henry should have become king of Aragon when Ferdinand II died. Instead, the king forced the nobility to accept his daugther Joanna and his grandson Charles as his heirs. So, assuming that Juana Enriquez is barren (kill her earlier wouldn't help, the king would only remarry again) then you have three options: a) the king makes his daugther Eleanor of Navarre his heir, and so Aragon and Navarre are united under the House of Foix; b) the nobles force the king to accept Salic Law and Henry, Duke of Segorbe, becomes king; c) Ferdinand I of Naples, bastard son of Alfonso V (eldest brother of John II) decides to raise a claim to Aragon. Also, don't forget that if Juana fails to give the king a son then his relationship with his eldest son, Charles of Vianna, might be completely changed. The odds of Charles dieing the way he did IOTL would be much smaller here. If we assume that JOhn makes his decision between 68 (birth of Catharine of Foix) and 83 (Francis of Foix's death and Catharine's subsequent marriage) then he may marry Catharine off to the then single Henry of Segorbe despite the 20 year age-gap thus merging the 2 strongest claims but also reducing the likelihood of introducing Salic Law.
22709	yago	2	45	https://jwsmrscott.weebly.com/tudors/ferdinand-of-aragon	en	Ferdinand of Aragon	http://jwsmrscott.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/8/3/22837604/5112780_orig.jpg	http://jwsmrscott.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/8/3/22837604/5112780_orig.jpg	[ "https://jwsmrscott.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/8/3/22837604/5112780_orig.jpg", "https://cdn2.editmysite.com/images/old/bg_feed.gif", "https://cdn2.editmysite.com/images/site/footer/footer-toast-published-image-1.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Childhood Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on the 10th of March 1452 in Aragon. He was the son of John II and Juana Enriquez. His father took charge of his education to make sure young Ferdinand...	en		Mr Scott's Online Classroom	http://jwsmrscott.weebly.com/6/post/2014/09/ferdinand-of-aragon.html	Childhood Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on the 10th of March 1452 in Aragon. He was the son of John II and Juana Enriquez. His father took charge of his education to make sure young Ferdinand learnt as much as possible from real life experiences. Ferdinand loved the arts and vocal and instrumental music. Career Ferdinand was crowned king on the 15th of January 1475. He married the princess Isabella of Castile in Valladolid in October 1469. The court of Aragon wanted a return to Castile, and Isabella needed help to gain succession to the throne. The marriage initiated a dark and troubled life, in which Ferdinand fought on the Castilian and Aragonese fronts in order to impose his authority over the noble oligarchies, shifting his basis of support from one kingdom to the other according to the intensity of the danger. Isabella quickly gave him children. Ferdinand had seven in total. The were Joanna of Castile, Catherine of Aragon, Isabella of Aragon, John, Prince of Asturias, Maria of Aragon, Alonso de Aragon and John, Prince of Girona. The marriage began with almost continual separation. Ferdinand, often away in the Castilian towns or on journeys to Aragon, reproached his wife for the comfort of her life. Ferdinand divorced Isabella in 1504 and then married Germaine of Foix in 1505. Ferdinand then died on January 23, 1516, Madrigalejo, Spain. Importance in Henry’s reign Ferdinand was very influential in Henry’s life his pact with Henry VII which meant his daughter Catherine of Aragon would marry Henry’s older brother Arthur actually allowed Henry to marry Catherine in 1509. Ferdinand soon became a crucial ally of Henry in the future after Henry’s failed French campaigns between 1511 and 1514. Henry realised that he couldn’t match the power of the Spanish or French army so he would need to make allies with Spain in order to invade France. And throughout Henry’s reign this is what Ferdinand was a crucial ally. Sam Newby
22709	yago	1	10	https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/blog/the-fathers-in-law-of-king-henry-viii-part-1	en	The Father’s in Law of King Henry VIII of England, Part 1	http://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/ferdinandcatholic.jpg?1594976247	http://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/ferdinandcatholic.jpg?1594976247	[ "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/ferdinandcatholic.jpg?1594976247", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/thomas-boleyn_orig.jpg", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/john-seymour.jpg?1594976442", "https://cdn2.editmysite.com/images/old/bg_feed.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Genealogy UK", "Genealogy", "Genealogist", "Family History UK", "Professional Genealogist", "Family Tree Researcher", "Family History Research England", "Family History Researcher", "Ancestry Researcher", "Sarah Dobby", "Association of Professional Genealogists" ]	null	[]	null	A brief look at the lives of the first 3 father’s in law of King Henry VIII, the King of Aragon, the Earl of Ormond and the Groom of the Bedchamber.	en			http://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/3/post/2020/07/the-fathers-in-law-of-king-henry-viii-part-1.html	A while ago I looked at the lives of the Mother’s in Law of King Henry VIII. I thought it was about time I considered his Father’s in Law. King Ferdinand II of Aragon 1452-1516 Henry’s first Father in Law was King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the father of Catherine of Aragon. When Henry and Catherine married in 1509 Ferdinand was the King of Aragon, Majorca, Sardinia, Valencia, Sicily, Naples and Navarre. He was also Count of Barcelona. Whilst his wife Queen Isabella of Castile was alive he was King of Castile as well. Ferdinand was born in Aragon on the 10th March 1452. He was the son of King John II of Aragaon and his wife Juana Enriquez. When he married Infanta Isabella of Castile the heir to the throne of Castile Ferdinand was only King of Sicily. Ferdinand is probably best known as being one of the monarchs to introduce the Spanish Inquisition of Spain. It was used to expel the non-Catholic people from Spain or force them to convert to Catholicism. After Isabella’s death in 1504 Ferdinand continued to have a role in Castille when his daughter inherited the throne. Due to her metal state after her husband’s death Ferdinand acted as regent for his grandson the future King Charles I of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor. The King remarried after Isabella died. He married the 18 year old niece of King Louis XII of France in an attempt to a male heir to inherit the throne of Aragon. Ferdinand was 54 and the marriage did produce a son but he died young, thus the throne of Aragon went to his daughter Joanna I. Ferdinand died in 1516 in Spain and was buried in the Royal Chapel of Granada alongside his first wife Isabella of Castile. Through his children he was the father in law of the King of Portugal through his daughters Isabella and Maria who both married King Emanuel I of Portugal and King Henry I of Portugal through his daughter Maria as well as Henry VII. Possibly Thomas Boleyn c1477-1539 Henry’s second father in law was Thomas Boleyn the father of Anne Boleyn. Thomas was born around 1477 in Norfolk to Sir William Boleyn a wealthy merchant and his wife Lady Margaret Butler. He married Lady Elizabeth Howard around 1499. She was the daughter of Thomas Howard the 2nd Duke of Norfolk. The couple had 3 surviving children in Mary, Anne and George. As Anne’s favour grew at court so did Thomas. He was an envoy and ambassador for the King in Europe. He was made Viscount Rochford by the King and later Henry interceded on his behalf in a dispute over the titles of the Earldoms of Ormond and Wiltshire which both were granted to Thomas. Thomas was made a Knight of the Garter and was Lord Privy Seal (he was responsible for looking after the Kings personal seal). As Anne and George fell from favour so too did Thomas. After the execution of his children which Thomas accepted without fighting Thomas lost his positions and titles. He died at his home Hever Castle in Kent in 1539. He was survived by his wife and daughter Mary Stafford. Sir John Seymour c1474-1536
22709	yago	2	12	https://gw.geneanet.org/comrade28%3Flang%3Den%26n%3Denriquez%26p%3Djuana	en	Navigation inhabituelle	https://geneacdn.net/pub…/img_generic.jpg	https://geneacdn.net/pub…/img_generic.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Leader de la généalogie en France et en Europe : publiez votre arbre généalogique et recherchez vos ancêtres dans la première base de données généalogique.	fr	https://geneacdn.net/favicon.ico	Geneanet	https://gw.geneanet.org/bots/firewall?cause=suspicious_ip	Il semblerait que vous ayez désactivé Javascript Vous avez désactivé Javascript : son utilisation est indispensable au fonctionnement de nombreux sites, dont Geneanet. Si vous voulez pouvoir utiliser normalement le site, merci de vouloir réactiver Javascript dans les options de votre navigateur.
22709	yago	2	86	https://www.ourfamtree.org/descend.php/Alfonso-XI-The-Just-King-of-Castile/31214	en	Descendants of Alfonso XI 'The Just' King of Castile, 13 AUG 1311 - 26 MAR 1350; Outline Format	https://www.ourfamtree.o…mages/banner.jpg	https://www.ourfamtree.o…mages/banner.jpg	[ "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/logo.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/user/1/1/Capture.JPG", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/new.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/new.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/new.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/waiting_tr.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Descendants of Alfonso XI 'The Just' King of Castile, 13 AUG 1311 - 26 MAR 1350; Outline Format	en			https://www.ourfamtree.org/descend.php/Alfonso-XI-The-Just-King-of-Castile/31214
22709	yago	0	70	https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/ferdinandaragon.htm	en	Luminarium Encyclopedia: Ferdinand II of Aragon.			[ "https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.gif", "https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/ferdinand.jpg", "https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/ferdinandtit.gif", "https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/back.gif", "https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/back.gif", "https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/back.gif", "https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/back.gif", "https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/back.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "King Ferdinand", "Ferdinand and Isabella", "European History", "European Monarchy", "Renaissance", "Tudor", "monarchy", "Tudor", "Renaissance", "England", "Six wives of Henry VIII", "King Henry VIII", "Henry VIII", "Wars of the Roses" ]	null	[]	null	Biography of Ferdinand II of Aragon, Husband of Isabella of Castile, Father of Catherine of Aragon, Father-in-law to Henry VIII				null	FERDINAND V of Castile and Leon, and II of Aragon, was the son of John I of Aragon by his second marriage with Joanna Henriquez, of the family of the hereditary grand admirals of Castile, and was born at Sos in Aragon on the 16th of March 1452. Under the name of "the Catholic" and as the husband of Isabella, queen of Castile, he played a great part in Europe. His share in establishing the royal authority in all parts of Spain, in expelling the Moors from Granada, in the conquest of Navarre, in forwarding the voyages of Columbus, and in contending with France for the supremacy in Italy, is dealt with elsewhere. In personal character he had none of the attractive qualities of his wife. It may fairly be said of him that he was purely a politician. His marriage in 1469 to his cousin Isabella of Castile was dictated by the desire to unite his own claims to the crown, as the head of the younger branch of the same family, with hers, in case Henry IV should die childless. When the king died in 1474 he made an ungenerous attempt to procure his own proclamation as king without recognition of the rights of his wife. Isabella asserted her claims firmly, and at all times insisted on a voice in the government of Castile. But though Ferdinand had sought a selfish political advantage at his wife's expense, he was well aware of her ability and high character. Their married life was dignified and harmonious; for Ferdinand had no common vices, and their views in government were identical. The king cared for nothing but dominion and political power. His character explains the most ungracious acts of his life, such as his breach of his promises to Columbus, his distrust of Ximenez and of the Great Captain. He had given wide privileges to Columbus on the supposition that the discoverer would reach powerful kingdoms. When islands inhabited by feeble savages were discovered, Ferdinand appreciated the risk that they might become the seat of a power too strong to be controlled, and took measures to avert the danger. He feared that Ximinez and the Great Captain would become too independent, and watched them in the interest of the royal authority. Whether he ever boasted, as he is said to have boasted, that he had deceived Louis XII of France twelve times, is very doubtful; but it is certain that when Ferdinand made a treaty, or came to an understanding with any one, the contract was generally found to contain implied meanings favourable to himself which the other contracting party had not expected. The worst of his character was prominently shown after the death of Isabella in 1504. He endeavoured to lay hands on the regency of Castile in the name of his insane daughter Joanna, and without regard to the claims of her husband Philip of Habsburg. The hostility of the Castilian nobles, by whom he was disliked, baffled him for a time, but on Philip's early death he reasserted his authority. His second marriage with Germaine of Foix in 1505 was apparently contracted in the hope that by securing an heir male he might punish his Habsburg son-in-law. Aragon did not recognize the right of women to reign, and would have been detached together with Catalonia, Valencia and the Italian states if he had had a son. This was the only occasion on which Ferdinand allowed passion to obscure his political sense, and lead him into acts which tended to undo his work of national unification. As king of Aragon he abstained from inroads on the liberties of his subjects which might have provoked rebellion. A few acts of illegal violence are recorded of him — as when he invited a notorious demagogue of Saragossa to visit him in the palace, and caused the man to be executed without form of trial. Once when presiding over the Aragonese cortes he found himself sitting in a thorough draught and ordered the window to be shut, adding in a lower voice, "If it is not against the fueros." But his ill-will did not go beyond such sneers. He was too intent on building up a great state to complicate his difficulties by internal troubles. His arrangement of the convention of Guadalupe, which ended the fierce Agrarian conflicts of Catalonia, was wise and profitable to the country, though it was probably dictated mainly by a wish to weaken the landowners by taking away their feudal rights. Ferdinand died at Madrigalejo in Estremadura on the 23rd of February 1516.
22709	yago	2	69	https://wiki.kidzsearch.com/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon	en	Ferdinand II of Aragon Facts for Kids	https://upload.wikimedia…FerdinandIIA.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…FerdinandIIA.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/FerdinandIIA.jpg/220px-FerdinandIIA.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Foruak.jpg/160px-Foruak.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Columbian_Issue_1893-5c.jpg/160px-Columbian_Issue_1893-5c.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fernando_e_Isabel.jpg/154px-Fernando_e_Isabel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fernando_II_entre_dos_escudos_del_Se%C3%B1al_Real_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg/82px-Fernando_II_entre_dos_escudos_del_Se%C3%B1al_Real_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fernando_el_Cat%C3%B3lico_01.jpg/73px-Fernando_el_Cat%C3%B3lico_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Capilla_real_tombs.jpg/157px-Capilla_real_tombs.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ferdinand_of_Aragon.jpg/86px-Ferdinand_of_Aragon.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/FerdinandCatholic.jpg/79px-FerdinandCatholic.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs_%281474-1492%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs_%281474-1492%29.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Arms_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs_%281492-1504%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs_%281492-1504%29.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/FerdinandIsabellaSpain.jpg/220px-FerdinandIsabellaSpain.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Ferdinand II of Aragon facts. Ferdinand II the Catholic (	en	/w/favicon.ico		null	Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon by his second wife, the Aragonese noblewoman Juana Enriquez. He married Infanta Isabella, the sister by a different mother of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Ocaña. He became Ferdinand V of Castile when Isabella succeeded her brother as Queen of Castile in 1474. The two young monarchs had to begin with a civil war against Juana, princess of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), who claimed to be the daughter of Henry IV. They won. Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479. This meant the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union. For the first time since the 8th century this created a single political unit which came to be called Spain, although the various territories were not administered as a single unit until the 18th century. The first decades of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule were taken up with the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, the last Muslim bit of Al-Andalus. This was completed by 1492 and then the Jews were expelled from both Castile and Aragon. The royal couple sent Christopher Columbus on his expedition which discovered the New World. By the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, the extra-European world was split between the crowns of Portugal and Castile by a north-south line through the Atlantic Ocean. Ferdinand was busy in the last decades of his life with the so-called Italian Wars. He was fighting with the Kings of France for control of Italy. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Ferdinand's cousin, Alfonso II, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand's alliance with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I, expelled the French by 1496 and installed Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and his succession by his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII. Louis had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, and they agreed to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart, and over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba conquered Naples from the French, by 1504. Another less famous "conquest" took place in 1502, when Andreas Paleologus, de jure Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, left Ferdinand and Isabella as heirs to the empire, thus Ferdinand became de jure Roman Emperor. After Isabella's death, her kingdom went to her daughter Joanna. Ferdinand served as the her regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son Charles of Ghent only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom. In 1508, war resumed in Italy, this time against Venice. All the other powers on the peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the Holy League was formed, in which all the powers now joined together against France. In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against France. Earlier that year, Ferdinand had conquered the southern half of the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled by a French nobleman, and annexed it to Spain. At this point to reinforce his claim to the kingdom, Ferdinand remarried with the much younger Germaine of Foix (1490–1538), a granddaughter of Queen Leonor of Navarre. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later.
22709	yago	3	72	https://www.theexploresspodcast.com/episodes/2022/3/17/religion-with-catherine-of-aragon	en	Women in Tudor England: Religion with Catherine of Aragon — The Exploress	http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5af1745bf793926c5c8fa04e/5afe1dfa352f530714dcf11e/6232f22f940c925ace59b4a1/1647582198884/22.jpg?format=1500w	http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5af1745bf793926c5c8fa04e/5afe1dfa352f530714dcf11e/6232f22f940c925ace59b4a1/1647582198884/22.jpg?format=1500w	[ "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af1745bf793926c5c8fa04e/1600818351434-K2HNW93C9ERC93IDLMQC/Exploresses+White.png", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af1745bf793926c5c8fa04e/1600818351434-K2HNW93C9ERC93IDLMQC/Exploresses+White.png", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af1745bf793926c5c8fa04e/cd88914d-ca00-472e-ba8a-ac15b84871e0/GMIII_MCAG_1910_18-001.jpg", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af1745bf793926c5c8fa04e/f0fca096-c194-4ee2-9657-ef5e6959ac5f/Katherine-of-Aragon.jpg", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af1745bf793926c5c8fa04e/b5ea8653-d590-4db0-869a-b7f2b188a2d4/mw194913.jpg", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af1745bf793926c5c8fa04e/da9e42df-2de7-44ed-adc5-3b07599b2655/King-Henry-VIII.jpg", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af1745bf793926c5c8fa04e/2afce344-f0fb-4286-a359-8ad9aed592a8/BRM_BMAG_1885P2540-001.jpg", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af1745bf793926c5c8fa04e/5f2ff589-55e1-4a7a-96e6-a4ae0f9f988a/Thomas-Cromwell-Earl-of-Essex.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Kate J. Armstrong" ]	2022-03-17T00:00:00	In this second half of Season 3, we’re traveling back to Tudor England to spend some time with a few of its queens. Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr. Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived.  King Henry VI	en	https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af1745bf793926c5c8fa04e/1600818425122-Y8WL8TDRI410FI3RZJ44/favicon.ico?format=100w	The Exploress	https://www.theexploresspodcast.com/episodes/2022/3/17/religion-with-catherine-of-aragon	TRANSCRIPT this transcript won’t match the audio exactly, as I sometimes edit and change things in the booth. Please excuse typos, too: I’m only human. The Queen looks around the courtroom. It’s packed with powerful men: archbishops, lawyers, men of the law and of God. And her husband, her king, on his throne, all draped in cloth of gold. He is here in front of this court because he wants to divorce her. No, he wants to prove their marriage was never real at all. For twenty years, Catherine has played the game of queenship. She has been a good wife, and everything a successful consort is supposed to be. And yet she must endure her husband trying to prove that she is not the rightful queen – that her daughter, Mary, has no claim on England’s throne. But God is on her side, and Catherine will not be silent. The room hushes as she stands, the crimson velvet of her gown brushing the witnesses as she weaves across the floor. And when she reaches her husband’s throne, she goes down on her knees before him, not to pray, but to speak. Religion lives at the heart of Catherine of Aragon’s story, and at the very center of life for everyone in Tudor England. Let’s walk beside her, exploring the role religion plays in her reign, and in the day to day of the women all around her. Growing up Catholic in Spain Catherine is born on December 16, 1485. It’s said her mother, Isabella, had been riding all day, and chose to go back on the march shortly after giving birth to her youngest daughter. That’s how passionate she felt about her and her husband’s holy war. Catherine’s parents, Queen Isabella of Castille and King Ferdinand of Aragon, were one of Europe’s true power couples. When they got together, they reigned over a powerful and unified Spain. So much of their lives and rules were driven by religion. In fact, they were referred to as the Catholic Monarchs, and they earned that title through faith, conviction, and…well…some rather ruthless persecution. When Catherine was young, her kingdom was diverse, both ethnically and religiously, home to Jews, Muslims, and Christians. But her parents saw it as their duty to make theirs a strictly Catholic nation. Back in 1478, the Pope himself, Sixtus IV, issued a decree asking them to root out heresy, defined as deviation from Catholic doctrine. Isabella and Ferdinand were more than happy to oblige him. And so the Spanish Inquisition began. At first, the mission was to get people to convert to Catholicism. Of those, the Inquisition was meant to identify those who didn’t really mean it in their hearts. You would know when the Inquisition reached your town when an Edict of Grace was announced, giving you 40 days to come forward and confess your sins against God and Catholicism. Many people would, as the punishments if you confessed willingly were more lenient than if you waited for someone else to tell on you. Which happened frequently: these confessions were rife with anonymous accusations. Those found guilty were imprisoned, exiled, or made to wear a garment marking them as a sinner. Those who refused to convert or recant were sometimes burned at the stake. Yikes. Isabella and Ferdinand were righteous and passionate about the Inquisition: if they couldn’t get people to convert to what they say as the true religion, then they needed to pack their bags and leave ASAP. In 1492, they issued the Alhambra decree, which gave Jews four months to convert to Catholicism or leave the country. Later, they would do the same to those who practiced Islam. This would go on for hundreds of years, all in the name of God. Catalina grew up in this tense religious climate. She spent much of her childhood on the road with them as they worked to conquer the Moorish kingdom of Granada. In 1499, they settled in the Alhambra: the palace where the last Nasrid sultan once reigned. Catalina spends many of her formative years secluded with her siblings in this beautiful palace full of burbling fountains, arched hallways, and surrounded by Islamic artistry. With calligraphy carved into the walls said things like: “There is no victor but God.” This princess of Spain is extremely well educated. She learns the womanly arts, of course: sewing, dancing, weaving. But she also immerses herself in Christian Latin literature, history, philosophy, and even law. The tudor her mother picks out for her is a holy man, and it’s no surprise that she is taught to be a pious Catholic, making religious belief and practice a central part of her existence. In many places at this time, including England, all girls are taught that their chief duty is to be Godly. They must be a moral paragon so that the oft-sinning men around them are inspired into behaving more chastely, and she’s responsible for making sure her children follow the word of God. Catalina grows up hearing that piety was one of a woman’s most important qualities. As for learning what it meant to be a pious Catholic queen, she had a role model close at hand. Catalina grows up knowing she will be a queen herself, in England. From the age of three, she is engaged to English Prince Arthur Tudor. His father, Henry VII, was the first Tudor king, and with such a shaky claim on the throne, he wanted his son to marry into old royal blood and old dynastic money. Isabella and Ferdinand hoped that, in giving up their youngest daughter, the English king would help them in their fight against France. By the time Catherine sets sail for England in 1501, she is already married by proxy. Her husband, whom she has yet to set eyes on, has been writing her flowery letters for years, calling her things like “my dearest spouse.” And yet it must make her heart hurt to sail away from Spain and her family, who she knows she might never see again, for a land she doesn’t really know. The first thing Catherine of Aragon does when she reaches that land is go to church. She is welcomed by throngs of well-wishers eager to see the red-haired, pretty girl. When she rides into London, there are parades in her honor. Everyone is thrilled at the prospect of their handsome 15-old-year prince marrying this regal, 16-year-old infanta. So when she and Arthur finally enter St Paul’s Cathedral to be married, Catherine must feel a sense of destiny: of God’s guiding hand taking her toward her queenly fate. That night, at the wedding feast, she dances with her husband and laughs with his family. And then she and her husband are ceremonially put to bed. They are undressed by attendants, then sit together on the bed while an Archbishop and a bishop stand over them, blessing the bed and their union. And then the witnesses leave, the curtains close, and the teenaged couple are left alone together. The next morning Arthur swaggers out, saying to his buddy Sir Anthony Willoughby: “Willoughby, bring me a cup of ale, for I have been this night in the midst of Spain.” Cute, Arthur. But did they consummate their marriage that night? Did they EVER? It’s a question that we will be returning to shortly. Is She or Isn’t She On April 5, 1502, just five months after they get married, Prince Arthur sickens and, to everyone’s shock, dies. At just 16 years old, Catherine is now a widow. But instead of seeing her as a member of the family who should be protected, King Henry VII sees her as a bargaining chip. Her parents haven’t paid him the full dowry he was promised, but Ferdinand and Isabella want their daughter engaged to the next in line before more jewels leave their hands. Henry Tudor, then just 10 years old, already has a bit of a crush on his brother’s widow. Sure, Catherine’s a bit older than he is, but that isn’t SO big an issue. But religiously speaking, there is a problem with her marrying the spare: canon law forbids a woman from marrying her husband’s brother. But here’s the thing, Catherine says, and her lady’s maid vehemently backs her up on it: she and Arthur never actually consummated their marriage, and thus it wasn’t considered legally binding. Despite all of Arthur’s boastful claims, Catherine swears that they only lay in the same bed together: they never got physical. She swears on the sacrament to a papal legate that it never happened. Everyone wants to believe it’s true. In 1503, King Ferdinand puts his feelings about it in writing: “It is well known in England that the princess is still a virgin.” So they get the Pope to write a papal bull to give them permission. At the time it’s considered a formality, some red tape to be swiftly snipped through. Little does Catherine know how it will come to haunt her later. And so, in 1503, young Henry and Catherine are engaged. It is agreed that, once Henry turns 15, they will marry. Perfect! But King Henry VII is already having reservations. Is she really the most advantageous choice for England’s next queen? His doubts only grow louder in 1504, when Isabella dies, plunging Spain into chaos. But if he sends her back he will never gets his hands on that dowry. So he keeps her on the hook, all the while discreetly looking into other marriage prospects for Henry. Meanwhile, neither Ferdinand or Henry VII feels it is his duty to pay for Catherine’s upkeep. She writes pleading letters to both men to no avail. She spends six lonely, stressful years in discomfort and humiliation, having to sell her lands and jewels to pay her servants, doing the Tudor era equivalent of couch surfing between different royal households. Her servants are in rags, her own threadbare dresses growing inches too short for her. By 1508, she is so tired of it all that she asks to go back to Spain and become a nun. But then Henry VII dies in 1509, and it’s Henry VIII’s turn to rule. This series isn’t about Henry, really, so I will try to shove him offstage as often as possible, but let’s take this moment to read his dating profile. Hello, ladies. I’m Henry. Long of limb and blessed with a fine head of ginger hair, I cut quite a fine figure on the dance floor. I defy you to resist my finely-toned calves. I’m a passionate sportsman - hawking, jousting, hunting, etc. – but I also have a creative side. I’m an accomplished musician and, if you’re lucky, I might just write you a madrigal. My chivalry game is unparalleled. I’m likely to romance you right out of your kirtle before you know what’s hit you. Fair warning! This strapping 18-year-old king strides into Catherine’s apartments and makes her year by asking her to be his wife and queen. Catherine, 23, is relieved and related, but no one is at all surprised by Henry’s choice. He’s spent years admiring the beautiful Spanish princess, and the fact that his father tried to keep them apart probably only made winning her all the sweeter. Catherine would also help legitimize the Tudor dynasty. Henry VIII is the first of his line to inherit the throne through regular old succession rather than war, and having a wife from such a distinguished family isn’t going to hurt any. It seems that Catherine’s many prayers have been answered and she can start being the queen she was born and raised to be. But again, there is a religious problem here. It’s against God’s law to marry your brother’s widow. The Pope gives them permission, though, and they are married in a private ceremony. Catherine wears white satin and lets her long hair flow freely, emphasizing that she is going into this second marriage still a virgin. They are both coronated at Westminster Abbey two weeks later. June 24th, they process behind twenty-eight bishops from the Palace of Westminster to the Abbey for the coronation ceremony. In this era, religion plays a big part in a monarch’s coronation. It is, at its most basic level, god’s blessing of your right to rule. The English queen’s coronation also emphasizes her special relationship with God, encouraging her to cultivate virtue and spread the Christian faith. The most important role model for all women of this age is the Virgin Mary, the ultimate example of Christian chastity and motherhood. But she represents specific virtues for queens. Catherine has a special relationship with Mary, who, as Queen of Heaven, is the heavenly equivalent of earthly queens. That connection gives her a special kind of power, as mediator between her king and the people. If the king is seen as the head of a nation, the queen is seen as its heart. This public anointing and coronation empower Catherine as Henry’s partner in sacred monarchy. It deems their union legitimate in the eyes of the law and her rule under the eyes of God. And so, sceptre in hand and crown on her head, Catherine is queen at last. Let’s leave her sitting triumphant on her throne for a minute and talk about religion in Tudor England at this time. Holy Religion For the first couple of decades of the Tudor period, England is a staunchly Catholic nation. Religion lives at the very centre of life, and almost everyone believes in God. ELIZABETH: Yeah, I mean, God was everywhere. I mean, we're in an era is largely pre science. And so actually, the world looks miraculous to 16th century people in a way that we can understand more about, you know, natural processes. Natural Science is actually a lot of what happened is just inexplicable, and was clearly the work of God. And I think that's really the kind of the key point to take from religion in the period. In an age of superstition, where so little is understood about the world’s workings, life is hard, and people die all the time, religion is a way to make sense of things. It is a comfort and a framework by which to interact with the world. Its presence is felt in good times, at christenings and weddings, and in hard times. Churches, abbeys, and nunneries are in every town, feeding the poor and taking in the sick. English people’s religious convictions are deeply felt and deeply important to us in a way some in our era might not be able to fully appreciate. The Tudor year is structured around holy days and high holidays. They are even used to keep the time. Instead of saying “I’ll meet up with you on Tuesday” you are more likely to say, “I’ll meet up with you on St. Michael’s Day.” Plays with biblical themes are performed during festivals and religious relics or icons are paraded through the streets. Catholics believe in the spiritual power of material objects, things like consecrated bread and wine, holy water, saints’ bones, fragments of the cross, drops of Christ’s blood. And so Tudors often go on pilgrimages to see and pray to these objects. Many believe that being in the presence of them will bring you closer to God. Farmers regularly use panus Benedictus, the bread used during the transubstantiation, tossing it over crops to ensure they flourish. Women often turn to such relics in times of crisis. As we’ll talk about in a future episode, pregnancy in this period is dangerous. And so pregnant women, royal and otherwise, often ask to use a church’s holy girdle when the time to deliver comes. What is a girdle? I’m glad you asked. Let’s let E explain. ELIZABETH: A girdle is sort of underwear. So it's, you know, it's the Virgin Mary's underwear. And they were sort of clutch it, while they were in labor, to alleviate their labor pains and to hope, you know, for some sort of spiritual help. So, I mean, most women don't have access to the Virgin Mary's girdle. But there are other techniques that they use as there's the very sniff report from the late 16th century from for a priest about because the women of their town would run to the church and tie their shoelaces around, sort of the bell ropes and things. So you know, and that was to alleviate the pains and danger of childbirth. And it's because people are really scared, trying to come up with a way that they can take action to help themselves. The Catholic Church is a powerful institution. It owns of a quarter of the land in England and is richer than just about everyone, including the king himself. Separation of church and state? Hell no. In this age they’re hopelessly, thornily entwined. Monasteries and nunneries are the bedrock of every town. They supply spiritual guidance, of course, but for centuries they have supplied a whole lot more. They are where many people turn if they need medical treatment. They give alms to the poor, and they offer employment: a lot of farmers and craftsmen work directly for the local monastery, and sometimes women will earn money washing the monks’ clothes. And for women who can’t, or won’t, get married, nunneries offer them a socially prestigious alternative. We often get this image of nunneries as places wayward girls are sent against their will – and sure, sometimes – but they also present girls with opportunities they wouldn’t get otherwise. They are centers of learning, where women can practice art, read great literature, dabble in medicine, and of course practice philanthropy. They can discuss important spiritual matters without being told to sit down and zip their lips. Nunneries are safe places for women, and they’re mostly run by women. The prestigious role of abbess, the female head of a nunnery, is one of the only visible, official roles a woman will be given in the world of the church. Everybody is subject to church law and going to church is required. Priests are often dealing with people’s disputes relating to marriage, society’s moral code, and issues of legitimacy. Women, of course, are a big part of their local congregation. Field work (aka men’s work) is considered more important than household work, so women are often told to attend church more often than their husbands, or that they should continue praying and not return to work as soon as men did after mass. This reinforces the belief that women are more religious and pious than men are. Of course, the clergy find reasons to complain about their female parishioners: how some come to church too finely dressed, clearly hoping to attract and seduce the men. Women and men are usually separated during mass for that purpose. Though even in church, we see that how much money you have impacts your experience. A good seat in church gives you a good view and puts you closer to a holy object, which means that wealthy women usually reside in them; poorer women with less social clout usually stand in the back. Keep in mind, too, that the Bible is written in Latin, and the services are also in Latin. No one has their own English copy at home to leaf through and come to their own conclusions. The congregation relies on their priest to tell them the Word of God and interpret it. And of course, the church and its priests are setting the tone for social expectations for women. Images and paintings in church all tend to promote submission and modesty in women. Priests underscore this in confession and at mass, expounding on the idea that women’s primary identities are as wives and mothers. In other words, good Christian behavior is tied to gender roles and failure to conform is seen as not only unfortunate but sinful. But church is still a place for women to exercise their leadership skills. There are all-female parish guilds: groups that give women a place to socialize, talk about their shared experiences, and display their piety by assisting with fundraising and maintaining the parish. Imagine having a place to talk freely with your lady friends, away from the demands of father, husband, and house. Of course, some men are afraid of these all-women parish guilds, as they think this temporary release from their husbands’ control will lead to sin, mischief, and rebellion. I hope that at least SOME rebellion is involved. Women perform most of their local church’s domestic duties, washing decorative linens, sewing and repairing altar coverings, cleaning and refreshing God’s house. This is good for their souls, of course, but women are often paid for these services. None are allowed to become priests or archbishops – oh, no – but they have many important roles to play. The Catholic Queen In the early years of his marriage to Catherine, Henry VIII is a devoted Catholic. It’s said he attends up to six masses a day, and three on hunting days. Every night he goes to the queen’s chamber to hear the offices of vespers and compline. He even writes a pamphlet called A Defence of the Seven Sacraments against Martin Luther, speaking out against what he sees as the heretical claims of the German man that will later be called the founder of the Protestant movement. Within it, he writes about how when two people are joined in marriage, nothing should ever part them, and that England should “set forth the Pope’s authority to the uttermost.” All things he will regret putting into writing later. The Pope likes it so much that he gives Henry a new title, calling him the Defender of the Faith. Henry knows that the Catholic church has some bad apples, and sometimes abuses its power, but he also believes in it. If the church is threatened, then the monarchy is threatened. Right now, he has every reason to hold fast to his beliefs. Lutheranism concerns Catherine deeply, and this is something she and her husband bond over, turning them into a theological team. While Henry publishes his own tracts denouncing Luther’s ideas, Catherine enlists her Spanish confessor Alphonsus de Villa Sancta to write some treatises also, which he dedicates to the woman he referred to as “Defendress of the Faith.” She is noted, always, for her religious devotion. Erasmus describes her as “more pious than learned” – is that a backhanded compliment? – and “as religious and virtuous as words can express.” She spends huge chunks of her day at prayer, attending religious devotions and praying in her private chambers. But her belief isn’t just a private, personal matter. No, she’s a queen, so it’s public, too. Society expects their Queen to display a certain amount of devotion. All women are considered moral leaders in their households, so Catherine must be a moral example to the country at large. And she does it extraordinarily successfully. Historian Michelle Beer says that Catherine of Aragon makes herself a successful queen consort by being good at building “spiritual authority and moral capital.” She does this not just because she is as true believer, but because she understands the authority such acts give her and how they build her reputation with the people at large. Some of the ways she builds this moral capital is through almsgiving and donations. Charity is often associated with women because of their responsibility for hospitality. In his book of the time, The Education of a Christian Woman, Juan Luis Vives says that wives, as managers of the household, should give generously to the poor and make sure their servants were properly taken care of. But queens are expected to participate in charity on a whole other level. As Christine de Pizan says in his handbook called “Treasure of the city of ladies,” princesses should distribute largesse in many different circumstances ‘with great discretion and prudence.’ We think that Catherine is giving out between £160 and £190 a year, though that amount doesn’t include alms that come from Catherine’s own privy purse or ones given in her name by the king. And not just money: she’s also donating clothing, which we know is valuable. Her accounts show her ordering clothes of linen and russet, and some shoes, for nine poor women. In March 1520, she bought 96 yards of cloth to make gowns for 35 poor women. If a queen buys you such a valuable present, you aren’t likely to forget about it in a hurry. Almsgiving is an important mark of Catherine’s elite, queenly status, but it’s also a chance for her to interact with the people in a very particular way. The Royal Maundy is a prime example. “Maundy Thursday,” celebrated the day before Good Friday, has been around since the 14th century, celebrated by English royals by giving alms to poor men and women. It’s a huge event, witnessed by both court and commoner. Henry would go to the royal chapel, where he would hear mass, watches the altar scrubbed clean, and then perform the pedilavium, or the ritual washing of poor people’s feet. He gets down on his knees, albeit on a fancy cushion, and does an action meant to emulate the Last Supper, when Jesus washed the feet of his disciples. It’s great optics for Henry, aligning himself with Jesus, and it reminds people that his kingly status was given by God himself. Catherine performs the pedilavium, too, for the female poor, publicly placing her on equal spiritual footing with her husband. It reminds people that she, too, is an anointed consort. Plus, this washing of feet connects her with the common woman, too, which only cements their fond feelings toward her. Who knew that washing random feet could hold such potent public power? Henry knows it. That’s why, during their divorce crisis in 1534, he won’t let Catherine hold her Maundy while under house arrest. In 1535 she insists, and her jailor writes to the king for instruction, because this is way above his pay grade. Henry decides that Catherine can hold her Maundy only if she does it as a royal widow, not as a queen. If she defies him, Henry instructs, “she is to be told that she and all her officers and such as receive it will be guilty of high treason.” The Spanish ambassador at the time will write that Anne Boleyn, too, forbids any contact between Catherine and the poor because “the alms she has been accustomed to give have attracted the love of the people.” So we see that queenly Maundies must have significant symbolic power. Catherine doesn’t have an official position in the church, per se, but she is still involved in its workings and influences who gets money and when. She checks in with England’s clerics by going on lots of pilgrimages. These oft-lengthy journeys aren’t just casual road trips; they are a major undertaking. She is accompanied by an entourage and her substantial household as they travel between holy sites, touching religious relics, greeting monks, and paying their respects to local churchmen. They stay with local nobility as they go, making valuable connections. Though Catherine herself probably wouldn’t call these networking opportunities, that’s in part what they are. She supports members of the church, and so they continue to support and champion her. These trips endear her to her people, too; it allows them to see her and feel like they know her. They build her public image and serve as a prime piece of great PR. They make it so it doesn’t matter that she’s Spanish: they consider her one of them. As an English ambassador, Sir John Wallop, will write later, “[The] Queen was beloved as if she had been of the blood royal of England.” Religion also lets Catherine do something no other woman in England would dare to: publicly intercede when her husband is too harsh. Queenly intercession is a public act pulled by many queens throughout Europe; the king is law, but the queen is mercy, and thus she can ask for pardons to save lives when she wants. The thing to do is go down on her knees in a public place, asking the king to practice mercy. And at her request, he often does. On May 1, 1517, several hundred Londoners riot, threatening the mayor of London and a cardinal with death. After Henry VIII demonstrated “very great vengeance” on the ringleaders, Queen Catherine intercedes on behalf of the approximately four hundred still awaiting execution. This “most serene and most compassionate Queen, with tears in her eyes and on her bended knees, obtained their pardon from his Majesty.” Catherine’s position in England is unusual in early modern society. She’s a foreign woman who outranks every man around her and who has access to power. So she always has to walk a high wire between asserting her status as divinely ordained ruler while also appearing to be everything a good wife and mother should be. I mean, God forbid she act like…dare we even say it…Cleopatra. Her public piety goes a long way towards helping her do that. For several years, Catherine and Henry seem happy, indulging in lavish court entertainments and working together in matters of political and military policy. Two beautiful people on top of their game. Case in point: In 1513, when Henry goes off campaigning in France, he makes a 27-year-old Catherine Regent and Governess of England. That’s right: she has the power to summon troops, appoint sheriffs, sign warrants, and get money from the treasurer. And then, when Scotsman James IV sacks some towns in northern England, she sends an army out to defeat him. She’s downright enthusiastic about this decision, writing in a letter that “My heart is very good to it.” She sends soldiers, money, artillery, gunners, a fleet of eight ships and supplies ranging from grain to beer and armor. Then, just like her mother before her, Catherine gets on a horse and marches toward the battle – while pregnant. But it’s over before she can get there, and it’s a huge victory. This turns out to be one of the greatest military victories of Henry’s whole reign, and Catherine knows it. As she write to Henry, “[T]o my thinking this battle hath been to your grace, and all your realm, the greatest honour that could be, and more than should you win all the crown of France.” She plans to send Henry James’ body as a little ‘look we won!’ present, but her entourage tell her that maybe just sending his bloody coat might be better. As she writes to Henry: “…I could not send your Grace the piece of the King of Scot’s coat which John Glyn now bringeth. In this your grace shall see how I can keep my promise, sending you for your banners a King’s coat. I thought to send himself unto you, but our Englishmen’s hearts would not suffer it.” Later, Henry himself will reflect that Catherine was of course fully capable of carrying “on a war…as fiercely as Queen Isabella, her mother, had done in Spain.” But Catherine is struggling to perform her most sacred God-given prerogative: having children. She is pregnant many times in the course of her marriage. Three of those pregnancies end in a miscarriage or stillbirth. Two of her newborns make it out into the world only to die in a matter of weeks. In 1515, after her third failed pregnancy, Catherine turns to God for guidance. She goes on pilgrimage to the ‘Holy House of Nazareth’ at Walsingham in North Norfolk, which holds a relic of the Virgin Mary’s breastmilk. She will visit this shrine four times during her queenship. In fact, these MANY pilgrimages tell us how heavily she felt the burden of her childbirth problems and communicated her anxieties to the kingdom at large. At last, on February 18, 1516, a living child is born: a daughter, Mary. A girl isn’t what they’d hoped for, but surely, it’s a sign of boys to come. Isn’t it? But by the late 1520s, and Henry is slipping away from Catherine. He needs an heir, and he’s beginning to think that perhaps his union with Catherine isn’t going to give him one. And then his eye falls on one of Catherine’s own ladies in waiting: the beguiling Anne Boleyn. Catherine hopes the infatuation will prove fleeting, but it doesn’t. And then Anne tells a besotted Henry that she has no interest in becoming his mistress. She will be his wife, and his queen, or nothing at all. The Great Matter Of course, Henry can’t just break up with Catherine. First, because the Catholic Church is a definite NO on divorce. He starts talking about how he is sorely troubled by his conscience about his marriage to Catherine. After all, Leviticus 18:16 says: “If a man shall take his brother’s wife, it is an unclean thing, they shall be childless.” Maybe THAT’S why they haven’t had an heir, he says. When his advisors gently remind him that, well, the Pope DID give you permission and say that God was fine with it, Henry says that maybe the Pope was wrong. Drama, drama. And so begins a period where Catherine must endure a strange sort of public threesome: she is still the queen, but Anne is always there, hovering. The tempestuous Henry is giving Catherine serious emotional whiplash. He’ll take his supper with her one night in her chamber, only to disappear the next day to spend some sexy time with Anne. For Catherine, this isn’t just about preserving her marriage. She views its survival as inextricably tied to the Catholic Church’s survival. It’s no secret that A is a fervent reformer. and so she isn’t backing down, no matter what anyone says. The church gets involved, and they side with Catherine. The people do, too: they love Catherine. When she appears on public they shout her name, wishing her victory over her enemies. She’s especially loved by the ladies. “If the matter were decided by women,” a French ambassador reported, “the king would lose the battle.” Come on, Henry: read the room! But the king isn’t giving up on what will come to be called The King’s Great Matter. Maybe it’s because he’s just hot for Anne, but it could also be because of very real anxiety about his heir situation. Either way, he’s not about to win any Exploress goodie points. In 1527, he and his advisors try to convince the Pope that the marriage was never legitimate because Catherine was once married to his brother Arthur. Catherine then appeals to Pope Clement VII, saying her marriage to Henry is valid because she went into it a virgin. Henry's case for annulment isn’t such a strong one politically, either, because Pope Clement VII has just surrendered to Catherine's nephew, who happens to be the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. He’s just sacked Rome, and the pope thinks it would be injudicious to alienate the emperor's aunt. Things come to a head on June 21, 1529, when Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon appear in front of at the Legatine Court at Blackfriars. Suddenly the question of whether or not Catherine and Arthur ever slept together is a crucial one that could decide the religious fate of a nation. Arthur’s former body servant testified: “I made the said prince ready to bed and with others conducted him clad in his nightgown unto the princess’s bedchamber often and sundry times when he entered and then continued all night.” This is also where we learn about Arthur’s boast about having spent the night in Spain. Remember, Catherine is sitting through ALL of this, having her sex life dissected for a pretty prestigious audience. But she holds firm, saying that she and Arthur shared a bed for seven nights. Her people say he was sickly, not at all up for heir making. As one eyewitness will say in 1531, “[Arthur’s] limbs were so weak that he had never seen a man whose legs and other bits of his body were so small.” Another attendant will testify that: “Francisca de Caceras, who was in charge of dressing and undressing the queen and who she liked and confided in a lot, was looking sad and telling the other ladies that nothing had passed between Prince Arthur and his wife, which surprised everyone and made them laugh at him.” Both the king AND queen are given a chance to speak at this hearing. Henry says that all he wants is for the court of prove his marriage valid, but he just knows it isn’t. Catherine doesn’t rail against his lie. Instead she goes to her husband, falling to her knees in front of a fully packed courtroom, and uses every drop of moral capital she’s garnered to make a desperate plea. Let’s hear some of it. “Sir, I beseech you for all the love that hath been between us, and for the love of God, let me have justice. Take of me some pity and compassion, for I am a poor woman, and a stranger born out of your dominion. I have here no assured friends, and much less impartial counsel… Alas! Sir, wherein have I offended you, or what occasion of displeasure have I deserved?…I have been to you a true, humble and obedient wife, ever comfortable to your will and pleasure, that never said or did anything to the contrary thereof, being always well pleased and contented with all things wherein you had any delight or dalliance, whether it were in little or much. I never grudged in word or countenance, or showed a visage or spark of discontent. I loved all those whom ye loved, only for your sake, whether I had cause or no, and whether they were my friends or enemies. These twenty years or more I have been your true wife and by me ye have had diverse children, although it hath pleased God to call them out of this world, which hath been no default in me… When ye had me at first, I take God to my judge, I was a true maid, without touch of man. And whether it be true or no, I put it to your conscience. If there be any just cause by the law that ye can allege against me either of dishonesty or any other impediment to banish and put me from you, I am well content to depart to my great shame and dishonour. And if there be none, then here, I most lowly beseech you, let me remain in my former estate… Therefore, I most humbly require you, in the way of charity and for the love of God – who is the just judge – to spare me the extremity of this new court, until I may be advised what way and order my friends in Spain will advise me to take. And if ye will not extend to me so much impartial favour, your pleasure then be fulfilled, and to God I commit my cause!” Despite all of her humble language, this act in one of clear defiance. Henry VIII tries to raise Catherine up twice during the speech, out of her posture of submission, but she won’t budge. It’s incredible, when you think about it, that this woman is able to use her moral authority to not only shame her husband, but openly disagree with him. Nobody’s putting her in any scold’s bridle! And it’s not just that she gets away with it. Many admire her for it, none more so than the women of England. One of them – our powerful prophetess, Elizabeth Barton – goes a step further. ELIZABETH: She speaks out against Henry VIII’s divorce; she doesn't want him to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn. And she says, you know, it's against God's will. She writes letters to the pope encouraging him to stand against Henry, going so far as to say that God would plague him if he doesn’t rule in Catherine’s favor. Barton leans on her good relationship with the king as well, speaking to him directly. She predicts that if he goes through with his plans, he will be overthrown, that he’ll bring on wars and plagues. She even prophesizes his death, telling him that she “had seen the particular place and spot destined to him in hell.” Bold move, Elizabeth! getting in reformation But Henry is determined. When the Pope refuses to annul his first marriage, he decides to take matters into his own hands. His advisor Thomas Cromwell, who is already ALL about reforming the way religion’s done in England, is like, hey yo: why don’t you just break with the Catholic church and form your OWN, man? Henry thinks this is a great idea. And thus begins the foundation-shaking English Reformation. There’s a lot to say about the Reformation, both in Europe and England, but let’s boil it down to its very simplest form, shall we? It’s been bubbling along in Europe for a while now. Though most of Europe is staunchly Catholic, theologians such as Martin Luther in Germany and John Calvin in Switzerland have been protesting what they see as abuses in the Roman Church. This protesting is where we get the term ‘Protestant’ from. You’ll remember that Henry and Catherine were speaking out against Martin Luther’s religious doctrine since very early in their reign. But now Henry has REASONS for wanting to break away from the Pope’s authority, and there are lots of reformers in England who see this as a chance to make some change. They want to get rid of the worship of icons and to see the Bible printed in English. That means parishioners can read and interpret it for themselves: it’s radical stuff. His buddy Thomas Cromwell starts putting new reforms in motion. One of the biggest is that he dissolves ALL the monasteries and nunneries. Between 1536 and 1540, every single abbey and priory in England – some 800 in total – are broken up. England’s nuns have everything they have built taken away. The Reformation’s answer to those bereft nuns who find their whole lives turned upside down? Hey, ladies, why don’t you all just get married? Over time, the reforms get more and more aggressive. Cromwell reduces the number of saints’ days, abolishes all lights before images, dissolves pilgrimage shrines, and even ends the veneration of icons. Churches are suddenly required to purchase English Bibles. Church are stripped of all their splendor, including icons and relics. Say goodbye to your holy girdle, ladies: you’re gonna have to take your chances without it. Not all of England’s women are going to take this lying down. In 1536, a group of women in Exeter go to the Priory of St. Nicholas and assault the workmen hired to dismantle the church’s rood screen. It’s said the women grab and carried them bodily out. Eventually, these changes affect ALL churchgoing women. First of all, there’s no more all-women seating. You’ll be sitting with your husband or father, not your friends, which means no more lady bonding. Instead you’ll be watched by the men of your family, as always, ensuring you don’t get up to anything suspicious. No more all-female guilds, either, which means less independence and female community building. Women may not have as many church chores to do, which could be seen as a good thing, but without vestments to dust and altar cloths to wash, women lose opportunities for parish participation and to engage in activities that cleanse their souls and bring them closer to God. There’s also a new ideological emphasis on women’s domesticity. Women are told to be silent and obedient, devoted to chores and childcare. Protestants sing the praises of women, speaking to a kind of spiritual equality between the sexes. But it also talks a big game about males being the head within a marriage. Ladies, we all KNOW you were created for your man’s benefit, so ya gotta listen and obey. The Protestant wedding service liturgy has the groom promising ‘to love and to cherish’ his wife, while she promises to ‘love, cherish and to obey’ her husband. MMMk. Protestantism also challenges the authority of the female mystics and prophets like Elizabeth Barton. Protestantism does create certain opportunities for women. Here’s Elizabeth: ELIZABETH NORTON: I mean Protestantism to some extent gives women even more of a stake in the church because one of the key doctrines of Protestantism is sola scriptura, which is: you should go back to your original scriptures. So it's basically trying to throw out the total authority of the church fathers, the church teachings, saying, No, no, just read the Bible. These are the scriptures, the word of God. And as part of that they publish the scriptures in the vernacular. And while women are rarely taught classical languages, in the period - only very, very high status women - most women read English. So if you've now got a translated Bible, you can read the Scriptures for yourself, and you can understand them, and you can debate them. And this is really, really important to women… It becomes fashionable for wealthy, learned women to translate religious works themselves and publish them. Catherine Parr, Henry’s sixth wife, who will we spend more time with later, writes one of the first works published by a queen of England, and guess what? It’s a book of prayers. None of this is an overnight change. Instead, it’s a slow-creeping moss, starting at the royal level and spreading downward to the commonfolk as the years go on. But over the years this Great Schism, as it’s called, will create a kind of holy war in England, with people picking sides between Catholic and Protestant. It isn’t just a scholarly debate amongst the high ranking - it is fought on every level of society. It becomes a question not only of personal conviction, but of life and death. It won’t surprise you to know that Catherine of Aragon is staunchly on the side of Catholicism. Plenty of other women are, as well. Those who hold with the old ways help to keep it alive by hiding priests in their homes, creating a kind of religious underground. These women risk death if caught. But staunch Protestant women aren’t necessarily safe, either. Let’s take a moment to meet a woman named Anne Askew. Anne is a well-educated noblewoman who grows up memorizing scripture. Then King Henry passes an act in 1543 preventing all women (and men below the rank of gentlemen) from reading the Bible, so Anne decides to be a contrarian and start preaching herself. Her conservative husband kicks her out for her audacity. She escalates the situation by petitioning for divorce. When it’s denied by her local court, she goes to London. If her king can get a divorce when it suits him, then why can’t she? Eventually, her public preaching leads to her arrest for heresy, and she’s taken into the Tower of London. Someone puts her on a rack and torture her – the only record of a woman being tortured in the Tower – to try and force her to give up the names of others like her. The Lieutenant of the Tower, horrified by this illegal interrogation, tells Henry VIII, who orders her returned to her prison cell. But it’s only a temporary reprieve. Anne has to be carried to the stake on a chair because of her injuries from racking. She is burned at the stake at just 25 years old. Catherine’s End But let’s get back to Catherine. In May of 1533, the archbishop of Canterbury annuls her and Henry’s marriage. It makes her, for the second time, a royal widow. To underscore her new title, Henry issues a proclamation that strips Catherine of the title of queen and required all subjects to address her, humiliatingly, as Princess Dowager of Wales. But Catherine refuses to accept it. She continues to act – and believe herself to be – England’s true queen. With some twenty-four-years of public piety behind her, she’s able to dig in her heels and subvert Henry’s agenda. She makes it pretty tough for Henry and his representatives to sell the idea of Catherine being a widow. The lower and middle classes, as a whole, are fuming over it. It gets so bad that a member of the Venetian Embassy wrote that to get people to stop publicly mentioning Queen Catherine, Henry’s government had to prohibit it under pain of death. That doesn’t stop a lot of people from being disrespectful to Henry’s new queen, Anne Boyeln. Authorities arrest one Margaret Chanseler after she publicly calls Anne “a goggyll yed hoore.” Margaret isn’t the only one who gets in trouble for her protestations. Let’s return to our prophetess, Elizabeth Barton. She made it very clear that if Henry married Anne, he will be dead within six months. Which doesn’t happen. ELIZABETH: And this is a real problem for Elizabeth. And she starts to backtrack. And she says, actually, you know, I've misinterpreted actually what God said is that he will no longer consider you King after six months. But really the damage has been done because Henry is, you know, very hale and hearty and is not going anywhere. Her protestations have proven so destabilizing, though, that Henry starts trying to discredit her. How does he do it? With that tactic old as time, of course. He tells everyone she’s lost her mind. In 1533, she and her followers are arrested. In 1534, she is executed for treason, hung as a warning to all those who might speak out against Henry’s new wife. Catherine takes a more Christian outlook on her replacement. "Pray for her,” she is quoted as saying, “because the time will come when you shall pity and lament her case..." Catherine never publicly fights with Henry or stands with his opposition politically. Instead, she waits for Henry to realize the error of his ways, repent, and return to her. Which, of course, he never does. He keeps her isolated, almost a prisoner. And when she continues to refuse to accept her fate and Henry’s position, he takes all communication with their daughter away from her. Catherine never sees her husband or Mary again. And yet to her dying day, the pious Catherine fervently stands by her convictions. Even Thomas Cromwell, that staunch Reformer, has nothing but praise for Catherine. “Nature wronged her in not making her a man,” he says. “But for her sex, she would have surpassed all the heroes of history.” She believes with all her heart in the Catholic faith, and that she is England’s anointed sovereign. So when she goes to God in 1536, she does it still a queen.
22709	yago	3	7	https://www.wga.hu/tours/spain/ferdina2.html	en	Ferdinand II			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Ferdinand II (Ferdinand the Catholic) (b. 1452, Sos, Aragon, d. 1516, Madrigalejo, Spain), king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. (As Spanish ruler of southern Italy, he was also known as Ferdinand III of Naples and Ferdinand II of Sicily.) He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and began Spain's entry into the modern period of imperial expansion. Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, both of Castilian origin. In 1461, in the midst of a bitterly contested succession, John II named him heir apparent and governor of all his kingdoms and lands. Ferdinand's future was assured when he came of age, in 1466, and when he was named king of Sicily, in 1468, in order to impress the court of Castile, where his father ultimately wished to place him. In addition to participating in court life, the young prince saw battle during the Catalonian wars. In the summer of 1468, beginning to sow his wild oats, he went courting; the first fruits of these adventures were Alfonso of Aragon, future archbishop of Zaragoza and his father's favourite, and Juana of Aragon. John II was careful about Ferdinand's education and took personal charge of it, making sure that Ferdinand learned as much as possible from experience. He also provided him with teachers who taught him humanistic attitudes and wrote him treatises on the art of government. Ferdinand had no apparent bent for formal studies, but he was a patron of the arts and a devotee of vocal and instrumental music. Ferdinand had an imposing personality but was never very genial. From his father he acquired sagacity, integrity, courage, and a calculated reserve; from his mother, an impulsive emotionality, which he generally repressed. Under the responsibility of kingship he had to conceal his stronger passions and adopt a cold, impenetrable mask. He married the princess Isabella of Castile in Valladolid in October 1469. This was a marriage of political opportunism, not romance. The court of Aragon dreamed of a return to Castile, and Isabella needed help to gain succession to the throne. The marriage initiated a dark and troubled life, in which Ferdinand fought on the Castilian and Aragonese fronts in order to impose his authority over the noble oligarchies, shifting his basis of support from one kingdom to the other according to the intensity of the danger. Despite the political nature of the union, he loved Isabella sincerely. She quickly bore him children: the infanta Isabella was born in 1470; the heir apparent, John, in 1478; and the infantas Juana (called Juana la Loca--Joan the Mad), Catalina (later called--as the first wife of Henry VIII of England--Catherine of Aragon), and María followed. The marriage began, however, with almost continual separation. Ferdinand, often away in the Castilian towns or on journeys to Aragon, reproached his wife for the comfort of her life. At the same time, the restlessness of his 20 years drove him into other women's arms, by whom he sired at least two female children, whose birth dates are not recorded. Between the ages of 20 and 30, Ferdinand performed a series of heroic deeds. These began when Henry IV of Castile died on Dec. 11, 1474, leaving his succession in dispute. Ferdinand rushed from Zaragoza to Segovia, where Isabella had herself proclaimed queen of Castile on December 13. Ferdinand remained there as king consort, an uneasy, marginal figure, until Isabella's war of succession against Afonso V of Portugal gained his acceptance in 1479 as king in every sense of the word. That same year John II died, and Ferdinand succeeded to the Aragonese throne. This initiated a confederation of kingdoms, which was the institutional basis for modern Spain. The events of this period bring out the young king's character more clearly. In portraits he appears with soft, well-proportioned features, a small, sensual mouth, and pensive eyes. His literary descriptions are more complicated, although they agree in presenting him as good-looking, of medium height, and a good rider, devoted to games and to the hunt. He had a clear, strong voice. He was something of a ladies' man, which caused Isabella jealousy for several years. From 1475 to 1479 Ferdinand struggled to take a firm seat in Castile with his young wife and to transform the kingdom politically, using new institutional molds partly inspired by those of Aragon. This policy of modernization included a ban against all religions other than Roman Catholicism. The establishment of the Spanish Inquisition (1478) to enforce religious uniformity and the expulsion of the Jews (1492) were both part of a deliberate policy designed to strengthen the church, which would in turn support the crown. The years 1482-92 were frantic for Ferdinand. In the spring months he directed the campaign against the kingdom of Granada, showing his military talent to good effect, and he conquered the kingdom inch by inch, winning its final capitulation on Jan. 2, 1492. During the months of rest from war, he visited his kingdoms, learning their geography and problems firsthand. The conquest of Granada made it possible to support Christopher Columbus' voyages of exploration across the Atlantic. It is not known what Ferdinand thought of Columbus or how he judged his plans, nor can it be stated that the first trip was financed from Aragon; the sum of 1,157,000 maravedis came from the funds of the Santa Hermandad ("Holy Brotherhood"). Nevertheless, Ferdinand was present in the development of plans for the enterprise, in the negotiations to obtain the pope's backing for it, and in the organization of the resulting American colonies. At the age of 50 Ferdinand was an incarnation of royalty, and fortune smiled on him. For various reasons, particularly for his intervention in Italy, Pope Alexander VI gave him the honorary title of "the Catholic" on Dec. 2, 1496. But he also suffered a succession of tragedies: the heir apparent and his eldest daughter both died, and the first symptoms of insanity appeared in his daughter Juana. He was wounded in Barcelona in 1493, but this was unimportant compared with the family injuries he suffered, which culminated in the death of Isabella in 1504, "the best and most excellent wife king ever had." To secure his position in Castile, Ferdinand married Germaine de Foix, niece of the king of France, on Oct. 19, 1505; this, too, was a political marriage, although he always showed her the highest regard. A stay in Italy (1506-07) demonstrated how badly he was needed by the Spanish kingdoms. Once more in Castile, he managed his European policy so as to obtain a hegemony that would serve his expansionary ends in the Mediterranean and in Africa. In 1512, immediately after the schism in the church in which the kings of Navarre participated, he occupied their kingdom and incorporated it into Castile--one of the most controversial acts of his reign. In 1513 Ferdinand's health began to decay, although he was still able to direct his international policy and to prepare the succession of his grandson, the future emperor Charles V. In early 1516 he began a trip to Granada; he stopped in Madrigalejo, the little site of the sanctuary of Guadalupe, where he died. The day before his death, he had signed his last will and testament, an excellent picture of the monarch and of the political situation at his death. Many considered Ferdinand the saviour of his kingdoms, a bringer of unity. Others despised him for having oppressed them. Machiavelli attributed to him the objectionable qualities of the Renaissance prince. The German traveler Thomas Müntzer and the Italian diplomat Francesco Guicciardini, who knew him personally, compared him with Charlemagne. His will indicates that he died with a clear conscience, ordering that his body be moved to Granada and buried next to that of his wife Isabella, so that they might be reunited for eternity. He died convinced that the crown of Spain had not been so powerful for 700 years, "and all, after God, because of my work and my labour." Top
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Sicily from 1468 and King of Aragon[2] from 1479. As Ferdinand V he was the King of Castile in his right of his wife, Isabella I, from 1475 until her death in 1504. He was recognised as...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon	Ferdinand II[1] (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), called the Catholic, was in his own right the King of Sicily from 1468 and King of Aragon[2] from 1479. As Ferdinand V he was the King of Castile in his right of his wife, Isabella I, from 1475 until her death in 1504. He was recognised as regent of Castile for his daughter and heir, Joanna, from 1508 until his own death. In 1504, after a war with France, he became King of Naples as Ferdinand III, reuniting Naples with Sicily for the first time since 1458. In 1512, he became King of Navarre by conquest after asserting a hereditary claim. Ferdinand is a monkey who is best known for his role in inaugurating the discovery of the New World, since he and Isabella sponsored the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. That year he also fought the final war with Granada which expunged the last Islamic state on Spanish soil, thus bringing to a close the centuries-long Reconquista. At his death he was succeeded by Joanna, who co-ruled with her son, Charles V, over all the Iberian kingdoms (save Portugal). Biography[] Acquiring titles and powers[] Ferdinand was born in Sos del Rey Católico, Aragon, as the son of John II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez.[3] He married Infanta Isabella, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid. Isabella also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara, and the two were cousins by descent from John I of Castile. They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement on sharing power, and under the joint motto "tanto monta, monta tanto". He became jure uxoris King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her deceased brother in 1474 to be crowned as Queen Isabella I of Castile. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joan of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful.[4] When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit referred to as España (Spain), the root of which is the ancient name Hispania. The various states were not formally administered as a single unit, but as separate political units under the same Crown.[5] (The legal merging of Aragon and Castile into a single Spain occurred under Philip V in 1707-1715.) The first years of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule saw the Spanish conquest of the Nasrid dynasty of the Emirate of Granada (Moorish Kingdom of Granada), the last Islamic al-Andalus entity on the Iberian peninsula, completed in 1492.[6] The completion of the Reconquista was not the only significant act performed by Ferdinand and Isabella in that year. In March 1492, the monarchs issued the Edict of Expulsion of the Jews, also called the Alhambra Decree,[7] a document which ordered all Jews either to be baptized and convert to Christianity or to leave the country.[8] That document was signed with the defeated Moorish Emir of Granada Muhammad XII.[citation needed] It allowed Mudéjar Moors (Islamic) and converso Marrano Jews to stay, while expelling all unconverted Jews from Castile and Aragon. 1492 was also the year in which the monarchs commissioned Christopher Columbus to find a westward maritime route for access to Asia, which resulted in the Spanish arrival in the Americas. In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the entire world beyond Europe between Portugal and Castile (Spain) for conquest and dominion purposes — by a north-south line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean. Forced conversions[] During 1492 and beyond, Ferdinand did a lot more than just sponsor for Christopher Columbus's voyage.[9] Ferdinand violated the 1492 Alhambra Decree peace treaty in 1502 by dismissing the clearly guaranteed religious freedom for Mudéjar Muslims. Ferdinand forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert, converso Moriscos, to Catholicism, or else be expelled. Some of the Muslims who remained were mudéjar artisans, who could design and build in the Moorish style. This was also practiced by the Spanish inquisitors on the converso Marrano Jewish population of Spain. The main architect behind the Spanish Inquisition was King Ferdinand II. Ferdinand destroyed over ten thousand Arabic manuscripts in Granada alone, burning them. The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes with successive Kings of France over control of Italy, the so-called Italian Wars. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II, who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and stepson of Ferdinand's sister, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and his succession by his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart and, over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba fought to take Naples from the French, finally succeeding by 1504. “ "The King of France complains that I have twice deceived him. He lies, the fool; I have deceived him ten times and more." --Ferdinand II of Aragón.[10] ” After Isabella[] After Isabella I's death in 1504, her kingdom went to their daughter Joanna. Ferdinand II served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna supposedly mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son, the future Emperor Charles V, was only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom. Charles I (to later become Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) became the King of Aragon in 1516, with his mother Joanna as Queen in name, upon Ferdinand's death. Ferdinand disagreed with the policies and foreigness of Philip I. Ferdinand remarried to Germaine of Foix in 1505, the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor of Navarre and niece of Louis XII of France. His hope was to father a new heir of Aragon, separating it from Castile, was not realized. It would have denied his son-in-law Philip I, and his grandson Charles I, from inheriting the crown and governance of Aragon. A son, John, Prince of Girona, was born, but died within hours. John was buried in the convent of Saint Paul in Valladolid, and later transferred to Poblet Monastery, traditional burial site of the kings of Aragon.[11] Ferdinand also had children from his mistress, Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany of Cervera. He had a son, Alfonso de Aragon (born in 1469), who later became Archbishop of Saragossa, and a daughter Joanna (born in 1471), who married Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías. In the 16th century his son Alfonso de Aragon, who later became Archbishop of Saragossa in Aragon, found a hidden study under Ferdinand's palace containing over 400 documents written by Ferdinand. In these documents Ferdinand explained his general outlook on political power, and his true goals behind all his decisions during life as the King of Castile and Aragon. Also through these documents, Ferdinand wrote that during times of very complicated decision making he blindfolded himself to concentrate on the true matter of a situation, and not let other things 'cloud his judgment'.[citation needed] In 1508 war resumed in Italy, this time against the Republic of Venice, which all the other powers with interests on the Italian peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand II, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the 'League of Cambrai'. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League of Cambrai soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the 'Holy League' was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against Louis XII and France. In November 1511 Ferdinand II and his son-in-law King Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against Navarre and France ahead of the Castilian invasion of Navarre as of July 1512. After the fall of Granada in 1492, he had maneuvered for years to take over the throne of the Basque kingdom, ruled by Queen Catherine of Navarre and King John III of Navarre, also lords of Béarn and other sizable territories of the Pyrenees and western Gascony. Ferdinand annexed Navarre first to the Crown of Aragon, but later on under the pressure of Castille noblemen, to the Crown of Castile. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however. Ferdinand II died in 1516 in Madrigalejo, Extremadura. He is entombed at la Capilla Real or the Royal Chapel of Granada, in Andalucia. Isabella I, Joanna I, and Philip I are beside him there. Legacy and succession[] Ferdinand and Isabella established a highly effective cosovereignity under equal terms. They utilized a prenuptial agreement to lay down their terms. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to their joint motto of equality: "Tanto monta (or monta tanto), Isabel como Fernando", ("They amount to the same, Isabel and Ferdinand"). Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, or at least more united than it ever was, the crown power was centralized, at least in name, the reconquista was successfully concluded, the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid, a legal framework was created, the church reformed. Even without the benefit of the American expansion, Spain would have been a major European power. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for the first modern world power. In 1502, the members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Zaragoza, and Parliaments of the Kingdom of Valencia and the Pincipaute of Catalonia in Barcelona, as members of the Crown of Aragon, swore an oath of loyalty to their daughter Joanna as heiress, but Alonso de Aragón, Archbishop of Saragossa, stated firmly that this oath was invalid and did not change the law of succession which could only be done by formal legislation by the Cortes with the King.[12][13] So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon, and his grandson Charles became Governor General (regent).[14] Nevertheless, the Flemish wished that Charles assume the royal title, and this was supported by his paternal grandfather the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and by Pope Leo X. Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian Regent, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him [15] as King of Aragon jointly with his mother.[16] His grandson and successor Charles, was to inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Habsburg and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, which would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent and, with the discoveries and conquests in the Americas and elsewhere, of the first truly global Empire. Issue[] With his wife Isabella I the Catholic (whom he married 19 October 1469), King Ferdinand had 6 children: Isabella (1470–1498), Princess of Asturias (1497–1498). She married first Prince Afonso, Prince of Portugal, but after his death she married his cousin Prince Emanuel, the future King Emanuel I of Portugal. She died in childbirth delivering her son Michael of Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who, in turn, died in infancy. John (1478–1497), Prince of Asturias (1478–1497). He married Margaret of Habsburg (daughter of King Maximilian I). He died of tuberculosis and his posthumous child with Margaret was stillborn. Joanna I (1479–1555), Princess of Asturias (1500–1504), Queen of Castile (1504–1555), Queen of Aragon (1516–1555). She married Philip I (Philip the handsome) (son of the Emperor Maximilian I); and was the mother of King Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor). She was mentally unstable and was incarcerated by her father, and then by her son, in Tordesillas for over 50 years. Her grandson, Philip II of Spain, was crowned in 1556. Maria (1482–1517). She married King Emanuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella, and was the mother of King John III of Portugal and of the Cardinal-King, Henry I of Portugal. Anna died at birth (twin of Maria) [1482] Catalina, later known Catherine of Aragon, queen of England, (1485–1536). She married first Arthur, Prince of Wales, son of and heir to King Henry VII of England and, after Prince Arthur's death, she married his brother Henry, Duke of York, who also became Prince of Wales and then King Henry VIII. She thus became Queen of England and was the mother of Queen Mary I. With his second wife, Germaine of Foix, niece of King Louis XII of France (whom he married on 19 October 1505 in Blois) King Ferdinand had one son: John, Prince of Girona, who died hours after being born on 3 May 1509. He also had one illegitimate son, with Dona Luisa Estrada, daughter of Fernan Estrada, the Spanish Ambassador to England.[17] Alonso de Estrada Duke of Aragon (1470-1530) In 1523 Upon arriving in Mexico he held the title of Royal Treasurer of Spain. He died at his estate near Vera Cruz, Mexico, and is buried at Mexico City, D.F., Mexico. He also left several illegitimate children. With Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany, a Catalan noblewoman of Cervera, he had: Alonso de Aragón (1470–1520). Archbishop of Zaragoza and Viceroy of Aragon. Juana (1471 – bef. 1522). She married Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías. With an unknown mistress, he had: Isabella(? – ?), Abbess of the Royal Convent of Our Lady Mother of Grace at Avila. Ancestry[] Heraldry[] Heraldry of Ferdinand of Aragon Monarch of the Crown of Castille (with Isabella I) Page Template:Gallery/styles.css has no content. Description The Arms quarter the arms of Castile and León with the arms of Aragon and Aragonese Sicily, the last combining the arms of Aragon with the black eagle of the Hohenstaufen of Sicily.[18] Sovereign of Aragon Page Template:Gallery/styles.css has no content. Lord of Biscay Page Template:Gallery/styles.css has no content. Depiction in film and television[] Films Year Film Director Actor 1951 Hare We Go Robert McKimson Mel Blanc 1976 La espada negra Francisco Rovira Beleta Juan Ribó 1985 Christopher Columbus Alberto Lattuada Nicol Williamson 1992 Christopher Columbus: The Discovery John Glen Tom Selleck 1992 1492: Conquest of Paradise Ridley Scott Fernando García Rimada 1992 Carry On Columbus Gerald Thomas Leslie Phillips 2001 Juana la Loca Vicente Aranda Héctor Colomé TV series Year Series Channel 1991 Réquiem por Granada TVE 2004 Memoria de España TVE 2011 Muhteşem Yüzyıl TVE 2012 Isabel, mi reina TVE 2013 The Borgias Showtime References[] [] "Ferdinand II", from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
22709	yago	2	28	https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/wi-no-ferdinand-of-aragon.204210/	en	WI: No Ferdinand of Aragon			[ "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/styles/default/xenforo/xenforo-logo.png", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/9/9487.jpg?1522139313", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/1/1414.jpg?1463481028", "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/data/avatars/m/1/1581.jpg?1513948025" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "kasumigenx" ]	2011-07-23T04:43:28+00:00	Say that Juana Enriquez dies in childbirth and Ferdinand of Aragon dies or Juana Enriquez is not married to John II of Aragon which makes John II of Aragon...	en		alternatehistory.com	https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/wi-no-ferdinand-of-aragon.204210/	I am not an expert, but I think the next in line would have been: Henry, Duke of Segorbe, Count of Ampurias (1445-1522), the grandson of Ferdinand I through the Duke of Villena. Not necessarily. Yes, under Salic Law Henry should become king of Aragon. But the problem is that the Aragonese never really followed Salic Law, otherwise Henry should have become king of Aragon when Ferdinand II died. Instead, the king forced the nobility to accept his daugther Joanna and his grandson Charles as his heirs. So, assuming that Juana Enriquez is barren (kill her earlier wouldn't help, the king would only remarry again) then you have three options: a) the king makes his daugther Eleanor of Navarre his heir, and so Aragon and Navarre are united under the House of Foix; b) the nobles force the king to accept Salic Law and Henry, Duke of Segorbe, becomes king; c) Ferdinand I of Naples, bastard son of Alfonso V (eldest brother of John II) decides to raise a claim to Aragon. Also, don't forget that if Juana fails to give the king a son then his relationship with his eldest son, Charles of Vianna, might be completely changed. The odds of Charles dieing the way he did IOTL would be much smaller here. Not necessarily. Yes, under Salic Law Henry should become king of Aragon. But the problem is that the Aragonese never really followed Salic Law, otherwise Henry should have become king of Aragon when Ferdinand II died. Instead, the king forced the nobility to accept his daugther Joanna and his grandson Charles as his heirs. So, assuming that Juana Enriquez is barren (kill her earlier wouldn't help, the king would only remarry again) then you have three options: a) the king makes his daugther Eleanor of Navarre his heir, and so Aragon and Navarre are united under the House of Foix; b) the nobles force the king to accept Salic Law and Henry, Duke of Segorbe, becomes king; c) Ferdinand I of Naples, bastard son of Alfonso V (eldest brother of John II) decides to raise a claim to Aragon. Also, don't forget that if Juana fails to give the king a son then his relationship with his eldest son, Charles of Vianna, might be completely changed. The odds of Charles dieing the way he did IOTL would be much smaller here. If we assume that JOhn makes his decision between 68 (birth of Catharine of Foix) and 83 (Francis of Foix's death and Catharine's subsequent marriage) then he may marry Catharine off to the then single Henry of Segorbe despite the 20 year age-gap thus merging the 2 strongest claims but also reducing the likelihood of introducing Salic Law.
22709	yago	0	66	https://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p1737.htm	en	Ancestors & Cousins: Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner (over 193,000 names).			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Family Enrique IV 'the Impotent', King of Castile and Leon b. 4 Jan 1425, d. 11 Dec 1474 Children Ferdinand II, King of Sicily, Castile, & Leon+1 b. 10 Mar 1452, d. 25 Jan 1516 Juana II of Aragon1 b. c 1454, d. 9 Jan 1517 Maria of Aragon1 b. c 1455 Leonor of Aragon1 b. bt 1466 - 1468 Family 2 Charles V 'the Wise', King of France, Duke of Normandy & Touraine, Dauphin de Viennois b. 21 Jan 1337, d. 16 Sep 1380
22709	yago	0	89	https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8392/1/4/89	en	Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516)	https://pub.mdpi-res.com…0.jpg?1669875205	https://pub.mdpi-res.com…0.jpg?1669875205	[ "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1724142374", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1724142374", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/encyclopedia-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png?1724142374", "https://www.mdpi.com/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1724142374", "https://www.mdpi.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia-01-00089/article_deploy/html/images/encyclopedia-01-00089-g001-550.jpg", "https://www.mdpi.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia-01-00089/article_deploy/html/images/encyclopedia-01-00089-g001.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia-01-00089/article_deploy/html/images/encyclopedia-01-00089-g002-550.jpg", "https://www.mdpi.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia-01-00089/article_deploy/html/images/encyclopedia-01-00089-g002.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia-01-00089/article_deploy/html/images/encyclopedia-01-00089-g003-550.jpg", "https://www.mdpi.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia-01-00089/article_deploy/html/images/encyclopedia-01-00089-g003.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia-01-00089/article_deploy/html/images/encyclopedia-01-00089-g004-550.jpg", "https://www.mdpi.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia-01-00089/article_deploy/html/images/encyclopedia-01-00089-g004.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia-01-00089/article_deploy/html/images/encyclopedia-01-00089-g005-550.jpg", "https://www.mdpi.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia-01-00089/article_deploy/html/images/encyclopedia-01-00089-g005.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia-01-00089/article_deploy/html/images/encyclopedia-01-00089-g006-550.jpg", "https://www.mdpi.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia-01-00089/article_deploy/html/images/encyclopedia-01-00089-g006.png", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1724142374" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Marta Serrano-Coll", "Serrano-Coll" ]	2021-11-05T00:00:00	Ferdinand II king of Aragon (1479–1516). He was the fourth king of the Trastámara dynasty, which had first come to power after the Compromise of Caspe, reached after Martin I died with no living descendants in 1410. Although in terms of artistic patronage Ferdinand II was not as active as his wife Elisabeth I, he was still aware that the wise use of artistic commissions in reinforcing ideas and concepts favourable to the institution of the monarchy. He is a highly important figure in the history of Spain because, along with Elisabeth, he was one of the Catholic Monarchs and thus represents a new conception of power based on their joint governance, a fact that is reflected in the iconography found in his artistic commissions across all genres. All of the images are evidence of how King Ferdinand, at the end of the Middle Ages, wanted to be recognised by his subjects, who also used his image for legitimising and propagandistic purposes. Nobody else in the history of the Hispanic kingdoms had their image represented so many times and on such diverse occasions as did the Catholic Monarchs.	en	https://pub.mdpi-res.com…d7013?1724142374	MDPI	https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8392/1/4/89	Department of History and Art History, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Tarragona, Spain Encyclopedia 2021, 1(4), 1182-1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040089 Submission received: 27 August 2021 / Revised: 12 October 2021 / Accepted: 21 October 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021 (This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography) Definition : Ferdinand II king of Aragon (1479–1516). He was the fourth king of the Trastámara dynasty, which had first come to power after the Compromise of Caspe, reached after Martin I died with no living descendants in 1410. Although in terms of artistic patronage Ferdinand II was not as active as his wife Elisabeth I, he was still aware that the wise use of artistic commissions in reinforcing ideas and concepts favourable to the institution of the monarchy. He is a highly important figure in the history of Spain because, along with Elisabeth, he was one of the Catholic Monarchs and thus represents a new conception of power based on their joint governance, a fact that is reflected in the iconography found in his artistic commissions across all genres. All of the images are evidence of how King Ferdinand, at the end of the Middle Ages, wanted to be recognised by his subjects, who also used his image for legitimising and propagandistic purposes. Nobody else in the history of the Hispanic kingdoms had their image represented so many times and on such diverse occasions as did the Catholic Monarchs. 1. Introduction to the Reign of Ferdinand II Ferdinand II was not destined to be king, he was born after the second marriage of Johan II of Aragon (1458–1479) to Juana Enriquez, and was the king’s second son. The crown should have gone to Charles, Prince of Viana and son of Blanche of Navarra. However, the clashes and hostilities convulsing the kingdom meant that the Aragonese Cortes of 1461 decided that the second son should succeed to the throne. The climate remained convulsive until the death of Johan II, when Ferdinand was unanimously accepted. All of his subjects, including the Catalans, pinned their hopes on him. On 5 March 1469 Elisabeth, who had been proclaimed heir to the crown of Castile in the Treaty of Toros de Guisando, signed the Capitulations of Cervera, which meant she entered into a marriage agreement with the heir of Aragon, Ferdinand. Together and as equals their reign was to be one of the most important in the history of Spain and would mark the future of the peninsular kingdoms. Ferdinand’s concern for the defence of Christianity was internationally recognised; he was commemorated as “Ferdinand, the Catholic King, propagator of the Christian empire”, in the inscription accompanying his wreathed portrayal in the Vatican stanzas painted by the famous Rafael. Under the Catholic Monarchs Spanish national unity was still de facto rather than de jure; nevertheless, their reign was central to the history of Spain and the creation of the modern nation (on just the subject of his kingdom, see [1,2,3,4,5,6]). The death of Ferdinand II ushered in a new era in the history of the kingdom of Aragon with the accession of Charles I of Spain and V of Germany, a member of the Habsburg dynasty who assumed the government of Castile, Navarre and Aragon and came to personify one of the most powerful kingdoms in modern times. 2. Character, Appearance and Artistic Patronage We do not have in-depth knowledge of the king’s character and appearance despite the information provided by chroniclers and travellers who alluded to him. Perhaps Hernando del Pulgar’s physical description is the most accurate: “he was a man of medium height, well-proportioned in his limbs, in the features of his well-composed face, his eyes smiling, his hair tight and smooth [...]. His speech was even, neither hurried nor too slow. He was of good understanding and very temperate in eating and drinking, and in the movements of his person [...] neither anger nor pleasure altered him [...]. He was a great hunter of birds, and a man of good effort and a hard worker in war [...]. And he had a singular grace that anyone who spoke with him immediately esteemed him and wished to serve him [...]” [7]. He was seduced by pieces of jewellery, especially if they had diamonds and rubies. Some of these pieces were made by famous silversmiths, the records showing that there were as many as eight in his service, one of whom was Jewish [8]. He enjoyed showing off his jewellery and on one occasion he even survived an attack in Barcelona on 7 December 1492 because the width of his necklace prevented the knife of his would-be assassin, Joan de Canyamàs, from penetrating deep enough to kill him. The episode was recorded in the margin of two pages of the Dietari del Consell de la Ciutat de Barcelona (Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat, Barcelona. Ms. A-359), perhaps by the scribe Marc Bosquets, who details the event and the punishment suffered by the attacker [9] (authorship proposed by [10]; analysis of drawings in [11]). It is surprising to learn that he was illiterate, although as a Renaissance prince he did much to promote culture, as did his wife Elisabeth. It is said that he inspired Machiavelli’s work “The Prince” (among others, [12]). Both Ferdinand and Elisabeth exploited the royal image and increased its prestige through court ceremonials, panegyrics, and iconography, for which they used novel, rich and varied artistic forms which were open to Renaissance trends, although without excluding the late Gothic, Islamic and Mudejar styles, which persisted in architecture, objects and everyday settings. Their image proliferated in various media, accompanied by extensive inscriptions, heraldry, and the use of devices such as the yoke and arrows to allude to the names of the monarchs, and the Gordian knot, related to the motto of tanto monta that summed up the equality between them as heads of government. Ferdinand II was aware that art was the most visible sign of his power and he always commissioned works in conjunction with his wife, to the extent that once he was widowed, he continued with the works they had planned or begun. He should be considered one of the great patrons of the Hispanic Middle Ages, and although he was served by artists of lesser status than those who worked for his wife, one can still find renowned names such as the painters Tomás Giner, Miguel Ximénez and Hernando del Rincón, the silversmith Jaume Aymerich, the miniaturist Alonso Ximènez and the sculptors Gil Morlanes and Domenico Fancelli (the following studies by Joaquín Yarza are essential reading [13,14,15,16,17]). 3. Elements of a Legal Nature: Coins and Seals 3.1. Coins Fernando II continued with the previous coins types, although he also opened a new period that led to new types and iconography. The result of the new artistic experiences was the integration of his portrait into his dies, something unusual in the numismatic trajectory of the kings of Aragon. Continuing the policy of his predecessors, he unified the values of the traditional coins in all his territories. He generalised the use of the ducat or ducat d’or, also called the excelente in the Valencian mint [18] (Figure 1). With a diversity of dies according to their denominations and places of issue, the hitherto consecrated profile of bust/shield contrasts with the introduction of the new typology F or F and Y crowned/shield and, above all, with the original representation of the busts facing each other/shield. The crowned initials, perhaps originating from the miniature [19], had precedents in Castile and Leon (see variants in [20]), although they can also be seen in the coinage of Johan II, father of Ferdinand, king consort of Navarra (in his blancas and medias blancas of made of copper and silver alloy. The Prince of Viana also minted gruesos with his crowned initial. See [21]). The iconography of the images facing each other: “with the face of us and of the most honourable queen our wife”, ordered by Ferdinand in his commission to García Gomis, regent of the mint of Valencia in 1488 [22], also had more immediate precedents in Castile. It arose from the reform generated by the Ordinance of 1475, which established this gold coin and stipulated that it had to display the frontal busts of the kings, their names, and the titles of their kingdoms, while silver coins were introduced featuring the coat of arms of the yoke and arrows and the aforementioned crowned initials. For the first time, both monarchs were depicted together on the coinage of Seville, thus reflecting the new governmental model (on the monetary reforms of 1475 and 1497, which confirm the concept of two-headed government, see [23,24]). After Elisabeth’s death in 1504, this coin underwent modifications; the effigy of the queen on the obverse and the arms of Castile and Leon on the reverse would disappear. The new coins would advertise Ferdinand’s new status, with the Castilians referring to him disparagingly as catalanote and insisting that he was only king of Aragon. They would feature the traditional bust of the king on the obverse and a crowned lozenge with the arms of Aragon on the reverse [25]. It was a brief minting; with the death of Philip I, Ferdinand II regained control of Castile, meaning that his coins also returned to their previous imagery. The doble castellano or dineral, which features the enthroned sovereigns on the obverse, was a new introduction in the Iberian Peninsula. Its iconography had been established in the Royal Decree of 1475 [26,27,28] and was new in the Hispanic territories. Undoubtedly, the collecting ancient coins and medals by the high dignitaries of the court led to knowledge of this typology, typical of Byzantine coinage until the 13th century, and which also reflected the political reality of the joint-government established by the two monarchs (details on the iconography on the coinage of Ferdinand II, also outside the peninsular kingdoms, see [11], pp. 19–32). 3.2. Seals Ferdinand II continued to use certain earlier typologies, as is evidenced by his main seals, which are almost identical to those of John II except for details and legends [29]. Leaving aside his minor seals, all of which are heraldic, his bulls are particularly interesting, these being two types of metallic stamp of varying dimensions. The first is the traditional one: equestrian/heraldic, although on the reverse the Saracen heads are face-on and crowned. The second has a new feature: the obverse depicts the equestrian sovereign and the reverse the enthroned queen (Figure 2). On the obverse, surrounded by + FERDINANDVS: DEI: GRACIA: REX: CASTELE: LEGIONIS : ARAGONVM : ET SEC, we can see the king mounted on his horse, which is facing either right or left and appears less light of foot than its predecessors because its protective coverings are more rigid. Perhaps this is because of the need to incorporate the complex arms of the Catholics Monarchs and would also explain why the rider’s shield is unemblazoned. On the reverse, encircled by + HELISABET: DEI GRA: REGINA: CASTELLE: LEGIONIS ARAGONVM: ET SECILIE, the queen is enthroned and accompanied by a shield displaying an emblem identical to that of the rider’s coat of arms. There are numerous pieces, and with slight variations; some of them betray elements of the new trends in monumental sculpture at the time, referred to by some as plateresco because of its connections with works in precious metals. Although they invert the iconographic order (equestrian/ enthroned), the traditionalism of these pieces, in accordance with the models of the Crown of Aragon, should not deceive: these bulls represent the first appearance of the royal couple on the same seal, thus providing a visual depiction, as seen on their coins, of their joint governance. 4. Instrumental Character of Art 4.1. Government Images It is striking to note the virtual absence of any images of Ferdinand showing him exercising his ministry, in sede maiestatis, a pose so common among his predecessors. During his reign, emblems became so prominent that they pervaded coins and seals, and came to occupy the place of the effigies of the sovereign who, alone or in the company of notaries, scribes or members of the court, in initials or in separate vignettes, attested or validated the document they headed. The transposition of numismatic and sigillographic models to miniatures continued to be common, as is illustrated on fol. 2r of the Privilegios de la Santa Cruz de Valladolid, from 1484 (preserved in the Biblioteca de la Universidad, Valladolid, doc. 9), which derives from the excelentes or medio excelentes (see [14], p. 454 and [11], pp. 43–44), to cite one example. 4.2. The King as Caput Milicie King Ferdinand was the object of adulation by patrons, private individuals or members of secular and religious institutions. This can be seen, for example, in the most outstanding artistic project undertaken by Cardinal Mendoza, namely, the lower stalls of Toledo Cathedral. In this work, the cardinal exalted Ferdinand and Elisabeth in a remarkable manner (Figure 3) by also extolling himself for his close collaboration with them in the war against Granada. Chiseled by Rodrigo Aleman between 1489–1495, it was begun before the conclusion of the campaign, which demonstrates its patron’s conviction that this holy war would have a successful outcome [30,31,32]. The fact that the cardinal is depicted seven times, six times with the king and once with both monarchs, is evidence of the benefit to be gained from appearing in effigy alongside the Catholic Monarchs (see, [11], p. 56). Having become analogous with the Reconquista as noted Müntzer (according to [30], p. 16), Ferdinand and Elisabeth are depicted in triumphal scenes, mostly showing city authorities surrendering and handing over their keys, or the entry of the sovereign into subjugated towns, although sometimes other anecdotal episodes are sculpted, which the sculptor may have learnt about as the war progressed. The presence of this military chronicle in a cathedral setting can be explained by the fact that the war with Granada was not only a political act but was also a crusade blessed by God [33] (see, also, [14], p. 456 and [11], pp. 54–93). 4.3. Devotional Images During the reign of Ferdinand II, the use of devotional objects as vehicles for political propaganda continued. Although there are precedents, the use of iconography as a pretext or structure under which complex symbolic programmes were concealed became systematised and generalised. Exemplary in this respect are the Plasencia stalls by master craftsman Rodrigo Aleman, who was contracted by the representatives of the cathedral chapter on 7 June 1497 (Figure 4). The two chairs at the ends of the stalls, together with the central one for St Peter, are the largest and stand on a special base that gives their occupants a commanding view and, at the same time, allows them to be easily seen (see [33], p. 104 and [34]). Both present inlays of the Catholic Monarchs, who had the prerogative of accessing the choir as honorary canons and collecting the corresponding ratione -prebend or benefice-, a custom that spread in the late Middle Ages probably due to the more direct intervention of kings in ecclesiastical affairs (see [35,36]. The chairs’ dimensions and position on high, similar to that of the venerable Peter, place the monarchs in a glorious spatial environment, a new visual sign of their supposed sacredness that the monarchs so longed for (see [14], p. 467). The monarchy’s desire to make its presence felt in the religious sphere was manifested in other developments, as is illustrated by the portals of the monastery of Santa Cruz in Segovia, the church of El Paular, the most problematic portal of the cloister of Segovia Cathedral (descriptions and problems in [11], pp. 118–124), and the well-known portal of Santa Engracia in Saragossa (Figure 4). The latter was commenced by Ferdinand II’s father, Johan II, who, after entrusting himself to the saint, had his sight restored after a cataract operation in 1468 [37,38,39]. When John II realized that he would not be able to complete it, he commissioned Ferdinand to do so, given that he “liked to see the designs, because he had a taste for architecture” [40]. To this end, Ferdinand II wrote, on 8 May 1493, that “the work on the Aljafería should cease and everything that was to be spent there should be redirected to the work on Santa Engracia” [41]. Catalogued as one of the earliest examples of a Renaissance doorway in Spain, and executed by the Morlanes family, its iconography features several elements, including the monarchs, the ancient cults of the sanctuary, symbols of the order that took over the monastery, and the connotations underlying the form and ornamentation of the triumphal arch that constituted the doorway. It was a showcase of intentions at a time when the king sought to dignify his image, which had deteriorated in Catalonia due to the civil war against his father, and in Castile, where his power was questioned by the nobility (see [8], p. 64). Some believe the effigy of the king is a portrait, either because of a sculpture that was kept in the sacristy of the monastery or because Gil Morlanes the Elder maintained a close personal relationship with the monarchs [42] (see, also [37], p. 13). The images depicting the king as protector and restorer of the Church, and as an exemplary and just devotee, mostly together with his wife, are very common. This can be seen in the doorway of the collegiate church of Daroca, which dates to around 1482–1488, proof of his predilection for important sanctuaries, in this case dedicated to the Sagrados Corporales, to which he allocated resources for their restoration and embellishment [43,44] (see, also, [8], p. 79). Another example is the anonymous Piedad de los Reyes Católicos in the cathedral of Granada, perhaps an ex-voto donated by the monarchs on their second entry into the city on 5 January 1492 [45], or the Mater Omnium of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, from around 1485 by Diego de la Cruz and his workshop, the result of the imposition of Leonor Mendoza as abbess, despite the opposition of the community. In a context of tension, the abbess or her uncle, the famous cardinal, endowed the monastery with a work that showed the union within the community and its links with the royalty, who had extended such favours towards it [46] (and [14], p. 465). Other religiously and politically significant representations are those that allude to religious orthodoxy and spiritual renewal. One of the most illustrative works is the famous panel of the Virgen de los Reyes Católicos of Saint Thomas of Avila (nowadays in Museo del Prado, Madrid), from around 1490 and closely related to the Holy Inquisition [47] (Figure 5). The institution was lauded by the monarchy because, in addition to looking after the interests of the Church, it enabled the monarchs to wield unquestioned power in each of their kingdoms (see [4], pp. 134–135). The attention to detail and the coincidence with the descriptions of these monarchs leads us to think that their portraits were painted in their presence or from sketches of them taken during their lives [48] (see, also, [42], p. 51). What is certain is that this panel is an indication that the Inquisition had royal and divine approval [49]: not only do the two patron saints of the convent appear, but alongside the kings are two other Dominican inquisitors, Pedro de Arbués, martyred in Saragossa by opponents of the Inquisition, and Tomás de Torquemada, who was prior of the monastery (according to [8], pp. 35–38; [48], planche LVIII and [50]). This panel, an early court portrait that is predominantly devotional in character, is propaganda in defence of the Court of the Holy Office, a fact that is corroborated by the presence of its most prominent members (one of whom was martyred for its cause) and of the sovereigns (who worked so hard for its reinstatement). 5. A New Artistic Genre at Court: Portraiture Portraiture was introduced at court in the time of the Catholic Monarchs. In addition to the aforementioned early portraits in the Virgen de los Reyes, the Mater Omnium and, in sculpture, on the façade of Santa Engracia, there were other examples, such as the portrayals that appeared in some scenes of the Políptico de Isabel la Católica (this set contained 47 little panels), of which 28 panels have survived, two with effigies of Ferdinand II. Perhaps his painter, John of Flanders, used this work as a pretext to paint the kings from life [51,52]. This genre reflected, in image and likeness, the true portrait of the king [53]. The institutional framework in which the monarch wanted to be seen, with the insignia of his status, was no longer important; instead he wanted a faithful record of his appearance. Earlier attempts had been made: John I (1387–1396) in 1388 tried to hire Jacques Coene after learning of his skills in depicting particular faces [54]. Ferdinand II also lamented his attempt to secure the hand in marriage of the Neapolitan Infanta for his son John, which failed because he lacked a painter of sufficient quality to be able to send a suitable likeness of him (see [14], p. 444 and [55]). The new genre was intended to be a mirror and record of individual features. There are 4 known examples of King Ferdinand II, practically identical and following the compositional formula of the Flemish portrait in the 15th century: the Windsor portrait, from around 1490–1500; the Vienna portrait, of the same date; the Berlin portrait, after 1492; and the Poitiers portrait, of the same date [56,57] (see, also, [11], chap. VI (Figure 6). The greatest similarities are to be found between the Windsor and Vienna portraits (the other two being simpler), the differences being limited to the colour of the clothes and the necklaces on his chest. These similarities suggest that they were not painted from life; moreover, the precision of the details and features of the king’s adult face indicate that portraiture as an independent genre had become fully established in the Iberian Peninsula, an art form hitherto almost unknown in Spain. 6. Conclusions Ferdinand II is one of the great personalities related to the image of the king of Aragon. Firstly, a new conception of power based on joint government with Elisabeth was witnessed and reflected in the iconography in all artistic genres, with the most representative media being seals and coins, stamped at their behest and whose surfaces shared, for the first time, the effigies of both kings. Secondly, the Catholic Monarchs were the object of adulation on the part of the artistic patrons among their subjects, whether these were private individuals or members of secular or religious institutions, and they personified the exaltation of the monarchy to a hitherto unseen extent, although always in keeping with the clear instrumental nature of the artistic projects, including those promoted by the monarchs themselves. Regarded as caput milicie and true defenders of the faith, which earned them the nickname of the Catholic Monarchs, they continued the already established use of sacred works as true vehicles of political propaganda, and under their rule the use of iconography as a pretext or structure for concealing complex symbolic ideas became systematic and generalized. Funding This research was funded by Edificis i Escenaris religiosos medievals a la Corona d’Aragó, [2017 SGR 1724]. Generalitat de Catalunya-AGAUR. 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Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Serrano-Coll, M. Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516). Encyclopedia 2021, 1, 1182-1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040089 AMA Style Serrano-Coll M. Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516). Encyclopedia. 2021; 1(4):1182-1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040089 Chicago/Turabian Style Serrano-Coll, Marta. 2021. "Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516)" Encyclopedia 1, no. 4: 1182-1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040089 Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.
22709	yago	0	82	https://thenewhistoria.org/schema/catherine-of-aragon/	en	Catherine of Aragon	https://thenewhistoria.o…ema/header_3.jpg	https://thenewhistoria.o…ema/header_3.jpg	[ "https://thenewhistoria.org/static/images/logo-tnh.svg", "https://thenewhistoria.org/static/images/menu.svg", "https://thenewhistoria.org/static/images/close.svg", "https://thenewhistoria.org/static/images/search.svg", "https://thenewhistoria.org/data/1716867046/images/schema/header_small3.jpg", "https://thenewhistoria.org/data/1716867046/images/schema/header_medium3.jpg", "https://thenewhistoria.org/data/1716867046/images/schema/header_3.jpg", "https://thenewhistoria.org/data/62169987208/images/schema/fullsize_42.jpg", "https://thenewhistoria.org/data/62169987208/images/schema/fullsize_43.jpg", "https://thenewhistoria.org/static/images/logo-footer.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The New Historia	en	/static/icons/apple-touch-icon.png	The New Historia	https://historia.3.nftest.nl/schema/catherine-of-aragon/	Date and place of birth January 15th, 1485 in Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain. Date and place of death January 7th, 1536 in Kimbolton, England. Family Together Isabel and Ferdinand united nearly all of modern Spain under their rule and had considerable territories in the Mediterranean, Italy, and the New World. Mother: Her mother, Isabel of Castile (1451-1504), queen of Castile in her own right, was the daughter of Juan II of Castile and Isabel of Portugal. Father: Catherine’s father, Ferdinand of Aragon II (1452-1516), king of Aragón, was the son of Juan II of Aragón and Juana Enriquez. Marriage and Family Life Catherine had one brother and three sisters. She was raised in her mother’s household alongside Maria (1482-1517), her closest sibling, until Maria left for an arranged marriage in 1500. All of Catherine’s siblings made marriages in furtherance of their parents’ diplomatic aims, and their descendants were important connections for Catherine. Her sisters Isabel (1470-1498) and Maria both married kings of Portugal. Isabel died young, but Maria was an active Portuguese queen consort to Manuel I and mother of his successor, John III. Juana (1479-1555), married in 1496 Philip of Burgundy, Habsburg heir to both the Holy Roman Emperor and through his mother, Mary of Burgundy, the wealthy and powerful Duchy of Burgundy. Catherine’s only brother, Juan (1478-1497), married Philip’s sister Marguerite of Austria, but died a few months after their marriage, in 1497. Catherine was betrothed from the age of three to Arthur Tudor, heir to the English throne. Her wedding to Arthur in 1501 was celebrated in London with the most elaborate civic pageants and royal ceremony of the reign of Henry VII. Arthur’s death mere months into their marriage was an unexpected tragedy, and resulted in Catherine’s betrothal and eventual marriage to Arthur’s brother, the future Henry VIII, in 1509. There was some uncertainty as to whether Arthur and Catherine had consummated their marriage (Catherine’s nurse declared they had not), which would later become a matter of contention when Henry VIII sought to divorce Catherine. Most accounts agree that Catherine and Henry had a successful, and at times loving royal marriage. They conceived at least six times, but only one child, the future Mary I of England (1516-1553), survived to adulthood. The lack of a male heir spurred Henry to seek a divorce from Catherine in the late 1520s in order to marry Anne Boleyn (c.1500-1533). Education Catherine’s mother oversaw her education, and Catherine and her sisters were known throughout Europe for their humanistic education, especially their knowledge of Latin. This education also included lessons in music, dance, weaving, and sewing, as well as religious instruction, languages, history, and literature. Later in life, Catherine gained recognition from humanist luminaries such as Desiderius Erasmus and Sir Thomas More for her Latinity and wisdom. As queen, Catherine was concerned with the state of learning in England, visiting and supporting colleges at Oxford and Cambridge. She also patronized works on the education of women. Religion Catherine was devoutly Catholic, and like her parents particularly devoted to the Order of the Observant Franciscans. Like other royal women, much of her faith was performed in public, through attendance at mass, pilgrimages, and almsgiving. She had a number of chaplains serving her, including a Spanish confessor. Although a loyal daughter of the Church, she could be critical of churchmen she perceived as corrupt, especially if they were also her political opponents, such as Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. Transformation(s) After Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn, Catherine was demoted to her former title as dowager Princess of Wales and forced to live in increasingly isolated royal manors. She was prevented from seeing her daughter Mary, who was now declared illegitimate. Catherine continued to maintain that she was England’s rightful queen until her death, although she refused to flee England or sanction any armed rebellion against her husband. She died in the company of her Spanish lady-in-waiting and dear friend Maria de Salinas Lady Willoughby, and was buried as the dowager Princess of Wales in Peterborough Cathedral. Works/Agency As queen of England, Catherine of Aragon had a significant domestic and international profile. She headed her own large household of English and Spanish servants and arranged for the marriages of her Spanish and English ladies-in-waiting. As queen consort, Catherine also oversaw the administration of her own dower lands, worth approximately £4,000, on a par with the kingdom’s wealthiest magnates. These lands provided her income to fund her household and with positions and resources to distribute as patronage. She independently governed her own estates, assisted by a council of administrators and advisors, which would also act as a court in disputes between her tenants and officials. In the early years of her reign, she acted as a representative for her father at the English court, becoming Europe’s first female accredited ambassador in 1507. Sensing her husband’s martial enthusiasm, she urged him to go to war with France, Spain’s enemy. When Henry VIII invaded France in 1513, he put her in charge of home governance and defense, naming her Queen Regent. When James IV of Scotland invaded the north of England, Catherine sent an army north to meet him under the command of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. This campaign culminated in the most significant military victory of Henry’s reign, at the Battle of Flodden Field, which resulted in the death of James IV. Ambassadors across Europe quipped that while Henry had only captured a French duke, Catherine had slain a king. Later, her political influence at court lessened as Henry turned to his former almoner Thomas Wolsey as his chief minister. Catherine continued to be important in royal affairs, presiding over tournaments, banquets, and court spectacles, the most famous of which was the Anglo-French peace summit, the Field of Cloth of Gold, in 1520. During the latter decade of her reign, Catherine was much preoccupied with preparing her only daughter Mary to rule. This fit with her general interest in promoting education in England, and she became a patron of works on the education of women, including De institutione feminae Christianae (The Education of a Christian Woman), by Juan Luis Vives. Clearly meant for a wide audience, the work became an international bestseller and was translated into many languages. Catherine herself commissioned an English translation. Catherine personally had a hand in Mary’s early Latin education, and her daughter’s household was staffed by many of Catherine’s closest friends or their families. Reputation Before Henry VIII’s attempt to end their marriage, Catherine seems to have been an uncontroversial and personally popular queen. During the divorce crisis, there is some evidence that she remained personally popular, especially amongst the women of England. Catherine’s actions in the face of personal adversity show her to be a deeply conventional elite woman who nevertheless had a strong sense of her own honor and dignity. As a young widow in England, after her first marriage, she sought to take charge of her own destiny by joining the diplomatic negotiations between England and Spain, negotiations that would determine her future. Later as an experienced queen consort, she refused to acquiesce to her husband’s demands for an annulment, in spite of mounting political and religious pressures. During both of these crises, Catherine adhered to the social expectations of her gender, casting herself as a loyal daughter, wife, and mother. Nevertheless, she did not feel that her obedience to her husband permitted him to overrule her conscience in the matter of their marriage. Legacy and Influence Catherine’s personal legacy and influence primarily survived through her daughter, Mary I, England’s first queen regnant. By educating her daughter to rule and instilling in her loyalties to the Catholic Church and Spain, Catherine shaped her daughter’s reign as England’s first queen regnant. Mary’s reign itself was primarily a failure, as she was unable to return England permanently to Catholicism, but most scholars agree that without Mary’s successful accession to the throne in 1553, it is unlikely that her half-sister, the future Elizabeth I, would have become queen in her own right. Particularly, Catherine’s insistence that her daughter could rule in her own right helped to pave the way for both Mary and Elizabeth to rule. Catherine of Aragon’s other legacy is, albeit unintentional, the English Reformation. Her decision to oppose her husband’s efforts to annul their marriage ultimately forced Henry down the path to Reformation. Scholars have debated Henry’s personal beliefs and attitude towards Protestantism before the divorce, but ultimately there is little evidence that the king would have sanctioned such a radical break if he had gotten the divorce he wanted from the Vatican. Henry was unable to do so because Catherine and her dynastic connections were able to pressure the pope into delaying and ultimately denying Henry’s request for an annulment. Had Catherine acquiesced to Henry’s demands (especially before the case was appealed to Rome), in all likelihood England’s religious landscape would have been drastically different. Controversy Catherine’s historical significance cannot be discussed without reference to her opposition to her husband’s efforts to declare their marriage invalid and obtain an annulment. Starting in 1527, Henry VIII began questioning the validity of his marriage to Catherine, because scripture specifically forbade a man from marrying his brother’s widow. Catherine and Henry had married after receiving a papal dispensation for their union, effectively negating the scriptural prohibition. Worried about his lack of a male heir, Henry expressed doubts that the pope had the power to sanction their marriage. Catherine always maintained that her first marriage to Arthur had never been consummated, and thus she believed that Henry VIII’s concerns about the pope’s ability to sanction their union were groundless. After becoming infatuated with one of Catherine’s ladies, Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII gradually sought more extreme solutions to his dynastic problems. Catherine relied on her English supporters and her nephew Charles V’s influence in Rome to block Henry’s efforts, and she passionately defended her marriage and her daughter’s legitimacy in public at Blackfriars in 1529. Catherine’s campaign was so successful that she thwarted Henry for nearly six years. Frustrated by his wife’s superior support abroad, Henry had to break away from the Catholic Church and declare himself head of the English Church in order to get the annulment he wanted, ushering in the English Reformation. In 1533, Henry had their marriage declared invalid and married Anne Boleyn. New and unfolding information and/or interpretations Catherine’s posthumous historical reputation was often determined by the author’s religious affiliation, though it was often difficult for Protestants to defend Henry’s actions on a personal level. For Catholic historians, Catherine became a virtuous Catholic martyr, while partisan Protestants regarded her as a woman whose marriage to Henry VIII had never been valid and whose daughter was a bastard. However, by the late seventeenth century, Catherine’s reputation had begun to solidify around the themes of dutiful wife, pious Catholic, and wronged woman. In the nineteenth century, Catherine’s reputation as a politically able wife and mother began to take shape and modern scholarship and biographies have continued to acknowledge her political acumen. However, popular culture persists in casting her as a devout, dull older woman opposite a young, vivacious (and often ruthless) Anne Boleyn. The definitive modern account of Catherine’s life is the masterful biography written by Garrett Mattingly in 1941. In recent years, with the growth of queenship studies, Catherine of Aragon has begun to receive sustained attention by scholars of sixteenth-century Britain and Spain, although much of this work is still in its nascent stages. Continued interest in this internationally important figure will certainly produce important studies in years to come.
22709	yago	2	74	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Joanna_of_Castile	en	Joanna of Castile	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[ "https://wikiwandv2-19431.kxcdn.com/_next/image?url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Johanna_I_van_Castili%25C3%25AB.JPG/640px-Johanna_I_van_Castili%25C3%25AB.JPG&w=640&q=50", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Johanna_I_van_Castili%C3%AB.JPG/220px-Johanna_I_van_Castili%C3%AB.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Joanna_of_Castile%27s_signature.svg/125px-Joanna_of_Castile%27s_signature.svg.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Joanna, historically known as Joanna the Mad, was the nominal queen of Castile from 1504 and queen of Aragon from 1516 to her death in 1555. She was the daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Joanna was married by arrangement to the Austrian archduke Philip the Handsome on 20 October 1496. Following the deaths of her elder brother John, elder sister Isabella, and nephew Miguel between 1497 and 1500, Joanna became the heir presumptive to the crowns of Castile and Aragon. When her mother died in 1504, she became queen of Castile. Her father proclaimed himself governor and administrator of Castile.	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Joanna_of_Castile	"Juana la Loca" and "Joanna of Aragon" redirect here. For the movie, see Juana la Loca (2001 film). For other uses, see Joanna of Aragon (disambiguation) and Joanna of Castile (disambiguation). Joanna (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555), historically known as Joanna the Mad (Spanish: Juana la Loca), was the nominal queen of Castile from 1504 and queen of Aragon from 1516 to her death in 1555. She was the daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Joanna was married by arrangement to the Austrian archduke Philip the Handsome on 20 October 1496.[1] Following the deaths of her elder brother John, elder sister Isabella, and nephew Miguel between 1497 and 1500, Joanna became the heir presumptive to the crowns of Castile and Aragon. When her mother died in 1504, she became queen of Castile. Her father proclaimed himself governor and administrator of Castile.[2] Quick Facts Queen of Castile and León, Reign ... Close
22709	yago	1	21	https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/92177844/juan_ii-of_aragon	en	1479) – Find a Grave Gedenkstätte	https://images.findagrav…1af11b70eca.jpeg	https://images.findagrav…1af11b70eca.jpeg	[ "https://www.findagrave.com/assets/images/logo-fff.png", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2019/247/202721874_d1d649e6-9714-497b-8503-41af11b70eca.jpeg?size=photos250", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2003/323/3972_1069379771.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2018/314/133950514_909c3406-7247-4819-ba24-70ba5a08b253.png?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2011/196/73449551_131084520399.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2022/97/238579183_08f99f1d-5df4-41d9-bb67-447a7b1edfe7.jpeg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2020/24/133948544_f4193200-4d07-4e4f-a350-f5f5303e85e9.png?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2018/247/156057563_56a06002-6bb1-4f36-a5d7-23d2e0beea2c.jpeg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2008/69/3974_120514974104.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/default-image.png", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2019/247/202721874_d1d649e6-9714-497b-8503-41af11b70eca.jpeg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2018/314/92177844_2a1f5071-9d91-4015-8326-ee327689ed1f.jpeg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2019/247/202721874_946a7631-90dd-4f2d-a8ea-9596c66ca778.jpeg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2018/314/92177844_3e9961a3-f283-442d-bcff-2c23b99dda21.jpeg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Spanish Monarch. Born at Medina del Campo the second son of Fernando I and Eleanor of Albuquerque. After the death of his father his elder brother Alfonso V became king of Aragon, Naples and Sicily in 1416. When Alfonso V died in 1458 his son Ferdinand I succeeded him as king of Naples and Sicily and he succeeded him...	de	/assets/images/fg-icon.svg		https://de.findagrave.com/memorial/92177844/juan_ii-of_aragon	Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Wir sind auf ein unbekanntes Problem gestoßen. Warten Sie einige Minuten und versuchen Sie es noch einmal. Wenn das Problem weiterhin besteht, kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave. Wir haben die Sicherheit auf der Seite aktualisiert. Sie müssen Ihr Passwort zurücksetzen. Ihr Konto wurde wegen zu vieler fehlgeschlagener Anmeldeversuche für 30 Minuten gesperrt. Bitte kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave unter [email protected], wenn Sie Hilfe beim Zurücksetzen Ihres Passworts benötigen. Dieses Konto wurde deaktiviert. Bei Fragen kontaktieren Sie bitte [email protected] Dieses Konto wurde deaktiviert. Bei Fragen kontaktieren Sie bitte [email protected] E-Mail nicht gefunden. Bitte füllen Sie das Captcha aus, damit wir wissen, dass Sie eine echte Person sind. Mehr als einen Datensatz für eingegebene E-Mail gefunden. Wir haben Ihnen zur Aktivierung eine E-Mail geschickt. Sign in to your existing Find a Grave account. You’ll only have to do this once—after your accounts are connected, you can sign in using your Ancestry sign in or your Find a Grave sign in. We found an existing Find a Grave account associated with your email address. Sign in below with your Find a Grave credentials to link your Ancestry account. After your accounts are connected you can sign in using either account. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihre E-Mail-Adresse ein. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihr Passwort ein. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihre E-Mail-Adresse und Ihr Passwort ein. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es ist ein Systemfehler aufgetreten. Bitte versuchen Sie es später erneut. Eine E-Mail zum Zurücksetzen des Passworts wurde an Email-ID gesendet. Wenn Sie keine E-Mail erhalten haben, durchsuchen Sie bitte Ihren Spam-Ordner. Wir sind auf ein unbekanntes Problem gestoßen. Warten Sie einige Minuten und versuchen Sie es noch einmal. Wenn das Problem weiterhin besteht, kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave.
22709	yago	2	23	https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/2023/07/03/the-lady-of-aragon/	en	THE LADY OF ARAGON	https://themonstrousregi…3/07/unnamed.jpg	https://themonstrousregi…3/07/unnamed.jpg	[ "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/eleanor_of_sicily_crop_-_monastery_of_poblet_-_catalonia_2014.jpg?w=285", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/violant-de-bar-1.jpg?w=717", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/juana_enriquez.png?w=215", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/msc_blanca_danjou.png?w=440", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/marie_kastilie.jpg?w=257", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/tomba_delisenda_de_montcada_detall.jpg?w=530", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/59_la_reina_maria_de_luna_i_portada_de_san_martin.jpg?w=1024", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/aragon-m2-32971064-768x576-1.jpg?w=768", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/isabela_aragon.jpg?w=589", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/retabulo_da_rainha_santa_isabel_seculo_xvi_museu_nacional_de_machado_de_castro.png?w=829", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/800px-yolande_of_aragon.jpg?w=591", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/ccb7b200c7537d186043f9de16da7d1a673183d525bf3fb24fa157b42bb7072e?s=80&d=identicon&r=G", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Alexandra Bowles" ]	2023-07-03T00:00:00	In a previous post about Queens of Castile, I mentioned I would be doing an accompanying post about a few of the Queens and Princesses of Aragon. As I mentioned in that previous post, one of the things I loved about the Iberian monarchies is the role of women. This idea of the Queen-Lieutenant although…	en	https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico	The Monstrous Regiment of Women	https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/2023/07/03/the-lady-of-aragon/	In a previous post about Queens of Castile, I mentioned I would be doing an accompanying post about a few of the Queens and Princesses of Aragon. As I mentioned in that previous post, one of the things I loved about the Iberian monarchies is the role of women. This idea of the Queen-Lieutenant although a feature of all Iberian Catholic monarchies, originated in and was most prominent at the court of Aragon. Eleanor of Sicily was born in 1325 the daughter of Peter II King of Sicily and Elizabeth of Carinthia; now Eleanor’s childhood was a tense one with the court in Sicily dominated by strife between a) the throne and the nobility, especially the oldest most prestigious families i.e the Ventimiglia, Palizzi and Chiaramonte, and b) Sicily and Naples – the two kingdoms were in a near eternal pissing match for dominance. The tense situation wasn’t helped by the fact that her father was not exactly the strongest of monarchs in fact most of his contemporaries regarded him as being feeble minded with Giovanni Villani referring to him as “quasi un mentacatto” (“almost an imbecile”) whilst Nicola Speciale was a tad nicer calling him “purus et simplex” (“pure & simple”). Eleanor’s mother was not quite feele minded and upon the death of Peter II in 1348, Elizabeth swiftly took charge ruling on behalf of her son (Eleanor’s younger brother) who was too young to rule alone. It was Elizabeth that decided that Eleanor should marry Peter IV of Aragon – this marriage was arranged on the condition that he renounce all rights to the Sicilian throne. He agreed – which is hardly surprising. You see Peter IV was very much in need of a son; despite only been 30 he’d been married twice before (firstly to Maria of Navarre and Eleanor of Portugal) but had no surviving sons from either marriage, although he did have two daughters. The marriage took place in 1349 and was a pretty big success; not only was Eleanor immensely popular and respected but she also fixed the no-legitimate heir problem that had plagued Peter’s reign. In fact she didn’t just bear him the all important son and heir; between 1350 and 1362 she actually managed to bear three sons John, Martin & Alfonso and a daughter Eleanor. Two of those sons would go on to be King of Aragon whilst her daughter became Queen of Castile. Eleanor’s death was a major turning point in the Aragonese royal family; she was basically the glue that held everything together and everything went downhill with her no longer around. Her husband seemed to recover from his grief within 10 minutes and quickly began romancing Sibila de Fortia, a lady in waiting of hers who was several decades younger than him (she was in her early-mid twenties whilst he was 56). King Peter & Sibila had married in 1377 in a wedding that had not gone down well with Eleanor’s sons John and Martin who were frankly livid; their anger had three components – the first was annoyance on their mother’s behalf, the second stemmed from the accusation that the relationship had begun prior to Eleanor’s death and the third was a result of Sibila’s age which meant that she was very much capable of getting pregnant; they were clearly not in the mood for younger brothers with ambitious mothers who could potentially cause chaos. John then married Violante of Bar without his father’s permission; Peter was unsurprisingly deeply unimpressed; the fact that the very beautiful, very headstrong and very intelligent Violante clashed spectacularly with Sibila upon arriving in Aragon, did not help matters. As the 1380’s progressed, court grew incredibly factionalised with Queen Sibila inviting her family to court – they became increasingly influential and with both sons furious at him, King Peter began to favour Sibila’s family over his own – Sibila’s brother Bernard especially became quite powerful. Court became increasingly split with Sibila, her family and allies on one side and John & Martin, their wives and their allies on the other. Both John and Martin would go on to be King after Peter’s death but the relationship between Eleanor’s loved ones never recovered. Being.a Princess of France sounds like a pretty nice gig if you can get it. But what’s better than Princess of France? Well Queen of Aragon doesn’t sound too shabby, a fact I’m sure Violante of Bar here agreed with. Violante of Bar was born circa 1365 the daughter of Robert I Duke of Bar and Marie of Valois; she was her parent’s eighth child (we’re not actually sure about the specifics of her birth-date however we know she was around 15 when she married in 1380 so it’s safe to presume she was probably born around 1365). Her father was a powerful noble in France who ruled a nice territory in the North-East of the country which bordered the Duchy of Lorraine and various territories belonging to the Holy Roman Empire, whilst her mother Marie was the daughter of John II King of France and Bonne of Bohemia, sister of Charles V King of France and aunt of Charles VI King of France. Now we do know that Violante’s mother Marie was noted for her intelligent and intellectual pursuits and was renowned for having an extensive library that includes works about romance, poetry, history and theology; the French court was also the most cultured and intellectual in Europe. Marie was also a patron of the arts and a muse to the likes of Jean d’Arras who dedicated his Roman de Mélusine to her. Violante thus grew up at the French court under the very cultured tutelage of her mother, her aunt Jeanne de Bourbon Queen of France and Jeanne’s mother the formidable Isabelle de Valois Madame de Bourbon la Grande, Dowager Duchess of Bourbon. She grew up with the likes of Christine de Pizan and a whole host of aristocratic little girls including Marie & Philippa de Coucy the granddaughters of Edward III King of England. In other words her education was likely to have been AMAZING. Violante’s own daughter received an incredibly extensive education so it’s likely she was inspired by her own education. In 1380 when she was around 15 she married John Duke of Girona who was the heir apparent to the throne of Aragon. He was 15 years older than her and had been married once before; he and his first wife Martha of Armagnac had produced 5 children although at the point that Violante and John married, only one daughter Joanna was still alive. Now John and Violante’s was kind of a political marriage but also not really a political marriage – after the death of Martha, there had been a ton of wrangling about who John would marry. His father King Peter favoured a princess of Sicily however John evidently preferred Violante and made it clear he wanted to marry her. I’ve never seen evidence of this but I would assume that means they met although I’m not sure when. To give you some context tensions at the court of Aragon were at fever pitch; following the death of John’s mother Queen Eleanor in 1375, her widower & John’s father King Peter seemed to recover from his grief within about an hour and quickly began romancing Sibila de Fortia, a lady in waiting of his late who was several decades younger than him (she was in her early-mid twenties whilst he was 56). King Peter & Sibila had married in 1377 in a wedding that had not gone down well with Peter’s son John and Martin who were frankly livid; part of their anger stemmed from annoyance on their mother’s behalf whilst the larger part of their rage stemmed from Sibila’s age which meant that she was very much capable of getting pregnant; they were clearly not in the mood for younger brothers with ambitious mothers who could potentially cause chaos. Feeling resentful towards his father and evidently quite enamoured with Violante, he made the decision to marry her regardless of the consequences, and King Peter a) did not give consent to the marriage and b) wasn’t told about it until the last minute. Whilst John evidently had romantic feelings for Violante, marrying her was also politically advantageous – their marriage was both a) a way to strengthen ties between Aragon and France and b) a way for the Aragonese crown to support the Avignon Papacy. Peter was unsurprisingly deeply unimpressed; the fact that the very beautiful, very headstrong and very intelligent Violante clashed spectacularly with Sibila upon arriving in Aragon, did not help matters. John appears to have been very much in love with his new wife and didn’t take kindly to what he perceived as his step-mother’s rudeness towards his bride. This as you can imagine only caused further strife. As the 1380’s progressed, court grew incredibly factionalised with Queen Sibila inviting her family to court – they became increasingly influential and with both sons furious at him, King Peter began to favour Sibila’s family over his own – Sibila’s brother Bernard especially became quite powerful. Court became increasingly split with Sibila, her family and allies on one side and John & Violant and their allies on the other. You see Violante turned out to be quite the political player and proved to be far more than just a pretty French face. John and Violante appear to have been quite a formidable duo and throughout their sixteen-year-marriage were devoted to one another. There’s no record of infidelity on his part, in fact there wasn’t even a whisper of it, and the two conceived constantly; between 1382 and 1396, Violante gave birth to seven children James, Yolande, Ferdinand, Antonia, Eleanor, Peter & Joanna (and this doesn’t include miscarriages or possible stillbirths). Despite clearly have no problem with carrying children and then giving birth, the problem appears to have been keeping them alive afterwards and out of their seven children only one survived to adulthood. In 1387 Violante’s father in law King Peter died and her husband ascended to the throne as King John I meaning Violante was now Queen. The first decision they needed to make was how to deal with John’s step-mother Sibila who in the immediate aftermath of Peter’s death fled to the Santa Marti Sarroca. John and Violante forced her to return to Aragon in order to pledge her alliegace; upon arrival instead of executing her (as some may have expected them to do) they chose to demonstrate a degree of mercy and sent her to live under close guard in Barcelona. They were supported in this by John’s brother Martin; his support and the royal brother’s close relationship resulted in John naming his brother Duke of Montblanc. Previously the only other duchy in Aragon was that of Girona, a title reserved for the heir to the throne, so Martin being given a nice little duchy of his own was an enormous honour. Whilst John and Martin were tight, Violante and Martin’s wife Maria appear to have been less close. Violante’s husband would only rule for 9 years; two years into his reign in around 1388 his health began to falter – the exact cause of his illness is unknown however it fluctuated meaning he went through periods of good health and periods where he was practically bed-bound. When he was healthy John and Violante ruled together in what was considered a true partnership; when he was ill Violante wielded considerable administrative power on his behalf and from 1388 onwards she was Queen-Lieutenant of Aragon, effectively governing the kingdom as such. She seems to have followed her husband’s wishes whilst ruling and none of her policies were particularly rogue. In July 1391 in Valencia, a riot broke out against the Jewish population egged on by the Dominican preacher Vincent Ferrer – Violante intervened and ordered the officials in Valencia to increase the defence of the Jewish population. Violant’s brother-in-law was was sent to deal with the rioters; evidently the situation was worse than he expected and so he requested King John’s assistance. John however was evidently sick and thus unable to help so Martin was denied; he then appealed to Violante to intervene however she also refused. Contemporaries at the time noted that her refusal was due to constitutional reasons (the specifics of those constitutional reasons aren’t exactly clear), not personal reasons and it was commented that she appeared to genuinely want to help. Afterwards in an effort to ease the suffering of the Jewish people, Violante chose not to impose the higher rate of taxation originally established by her father in law by allowing the Jewish Community to pay only a quarter of the amount. Something that’s very interesting about Violante is the extent to which she remained involved in French matters and when arranging marriages for her family members she considered not just how it benefitted Aragon but also whether it was politically beneficial to France; in 1382 her parents gave her permission to explore a potential Aragonese marriage for one of her sisters as a way of boosting Violante’s position. Such a marriage would have made the connections between Aragon and France stronger. She also negotiated frequently with Juan I of Castile about various potential marriages between her family and his – it appears that Violante pretty much had free reign when it came to marriages and she considered unions between her step-daughter and either one of the sons of Juan I of Castile or an Aragonese duke (as a way of fortifying the already strong relationship between John and her cousin Charles IV of France. She at one point received an offer from Richard II to marry one of her daughters following the death of his wife Anne of Bohemia however Violante refused out of loyalty to Charles. In 1392 Violant brokered a marriage for her stepdaughter Joanna with Matthew Count of Foix further strengthening the connection between Aragon and France and that very same year she married her daughter to Louis II of Anjou who was not only a Prince of France but also King of Naples making her young daughter the Queen of Naples. Despite his illness John and Violante were a pretty perfect match and were both lovers of fashion, music and literature; she was clearly hugely inspired by her upbringing and experiences at French court. Under her authority, Aragon became one of the centres of European culture and living “in this particularly artistic atmosphere was a unique experience in Christendom. Other European courts patronised troubadours and encouraged the literary arts, of course, but nothing like this. The point was not simply to learn to read, write and perform verses, stories or songs but to incorporate the art into daily existence – to live poetry”. Violante in particular was noted for cultivating the talents of Provençal troubadours bringing some French flair to the court of Aragon. By the time John died in 1396, Violante was a seasoned and proactive political player; his death was actually kind of unexpected – he died during a hunt in forests near Foixá after falling from his horse – the fact he was on a horse in the first place would suggest he was one of his rare bouts of good health. With no living sons, his brother Martin was the next King. He however was dealing with pesky barons in Sicily and so it was up to his wife Maria who was hanging out in Barcelona to take charge; there was however one small little problem. Violante turned around and admitted that she had been intimate with her husband in the weeks/months leading up to his death (and she was only in early 30’s) meaning there was a very good chance she was potentially pregnant. Potentially pregnant with a son that would by birthright inherit the throne over Martin. This meant that although the cortes, the magnates and the councillors of Barcelona backed Maria, there was still a ton of the nobles in Aragon who were pretty hesitant to pledge their allegiance to Martin and Maria just in case Violant did produce a son. Maria’s saving grace was that as a native member of the Aragon elite she had familial ties to many of the kingdom’s most important families; Violante although a member of the French royal family lacked those ties in Aragon which put her at a disadvantage; her continued involvement in French affairs had evidently lead to a belief she wasn’t sufficiently loyal enough to Aragon. She was however potentially carrying the heir to the throne so that pretty much trumped everything. Now we don’t know 100% for certain whether she was telling the truth or not – Violante’s servants were questioned and whilst some denied the Dowager Queen was pregnant, others confirmed that she had, had sex with her husband recently so it was possible. Despite Maria basically begging for Martin to return, he refused to leave Sicily (part of Maria’s desire for him to return was also economic – the campaign in Sicily was costing stupid amounts of money that they didn’t really have). Whilst this uncertainty was going on, John’s daughter from his first marriage Joanna decided to chaos even more chaos by attempting to claim the throne for herself as her father’s eldest daughter supported by her husband Matthew de Foix and his very powerful family. The new Queen Maria then had Violante placed under virtual house arrest and moved to completely isolate Violante from her allies – arresting her closest familiars and removing from that their influential positions. They then waited until it was abundantly clear that Violante was not in fact pregnant. Throughout all of this Maria used a bit of good old fashioned xenophobia to blacken Violante’s reputation; in propaganda she cast herself as the virtuous, moral, simple homegrown Queen who had saved Aragon from Violante’s foreign, scheming & extravagant claws. She also sent Violante the horse that John (aka Violante’s late husband) was riding when he died which is just a bit evil actually. The thing is Maria couldn’t ultimately do all that much to Violante – the French would have caused absolute chaos if anything had happened to her; in the aftermath she dedicated herself to her daughter Yolande who ended up becoming the most powerful woman in Europe and the most ludicrously perfect politician so that’s a win for Violante I suppose. She also remained involved in the politics of both Aragon and France – the insanity of the French King and the chaos it caused meant that her daughter Yolande ended up taking a key role in the governance of France. Violante remained her daughter’s main supporter. In 1406 her former sister in law Queen Maria died leaving her husband and son behind. Shortly afterwards Maria’s daughter in law Blanche of Navarre (the second wife of her son Martin) gave birth to a son and heir also named Martin – as a way of bringing the family together and guaranteeing her bloodline on the throne of Aragon Violante arranged a marriage between her granddaughter Marie and the new heir to the throne of Aragon. He however died before the marriage could take place. Marie would go on to be the Queen of France as the wife of Charles VII of France – it was Violante’s daughter Yolande that got him on the throne in the first place. Like mother like daughter. Violante died in 1431 in Barcelona a decade into her granddaughter’s reign as Queen of France. Juana Enriquez was born in 1425 the daughter of Fadrique Enriquez and Mariana Fernandez de Córdoba the 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte; her mother died in 1431 and the very young Juana inherited her mother’s title propelling her to the top of the eligible young ladies list. Now her family were influential members of the Castilian nobility; heir importance stemmed from the fact that they were descended (albeit illegitimately) from Alfonso XI of Castile who was Juana’s great-great grandfather. John of Aragon (the brother of the King of Aragon Alfonso V) wanted to get in on some of that influence and decided to ally himself with the powerful noble faction she belonged to, a faction which had major power in Castile at the time. He was also it just so happens, looking for a wife following the death of his late wife Blanche I Queen of Navarre. He was 27 years older than her but that stopped neither him nor her relatives who were ecstatic at the chance to make her a Queen. The two became engaged in 1443, but due to various political shenanigans in both Aragon and Castile, the marriage was delayed until 1447. Now during his marriage to his first John had ruled Navarre as de jure uxoris; with his remarriage John was technically no long the ruler of Navarre however Juana apparently supported his decision to simply not cede power to his children Charles Prince of Viana and Blanche of Navarre who were to put it mildly deeply unimpressed (the relationship between John and his son had always been distant, John remarrying turned it into full blown hatred) and because breaking the law has consequences, everything kicked off culminating in the outbreak of Navarrese Civil War in 1451. You see the Navarrese people were as livid as Charles and Blanche; Charles had been granted the title of Prince of Viana (the traditional title of the heir to the throne) by his grandfather Charles III of Navarre all the way back in 1423 (you know before Juana was even born) and they had long waited for him to become their King. Now Navarre was for a big portion of the medieval era a bit of a ping pong ball that was sometimes on the French side and sometimes on the Spanish side – John as King of Aragon obviously had the Spanish leaning nobles on his side whilst Charles had the French. The nobility however overwhelmingly favoured John; Charles was the chosen one of the people which makes the hostilities a bit of a class conflict which I find fascinating, and it was referred to as the war between farmers and nobles. During the course of the civil war John was predominantly on the front lines leading his army which culminated in him appointing Juana to act as regent. In 1452 she gave birth to a son Ferdinand (who winds up being that Ferdinand of Isabella and Ferdinand fame and is pretty well known for establishing the Spanish Inquisition and being responsible for some of history’s more reprehensible figures i.e Christopher Columbus). Charles evidently saw where this was going (i.e his father declaring his new baby son his heir over Charles) so that year after being defeated and captured at the Battle of Aybar, he fled to France the minute he was released to secure the support of the French king. Open warfare however did not end – remember the people were still pissed. Charles then decided that French support wasn’t enough and decided to try to entice his father’s older brother Alfonso V of Aragon to also back him. In 1555 all sorts of absolute chaos went down; firstly John tried to disinherit his son and thinking the public would be calmed by naming a different child from his first marriage heir, he named his daughter Eleanor wife of Gaston IV of Foix as his successor. Thing is, it turned out that John had miscalculated slightly; the Navarrese didn’t just want any of John and Blanche’s children to succeed. They specifically wanted Charles. To add the chaos of it all, Charles happened to be particularly popular in Spain whilst John’s popularity was nose diving as he refused to recognise Charles as his first born. I can only imagine how Blanche was feeling in the grave. The conflict completely went in Charles favour and that same year John was forced to leave Navarre with Charles of Viana being installed as regent in Navarre with Castilian support. Where was Juana in all of this? Well aside from popping out Ferdinand in 1452 and a daughter Joanna in 1455, she was heavily involved in the political machinations going on behind the scenes and was well known to be her husband’s most devoted supporter. By 1458 Navarre was no longer at war with its self and Charles and John were actually somewhat reconciled (and by reconciled I mean tolerating each other’s presence and not openly trying to murder one another) and the death of Alfonso V later that year meant that John and Juana were now King and Queen of Aragon. As a token of good will, Charles was offered the crowns of Naples and Sicily with John’s support. He however declined these proposals, and decided to return to Navarre in 1459 which is when Juana evidently decided she’d had enough (she REALLY wanted Ferdinand to inherit Navarre) and in 1460 she showed her husband a series of documents (given to her by her father in Castile) which allegedly proved that Charles of Viana was planning to murder his father. Do we think Charles was legitimately planning to kill his papa king? I’m not convinced but I wouldn’t blame him to be fair; we do know that he was negotiating with Henry IV of Castile to potentially marry Henry’s sister Isabella (yes that Isabella of Ferdinand Isabella fame). John was evidently appalled and ordered that his son be arrested and imprisoned for treason. Now the Catalonians had at this point been stewing in their anger over John’s treatment of his son for years so they vehemently protested against the arrest of Charles. John for reasons unknown to be and which quite frankly don’t make sense appointed Juana to be the lead negotiator with the Catalonians. Juana wasn’t exactly well liked by the Catalonians who viewed her somewhat as an Evil Stepmother trying to take Charles’ birthright. At the parliament of 1461, Joan Dusai a famous lawyer accused John of violating four of the Ustages de Barcelona, four of the Constitucions de Catalunya and the Furs de Lleida. They then demanded for the 100th time that John name Charles as his first-born son and heir, a demand he promptly refused, leading parliament to assembl an army under the Count of Modica. The army turned out to be quite the formidable foe and quickly captured Fraga. John in a panic John capitulated in February and freed Charles on the 25th February. On the 21st June, he signed the Capitulation of Vilafranca in which John recognised Charles as his first-born son, lieutenant-governor in perpetuity, and heir in all his realms. John also surrendered his right to enter the Principality of Catalonia without the permission of the Generalitat and reluctantly forfeited a number of royal prerogatives (i.e the appointment of royal officials was only allowed to be done on the advice of representative bodies). Behind closed doors, Juana was said to be quietly unhappy with the truce. Shortly thereafter however, Charles of Viana died and of course accusations of poisoning were not far behind with Juana as the main suspect. I’ll be honest I can totally see this. Especially as promptly 10 minutes after his son’s death John II proclaimed his son with Juana, Ferdinand, as the heir of Aragon. He then sent Juana back to Navarre with the teeny tiny task of convincing the Catalonians to accept Ferdinand as heir and governor of Catalonia. Good luck with that. So incensed at the turn of events, the Catalonians began objecting to John at literally every turn culminating in the Catalan Civil War of 1462 to 1472 which kicked off immediately after Juana Enríquez had her son hailed as the heir of Catalonia and his fathers governor of Catalonia on the 6th February 1462. Since Ferdinand was only 10 years old, she swore his oath to the Catalonians in his place, and vowed to act as Governor of Catalonia in his place. This didn’t last long. She was after all the woman the public were convinced had murdered their golden prince so they kicked up an almighty fuss to the point that Juana was forced to flee to Girona to seek the protection of the bishop. The Catalonians besieged Girona until July 1462 when John managed to get his wife out of there and she quickly returned to the Aragonese court. That same year John proved to be an even worse father that everyone thought when he had his eldest daughter Blanche arrested simply for the crime of existing; you see with Charles’ death the Catalonians declared that she was the rightful monarch and they promptly proclaimed her queen. Nothing Blanche did suggests she was gunning to be Queen. That evidently didn’t matter because she was imprisoned and given into the custody of her sister (and Daddy’s favourite golden girl) Eleanor and her husband Gaston of Foix. Absolutely deplorable sisterhood right there. It also added fuel to the already very hot fire and the Catalonians were incensed on her behalf leading to even more vicious fighting. It got to the point that Barcelona was clearly unsafe for John and Juana and they fled to Girona hoping to receive protection from the French army there. Two treaties were then signed between John and the French king Louis XI – one at Sauveterre and one at Bayonne. Louis XI agreed to lend 4,200 knights plus their retainers in military aid to John in exchange for 200,000 écues and as surety of payment, control of the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne with the right to garrison Perpignan and Cotlliure. To seal the deal John tried to arrange a marriage between Blanche and the Duke of Berry who was the younger brother of the King of France; feeling fairly resentful Blanche outright refused, an act which irritated her father. In 1464, the Bishop of Pamplona Nicolas de Etchabaarri helped her escape the custody of her sister and she promptly rocked up to the Courts of Navarre. A mild scandal to be sure. de Etchabarri was promptly murdered. Just months later Blanche herself was poisoned. Juana was once again the main suspect. I’m less convinced of her culpability that in the Charles situation – her sister Eleanor was also a suspect as was her own father. Charming. The war dragged on throughout the 1460’s – with the John’s enemies basically proclaiming everyone who had a slight claim to the throne the rightful monarch over John who by this point they absolutely loathed. They at first offered the throne to Henry IV of Castile, who initially accepted although by June of 1463 had renounced his claim. They then offered it to the Constable of Portugal who was a grandson of James II of Urgell and who the Consell proclaimed as Peter V. He died in June 1466 leading to them proclaiming Rene the Good the Count of Anjou and Provence as their new King. He was the son of Yolande of Aragon and therefore the grandson of John I of Aragon. His selection was was designed to fracture the French alliance as Rene was an important vassal and uncle of the French King (Rene was the older brother of Louis XI’s mother Marie of Anjou). Juana dedicated this time to a) supporting her husband and b) planning on the accession of her son Ferdinand which included him taking an appropriate wife. She evidently fixated on Isabella of Castile the sister of Henry IV of Castile. She became even more determined to see them wed when in 1468, the brother of the childless Henry IV of Castile, Alfonso de Trastamara y Aviz died, meaning the throne of Castile was now likely to fall to either Isabella Henry IV’s sister or his daughter Joana (although there somewhat of an open question of Joana’s paternity). The proposed marriage won the approval of the Aragonese and Castilian magnates. Juana however got to witness her triumph; on the 13th February 1368 she died from what is believed to have been breast cancer. Her husband was devastated and never remarried reigning until his death in 1479. The marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand obviously went on to be one of the most famous in history, lasting for 35 years, producing a prince and four princesses who went on to be queens of England, Aragon, Castile and Portugal and lead to the unification of Spain and the emergence of Habsburg’s (in particular her great-grandson Charles V) as the dominant power in Europe. That was Juana’s true legacy. One of the things I love most about Aragon is the phenomenon of the Queen Lieutenant which I wrote about in the opening of this post. Another woman who served in this is role is this girl right here Blanche of Anjou. Born the daughter of Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary, Blanche had bunch of quite impressive siblings who dominated the Mediterranean – among those were Robert I King of Naples, Louis of Toulouse (aka a literal saint), Philip I of Taranto Titular Emperor of Constantinople, Charles Martel of Anjou titular King of Hungary, Eleanor Queen of Sicily and Maria Queen of Majorca. In 1290 when she was just 10, she was betrothed to John I Marquess of Montferrat who needed a lil bit of help defending Montferrat. Hoping to making John his vassal, her father agreed to help in exchange for John marrying Blanche. The engagement was broken at some point in the early 1290’s probably circa 1293. John I should add ended up dying less than a decade later in 1305. In 1294 the new Pope Boniface VIII was elected at Naples under the auspices of her father; the new Pope quickly hit the ground running and mediated between Charles and James II of Aragon leading to the second engagement of Blanche. As part of the Treaty of Anagni she and John were betrothed to one another (to sweeten the deal the Pope promised the investiture of James as the ruler of Sardinia and Corsica). She was 13 about to turn 14. He was almost 30. They married on either the 29th October or the 1st November 1295. The marriage seems to have been a success; he had been a bit of a womaniser prior to her – he’d been married once and had multiple illegitimate children from relationships with various women. There’s no record of him being unfaithful during their marriage and he certainly had no illegitimate children. He also allowed her involvement in politics and she was considered a key mediator between her father and husband and her husband and her various sovereign siblings. The two had ten children during their marriage James (1296-1334) who became a monk, Alfonso (1299-1336) who became Alfonso IV, Maria of Aragon (1299-1347) who became a nun, Constance of Aragon (1300-1327) who became the Princess of Villena, John (1304-1334) who became Archbishop of Toledo & Tarragona and Patriarch of Alexandria, Isabella of Aragon (1305-1330) who became Archduchess of Austria, Peter of Aragon (1305-1381) the Count of Ribagorza, Empuries and Prades, Blanche (1307-1348) who became Prioress of Sixena, Ramon Berenguer of Aragon (1308-1366) the Count of Empuries and Baro of Ejerica and Violante of Aragon (1310-1353) who was married firstly to Philip Despot of Romania and then Lope de Luna, Lord of Segorbe. The birth of their youngest child took place during Blanche’s regency; he trusted so implicitly that when he was not at court he left her in charge. In 1310 he left to fulfil medieval king military duties leaving Blanche to act as Queen-Lieutenant ruling in his name. Whilst he was away, she went into labour giving birth to their daughter. A few weeks after birth she died suddenly suggesting her death was probably linked to their daughters birth. I debated which post this woman should go in – Aragon or Castile but ultimately decided as Queen of Aragon she should make an appearance in this post! Maria of Castile was born in 1401 the eldest child of Henry III of Castile and Catherine of Lancaster making her a granddaughter of John of Gaunt. She grew up in Castile and remained in an entirely Castilian household – her godmther Maria de Ayala (a nun and illegitimate daughter of Peter of Castile) was a prominent fixture in her life. She had an extensive education. As the King’s eldest child, Maria was granted the title of Princess of Asturias, the title reserved for the first-in-line to the throne and she . was her formally recognised as heir presumptive at the Cortes of Toledo on 6 January 1402. Her father was evidently concerned there might be an Empress Matilda esque situation should he die so around the same time, she was betrothed to her first cousin, Alfonso the son of her paternal uncle Ferdinand as a way to strengthen her status. The birth of her brother John temporarily rendered all these concerns; in 1405 however those concerns once again became relevant when her father died leaving her brother John II as King; she was once again heir to the throne. Her brother however was still a little boy and so their mother Queen Catherine governed the Castile as regent during King John II’s minority and made sure that Maria was able to observe the politics and machinations of rule and statesmanship. Maria and her mother were super close, even after Maria went to Aragon, in fact letters remain between the two which attest to this fact. Watching her mama rule clearly made Maria aware of her own responsibilities and prerogatives as a queen and later as a regent. Although the marriage between Maria and her cousin Alfonso (future King of Aragon) had been agreed upon since she was baby, it wasn’t formalised until 1408 when she was 7. As part of the marriage treaty, her brother John was to marry Alfonso’s sister Maria, whilst her younger sister Catherine was to marry Alfonso’s brother Henry. See the Spanish were doing incest galore even before the Habsburgs. What’s interesting and I did mention it above is that after the marriage was agreed, Maria remained in a completely Castilian household Alfonso – in most situations she would have been given Aragonese attendees to prepare her for marriage. Maria and Alfonso married at the Cathedral of Valencia on the 12th June 1415 when she was 14 – they were married by the Antipope Benedict XIII. Now the dowry that Maria was given was absolutely insane – both her and Alfonso were granted land and revenues galore and Alfonso was even raised to the rank of Infante of Castile – it’s believed that the dowry was so grand that it was actually the largest dowry ever given to a Princess of Castile. Her brother would later complain it was too large. Now the whole interlocked family thing proved to be bothersome and family squabbles were pretty much a hallmark of family life – the political ambitions of her in laws Ferdinand and Eleanor of Alberquerque frequently clashed with the ambitions of her mother whilst both her brothers and Alfonso’s brothers proved to be annoying little shits that caused all sorts of problems down the road. Now the marriage was not a particularly happy one – they had very contrasting personalities. To add to the that Maria’s health became increasingly frail post the wedding. Now there’s no evidence that she was considered a particularly frail child in fact her health doesn’t appear to have become a concern until the wedding itself. They weren’t able to consummate the marriage on their wedding night because she had yet to begin her menstrual period. That didn’t happen until two years into the marriage when she was 16. At some point around the wedding it became clear that she had epilepsy – as I said she wasn’t known as a child to have suffered from seizure. There’s some suggestion that the epilepsy was perhaps triggered by a bout of smallpox that left her permanently scarred. The marriage ended up being a political alliance, pure and simple. It didn’t however start off that way and there is evidence that there were some fleeting moments of happiness in the early years; their lack of a child, his mother’s overbearing involvement and his infidelity would prove to be MAJOR issues that diminished any happiness they once had. He became King with Maria as His Queen in 1416 and their marriage went down hill from there. His mother Eleanor was overbearing and continued acting as the Queen of Aragon. She remained supreme at court with Maria given a supporting role – she had little involvement in politics and it doesn’t appear that either Alfonso or Eleanor ever really tried to include her. It was only in the early 1420’s when Eleanor’s health began to deteriorate that Maria began to develop more of a public profile. In 1421 Joanna II of Naples named Alfonso as heir to the Kingdom of Naples however he had a rival; Louis III of Anju who was backed by Muzio Attendolo Sforza and Pope Martin V. Due to various political machinations on Alfonso’s part, Sforza decided to betray Louis and abandon his cause, giving Alfonso the green light to become King of Naples however by 1423 Alfonso had begun to clash with Gianni Caracciolo the very powerful lover of Joanna. In a move that I would probably describe as unwise Alfonso had Gianni arrested. Now the man was a pain in the behind but arresting her lover was clearly not going to go down well with Joanna who immediately repudiated her adoption of Alfonso as heir and named Louis instead. Alfonso reacted like a kid having a tantrum over having to face the consequences of his own damn actions for the first time in his life and promptly began making plans to invade Naples. He left Aragon almost immediately and unwilling (understandably so) to leave the country in the hands of his ambitious, irritating and frankly untrustworthy brothers who all had delusions of grandeur and dreams of sitting on the throne themselves. With his mother’s health failing, he had nowhere to turn but Maria who he declared as regent, publicly stating that her authority was second only to his and that she now possessed the right to govern as if she were him. The incredible thing about Maria’s regency is that the rest of Alfonso’s life was dedicated to the capture and rule of Naples and Aragon was left to Maria for literal decades. I’m not even joking. Alfonso’s first period of abroad lasted from 1420 to 1423 during which time Maria proved she wasn’t quite as passive as everyone believed and watching her mother and then her mother in law wield extraordinary political power had actually taught her a thing or two. Alfonso’s return in 1423 was to put it mildly a low point. During his three years abroad he had taken a mistress Giraldona Carlino who he was supposedly smitten with; upon arriving back home he promptly announced that Giraldona had given birth to a son Ferdinand. Maria didn’t take the news well and rather insensitively announced to her husband there and then that his mother was dead, except she wasn’t just very ill. Ouch. The marriage to be quite honest never really recovered and Giraldona showing up at court only infuriated Maria further. The three of them resided rather awkwardly at court together between 1423 and 1432; during which time Alfonso and Giraldona had three children whilst Maria remained childless and deeply unimpressed. She appears to have been quite isolated in those days – she didn’t get along with her in laws and her husband was fixated on his mistress and obsession with conquering Naples. Records show that Maria’s household was almost exclusively Castilian at this point, mostly people who had accompanied her from Castile and it doesn’t seem like she had many friends outside of her immediate circle. When in 1432 the opportunity arose for Alfonso to potentially conquer Naples, permanently this time, Maria encouraged him to go. Despite how strained their marriage had become, she had previously done an exemplary job as regent and he trusted no one else to rule for him. He departed Aragon in 1432 and literally never came back; I’m being serious, the man left for Italy and remained there until his death in 1358 meaning Maria’s second regency literally lasted for 26 years. Combined with the three years she was in charge the first time, she ended up ruling as regent for 29-30 years which is around 70% of Alfonso’s 42 year reign. For those 29-30 years she had complete control over the provincial governors, prelates and religious orders, the nobility, the army, the municipal government, and all other subjects regardless of legal status. She granted constitutions, made laws in accordance with royal authority was empowered to carry out justice, both civil and criminal, and named judges and delegates. Assisted by a royal council separate from the king’s, she had full royal authority. She turned out to be a very shrewd leader; whilst her household was full of Castilian’s, she made sure they were deprived of political influence and the highest offices in government were all given to men from Aragon, which only helped increase her sky high popularity and ensured government functioned smoothly. She also helped with her husband’s quest to gain Naples; when he was captured at Ponza in 1435 she paid the ransom (frankly I’d have left him to rot). She also negotiated on his behalf with Aragon’s enemies and allies alike; on a number of occasions she oversaw negotiations between Aragon and her home-nation of Castile. On one occasion her and her cousin/sister in law Maria mediated a peace treaty in Valladolid on behalf of their husbands – it was noted by contemporaries that if the Queen of Castile had, had as much authority as the Queen of Aragon then peace in Spain may have been possible. In 1454 her brother died and she travelled to Castile to ensure peace remained; she stayed in Castile for three years until 1457. She remained as regent until 1458 when her husband died; how she felt about the news of his demise I have no idea – it had bee two decades since she’d seen the man after all. Her husband’s bastard son Ferdinand succeeded him in Naples and her brother in law John succeeded him in Aragon leading to her promptly resigning as regent and leaving court. Her retirement didn’t last long; within four months she had followed her husband to the grave. Eliasenda of Montcada was born in Aitona circa 1292 the daughter of Pere II Ramon Montcada d’Abarça and Elisenda de Pinos. Now she had quite the illustrious noble pedigree; the Montcada family was one of oldest and most influential noble families in Catalonia with significant ties to the monarchy. In fact she was actually related to the monarchy – her grandmother Constance of Aitona was an illegitimate daughter of Peter II of Aragon meaning that she was second cousins once removed with the King of Aragon who in 1322 was James II of Aragon (the widower of Blanche of Anjou who I wrote about earlier on this post!). Following Blanche’s death he had married Maria of Cyprus (for political reasons) however that marriage had been a sharp contrast to his first and had to be quite frank been a disaster that had culminated in 0 children and James losing his chance to potentially rule Cyprus (the lack of children was probably down to a) their very different personalities and b) the fact that Maria was already 42 when they wed). Maria died in 1319 (the exact date isn’t clear) and James certainly didn’t grieve for all that long because literally within a few months of her death he beseeched the Church to grant him a dispensation of consanguinity in the third or fourth grade to arrange new nuptials. What’s interesting is that he refused to say who he was planning on marrying however the specificity of the dispensation means he certainly had someone in mind. He was by all accounts very eager to marry the mysterious woman and insisted to just about anyone that would listen, that he wanted the wedding to happen ASAP. As it would turn out the woman in question was Elisenda of Montcada. Now due to their distant relation and her families exalted position in Catalonia society,, it’s likely they had known each for years but there’s nothing to suggest any sort of romantic relation prior to Maria of Cyprus’ death. It’s very difficult to tell exactly how the marriage came to be but his eagerness would suggest the marriage was perhaps a personal one. Something I find very interesting is that Elisenda was at the point they married in 1322, 30 years old which is quite old for a first-time bride in the 1300’s; there’s nothing to suggest she was ever married or even betrothed prior to James, and she clearly hadn’t taken holy vows so her being single at 30 is curious to say the least. James II and Elisenda were married on Christmas Day 1322 – she was 30, he was 55 and a father of 10. He gave her some A+ wedding presents; the incomes of the towns of Berga, Burriana, Tortosa, Morella, Torroella de Montgri and Pals were granted to her whilst her favourite brother Ot also received a sweet gift – the incomes of the towns of Serós and Mequinensa. Through their marrige she became step-mother to his 10 children; she appears to have had a pretty decent relationship with them and it was known that she was particularly close with his grandson Peter who later became known as Peter the Ceremonious. They had no children other own. Now James and Elisenda were very contrasting personalities; he was very rigid, serious and severe whilst Elisenda was known to be charming; it’s possible they balanced each other out. She was described by her contemporaries as being mature, highly educated (unusually so), beautiful and extremely pious. Despite his seriousness, Elisenda made sure that the atmosphere at court was warm and happy. The two of them were not particularly extravagant or flashy and both preferred a private life; he was noted to greatly resect her opinions and she frequently intervened in affairs of state. In 1324 when he left Aragon he left her in charge as a Queen-Lieutenant – she effectively ruled until his death in 1327 – partly due to his absence but also because when he returned his health began to fail. Elisenda it was noted took great care of James in his last years with her religiosity seemingly bringing him great comfort – Jesus Ernest Martinez Ferrando (a Spanish historian who served as the Director of the Archives of the Crown of Aragon from 1940 to 1961) wrote of her: “Elisenda, for her feminine qualities, for her exquisite religiosity, was the best sedative that the monarch could find in the bitterness of his last years; dialogue with the devoted wife sweetened their hours of spiritual and physical ordeal; it can be said that Elisenda helped James II to die well”. Whilst nursing him and running the country she somehow found the time to found a monastery of the Order of the Poor Clares. Work on the monastery began in 1326 and the management and construction of the building happened in warp speed; it’s believed that James II knew he was dying and therefore wanted it complete before he died. The basic structure of the monastery was done literally within a year and the first nuns moved in on the 3rd May 1327. In his will which was dated shortly afterwards James made sure to make a fairly large donation to the monastery; he also wrote an extensive list of grants he wished to give her – a large income, jewels, fine fabrics, gold & silver plates and the gold crown that he had commissioned when they’d married. After his death in November 1327 it was expected that she would retire to Tortosa which was in the middle of her dowry lands and had served as a residence to her late husband’s first two wives. She however decided to remain in Barcelona where she devoted herself to religion and charity; she commissioned a palace built next to the monastery which she lived in for the rest of her life. She survived James by 37 years ; despite no biological connection to her late husband’s children she remained involved in royal affairs – as previously mentioned she was close with her grandson Peter (later Peter IV) and supported him when he became King in 1336 at the age of 16. When the remains of Saint Eulalia were transferred to the Cathedral in Barcelona, she was at the head of the royal procession with Peter’s new wife Maria of Navarre and Peter’s sister (and therefore Elisenda’s step-granddaughter) Constance who was Queen of Mallorca as the wife of James III of Mallorca. She remained highly involved in the day to day running of the monastery and effectively acted as one of the nuns even if she never actually took holy vows – she participated actively in the decision making of the religious community around the monastery and used her place as the Dowager Queen to obtain several privileges for it – for example she made sure the monastery was under the direct protection of the city of Barcelona through the Consell de Cent which meant that the monastery would not face economic difficulty after her death. She fell ill in the Spring of 1364 and her will was issued on the 11th April. She died several month later on July of that year; pretty much everything she owned was bequeathed to the monastery bar a few material belonging that were left to various family members including nieces/nephews, step-children and step grand-children including Peter IV. Oddly she also requested that upon her death her place be burned to the ground immediately; Peter IV agreed and it was done within days of her demise. 99% of the time in medieval Europe, the Queen Consort is from another royal family; Aragon had queen consorts from the royal families of kingdoms such as Castile, Hungary, Navarre, Portugal and Sicily. Occasionally however there are Queen Consorts from less anointed backgrounds. Queen Consorts like this one. Maria de Luna was born in 1358, the eldest child of Count Lope de Luna and his second wife, Brianda d’Agout. Now she may not have been royal per se but that doesn’t mean she was Cinderella 2.0. Whilst her mother was from a Provençal noble family, her paternal family the de Luna’s was one of the most influential clans in Spain, with various members occupying some of the wealthiest and most influential political and religious offices in the realm. Lope Fernandez de Luna the Archbishop of Zaragoza (a very important religious post in Aragon) and the Antipope Benedict XIII were all fellas she called relatives. Now her father was ambitious with a capital A but he was also fiercely loyal to the Aragonese crown and such devotion won her father handsome rewards. First he was knighted by the King then several years later, made a count, all the while making a ton of money and wracking up a nice little property portfolio. The House of de Luna becoming counts gave pretty significant prestige especially as they were the only family in Aragon with the title of “count”. Maria’s mother was her father’s second marriage – his first was childless and the second didn’t last long enough to be full of children; Lope and Brianda only had Maria and and a second daughter (who was born shortly after Lope’s death). He had an illegitimate son born prior to both of his marriages but illegitimate kids couldn’t inherit anything back then meaning that Maria was her father’s heir. This fact was actually never questioned and he made it abundantly clear everything would go to Maria. An heiress with immense wealth and A+ familial connections is a big deal in the aristocratic marriage market and when her father died when she was a mere toddler, the King of Aragon Peter IV was chuffed at the opportunity to bring said immense wealth into the royal family. He negotiated with her mother and relative the Archbishop of Zaragoza, and all three agreed that Maria would marry Peter’s second son Martin. The marriage contact agreed that Maria would be raised by her own family until she was 8 at which point she’d leave her family and move to the court of Peter’s wife/the Queen/Maria’s future mother in law Eleanor of Sicily (see above). The marriage everyone agreed wouldn’t take place until Maria was 14. For some reason (and we’re not entirely sure why) everything happened sooner than it was supposed to and records from Queen Eleanor’s household & account books show that Maria was living with her mother in law as early as 1362 when she was 4-5 years old. Although it was probably quite awful leaving her family at such a young age, it did mean that she knew her future husband extremely well by the time they’d married because they’d grown up together. It wasn’t one of those horror situations where bride and groom meet on the wedding day and realise much to their horror that their new spouse is AWFUL. We know very little about the specifics of her childhood i.e what life was like growing up at Queen Eleanor’s court however we can we do know that as an adult Maria was a collector of books, wrote extensively and took over the administration of her wealth and estates at quite a young age, suggesting that Queen Eleanor made sure that Maria’s education was quite extensive. On the 13th June 1372 Maria and Martin married officially at the Church of Santa Maria del Mar in Barcelona, with King Peter, Queen Eleanor and all the head honchos of the Aragonese clergy and nobility present. Considering John was a second son and his older brother John was the heir to the throne, Maria wasn’t considered particularly important at the beginning of their marriage and all we really know about the first first few years of their marriage is that the two seemed largely happy, spending their time bearing four children (although three died in childhood) and running Maria’s various estates. Martin and Maria seem to have been firm favourites of the King who was eager to reward his younger son whilst Martin also had a very close relationship with his older brother John and Maria was friendly with John’s wife Martha of Armagnac (who he was married to from 1373 to 1378). Things seemed to be going pretty swimmingly in the Aragonese royal household; that is until 1375 when Queen Eleanor died and within roughly 15 minutes of his wife’s death, King Peter seemed to recover from his grief and turned his attention to Sibila de Fortia his late wife’s lady in waiting who was in her twenties (whereas he was 56). The two wed in 1377 which John and Martin did not react well too. And by “did not react well” I mean they were PISSED. Furiously actually and the close relationship between Peter and his sons was basically dead from that moment on. Not only were Martin and John annoyed on their late mother’s behalf but Sibila’s age meant that she was very much capable of getting pregnant and they were clearly not in the mood for younger brothers with ambitious mothers who could potentially cause chaos. Things got ugly, only made worse by the death of John’s wife in 1378 and the disagreements that followed as to who he should re-marry. King Peter wanted him to marry a princess of Sicily however in 1380 with tensions at an all time high John married the niece of the French king Violant of Bar instead. Peter had no given his consent to the marriage and was deeply unimpressed; the fact that the very beautiful, very headstrong and very intelligent Violant clashed spectacularly with Sibila did not help matters – John appears to have been very much in love with his new wife and didn’t take kindly to what he perceived as his step-mother’s rudeness. Martin and Maria wisely seem to have got the hell of dodge and in 1380 he was appointed lord and regent of the island of Sicily, then known also as Trinacria, since its queen Maria of Sicily was underage. She was John and Martin’s cousin on their mother’s side and they had come to an agreement that if the young Queen died without an heir, Martin would inherit the island. As the 1380’s progressed, court grew incredibly factionalised with Queen Sibila inviting her family to court – they became increasingly influential and with both sons furious at him, King Peter began to favour Sibila’s family over his own – Sibila’s brother Bernard especially became quite powerful. Court became increasingly factionalised with Sibila, her family and allies on one side and John & Violant and their allies on the other. Martin and Maria seem to have sided with the latter although their lack of geographical proximity meant they weren’t as involved in the family feud. King Peter died in 1387 and John ascended to the throne as King John I. Martin supported John’s decision on how to deal with their stepmother; Sibila who had fled to the Santa Marti Sarroca in the immediate aftermath of her husband’s demise was forced to return to Aragon in order to pledge her allegiance. Instead of executing her (as some rmonarchs may have done) John and Violante chose to send her to live under close guard in Barcelona. Martin’s support and the royal brother’s close relationship resulted in John naming his brother Duke of Montblanc. Previously the only other duchy in Aragon was that of Girona, a title reserved for the heir to the throne, so Martin being given a nice little duchy of his own was an enormous honour. Another reason for this was probably that that was a chance that Martin would succeed John; you see despite having had two wives and seven children in his time John only had one surviving male heir – his and Violante’s son James who was 5. His sons from his first marriage – James, John & Alfonso – had all died as small children as had his daughter Eleanor. Only one daughter Joanna from his first marriage, his son James and a daughter Yolande from his second marriage was still alive (YES I’M TALKING ABOUT THAT YOLANDE OF ARAGON). Girls however couldn’t inherit the throne if there was a living male so if anything happened to little James, then Martin would be John’s heir. Martin and Maria don’t appear to have played a massive role during John’s reign; Martin was occupied with his role as regent in Sicily whilst Maria seemed to dedicate herself to raising (and unfortunately grieving) their children and overseeing the administration of her and Martin’s quite impressive estates. Now Maria and Martin were not the only ones mourning their children – John and Violante had seven children James, Yolande, Ferdinand, Antonia, Eleanor, Peter and Joanna and yet only Yolande would end upliving to adulthood. This meant that throughout John’s reign, Martin was either first or second in line to the throne. John was only king for 9 years and during those 9 years his health wasn’t great leaving Violante to do the majority of the ruling with her acting as a Lieutenant-Queen. When John died in 1396, Martin became King however he was dealing with pesky barons in Sicily and so it was up to Maria who was hanging out in Barcelona to take charge; there was however one small little problem. The Queen now Dowager Violante of Bar had evidently been intimate with her husband in the weeks/months leading up to his death (and she was only in early 30’s) meaning there was a very good chance she was potentially pregnant. Potentially pregnant with a son that would by birthright inherit the throne over Martin. This meant that although the cortes, the magnates and the councillors of Barcelona backed Maria, there was still a ton of the nobles in Aragon who were pretty hesitant to pledge their allegiance to Martin and Maria just in case Violant did produce a son. Maria’s saving grace was that as a native member of the Aragon elite she had familial ties to many of the kingdom’s most important families; Violante although a member of the French royal family lacked those ties in Aragon which put her at a disadvantage. She was however potentially carrying the heir to the throne so that pretty much trumped everything. Despite her entreaties to her husband to return, he refused to leave Sicily (part of her desire for him to return was also economic – the campaign in Sicily was costing stupid amounts of money that they didn’t really have). Whilst this uncertainty was going on, John’s daughter from his first marriage Joanna decided to chaos even more chaos by attempting to claim the throne for herself as her father’s eldest daughter supported by her husband Matthew de Foix and his very powerful family. On May 27th 1396 Maria called a council to decide what to do next; Violante’s servants were questioned and whilst some denied the Dowager Queen was pregnant, others confirmed that she had, had sex with her husband so it was possible. Maria then had Violante placed under virtual house arrest and moved to completely isolate Violante from her allies – arresting her closest familiars and removing from that their influential positions. They then waited until it was abundantly clear that Violante was not in fact pregnant. This is where I have a bit of a problem with Maria – she turned to good old fashioned xenophobia as a way of blackening Violante’s reputation; in propaganda she cast herself as the virtuous, moral, simple homegrown Queen who had saved Aragon from Violante’s foreign, scheming & extravagant claws. She also sent Violante the horse that John (aka Violante’s late husband) was riding when he died which is just a tad nasty I think. Violante in the aftermath dedicated herself to her daughter Yolande who ended up becoming the most powerful woman in Europe and the most ludicrously perfect politician so that’s a win for Yolande I suppose. With the Violant situation solved and Joanna and Matthew paid off and dealt with, Maria decisively took charge of Aragon until her husband’s return. There’s a great piece about Maria, Violante & the latter’s daughter Yolande called “Playing the Catalan: The Rise of the Chess Queen; Queenship and Political Motherhood in Late Medieval Aragon and France” by Zita Rohr which you can find in Virtuous or Villainess? The Image of the Royal Mother from the Early Medieval to the Early Modern Era (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016) ed by Carey Fleiner and Elena Woodacre which sums up the three women like this; “Violante of Bar, Maria de Luna and Yolande of Aragon were extremely determined and talented political mothers. Like the stateswomen-queens who had preceded them, and their worthy contemporaries and successors, they rang in the transformation of the chess queen, anticipating the powerful female sovereigns who would govern with full executive powers in the realms of Spain, England, Scandinavia, Navarre, Austria-Hungary and Russia” (page 186-187). With her husband’s return Maria gave up that full executive power however she remained quite influential and Martin continued to view her as one of his key counsellors, one of as evidenced by various episodes over the next 13 years – in 1402, she tried to force an end to the exploitation of the remença (the rural Catalonian peasantry) by their aristocratic overlords – to do this she sought the support of Pope Benedict XIII in this matter. She also in 1398 was granted control over seven Jewish and six Muslim communities, and was given responsibility for the aljama which was the legal term for the minority group made up of Muslims and Jews. The Jewish community was still reeling from the events of 1391 when the Dominican preacher Vincent Ferrer had incited violence against them; they were also dealing with the influx of refugees caused by repeated attacks on the Jewish community from the likes of the Union of Valencia and the Kingdom of Castile. To ease their financial burden, Maria chose not to impose the higher rate of taxation originally established by her father in law and instead followed in the footsteps of John and Violante who had allowed them to pay only a quarter of the amount. In 1401 she protected the Jewish people further by preventing the jurats (basically the local authorities) from levying an added property tax on Jewish assets, and in 1403 when her husband passed a law that forced Jewish people to wear large badges of both yellow and red (a good reminder that there was absolutely nothing original about the actions of the Nazi and was the culmination of centuries of xenophobia and hatred). Maria evidently rejected her husband’s policy and decreed that it wouldn’t be enforced in the communities Morvedre and Onda which were Jewish-heavy communities where many of them conducted trade. She also at one point intervened in a case where a number of Jewish women was accused of renouncing their prior conversions to Catholicism; Maria forced the bishop who had imprisoned the women to let them go. Maria was above all a devoted mother and she had a particularly close relationship with her surviving son who became King of Sicily by way of him marrying Maria Queen Regnant of Sicily. She appears to have been a critical source of support for him during his brief reign (he ruled with his wife until her death in 1401 and then by himself until his death in 1409). Maria died in 1406 leaving her husband and son behind. Shortly afterwards her daughter in law Blanche of Navarre (the second wife of her son Martin) gave birth to a son and heir also named Martin. Shortly after his birth there was somewhat of a reconciliation between Martin and his sister in law Violante (who despite losing all official power had somehow managed to remain influential in both Aragon and France) with the two proposing an engagement between Martin’s newborn grandson and Violante’s granddaughter Marie, as a way of bringing the two sides of the House of Barcelona together. Tragedy struck however in 1407 when the baby died. Two years later in 1409 Maria’s only surviving child Martin the King of Sicily also passed away meaning her husband lacked an heir. When he died he ended up passing the throne to his nephew Ferdinand – the son of his sister Eleanor. Due to her son’s lack of a legitimate heir, Maria’s legitimate line died with him although he had a couple of bastards who technically kept the blood line going. Violant of Hungary was born at Esztergom probably in 1215 the daughter of Andrew II King of Hungary and Yolanda of Courtenay; Yolanda was the great-niece of Baldwin I and Henry I both Emperors of Constantinople; very little is known about her childhood except from the fact that she had a number of failed betrothals. It wasn’t until 1235 when she was 20, that one of the betrothals stuck – she was married to James I of Aragon as his second wife – his first wife Eleanor of Castile had died in 1229. If Violant was expecting a fairytale ending with her new husband she was sorely mistaken; after his wife’s death he had started a relationship with Teresa Gil de Vidaure a renowned beauty who James had allegedly promised marry when the time was right. That is until Violante aka the great-niece of an Emperor knocked on his door and he dropped his desire to marry Teresa, real quick. The relationship however did not end, and Teresa was his mistress throughout his marriage to Violant who I can’t imagine was entirely thrilled by the circumstances. Despite this Violant and James’ married was an exemplary success in the bedroom; between 1236 and 1251 they had ten children – six daughters Violant (later Queen of Castile), Constance, Sancha, Isabella (later Queen of France), Maria and Eleanor and four sons Peter (later Peter II of Aragon), James (later James II of Majorca), Ferdinand and Sancho. Despite his relationship with his mistress, Violant was the undisputed Queen of Aragon and refused to allow her husband’s mistress to outshine her. She was evidently very intelligent and her husband evidently was quite a fan of this trait; he allowed her significant influence and she became very involved in matters of state. She was one of the most valuable advisors of her husband – on whom she had a surprisingly strong influence and she was heavily involved in various international agreements including the Treaty of Almizra in 1244; during negotiations she demanded that Zayyan ibn Mardanish surrender of the city of Valencia; when he did she triumphantly entered with her husband on 9 October 1238. To this day the 9th October is the national day of the Valencian community commemorating James and Violant’s entrance in the city. The celebration is known as the Mocadorada of Sant Dionis; men typically give their partners a scarf (mocador) containing candied fruits and vegetables made of marzipan; these candies are said to represent the fruits and vegetables that Valencian Muslims offered James and Violant when they entered the city, according to legends of the period. She was immensely popular in Aragon and since the nineteenth century, numerous streets have been dedicated to her in Barcelona, Zaragoza, Valencia and multiple other cities in Spain. Violante also did significant philanthropy and was the patron of a number of religious institutions including the Monastery of Santa Maria de Vallbona. Most sources agree that she died in 1251 although 16th century historian Jerónimo Zurita y Castro wrote in his Anales de Aragon, that while some annals state that Violant died in Santa María de Salas in 1251, others report that she lived for a few years after (the probable sources of the 1253 date), and that she only made her will and testament in Huesca in 1251 – hence the belief she died in 1251. After Violant’s death, her husband and his mistress were free to be public with their relationship and entered into a common law marriage not allowed by the church. In charters granting her ownership of various tax-exempt castles and estates, Teresa was not referred to as the king’s wife but as his concubine. Despite this James wrote a letter to Pope Cement IV in 1265 in which he claims they’re married. Regardless he ended up casting her aside in 1265 in order to have an affair with his cousin. A real prince to the end I see. Isabella of Aragon was born probably in 1248 the eighth child of James I of Aragon and Violant of Hungary; her exact birthdate isn’t completely clear – it likely took place in early 1248 – we think this because her father mentioned a baby in the will he wrote in January 1248 stating that if Violant gave birth to a son he should become a knights templar but if the baby is a daughter she should enter the Santa Maria de Sigena as a nun. In 1258 when she was 10 years old the Treaty of Corbeil was concluded between Isabella’s father and King Louis IX of France; the peace treat hinged on a betrothal arrangement between Louis’s second son Philip and Isabella. Due to the age of Isabella and Philip; the formal wedding wasn’t held until May 1262 – by this time Philip was the heir to the French throne as his older brother Louis had died in 1260. Now Isabella and Philip seem to have genuinely fallen in love with each other and had their first son within two years of marriage. Isabella was by all accounts VERY beautiful and very charming and immensely popular at court. Basically a fairytale princess. Now when her husband and father in law decided to go on everyone’s favourite medieval road trip aka a Crusade (this was the Eighth) – it was rumoured that Philip could not bear to be parted from her. Following in the footsteps of her iconic ancestor Eleanor of Aquitaine, Isabella went on crusade and ended up pregnant (what is it with Queens of France getting knocked up on crusade?) . This would turn out to be the most disastrous of ideas; in fact the entire Crusade was a catastrophe. On the return to France literally everything that could have gone wrong, went wrong. First the crusaders lost 40 warships during a storm, then Isabella’s brother in law Jean Tristan died of dysentry in Tunis on the 3rd August 1270. Weeks later on the 25th August her father in law also died of dysentry making Isabella and Philip King and Queen of France and they were declared as such. The French’s road trip back to France went from bad to worse when Theobald the King of Navarre and the husband of Isabella’s sister in law Isabelle died of illness in Trapani in December 1270. Just weeks later tragedy struck when Isabella herself died; in the Memoirs of the Queen of France, A. Forbes Bush recounts Isabella’s death writing that “in fording a small river near Cozenza, in Calabria, Queen Isabella fell from her horse, had her back broken, which, she being pregnant, occasioned her a premature delivery, that caused her death”. After her accident she was first transported to Martirano Castle and then to Cosenza where she died two weeks later. Her death was slow and excruciating and left her husband absolutely heartbroken. Having died obviously so far from home the logistics of her funeral arrangements were a tad tricky; she was initially buried with her newborn son at Cosenza Cathedral before being moved to the royal necropolis at the Basilica of St Denis. Isabella’s death wasn’t the final tragedy to befall the French royal family on what was almost certainly the road trip from hell; her sister in law Isabelle died in May in Provence of some sort of sickness months after Isabella’s death. Horrifically by the time Philip returned to Paris, his mother Marguerite had only been informed of her husband’s death meaning that it was only upon her son’s return “that the queen mother discovered the magnitude of the loss that the crusade had wrought: her husband, son, daughter, daughter in law, son in law, grandchild, brother in law and sister in law were all dead”. Isabella’s death also left her small children without a mother – out of her sons two of them had children of their own and both named their eldest daughter Isabella in her honour – one of those granddaughters would go on to be the iconic Isabella of France. Amongst her grandchildren would be four Kings of France, a Queen of England, a Countess of Hainaut, Countess of Blois, an Empress of Constantinople, a Count of Alençon, a Countess of Beaumont-le-Roger, a Duchess of Calabria, a Duchess of Bourbon, two counts of Chartres and a Queen of Germany and Bohemia. Despite later remarrying Marie of Brabant, Philip made it clear in his will that he wished to be buried with Isabella which he kind of was was upon his death – I said kind of because after he died his body was cut up into various pieces – his flesh was sent to the Narbonne Cathedral, his entrails to La Noë Abbey in Normandy, his heart to the now demolished Church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris and his bones to the Basilica of St Denis where they were interred beside Isabella’s remains. Despite her short life, her brief tenure as Philip’s wife and her even briefer reign as his Queen, Isabella had an undeniable impact on French history; according to A Forbes Bush “Isabella was the mother of four princes, of whom one, Philip-le-Bel, succeeded to the throne; two others, who died young; and Charles de Valois, who was the royal branch from which thirteen French monarchs sprung. The king and court deeply regretted this beautiful and amiable princess, who was universally beloved”. For a Catholic monarch there’s only one thing better than being a monarch, and that’s being a saint. Elizabeth of Portugal was born in 1271 the daughter of Peter of Aragon and Constance of Sicily; at the time of her birth her father was the heir to the throne of Aragon whilst her aunt/namesake Elizabeth was also a saint. We know very little about her childhood but we do know two things 1) she was raised alongside her brothers three of whom became kings – Alfonso and James became King of Aragon whilst Frederick became King of Sicily and 2) she was raised very strictly religious. I mean most European monarchs in the 1200’s were fairly devout obviously but she was raised very very piously; she said the full divine office daily, fasted and did other penances. In 1281 when she was 10 it was arranged for her to marry Denis of Portugal who I can’t imagine was thrilled about the marriage – I mean she was 10 whilst he was 20 and already a father. Now Denis would go on to be a very good king – under him Portugal prospered and he not only oversaw a centralisation of royal power, Lisbon flourishing as a centre of European culture and learning and the founding of the Portuguese navy but under him Portugal became equal with Aragon and Castile which had previously dominated the politics of the Iberian peninsula. Fab king. Not so great husband. He was extremely unfaithful siring at least six children during their marriage; this by all accounts lead to arguments which some contemporary sources suggest turned violent. Despite this the two managed to work together for the sake of the state; she was an active participant in Portuguese politics and acted as a mediator on a number of occasions including as the decisive conciliator during the negotiations concerning the Treaty of Alcañices signed by Denis and Fernando IV of Castile in 1297; the treaty was an agreement between the two nations regarding the border. Seven years later in 1304 her brother James II of Aragon and Fernando asked her to mediate their squabbles. She was most famous though for her charity work (aka the thing that made her a saint); from an early age she had given significantly to the poor and sick – this continued as Queen. She was devoted to the poor and needy and was known to support very religious institutions and organisations, as well as founding some of her own. During the famine of 1293, it was noted that she donated flour from her cellars to the starving in Coimbra; she also provided lodgings for pilgrims, distributed gifts daily, paid the dowries of poor girls, educated the children of impoverished nobles, became the benefactor of hospitals in Coimbra, Santarem and Leiria ad financially provided for religious projects (such as the Trinity Convent in Lisbon). Contemporaries noted that she dressed modestly and somewhat un-Queen like; she was humble in conversation and kind to those around her. Adored by the public, she wasn’t massively popular at court owing to just how strict she was religiously. She was also a devoted mother to the two children she and Denis had – their daughter Constança was born in 1290 and their son Afonso was born in 1291. Now the relationship between their son and her husband was not a good one. This was partly due to Denis’ overt favouritism of his illegitimate son Afonso-Sanches who had delusions of grandeur and wished to succeed his father despite the fact he was illegitimate and had a very legitimate brother who was the heir. Denis did nothing to temper the increasing tension between the two nor did he do anything to reassure Afonso that he would be king regardless of his half brother’s ambitions. The two brothers had a bitter rivalry that culminated in a civil war (1322-1324) that effectively led to Elizabeth’s son Afonso rebelling against his father; Elizabeth was called to act as a mediator; Denis was at a distinct disadvantage – he had very little support amongst the people who had been enraged by the sheer number of privileges he had granted to the nobles in the preceding years; it is interesting how the civil war essentially became a class conflict with the lower classes, common people and urban areas supporting Afonso. In 1323 the civil war came to a head when the two were meant to have engage in battle in Alvalade – at the last minute however as the legend tells it, Elizabeth, mounted on a mule, positioned herself between the opposing armies in order to prevent the combat. She then mediated peace between the two; Denis agreed to exile his illegitimate son whilst Afonso pledged loyalty to his father. Despite their marital problems Denis does appear to have been genuinely affected by Elizabeth’s piety and throughout their marriage was influenced by his wife to support religious institutions. Perhaps feeling remorseful over his years of sin, infidelity and spousal abuse, he became far more religious in his later years and by the time he died was said to have become quite religious. Her husband died in 1325 and her son became King. He exiled his troublesome half brother and stripped him of all the honours their father had granted him; Afonso-Sanches was not a happy bunny and promptly dedicated his life to ruining his brother’s. From his place of exile in Castile, Afonso-Sanches tried to orchestrate a series of failed attempts to usurp the crown. When that didn’t work, he decided to simply invade Portugal, which also failed. Elizabeth then once again intervened and arranged for the two to sign a peace treaty. She then retired fro court and moved to the monastery of the Poor Clare nuns which she had founded in Coimbra in 1314 and dedicated the rest of her life to philanthropy. Despite this she was occasionally called back to court to intervene and owing to her consistent peace-keeping missions during her lifetime, became known as the Peacemaker. In 1336 things kicked off between her son Afonso and his son in law Alfonso XI of Castile; Alfonso was married to Elizabeth’s granddaughter Maria however treated her abominably; he had a long-term mistress Leonor de Guzman who he had ten children wit and who he esteemed over Maria, leaving the young Queen to send frequent bouts of time depressed and alone in seclusion at the Royal Monastery of San Clemente in Seville. By 1335v Maria had had enough and tried to return to her father who was to put it mildly livid; he made alliances with the Pope and the Muslims and rebels inside Castile to cut as much trouble as possible for Alfonso. Eventually he threatened invasion and this led to a series of military clashes. When Elizabeth caught wind of the news that the two men had their armies positioned at Estremoz in anticipation of a clash, she insisted on traveling to Estremoz to stop the violence, despite her age and the fact that by this point she was already ill. As she had done seemingly a thousand times before, she stopped the fighting and caused terms of peace to be arranged. It was clearly all too much for her because after the treaty was signed, she collapsed from over-exertion and her son took her to the nearby Castle of Estremoz where she died days later. Despite her husband’s desire for her to buried beside him, she was instead buried per her wishes at Convent of Santa Clara in Coimbra. Several centuries later her body was moved to the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Nova due to flooding. She was first beatified in 1516; Pope Urban VIII then canonised her in 1626. Her feast day was originally the anniversary of her death (July 4th) however in 1694 it was moved to the 8th July, as not to clash with the celebration of the Octave of Saints Peter and Paul, Apostles. In 1955 however that octave waas abolished meaning her feast was moved back to the 4th July (although in America it’s celebrated on July 5th). I couldn’t do a post about the girls of Aragon without mentioning this woman right here – my number 1 Yolande of Aragon. Now I’ve actually done a full profile of her that you can read here; PART 1 PART 2
22709	yago	1	60	https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/aragon-1479.html	en	res stock photography and images	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	[ "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy-black.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy-black.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/mastercard.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/visa.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/amex.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/paypal.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/apple-pay.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/google-pay.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Alamy Limited" ]	null	Find the perfect aragon 1479 stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.	en	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	Alamy	https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/aragon-1479.html	Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 21/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
22709	yago	3	79	https://tudortimes.co.uk/politics-economy/european-marital-alliances/1500-1530	en	European Marital Alliances	https://tudortimes.co.uk…holder-round.png	https://tudortimes.co.uk…holder-round.png	[ "https://tudortimes.co.uk/images/logo.svg", "https://tudortimes.co.uk/assets/adverts/_sidebarAdvert/Quotes-Range-Elizabeth-mug-stomach-of-a-King-v2.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The first important marriage of the new century was that of Maria of Aragon, to Manuel of Portugal her sister Isabella’s widower in 1500. A papal dispensation	en	/apple-touch-icon-152x152-precomposed.png	Tudor Times	https://tudortimes.co.uk/politics-economy/european-marital-alliances/1500-1530	1500s The first important marriage of the new century was that of Maria of Aragon, to Manuel of Portugal her sister Isabella’s widower in 1500. Once again a papal dispensation was required and this one was of some moment as it permitted Maria to marry her dead sister’s husband. During the 1520s this case was considered by the supporters of Katharine of Aragon to be analogous to the dispensation granted for her to marry Henry VIII. The significant aspect of it was that Maria gave birth to 8 children who lived to marriageable age. Of those children four are important for the purposes of this topic: Joao or John III, King of Portugal (1502 – 1557) Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (1503 – 1539) Beatriz of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy (1504 – 1538) Luis of Portugal (1506 – 1555) The next marriage to take place was that of Katharine, youngest daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, to Arthur, Prince of Wales on 14th November 1501 (see above). Arthur died on 2nd April 1502 and a betrothal was agreed to his younger brother, Henry, Duke of York. As this was yet another prohibited match, a further dispensation was requested from Pope Julius II. It covered the case for Katharine and Henry to marry even if her previous marriage had been consummated, although her father believed at the time that it had not.The marriage between Katharine and Henry took place on 11th June 1509. They had one living child: Mary, Queen of England, Queen of Spain, Naples, Sicily, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Burgundy etc. (1516 - 1558) Peace between England and Scotland was established by the marriage in 1503 of Margaret of England to James IV of Scotland. They were third cousins, both being descended from John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset and his wife, Margaret Holland. The couple had one child who lived to adulthood: James V, King of Scots (1512 – 1542) 1510s With France being surrounded by the growing spread of Hapsburg influence, Louis XII (who claimed the Duchy of Milan, through his descent from the Visconti Dukes) needed to find friends. In 1514, newly widowed, he married Mary of England, sister of Henry VIII. Mary had been betrothed for seven years to Charles, Duke of Burgundy (see above) but he and Maximilian had prevaricated to such an extent that Henry had decided to pay them in their own coin and allied his sister to France. Louis’ elder daughter, Claude, Duchess of Brittany, had been married in early May 1514 to her second cousin, Francois d’Angouleme. If Louis and Mary had no sons, Francois would inherit the French throne. Louis died, apparently trying too hard to have a male heir, and Francois became Francois I. He and Claude had several children who reached marriageable age: François, Dauphin of France, Duke of Brittany (1518 – 1536) Henri II, Duke of Orleans, King of France (1519 – 1559) Madeleine of France, Queen of Scots (1520 – 1537) Marguerite of France, Duchess of Berry, Duchess of Savoy (1523 – 1574) During this decade, the daughter of Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon was betrothed to the Dauphin François. In the following decade, she was betrothed to both his widowed father, and to his brother, Henri, Duke of Orleans. In 1514, Margaret, the widowed Queen of Scots, married a second time, and produced a daughter, Lady Margaret Douglas, whose later marriage would prove an important link in union of the English and Scottish crowns. In 1515, Isabel, Archduchess of Austria, daughter of Philip the Fair and Juana, Queen of Castile, married Christian II of Denmark. King Christian was first cousin once removed of James V of Scotland. He and Isabel had five children, only one of whom had children of her own, Christina of Denmark. Maria of Aragon and Manuel I of Portugal had numerous children, as mentioned above. In 1517, she died, probably worn out and in 1518 Manuel swiftly obtained a dispensation to marry his wife’s nineteen year old niece, Leonor of Austria (see above). This preserved the alliance between Spain, where Leonor’s brother, Charles, was now king, and Portugal. There were two children of the marriage, but neither married. 1520s The 1520s, too, were busy years for the House of Hapsburg. In 1521 and 1522, Ferdinand and Mary, son and daughter of Philip the Fair (see above) married another pair of siblings, Anne and Louis of Bohemia and Hungary. Mary had no children before being widowed at the Battle of Mohacs. Her sister-in-law therefore passed the crowns of Bohemia and Hungary to Ferdinand, although the encroaching Ottoman Empire made maintaining their borders impossible. Ferdinand’s marriage to Anne was very happy and extremely fruitful. Although they were related by blood (they had a common ancestor in Juan II of Aragon) they had nine children who lived to adulthood, of whom several are worth noting: Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor (1527 – 1576) Anna, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Bavaria (1528 – 1576) Maria, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Julich-Cleves-Berg (1531 – 1581) Eleonora, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Mantua (1534 – 1594) Barbara, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Ferrara (1539 – 1572) Charles, Archduke of Austria (1540 – 1590) Johanna, Archduchess of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (1547 – 1578) The alliances this next generation of Hapsburgs made were the backdrop to the second half of the sixteenth century. Moving back to the Spanish branch of the family, Catherine, Archduchess of Austria, youngest daughter of Philip and Juana, married her first cousin, Joao II of Portugal in 1525 (who was also her sister, Leonor’s step-son).They had two children: Maria Manuela of Portugal, Princess of Spain (1527 – 1545) Joao Manuel of Portugal (1537 – 1554) In 1526, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor was the last of the children of Philip the Fair to marry. His bride was his cousin, Isabella of Portugal, daughter of Manuel I and Maria of Aragon. For this marriage, he had jilted his other cousin, Mary of England, daughter of Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon. The couple were devoted to each other and produced three surviving children, of whom two are of interest: Philip, King of Spain, Naples, Sicily, Duke of Burgundy etc. King of England (1527 – 1598) Maria, Archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (1528 – 1603) 1530 Charles V’s sister, Leonor, Queen of Portugal was widowed in 1521. As part of the peace negotiations following the Battle of Pavia, she remarried in 1530 to François I of France (see above). The marriage was forced on the king, and they remained childless. When Henry VIII of England tried to have his marriage to Katharine of Aragon annulled, he risked alienating a large swathe of European royalty. Katharine’s nephews and nieces were:
22709	yago	0	7	https://kids.kiddle.co/John_II_of_Aragon	en	John II of Aragon facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…28cropped%29.jpg	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…28cropped%29.jpg	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/e/ee/SOAOTO_-_Folio_067R_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/7/70/Carlino_Giovanni_II.jpg/300px-Carlino_Giovanni_II.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/d/d5/Ducado_aragon%C3%A9s_Juan_II_de_Arag%C3%B3n_%281453%29.jpg/300px-Ducado_aragon%C3%A9s_Juan_II_de_Arag%C3%B3n_%281453%29.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5f/Kids_robot.svg/60px-Kids_robot.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn John II of Aragon facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/John_II_of_Aragon	John II (Spanish: Juan II, Catalan: Joan II, Aragonese: Chuan II and Basque: Joanes II; 29 June 1398 – 20 January 1479), called the Great (el Gran) or the Faithless (el Sense Fe), was King of Aragon from 1458 until his death in 1479. As the husband of Queen Blanche I of Navarre, he was King of Navarre from 1425 to 1479. John was also King of Sicily from 1458 to 1468. Biography John was born at Medina del Campo (in the Crown of Castile), the son of King Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque. In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II of Castile. Until middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was preoccupied by incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella I of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile and which was to create the Kingdom of Spain. His troubles with his subjects were closely connected with tragic dissensions within his own family. John was first married to Blanche I of Navarre of the house of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But one son, Charles, given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard this son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, it grew into absolute hatred, being encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, however, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside. There followed the long Navarrese Civil War, with alternations of success and defeat, ending only with the death of the prince of Viana, possibly by poison administered by his father in 1461. The Catalans, who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of their own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders in the Catalan Civil War. John spent his last years contending with them. He was forced to pawn Roussillon, his possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to King Louis XI of France, who refused to part with it. In his old age John was blinded by cataracts, but recovered his eyesight with an operation (couching) conducted by his physician Abiathar Crescas, a Jew. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but until his death in 1479 John carried on a war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbor the French king. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already married to Isabella I of Castile. With his death and son's accession to the throne of Aragon, the unification of Spain under one royal house began in earnest. Marriages and issue From his first marriage to Blanche of Navarre, John had the following children: Charles, Prince of Viana (1421–1461) Juana (1423 – 22 August 1425) Blanche II of Navarre (1424–1464) Eleanor of Navarre (1426-1479) From his second marriage to Juana Enríquez, John had the following children: Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516). Married Isabella I of Castile. Joanna of Aragon (1455–1517). Married Ferdinand I of Naples. Illegitimate children: Alfonso de Aragón y de Escobar (1417-1495), Duke of Villahermosa Juan de Aragón (1440–1475), Archbishop of Zaragoza Felipe de Carrayos del Radona (Phillipe del Radona) See also
22709	yago	0	94	https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/eleanor-of-navarre/queens-regnant-eleanor-navarre/	en	History of Royal Women	https://i2.wp.com/www.hi…=282%2C241&ssl=1	https://i2.wp.com/www.hi…=282%2C241&ssl=1	[ "https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/moniekheader4-1.png", "https://i0.wp.com/www.historyofroyalwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/Eleanor_of_Navarre1.jpg?resize=282%2C241&ssl=1", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/49d87a32a97a5b99f4b25d2be2d5ffb7?s=125&d=mm&r=g", "https://i0.wp.com/www.historyofroyalwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/Maria_Nikolaevna_1914-1.jpg?resize=80%2C60&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.historyofroyalwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/Althorp_House_Northamptonshire_-_geograph.org_.uk_-_908595.jpg?resize=80%2C60&ssl=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Moniek Bloks", "www.facebook.com" ]	2017-01-13T06:00:00+00:00	The future Queen Eleanor of Navarre was born in Olite as the third child of King John II of Aragon and Queen Blanche I of Navarre on 2 February 1426. Both her elder brother Charles and her elder sister Blanche preceded her as monarch of Navarre. Eleanor married Gaston IV, Count of Foix in 1441 [read more]	en	https://i0.wp.com/www.hi…it=32%2C22&ssl=1	History of Royal Women	https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/eleanor-of-navarre/queens-regnant-eleanor-navarre/	The future Queen Eleanor of Navarre was born in Olite as the third child of King John II of Aragon and Queen Blanche I of Navarre on 2 February 1426. Both her elder brother Charles and her elder sister Blanche preceded her as monarch of Navarre. Eleanor married Gaston IV, Count of Foix in 1441 and they went on to have 11 children, though not all would live to adulthood. Her mother died in 1441, and although she was officially succeeded by Charles, their father kept the government of Navarre in his own hands. Charles had married Agnes of Cleves in 1439, but she died childless just eight years later. John remarried to Juana Enriquez in 1447, which only increased the tensions between father and son. With Juana, he had the future Ferdinand II of Aragon, who married Isabella I of Castile. Charles was taken prisoner after a civil war and only reconciled with his father in 1459. Charles finally decided he was ready to remarry, but he died in 1461 under suspicious circumstances. Although he was officially succeeded by their sister Blanche, now Blanche II of Navarre, she was already imprisoned by their father. She had married Henry IV of Castile in 1440, but that marriage was annulled in 1453. They had no children, and upon her return to Navarre, she was incarcerated by her own family. John wanted her to marry, but she refused. She was poisoned, supposedly by her own family, and died on 2 December 1464. Her claim to the throne was inherited by Eleanor, who was made lieutenant (regent) of Navarre by her father, but she was deposed by her own father in 1468. He attempted to give the regency to their son Gaston, to the great unhappiness of Eleanor and the elder Gaston. The situation was resolved with the death of the younger Gaston in 1470 in a tournament. Eleanor returned to the lieutenancy only after she signed the convention of Olite in which she recognised her father as King of Navarre until his death. She would have to wait patiently or suffer the same fate as her siblings. She had a great support in her husband, and together they worked for the same goal, the crown of Navarre. She lost him in 1472, and her grandson became Count of Foix. Her daughter-in-law Magdalena acted as regent for the three-year-old boy in Foix. Her actual rule as the monarch of Navarre was less than a month. John died on 20 January 1479, and a hastily arranged coronation was held for Eleanor on 28 January. She died just two weeks later on 12 February 1479. Despite her short rule as the monarch, she was the effective ruler of Navarre as a lieutenant from 1455 to 1479, with some hiatuses. She was succeeded by her grandson, who now became Francis I of Navarre. “Out of all the Kings and Queens of Navarre she was the one who reigned the shortest, although she may have been the one who desired [the crown] the most.”
22709	yago	1	37	https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/infanta-joanna-la-beltraneja/	en	Infanta Joanna la Beltraneja	https://europeanroyalhis…g_5728.png?w=200	https://europeanroyalhis…g_5728.png?w=200	[ "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-fb_img_1671979413412.jpg", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/bb387edc-d5ae-48fb-9bac-1e322d2bf59c.jpeg?w=529", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/500ea265-b7cc-4130-bef0-072057d21376.jpeg?w=529", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/0e931d23-2429-40c8-b581-f5bb4bd63842.png?w=529", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/034653e2-4510-4032-82ea-95dc29aca9b7.jpeg?w=529", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/430144_10151160845308468_1828907828_n.jpg", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-img_5728.png?w=50", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-img_5728.png?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Posts about Infanta Joanna la Beltraneja written by liamfoley63	en	https://europeanroyalhis…mg_5728.png?w=32	European Royal History	https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/infanta-joanna-la-beltraneja/	Isabella I (April 22, 1451 – November 26, 1504) was Queen of Castile from 1474 and Queen consort of Aragon from 1479, reigning over a dynastically unified Spain jointly with her husband Fernando II. Isabella I, Isabella was born in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Ávila, to King Juan II of Castile and his second wife, Isabella of Portugal on April 22, 1451. At the time of her birth, she was second in line to the throne after her older half-brother Infante Enrique of Castile. Enrique was 26 at that time and married, but childless. Isabella’s younger brother Alfonso of Castile was born two years later on November 17, 1453, lowering her position to third in line. Infante Enrique, Prince of Asturias celebrated had his marriage to Blanche of Navarre in 1440, when he was 15 years old. Blanche of Navarre Was the daughter of John II of Aragon and Blanche I of Navarre. The Cardinal Juan de Cervantes presided over the official ceremony. The marriage had been agreed in 1436 as part of the peace negotiations between Castille and Navarre. Enrique alleged that he had been incapable of sexually consummating the marriage, despite having tried for over three years, the minimum period required by the church. Other women, prostitutes from Segovia, testified that they had had sexual relations with Enrique, which is why he blamed his inability to consummate the marriage on a curse. Enrique IV, King of Castile Enrique’s claim of “permanent impotence” only affected his relations with Blanche. Blanche and Enrique were cousins, and he was also a cousin of Joan of Portugal, whom he wanted to marry instead. Therefore, the reason he used to seek the annulment was the sort of curse that only affected his ability to consummate this one marriage, and would not cause any problems for him with other women. Pope Nicholas V corroborated the decision in December of the same year in a papal bull and provided a papal dispensation for Enrique’s new marriage with the sister of the Portuguese king. When Isabella’s father, King Juan II died on July 20, 1454 her half-brother ascended to the throne as King Enrique IV of Castile. Isabella and her brother Infante Alfonso were left in King Enrique IV’s care. Isabella, her mother, and Alfonso then moved to Arévalo. Infanta Joan of Portugal was the the posthumous daughter of King Duarte of Portugal and his wife Infanta Eleanor of Aragon, the daughter of Fernando I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque. The wedding was celebrated in May 1455, but without an affidavit of official bull authorizing the wedding between them, although they were first cousins (their mothers were sisters) and second cousins (their paternal grandmothers were half-sisters). On February 28, 1462, the queen gave birth to a daughter Infanta Joanna la Beltraneja. On May 9, 1462, Joanna was officially proclaimed heir to the throne of Castile and created Princess of Asturias. Enrique had the nobles of Castile swear allegiance to her and promise that they would support her as monarch. Infanta Joanna la Beltraneja, Princess of Asturias. These were times of turmoil for Isabella. The living conditions at their castle in Arévalo were poor, and they suffered from a shortage of money. Although her father arranged in his will for his children to be financially well taken care of, King Enrique did not comply with their father’s wishes, either from a desire to keep his half-siblings restricted, or from ineptitude. Even though living conditions were difficult, under the careful eye of her mother, Isabella was instructed in lessons of practical piety and in a deep reverence for religion. Some of Isabella’s living conditions improved once they moved to Segovia. She always had food and clothing and lived in a castle that was adorned with gold and silver. Isabella’s basic education consisted of reading, spelling, writing, grammar, history, mathematics, art, chess, dancing, embroidery, music, and religious instruction. She and her ladies-in-waiting entertained themselves with art, embroidery, and music. She lived a relaxed lifestyle, but she rarely left Segovia since King Enrique forbade this. In early 1460s, Castilian nobles became dissatisfied with the rule of King Enrique IV and believed that Queen Joan’s child (Joanna, Princess of Asturias) had not been sired by Enrique. Propaganda and rumour, encouraged by the league of rebellious nobles, argued that her father was Beltrán de la Cueva, a royal favorite of low background whom Henry had elevated to enormous power and who, as suggested by Alfonso de Palencia and others, may have been Enrique’s lover. This resulted in giving Infanta Joanna, Princess of Asturias the name “Juana la Beltraneja”, which has stuck with the girl throughout history. If Joanna was illegitimate, the next in line was Alfonso. If she was legitimate—which is entirely possible—then Alfonso and, ultimately, his famous sister Isabella were both usurpers. Considering Isabella’s impact on world history, this question has fascinated historians for centuries. The question of Isabella’s marriage was not a new one. She had made her debut in the matrimonial market at the age of six with a betrothal to Infante Fernando of Aragon, the younger son of King Juan II of Aragon and Navarre (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) and Juana Enriquez de Córdoba, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. At that time, the two kings, Enrique IV and Juan II, were eager to show their mutual love and confidence and they believed that this double alliance would make their eternal friendship obvious to the world. This arrangement, however, did not last long. In 1465, an attempt was made to marry Isabella to King Alfonso V of Portugal, Enrique IV’s brother-in-law. Through the medium of the Queen and Count of Ledesma, a Portuguese alliance was made. Isabella, however, was wary of the marriage and refused to consent. A civil war broke out in Castile over King Enrique IV’s inability to act as sovereign. Enrique now needed a quick way to please the rebels of the kingdom. As part of an agreement to restore peace, Isabella was to be betrothed to Pedro Girón Acuña Pacheco, Master of the Order of Calatrava and brother to the King’s favourite, Juan Pacheco. In return, Don Pedro would pay into the impoverished royal treasury an enormous sum of money. Seeing no alternative, Enrique IV agreed to the marriage. Isabella was aghast and prayed to God that the marriage would not come to pass. Her prayers were answered when Don Pedro suddenly fell ill and died while on his way to meet his fiancée. In 1464 the league of nobles with the Representation of Burgos controlling Isabella’s younger brother, Alfonso, forced Enrique IV to repudiate Joanna and recognize Alfonso as his official heir. Alfonso then became Prince of Asturias, a title previously held by Joanna. Enrique agreed to the compromise with the stipulation that Alfonso someday marry Joanna, to ensure that they both would one day receive the crown. However, in 1468 at the age of only 14, Alfonso suddenly died. The cause of death is not known, but it likely to have been an illness such as consumption or plague (although it is rumored that he had been deliberately poisoned by his enemies). When King Enrique IV had recognised Isabella as his heir-presumptive on September 19, 1468, he had also promised that his sister should not be compelled to marry against her will, while she in return had agreed to obtain his consent. It seemed that finally the years of failed attempts at political marriages were over. There was talk of a marriage to Edward IV of England or to one of his brothers, probably Richard, Duke of Gloucester,(future Richard III); but this alliance was never seriously considered. Once again in 1468, a marriage proposal arrived from Alfonso V of Portugal. Going against his promises made in September, Enrique IV tried to make the marriage a reality. If Isabella married Alfonso, Enrique IV’s daughter Joanna, would marry Alfonso’s son Juan II of Portugal and thus, after the death of the old king, Juan II and Joanna could inherit Portugal and Castile. Isabella refused and made a secret promise to marry her cousin and very first betrothed, Fernando of Aragon. On May 10, 1475, King Afonso V of Portugal invaded Castile and married Joanna in Plasencia, 15 days later, making her Queen of Portugal. On October 18, 1469, the formal betrothal took place. Because Isabella and Fernando were second cousins, they stood within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity and the marriage would not be legal unless a dispensation from the Pope was obtained. With the help of the Valencian Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI), Isabella and Fernando were presented with a supposed papal bull by Pius II (who had died in 1464), authorizing Fernando to marry within the third degree of consanguinity, making their marriage legal. Afraid of opposition, Isabella eloped from the court of Enrique IV with the excuse of visiting her brother Alfonso’s tomb in Ávila. Fernando, on the other hand, crossed Castile in secret disguised as a servant. They were married immediately upon reuniting, on October 19, 1469, in the Palacio de los Vivero in the city of Valladolid. Fernando II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile When Isabella came to the throne in 1474, upon the death of King Enrique IV of Castile was in a state of despair due to her brother Enrique’s reign. It was not unknown that Enrique IV was a big spender and did little to enforce the laws of his kingdom. It was even said by one Castilian denizen of the time that murder, rape, and robbery happened without punishment. Because of this, Isabella needed desperately to find a way to reform her kingdom. Queen Isabella reorganized the governmental system, brought the crime rate to the lowest it had been in years, and unburdened the kingdom of the enormous debt her brother had left behind. Isabella’s marriage to Fernando II of Aragon in 1469 created the basis of the de facto unification of Spain. Her reforms and those she made with her husband had an influence that extended well beyond the borders of their united kingdoms. Isabella and Fernando are known for completing the Reconquista, ordering conversion or exile to their Jewish and Muslim subjects, and for supporting and financing Christopher Columbus’s 1492 voyage that led to the opening of the New World and to the establishment of Spain as a major power in Europe and much of the world for more than a century. Isabella, granted together with her husband the title “the Catholic” by Pope Alexander VI, was recognized as a Servant of God by the Catholic Church in 1494. In later years Isabella and Fernando were consumed with administration and politics over the Empire they had forged; they were concerned with the succession and worked to link the Spanish crown to the other rulers in Europe. By early 1497, all the pieces seemed to be in place: The son and heir Infanta Juan, Prince of Asturias, married a Habsburg princess, Archduchess Margaret of Austria, establishing the connection to the Habsburgs. The eldest daughter, Isabella of Aragon, married King Manuel I of Portugal, and the younger daughter, Joanna of Castile, was married to a Habsburg prince, Archduke Philipp of Habsburg, the son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and his first wife, Duchess Mary of Burgundy. These marriages were one of a set of family alliances between the Habsburgs and the Trastámaras designed to strengthen both against growing French power. However, Isabella’s plans for her eldest two children did not work out. Her only son, John of Asturias, died shortly after his marriage. Her daughter Isabella of Aragon, whose son Miguel da Paz died at the age of two, died in childbirth. Queen Isabella I’s crowns passed to her third child Joanna and her son-in-law, Philip who is recognized as King Felipe I. Isabella did, however, make successful dynastic matches for her two youngest daughters. The death of Isabella of Aragon created a necessity for Manuel I of Portugal to remarry, and Isabella’s third daughter, Maria of Aragon, became his next bride. Isabella’s youngest daughter, Catherine of Aragon, married England’s Arthur, Prince of Wales, but his early death resulted in her being married to his younger brother, King Henry VIII of England. Isabella officially withdrew from governmental affairs on 14 September 14, 1504 and she died that same year on November 26 at the Medina del Campo Royal Palace. She had already been in decline since the deaths of her son Prince Juan of Asturias in 1497, her mother Isabella of Portugal in 1496, and her daughter Princess Isabella of Asturias in 1498.
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"https://64.media.tumblr.com/a51cb4faad5f15c9408ee52dcbc2c55f/c7c36d52ffc467e4-ff/s64x64u_c1/a81cec19da6636c1c2e02d9de70d6a90b6d97619.pnj 64w, https://64.media.tumblr.com/a51cb4faad5f15c9408ee52dcbc2c55f/c7c36d52ffc467e4-ff/s96x96u_c1/5f3732ff059fad4210a109a51a55303dc248216c.pnj 96w, https://64.media.tumblr.com/a51cb4faad5f15c9408ee52dcbc2c55f/c7c36d52ffc467e4-ff/s128x128u_c1/c5f2994afa3340935d9a8ea9e7e99f6f2c3b1314.pnj 128w, https://64.media.tumblr.com/a51cb4faad5f15c9408ee52dcbc2c55f/c7c36d52ffc467e4-ff/s512x512u_c1/e1d281e77cf2917ceaf84a22bd51fe4b9e26d362.pnj 512w" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2016-06-13T19:37:41+00:00	Juana of Aragon, Queen of Naples The Ferdinand the Catholic's sister was born in Barcelona about the middle of the fifteenth century. She was the second child of John II of Aragon by his second wife…	en	https://assets.tumblr.com/pop/manifest/favicon-0e3d244a.ico	Tumblr	https://www.tumblr.com/isadomna/145870915202/first-part-juana-of-aragon-queen-of-naples	Juana of Aragon, Queen of Naples The Ferdinand the Catholic's sister was born in Barcelona about the middle of the fifteenth century. She was the second child of John II of Aragon by his second wife, Juana Enríquez. Fourteen years later, her marriage with the infant Alfonso of Castile, brother of the future Queen Isabella the Catholic, was agreed. But Alfonso died unexpectedly. King Ferrante I of Naples, an illegitimate son of her uncle Alfonso V of Aragon, asked Juana's hand in marriage from John II and he accepted. His first wife had died some years earlier. The King of Aragon gave his daughter, who renounced her rights to the Kingdom of her father, a dowry of 100,000 gold florins and Ferrante gave his new wife many duchies and/or cities, such as Sorrento, Theano, Isernia, Teramo, Sulmona, Francavilla and Nocera, and an annual income of 20,000 ducats. A papal dispensation was necessary because the future spouses were first cousins. Infanta Juana served as governor in the absence of her father and her brother Ferdinand. Two months after she was released from her post, in July 1477, the navy that had been sent by the King of Naples, in order to pick up his wife, reached the port of Barcelona. It consisted of ten galleys and other ships. At the head of the Neapolitan embassy stood Alfonso, Duke of Calabria – the heir to the throne with letters of authority from his father. Relevant figures of the kingdom: princes, dukes, marquises and admirals made the embassy of Naples shine. The farewell was highly emotive, both John II of Aragon and his daughter shed many tears. The formal wedding, with both the bride and groom present, took place on 14 September in Naples, officiated by Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, the future Pope Alexander VI, with the assistance of forty bishops. The coronation of the queen took place four days later, Cardinal Borgia officiated the mass. Juana of Aragon was crowned Queen of Naples with a crown sent by Pope. Queen Juana inherited a love of fashion from her mother. Even back then the young infanta was a typical woman and innovative with fashion. Juana of Aragon is credited for creating the first gold pendant watch. She created a piece by taking a small gold portable desk clock and fastened it to a large gold chain – she made a second gold watch for her husband Ferrante when they married. The first child of the royal couple was born two years later. The baby was a girl called Giovanna, like her mother. Following came into the world the infant Carlo, but died aged six of typhus. Her husband was patron of musicians and literary figures, took an interest in the new craft of printing and stimulated the dormant university of Naples into new life. Ferrante was keen to establish manufacturing industries in southern Italy, aimed to fit out a royal fleet whose galleys could reach as far afield as England, and openly welcomed to Sicilian and Spanish Jews into the kingdom of Naples. During Ferrante’s reign the kingdom was under steady attack not only from external powers such as the Turks, the French, the Republic of Venice, and the Papacy, but also by the local barons. Despite all of this, Ferrante ruled the Kingdom of Naples for thirty-six years, longer than any other Italian prince in the fifteenth century. Ferrante was notoriously astute and treacherous by reputation. Jakob Burckhardt, the father of Renaissance studies, declared: ‘it is certain that he was equaled in ferocity by none of the princes of his time.’ and yet he was 'recognised as one of the most powerful political minds of the day', who avoided all other vices in order to concentrate on the destruction of his political opponents. It said that Ferrante kept the mummified bodies of his enemies, dressed in the costume which they wore in their lifetime, in a private museum. Soon Queen Juana showed her political talent. She acted as Regent of Naples in her husband's absence, with the task of raising funds for the war against the Turks invaders. In August 1485, she started to randomly journey through Italy, probably to ensure loyalty to her husband in the wake of rebellions led by Baron Antonello Sanseverino and supported by Pope Innocent VIII and Cardinal Giulio della Rovere. A few years later, after the conspiracy was suppressed, Juana returned to Abruzzo accompanied by her daughter and by a large entourage. In L'Aquila she was received with great demonstrations of popular affection. During her residency visited most of the monasteries and churches of L'Aquila. The death of her husband in early 1494 is now known to have been caused by large bowel cancer. Since then Juana took the name of the sad queen, which she signed all her documents. Because of the grief, she did not even attend her stepson Alfonso's coronation in May, although the new monarch kept Juana in her position of Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of Naples. Meanwhile, Charles VIII of France was about to conquer Naples. Juanatried to prevent the abdication of her stepson Alfonso II in the face of the French invasion. The king abdicated in favor of his son, who became Ferrante II of Naples. However, before he left to Messina, Alfonso advised his son to take the advice of Queen Juana in consideration and never do anything to upset her. (X) Sources: Ferrante of Naples the Statecraft of a Renaissance Prince by David Abulafia. History Today; Feb 1995 ROYAL DIPLOMACY IN RENAISSANCE ITALY: FERRANTE D’ARAGONA (1458–1494) AND HIS AMBASSADORS by Paul M. Dover Diplomatario Gerundense de la infanta Juana de Aragón, Lugarteniente General de Cataluña by Luis Batlle y Prats and Santiago Sobrequés Vidal. https://jronaldreed.wordpress.com/2013/09/23/gold-watch-innovator-queen-joanna-of-naples-c1476/ http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/573905_4
22709	yago	0	57	https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/92177844/juan_ii-of_aragon	en	1479) – Find a Grave Gedenkstätte	https://images.findagrav…1af11b70eca.jpeg	https://images.findagrav…1af11b70eca.jpeg	[ "https://www.findagrave.com/assets/images/logo-fff.png", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2019/247/202721874_d1d649e6-9714-497b-8503-41af11b70eca.jpeg?size=photos250", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2003/323/3972_1069379771.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2018/314/133950514_909c3406-7247-4819-ba24-70ba5a08b253.png?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2011/196/73449551_131084520399.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2022/97/238579183_08f99f1d-5df4-41d9-bb67-447a7b1edfe7.jpeg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2020/24/133948544_f4193200-4d07-4e4f-a350-f5f5303e85e9.png?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2018/247/156057563_56a06002-6bb1-4f36-a5d7-23d2e0beea2c.jpeg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2008/69/3974_120514974104.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/default-image.png", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2019/247/202721874_d1d649e6-9714-497b-8503-41af11b70eca.jpeg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2018/314/92177844_2a1f5071-9d91-4015-8326-ee327689ed1f.jpeg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2019/247/202721874_946a7631-90dd-4f2d-a8ea-9596c66ca778.jpeg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2018/314/92177844_3e9961a3-f283-442d-bcff-2c23b99dda21.jpeg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Spanish Monarch. Born at Medina del Campo the second son of Fernando I and Eleanor of Albuquerque. After the death of his father his elder brother Alfonso V became king of Aragon, Naples and Sicily in 1416. When Alfonso V died in 1458 his son Ferdinand I succeeded him as king of Naples and Sicily and he succeeded him...	de	/assets/images/fg-icon.svg		https://de.findagrave.com/memorial/92177844/juan_ii-of_aragon	Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Wir sind auf ein unbekanntes Problem gestoßen. Warten Sie einige Minuten und versuchen Sie es noch einmal. Wenn das Problem weiterhin besteht, kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave. Wir haben die Sicherheit auf der Seite aktualisiert. Sie müssen Ihr Passwort zurücksetzen. Ihr Konto wurde wegen zu vieler fehlgeschlagener Anmeldeversuche für 30 Minuten gesperrt. Bitte kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave unter [email protected], wenn Sie Hilfe beim Zurücksetzen Ihres Passworts benötigen. Dieses Konto wurde deaktiviert. Bei Fragen kontaktieren Sie bitte [email protected] Dieses Konto wurde deaktiviert. Bei Fragen kontaktieren Sie bitte [email protected] E-Mail nicht gefunden. Bitte füllen Sie das Captcha aus, damit wir wissen, dass Sie eine echte Person sind. Mehr als einen Datensatz für eingegebene E-Mail gefunden. Wir haben Ihnen zur Aktivierung eine E-Mail geschickt. Sign in to your existing Find a Grave account. You’ll only have to do this once—after your accounts are connected, you can sign in using your Ancestry sign in or your Find a Grave sign in. We found an existing Find a Grave account associated with your email address. Sign in below with your Find a Grave credentials to link your Ancestry account. After your accounts are connected you can sign in using either account. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihre E-Mail-Adresse ein. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihr Passwort ein. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihre E-Mail-Adresse und Ihr Passwort ein. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es ist ein Systemfehler aufgetreten. Bitte versuchen Sie es später erneut. Eine E-Mail zum Zurücksetzen des Passworts wurde an Email-ID gesendet. Wenn Sie keine E-Mail erhalten haben, durchsuchen Sie bitte Ihren Spam-Ordner. Wir sind auf ein unbekanntes Problem gestoßen. Warten Sie einige Minuten und versuchen Sie es noch einmal. Wenn das Problem weiterhin besteht, kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave.
22709	yago	2	58	https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/History/France/Person/Germaine_Foix_Queen_Consort_Aragon_1488_1538.html	en	Biography of Germaine Foix Queen Consort Aragon 1488	https://www.twentytrees.…l-image-tree.jpg	https://www.twentytrees.…l-image-tree.jpg	[ "https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/_ICONS/AroundMe.png", "https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/_ICONS/Search.png", "https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/_ICONS/HomePage.jpg", "https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/_ARMS/ARMS_SMALL/Ivrea.png", "https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/_ARMS/ARMS_SMALL/Capet.png", "https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/History//_PAINTINGS/FLANDES/Isabella_Castile_LITTLE.jpg", "https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/History//_PAINTINGS/FLANDES/Isabella_Castile2_LITTLE.jpg", "https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/_ARMS/ARMS_SMALL/Valois.png", "https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/_ARMS/ARMS_SMALL/Ivrea.png", "https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/_ARMS/ARMS_SMALL/Ivrea.png", "https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/_ARMS/ARMS_SMALL/Valois.png", 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"Marriage of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon", "Ferdinand II King Aragon Dies Joanna Queen Castile Succeeds", "Death of Catherine of Aragon" ]	null	[]	null	Biography of Germaine Foix Queen Consort Aragon 1488-1538 including her birth, marriages, death and life events, life events of her siblings, and her ancestry to five generations, royal ancestors and royal descendants.	en			null	On 19 Oct 1469 [her future husband] Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 17) and Isabella Queen Castile (age 18) were married. They were second cousins. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Edward III of England 1312-1377. She by marriage Queen Consort Aragon. She the daughter of John II King Castile and Isabella Aviz Queen Consort Castile (age 41). He the son of John II King Aragon 1398-1479 (age 71) and Juana Enríquez Queen Consort Aragon. On 08 Sep 1476 [her father] Jean Foix Count Étampes 1446-1500 (age 30) and [her mother] Marie Valois Viscountess Narbonne (age 18) were married. They were third cousin once removed.. She the daughter of Charles Valois Duke Orléans and Mary La Marck Duchess Orléans. He the son of Gaston IV Count Foix 1422-1472 and Eleanor Trastámara Queen Consort Navarre 1426-1479 (age 50). On 14 Sep 1476 Ferdinand I King Naples (age 53) and [her future sister-in-law] Joanna of Aragon Queen Consort Naples (age 22) were married. They were first cousins.. She by marriage Queen Consort Naples. The difference in their ages was 30 years. She the daughter of John II King Aragon 1398-1479 (age 78) and Juana Enríquez Queen Consort Aragon. He the son of Alfonso V King Aragon 1396-1458 and Giralda Carlino. On 19 Oct 1505 Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 53) and Germaine Foix Queen Consort Aragon (age 17) were married. They were great uncle and niece.. She by marriage Queen Consort Aragon. The difference in their ages was 35 years. She the daughter of Jean Foix Count Étampes 1446-1500 and Marie Valois Viscountess Narbonne. He the son of John II King Aragon 1398-1479 and Juana Enríquez Queen Consort Aragon. On 03 May 1509 [her son] John Trastámara was born to [her husband] Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 57) and Germaine Foix Queen Consort Aragon (age 21). On 11 Jun 1509, one month after the death of his father, Henry VIII (age 17) and [her step-daughter] Catherine of Aragon (age 23) were married at the Church of the Observant Friars, Greenwich [Map].They were half third cousin once removed. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward III of England 1312-1377. She had, eight years before, married his older brother . She had, eight years before, married his older brother Prince Arthur Tudor - see Marriage of Arthur Tudor and Catherine of Aragon. She the daughter of Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 57) and Isabella Queen Castile. He the son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland and Elizabeth York Queen Consort England. On 23 Jan 1516 [her husband] Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 63) died. His daughter [her step-daughter] Joanna "The Mad" Trastámara Queen Castile (age 37) succeeded Queen Aragon. On 07 Jan 1536 [her former step-daughter] Catherine of Aragon (age 50) died at Kimbolton Castle [Map] in the arms of her great friend María de Salinas Baroness Willoughby Eresby (age 46).
22709	yago	0	41	http://raullongoria.net/Genealogy/FamilyTree/b3.html	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Ferdinand II (KING OF LEON) was born in 1137. He died on 22 January 1188 at the age of 51. Parents: Alfonso VII (the Emperor) RAIMUNDEZ (Count of Castile) and Berenguela BERENGAR of Barcelona. Spouse: Urraca of Portugal . Urraca of Portugal and Ferdinand II (KING OF LEON) were married in 1165. The marriage was annulled in 1175. They had their marriage annulled in 1175. Children were: Alfonso IX (KING OF LEON). Spouse: Teresa FERNANDEZ de Trava. Teresa FERNANDEZ de Trava and Ferdinand II (KING OF LEON) were married before 7 October 1178. Spouse: Urraca LOPEZ de Haro. Urraca LOPEZ de Haro and Ferdinand II (KING OF LEON) were married in 1187. St. Ferdinand III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON)1 was born in 1199. He died on 30 May 1252 at the age of 53. Ferdinand III permanently united the Kingdom of Castile with the Kingdom of Leon. His mother, Berenguela of Castile, was the sister of King Henry I of Castile. When Henry I died in 1217, the right of succession fell to Berenguela. She, however, renounced that right in favor of her son, Ferdinand. Thus, Ferdinand III became King of Castile in 1217 and upon the death of his own father in 1230 became King of Leon. Despite much opposition, he proceeded to unite the two Kingdoms into one, which became known as the Kingdom of Castile and Leon. Ferdinand III heeded his mother's advice and married Beatrice, a most virtuous princesses of that time. Their marriage produced six princes and one princess. Ferdinand III was responsible for almost completing the reconquest of Spain, having reclaimed vast amounts of territory from the Moors. He captured Cordoba in 1236, occupied Murcia in 1243, took Jaen in 1246, captured Seville in 1248, and reduced the Kingdom of Granada to a vassal state. He reestablished Catholic worship everywhere and built churches and founded monasteries. He converted the great mosques of Cordoba and Seville into cathedrals, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, and founded the University of Salamanca. The Catholic Encyclopedia has this to say about Ferdinand III and his conduct during the military campaigns: "He watched over the conduct of his soldiers, confiding more in their virtue than in their valor, fasted strictly himself, wore a rough hairshirt, and often spent his nights in prayer, especially before battles. Amid the tumult of the camp he lived like a religious in the cloister. The glory of the Church and the happiness of his people were the two guiding motives of his life". After his reign, all that remained for the complete reconquest of Spain was the defeat of Granada. He was planning an expedition to Morocco when he died in 1252 and was buried in the cathedral at Seville, clothed as he had requested in the habit of the Third Order of St. Francis. Many miracles took place at his tomb and his body reportedly remains incorrupt. He was canonized in 1671; his feast day is May 30. Ferdinand III was succeeded as King by his son, Alfonso X. Parents: Alfonso IX (KING OF LEON) and Berenguela of Castile . Spouse: Beatrice (Elizabeth) VON HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia. Beatrice (Elizabeth) VON HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia and St. Ferdinand III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) were married on 30 November 1219. Children were: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON). Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) was born on 6 December 1285. He died on 7 December 1312 at the age of 27. Ferdinand IV became King in 1295 at the age of 10; his mother served as regent during his minority. He led an unsuccessful campaign to capture Algeciras from the Moors but was successful in conquering Gibraltar in 1309, with the help of Aragon. He died at the age of 27 and was succeeded by his son Alfonso XI. Parents: Sancho IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Maria de MOLINA. Spouse: Constanza of Portugal . Constanza of Portugal and Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON)3 were married in 1302. Children were: Leonor of Castile , Constanza of Castile , Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon). Fernando2 was born (date unknown). Parents: Ferdinand and Blanche of France . Children were: Blanca . Fernando Alfonso (sn de Ledesma) was born in 1336. Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman .Fernando of Castile was born in 1332. Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Maria of Portugal .Frederick I (Barbarossa) (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) was born in 1122. He died on 10 June 1190 at the age of 68. He drowned in the River Calycandus, Cilicia. Also known as Frederick Barbarossa, he was a Duke of Swabia and King of Germany prior to becoming Holy Roman Emperor. Parents: Frederick II HOHENSTAUFEN and Judith of Bavaria . Spouse: Adelheid von VOHBURG. Adelheid von VOHBURG and Frederick I (Barbarossa) (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR)3 were married in 1147. They were divorced in 1153. Spouse: Beatrix of Burgundy . Beatrix of Burgundy and Frederick I (Barbarossa) (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR)3 were married on 10 June 1156. Children were: Henry VI HOHENSTAUFENS of Sicily (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR), Philip HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Gerberga was born (date unknown). Spouse: Adalbert of Italy (KING OF ITALY). Gerberga and Adalbert of Italy (KING OF ITALY) were married. Children were: Othon-Guillaume de Macon . Gerberga1 was born (date unknown). Parents: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) and St. Matilda of Ringelheim .Geva was born (date unknown). Spouse: Wittekind (Widukind) of the Saxons (KING OF THE SAXONS). Geva and Wittekind (Widukind) of the Saxons (KING OF THE SAXONS) were married. Children were: Wigebart of Saxony (Duke of Saxony). Gisela of Friaul was born (date unknown). Spouse: Adalbert of Ivrea (Count & Margrave of Ivrea). Gisela of Friaul and Adalbert of Ivrea (Count & Margrave of Ivrea) were married. Gorka was born (date unknown). Spouse: Ziemonislaw of Poland (Duke of Poland). Gorka and Ziemonislaw of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married. Children were: Mieczislaw (Burislaf) I of Poland (Duke of Poland). Guifre (Wilfred) the Hairy (Count of Barcelona) died in 897. He was killed while fighting the Moors. Parents: Sunifred I of Urgell (Count of Barcelona) and _____ (mother of Guifre the Hairy). Spouse: _____ (mother of Sunyer of Barcelona). Children were: Sunyer of Barcelona . Hatheburg was born (date unknown). Spouse: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Hatheburg and Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) were married in 906. Hatheburg was a young widow when she married Henry I the Fowler; their marriage was subsequently declared invalid. Hedwig1 was born (date unknown). Parents: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) and St. Matilda of Ringelheim .Hedwige was born (date unknown). One source (Stammtafeln) believes she was the daughter of Henry, Margrave of Mark (died 886) and not Arnulf. Parents: Arnulf of Carinthia (KING OF GERMANY) and Oda of Bavaria . Spouse: Otto of Saxony (Duke of Saxony). Hedwige and Otto of Saxony (Duke of Saxony) were married about 869. Children were: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Heilwig was born about 931. She died on 12 November. Spouse: Hermann of Palatine . Heilwig and Hermann of Palatine were married. Children were: Ezzo of Palatine (Count Palatine). Henry (Duke of Bavaria)1 was born (date unknown). Parents: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) and St. Matilda of Ringelheim .Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) was born about 876. He died on 2 June 936 at the age of 60. Parents: Otto of Saxony (Duke of Saxony) and Hedwige . Spouse: Hatheburg . Hatheburg and Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) were married in 906. Hatheburg was a young widow when she married Henry I the Fowler; their marriage was subsequently declared invalid. Spouse: St. Matilda of Ringelheim . St. Matilda of Ringelheim and Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) were married in 909. Children were: Henry (Duke of Bavaria), Otto I the Great, King of Germany (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR), St. Bruno (Archbishop of Cologne), Gerberga , Hedwig . Henry II of Castile (KING OF CASTILE) was born about 1333. He died on 30 May 1379 at the age of 46. Also known as Enrique (or Henry) of Trastamara, he was the illegitimate son of King Alfonso XI, who was succeeded after he died in 1350 by his legitimate son, Peter the Cruel. Henry II took part in several revolts against his half-brother, but they were all unsuccessful. Henry II sought help from Du Guesclin and Peter IV of Aragon and finally succeeded in removing Peter the Cruel from the throne in 1366. Peter the Cruel responded by forming an alliance with England and, with the aid of Edward the Black Prince, defeated Henry II in battle at Najera in 1367. However, Edward the Black Prince had to depart to participate in the French campaign and, after he departed, Henry II attacked and killed Peter the Cruel in battle at Montiel in 1369. Henry II was able to retain the throne despite opposition from King Ferdinand I of Portugal and John of Gaunt. John of Gaunt was the brother of Edward the Black Prince and, in 1371, married Constance of Castile, the daughter of Peter the Cruel (perhaps marriage was the price Constance paid for the help of John of Gaunt, who undoubtedly used it make his own claim to Castile). Henry II successfuly resisted all opposition and remained King until his death in 1379; he was succeeded by his son, John I of Castile. Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman . Spouse: Juana Manuel de Castilla (sna de Villena). Juana Manuel de Castilla (sna de Villena) and Henry II of Castile (KING OF CASTILE)3 were married on 27 July 1350. Children were: John I of Castile , Leonor of Castile (Infanta of Castile), Juana of Castile (Infanta of Castile). Spouse: Elvira Iniquez DE LA VEGA. Children were: Alfonso ENRIQUEZ. Henry III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) was born in 1379. He was born on 4 October 1379. He died in 1406 at the age of 27. Henry III became King of Castile and Leon in 1390 upon the death of his father, John I. His father arranged his marriage to Catherine, the daughter of John of Gaunt, as a means to end the conflict between the two men. Henry III was only 9 years old when he was married, and became King at the age of 11. One of his most notable achievements was his push to colonize the Canary Islands. Upon his death in 1406 at the age of 27, he was succeeded by his son John II. Parents: John I of Castile and Leonor of Aragon . Spouse: Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster. Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster and Henry III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) were married in 1388. They were married. Children were: John II of Castille . Henry IV was born on 4 January 1425. He died in 1474 at the age of 49. He is sometimes referred to as Henry IV the Impotent. Parents: John II of Castille and Maria of Aragon . Spouse: Juana of Portugal . Juana of Portugal and Henry IV were married. Children were: Juana la Beltraneja . King Henry XIII (KING OF ENGLAND)4 was born (date unknown). Spouse: Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND). Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND) and King Henry XIII (KING OF ENGLAND) were married. Hermann of Palatine was born about 929. He died after 16 July 996 at the age of 67. Spouse: Heilwig . Heilwig and Hermann of Palatine were married. Children were: Ezzo of Palatine (Count Palatine). Hildegarde of Vinzgau was born in 758. Spouse: Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST). Hildegarde of Vinzgau and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 771. Children were: Louis I the Pious of Aquitaine (KING OF FRANCE). Himiltude was born (date unknown). Spouse: Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST). Himiltude and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married about 768. Hugh of Provence1 was born (date unknown). Spouse: _____ ______ (mother of Lothaire). _____ ______ (mother of Lothaire) and Hugh of Provence were married. Children were: Lothaire . Infante Juan4 was born on 30 June 1478. He died in 1497 at the age of 19. "The Prince who died of love" Parents: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) and Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN).Irene of Byzantium was born in 1145. Spouse: Philip HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Irene of Byzantium and Philip HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR)3 were married on 25 May 1197. Children were: Beatrice (Elizabeth) VON HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia. Irmengard of Hesbain was born about 778. Spouse: Louis I the Pious of Aquitaine (KING OF FRANCE). Irmengard of Hesbain and Louis I the Pious of Aquitaine (KING OF FRANCE) were married in 798. Children were: Louis II, the German (KING OF EAST FRANKS). Isabel was born about 1265. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .Isabel de Limoges was born in 1283. Parents: Sancho IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Maria de MOLINA.Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal)3 was born in 1271. She died on 4 July 1336 at the age of 65. Also known as the "Peacemaker", she was named after her great-aunt, Elizabeth of Hungary. She was educated and lived very piously, and was married at a young age. Her husband's court was very corrupt, but Elizabeth did her best to win her husband's affections, while still pursuing her religious beliefs, being especially devoted to the poor and sick. Elizabeth finally, through prayer and unfailing sweetness, succeeded in reforming her husband, but by then he was late in life. Their son, Alfonso, so resented the favors the King showed to his illegitimate sons that, in 1323, he declared war against his father. Elizabeth rode between the two opposing armies and succeeded in reconciling her husband and son. After her husband died in 1325, she retired to a convent of Poor Clares which she had founded at Coimbra. She took the Franciscan Tertiary habit, devoting the rest of her life to the poor and sick. However, she had to act as peacemaker once more when, in 1336, her son Alfonso IV, the new King of Portugal, marched against the King of Castile, to whom he had married his daughter Maria, and who had neglected and mis-treated her. She went to Estremoz where the two opposing armies were fighting, stopped the fighting and arranged a peace between the two kingdoms. This great effort brought on her final illness, and she died of a fever shortly afterward. She is interred at the convent at Coimbre. She was canonized by Pope Urban VIII in 1625; her feast day is July 8. Parents: Pedro III (KING OF ARAGON) and Constantia . Spouse: Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE). Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal) and Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE) were married. Children were: Constanza of Portugal , Alfonso IV "O Osado" (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE). Isabella of Asturias was born on 2 October 1470. Parents: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) and Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN).Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN) was born on 22 April 1451.9 She died on 26 November 1504 at the age of 53.7 Parents: John II of Castille and Isabella of Portugal . Spouse: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN). Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN) and Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) were married on 19 October 1469.7 Children were: Isabella of Asturias , Infante Juan , Juana (The Mad), Mary , Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND). Isabella of Portugal was born in 1428. She died on 15 August 1496 at the age of 68. Parents: Joao of Portugal and Isabella de BRAGANCA. Spouse: John II of Castille . Isabella of Portugal and John II of Castille were married in August 1447. Children were: Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN), Alfonso of the Asturias . Jaime (Juan) of Castile (sn de los Cameros) was born before 11 August 1268. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .Jaime I the Conqueror (KING OF ARAGON) was born in 1208. He died in 1276 at the age of 68. Parents: Pedro II the Catholic (KING OF ARAGON) and Maria of Montepellier . Spouse: Leonor of Castile . Leonor of Castile and Jaime I the Conqueror (KING OF ARAGON) were married on 6 February 1221. They were divorced in 1229. Spouse: Yolande (Violante) of Hungary . Yolande (Violante) of Hungary and Jaime I the Conqueror (KING OF ARAGON) were married. Children were: Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon . Queen Joanna Enriquez was born in 1425. She died on 13 February 1468 at the age of 43. Her father was Fadrique Enriquez, Count of Malgar y Rueda. Spouse: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO). Queen Joanna Enriquez and John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO)8 were married on 1 April 1444. Children were: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN), Juana of Aragon , Maria of Aragon (Infanta of Aragon). Joao of Portugal was born on 13 January 1400. Spouse: Isabella de BRAGANCA. Isabella de BRAGANCA and Joao of Portugal were married. Children were: Isabella of Portugal . John I of Castile was born on 24 August 1358. He died on 9 October 1390 at the age of 32. John I succeeded his father, Henry II, as King of Castile and Leon in 1379. He tried to unite the Castilian and Portuguese crowns but was twice defeated in battle by the Portuguese. He was more successful in defending his crown when it was threatened by John of Gaunt, who was claiming the throne through his marriage to Constance, daughter of Peter the Cruel who had been killed and removed as King by Henry II, the father of John I. The power struggle was finally ended when John I married his 9-year old son Henry to Catherine, the daughter of John of Gaunt. Henry succeeded him as King of Castile and Leon and became known as Henry III. Parents: Henry II of Castile (KING OF CASTILE) and Juana Manuel de Castilla (sna de Villena). Spouse: Leonor of Aragon . Leonor of Aragon and John I of Castile were married on 18 June 1375. Children were: Henry III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON), Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY). Spouse: Beatriz of Portugal (QUEEN OF PORTUGAL). Beatriz of Portugal (QUEEN OF PORTUGAL) and John I of Castile were married in May 1383. John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) was born on 29 June 1398. He died on 19 January 1479 at the age of 80. Also known as John II of Trastamara, he became King of Navarre in 1425 after marrying Blanche, the heiress of the Kingdom of Navarre. After his wife died in 1442, Navarre was ruled by their son Charles of Viana. Soon, however, a power struggle developed between father and son, leading to civil war in Navarre. Charles escaped to Italy leaving his father John II to rule Navarre. He succeeded his brother Alfonso V in 1458 and became King of Aragon and Sicily, and ruled Catalonia as the Count of Barcelona. An uprising in Catalonia in 1461 forced John II to recognize Charles as his heir; however, Charles died that very same year. This led to the expulsion of John II from Catalonia, and Rene of Anjou was chosen to be Count of Barcelona. In 1472, John II succeeded in pacifying and reclaiming Catalonia. In 1468, John II passed the Kingdom of Sicily to his son Ferdinand II. Upon the death of John II in 1479, Ferdinand II also inherited the Kingdom of Aragon and Catalonia. (Ferdinand II was also known as Ferdinand the Catholic and later became King Ferdinand V of Castille after marrying Queen Isabella of Castille. The Kingdom of Navarre, upon the death of John II, passed through his daughter Leonor to the house of Foix, into which she had married. Parents: Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY) and Leonor Urrac de Castilla de Albuquerque. Spouse: Blanche of Navarre . Blanche of Navarre and John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) were married on 18 January 1420. Children were: Carlos of Viana , Juana of Aragon (Infanta of Aragon), Blanca of Aragon , Eleanor of Navarre . Spouse: Queen Joanna Enriquez . Queen Joanna Enriquez and John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO)8 were married on 1 April 1444. Children were: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN), Juana of Aragon , Maria of Aragon (Infanta of Aragon). John II of Castille was born on 6 March 1405. He died on 20 July 1454 at the age of 49. Parents: Henry III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster. Spouse: Maria of Aragon . Maria of Aragon and John II of Castille were married on 4 August 1420. Children were: Catalina of the Asturias , Leonor of the Asturias , Henry IV , Maria of Castile . Spouse: Isabella of Portugal . Isabella of Portugal and John II of Castille were married in August 1447. Children were: Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN), Alfonso of the Asturias . John of Gaunt was born in 1340. He died in 1399 at the age of 59. John of Gaunt married Blanche, the heiress of Lancaster, in 1359 and thus became Earl of Lancaster in 1361 and Duke of Lancaster in 1362. His wife's holdings made him one of the wealthiest men in England, and enabled him to become one of England's most influential nobles. He served under his brother, Edward the Black Prince, in the Hundred Years War and in the campaign of help Peter the Cruel of Castile in 1367. After his first wife died, John of Gaunt, married Constance of Castile, the daughter of Peter the Cruel, in 1371. Peter the Cruel had been killed by his half-brother, Henry II, in 1369. Through his marriage to Constance, John of Gaunt was able to make a claim to the throne of Castile. His brother, Edward the Black Prince, fell ill during the French campaign of 1370-71 and John of Gaunt left to take chief command, but accomplished little in that campaign. After a truce was called in 1375, John of Gaunt returned to England and allied himself with the corrupt court party led by Alice Perrers, the mistress of his aging father, Edward III. In effect, John of Gaunt actually ruled England for a short time, but his party was removed from power by the Good Parliament in 1376. He soon restored his power and influence and became one of the most powerful men in the goverment, devoting himself primarily to military matters. In 1386, he allied himself with the King of Portugal, John I, who had married one of John of Gaunt's daughters, and led an expedition against John I of Castile in an attempt to make good his claim to the Castilian throne. His expediition was unsuccessful, but John of Gaunt and John I of Castile reached a truce in 1388 by agreeing to the marriage of John of Gaunt's daughter, Catherine, with Henry III, the 9-year old son of John I of Castile. John of Gaunt returned to England in 1389 where he was made Duke of Aquitaine. In 1396, he married Catherine Swynford, who had been his mistress for many years. He had his illegitimate children by her, under the name of Beaufort, declared legitimate. He died in 1399, soon after his eldest son, the Duke of Hereford, had been exiled by the King. (The Duke of Hereford later became Henry IV, first of the royal line of Lancaster.) Parents: Edward III of England and _____ (spouse of Edward III). Spouse: Blanche of Lancaster . Blanche of Lancaster and John of Gaunt were married in 1359. Spouse: Constance of Castile . Constance of Castile and John of Gaunt were married in 1371. Children were: Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster. Spouse: Catherine SWYNFORD. Catherine SWYNFORD and John of Gaunt were married in 1396. Juan de Castile (sn de Badajoz) was born in 1341. Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman .Juan of Castile (Infant of Castile) was born before April 1264. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .Juana (The Mad)4 was born on 6 November 1479. She died in 1555 at the age of 76. Parents: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) and Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN). Spouse: Phillip I (The Beautiful). Juana (The Mad) and Phillip I (The Beautiful) were married. Children were: KING Charles I (KING OF SPAIN). Juana Alfonsa was born (date unknown). Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman .Juana de Castro was born (date unknown). Spouse: Peter the Cruel . Juana de Castro and Peter the Cruel were married in 1354. There is some confusion here as to the spouses and dates of marriage. Juana la Beltraneja was born in 1462. She died in 1530 at the age of 68. Juana was widely believed to have been fathered by Beltran de la Cueva, the court favorite. For that reason, she was usually referred to as Juana la Beltraneja. The Cortes of Castile, however, recognized her as the legitimate heiress to the throne. Castilian nobles, however, refused to recognize Juana as the rightful heiress and forced Henry IV to designate his half-brother, Alfonso, as his successor. Alfonso died in 1468 and Henry IV then designated his half-sister Isabella to be his successor. When Isabella married Ferdinand II of Aragon, Henry IV changed his mind and in 1470 again recognized Juana as his heir. However, when Henry IV died in 1474, Isabella took the opportunity to seize the throne. Juana had her own supporters and they arranged for her marriage to Alfonso V of Portugal, and thus obtained his help to try to regain the throne. Isabella defeated Alfonso V in a battle at Toro in 1476, ending the threat to her rule. Isabella received recognition as Queen of Castille in 1479. And, Juana retired to a convent in Portugal. Parents: Henry IV and Juana of Portugal .
22709	yago	0	16	https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/blog/the-fathers-in-law-of-king-henry-viii-part-1	en	The Father’s in Law of King Henry VIII of England, Part 1	http://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/ferdinandcatholic.jpg?1594976247	http://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/ferdinandcatholic.jpg?1594976247	[ "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/ferdinandcatholic.jpg?1594976247", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/thomas-boleyn_orig.jpg", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/john-seymour.jpg?1594976442", "https://cdn2.editmysite.com/images/old/bg_feed.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Genealogy UK", "Genealogy", "Genealogist", "Family History UK", "Professional Genealogist", "Family Tree Researcher", "Family History Research England", "Family History Researcher", "Ancestry Researcher", "Sarah Dobby", "Association of Professional Genealogists" ]	null	[]	null	A brief look at the lives of the first 3 father’s in law of King Henry VIII, the King of Aragon, the Earl of Ormond and the Groom of the Bedchamber.	en			http://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/3/post/2020/07/the-fathers-in-law-of-king-henry-viii-part-1.html	A while ago I looked at the lives of the Mother’s in Law of King Henry VIII. I thought it was about time I considered his Father’s in Law. King Ferdinand II of Aragon 1452-1516 Henry’s first Father in Law was King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the father of Catherine of Aragon. When Henry and Catherine married in 1509 Ferdinand was the King of Aragon, Majorca, Sardinia, Valencia, Sicily, Naples and Navarre. He was also Count of Barcelona. Whilst his wife Queen Isabella of Castile was alive he was King of Castile as well. Ferdinand was born in Aragon on the 10th March 1452. He was the son of King John II of Aragaon and his wife Juana Enriquez. When he married Infanta Isabella of Castile the heir to the throne of Castile Ferdinand was only King of Sicily. Ferdinand is probably best known as being one of the monarchs to introduce the Spanish Inquisition of Spain. It was used to expel the non-Catholic people from Spain or force them to convert to Catholicism. After Isabella’s death in 1504 Ferdinand continued to have a role in Castille when his daughter inherited the throne. Due to her metal state after her husband’s death Ferdinand acted as regent for his grandson the future King Charles I of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor. The King remarried after Isabella died. He married the 18 year old niece of King Louis XII of France in an attempt to a male heir to inherit the throne of Aragon. Ferdinand was 54 and the marriage did produce a son but he died young, thus the throne of Aragon went to his daughter Joanna I. Ferdinand died in 1516 in Spain and was buried in the Royal Chapel of Granada alongside his first wife Isabella of Castile. Through his children he was the father in law of the King of Portugal through his daughters Isabella and Maria who both married King Emanuel I of Portugal and King Henry I of Portugal through his daughter Maria as well as Henry VII. Possibly Thomas Boleyn c1477-1539 Henry’s second father in law was Thomas Boleyn the father of Anne Boleyn. Thomas was born around 1477 in Norfolk to Sir William Boleyn a wealthy merchant and his wife Lady Margaret Butler. He married Lady Elizabeth Howard around 1499. She was the daughter of Thomas Howard the 2nd Duke of Norfolk. The couple had 3 surviving children in Mary, Anne and George. As Anne’s favour grew at court so did Thomas. He was an envoy and ambassador for the King in Europe. He was made Viscount Rochford by the King and later Henry interceded on his behalf in a dispute over the titles of the Earldoms of Ormond and Wiltshire which both were granted to Thomas. Thomas was made a Knight of the Garter and was Lord Privy Seal (he was responsible for looking after the Kings personal seal). As Anne and George fell from favour so too did Thomas. After the execution of his children which Thomas accepted without fighting Thomas lost his positions and titles. He died at his home Hever Castle in Kent in 1539. He was survived by his wife and daughter Mary Stafford. Sir John Seymour c1474-1536
22709	yago	2	5	https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Aragon-And-Juana-Enr%25C3%25ADquez-The-King-Ferdinand-FCUNB24LRT	en	Aragon And Juana Enríquez: The King Ferdinand Of Spain			[ "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/logos/bartleby/logo-home.svg", "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/placeholders/essay_preview.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Free Essay: Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, both of Castilian origin. His father named him apparent heir and governor of all...				https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Aragon-And-Juana-Enr%C3%ADquez-The-King-Ferdinand-FCUNB24LRT	Any student of history has come to recognize the fact that history is written by the victor and in lieu of this, research becomes essential to uncover where the truth lies. The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, so ironically named, is a personal account for historical events leading up to the conquest of New Spain, formerly known as the City of Mexico. The author, Bernal Diaz, was a soldier of the conquering army who composed the document well after the events took place sometime between 1552 and 1557. Though the document did provide insight in regards to the victor’s perspective, it also served as a tool to rewrite the account of the conquered people. Many people have heard of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. However, only some know of all the things they accomplished. They might be best known for funding the voyages of Christopher Columbus, but they also greatly contributed to the unity of Spain (“Isabella l”). Together, they brought many kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula together to form what Spain is today. Through Spain’s unification, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella strengthened Spain into an economic and dominant world power, enabling the spread of Christianity and the colonization of a New World. Bernal Diaz del Castillo’s The History of the Conquest of New Spain provides an eyewitness account of the Spanish conquest over the indigenous Mayan empire. Diaz del Castillo’s recorded events serve as a way to “deepen our knowledge” and understand “the ways indigenous people struggled to maintain their sense of identity in the oppressive years of colonial society.” Indigenous women and colonial sexuality played a significant role in the imperialist conquest of New Spain. From the David Carrasco volume, Karen Vieira Powers’ “Colonial Sexuality” illustrates the adversity native women encounter against Spaniard men. In addition, the close reading of Bernal Diaz, The History of the Conquest of New Spain, explains how indigenous women were married Soldier and conqueror Bernal Díaz del Castillo in his book The True History of the Conquest of New Spain labeled Hernán Cortés “a valiant, energetic, and daring captain” and compared him to the likes of Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Hannibal. Hernán Cortés was an ambitious conquistador and eventually defeated the mighty Mexican empire. A problem, however; emerges when distinguishing between the rational and romanticized versions of Cortés’ exploits. Bernal Díaz was present during the conquest, but his account was written much later and cannot be expected to be unbiased. Modern interpretations of Cortés can piece together all document and find that he stretched the truth to further his own gains. Cortés’ personality, goals, and actions have been interpreted differently since the days of the conquest, and have changed the way the conquest has been understood. Victors and Vanquished, through excerpts of Bernal Diaz del Castillo, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, and indigenous testimonies from the Florentine Codex, shows the exchange of religious ideas between the Spanish and Nahuatl religions. During the Spanish conquest and exploration of Mesoamerica, religion became a focal point in Spanish observations of Nahuatl religions. Influenced by European biases and a colonial mindset, the Spanish criticized indigenous religion by condemning their practices and idols. Natives, on the other hand, hybridized elements of Christianity into their respective indigenous religions. In Victors and the Vanquished, Schwartz poses the question of “How can we evaluate conflicting sources” (ix)? Through reading historical events such as the “Conquest of New Spain” there is an undeniably large amount of destruction of cultural material and bias testimonies of events recorded several years after they occurred. After analyzing the Spanish Conquest of Mesoamerica there is a debatable amount of evidence from the Mesoamericans and Spanish explanations of this event in history. The intentions of each explanation created a conflict to historians, art historians and anthropologists on which viewpoint holds to accuracy. There is also the issue of not only inaccuracies, but the motives behind each bias account. As many of these aspects are taken into consideration, interpreting each justification between both sides of history in Mesoamerica as a clash of ethnocentrism between two different cultures that causes an uncertainty of what actually happened in history. Cortés came not to the New World to conquer by force, but by manipulation. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, in the "Conquest of New Spain," describes how Cortés and his soldiers manipulated the Aztec people and their king Montezuma from the time they traveled from Iztapalaopa to the time when Montezuma took Cortés to the top of the great Cue and showed him the whole of Mexico and its countryside, and the three causeways which led into Mexico. Castillo's purpose for recording the mission was to keep an account of the wealth of Montezuma and Mexico, the traditions, and the economic potential that could benefit Cortés' upcoming conquest. However, through these recordings, we are able to see and understand Cortés' Since the first humans picked up rocks and killed each other, war has grown and changed, going from a way to solve small disputes to a massive enterprise involving all of a country’s resources. One example of such a war would have to be the one between Spain and England in the 1500’s. What started as a mere religious conflict soon became much more, with the full naval might of the two countries facing off. It culminated in a huge battle between the massive Spanish Armada and the much smaller English fleet. With superior strategy, ships, and confidence, the English managed to not only fend off the Spanish but handily defeat them, preventing what could have been a huge invasion and disaster. Queen Elizabeth herself came to rally the troops, giving them the confidence to triumph over the Spanish (Kallen, 2013). It is apparent that this battle was a major battle and turning point in history. If the Spanish had won, history would be completely different. It is for this reason that is can be considered a major turning point in history. Over a thousand years ago, Europe experienced one of its greatest periods of cultural enlightenment.Islam in Spain has had a fundamental presence in the culture and history of the nation. The religion was present inmodern Spanish soil from 711 until 1492 under the rule of the Arabs and Moors of al-Andalus.Islamic Spain was a multi-cultural mix of the people of three great monotheistic religions: Muslims,Christians, and Jews.For more than three centuries in Medieval Spain, Muslims, Jews and Christians lived together and prospered in a thriving multicultural civilization. Here, remarkable individuals of different faiths made lasting contributions in such areas as poetry, art, architecture, music, dining etiquette, science, agriculture, During the 15th century, many considered Spain insignificant. However, within a century it became a world-dominant power in Europe. Although Spain only took a brief time to rise, it was also short-lived. The rise of Spain was due to its flourishing culture, stable political system and successful voyages to the New World. On the other hand, its decline was due to religious control, resistance from other countries and inflation. The fascinating and beautiful country of Spain is one of the largest countries in Europe. The history that Spain has had has left great stories to tell and remarkable landmarks to visit. Spain is located in the south west corner of Europe, with its neighboring countries, Portugal and France. It has a population of forty million plus people, but almost one-third of the nation’s population is foreigners that reside in its territory. One of the most important facts about Spain is that its economy is one of the largest in the world. Spain is currently in a recession, with low employment rates and poverty. What were “New Monarchies”? The Middle Ages were the peak of the “New Monarchs.” These monarchies lasted from 1460 to 1550. The “Roman Law” was used by the “New Monarchs.” This law is “civil law.” They proclaimed themselves the rulers of countries, and had the power to create their own laws. In the years before the 17th century, the monarchs did not have autocracy. These monarchs increased taxes on the nobles, and seized their land when they were not cooperative. The monarchies power grew with the “military revolution,” which is when the military plan changed causing the government to also change. The Church’s power was decreased by the monarchs. Monarchs also took out loans which caused an increment in debt. There were three main monarchies: France, England, and Spain.
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Timelines	https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/isabella-and-ferdinand	Alhambra Decree(Edict of Expulsion) Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (Catholic Monarchs) ordered that all Jews be expelled from Spain and its territories by July 31 of that year. Ferdinand of II violated this treaty by forcing all Muslims in Castile or Aragon to convert to Catholicism or else be expelled. This was also used on the Jewish population of Spain. Christopher Columbus' First Voyage Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon sponser Columbus on his first voyage, which led to the discovery of San Salvador (now known as the Bahamas) and also led to the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. Treaty of Granada Ferdinand II of Aragon signed an agreement with Louis XII of France stating that Ferdinand would support French claims in Naples in exchange for getting territories for himself in the division of the kingdom. Christopher Columbus' Fourth Voyage Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile sponsor Columbus on his fourth and final voyage in a search for the Straight of Maracca, only to find themselves stranded on Jamaica for a year. Battle of Cerignola The first battle known to be won using gunpowder small arms, it was a battle between Spanish and French forces in in Cerignola, near Bari, Southern Italy. The Spanish forces, with 8,000 men, mroe than 1000 arequebusiers, 20 cannons defeated the French, which only had a force of 20,000 men, mainly cavalry and swiss mercenary pikemen, and about 40 cannons. Battle of Garigliano The Spanish and French troops were separated by a river, and had by that point tried to cross it several times to no avail. The night of the 28, Spanish troops went to work building a bridge out of boats and barrels, and sneaking past the view of the French, made it across the Garigliano. By the next morning, over 6,000 had crossed and they attacked. When the 300 crossbowmen fled along with 300 French troops, the Spaniards took over the town.
22709	yago	2	78	http://raullongoria.net/Genealogy/FamilyTree/b2.html	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Blanche of France2 was born (date unknown). Spouse: Ferdinand . Blanche of France and Ferdinand were married. Children were: Fernando , Alfonso de la Cerda . Blanche of Lancaster died by 1371. Spouse: John of Gaunt . Blanche of Lancaster and John of Gaunt were married in 1359. Blanche of Navarre died in 1442. Spouse: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO). Blanche of Navarre and John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) were married on 18 January 1420. Children were: Carlos of Viana , Juana of Aragon (Infanta of Aragon), Blanca of Aragon , Eleanor of Navarre . Boleslaw I, the Brave of Poland (KING OF POLAND) was born about 967. He died on 17 July 1025 at the age of 58. Parents: Mieczislaw (Burislaf) I of Poland (Duke of Poland) and Thyra HARALDSDOTTIR. Spouse: Heminilde VON MEISSEN. Heminilde VON MEISSEN and Boleslaw I, the Brave of Poland (KING OF POLAND) were married in 986. They were divorced. Spouse: Judith of Hungary . Judith of Hungary and Boleslaw I, the Brave of Poland (KING OF POLAND) were married in 988. They were divorced. Children were: Mieszko II Lambert of Poland (KING OF POLAND). Boleslaw III Wrymouth of Poland (Duke of Poland) was born in 1084. He died on 28 October 1138 at the age of 54. Parents: Wladyslaw I (Herman) of Poland (Duke of Poland) and _____ (mother of Boleslaw III). Spouse: Sbislava of Kiev . Sbislava of Kiev and Boleslaw III Wrymouth of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married in 1103. Children were: Wladyslaw II, the Exile of Cracow (Duke of Cracow). Spouse: Salome of Berg-Schelklingen . Salome of Berg-Schelklingen and Boleslaw III Wrymouth of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married. Borrell II of Barcelona (Count of Barcelona) died in 992. Parents: Sunyer of Barcelona and _____ (mother of Borrell II). Spouse: _____ (mom of Raymond Beranger Borrell). Children were: Raymond Berengar Borrell III (Count of Barcelona). Bruno was born (date unknown). Parents: Wigebart of Saxony (Duke of Saxony) and _____ (mother of Bruno). Spouse: Suana of Montfort . Suana of Montfort and Bruno were married. Children were: Liudolf of Saxony (Count of Saxony). Carloman of Bavaria (KING OF BAVARIA) was born about 828. He died in 880 at the age of 52. Parents: Louis II, the German (KING OF EAST FRANKS) and Emma of Bavaria . Spouse: Litwinde . Litwinde and Carloman of Bavaria (KING OF BAVARIA) were married about 850. Children were: Arnulf of Carinthia (KING OF GERMANY). Carlos of Viana was born on 29 May 1421. Parents: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) and Blanche of Navarre .Casimir I, the Restorer of Poland (Duke of Poland) was born in 1015. He died on 28 November 1058 at the age of 43. Parents: Mieszko II Lambert of Poland (KING OF POLAND) and Richeza of Palatine (Countess Palatine). Spouse: Dobronega (Maria) of Kiev . Dobronega (Maria) of Kiev and Casimir I, the Restorer of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married in 1043. Children were: Wladyslaw I (Herman) of Poland (Duke of Poland). Catalina of the Asturias was born on 5 October 1422. Parents: John II of Castille and Maria of Aragon .Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND)4 was born on 15 December 1485. Parents: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) and Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN). Spouse: King Henry XIII (KING OF ENGLAND). Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND) and King Henry XIII (KING OF ENGLAND) were married. Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) was born on 2 April 742. He died on 28 January 814 at the age of 71. Also known as Charles the Great, he conquered Gaul (France), Bavaria, Lombardy and other lands to establish the Empire of the Franks. He had several mistresses (Madelgard, Gersvind, Adalind and unknown) in his lifetime and had children with all of them. Parents: Pepin III, The Short and Bertrada II of Laon . Spouse: Himiltude . Himiltude and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married about 768. Spouse: Desideria . Desideria and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 770. This marriage was annulled in 771. Spouse: Hildegarde of Vinzgau . Hildegarde of Vinzgau and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 771. Children were: Louis I the Pious of Aquitaine (KING OF FRANCE). Spouse: Fastrada . Fastrada and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 783. Spouse: Luitgard . Luitgard and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 794. KING Charles I (KING OF SPAIN)4 was born (date unknown). He was also known as Emperor Charles V. Parents: Phillip I (The Beautiful) and Juana (The Mad).Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS) was born in 676. He died on 22 October 741 at the age of 65. Parents: Pepin II d"Heristal (Duke of Austrasia) and Elphide (Chalpaida) . Spouse: Chrotrud . Chrotrud and Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS) were married. Children were: Pepin III, The Short . Spouse: Sunnichild . Sunnichild and Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS) were married in 725. Chrotrud was born (date unknown). Spouse: Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS). Chrotrud and Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS) were married. Children were: Pepin III, The Short . Clodulf1 was born (date unknown). Clodulf became his father Arnulf's third successor to the See of Metz. Parents: Arnold of Metz (St. Arnulf) and _____ (spouse of Arnold of Metz).Constance of Castile died by 1396. Parents: Peter the Cruel and Blanche of Bourbon . Spouse: John of Gaunt . Constance of Castile and John of Gaunt were married in 1371. Children were: Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster. Constantia was born (date unknown). Spouse: Pedro III (KING OF ARAGON). Constantia and Pedro III (KING OF ARAGON) were married. Children were: Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal). Constanza was born about 1259. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .Constanza of Castile was born after 1308. Parents: Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Constanza of Portugal .Constanza of Portugal was born on 3 January 1290. She died on 18 November 1313 at the age of 23. Parents: Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE) and Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal). Spouse: Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON). Constanza of Portugal and Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON)3 were married in 1302. Children were: Leonor of Castile , Constanza of Castile , Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon). Cornelia was born (date unknown). Spouse: Manuel QUINTANA Rodriguez. Cornelia and Manuel QUINTANA Rodriguez were married. Costanza Manuel de Castile was born (date unknown). Spouse: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon). Costanza Manuel de Castile and Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) were married on 28 March 1325. This marriage was annulled in 1327. Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE) was born on 9 October 1261. Denis, or Diniz, was known as "Re Lavrador", or the laborer or working king, because of his hard work in his country's service. Spouse: Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal). Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal) and Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE) were married. Children were: Constanza of Portugal , Alfonso IV "O Osado" (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE). Desideria was born (date unknown). Spouse: Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST). Desideria and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 770. This marriage was annulled in 771. Dobravy of Bohemia was born (date unknown). Spouse: Mieczislaw (Burislaf) I of Poland (Duke of Poland). Dobravy of Bohemia and Mieczislaw (Burislaf) I of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married. Dobronega (Maria) of Kiev was born before 1015. Spouse: Casimir I, the Restorer of Poland (Duke of Poland). Dobronega (Maria) of Kiev and Casimir I, the Restorer of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married in 1043. Children were: Wladyslaw I (Herman) of Poland (Duke of Poland). Doda (St. Begga) was born (date unknown). Parents: Pepin of Landen and _____ (spouse of Pepin of Landen). Spouse: Anchises (Anseghisel) . Doda (St. Begga) and Anchises (Anseghisel)3 were married. Children were: Pepin II d"Heristal (Duke of Austrasia). Dolca of Provence (Countess of Provence) was born (date unknown). Spouse: Raymond Berengar III the Great (Count of Barcelona). Dolca of Provence (Countess of Provence) and Raymond Berengar III the Great (Count of Barcelona) were married in 1112. Children were: Raymond Berengar IV the Saint (Count of Barcelona & Provence). Eadgyth (Edith) was born (date unknown). Spouse: Otto I the Great, King of Germany (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Eadgyth (Edith) and Otto I the Great, King of Germany (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) were married in 929. Edward III of England was born (date unknown). Spouse: _____ (spouse of Edward III). _____ (spouse of Edward III) and Edward III of England were married. Children were: Edward the Black Prince , John of Gaunt . Edward the Black Prince was born (date unknown). Parents: Edward III of England and _____ (spouse of Edward III).Eleanor of Navarre was born on 2 February 1425. Parents: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) and Blanche of Navarre .Elphide (Chalpaida) was born (date unknown). Spouse: Pepin II d"Heristal (Duke of Austrasia). Elphide (Chalpaida) and Pepin II d"Heristal (Duke of Austrasia) were married. Children were: Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS). Emma of Bavaria was born (date unknown). Spouse: Louis II, the German (KING OF EAST FRANKS). Emma of Bavaria and Louis II, the German (KING OF EAST FRANKS) were married. Children were: Carloman of Bavaria (KING OF BAVARIA). Enrique I2 was born (date unknown). Parents: Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor PLANTAGENET of England.Enrique of Aragon (Duke of Villena) was born (date unknown). Parents: Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY) and Leonor Urrac de Castilla de Albuquerque.Enrique of Castile (Infant of Castile) was born in 1288. Parents: Sancho IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Maria de MOLINA.Ermengarda of Tuscany was born (date unknown). Spouse: Adalbert of Ivrea (Count & Margrave of Ivrea). Ermengarda of Tuscany and Adalbert of Ivrea (Count & Margrave of Ivrea) were married. Children were: Berenger II of Ivrea (KING OF ITALY). Ermentrude de Roucy was born (date unknown). Spouse: Othon-Guillaume de Macon . Ermentrude de Roucy and Othon-Guillaume de Macon were married about 982. Children were: Renaud I of Burgundy (Count of Burgundy). Etienette de Longwy was born (date unknown). Spouse: William I of Burgundy . Etienette de Longwy and William I of Burgundy3 were married. Some sources show his wife to be Stephanie of Barcelona. Children were: Raymond of Burgundy (Count of Galicia and Coimbr). Ezzo of Palatine (Count Palatine) was born in 955. He died on 21 May 1034 at the age of 79. Parents: Hermann of Palatine and Heilwig . Spouse: Matilda of Saxony (Princess). Matilda of Saxony (Princess) and Ezzo of Palatine (Count Palatine) were married about 992. Children were: Richeza of Palatine (Countess Palatine). Fadrique Alfonso (SeÃ±or de Haro)5 was born in 1333. He died on 29 May 1358 at the age of 25 in Sevilla, Spain. He was assasinated. He was a twin brother of King Henry II (or King Enrique II) de Trastamara. Jose Antonio Esquibel states that don Fadrique "...had three children, possible by doÃ±a Leonor de Angulo or by a female Jewish "conversa"". Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman . Spouse: Leonor de ANGULO. Leonor de ANGULO and Fadrique Alfonso (SeÃ±or de Haro) were married. Children were: Alfonso ENRIQUEZ, Leonor de CASTILLA. Fastrada was born (date unknown). Spouse: Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST). Fastrada and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 783. Felipe de Cabrera of Castile was born in 1292. Parents: Sancho IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Maria de MOLINA.Felix Ramirez6 was born (date unknown). He was from Rancho El Tepeguaje. Spouse: Eusebia DIAZ. Eusebia DIAZ and Felix Ramirez were married. Ferdinand was born after December 1255. He died in 1275 at the age of 20. After Ferdinand, the eldest son of Alfonso X, died in 1275, his children fought with their uncle Sancho IV, the second oldest son, for succession to the throne. Sancho IV won the fight and eventually became King. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon . Spouse: Blanche of France . Blanche of France and Ferdinand were married. Children were: Fernando , Alfonso de la Cerda . Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) was born on 10 March 1452 in Sos, Aragon, Spain.7 He died on 25 January 1516 at the age of 63. Ferdinand II was also known as Ferdinand the Catholic and as King Ferdinand V of Castille. Ferdinand II was Prince of Aragon and King of Sicily when he married Isabella, the Queen of Castille and Leon. However, he had an affair with Luisa de Estrada and fathered Alonso de Estrada, an ancestor of the Longorias and many of the other original settlers of South Texas and northern Mexico. Ferdinand II became King of Sicily in 1468 when that kingdom was given to him by his father, John II (King of Aragon, Sicily and Navarre). After marrying Isabella in 1469, he assumed joint rule in 1474 and became King of Castille and Leon (whence he became known as King Ferdinand V). In 1504, he became King of Naples. Ferdinand II and Isabella, known as the Catholic Kings, united Aragon, Castille and Leon and finally succeeded in unifying all of Spain after conquering the Moorish stronghold of Granada in 1492. In that same year, they expelled all Jews who refused to accept Christianity and financed Christopher Columbus' voyage of discovery to the New World.. They subsequently initiated the Inquisition to assure religious and political unity. Parents: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) and Queen Joanna Enriquez . Spouse: Luisa de ESTRADA. Spouse: Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN). Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN) and Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) were married on 19 October 1469.7 Children were: Isabella of Asturias , Infante Juan , Juana (The Mad), Mary , Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND). Spouse: Germaine DE FOIX of Narbonne. Germaine DE FOIX of Narbonne and Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) were married in 1505. Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY) was born on 27 November 1380. He died on 2 April 1416 at the age of 35. Ferdinand I became regent of Castile in 1406 while his nephew, John II of Castile, was still a minor. In 1410, he captured Antequera from the Moors and laid claim to the vacant throne of Aragon, but was not chosen King of Aragon until 1412. He was succeeded by his son Alfonso V. In 1458, Alfonso V was succeeded by his own brother, John II of Aragon. Parents: John I of Castile and Leonor of Aragon . Spouse: Leonor Urrac de Castilla de Albuquerque. Leonor Urrac de Castilla de Albuquerque and Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY)8 were married in 1393. Children were: Leonor of Castile , Miguel of Portugal (Infante de Portugal), Leonora of Aragon , Maria of Aragon , Alfonso V , John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO), Enrique of Aragon (Duke of Villena), Pietro di Noto (Duke of Noto), Sancho of Aragon .
22709	yago	3	63	https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/isabella-i-queen-of-castile-and-leon-queen-of-aragon/	en	Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León, Queen of Aragon	https://upload.wikimedia…aofCastile06.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…aofCastile06.jpg	[ "https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/cropped-Buckingham-Palace_2018.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/IsabellaofCastile06.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Henry_IV_of_Castile_ruled_1454-1474.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Wedding_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Michel_Sittow_004.jpg/800px-Michel_Sittow_004.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos_y_la_infanta_do%C3%B1a_Juana.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Don_Felipe_y_Do%C3%B1a_Juana.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Michel_Sittow_002.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/WC_Delacroix%2CEugene_The_Return_of_Christopher_Columbus.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Granada_-_Capilla_Real_-_Panteon_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos_-_Isabel_y_Fernando_y_Juana_y_Felipe.jpg/1920px-Granada_-_Capilla_Real_-_Panteon_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos_-_Isabel_y_Fernando_y_Juana_y_Felipe.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Granada-Capilla_Real-7-Sepulcro_de_los_Reyes_Cat%C3%B3licos_%28Domenico_Fancelli%29.jpg", "https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/wp-content/plugins/subscribe-connect-follow-widget/images/32px/rss.png", "https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/wp-content/plugins/subscribe-connect-follow-widget/images/32px/facebook.png", "https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/wp-content/plugins/subscribe-connect-follow-widget/images/32px/twitter.png", "https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/scr/pixel.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-08-26T23:35:30+00:00	by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2022 Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León was born on April 22, 1451, at the Royal Palace (later the Monastery of Our Lady of Grace) in the town of Madrigal …	en		Unofficial Royalty	https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/isabella-i-queen-of-castile-and-leon-queen-of-aragon/	by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2022 Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León was born on April 22, 1451, at the Royal Palace (later the Monastery of Our Lady of Grace) in the town of Madrigal de las Altas Torres, then in the Kingdom of Castile and León, now in the Kingdom of Spain. Isabella (Isabel in Spanish) was the elder of the two children of Juan II, King of Castile and León and his second wife Isabel of Portugal. Isabella’s paternal grandparents were Enrique III, King of Castile and Catherine of Lancaster. Catherine of Lancaster was the daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster who was the son of King Edward III of England. Isabella had golden-red hair from her father’s descent from the English House of Plantagenet. Isabella’s maternal grandparents were Infante Juan of Portugal and Isabel de Barcelos of the House of Braganza. The marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castile and León (reigned 1474 – 1504) and King Ferdinand II (Fernando in Spanish) of Aragon (reigned 1479 – 1516) led to the political unification of the Kingdom of Aragon and the Kingdom of Castile and León into the Kingdom of Spain under their grandson King Charles I (Carlos in Spanish), King of Spain who later also became Charles V, Holy Roman Empire. Isabella and Ferdinand will be used in this article because that is how they are generally known, especially in the United States. Isabella had one brother who died when he was fourteen years old: Alfonso of Castile, Prince of Asturias (1453 – 1468) Isabella had four half-siblings from her father’s first marriage to his first cousin Maria of Aragon: Catalina of Castile, Princess of Asturias (1422 – 1424), died in childhood, heiress presumptive from her birth until her death Leonor of Castile, Princess of Asturias (1423 – 1425), died in childhood, heiress presumptive from the death of Catalina until the birth of her brother Enrique King Enrique IV of Castile and León (1425 – 1474), married (1) Blanche of Navarre, no children, marriage annulled (2) Joana of Portugal, had one daughter whose paternity is in doubt, divorced Infanta Maria of Castile (1428 – 1429), died in infancy At the time of her birth, Isabella was second in line to the throne of Castile and León after her 26-year-old half-brother Enrique. Enrique’s first marriage was childless. Two years after her birth, Isabella’s brother Alfonso was born but he died when he was fourteen. Isabella and her half-brother Enrique were the only children of their father Juan II, King of Castile and León to survive childhood. Enrique’s second wife Joana of Portugal did give birth to a daughter but her paternity is in doubt. Enrique had no other children and was rumored to be impotent. The daughter of his wife was called popularly called Joanna la Beltraneja, referring to Beltrán de la Cueva, 1st Duke of Alburquerque, who was suspected of her father. When Juan II, King of Castile and León died in 1454, his son succeeded him as Enrique IV, King of Castile and León. Isabella was only three years old when her father died. Although her father arranged for Isabella, her brother Alfonso, and their mother to be financially secure, Enrique IV did not always follow his father’s wishes. Initially, after her father’s death, Isabella, her brother, and their mother lived at the Castle of Arévalo, where Isabella, under the guidance of her mother, developed a deep reverence for the Catholic religion. In 1462, eleven-year-old Isabella and her brother Alfonso were summoned to court at the Alcázar of Segovia under the direct supervision of their half-brother Enrique IV. Alfonso was placed in the care of a tutor while Isabella became part of the Queen’s household and received a well-rounded education. Enrique IV made several unsuccessful attempts to marry Isabella to grooms of his choice. His half-sister was resistant and a few of the intended grooms died. When Isabella reached the age of eighteen, she decided she wanted to choose her own husband. She chose Ferdinand of Aragon, the heir apparent of Juan II, King of Aragon and his second wife Juana Enriquez, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. Without her half-brother’s knowledge, Isabella contacted Ferdinand through Abraham Seneor, who would become her longtime advisor, and marriage arrangements were made. Fearing that Enrique IV would disrupt the marriage plans, Isabella made the excuse of wanting to visit the burial place of her brother Alfonso in Ávila. She then traveled to Valladolid. Ferdinand disguised himself as a muleteer for some merchants and secretly traveled with a few companions to Valladolid. On October 19, 1469, Isabella and Ferdinand were married at the Palacio de los Vivero in Valladolid. Through the marriages of their five children, Isabella and Ferdinand’s grandchildren were the monarchs or consorts of Bohemia and Hungary; Denmark, Sweden, and Norway; England; France, the Holy Roman Empire; Portugal; and Spain. Isabella and Ferdinand had five children: Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias from 1497–1498 (1470 – 1498), married (1) Prince Afonso of Portugal, no children (2) Prince Manuel, the future King Manuel I of Portugal, had one son Miguel da Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who died before his second birthday; Isabella died giving birth to Miguel Juan of Aragon, Prince of Asturias (1478 – 1497), married Margaret of Austria, no children Juana I, Queen of Castile, Queen of Aragon (1479 – 1555), married Philip of Austria (the Handsome), son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Mary, Duchess of Burgundy; had six children, all of whom were kings or queens consorts: Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Portugal and Queen of France; Holy Roman Emperor Charles V/King Carlos I of Spain; Isabella of Austria, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; Mary, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia; Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal Maria of Aragon (1482 – 1517), married King Manuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella; had ten children including King João III of Portugal and Cardinal-King Henrique I of Portugal Catalina (Catherine) of Aragon (1485 – 1536), married (1) Arthur, Prince of Wales, no children (2) Arthur’s younger brother King Henry VIII of England, had one surviving child Queen Mary I of England When Enrique IV, King of Castile and León died in 1474, his half-sister succeeded him as Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León. Joanna la Beltraneja, the daughter of Enrique IV’s second wife, claimed the throne of Castile and León and was supported by some of the Castilian nobility and by Portugal, her mother’s birthplace. However, the Battle of Toro during the War of the Castilian Succession secured the throne of Castile and León for Isabella. According to the prenuptial agreement signed at the time of Isabella’s marriage to the future Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, the couple would share their power. Ferdinand became jure uxoris (by the right of his wife) King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her brother. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union. The marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand created the de facto unification of Spain. They carefully considered the marriages of their children. Their only son and heir Juan, Prince of Asturias married a Habsburg princess, Margaret of Austria, establishing the connection to the Habsburgs. Their eldest child Isabella married King Manuel I of Portugal and another daughter Juana married a Habsburg prince, Philip of Austria (the Handsome), brother of Margaret of Austria. However, Isabella and Ferdinand’s plans for their two eldest children did not work out. Their only son Juan, Prince of Asturias, died shortly after his marriage. Their daughter Isabella died during the birth of her only child Miguel da Paz, who died shortly before his second birthday. Isabella and Ferdinand’s crowns ultimately passed to their third child Juana and their son-in-law Philip of Austria from the House of Habsburg. Juana and Philip’s son Carlos (also known as Charles) became the first King of a united Spain, and also Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, and Lord of the Netherlands. Isabella and Ferdinand made successful dynastic matches for their two youngest daughters. The death of their eldest child Isabella necessitated her husband King Manuel I of Portugal to remarry, and Ferdinand and Isabella’s third daughter Maria became the second of his three wives. Maria gave birth to ten children including two Kings of Portugal. Ferdinand and Isabella’s youngest child Catherine (Catalina in Spanish) of Aragon, married Arthur, Prince of Wales, the eldest son and heir of King Henry VII of England. Arthur’s early death resulted in Catherine becoming the first of the six wives of his younger brother King Henry VIII of England. Although King Henry VIII was dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, their only surviving child Mary was a reigning Queen of England. Isabella and Ferdinand’s support of Christopher Columbus in his search for the West Indies would result in the conquest of the discovered lands and the creation of the Spanish Empire. In 1478, Isabella and Ferdinand established the Spanish Inquisition to maintain the Roman Catholic religion in their kingdoms. The Spanish Inquisition was originally intended to identify heretics among those who had converted from Judaism and Islam to Catholicism. In 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand conquered the Islamic Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, in today’s southern Spain, and issued the Alhambra Decree which ordered the mass expulsion of Jews from Spain. Because of their defense of the Roman Catholic Church in Castile and León and Aragon, Isabella and Ferdinand were given the Latin title Rex Catholicissimus (Most Catholic King or Most Catholic Majesty) by Pope Alexander VI in 1494. Thereafter, they used the Spanish title Los Reyes Católicos, generally translated as “The Catholics Monarchs”. It is still a title maintained by the Spanish monarchy but neither King Juan Carlos I (reigned 1975 – 2014, abdicated in favor of his son), nor his son Felipe VI, the current King of Spain, have made use of the title, but they have not renounced it either. Isabella’s health had been in decline since the death of her only son Juan, Prince of Asturias in 1497. In the fall of 1504, she became quite ill and officially withdrew from government affairs. On November 26, 1504, Isabella died at the age of 53 at the Royal Palace in Medina del Campo, Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile, now in Spain. In her will, Isabella requested a simple burial at the Monastery of San Francisco in the Alhambra royal complex in Granada. She also further stated that she “wanted and commanded” that if Ferdinand “chooses to buried in any church or monastery of any other part or place of my kingdoms, that my body be moved there and buried together.” Isabella was first buried, in accordance with her wishes, at the Monastery of San Francisco in the Alhambra royal complex in Granada. Her remains were later transferred to the Royal Chapel of Granada which was built after her death. Two years after Isabella’s death, Ferdinand married Germaine of Foix, the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor of Navarre and the niece of King Louis XII of France. Ferdinand and Germaine had one son Juan, Prince of Girona, who died shortly after his birth. Had he survived, the crown of Aragon would have been separated from the crown of Castile. Ferdinand survived Isabella by twelve years, dying at the age of 63 on January 23, 1516, and was buried next to his first wife Isabella at the Royal Chapel of Granada as Isabella requested. 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22709	yago	0	36	https://www.myheritage.com/names/juan_trast%25C3%25A1mara	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
22709	yago	3	0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon	en	John II of Aragon	https://upload.wikimedia…28cropped%29.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…28cropped%29.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/SOAOTO_-_Folio_067R_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Carlino_Giovanni_II.jpg/220px-Carlino_Giovanni_II.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ducado_aragon%C3%A9s_Juan_II_de_Arag%C3%B3n_%281453%29.jpg/220px-Ducado_aragon%C3%A9s_Juan_II_de_Arag%C3%B3n_%281453%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/80px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2002-11-24T18:43:51+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon	King of Aragon from 1458 to 1479 John II (Spanish: Juan II, Catalan: Joan II, Aragonese: Chuan II and Basque: Joanes II; 29 June 1398 – 20 January 1479), called the Great (el Gran) or the Faithless (el Sense Fe), was King of Aragon from 1458 until his death in 1479. As the husband of Queen Blanche I of Navarre, he was King of Navarre from 1425 to 1479. John was also King of Sicily from 1458 to 1468. John was born at Medina del Campo (in the Crown of Castile), the son of King Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque. In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II of Castile. Until middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was preoccupied by incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella I of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile and which was to create the Monarchy of Spain. His troubles with his subjects were closely connected with tragic dissensions within his own family. In 1432, John II appointed the baron Don Juan Vélaz de Medrano, lord of Igúzquiza, Learza, etc., as his royal chamberlain in an attempt to manage the royal household. John was first married to Blanche I of Navarre of the House of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But one son, Charles, given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard this son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, it grew into absolute hatred, being encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, however, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside. There followed the long Navarrese Civil War, with alternations of success and defeat, ending only with the death of the prince of Viana, possibly by poison administered by his father in 1461. The institutions of the Principality of Catalonia, who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of their own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders in the ten year's Catalan Civil War. John spent his last years contending with them. He was forced to pawn Roussillon, his Catalan possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to King Louis XI of France, who refused to part with it. In his old age John was blinded by cataracts, but recovered his eyesight with an operation (couching) conducted by his physician Abiathar Crescas, a Jew. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but until his death in 1479 John carried on a war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbor the French king. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already married to Isabella I of Castile. With his death and son's accession to the throne of Aragon, the unification of the realms of Spain under one royal house began in earnest. From his first marriage to Blanche of Navarre, John had the following children: Charles, Prince of Viana (1421–1461) Joanna of Navarre (1423 – 22 August 1425) Blanche II of Navarre (1424–1464) Eleanor of Navarre (1426-1479) From his second marriage to Juana Enríquez, John had the following children: Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516). Married Isabella I of Castile. Joanna of Aragon (1455–1517). Married Ferdinand I of Naples. Illegitimate children: Alfonso de Aragón y de Escobar (1417-1495), Duke of Villahermosa Juan de Aragón (1440–1475), Archbishop of Zaragoza Felipe de Carrayos del Radona (Phillipe del Radona)[citation needed] Castilian Civil War of 1437–1445 Earenfight, Theresa (2015). "Trastamara Kings, Queens, and the Gender Dynamics of Monarchy". In Todesca, James (ed.). The Emergence of León-Castile c.1065-1500: Essays Presented to J.F. O'Callaghan. Ashgate. pp. 141–160. Livermore, H. V. (1966). A New History of Portugal (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 120 Merriman, Roger Bigelow (1918). The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old and in the New. Vol. 2. The Macmillan Company. Ruiz, Teófilo F. (2007). Spain's centuries of crisis: 1300–1474. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2789-9. Scofield, Cora Louise (1923). The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, King of England and of France, and Ireland. Vol. 1. Longmans, Green, and Co. Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274–1512. Palgrave Macmillan. Rivadeneyra. "Cronicas de los reyes de Castilla," Biblioteca de autores espanoles, vols. Ixvi, Ixviii. Madrid, 1845. Zurita, G. Anales de Aragon. Saragossa, 1610.[title incomplete][volume & issue needed] Prescott W. H. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. 1854. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "John II.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 440.
22709	yago	3	75	https://ferdinandisabella.weebly.com/ferdinand-ii-of-aragon.html	en	Ferdinand II of Aragon	https://ferdinandisabella.weebly.com/uploads/2/0/7/8/2078207/6897052.bmp?240x301	https://ferdinandisabella.weebly.com/uploads/2/0/7/8/2078207/6897052.bmp?240x301	[ "https://ferdinandisabella.weebly.com/uploads/2/0/7/8/2078207/6897052.bmp?240x301", "https://cdn2.editmysite.com/images/site/footer/footer-toast-published-image-1.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Ferdinand II of Aragon, otherwise known as Ferdinand the Catholic, was born March 10, 1452 (and eventually died in the year of 1516, January 23). Ferdinand, although commonly known to have been the...	en		Ferdinand and Isabella	https://ferdinandisabella.weebly.com/ferdinand-ii-of-aragon.html
22709	yago	1	83	https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/blog/category/royalty	en	Family History Ramblings Blog	http://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/dysentry-kings_orig.jpg	http://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/dysentry-kings_orig.jpg	[ "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/dysentry-kings_orig.jpg", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/murdered-monarchs-image-courtesy-of-ancestryimages_orig.jpg", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/maria-of-julich-berg-and-her-husband-john-iii-duke-of-cleves-copyright-hisotryfan.png?1597394305", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/unknown-painter-portrait-catherine.jpg?1597394402", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/ferdinandcatholic.jpg?1594976247", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/thomas-boleyn_orig.jpg", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/john-seymour.jpg?1594976442", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/maria-of-julich-berg-and-her-husband-john-iii-duke-of-cleves-copyright-hisotryfan_orig.png", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/an-unknown-woman-2-by-hans-holbein-the-younger-possibly-maud-green.jpg?1590746353", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/isabellaofcastile03.jpg?1589539740", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/elizabeth-boleyn-by-an-unknown-artist-public-domain-via-wikimedia-commons_orig.jpg", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/margery-wentworth_orig.jpg", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/margaret-maid-of-norway-by-colin-smith-cc-by-sa-2-0-httpscommons-wikimedia-orgwindex-phpcurid-18837762.jpg?1585311914", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/tower-of-london-image-courtesy-of-ancestryimages-com.jpg?1585312044", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/edward-iii.jpg?1582889012", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/mary-i.jpg?1582889181", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/king-canute.jpg?1573211103", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/mary-i-and-liz-1.jpg?1573211240", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/bodiam-castle-medieval-sussex.jpg?1565348169", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/published/henry-viii-england-by.jpg?1565348328", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/joanengland_orig.jpg", "https://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/uploads/1/0/3/1/103116848/annabella-drummond-and-joan-of-the-tower_orig.jpg", "https://cdn2.editmysite.com/images/old/bg_feed.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Genealogy UK", "Genealogy", "Genealogist", "Family History UK", "Professional Genealogist", "Family Tree Researcher", "Family History Research England", "Family History Researcher", "Ancestry Researcher", "Sarah Dobby", "Association of Professional Genealogists" ]	null	[]	null	So the other night I couldn’t sleep as we were having an epic thunder storm and I hate thunder. So what was I thinking about while hiding under the bed cover? Well obviously how many monarchs of...	en			http://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/3/category/royalty	So the other night I couldn’t sleep as we were having an epic thunder storm and I hate thunder. So what was I thinking about while hiding under the bed cover? Well obviously how many monarchs of England and Great Britain dies of the same thing or similar. So here we go. Let’s start with illness. Well this can be divided into 5 main categories. 5 monarchs died from dysentery. Can you imagine, you’re a monarch, the most powerful person in the country and you end your days on the toilet with your hose round your ankles. Well not really, more likely in bed dying from the dehydration. Well this was the way Henry the Young King in 1183, King John in 1216, King Edward I in 1307, King Henry V in 1422 and King James VI ended their days. Although Henry V may have died from heatstroke or both. The dysentery Kings. From left to right. Henry the Young King, King John, Edward I, Henry V (Image courtesy of ancestryimages.com) and James VI 4 other monarchs died from the result of a stroke. These were King Edward III in 1377, Queen Anne in 1714, King George I in 1727 and Queen Victoria died. Now onto TB. This was the final cause of the deaths of 2 of the Tudor monarchs. It took King Henry VII in 1509 and then his grandson King Edward VI in 1553. Heart attacks took the lives of King William IV in 1837 and then King Edward VII in 1910 along with bronchitis. 18 of the other monarchs died as a result of illness. These were due to a wide spectrum of conditions. Stomach conditions from overeating was a cause in the case of King Henry I and possibly King Edward IV although there is some evidence it was the purging after over eating got King Edward IV and most notably King Henry VIII but he had lots of other things as well. Brain conditions were also a cause. King James VII died from a brain haemorrhage in 1701 while in exile and King George III died from the result of dementia. King George IV must have had a massive death certificate from all the things that lead to his death. They included upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to a rupture blood vessel in the stomach as well as bladder tumours, an enlarged heart and obesity. Let’s consider those who died as a result of an accident or injury. The most noticeable accident was probably King William II in 1100. He died while out hunting in the New Forest. He was hit by an arrow that no one knew where it came from. So thought it was probably a stray arrow that got to close during the hunt. Others thought it was deliberate and done so that his younger brother Henry could take the throne. If it was it worked as he became King Henry I. He got his comeuppance thought as he died from over eating on lamprey’s, gross eel fish things. King Richard I also died as a result of an arrow wound. He was shot with one while from a crossbow at the siege of the castle of Chalus-Chabrol in France. William I may also have died as a result of injury. He is reported to have been injured by the pommel of his horse which caused him to suffer internal injuries which eventually cost him his life in 1087. Surprisingly since as a nation we have engaged in many wars with other countries especially the French and Scottish, only 1 monarch has died in battle. This of course was the King in the car park King Richard III. He died in 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth during the Wars of the Roses. Richard from the house of York was against the house of Lancashire’s Henry Tudor. Now murder played a part in the death of 6 monarchs. So we’ve already looked at King William II and King Richard I. Many believed that King Edward II was murdered in a most unusual way while in the hands of his wife and her lover. He may have had a red hot poker stuck up his bottom. This would mean there would have been no noticeable wound and the reason of depression while in captivity could be used. Which it was who knows? Then there is King Edward V. What did happen to him after his uncle Richard III usurped the throne from him? Was he one of the bodies found under a staircase in the Tower of London alongside his brother or did something else happen to him? I guess we shall never know. The possibly murdered monarchs. From left to right King William II, King Richard I, King Edward II and King Edward V. All images courtesy of ancestryimages.com Technically these 2 were not murder, but then what is execution if not sanctioned murder. Anyway. Queen Jane was the first monarch to be executed in 1554. Whether she was actually a monarch is open to contention, but I regard her as a monarch, not matter how short the time. In short the dying Edward VI didn’t what his catholic sister Mary to take the crown so he gave it to his cousin’s daughter. Jane was the daughter of Frances Brandon and her husband Henry Grey. Frances was the daughter of Mary Tudor the dowager Queen of France, Duchess of Suffolk and her husband Charles Brandon the Duke of Suffolk. Mary Tudor was King Henry VII daughter and King Henry VIII sister. Edward’s sister Mary didn’t like that she had been passed over so she marched to London and with her supporters took the throne. Jane was imprisoned and eventually beheaded so that her followers couldn’t rise against her. Charles the second had a similar fate to Queen Jane in 1649. Charles effectively got too big for his boots and felt he was above the laws of the land and felt he should rule without the interference of the Government and his Lords. In short a civil war began with the Royalist Cavaliers on the side of the King and the Roundheads fighting for the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. Charles was captured and tried. He was executed in Whitehall in front of a crowd of on looker. So our past monarchs have died from a variety of causes ranging from illness to murder and it just goes to show that even if you are the Monarch you can still die of the same things as the rest of the country. So in part 1 we looked at Henry’s first 3 fathers in law, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, Sir Thomas Boleyn and Sir John Seymour. Now we move on to fathers in law 4 to 6. John III, Duke of Cleves with his wife Maria of Julich-Berg John was born in 1490 to John II, Duke of Cleves (the baby maker) and his wife Mathilde of Hesse. His father was prolific before his marriage and is rumoured to have had around 60 illegitimate children. John was born in the Dukedom of Cleves in the Holy Roman Empire in the northern Rhineland. Cleves is now on the German/Dutch boarder close to the Dutch town of Arnhem. Not much is known about John. He was married in 1509 to Maria of Julich-Berg and they had 4 children including Anne who would marry Henry and William who became Duke after John’s death and negotiated Anne’s marriage to Henry. John was a follower of Erasmus who was a catholic priest who influenced the development of protestant reformation and he incorporated his work into Cleves. This was one of the main reasons for approaching Cleves for a wife for Henry as most of Europe was still staunchly catholic. John died in around 1538 and thus never knew his daughter became Queen of England, even if it was for only 186 days. Catherine Howard’s was Lord Edmund Howard. He was born around 1478 to Thomas Howard the 2nd Duke of Norfolk and his wife Elizabeth Tilney. This made Edmund the brother of Thomas Howard the 3rd Duke of Norfolk and Lady Elizabeth Boleyn nee Howard the mother of Anne Boleyn King Henry VIII 2nd wife. So Edmund was the father and uncle of 2 of King Henry VIII wives. Edmund had 9 full siblings and 6 half siblings. He was a tournament competitor and was at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in the tournament. He was also at the Battle of Flodden where he was master of the horses. He was no much at court as for most of the 1530’s he was the Controller of Calais. Edmund was married 3 times. His first wife and the mother of Catherine was Joyce Leigh nee Culpeper. His second wife was Dorothy Troyes and his third wife was Margaret Mundy. Catherine was only 10 when her mother died hence her upbringing in the house of her step grandmother and the problems that brought her later in life. Edmund died in 1539 thus never knowing his daughter would be the Queen Consort of England. Queen Catherine Parr daughter of Sir Thomas Parr Thomas Parr was born around 1483 to Sir William Parr and his wife Elizabeth Fitzhugh who was a decedent of King Edward III. Thomas was well educated as would be his children. He was a regular courtier during the reign of King Henry VIII. He held the positions of Master of Wards a position responsible for collecting income and sorting out wardships. He was Master of the Guards and the Comptroller of the King which was the department that looked after the King such as his wardrobe. Thomas was also the Sheriff of both Northamptonshire and Lincolnshire. All this brought him extensive lands and incomes. His popularity at court was bolstered by his wife being one of Queen Catherine of Aragon’s ladies in waiting with the queen being the namesake and godmother of his daughter Catherine. Thomas married Maud Green and they had 3 children. Catherine who would become Queen after her father’s death, William 1st Marquess of Northampton and Anne who became Countess of Pembroke through her marriage. Thomas died in 1517 at his home in Blackfriars and was buried at St Anne’s church in Blackfriars. His daughter Catherine who was around 5 when her father died would become Queen Consort 26 years after his death. Part 1 can be seen at: http://www.familyhistoryresearchengland.co.uk/blog/the-fathers-in-law-of-king-henry-viii-part-1 A while ago I looked at the lives of the Mother’s in Law of King Henry VIII. I thought it was about time I considered his Father’s in Law. King Ferdinand II of Aragon 1452-1516 Henry’s first Father in Law was King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the father of Catherine of Aragon. When Henry and Catherine married in 1509 Ferdinand was the King of Aragon, Majorca, Sardinia, Valencia, Sicily, Naples and Navarre. He was also Count of Barcelona. Whilst his wife Queen Isabella of Castile was alive he was King of Castile as well. Ferdinand was born in Aragon on the 10th March 1452. He was the son of King John II of Aragaon and his wife Juana Enriquez. When he married Infanta Isabella of Castile the heir to the throne of Castile Ferdinand was only King of Sicily. Ferdinand is probably best known as being one of the monarchs to introduce the Spanish Inquisition of Spain. It was used to expel the non-Catholic people from Spain or force them to convert to Catholicism. After Isabella’s death in 1504 Ferdinand continued to have a role in Castille when his daughter inherited the throne. Due to her metal state after her husband’s death Ferdinand acted as regent for his grandson the future King Charles I of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor. The King remarried after Isabella died. He married the 18 year old niece of King Louis XII of France in an attempt to a male heir to inherit the throne of Aragon. Ferdinand was 54 and the marriage did produce a son but he died young, thus the throne of Aragon went to his daughter Joanna I. Ferdinand died in 1516 in Spain and was buried in the Royal Chapel of Granada alongside his first wife Isabella of Castile. Through his children he was the father in law of the King of Portugal through his daughters Isabella and Maria who both married King Emanuel I of Portugal and King Henry I of Portugal through his daughter Maria as well as Henry VII. Possibly Thomas Boleyn c1477-1539 Henry’s second father in law was Thomas Boleyn the father of Anne Boleyn. Thomas was born around 1477 in Norfolk to Sir William Boleyn a wealthy merchant and his wife Lady Margaret Butler. He married Lady Elizabeth Howard around 1499. She was the daughter of Thomas Howard the 2nd Duke of Norfolk. The couple had 3 surviving children in Mary, Anne and George. As Anne’s favour grew at court so did Thomas. He was an envoy and ambassador for the King in Europe. He was made Viscount Rochford by the King and later Henry interceded on his behalf in a dispute over the titles of the Earldoms of Ormond and Wiltshire which both were granted to Thomas. Thomas was made a Knight of the Garter and was Lord Privy Seal (he was responsible for looking after the Kings personal seal). As Anne and George fell from favour so too did Thomas. After the execution of his children which Thomas accepted without fighting Thomas lost his positions and titles. He died at his home Hever Castle in Kent in 1539. He was survived by his wife and daughter Mary Stafford. Sir John Seymour c1474-1536 Father in Law number 3 for the King was Sir John Seymour, the father of Jane Seymour. He was a prominent member of court and society before his daughter’s marriage to the King. He was knighted by King Henry VII for his role in helping end the Cornish uprising in 1497. Other positions he held included Sheriff of several counties in the West Country, a Knight and Groom of the Bedchamber. This made him close to the King. John married Margery Wentworth in 1494 and they had 10 children. His son Edward became the 1st Earl of Hertford and then Duke of Somerset and the Lord Protector during the early reign of his nephew King Edward VI. Thomas Seymour married the widow of King Henry VIII, Catherine Parr and was an influence, not necessarily for the good, in the young life of Princess Elizabeth Tudor. John and Margery’s daughter Lady Elizabeth Seymour married the son of Sir Thomas Cromwell, King Henry VIII right hand man. The couple survived Sir Thomas Cromwell’s fall from grace and had a comfortable life and of course Jane became Queen Consort. Sir John Seymour lived long enough to see his daughter become Queen in May 1536 but he died in December of the same year. So there is a brief overview of Henry’s first 3 father’s in law. Coming soon will be father’s in law 4-6. So in part 1 we looked at the first 3 Mother’s in Law of King Henry VIII, Queen Isabella of Castile & Leon, Lady Elizabeth Boleyn and Lady Margery Seymour. Now onto Mother’s in Law 4-6. Maria of Julich-Berg and her husband, John III, Duke of Cleves. Copyright Hisotryfan Mother in Law 4 was Maria of Jülich-Berg, the mother of Anne of Cleves. She was born in 1491 in what is now Germany to William IV, Duke of Julich-Berg and his wife Sibylle of Brandenburg. Maria was her father’s heir and inherited his titles in 1511 when he died. Maria married John III, Duke of Cleves in 1509 and the couple had 3 children, William 1516-1592 who became Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg, Amalia 1517-1586 and Anne 1515-1557 who married King Henry VIII of England. After her husband’s death in 1511 Maria did not re marry. She raised her children with Catholic ideals even though they became Protestants, hence King Henry wanting to marry one of her daughters. There is some suggestion that Maria was against the marriage of Anne to Henry. Some say it was due to what had happened to his previous wives and others say she didn’t want her daughter to leave. Maria died in 1543. In her life time her son became a Duke and her daughter became Queen Consort of England, briefly. Henry’s next wife was the ill-fated Catherine Howard. Her mother was Jocasta or Joyce Culpeper. She was born around 1480 to Sir Richard Culpeper and Isabel Worsley. Joyce married twice. The first was to Ralph Leigh who was her step father’s brother. They had 5 children, Sir John Leigh, Ralph Leigh, Isabel Leigh, Joyce Leigh and Margaret Leigh. After her husband’s death Joyce went on to marry Lord Edmund Howard who was the 3rd son of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. Together they had 6 children, Henry Howard, Sir Charles Howard, Sir George Howard, Margaret Howard, Catherine Howard c1523-1542 and Mary Howard. Little more is known about Joyce as she is believed to have died in 1528 and no definitive portrait of her is known. If she had survived I wonder how the life of her daughter may have differed. It must be said that it is very likely King Henry knew his future mother in law or at least had met her as her husband Edmund Howard was a member of the court and one of the Kings attendants. This may be Maud Green by Hans Holbein Henry’s final wife Catherine Parr was the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr and his wife Maud Green. Maud was born in Northamptonshire in 1492 to Sir Thomas Green and his wife Jane Fogge. Maud was at the Royal court from around 1509 as she was a lady in waiting to Queen Consort Catherine of Aragon and was one of the Queens closest ladies entrusting the organisation of the education of the Royal children to her since Maud was intelligent and well educated for the time. Before she arrived at court she married Sir Thomas Parr who was the Sheriff of Northamptonshire. Together the couple had 3 children who survived. They were Catherine Parr 1512-1548 who became Queen Consort number 6 to King Henry VIII and was the god daughter of Queen Consort Catherine of Aragon and probably named after her, William Parr 1st Marquess of Northamptonshire and 1st Earl of Essex 1513-1571 and Anne Parr 1515-1552 who became Countess of Pembroke. Maud died before she would ever know that her daughter had become Queen Consort. She died in 1531 and was buried in St Ann’s, Blackfriars alongside her husband Thomas who had died in 1517. What Henry’s relationship with his mother’s in law that he knew was like we may never know, but none of them got into trouble with him for anything so maybe he liked them. He would have definitely known Lady Elizabeth Boleyn nee Howard, Lady Margery Seymour nee Wentworth and Lady Maud Parr nee Green as they would have been at court during his time as King. Did he know Joyce Culpeper? Possibly through her husband. He wouldn’t have known Queen Isabella of Castile & Leon as she died before he married her daughter and Maria of Jülich-Berg is not known to have visited Anne of Cleves. Also what they thought of him is not known but whatever the relationship their daughters went on to become Queens of England for better or worse, mainly worse. So as those who read my blog know I’m a big fan of the history of the monarch and especially the Tudors. As you know Henry VIII was a big fan of wedding cake, well he must have been since he married 6 times! We all know about his wives, but who were his mother’s in law? Queen Isabella of Castile and Leon Infanta Catalina of Aragon’s mother was Queen Isabella of Castile and Leon, Queen consort of Aragon, Majorca, Sardinia, Sicily and Naples as well as Countess of Barcelona. She was born in 1451 in Madrigal de les Torres in Castile to King John II of Castile and Isabella of Portugal. Isabella became the second in line to throne of Castile after her father died when she was 4. After her younger brother’s death she became the heir. When she was 18 she married Ferdinand of Aragon the son of King John II of Aragon who later became King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Isabella succeeded her brother Henry in 1474 as Queen of Castile and Leon. The couple had 7 children, 1 was a miscarriage and another was still born. Their surviving children were Isabella 1470-1498 who became Queen consort of Portugal, John 1478-1497, Joanna 1479-1555 who was Queen of Castile in her own right, Maria 1482-1517 who was Queen consort of Portugal (she married her sister Isabella’s husband after she died) and Catherine (Catalina) 1485-1536 who married Prince Arthur of England and then his brother King Henry VIII. Isabella and Ferdinand and known as the Catholic Monarchs and it was during their reign that the infamous Spanish Inquisition started. If you weren’t a good Catholic you were a heretic and could be burned at the stake. They also funded Christopher Columbus’ voyage to the Indies, he ended up in the America’s but hey we all make mistakes with directions. This lead to the great Spanish influence throughout the America’s and the Caribbean. Isabella died at the Medina del Campo Royal Palace in Castile-Leon in 1504 after a steady decline in her health following the deaths of her family members. Her tomb is in the Capilla Real in Granada. Lady Anne Boleyn was the daughter of Lady Elizabeth Boleyn nee Howard. Elizabeth Howard was born around 1480 and was the daughter of Thomas Howard the 2nd Duke of Norfolk and his wife Elizabeth Tilney. Lady Elizabeth was a lady in Waiting to Queen Consort Elizabeth of York and later Queen Consort Catherine of Aragon. Around 1500 Elizabeth married Thomas Boleyn who later became the Earl of Ormond and Wiltshire making her the Countess of Ormond and Wiltshire. The couple had 3 children. Mary c1499 -1543, Anne c1500-1536 and George c1503 to 1536. Elizabeth became the Queens mother in 1533 following Anne’s marriage to Henry VIII. Her tenure was short though, as was Anne’s. Following Anne and George’s fall from grace Elizabeth fought hard to save them but not even her father the Duke of Norfolk could save them from death. After the executions had taken place Elizabeth left London and died in 1538. She is buried in St Mary’s Church in Lambeth. Elizabeth Boleyn, by an unknown artist (public domain via Wikimedia Commons) Jane Seymour was the daughter of Margery Wentworth and Sir John Seymour. Jane's mother Margery was born around 1478 and spent time in the household of her Aunt the Countess of Surrey. She married Sir John Seymour a courtier and solider of King Henry VII in 1494. Together the couple had 10 children. John c 1500-1510. Edward c1500-1522 who became the Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector during the reign of King Edward VI. Henry 1503-1578. Thomas c1508-1549 who was an admiral and became 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley and married Henry VIII widow Catherine Parr. John and Anthony who died young. Jane c1509-1537 who became Queen Consort of King Henry VIII. Margery who died around 1528. Elizabeth c1518-1568 and Dorothy. After Sir John died in 1536 Margery did not remarry. She died in 1550 having seen her daughter provide the much longed for male heir for King Henry VIII, her eldest son become Lord Protector of England and Wales for her Grandson King Edward VI and another son executed for treason. Margery Wentworth So as you can see the mothers of the Queens consorts can be just as interesting as the daughters. The next 3 Mother’s in Law will be looked at in the future in Henry VIII’s Mother’s in Law part 2. February may be the shortest month of the year but for the history of the Monarchy it was quite busy. 1st February 1327 was the coronation of King Edward III. He came to the throne following the death of his father Edward II. He came to the throne aged 14 on the 25th January 1327 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey. King Edward III. Image courtesy of ancestryimages.com 2nd February 1626 was the date of the coronation of King Charles I. His reign began on the 27th March 1625 when his father James VI (under the new convention) died. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey but his wife Henrietta Maria of France was not crowned alongside him as she was of the Catholic faith and as such could not be crowned in a Church of England ceremony. 6th February 1685 saw the death of King Charles II at Whitehall Palace several days after he suffered a seizure. Charles and his wife Catherine of Braganza didn’t have any children, although Charles was rumoured to have had as many as 14 illegitimate children, so he was succeeded by his brother James as King James VII (under the new convention) whose reign began on this day. It was also the date of the birth of the future Queen Anne in 1665. She was born at St James Palace to the future King James VII and his first wife Anne Hyde. 7th February 1102 was the date of birth of Matilda, the daughter of King Henry 1. She would later become the Empress Consort of the Holy Roman Empire and then Lady of the English during the Medieval Anarchy. She was also the mother of the Plantagenet dynasty in England through her marriage to Geoffrey Plantagenet and their descendants. The 7th of February also saw the marriage of King Henry IV to Joanna of Navarre, the daughter of the King of Navarre, at Winchester Cathedral. It was the Kings second marriage and produced no issues. 9th February 1649 was the burial date of King Charles I following his execution for treason on the 30th January 1649. Charles was not allowed to be buried at Westminster Abbey so he was buried in St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle. 12th February 1554 was a black day. It was the date that Queen Jane was executed at the Tower of London and then buried within the Tower at St Peter ad Vincular. She was executed on the orders of her cousin Queen Mary as she feared Jane would be a focal point for a Protestant uprising. Jane’s husband Guildford Dudley was also executed on the same day. 14th February 1400 is the date when it was believed that King Richard II died at Pontefract Castle. He may have starved to death, although no one is really sure. Richard had been force to abdicate the year before in favour of his cousin King Henry IV. This date was also the date of the burial of King Charles II in 1685 at Westminster Abbey. 15th February 1516 saw the future Queen Mary enter the world at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London. She was the only surviving child of King Henry VIII and his first wife Queen Catherine of Aragon and would become Queen after the death of her half-brother King Edward VI in 1553. Queen Mary I. Image courtesy of ancestryimages.com 16th February 1547 was the burial day of King Henry VIII. Henry had died on the 28th January at Whitehall Palace in London. His body was transferred to St George’s Chapel in Windsor Castle where he was buried alongside his third wife Queen Jane Seymour. 20th February 1547 was the day King Edward VI was crowned King at Westminster Abbey. He ascended the throne aged 9 after the death of his father King Henry VIII. He would reign until his death in 1553. 25th February 1308 saw another coronation in Westminster Abbey. It was on this day that King Edward II was crowned. He became King after the death of his father King Edward I on the 8th July 1307. Edward was crowned alongside his new bride Isabella of France. So lots happen in the monarchy in February. Why not try coming up with a similar list for your own family. November is a busy month for anniversaries of the Royal Family of England/Great Britain. So what happened this month? The year is 1035 and Canute is King after leading a Viking force in 1015 against the English and defeating King Edmund Ironsides forces. Edmund had died soon after and so Canute was King. He reigned until the 12th November 1035 when he died and the crown passed to Harold Harefoot, Canute’s second son. He acted as regent for his younger half-brother Harthacnut but decided to keep the throne for himself. King Canute 1321 saw the birth of a little baby boy named Edward occurred at Windsor Castle on the 13th November. He was born to King Edward III and Isabella of France. His grandparents were King Edward I of England, King Philip IV of France and Queen Joan I of Navarre. Young Edward would become King Edward III of England in 1327. He married Philippa of Hainault in 1328 and had 14 children by her, including Edward the Black Prince and John of Gaunt (who attempted to populate the world single handily with 14 children by 4 women). 2 of his grandsons would become King, Richard II and Henry IV. In 1429 King Henry VI was crowned King of England on 6th November aged 8 months and 27 days. Henry was the son of King Henry V of England and Catherine of Valois and the grandson of King Henry VI of England and King Charles VI of France. Henry inherited the throne of France on the 21st October 1422 when he was 11 months and 16 days old through his mother. He was just 8 years old when he was crowned in England and 10 years old when he was crowned in France. Henry was King of England for around 39 years over 2 periods during the Wars of the Roses until his murder in 1471 and around 31 years in France although many did not acknowledge his rule in France and favoured his maternal uncle Charles VII. Henry was half-brother to Edmund and Jasper Tudor and their siblings and the uncle of Henry Tudor, later King Henry VII. On the 17th November 1558 aged 42 of probably cancer Queen Mary died. She was childless and so the crown passed to her half-sister Elizabeth. Mary was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and Katherine of Aragon, this made her the granddaughter of King Henry VII, King Ferdinand III of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile. Elizabeth was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and Anne Boleyn and the granddaughter of King Henry VII. Queen Mary I & Queen Elizabeth I It’s the 19th November 1600 and in Dunfermline Palace in Fife, Scotland a little boy named Charles took his first breaths. He was born to King James VI of Scotland and his wife Anne of Denmark and was the grandson of Mary Queen of Scots and King Frederick II of Denmark. In 1625 Charles became King Charles I of England and Scotland and would rule until his execution for treason in 1649. In the Hague on the 4th November William Prince of Orange was born to William II, Prince of Orange and Mary, Princess Royal of England and Scotland. This made young William the grandson of King Charles I. William married his maternal cousin Mary, the daughter of his mother’s brother’s King James VII. William ruled jointly with his wife as King William III and Queen Mary II of England and Scotland. Now November was fairly quiet until 1841 when another boy was born, this time to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Albert Edward was born on the 9th November in Buckingham Palace. He was go on to become King Edward VII of Great Britain from 1901 until his death in 1910. On the 20th November 1947 King Edward VII great granddaughter Princess Elizabeth married her distant cousin Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark. They were second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. They were married at Westminster Abbey. The following November on the 14th Elizabeth and Philip’s first child was born, a son named Charles who would later become Charles, Prince of Wales after his mother’s accession to the throne in 1952. So as you can see November has been an extremely busy month for the Royal Family with lots of events to remember. You hear this saying quite a lot these days from little kids playing dress up to brides choosing a dress. But would you really have wanted to be a princess? Well I would think no unless it’s in modern times. Let’s face it the life in castle would have stunk. The whole place would have smelt of wood smoke in the winter, which isn’t bad but factor in the food smells, the smelly of musty fabrics and furnishing it would be a bit bad. No add into the smell of the people and it would be gross. No deodorant, body wash and shampoo! If you stunk you had to change your clothes and send them off to be washed. Except in reality only your under linen shift would be washed. The top dress would probably never be cleaned. Now add in the smell of chamber pots and toilets if you’re lucky. Versailles in France the people of court used to got to the toilet in the corner of the room and just leave their doings on the floor. I don’t want to be a princess. Bodiam Castle. A medieval castle But it isn’t just the smells that would stop you from wanting to be a princess. Your life would be completely controlled. What you could learn, who your friends were and even what your interests were. So learning to sew, run a household and be a proper lady was high on the list of your day. Some princesses had more freedom than this, but not many. If you’re Dad’s King (or brother etc), no choosing your own hubby, Daddy would do it for you and you would probably wouldn’t be too impressed. Lets consider the Tudor princess Mary Tudor the daughter of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Her big brother chose her first husband for her. He chose King Louis XII of France a 52 year old double widower for her. Mary was 18 years old. It was even worse for Isabella of Valois the daughter of King Charles VI of France. He married her off to the 29 year old widower King Richard II when she was 6 years old! So her you are packed off to another country (probably) to live with someone you’ve never met. Luckily you probably get to take your ladies with you, but they may also have been chosen for you. Mary Tudor had Anne Boleyn as a lady in waiting in France and she really didn’t like her. The biggest controller of them all, King Henry VIII. Then there’s the little matter of woman’s duties. As wife of a monarch, heir to a throne or wife of a high ranking noble you had one job. Have children, in particular sons to carry on the line. Also you would probably have to put up with your spouse carrying on with his mistresses. Once you popped out your child if it was a boy – great celebration and if it was a girl your downfall may be plotted, think Anne Boleyn. If you were kept on as a wife then you would be expected to get pregnant again very quickly. Then was the fact you may well not survive childbirth. Also you may have been a child yourself when you gave birth. Queen Mary II was only 16 when she married her husband and possibly still 16 when she suffered a miscarriage. Now I know it was a different time but at 16 I was very much still a kid. During your life as a princess you would be controlled by your father or other family member until you married and then controlled by your husband. Everything was controlled. Who you spent time with, what you wore (must look fashionable for your husband), what you did and even what happened to you. Think about Infanta Catalina of Aragon, later Queen Catherine of Aragon. She was sent away to marry, put aside by her husband and removed from court to a cold damp castle with no ladies and very little money and not allowed to see her daughter. So still want to be a Princess? Maybe the expression should be changed to I want to be a Disney Princess.
22709	yago	0	20	https://www.wga.hu/tours/spain/ferdina2.html	en	Ferdinand II			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Ferdinand II (Ferdinand the Catholic) (b. 1452, Sos, Aragon, d. 1516, Madrigalejo, Spain), king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. (As Spanish ruler of southern Italy, he was also known as Ferdinand III of Naples and Ferdinand II of Sicily.) He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and began Spain's entry into the modern period of imperial expansion. Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, both of Castilian origin. In 1461, in the midst of a bitterly contested succession, John II named him heir apparent and governor of all his kingdoms and lands. Ferdinand's future was assured when he came of age, in 1466, and when he was named king of Sicily, in 1468, in order to impress the court of Castile, where his father ultimately wished to place him. In addition to participating in court life, the young prince saw battle during the Catalonian wars. In the summer of 1468, beginning to sow his wild oats, he went courting; the first fruits of these adventures were Alfonso of Aragon, future archbishop of Zaragoza and his father's favourite, and Juana of Aragon. John II was careful about Ferdinand's education and took personal charge of it, making sure that Ferdinand learned as much as possible from experience. He also provided him with teachers who taught him humanistic attitudes and wrote him treatises on the art of government. Ferdinand had no apparent bent for formal studies, but he was a patron of the arts and a devotee of vocal and instrumental music. Ferdinand had an imposing personality but was never very genial. From his father he acquired sagacity, integrity, courage, and a calculated reserve; from his mother, an impulsive emotionality, which he generally repressed. Under the responsibility of kingship he had to conceal his stronger passions and adopt a cold, impenetrable mask. He married the princess Isabella of Castile in Valladolid in October 1469. This was a marriage of political opportunism, not romance. The court of Aragon dreamed of a return to Castile, and Isabella needed help to gain succession to the throne. The marriage initiated a dark and troubled life, in which Ferdinand fought on the Castilian and Aragonese fronts in order to impose his authority over the noble oligarchies, shifting his basis of support from one kingdom to the other according to the intensity of the danger. Despite the political nature of the union, he loved Isabella sincerely. She quickly bore him children: the infanta Isabella was born in 1470; the heir apparent, John, in 1478; and the infantas Juana (called Juana la Loca--Joan the Mad), Catalina (later called--as the first wife of Henry VIII of England--Catherine of Aragon), and María followed. The marriage began, however, with almost continual separation. Ferdinand, often away in the Castilian towns or on journeys to Aragon, reproached his wife for the comfort of her life. At the same time, the restlessness of his 20 years drove him into other women's arms, by whom he sired at least two female children, whose birth dates are not recorded. Between the ages of 20 and 30, Ferdinand performed a series of heroic deeds. These began when Henry IV of Castile died on Dec. 11, 1474, leaving his succession in dispute. Ferdinand rushed from Zaragoza to Segovia, where Isabella had herself proclaimed queen of Castile on December 13. Ferdinand remained there as king consort, an uneasy, marginal figure, until Isabella's war of succession against Afonso V of Portugal gained his acceptance in 1479 as king in every sense of the word. That same year John II died, and Ferdinand succeeded to the Aragonese throne. This initiated a confederation of kingdoms, which was the institutional basis for modern Spain. The events of this period bring out the young king's character more clearly. In portraits he appears with soft, well-proportioned features, a small, sensual mouth, and pensive eyes. His literary descriptions are more complicated, although they agree in presenting him as good-looking, of medium height, and a good rider, devoted to games and to the hunt. He had a clear, strong voice. He was something of a ladies' man, which caused Isabella jealousy for several years. From 1475 to 1479 Ferdinand struggled to take a firm seat in Castile with his young wife and to transform the kingdom politically, using new institutional molds partly inspired by those of Aragon. This policy of modernization included a ban against all religions other than Roman Catholicism. The establishment of the Spanish Inquisition (1478) to enforce religious uniformity and the expulsion of the Jews (1492) were both part of a deliberate policy designed to strengthen the church, which would in turn support the crown. The years 1482-92 were frantic for Ferdinand. In the spring months he directed the campaign against the kingdom of Granada, showing his military talent to good effect, and he conquered the kingdom inch by inch, winning its final capitulation on Jan. 2, 1492. During the months of rest from war, he visited his kingdoms, learning their geography and problems firsthand. The conquest of Granada made it possible to support Christopher Columbus' voyages of exploration across the Atlantic. It is not known what Ferdinand thought of Columbus or how he judged his plans, nor can it be stated that the first trip was financed from Aragon; the sum of 1,157,000 maravedis came from the funds of the Santa Hermandad ("Holy Brotherhood"). Nevertheless, Ferdinand was present in the development of plans for the enterprise, in the negotiations to obtain the pope's backing for it, and in the organization of the resulting American colonies. At the age of 50 Ferdinand was an incarnation of royalty, and fortune smiled on him. For various reasons, particularly for his intervention in Italy, Pope Alexander VI gave him the honorary title of "the Catholic" on Dec. 2, 1496. But he also suffered a succession of tragedies: the heir apparent and his eldest daughter both died, and the first symptoms of insanity appeared in his daughter Juana. He was wounded in Barcelona in 1493, but this was unimportant compared with the family injuries he suffered, which culminated in the death of Isabella in 1504, "the best and most excellent wife king ever had." To secure his position in Castile, Ferdinand married Germaine de Foix, niece of the king of France, on Oct. 19, 1505; this, too, was a political marriage, although he always showed her the highest regard. A stay in Italy (1506-07) demonstrated how badly he was needed by the Spanish kingdoms. Once more in Castile, he managed his European policy so as to obtain a hegemony that would serve his expansionary ends in the Mediterranean and in Africa. In 1512, immediately after the schism in the church in which the kings of Navarre participated, he occupied their kingdom and incorporated it into Castile--one of the most controversial acts of his reign. In 1513 Ferdinand's health began to decay, although he was still able to direct his international policy and to prepare the succession of his grandson, the future emperor Charles V. In early 1516 he began a trip to Granada; he stopped in Madrigalejo, the little site of the sanctuary of Guadalupe, where he died. The day before his death, he had signed his last will and testament, an excellent picture of the monarch and of the political situation at his death. Many considered Ferdinand the saviour of his kingdoms, a bringer of unity. Others despised him for having oppressed them. Machiavelli attributed to him the objectionable qualities of the Renaissance prince. The German traveler Thomas Müntzer and the Italian diplomat Francesco Guicciardini, who knew him personally, compared him with Charlemagne. His will indicates that he died with a clear conscience, ordering that his body be moved to Granada and buried next to that of his wife Isabella, so that they might be reunited for eternity. He died convinced that the crown of Spain had not been so powerful for 700 years, "and all, after God, because of my work and my labour." Top
22709	yago	0	77	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Joanna_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Naples	en	Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Joanna of Aragon was Queen of Naples as the second wife of King Ferdinand I. She served as regent of Naples between the abdication and flight of her husband's son Alfonso II on 22 February 1495 until the formal succession of Alfonso's son, Ferdinand II.	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Joanna_of_Aragon%2C_Queen_of_Naples	Queen consort of Naples / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions: Can you list the top facts and stats about Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples? Summarize this article for a 10 year old SHOW ALL QUESTIONS
22709	yago	2	81	https://www.threads.net/%40historyroyalwmn/post/C8QrNG6Iio0%3Fhl%3Dit	en	Threads			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://static.cdninstag…/eJ0zF04lTq5.png		null
22709	yago	3	59	https://thehundredyearswar.co.uk/yolande-of-aragon/	en	Yolande of Aragon	https://thehundredyearsw…ierge-enfant.jpg	https://thehundredyearsw…ierge-enfant.jpg	[ "https://thehundredyearswar.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/yolande-aragon-vierge-enfant.jpg", "https://thehundredyearswar.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/800px-Marriage_of_Yolande_of_Aragon-240x300.jpg", "https://thehundredyearswar.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/800px-Marriage_of_Yolande_of_Aragon-240x300.jpg", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4198e303f0ee1a20ac41e43011616161?s=100&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4198e303f0ee1a20ac41e43011616161?s=100&d=mm&r=g" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Dan Moorhouse", "thehundredyearswar.co.uk" ]	2022-02-13T07:01:58+00:00	Yolande of Aragon was the eldest daughter of King John I of Aragon and his second wife, Violante [Yolande] of Bar. From birth, it made Yolande a significant individual. From her father, she held claims to Aragon, from her mother's line she was a granddaughter of John II of France. Far from accepting a destiny	en	https://thehundredyearsw…4878-150x150.jpg	The Hundred Years War - 1337-1453	https://thehundredyearswar.co.uk/yolande-of-aragon/	Yolande of Aragon was the eldest daughter of King John I of Aragon and his second wife, Violante [Yolande] of Bar. From birth, it made Yolande a significant individual. From her father, she held claims to Aragon, from her mother’s line she was a granddaughter of John II of France. Far from accepting a destiny mapped out for her in childhood, Yolande resisted arrangements, which was a sign of things to come. Yolande of Aragon went on to become one of the most influential women of the Hundred Years War. Yolande of Aragon was born in Zaragoza, Aragon [modern day Spain] on 11 August 1384. Her importance led King Richard II of England to open negotiations in 1395 with King John I of Aragon about a potential marriage contract. Unwittingly, Yolande had her first impact on international affairs. The French were unwilling to see a union between England and a Spanish kingdom, and so offered a marriage contract to Richard II of Isabella of Valois, a French princess. Yolande then saw herself used as a diplomatic pawn between the rival houses of Aragon and Anjou. The two royal houses had clashed in the past: they held adjoining lands in France. Louis II Duke of Anjou, Count of Provence, had been crowned King of Naples in 1389. For Louis II to have a secure rule over his various lands, he would need to be on good terms with Aragon, as travel by sea could quite easily be disrupted or cut off. When her Yolande’s father died, her uncle took the throne of Aragon as King Martin I. Louis’ mother, Mary of Blois, approached Martin I and proposed a marriage between her son and Yolande of Aragon. A union that would cement her sons position, and eventually result in a large and powerful land holding across France and Spain. Yolande was initially opposed to a union with Louis II. The two families had a history of disliking each other, and Yolande signed a document objecting to the marriage. The objection was short-lived, Yolande was persuaded to retract her objection and she married Louis II in Arles on 2nd December 1400. In 1410 Martin I of Aragon died without issue. Yolande felt that she had the best claim to the throne. However, Aragon had a tradition of male rulers and succession, even for one of Yolande’s sons, was not assured. Nonetheless, Yolanda began styling herself as ‘Queen of Four Kingdoms’ [She also claimed the crowns of Sicily, Jerusalem and Cyprus] and her eldest son announced himself King Louis III of Aragon. They were claims that were in Title only. After two years of deliberations, the Aragonese parliament announced Ferdinand, a grandson of King Peter I, as King of Aragon. It was a claim that Yolande and her husband could not contest militarily, Ferdinand had the backing of Castile as well as the Estates General of Aragon. Despite claiming the four crowns, it was Yolande of Aragon’s position in Anjou that was her position of strength and influence. The early 1400’s saw a great deal of upheaval politically and militarily within France, and Yolanda became highly adept at managing the situation for the benefit of herself, her children, and France. Yolande’s husband spent much time attempting to secure the crown of Naples. In his absence, Yolande held power in Anjou, and managed diplomacy on behalf of the family. When civil war broke out between the Armagnac and Burgundian factions in France, Yolande moved quickly. One of Yolande and Louis’ sons was contracted to marry John the Fearless’ daughter Catherine of Burgundy. The contract was quickly repudiated as Yolande allied herself with the Armagnac faction. To cement this, she met with Queen Isabeau and negotiated a marriage contract between her daughter, Marie, and Charles, the third eldest surviving son of King Charles VI and Queen Isabeau. The instability in Paris, coupled with the marriage contract, saw the young Charles move to the court at Anjou where Yolanda took a lead in raising him. This presented an opportunity for Yolande to influence the ideas of the young prince. Events were soon to make this a hugely influential position to have been in. Paris saw clashes between the rival factions. Queen Isabeau chose to side with the Duke of Burgundy, at the expense of her own children. Yolande sought to protect Charles and her daughter from the political impact of this. Matters become more urgent following the English invasion of 1415. The devastating defeat of France at the Battle of Agincourt left Anjou exposed should the English follow up their victory with a move south. In a preemptive move, Yolande moved her court from Angers in Anjou to the families lands in Provence, in southern France. Almost straight away the importance of Charles and Marie changed. The Dauphin, Louis, died in December 1415, making Charles second in line to the French crown. Not only this but the Dauphin’s marriage had been a diplomatic union with Margaret of Burgundy. 1417 saw the situation in France worsen. having only been Dauphin since the death of his elder brother in December 1415, the eldest of Queen Isabeau and King Charles VII’s sons, John, died in April 1417. Louis II of Anjou also died in April of 1417, leaving Yolande as Regent of Anjou and her sons other domains. Now Yolande was Regent of a large part of France, and her daughter, Marie, was in line to be Queen Consort once she was married and Charles became King. Additionally, France also now faced an English invasion of Conquest. Simultaneously, the French civil war continued. French politics was being turned on its head. With Charles at Yolande’s court in Provence, Yolande was well placed to influence affairs. The first decision that Yolande made was to deny the Queen’s request to send Charles to court in Paris. Chronicler Jehan de Bourdigné wrote that Yolande’s response was: We have not nurtured and cherished this one for you to make him die like his brothers or to go mad like his father, or to become English like you. I keep him for my own. Come and take him away, if you dare. This marked the beginning of a period in which Yolande had a huge amount of influence over French politics. The Dauphin was just 14 years old when his brother passed away. It was a period in which the Queen and Duke of Burgundy were dominating the Parisian court. As the English gained superiority in the field against the Armagnac backed French forces in Normandy, political pressure, and attitudes in Paris, saw the young Dauphin ostracised and eventually excluded from inheriting the French crown through the Treaty of Troyes. Throughout this period [1417-20] Yolande ensured that there was resistance in the name of Charles. From their base in Provence she directed forces loyal to herself to fight against the English in the name of the Dauphin. It was at the expense of her own sons efforts to take the crown of Naples, but Yolande had set her sights on her daughter becoming Queen Consort of France. Matters in Naples were dealt with through diplomatic channels, allowing Yolande to focus on French matters. It was a role she excelled in. Even as the English made gains and threatened Anjou, she orchestrated resistance and kept Charles’ cause alive even when his claim appeared to have little hope of ever coming to fruition. Following the death of Charles VI, this intensified. The English became more determined than ever to secure the throne that they had now taken. Yolande, in turn, used her diplomatic skills to great effect. First, Yolande was instrumental in arranging for a Scottish army to be deployed in the Dauphin’s name into Anjou and Maine. Led by John, Earl of Buchan, and Archibald, Earl of Wigtown, it held the northern border of Yolande’s territories from 1419 to 1421. Then, in 1422, the marriage of Charles and Marie was formalised. Then she persuaded Duke John VI of Brittany to terminate his pact with the English. This had the effect of diluting English forces, making counter attacks easier. Now the Dauphin had French, Scottish and Breton forces fighting in his name. And the links that Yolande had maintained with the Armagnac faction had ensured that there remained a number of key strategic locations held by forces opposed to the English and Burgundians. The period 1420-1429 was difficult for the supporters of the Dauphin. It required Yolande’s steadfast support and her powers of persuasion to keep the campaigns going. In 1429, matters changed. Joan of Arc appeared on the scene. The arrival of Joan of Arc provided an opportunity that was too good to be missed. Despite Joan’s enthusiasm and her accurate predictions, she needed support and guidance if she was to have any kind of significant impact on the Dauphin’s fortunes. That support and guidance came from Yolande of Aragon. It was Yolande who listened to Joan of Arc’s story, in the court of Anjou that Joan was examined and proven to be a virgin, and through Yolande’s support and direction that Joan was provided with opportunities. The maiden’s progress was effectively stage managed by Yolande. As her status developed, Yolande opened doors for Joan of Arc, and ensured that the right kind of backing was in place. This extended to enabling contact between the Dauphin himself and Joan of Arc. Alongside her support for Joan of Arc was an ongoing input into diplomacy. Marriages were arranged by Yolande that firmed up Breton support for the Dauphin. It was Yolande who was responsible for having Arthur Richemond, a Breton installed as Constable of France, making sure that the combined forces could be directed against the English and Burgundians. Richemont changed sides and became Constable, the most senior commander in France. Together with the Count Dunois, bastard of Orleans, and Pierre de Breze, Lord of La Varenne-, both of whom were loyal to Yolande, Richemont began to turn the tide against the English. The victories that were won under the leadership of Joan of Arc were to a large extent due to the guile and planning of Yolande of Aragon. It led to famous victories, culminating in the coronation of Charles as King Charles VII in Rheims, and of Yolande’s daughter, Marie, as Queen. Her influence continued as Charles VII slowly regained control of parts of Northern France. Yolande’s court had trained and guided Agnes Sorel, and it is quite likely that Yolande had a hand in ensuring that her chosen maid was to become the mistress of Charles VII. Later, she had her granddaughter Margaret, later Queen Consort of England, stay at her court. It was under Yolande’s influence that Margaret learnt administration, governance, and the ways of French court. Yolande of Aragon died in 1442. King Charles VII recognised her role in his successes in an epitaph that he penned: The late Yolande, of good memory, Queen of Jerusalem and Sicily, in our youth did us great services in many ways that we hold in perpetual memory. Our said mother-in-law, after we were excluded from our city of Paris, received us generously in her lands of Anjou and Maine, and gave us much advice, support and many services using her goods, people and fortresses to help us against the attacks of our adversaries of England and others. Whilst Yolande is most frequently remembered for her political acumen, she was also a great patron of the arts. The Hours of Isabella Stuart were originally commissioned by Yolande for one of her daughters, also called Yolande. There are various dates of birth given for Yolande ranging from the late 1370’s to August 1384. Links Unofficial Royalty The Free Library
22709	yago	1	40	https://www.wga.hu/tours/spain/ferdina2.html	en	Ferdinand II			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Ferdinand II (Ferdinand the Catholic) (b. 1452, Sos, Aragon, d. 1516, Madrigalejo, Spain), king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. (As Spanish ruler of southern Italy, he was also known as Ferdinand III of Naples and Ferdinand II of Sicily.) He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and began Spain's entry into the modern period of imperial expansion. Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, both of Castilian origin. In 1461, in the midst of a bitterly contested succession, John II named him heir apparent and governor of all his kingdoms and lands. Ferdinand's future was assured when he came of age, in 1466, and when he was named king of Sicily, in 1468, in order to impress the court of Castile, where his father ultimately wished to place him. In addition to participating in court life, the young prince saw battle during the Catalonian wars. In the summer of 1468, beginning to sow his wild oats, he went courting; the first fruits of these adventures were Alfonso of Aragon, future archbishop of Zaragoza and his father's favourite, and Juana of Aragon. John II was careful about Ferdinand's education and took personal charge of it, making sure that Ferdinand learned as much as possible from experience. He also provided him with teachers who taught him humanistic attitudes and wrote him treatises on the art of government. Ferdinand had no apparent bent for formal studies, but he was a patron of the arts and a devotee of vocal and instrumental music. Ferdinand had an imposing personality but was never very genial. From his father he acquired sagacity, integrity, courage, and a calculated reserve; from his mother, an impulsive emotionality, which he generally repressed. Under the responsibility of kingship he had to conceal his stronger passions and adopt a cold, impenetrable mask. He married the princess Isabella of Castile in Valladolid in October 1469. This was a marriage of political opportunism, not romance. The court of Aragon dreamed of a return to Castile, and Isabella needed help to gain succession to the throne. The marriage initiated a dark and troubled life, in which Ferdinand fought on the Castilian and Aragonese fronts in order to impose his authority over the noble oligarchies, shifting his basis of support from one kingdom to the other according to the intensity of the danger. Despite the political nature of the union, he loved Isabella sincerely. She quickly bore him children: the infanta Isabella was born in 1470; the heir apparent, John, in 1478; and the infantas Juana (called Juana la Loca--Joan the Mad), Catalina (later called--as the first wife of Henry VIII of England--Catherine of Aragon), and María followed. The marriage began, however, with almost continual separation. Ferdinand, often away in the Castilian towns or on journeys to Aragon, reproached his wife for the comfort of her life. At the same time, the restlessness of his 20 years drove him into other women's arms, by whom he sired at least two female children, whose birth dates are not recorded. Between the ages of 20 and 30, Ferdinand performed a series of heroic deeds. These began when Henry IV of Castile died on Dec. 11, 1474, leaving his succession in dispute. Ferdinand rushed from Zaragoza to Segovia, where Isabella had herself proclaimed queen of Castile on December 13. Ferdinand remained there as king consort, an uneasy, marginal figure, until Isabella's war of succession against Afonso V of Portugal gained his acceptance in 1479 as king in every sense of the word. That same year John II died, and Ferdinand succeeded to the Aragonese throne. This initiated a confederation of kingdoms, which was the institutional basis for modern Spain. The events of this period bring out the young king's character more clearly. In portraits he appears with soft, well-proportioned features, a small, sensual mouth, and pensive eyes. His literary descriptions are more complicated, although they agree in presenting him as good-looking, of medium height, and a good rider, devoted to games and to the hunt. He had a clear, strong voice. He was something of a ladies' man, which caused Isabella jealousy for several years. From 1475 to 1479 Ferdinand struggled to take a firm seat in Castile with his young wife and to transform the kingdom politically, using new institutional molds partly inspired by those of Aragon. This policy of modernization included a ban against all religions other than Roman Catholicism. The establishment of the Spanish Inquisition (1478) to enforce religious uniformity and the expulsion of the Jews (1492) were both part of a deliberate policy designed to strengthen the church, which would in turn support the crown. The years 1482-92 were frantic for Ferdinand. In the spring months he directed the campaign against the kingdom of Granada, showing his military talent to good effect, and he conquered the kingdom inch by inch, winning its final capitulation on Jan. 2, 1492. During the months of rest from war, he visited his kingdoms, learning their geography and problems firsthand. The conquest of Granada made it possible to support Christopher Columbus' voyages of exploration across the Atlantic. It is not known what Ferdinand thought of Columbus or how he judged his plans, nor can it be stated that the first trip was financed from Aragon; the sum of 1,157,000 maravedis came from the funds of the Santa Hermandad ("Holy Brotherhood"). Nevertheless, Ferdinand was present in the development of plans for the enterprise, in the negotiations to obtain the pope's backing for it, and in the organization of the resulting American colonies. At the age of 50 Ferdinand was an incarnation of royalty, and fortune smiled on him. For various reasons, particularly for his intervention in Italy, Pope Alexander VI gave him the honorary title of "the Catholic" on Dec. 2, 1496. But he also suffered a succession of tragedies: the heir apparent and his eldest daughter both died, and the first symptoms of insanity appeared in his daughter Juana. He was wounded in Barcelona in 1493, but this was unimportant compared with the family injuries he suffered, which culminated in the death of Isabella in 1504, "the best and most excellent wife king ever had." To secure his position in Castile, Ferdinand married Germaine de Foix, niece of the king of France, on Oct. 19, 1505; this, too, was a political marriage, although he always showed her the highest regard. A stay in Italy (1506-07) demonstrated how badly he was needed by the Spanish kingdoms. Once more in Castile, he managed his European policy so as to obtain a hegemony that would serve his expansionary ends in the Mediterranean and in Africa. In 1512, immediately after the schism in the church in which the kings of Navarre participated, he occupied their kingdom and incorporated it into Castile--one of the most controversial acts of his reign. In 1513 Ferdinand's health began to decay, although he was still able to direct his international policy and to prepare the succession of his grandson, the future emperor Charles V. In early 1516 he began a trip to Granada; he stopped in Madrigalejo, the little site of the sanctuary of Guadalupe, where he died. The day before his death, he had signed his last will and testament, an excellent picture of the monarch and of the political situation at his death. Many considered Ferdinand the saviour of his kingdoms, a bringer of unity. Others despised him for having oppressed them. Machiavelli attributed to him the objectionable qualities of the Renaissance prince. The German traveler Thomas Müntzer and the Italian diplomat Francesco Guicciardini, who knew him personally, compared him with Charlemagne. His will indicates that he died with a clear conscience, ordering that his body be moved to Granada and buried next to that of his wife Isabella, so that they might be reunited for eternity. He died convinced that the crown of Spain had not been so powerful for 700 years, "and all, after God, because of my work and my labour." Top
22709	yago	2	15	https://www.theroyalforums.com/threads/king-juan-ii-the-great-of-aragon-and-queen-blanche-i-of-navarre.15819/	en	King Juan II 'The Great' of Aragon and Queen Blanche I of Navarre	https://www.theroyalforu…_royalforums.png	https://www.theroyalforu…_royalforums.png	[ "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/assets/logo/Logo_royalforums.png", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/assets/logo/Logo_royalforums.png", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/styles/default/xenforo/add_to_home.gif", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/4/4844.jpg?1708905701", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/4/4844.jpg?1708905701", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/4/4844.jpg?1708905701", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/4/4844.jpg?1708905701", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/4/4844.jpg?1708905701", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/51/51037.jpg?1710332227", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/proxy.php?image=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F9%2F96%2FJoan_II_d%2527Arag%25C3%25B3.jpg%2F288px-Joan_II_d%2527Arag%25C3%25B3.jpg&hash=0cdf785507c451f677d065d943c97a9b", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/51/51037.jpg?1710332227", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/proxy.php?image=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fit%2Fc%2Fcd%2FBianca_di_Navarra.jpg&hash=c87fdbcfd33fd30bddb02f3ca233d936", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/76/76042.jpg?1708651953", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/79/79094.jpg?1708414986", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/76/76042.jpg?1708651953", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/51/51037.jpg?1710332227", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/76/76042.jpg?1708651953", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/51/51037.jpg?1710332227", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/76/76042.jpg?1708651953", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/51/51037.jpg?1710332227", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/76/76042.jpg?1708651953", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/79/79094.jpg?1708414986", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/76/76042.jpg?1708651953", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/79/79094.jpg?1708414986", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/5/5355.jpg?1708686662", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/5/5355.jpg?1708686662", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/5/5355.jpg?1708686662", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/5/5355.jpg?1708686662", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/28/28725.jpg?1708414881", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/14/14233.jpg?1708414865", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/6/6742.jpg?1708823777", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/assets/logos/logo_footer_royalforums.png", "https://t1.extreme-dm.com/i.gif", "https://e0.extreme-dm.com/s9.g?login=royalfor&j=n&jv=n" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2008-02-07T11:43:31-05:00	Juan II ‘The Great’, King of Aragon, Sardinia and Sicily, King Consort of Navarre (Medina del Campo, 29 June 1397 – Barcelona, 20 January 1479); married...	en	/data/assets/logo/icon_192_royalforums.png	The Royal Forums	https://www.theroyalforums.com/threads/king-juan-ii-the-great-of-aragon-and-queen-blanche-i-of-navarre.15819/	Juan II ‘The Great’, King of Aragon, Sardinia and Sicily, King Consort of Navarre (Medina del Campo, 29 June 1397 – Barcelona, 20 January 1479); married 1stly in Olite on 6 November 1419 Blanche I, Queen of Navarre (?,? 1385 – Santa María la Real de Nieva, 3 April 1441); Juan married 2ndly in ? on 1 April 1444 Juana Enriquez y Fernández de Cordoba, Countess of Melba and Rueda(?,?, Torrelobation, 1425 - Tarragona, 13 February 1468); Blanche previously married by proxy in Cataniaon 21 May 1402 and in person on 26 December 1402, King Martin I of Sicily (?,?, 1374 — Cagliari, 25 July 1409) Reign Juan: 1459 - 1479 Reign Blanche: 1425 - 1441 Dynasty Juan:Trastámara Dynasty Blanche: Evreux Predecessor Juan: King Alfonso V of Aragon Predecessor Blanche: King Carlos III of Navarre Successor Juan: King Fernando II of Aragon, King Consort of Castile Successor Blanche: Queen Leonor I of Navarre (or Carlos IV, King of Navarre) Children Juan & Blanche: Prince Carlos of Aragon & Navarre, Prince of Viana (or King Carlos IV of Navarre); Princess Juana of Aragon & Navarre; Queen Blanca of Castile and Queen Leonor I of Navarre Children Juan & Juana: King Fernando II of Aragon and Queen Juana of Napels Son Blanche & Martin: Prince Martin of Sicily Parents Juan: King Fernando I of Aragon and Princess Leonor of Alburquerque (Castile) Parents Blanche: King Carlos III of Navarre and Princess Leonor of Castile Parents Juana: Fadrique Enríquez, Count of Melba and Marina Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala Parents Martin: King Martin I of Aragon and Countess Maria of Luna Siblings Juan: King Alfonso V of Aragon; Queen Maria of Castile; Prince Enrique of Aragon, Duke of Villena, Count of Alburquerque and Empuries; Queen Leonor of Portugal; Prince Pedro of Aragon, Count of Alburquerque and Duke of Noto and Prince Sancho of Aragon Siblings Blanche: Countess Juana of Foix; Princess Marie and Princess Margarita of Navarre; Beatriz de Bourbon, Countess of La Marche; Countess Isabel of Armagnac; Prince Carlos of Navarre, Prince of Viana and Prince Luis of Navarre, Prince of Viana Brother Juana:Alfonso Enríquez, Count of Melba Siblings Martin: Prince Jaime, Prince Juan and Princess Margarita of Aragon John II the Great (June 29, 1397 – January 20, 1479) was the King of Aragon (1458–1479) and a king consort of Navarre (1425–1479). He was the son of Ferdinand I and his wife Eleanor of Alburquerque. John is regarded as one of the most memorable and most unscrupulous kings of the 15th century. In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II. Till middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was engaged in incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile, that was to create the Kingdom of Spain. His trouble with his subjects were closely connected with the tragic dissension in his own family. John was first married to the Queen Blanche I of Navarre of the house of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king consort of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But a son, Charles, given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard his son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, this grew into absolute hatred and was encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside Read the entire wikipeida article here. Blanche I of Navarre (1385–April 3, 1441) was Queen regnant of Navarre from 1425 to 1441. She was the daughter of King Charles III of Navarre and Eleanor, Infanta of Castile (died 1416). Blanche married firstly Martin the Younger, King of Sicily and Crown Prince of Aragon. They were married by proxy on May 21, 1402 in Catania. Blanche travelled to meet her new husband and they were married in person on December 26, 1402. The bride was about eleven years old and the groom twenty-eight. Martin had survived his previous wife and former co-ruler Mary of Sicily and their only son. He was in need of legitimate heirs. However Martin and Blanche only had one son: Read the entire wikipedia article here.
22709	yago	1	17	https://www.iheart.com/podcast/105-stuff-you-missed-in-histor-21124503/episode/why-was-juana-called-la-loca-30207984/	en	Why was Juana called "la Loca"? Part 1 - Stuff You Missed in History Class	https://i.iheart.com/v3/url/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub21ueWNvbnRlbnQuY29tL2QvcHJvZ3JhbXMvZTczYzk5OGUtNmU2MC00MzJmLTg2MTAtYWUyMTAxNDBjNWIxL2NmYjQyOGVmLWVhZmMtNDRkMC05ZDA5LWFlMjcwMTc0N2U2Zi9pbWFnZS5qcGc_dD0xNjg0OTYxNDM4JnNpemU9TGFyZ2U?ops=contain(1200,630)	https://i.iheart.com/v3/url/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub21ueWNvbnRlbnQuY29tL2QvcHJvZ3JhbXMvZTczYzk5OGUtNmU2MC00MzJmLTg2MTAtYWUyMTAxNDBjNWIxL2NmYjQyOGVmLWVhZmMtNDRkMC05ZDA5LWFlMjcwMTc0N2U2Zi9pbWFnZS5qcGc_dD0xNjg0OTYxNDM4JnNpemU9TGFyZ2U?ops=contain(1200,630)	[ "https://i.iheart.com/v3/re/new_assets/5d52ce1f6ba279940ae2376e?ops=fit(120%2C120)", "https://i.iheart.com/v3/re/new_assets/5d52ce3e6ba279940ae23772?ops=fit(120%2C120)", "https://i.iheart.com/v3/catalog/podcast/43034875?ops=fit(480%2C480)", "https://i.iheart.com/v3/catalog/podcast/28888454?ops=fit(480%2C480)", "https://i.iheart.com/v3/catalog/podcast/29319113?ops=fit(480%2C480)" ]	[]	[]	[ "Why was Juana called \"la Loca\"? Part 1", "Stuff You Missed in History Class", "Talk", "Radio", "Listen", "On Demand", "iHeartRadio", "iHeart" ]	null	[]	null	<p>Juana of Castile has gone down in history as 'Juana la Loca.' But Juana's mental state was likely not as bad as it seemed. Was she instead the victim of conniving relatives? In this episode, we discuss Juana's youth, her marriage and more.</p><p> </p> Learn more about your ad-choices at <a href='https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com'>https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com</a><p>See <a href='https://omnystudio.com/listener'>omnystudio.com/listener</a> for privacy information.</p>	en	https://www.iheart.com/static/assets/favicon.ico	iHeart	https://www.iheart.com/podcast/105-stuff-you-missed-in-histor-21124503/episode/why-was-juana-called-la-loca-30207984/	Juana of Castile has gone down in history as "Juana la Loca." But Juana's mental state was likely not as bad as it seemed. Was she instead the victim of conniving relatives? In this episode, we discuss Juana's youth, her marriage and more. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com
22709	yago	2	42	http://www.royaltombs.dk/aragon.html	en	ARAGON			[ "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_felicja.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_bertha.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_sanczo5_piotr1.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_raymondo_grob1.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_raymondo4.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_alfonso2.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/korona_puste.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_jakub1.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/nv_eleonora.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/korona_puste.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_peter3.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_constance.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_blanche.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_constance.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_elisenda1.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_marianav_eleonorapt.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_constance.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_martin1.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_malgorzata.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_alfonso5.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/ar_maria_kastylia.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/e_ferdynand_kat.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/e_germaine_foix.gif", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png", "http://www.royaltombs.dk/img/lazyload-ph.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			favicon.png		null	BURIAL PLACES OF ARAGONESE SOVEREIGNS FROM A TO Z BARCELONA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF THE HOLY CROSS (Barcelona, Catedral de la Santa Creu, PlÃ de la Seu): 01. Queen PETRONILA OF ARAGON (+1173) The tomb has not been preserved. 02. King ALFONSO III (+1291) 03. Queen CONSTANCE OF SICILY (+1302), consort of King Peter III the Great 04. Queen MARY OF CYPRUS (+1322), consort of King James II of Aragon 05. Queen SYBILLA DE FORTIÃ (+1406), consort of King Peter IV of Aragon BARCELONA (SPAIN) BURIED IN PEDRALBES MONASTERY (Barcelona, Monestir de Pedralbes, Baixada del Monestir): Queen ELISENDA DE MONCADA (+1364), consort of King James II of Aragon BILLIERS (FRANCE) BURIED IN THE ABBEY OF NOTRE DAME DE PRIÃRES (Billiers, l'abbaye de Notre-Dame de PriÃ¨res): Queen ISABELA OF CASTILE (+1328), consort of King James II of Aragon The abbey church had been demolished in the early 18th c. and a new church was constructed on its site in 1726. It had been demolished in the 19th c. and the remains of Queen Isabella were buried in 1842 in a chapel constructed nearby. BURGOS (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN MONASTERY OF LAS HUELGAS (Burgos, Monasterio de Santa Maria la Real de las Huelgas, Calle de Compases de Huelgas): Queen ELEANOR OF CASTILE (+1244), consort of King James I of Aragon GRANADA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE ROYAL CHAPEL (Granada, Capilla Real, Calle Oficios): 01. Queen ISABELLA I THE CATHOLIC (+1504), consort of King Ferdinand II the Catholic 02. King FERDINAND II THE CATHOLIC (+1516) HUESCA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF SAN PEDRO EL VIEJO (Huesca, Monasterio de San Pedro el Viejo, Plaza de San Pedro): 01. King ALFONSO I (+1134) 02. King RAMIRO II THE MONK (+1157) LEÃN (SPAIN) BURIED IN ST ISIDORE’S BASILICA (LeÃ³n, Basilica de S. Isidoro el Real, Plaza de San Isidoro): Queen URRACA OF CASTILE (+1126), consort of King Alfonso I The tomb has not been preserved. LÃRIDA/LLEIDA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE OLD CATHEDRAL (Lleida, Seu Vella, PlaÃ§a de GuiffrÃ© I): 01. King ALFONSO IV (+1336) 02. Queen ELEANOR OF CASTILE (+1359), consort of King Alfonso IV MEDINA DEL CAMPO (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE CONVENT OF SANTA MARIA LA REAL (Medina del Campo, Convento de Santa Maria la Real, Plaza de las Reales): Queen ELEANOR OF CASTILE (+1435), consort of King Ferdinand I of Sicily The tomb has not been preserved. POBLET (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE ROYAL ABBEY OF ST MARY (El Reial Monestir de Santa Maria de Poblet): 01. King ALFONSO II (+1196) 02. King JAMES I (+1276) 03. King PETER IV THE CEREMONIOUS (+1387) 04. Queen MARY OF NAVARRE (+1347), consort of King Peter IV 05. Queen ELEANOR OF PORTUGAL (+1348), consort of King Peter IV 06. Queen ELEANOR OF SICILY (+1375), consort of King Peter IV 07. King JOHN I (+1396) 08. Queen YOLANDE OF BAR (+1431), consort of King John I 09. King MARTIN (+1410) 10. Queen MARIA DE LUNA (+1406), consort of King Martin I The tomb has not been preserved. 11. King FERDINAND I (+1416) 12. King ALFONSO V THE MAGNANIMOUS (+1458) 13. King JOHN II (+1479) 14. Queen JOANNA ENRIQUEZ (+1468), consort of King John II RIPOLL (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF ST MARY (Monestir de Santa Maria de Ripoll, PlaÃ§a Abat Oliba): Prince RAYMOND BERENGAR IV OF BARCELONA (+1162), consort of Queen Petronila of Aragon ROME (THE VATICAN) BURIED IN ST PETER'S BASILICA (Roma, Basilica San Pietro, Piazza San Pietro): Queen MARY OF MONTPELLIER (+1213), consort of King Peter II of Aragon The tomb has not been preserved. SAN JUAN DE LA PEÃA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE OLD ROYAL MONASTERY (Real Monasterio de San Juan de la PeÃ±a, Monasterio Viejo-PanteÃ³n Real): 01. King RAMIRO I (+1063) 02. Queen ERMESINDA OF BIGORRE (c. +1049), consort of King Ramiro I 03. King SANCHO I (+1094) 04. Queen FELICIA OF ROUCY (+1123), consort of King Sancho I 05. King PETER I (+1104) 06. Queen BERTHA (+before 1111), consort of King Peter I SANTES CREUS (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE ROYAL MONASTERY (Reial Monestir de Santes Creus, PlaÃ§a Jaume el Just): 01. King PETER III THE GREAT (+1285) 02. King JAMES II (+1327) 03. Queen BLANCHE OF ANJOU (+1310), consort of King James II 04. Queen MARGARET DE PRADES (+1429), consort of King Martin I of Aragon VALENCIA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF SAN MIGUEL DE LOS REYES (Valencia, Monasterio de San Miguel de los Reyes, Avenida de la ConstituciÃ³n): Queen GERMAINE OF FOIX (+1538), consort of King Ferdinand II the Catholic VALENCIA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF THE HOLY TRINITY (Valencia, Monasterio de la Trinidad, Calle de la Trinidad): Queen MARY OF CASTILE (+1458), consort of King Alfonso V of Aragon VALLBONA DE LES MONGES (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF ST MARY (Monestir de Santa Maria de Vallbona de les Monges, Carrer Major): Queen YOLANDE OF HUNGARY (c. +1251), consort of King James I VILANUEVA DE SIGENA/VILANOVA DE SIXENA (SPAIN) BURIED IN THE CONVENT OF SIGENA (Vilanova de Sixena, Monestir de Santa Maria de Sixena): 01. Queen SANCHA OF CASTILE (+1208), consort of King Alfonso II 02. King PETER II (+1213) LIST OF ARAGONESE SOVEREIGNS 1035-1516 KINGDOM OF ARAGON 1035-1516: HOUSE OF NAVARRA (Casa de Navarra) 1035-1063: RAMIRO I Born before 1007. Father: King Sancho III of Navarre. Mother: Sancha of Aybar. Married firstly in 1036 at Jaca GISBERGA ERMESINDA of Bigorre (c. 1015,+c. 1049). Married secondly in 1049 AGNES. His issue who reigned: -SANCHO I (1043,+1094; son of Ermesinda). Died in 1063 at Graus. Buried with his first consort Queen Ermesinda at the Royal Monastery of San Juan de la PeÃ±a. 1063-1094: SANCHO I (King of Navarre) Born in 1043. Father: King Ramiro I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Ermesinda. Married firstly in c. 1064 Countess ISABELLA of Urgell (+c. 1071). Repudiated in 1070. Married secondly in c. 1070 FELICIA of Roucy (+1123 Barcelona). His issue who reigned: -PETER I (1068,+1104; son of Isabella), -ALFONSO I (1073,+1134; son of Felicia), -RAMIRO II (c. 1076,+1147; son of Felicia). Died in 1094 at the Siege of Huesca. Buried with his second consort Queen Felicia at the Royal Monastery of San Juan de la PeÃ±a. 1094-1104: PETER I (Pere I; King of Navarre) Born in 1068. Father: King Sancho I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Isabella of Urgell. Married firstly in 1086 at Jaca AGNES of Aquitaine (+1097). Married secondly in 1097 in Huesca BERTHA (+before 1111). Died in 1104 at Valle de ArÃ¡n. Buried with his second consort Queen Bertha at the Royal Monastery of San Juan de la PeÃ±a. 1104-1134: ALFONSO I THE BATTLER (Alfons I el Bataller; King of Navarre) Born in c. 1073. Father: King Sancho I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Felicia of Roucy. Married in 1109 at MuÃ±Ã³ near Burgos Queen URRACA of Castile (1081,+1126 SaldaÃ±a). Marriage was annulled in 1112 in LeÃ³n. Died in 1134 at PoleÃ±ino. Buried firstly in the Monastery of MontearagÃ³n near Huesca. Reburied in the Church of San Pedro el Viejo at Huesca in the 19th c. His Queen Urraca was buried in St Isidore's Basilica in LeÃ³n (no tomb). 1134-1137: RAMIRO II THE MONK (Ramiro II el Monje) Born in 1086. Father: King Sancho I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Felicia of Roucy. Married in 1135 at Jaca AGNES of Poitiers (+c. 1159 Fontevrault). Marriage was annulled in 1136/37. His issue who reigned: -PETRONILA (1135,+1174). Abdicated in 1137 and retired into a monastery. Died in 1157 at Huesca. Buried in the Church of San Pedro el Viejo at Huesca. 1137-1164: PETRONILA (Petronella) Born in 1136 in Huesca. Father: King Ramiro II of Aragon. Mother: Queen Agnes of Aquitaine. Married in 1150 in LÃ©rida Count RAYMOND BERENGAR IV (Ramon Berenguer IV) of Barcelona (1113,+1162 San Dalmazzo near Turin). Her issue who reigned: -ALFONSO II (1157,+1196). Abdicated in favour of her son Alfonso in 1164. Died in 1173 in Barcelona. Buried in the Cathedral of Barcelona (no tomb). Her husband Prince Raymond Berengar IV was buried in St Mary's Monastery at Ripoll. HOUSE OF BARCELONA (Casa de Barcelona) 1164-1196: ALFONSO II (Alfons II) Born in 1157 at Huesca. Father: Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona. Mother: Queen Petronila of Aragon. Married in 1174 at Saragossa Princess SANCHA of Castile (c. 1155,+1208). His issue who reigned: -PETER II (c. 1178,+1213), -Constance (1179,+1222; Queen of Hungary, Sicily and Germany). Died in 1196 at Perpignan. Buried in the Abbey of Poblet. His Queen Sancha of Castile was buried in the Convent of Santa MarÃa de Sigena at Vilanueva de Sigena. 1196-1213: PETER II THE CATHOLIC (Pere II el CatÃ³lic) Born in 1178 at Huesca. Father: King Alfonso II of Aragon. Mother: Queen Sancha of Castile. Married in 1204 at Montpellier MARY of Montpellier (c. 1182,+1213 Rome). He was crowned in 1204 in St Pancrace's Church in Rome. His issue who reigned: -JAMES I THE CONQUEROR (1208,+1276). Died in 1213 in the Battle of Muret. Buried firstly in the HÃ´pital de Toulouse, in 1217 reburied in the Convent of Sigena at Vilanueva de Sigena. His Queen Mary of Montpellier was buried in St Peter's Basilica in Rome (no tomb). 1213-1276: JAMES I THE CONQUEROR (Jaume I el Conqueridor) Born in 1208 at Montpellier. Father: King Peter II of Aragon. Mother: Queen Mary of Montpellier. Married firstly in 1221 at Agreda Princess ELEANOR of Castile (1202,+1244 Burgos). Marriage annulled in 1229 in Tarazona. Married secondly in 1235 in Barcelona Princess YOLANDE of Hungary (c. 1215 Esztergom,+c. 1251 Huesca). He was crowned in 1214 in the Royal Castle in Lleida. His issue who reigned: -Yolande (1236,+1301; Queen of Castile; daughter of Yolande), -PETER III (1240,+1285; son of Yolande), -James II (1243,+1311; King of Majorca; son of Yolande), -Isabella (1247,+1271; Queen of France; daughter of Yolande). Died in 1276 in Alcira near Valencia. Buried firstly in the Cathedral of Valencia, later reburied in the Abbey of Poblet. His first consort Queen Eleanor of Castile was buried in the Monastery of Las Huelgas near Burgos. His second consort Queen Yolande of Hungary was buried in St Mary's Monastery at Vallbona de les Monges. 1276-1285: PETER III THE GREAT (Pere III el Gran; King of Sicily as Peter I) Born in 1240 in Valencia. Father: King James I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Yolande of Hungary. Married in 1262 at Montpellier Princess CONSTANCE of Sicily (1248,+1302 Barcelona). He was crowned with his consort Constance of Sicily in 1276 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa. His issue who reigned: -ALFONSO III (1265,+1291), -JAMES II (1267,+1327), -St Isabella (c. 1270,+1336; Queen of Portugal), -Frederick II (1272,+1337; King of Sicily), -Yolande (1273,+1302; Queen of Naples). Died in 1285 at Villafranca del Penedes. Buried in the Monastery of Santes Creus. His Queen Constance of Sicily was buried in Barcelona Cathedral. 1285-1291: ALFONSO III (Alfons III) Born in 1265 in Valencia. Father: King Peter III of Aragon. Mother: Queen Constance of Sicily. Married in 1290 in London (by proxy only) Princess Eleanor of England (1264 Windsor,+1298 Ghent, Flanders) He was crowned in 1286 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa. Died in 1291 in Barcelona. Buried firstly in the Franciscan Convent in Barcelona, later reburied in the Cathedral of Barcelona. Eleanor of England (who never married King Alfonso III in person) was buried in Westminster Abbey, London. 1291-1327: JAMES II THE JUST (Jaume II el Just; King of Sicily as James I) Born in 1267 in Valencia. Father: King Peter III of Aragon. Mother: Queen Constance of Sicily. Married firstly in 1291 at Soria Princess ISABELLA of Castile (1283 Toro,+1328). Marriage was annulled in 1295. Married secondly in 1295 at Villabertran Princess BLANCHE of Naples-Anjou (1280,+1310 Barcelona). Married thirdly in 1315 in Girona Princess MARY of Cyprus (1273,+1322 Tortosa). Married fourthly in 1322 in Tarragona ELISENDA de Moncada (1292,+1364 Pedralbes). He was crowned in 1291 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa. His issue who reigned: -ALFONSO IV (1299,+1336; son of Blanche), -Isabella (c. 1296,+1330; Queen of Germany, Duchess of Austria; daughter of Blanche). Died in 1327 in Barcelona. Buried firstly in the Franciscan Convent in Barcelona, in 1410 reburied with his second consort Queen Blanche of Naples-Anjou in Santes Creus Monastery. His first consort Queen Isabella of Castile (+1328) was buried in the Abbey of Notre-Dame de PriÃ¨res at Billiers, France. His third consort Queen Mary of Cyprus was buried in Barcelona Cathedral. His fourth consort Queen Elisenda was buried in Pedralbes Monastery, Barcelona. 1327-1336: ALFONSO IV THE KIND (Alfons IV el Benigno) Born in 1299 in Naples. Father: King James II of Aragon. Mother: Queen Blanche of Naples. Married firstly in 1314 at Lerida Theresa of Urgell (1300,+1327 Saragossa). Married secondly in 1329 at Tarragona Princess ELEANOR of Castile (1307,+1359 Castrojeriz). He was crowned in 1328 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa. His issue who reigned: PETER IV (1319,+1387; son of Theresa). Died in 1336 in Barcelona. Buried firstly in the Franciscan Convent in Barcelona. In 1369 he was reburied in the Franciscan Monastery at LÃ©rida. In 1646 reburied in the Old Cathedral at LÃ©rida, 1773-1781 in the Church of St Lawrence at LÃ©rida and in 1781 in the New Cathedral of LÃ©rida. In 1986 he was finally laid to rest in the Old Cathedral at LÃ©rida together with his second consort Queen Eleanor of Castile. His first consort Princess Theresa of Urgell was buried in the Monastery of St Francis in Saragossa. 1336-1387: PETER IV THE CEREMONIOUS (Pere IV el CerimoniÃ³s) Born in 1319 at Balaguer. Father: King Alfonso IV of Aragon. Mother: Princess Theresa of Urgell. Married firstly in 1338 at Alagon Princess MARY of Navarre (c. 1322,+1347 Valencia). Married secondly in 1347 in Barcelona Princess ELEANOR of Portugal (1328,+1348 Exerica). Married thirdly in 1349 in Valencia Princess ELEANOR of Sicily (1325,+1375 Lerida). Married fourthly in 1377 in Barcelona SYBILLA de FortiÃ (1350,+1406 Barcelona). He was crowned in 1336 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa. His fourth consort Sybilla de FortiÃ was crowned in 1381 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa. His issue who reigned: -Constance (1343,+1363; Queen of Sicily; daughter of Maria), -JOHN I (1350,+1396; son of Eleanor of Sicily), -MARTIN I (1356,+1410; son of Eleanor of Sicily), -Eleanor (1358,+1382; Queen of Castile; daughter of Eleanor of Sicily). Died in 1387 in Barcelona. Buried firstly in Barcelona. In 1391 reburied with his first three queens in the Abbey of Poblet. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona. His fourth Queen Sybilla de FortiÃ was buried in the Cathedral of Barcelona. 1387-1396: JOHN I THE HUNTER (Joan I el CaÃ§ador) Born in 1350 in Perpignan. Father: King Peter IV of Aragon. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Sicily. Married firstly in 1373 in Barcelona Martha of Armagnac (+1378 Saragossa). Married secondly in 1380 in Montpellier YOLANDE of Bar (1365,+1431 Barcelona). His issue who reigned: Joanna (1375,+1407; married Count Matthew of Foix, Prince of Andorra). He was crowned with his consort Yolande of Bar in 1388 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa. Died in 1396 at FoixÃ¡. Buried with his both consorts, Princess Martha and Queen Yolande in the Abbey of Poblet. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona. 1396-1410: MARTIN I (Marti I; King of Sicily) Born in 1356 at Girona. Father: King Peter IV of Aragon. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Sicily. Married firstly in 1372 in Barcelona MARIA Lopez de Luna (+1406 Villareal). Married secondly in c. 1407 at Bellresguard MARGARET de Prades (1387,+1429 Riudoms). He was crowned in 1399 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa. His issue who reigned: Martin I (1376,+1409; King of Sicily; son of Maria). Died in 1410 in Barcelona. Buried firstly in Barcelona. Translated with his first Queen Maria de Luna (no tomb) to the Abbey at Poblet in 1460. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona. His second consort Queen Margaret had been buried in the Monastery of BonrepÃ²s and in 1475 translated to and reburied in Santes Creus Monastery. 1410-1412: INTERREGNUM HOUSE OF TRASTAMARA (Casa de TrastÃ¡mara) 1412-1416: FERDINAND I (Ferran I d’Antequera; King of Sicily) Born in 1380 at Medina del Campo. Father: King John I of Castile. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Aragon. Married in 1393 Princess ELEANOR of Castile (1374,+1435 Medina del Campo). He was crowned with his consort Eleanor of Castile in 1414 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa. His issue who reigned: -ALFONSO V (1396,+1458), -JOHN II (1398,+1479), -Eleanor (1402,+1445; Queen of Portugal), -Maria (1403,+1445; Queen of Castile). Died in 1416 at Igualada. Buried in the Abbey of Poblet, Spain. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona. His Queen Eleanor of Castile was buried in the Convent of Santa Maria la Real at Medina del Campo (no tomb), although her cenotaph is next to her husband's tomb in Poblet. 1416-1458: ALFONSO V THE MAGNANIMOUS (Alfons V el Magnanim; King of Naples and Sicily) Born in 1396 at Medina del Campo. Father: King Ferdinand I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Castile. Married in 1415 at Valencia Princess MARY of Castile (1401 Segovia,+1458 Valencia). He was enthroned in 1416 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa but never crowned. Died in 1458 in Naples. Buried firstly in the Convent of San Domenico in Naples. Reburied in the Abbey of Poblet in 1671. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona. His Queen Mary of Castile was buried in the Monastery of the Holy Trinity at Valencia. 1458-1479: JOHN II (Joan II; King of Navarre and Sicily) Born in 1398 at Medina del Campo. Father: King Ferdinand I of Aragon and Sicily. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Castile. Married firstly in 1420 in Pampeluna Queen Blanche II of Navarre (1391,+1441 S. Maria de Nieva). Married secondly in 1447 in Calataiud JOANNA (Juana) Enriquez (c. 1425,+1468 Tarragona). He was enthroned in 1458 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa but never crowned. His issue who reigned: -Eleanor (1426,+1479; Queen of Navarre; daughter of Blanche). -FERDINAND II (1452,+1516; son of Joannna), -Joanna (1454,+1517; Queen of Naples; daughter of Joanna). Died in 1479 in Barcelona. Buried with his second consort Queen Joanna in the Abbey of Poblet. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona. His first consort Queen Blanche of Navarre was buried in the Convent of S. Maria la Real de Nieva. 1479-1516: FERDINAND II THE CATHOLIC (Ferran II el CatÃ³lico; King of Castile, Naples and Sicily) Born in 1452 at Sos. Father: King John II of Aragon. Mother: Juana Enriquez. Married firstly in 1469 at Valladolid Queen ISABELLA the Catholic of Castile (1451 Madrigal de las Altas Torres,+1504 Medina del Campo). Married secondly in 1505 at Blois GERMAINE of Foix (1488 Narbonne,+1538 Liria). He was enthroned in 1479 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa but never crowned. His issue who reigned: -Isabella (1470,+1498; Queen of Portugal; daughter of Isabella), -Joanna (1479,+1555; Queen of Castile; daughter of Isabella), -Maria (1482,+1517; Queen of Portugal; daughter of Isabella), -Catherine (1485,+1536; Queen of England; daughter of Isabella). Died in 1516 at Madrigalejo. Buried with his first consort Queen Isabella the Catholic in the Royal Chapel in Granada. His second consort Queen Germaine was buried in the Monastery of San Miguel de los Reyes in Valencia. 1516: ARAGON UNITED WITH CASTILE (KINGDOM OF SPAIN).
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"https://cdn-ipdcn.nitrocdn.com/fZcuQLcltDCDmWeEGOvFECQNXPtvcUZi/assets/images/source/rev-9aa3998/fascinatingspain.com/wp-content/uploads/Sello_SF_2023_crema.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Fascinating Spain" ]	2021-09-29T14:26:05+00:00	Juana gave birth to a child who would change the history of Spain and who would be known as Ferdinand the Catholic.	en	https://cdn-ipdcn.nitroc…gspain-32x32.png	Fascinating Spain	https://fascinatingspain.com/legend-of-spain/legends-of-aragon/ferdinand-catholic-born-aragon-not-navarre/	It was March 1452. The Iberian Peninsula was divided into different kingdoms, whose inhabitants paid homage to different kings. Likewise, in the kingdom of Navarre blood was flowing due to a civil conflict between its king John II of Aragon, who would soon become the father of a little boy named Ferdinand, and his son the prince of Viana. By then Juan’s wife, Juana Enriquez, with an already bulging belly, was residing in the castle of Sangüesa, which belonged to Navarre. When the birth was imminent, the queen decided to leave Sangüesa to have her child in the kingdom of Aragon. Juana then moved to the border town of Sos, now renamed Sos del Rey Católico. It was there that Juana gave birth to a child who would change the history of Spain and who would be known as Ferdinand the Catholic. Why did the queen make this decision? Was there something special about Sos? Was there something wrong in Sangüesa? A neglected king To understand the reasons that led Juana Enriquez to travel to Sos, we must stop for a moment to observe what was happening in the kingdom of Navarre. Well, there ruled, as already mentioned, John II of Aragon. However, this monarch was for most of his reign more interested in the kingdom of Castile than in his own, neglecting his duties on the throne. There, in Castile, Juan II had his goods confiscated and his revenues seized on two occasions, in 1429 and 1444. In both dates the monarch of the kingdom of Navarre, annoyed, confronted the monarch of Castile and on both occasions he lost. In the kingdom of Navarre these wars, declared by a ruler who did not care about them, were very unpopular among the population. Meanwhile, his wife at the time, Blanca I of Navarre, ruled the kingdom. However, in 1441, the queen died after having three children with her husband. In her will, Blanca I named her son, known as Carlos de Viana or Prince of Viana, as universal heir to the kingdom of Navarre. But she begged him not to take the title ‘without the benevolence and blessing of his father’. A civil war between father and son Don Juan took advantage of that loophole to continue with the title of king and named the prince lieutenant general, who was the one who took charge of the kingdom, while his father was still engrossed in his Castilian interests. But with the defeat of Juan II in 1445, the monarch had to return to Navarre. It was then when the balance between father and son was broken, because, as Abella points out, Juan II ‘brought his Castilian supporters and distributed rents and perks among them, stripping them from his son’s followers’. This already delicate context was further aggravated when John II married a second wife, Juana Enriquez, daughter of a powerful Castilian nobleman. The monarch of Navarre continued to demonstrate, time and again, that his interests were in Castile. In addition, with that marriage, Juan II supposedly lost the rights he held thanks to his first wife, among which was the title of king. Thus, when the new queen went to Olite, Prince Charles decided to flee the kingdom. In 1851, the prince’s supporters took up arms, supported by Castilian troops. On the other hand, King Juan II obtained the support of the kingdom of Aragon, since his brother was the monarch of Aragon and Juan held the title of lieutenant general. The civil war in the kingdom of Navarre had begun. The birth of Ferdinand the Catholic It was at this delicate moment, when the monarchs resided in the municipality of Sangüesa, in Navarre, a town that had good communication with the Aragonese border towns. When childbirth was imminent, Juana Enríquez decided that it was time to move to Aragon, a kingdom that was not officially at war and by which they were supported. The first fortified village along the way was Sos. There, he was able to find shelter in the palace of the Sada, a residence where the kings had already stayed on more than one occasion.
22709	yago	1	2	https://www.theroyalforums.com/threads/king-juan-ii-the-great-of-aragon-and-queen-blanche-i-of-navarre.15819/	en	King Juan II 'The Great' of Aragon and Queen Blanche I of Navarre	https://www.theroyalforu…_royalforums.png	https://www.theroyalforu…_royalforums.png	[ "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/assets/logo/Logo_royalforums.png", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/assets/logo/Logo_royalforums.png", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/styles/default/xenforo/add_to_home.gif", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/4/4844.jpg?1708905701", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/4/4844.jpg?1708905701", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/4/4844.jpg?1708905701", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/4/4844.jpg?1708905701", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/4/4844.jpg?1708905701", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/51/51037.jpg?1710332227", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/proxy.php?image=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F9%2F96%2FJoan_II_d%2527Arag%25C3%25B3.jpg%2F288px-Joan_II_d%2527Arag%25C3%25B3.jpg&hash=0cdf785507c451f677d065d943c97a9b", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/51/51037.jpg?1710332227", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/proxy.php?image=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fit%2Fc%2Fcd%2FBianca_di_Navarra.jpg&hash=c87fdbcfd33fd30bddb02f3ca233d936", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/76/76042.jpg?1708651953", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/m/79/79094.jpg?1708414986", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/76/76042.jpg?1708651953", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/51/51037.jpg?1710332227", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/76/76042.jpg?1708651953", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/51/51037.jpg?1710332227", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/76/76042.jpg?1708651953", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/51/51037.jpg?1710332227", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/76/76042.jpg?1708651953", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/79/79094.jpg?1708414986", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/76/76042.jpg?1708651953", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/79/79094.jpg?1708414986", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/5/5355.jpg?1708686662", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/5/5355.jpg?1708686662", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/5/5355.jpg?1708686662", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/5/5355.jpg?1708686662", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/28/28725.jpg?1708414881", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/14/14233.jpg?1708414865", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/avatars/s/6/6742.jpg?1708823777", "https://www.theroyalforums.com/data/assets/logos/logo_footer_royalforums.png", "https://t1.extreme-dm.com/i.gif", "https://e0.extreme-dm.com/s9.g?login=royalfor&j=n&jv=n" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2008-02-07T11:43:31-05:00	Juan II ‘The Great’, King of Aragon, Sardinia and Sicily, King Consort of Navarre (Medina del Campo, 29 June 1397 – Barcelona, 20 January 1479); married...	en	/data/assets/logo/icon_192_royalforums.png	The Royal Forums	https://www.theroyalforums.com/threads/king-juan-ii-the-great-of-aragon-and-queen-blanche-i-of-navarre.15819/	Juan II ‘The Great’, King of Aragon, Sardinia and Sicily, King Consort of Navarre (Medina del Campo, 29 June 1397 – Barcelona, 20 January 1479); married 1stly in Olite on 6 November 1419 Blanche I, Queen of Navarre (?,? 1385 – Santa María la Real de Nieva, 3 April 1441); Juan married 2ndly in ? on 1 April 1444 Juana Enriquez y Fernández de Cordoba, Countess of Melba and Rueda(?,?, Torrelobation, 1425 - Tarragona, 13 February 1468); Blanche previously married by proxy in Cataniaon 21 May 1402 and in person on 26 December 1402, King Martin I of Sicily (?,?, 1374 — Cagliari, 25 July 1409) Reign Juan: 1459 - 1479 Reign Blanche: 1425 - 1441 Dynasty Juan:Trastámara Dynasty Blanche: Evreux Predecessor Juan: King Alfonso V of Aragon Predecessor Blanche: King Carlos III of Navarre Successor Juan: King Fernando II of Aragon, King Consort of Castile Successor Blanche: Queen Leonor I of Navarre (or Carlos IV, King of Navarre) Children Juan & Blanche: Prince Carlos of Aragon & Navarre, Prince of Viana (or King Carlos IV of Navarre); Princess Juana of Aragon & Navarre; Queen Blanca of Castile and Queen Leonor I of Navarre Children Juan & Juana: King Fernando II of Aragon and Queen Juana of Napels Son Blanche & Martin: Prince Martin of Sicily Parents Juan: King Fernando I of Aragon and Princess Leonor of Alburquerque (Castile) Parents Blanche: King Carlos III of Navarre and Princess Leonor of Castile Parents Juana: Fadrique Enríquez, Count of Melba and Marina Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala Parents Martin: King Martin I of Aragon and Countess Maria of Luna Siblings Juan: King Alfonso V of Aragon; Queen Maria of Castile; Prince Enrique of Aragon, Duke of Villena, Count of Alburquerque and Empuries; Queen Leonor of Portugal; Prince Pedro of Aragon, Count of Alburquerque and Duke of Noto and Prince Sancho of Aragon Siblings Blanche: Countess Juana of Foix; Princess Marie and Princess Margarita of Navarre; Beatriz de Bourbon, Countess of La Marche; Countess Isabel of Armagnac; Prince Carlos of Navarre, Prince of Viana and Prince Luis of Navarre, Prince of Viana Brother Juana:Alfonso Enríquez, Count of Melba Siblings Martin: Prince Jaime, Prince Juan and Princess Margarita of Aragon John II the Great (June 29, 1397 – January 20, 1479) was the King of Aragon (1458–1479) and a king consort of Navarre (1425–1479). He was the son of Ferdinand I and his wife Eleanor of Alburquerque. John is regarded as one of the most memorable and most unscrupulous kings of the 15th century. In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II. Till middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was engaged in incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile, that was to create the Kingdom of Spain. His trouble with his subjects were closely connected with the tragic dissension in his own family. John was first married to the Queen Blanche I of Navarre of the house of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king consort of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But a son, Charles, given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard his son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, this grew into absolute hatred and was encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside Read the entire wikipeida article here. Blanche I of Navarre (1385–April 3, 1441) was Queen regnant of Navarre from 1425 to 1441. She was the daughter of King Charles III of Navarre and Eleanor, Infanta of Castile (died 1416). Blanche married firstly Martin the Younger, King of Sicily and Crown Prince of Aragon. They were married by proxy on May 21, 1402 in Catania. Blanche travelled to meet her new husband and they were married in person on December 26, 1402. The bride was about eleven years old and the groom twenty-eight. Martin had survived his previous wife and former co-ruler Mary of Sicily and their only son. He was in need of legitimate heirs. However Martin and Blanche only had one son: Read the entire wikipedia article here.
22709	yago	2	54	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236921	en	Juana Enríquez	https://upload.wikimedia…nr%C3%ADquez.png	https://upload.wikimedia…nr%C3%ADquez.png	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Juana_Enr%C3%ADquez.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Coat_of_Arms_of_Juana_Enr%C3%ADquez%2C_Queen_of_Aragon.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Juana_Enr%C3%ADquez%2C_Queen_of_Aragon.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Aragonese queen	en	/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png		https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236921
22709	yago	2	9	https://familypedia.fandom.com/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon_(1397-1479)	en	John II of Aragon (1397-1479)	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/genealogy/images/9/90/Male_Icon.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/18?cb=20090604073330", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Familypedia" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	John II Trastámara of Aragon, King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, King of Valencia, King of Sardinia, King of Majorca, Count of Roussillon, Count of Cerdagne, King of Sicily, was born 29 June 1397 in Medina del Campo to Fernando I of Aragon (1380-1416) and Eleanor de Alburquerque (1374-1435) and...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Familypedia	https://familypedia.fandom.com/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon_(1397-1479)	Biography John II Trastámara of Aragon, King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, King of Valencia, King of Sardinia, King of Majorca, Count of Roussillon, Count of Cerdagne, King of Sicily, was born 29 June 1397 in Medina del Campo to Fernando I of Aragon (1380-1416) and Eleanor de Alburquerque (1374-1435) and died 20 January 1479 Barcelona of unspecified causes. He married Blanche I of Navarre (1387-1441) 10 June 1420 JL . He married Juana Enriquez de Córdoba (1425-1468) 1444 JL in Torrelabaton. Children Offspring of John II of Aragon and Blanche I of Navarre (1387-1441) Name Birth Death Joined with Carlos of Viana (1421-1461) 29 May 1421 23 September 1461 Agnes von Kleve (1422-1446)Brianda de Vaca (?-?) Juana of Aragon (1423-1425) Blanca of Navarre (1424-1464) 9 June 1424 Olite 2 December 1464 Orthe Henry IV of Castile (1425-1474) Eleanor of Aragon (1426-1479) 2 February 1426 Olite, Navarre, Spain 12 February 1479 Tudela, Navarre, Spain Gaston IV de Foix (1423-1472) Offspring of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez de Córdoba (1425-1468) Name Birth Death Joined with Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516) 10 March 1452 Sos del Rey Católico, Aragon 23 January 1516 Madrigalejo, Extremadura Isabella I of Castile (1451-1504)Germaine de Foix (1488-1536) Joanna of Aragon (1454-1517) 16 June 1454 9 January 1517 Ferdinand I of Naples (1423-1494) ‡ General wikipedia:en:John_II_of_Aragon
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Timelines	https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/isabella-and-ferdinand	Alhambra Decree(Edict of Expulsion) Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (Catholic Monarchs) ordered that all Jews be expelled from Spain and its territories by July 31 of that year. Ferdinand of II violated this treaty by forcing all Muslims in Castile or Aragon to convert to Catholicism or else be expelled. This was also used on the Jewish population of Spain. Christopher Columbus' First Voyage Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon sponser Columbus on his first voyage, which led to the discovery of San Salvador (now known as the Bahamas) and also led to the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. Treaty of Granada Ferdinand II of Aragon signed an agreement with Louis XII of France stating that Ferdinand would support French claims in Naples in exchange for getting territories for himself in the division of the kingdom. Christopher Columbus' Fourth Voyage Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile sponsor Columbus on his fourth and final voyage in a search for the Straight of Maracca, only to find themselves stranded on Jamaica for a year. Battle of Cerignola The first battle known to be won using gunpowder small arms, it was a battle between Spanish and French forces in in Cerignola, near Bari, Southern Italy. The Spanish forces, with 8,000 men, mroe than 1000 arequebusiers, 20 cannons defeated the French, which only had a force of 20,000 men, mainly cavalry and swiss mercenary pikemen, and about 40 cannons. Battle of Garigliano The Spanish and French troops were separated by a river, and had by that point tried to cross it several times to no avail. The night of the 28, Spanish troops went to work building a bridge out of boats and barrels, and sneaking past the view of the French, made it across the Garigliano. By the next morning, over 6,000 had crossed and they attacked. When the 300 crossbowmen fled along with 300 French troops, the Spaniards took over the town.
22709	yago	2	8	https://kids.kiddle.co/John_II_of_Aragon	en	John II of Aragon facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…28cropped%29.jpg	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…28cropped%29.jpg	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/e/ee/SOAOTO_-_Folio_067R_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/7/70/Carlino_Giovanni_II.jpg/300px-Carlino_Giovanni_II.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/d/d5/Ducado_aragon%C3%A9s_Juan_II_de_Arag%C3%B3n_%281453%29.jpg/300px-Ducado_aragon%C3%A9s_Juan_II_de_Arag%C3%B3n_%281453%29.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5f/Kids_robot.svg/60px-Kids_robot.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn John II of Aragon facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/John_II_of_Aragon	John II (Spanish: Juan II, Catalan: Joan II, Aragonese: Chuan II and Basque: Joanes II; 29 June 1398 – 20 January 1479), called the Great (el Gran) or the Faithless (el Sense Fe), was King of Aragon from 1458 until his death in 1479. As the husband of Queen Blanche I of Navarre, he was King of Navarre from 1425 to 1479. John was also King of Sicily from 1458 to 1468. Biography John was born at Medina del Campo (in the Crown of Castile), the son of King Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque. In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II of Castile. Until middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was preoccupied by incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella I of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile and which was to create the Kingdom of Spain. His troubles with his subjects were closely connected with tragic dissensions within his own family. John was first married to Blanche I of Navarre of the house of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But one son, Charles, given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard this son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, it grew into absolute hatred, being encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, however, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside. There followed the long Navarrese Civil War, with alternations of success and defeat, ending only with the death of the prince of Viana, possibly by poison administered by his father in 1461. The Catalans, who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of their own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders in the Catalan Civil War. John spent his last years contending with them. He was forced to pawn Roussillon, his possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to King Louis XI of France, who refused to part with it. In his old age John was blinded by cataracts, but recovered his eyesight with an operation (couching) conducted by his physician Abiathar Crescas, a Jew. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but until his death in 1479 John carried on a war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbor the French king. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already married to Isabella I of Castile. With his death and son's accession to the throne of Aragon, the unification of Spain under one royal house began in earnest. Marriages and issue From his first marriage to Blanche of Navarre, John had the following children: Charles, Prince of Viana (1421–1461) Juana (1423 – 22 August 1425) Blanche II of Navarre (1424–1464) Eleanor of Navarre (1426-1479) From his second marriage to Juana Enríquez, John had the following children: Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516). Married Isabella I of Castile. Joanna of Aragon (1455–1517). Married Ferdinand I of Naples. Illegitimate children: Alfonso de Aragón y de Escobar (1417-1495), Duke of Villahermosa Juan de Aragón (1440–1475), Archbishop of Zaragoza Felipe de Carrayos del Radona (Phillipe del Radona) See also
22709	yago	2	55	https://kids.kiddle.co/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon	en	Ferdinand II of Aragon facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…l_Sittow_004.jpg	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…l_Sittow_004.jpg	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/2/2d/Michel_Sittow_004.jpg/300px-Michel_Sittow_004.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/7/73/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_signature.svg/125px-Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_signature.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/b/bf/Foruak.jpg/300px-Foruak.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/3/33/Columbian_Issue_1893-5c.jpg/300px-Columbian_Issue_1893-5c.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/0/08/Fernando_e_Isabel.jpg/300px-Fernando_e_Isabel.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/2/2f/Fernando_II_entre_dos_escudos_del_Se%C3%B1al_Real_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg/210px-Fernando_II_entre_dos_escudos_del_Se%C3%B1al_Real_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/6/6f/Fernando_el_Cat%C3%B3lico_01.jpg/230px-Fernando_el_Cat%C3%B3lico_01.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/c/c9/Capilla_real_tombs.jpg/300px-Capilla_real_tombs.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/0/0e/Ferdinand_of_Aragon.jpg/230px-Ferdinand_of_Aragon.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/e/e2/FerdinandCatholic.jpg/230px-FerdinandCatholic.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Queen_Isabella_of_Castile_%281474-1492%29.svg/148px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Queen_Isabella_of_Castile_%281474-1492%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/1/19/Coat_of_Arms_of_Queen_Isabella_of_Castile_%281492-1504%29.svg/152px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Queen_Isabella_of_Castile_%281492-1504%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/b/bf/Blas%C3%B3n_de_Fernando_II_de_Arag%C3%B3n_en_la_Aljafer%C3%ADa.jpg/133px-Blas%C3%B3n_de_Fernando_II_de_Arag%C3%B3n_en_la_Aljafer%C3%ADa.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_%281479-1492%29.svg/198px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_%281479-1492%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/6/6d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_with_supporters_%281513-1516%29.svg/225px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_with_supporters_%281513-1516%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs_%281474-1492%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs_%281474-1492%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/3/3a/Arms_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs_%281492-1504%29.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs_%281492-1504%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_%281504-1513%29.svg/98px-Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_%281504-1513%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/f/f9/Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_%281513-1516%29.svg/98px-Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_%281513-1516%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/b/b2/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_as_Lord_of_Biscay.svg/144px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon_as_Lord_of_Biscay.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5f/Kids_robot.svg/60px-Kids_robot.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn Ferdinand II of Aragon facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon	Ferdinand II (Aragonese: Ferrando; Catalan: Ferran; Basque: Errando; Spanish: Fernando; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was the king of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516. As the husband of Queen Isabella I of Castile, he was also the king of Castile from 1475 to 1504 (as Ferdinand V). He reigned jointly with Isabella over a dynastically unified Spain; together they are known as the Catholic Monarchs. Ferdinand is considered the de facto first king of Spain, and was described as such during his reign, even though, legally, Castile and Aragon remained two separate kingdoms until they were formally united by the Nueva Planta decrees issued between 1707 and 1716. The Crown of Aragon that Ferdinand inherited in 1479 included the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, and Sicily, as well as the principality of Catalonia. His marriage to Queen Isabella I of Castile is regarded as the "cornerstone in the foundation of the Spanish monarchy". Ferdinand and Isabella played a major role in the European colonization of the Americas, sponsoring the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. That year the couple defeated Granada, the last Muslim state in Western Europe, thus completing the centuries-long Reconquista. Ferdinand was the king of the Crown of Castile until Isabella's death in 1504, when their daughter Joanna became queen. That year, after a war with France, Ferdinand conquered the Kingdom of Naples. In 1507 he became regent of Castile on behalf of Joanna, who was alleged to be mentally unstable. In 1506, as part of a treaty with France, Ferdinand married Germaine of Foix, but there were no surviving children. In 1512 he conquered the Kingdom of Navarre, ruling all the territories comprising modern-day Spain until his death in 1516. He was nominally succeeded by his daughter Joanna but power was soon assumed by her son Charles I (later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). Early life Ferdinand was born on 10 March 1452, in the town of Sos del Rey Católico, Kingdom of Aragon, as the son of John II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez. Marriage and accession Ferdinand married Isabella, the half-sister and heir presumptive of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon. Isabella also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara, and the two were second cousins by descent from John I of Castile. They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement on sharing power, and under the joint motto "tanto monta, monta tanto". He became jure uxoris King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her deceased brother in 1474. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joanna, the purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union. The various states were not formally administered as a single unit, but as separate political units under the same Crown. (The legal merging of Aragon and Castile into a single Spain occurred under Philip V in 1707–1715.) The first years of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule saw the Spanish conquest of the Emirate of Granada, the last Islamic al-Andalus entity on the Iberian peninsula, completed in 1492. The completion of the Reconquista was not the only significant act performed by Ferdinand and Isabella in that year. In March 1492, the monarchs issued the Edict of Expulsion of the Jews, also called the Alhambra Decree, a document which ordered all Jews either to be baptised and convert to Christianity or to leave the country. It allowed Mudéjar Moors (Islamic) and converso Marrano Jews to stay, while expelling all unconverted Jews from Castile and Aragon (most Jews either converted or moved to the Ottoman Empire). 1492 was also the year in which the monarchs commissioned Christopher Columbus to find a westward maritime route for access to Asia, which resulted in the Spanish arrival in the Americas. In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the entire world beyond Europe between Portugal and Castile (Spain) for conquest and dominion purposes – by a north–south line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean. Forced conversions Ferdinand abrogated a section of the 1491 Treaty of Granada peace treaty in 1502 by dismissing the clearly guaranteed religious freedom for Mudéjar Muslims. Ferdinand forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert, converso Moriscos, to Catholicism, or else be expelled. Some of the Muslims who remained were mudéjar artisans, who could design and build in the Moorish style. This was also practised by the Spanish inquisitors on the converso Marrano Jewish population of Spain. The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes with successive kings of France over control of Italy, the Italian Wars. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II, who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and step nephew, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand II, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following Ferdinand II's death and accession of his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart and, over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba fought to take Naples from the French, finally succeeding by 1504. Some time before 1502 Andreas Palaiologos, the last exiled claimant to the Byzantine throne of his house, sold his titles and royal and imperial rights to Ferdinand. Those, however, had never been made use of, due to the doubtful nature of the deal. After Isabella Isabella made her will on 12 October 1504, in advance of her 26 November 1504 death. In it she spelled out the succession to the crown of Castile, leaving it to Joanna and then to Joanna's son Charles. Isabella was dubious of Joanna's ability to rule and was not confident of Joanna's husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand moved quickly after his wife's death to continue his role in Castile. On the day of his wife's death, he formally renounced his title as king of Castile and instead became governor (gobernador) of the kingdom, as a way to become regent. Philip deemed his wife sane and fit to rule. A compromise was forged between Philip and Ferdinand, which gave Ferdinand a continued role in Castile. Ferdinand had served as Joanna's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband. In the Treaty of Villafáfila of 1506, Ferdinand renounced not only the government of Castile in favor of Philip but also the lordship of the Indies, withholding half of the income of the "kingdoms of the Indies". Joanna and Philip immediately added to their titles the kingdoms of Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea. But the Treaty of Villafáfila did not hold for long because of the death of Philip; Ferdinand returned as regent of Castile and as "lord of the Indies". The widowed Ferdinand made an alliance with France in July 1505 and married Germaine of Foix, cementing the alliance with France. She was the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor of Navarre and niece of Louis XII of France. Had Ferdinand's son with Germaine, John, Prince of Girona, born on 3 May 1509, survived, "the crown of Aragon would inevitably been separated from Castile" and denied his grandson Charles the crown of Aragon. But the infant Prince John died within hours and was buried in the convent of Saint Paul in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon, and later transferred to Poblet Monastery, Vimbodí i Poblet, Catalonia, Kingdom of Aragon, traditional burial site of the kings of Aragon. Ferdinand had no legal position in Castile, with the cortes of Toro recognizing Joanna and her children as heirs and Ferdinand left Castile in July 1506. After his son-in-law Philip's untimely death in September 1506, Castile was in crisis. Joanna was allegedly mentally unstable, and Joanna's and Philip's son, Charles, the future Emperor Charles V, was only six years old. Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom, was made regent, but the upper nobility reasserted itself. Ferdinand led an army against Pedro Fernández de Córdoba y Pacheco, the marquis of Priego of Córdoba, who had seized control there by force. In 1508 war resumed in Italy, this time against the Republic of Venice, in which all the other powers with interests on the Italian peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand II, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League of Cambrai soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the 'Holy League' was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against Louis XII and France. In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law King Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against Navarre and France ahead of the Spanish invasion of Navarre as of July 1512. After the fall of Granada in 1492, he had manoeuvred for years to take over the throne of the Basque kingdom, ruled by Queen Catherine of Navarre and King John III of Navarre, also lords of Béarn and other sizeable territories north of the Pyrenees and in Gascony. Ferdinand annexed Navarre first to the Crown of Aragon, but later, under the pressure of Castilian noblemen, to the Crown of Castile. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however. Ferdinand II died on 23 January 1516 in Madrigalejo, Extremadura, Kingdom of Castile and Leon. He is entombed at Capilla Real, Granada. His wife Isabella, daughter Joanna, and son-in-law Philip rest beside him there. Legacy and succession Ferdinand and Isabella established a highly effective sovereignty under equal terms. They utilised a prenuptial agreement to lay down their terms. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to his joint motto of equality: "Tanto monta [or monta tanto], Isabel como Fernando" ("They amount to the same, Isabel and Ferdinand"). Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, or at least more united than it ever had been; the crown power was centralised, at least in name; the reconquista was successfully concluded; the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid; a legal framework was created; the church was reformed. Even without the benefit of the American expansion, Spain would have been a major European power. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for the first modern world power. During the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain pursued alliances through marriage with Portugal, Habsburg Austria, and Burgundy. Their first-born daughter Isabella was married to Alfonso of Portugal, and their first-born son John was married to Margaret of Austria. However, the deaths of these children, and the death of Isabella, altered the succession plan forcing Ferdinand to yield the government of Castile to Philip of Habsburg the husband of his second daughter Joanna. In 1502, the members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Zaragoza, and Parliaments of the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia in Barcelona, as members of the Crown of Aragon, swore an oath of loyalty to their daughter Joanna as heiress, but Alonso de Aragón, Archbishop of Saragossa, stated firmly that this oath was invalid and did not change the law of succession which could only be done by formal legislation by the Cortes with the King. So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon, and his grandson Charles became Governor General (regent). Nevertheless, the Flemish wished that Charles assume the royal title, and this was supported by his paternal grandfather the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and by Pope Leo X. Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian Regent, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him as King of Aragon jointly with his mother. Ferdinand's grandson and successor Charles, was to inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Austrian and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, which would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent and, with the discoveries and conquests in the Americas and elsewhere, of the first truly global Empire. Children Main article: Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile With his wife Isabella I the Catholic (whom he married 19 October 1469), King Ferdinand had seven children: Isabella (1470–1498), Princess of Asturias (1497–1498). She married first Afonso, Prince of Portugal, then after his death married his uncle Prince Manuel, the future King Emanuel I of Portugal. She died in childbirth delivering her son Miguel da Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who, in turn, died in infancy. A son miscarried on 31 May 1475 in Cebreros John (1478–1497), Prince of Asturias (1478–1497). He married Margaret of Habsburg (daughter of Emperor Maximilian I). He died of tuberculosis and his posthumous child with Margaret was stillborn. Joanna I (1479–1555), Princess of Asturias (1500–1504), Queen of Castile (1504–1555), Queen of Aragon (1516–1555). She married Philip I (Philip the handsome) (son of Emperor Maximilian I); and was the mother of King Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor). Ferdinand made her out to be mentally unstable and she was incarcerated by him, and then by her son, in Tordesillas for over 50 years. Her grandson, Philip II of Spain, was crowned in 1556. Maria (1482–1517). She married King Emanuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella, and was the mother of King John III of Portugal and of the Cardinal-King, Henry I of Portugal. A stillborn daughter, twin of Maria. Born 1 July 1482 at dawn. Catalina (1485–1536), later known as Catherine of Aragon, queen of England. She married first Arthur, Prince of Wales, son of and heir to King Henry VII of England and, after Prince Arthur's death, she married his brother Henry, Duke of York, who also became Prince of Wales and then King Henry VIII. She thus became Queen of England and was the mother of Queen Mary I. With his second wife, Germaine of Foix, niece of Louis XII of France (whom he married on 19 October 1505 in Blois, Kingdom of France), King Ferdinand had one son: John, Prince of Girona, who died hours after being born on 3 May 1509. He also left several illegitimate children, two of them were born before his marriage to Isabella: With Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany, a Catalan noblewoman of Cervera, he had: Alonso de Aragón (1469–1520). Archbishop of Zaragoza and Viceroy of Aragon. With Joana Nicolaua: Juana de Aragón (1469 – bef. 1522). She married Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías. With Toda de Larrea: María Esperanza de Aragón (? – 1543). Abbess of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas. With Beatriz Pereira: (? – 1550). Nun at Madrigal de las Altas Torres. Heraldry Depiction in film and television Films Year Film Director(s) Actor 1951 Hare We Go Robert McKimson Mel Blanc 1976 La espada negra Francisco Rovira Beleta Juan Ribó 1985 Christopher Columbus Alberto Lattuada Nicol Williamson 1992 Christopher Columbus: The Discovery John Glen Tom Selleck 1992 1492: Conquest of Paradise Ridley Scott Fernando García Rimada 1992 Carry On Columbus Gerald Thomas Leslie Phillips 2001 Juana la Loca Vicente Aranda Héctor Colomé 2016 Assassin's Creed Justin Kurzel Thomas Camilleri TV series Year Series Channel 1980 Shaheen(Based on Naseem Hijazi Novel) PTV 1991 Réquiem por Granada TVE 2004 Memoria de España TVE 2011 Muhteşem Yüzyıl Show TV 2012 Isabel, mi reina TVE 2014 Borgia (TV series) Canal+ See also In Spanish: Fernando II de Aragón para niños
22709	yago	2	43	https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Arag%25C3%25B3n-122	en	WikiTree			[ "https://www.wikitree.com/images/wikitree-small.png.pagespeed.ce.5G9g5z_Ayb.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicon.ico		null	WIKITREE HOME \| ABOUT \| G2G FORUM \| HELP \| SEARCH IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. © 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS.
22709	yago	1	16	https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Aragon-And-Juana-Enr%25C3%25ADquez-The-King-Ferdinand-FCUNB24LRT	en	Aragon And Juana Enríquez: The King Ferdinand Of Spain			[ "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/logos/bartleby/logo-home.svg", "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/placeholders/essay_preview.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Free Essay: Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, both of Castilian origin. His father named him apparent heir and governor of all...				https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Aragon-And-Juana-Enr%C3%ADquez-The-King-Ferdinand-FCUNB24LRT	Any student of history has come to recognize the fact that history is written by the victor and in lieu of this, research becomes essential to uncover where the truth lies. The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, so ironically named, is a personal account for historical events leading up to the conquest of New Spain, formerly known as the City of Mexico. The author, Bernal Diaz, was a soldier of the conquering army who composed the document well after the events took place sometime between 1552 and 1557. Though the document did provide insight in regards to the victor’s perspective, it also served as a tool to rewrite the account of the conquered people. Many people have heard of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. However, only some know of all the things they accomplished. They might be best known for funding the voyages of Christopher Columbus, but they also greatly contributed to the unity of Spain (“Isabella l”). Together, they brought many kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula together to form what Spain is today. Through Spain’s unification, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella strengthened Spain into an economic and dominant world power, enabling the spread of Christianity and the colonization of a New World. Bernal Diaz del Castillo’s The History of the Conquest of New Spain provides an eyewitness account of the Spanish conquest over the indigenous Mayan empire. Diaz del Castillo’s recorded events serve as a way to “deepen our knowledge” and understand “the ways indigenous people struggled to maintain their sense of identity in the oppressive years of colonial society.” Indigenous women and colonial sexuality played a significant role in the imperialist conquest of New Spain. From the David Carrasco volume, Karen Vieira Powers’ “Colonial Sexuality” illustrates the adversity native women encounter against Spaniard men. In addition, the close reading of Bernal Diaz, The History of the Conquest of New Spain, explains how indigenous women were married Soldier and conqueror Bernal Díaz del Castillo in his book The True History of the Conquest of New Spain labeled Hernán Cortés “a valiant, energetic, and daring captain” and compared him to the likes of Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Hannibal. Hernán Cortés was an ambitious conquistador and eventually defeated the mighty Mexican empire. A problem, however; emerges when distinguishing between the rational and romanticized versions of Cortés’ exploits. Bernal Díaz was present during the conquest, but his account was written much later and cannot be expected to be unbiased. Modern interpretations of Cortés can piece together all document and find that he stretched the truth to further his own gains. Cortés’ personality, goals, and actions have been interpreted differently since the days of the conquest, and have changed the way the conquest has been understood. Victors and Vanquished, through excerpts of Bernal Diaz del Castillo, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, and indigenous testimonies from the Florentine Codex, shows the exchange of religious ideas between the Spanish and Nahuatl religions. During the Spanish conquest and exploration of Mesoamerica, religion became a focal point in Spanish observations of Nahuatl religions. Influenced by European biases and a colonial mindset, the Spanish criticized indigenous religion by condemning their practices and idols. Natives, on the other hand, hybridized elements of Christianity into their respective indigenous religions. In Victors and the Vanquished, Schwartz poses the question of “How can we evaluate conflicting sources” (ix)? Through reading historical events such as the “Conquest of New Spain” there is an undeniably large amount of destruction of cultural material and bias testimonies of events recorded several years after they occurred. After analyzing the Spanish Conquest of Mesoamerica there is a debatable amount of evidence from the Mesoamericans and Spanish explanations of this event in history. The intentions of each explanation created a conflict to historians, art historians and anthropologists on which viewpoint holds to accuracy. There is also the issue of not only inaccuracies, but the motives behind each bias account. As many of these aspects are taken into consideration, interpreting each justification between both sides of history in Mesoamerica as a clash of ethnocentrism between two different cultures that causes an uncertainty of what actually happened in history. Cortés came not to the New World to conquer by force, but by manipulation. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, in the "Conquest of New Spain," describes how Cortés and his soldiers manipulated the Aztec people and their king Montezuma from the time they traveled from Iztapalaopa to the time when Montezuma took Cortés to the top of the great Cue and showed him the whole of Mexico and its countryside, and the three causeways which led into Mexico. Castillo's purpose for recording the mission was to keep an account of the wealth of Montezuma and Mexico, the traditions, and the economic potential that could benefit Cortés' upcoming conquest. However, through these recordings, we are able to see and understand Cortés' Since the first humans picked up rocks and killed each other, war has grown and changed, going from a way to solve small disputes to a massive enterprise involving all of a country’s resources. One example of such a war would have to be the one between Spain and England in the 1500’s. What started as a mere religious conflict soon became much more, with the full naval might of the two countries facing off. It culminated in a huge battle between the massive Spanish Armada and the much smaller English fleet. With superior strategy, ships, and confidence, the English managed to not only fend off the Spanish but handily defeat them, preventing what could have been a huge invasion and disaster. Queen Elizabeth herself came to rally the troops, giving them the confidence to triumph over the Spanish (Kallen, 2013). It is apparent that this battle was a major battle and turning point in history. If the Spanish had won, history would be completely different. It is for this reason that is can be considered a major turning point in history. Over a thousand years ago, Europe experienced one of its greatest periods of cultural enlightenment.Islam in Spain has had a fundamental presence in the culture and history of the nation. The religion was present inmodern Spanish soil from 711 until 1492 under the rule of the Arabs and Moors of al-Andalus.Islamic Spain was a multi-cultural mix of the people of three great monotheistic religions: Muslims,Christians, and Jews.For more than three centuries in Medieval Spain, Muslims, Jews and Christians lived together and prospered in a thriving multicultural civilization. Here, remarkable individuals of different faiths made lasting contributions in such areas as poetry, art, architecture, music, dining etiquette, science, agriculture, During the 15th century, many considered Spain insignificant. However, within a century it became a world-dominant power in Europe. Although Spain only took a brief time to rise, it was also short-lived. The rise of Spain was due to its flourishing culture, stable political system and successful voyages to the New World. On the other hand, its decline was due to religious control, resistance from other countries and inflation. The fascinating and beautiful country of Spain is one of the largest countries in Europe. The history that Spain has had has left great stories to tell and remarkable landmarks to visit. Spain is located in the south west corner of Europe, with its neighboring countries, Portugal and France. It has a population of forty million plus people, but almost one-third of the nation’s population is foreigners that reside in its territory. One of the most important facts about Spain is that its economy is one of the largest in the world. Spain is currently in a recession, with low employment rates and poverty. What were “New Monarchies”? The Middle Ages were the peak of the “New Monarchs.” These monarchies lasted from 1460 to 1550. The “Roman Law” was used by the “New Monarchs.” This law is “civil law.” They proclaimed themselves the rulers of countries, and had the power to create their own laws. In the years before the 17th century, the monarchs did not have autocracy. These monarchs increased taxes on the nobles, and seized their land when they were not cooperative. The monarchies power grew with the “military revolution,” which is when the military plan changed causing the government to also change. The Church’s power was decreased by the monarchs. Monarchs also took out loans which caused an increment in debt. There were three main monarchies: France, England, and Spain.
22709	yago	2	14	https://www.ourfamtree.org/browse.php/John-II-of-Aragon/f129011	en	John II of Aragon + Juana Enriquez	https://www.ourfamtree.o…an_II_dArago.jpg	https://www.ourfamtree.o…an_II_dArago.jpg	[ "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/logo.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/new.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/new.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/new.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/generic.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/generic.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/generic.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/generic.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/arrowdn2light.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/thumb/2/8/sm_288px-Joan_II_dArago.jpg", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/flags/worldother.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/flags/worldother.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/flags/worldother.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/clearpix.gif", "https://www.ourfamtree.org/images/bio/refW.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	John II of Aragon, b.29 JUN 1397, Valladolid, Castille, Spain, son of Ferdinand I of Aragon + Eleanor of Alburquerque; + Juana Enriquez, b.1425, Valladolid, Castille, Spain	en			https://www.ourfamtree.org/browse.php/John-II-of-Aragon/f129011	Grand ParentsJohn I of Castile + Eleanor Of Aragon Queen Of CastileSancho 1st Count of Albuquerque + Beatriz Countess of AlburquerqueTo suggest changes to these records, login & edit by choosing options to edit, & your suggested changes will be saved for the record moderator to review.
22709	yago	0	21	https://www.werelate.org/wiki/Person:Juana_Enr%25C3%25ADquez_%25281%2529	en	Error			[ "https://www.werelate.org/w/skins/common/images/new-wr-logo-sm.png", "https://www.werelate.org/w/skins/common/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Special:Badtitle" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicon.ico		null	The requested page title was invalid, empty, or an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title. It may contain one more characters which cannot be used in titles. Return to Main Page.
22709	yago	2	38	https://long.sweet.pub/isabella-and-ferdinand-of-spain-rulers-who-changed-the-world-3ccd5065df46	en	Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain — Rulers Who Changed the World	https://miro.medium.com/…2l7U-j_Opnw.jpeg	https://miro.medium.com/…2l7U-j_Opnw.jpeg	[ "https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:64:64/1dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png", "https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:88:88/1lxV0LxjZ_dc0Fg6cQ3Zg9g.jpeg", "https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:48:48/18-CMNGG1bFXJByHYeDNKvw.jpeg", "https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:144:144/1lxV0LxjZ_dc0Fg6cQ3Zg9g.jpeg", "https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:64:64/1*8-CMNGG1bFXJByHYeDNKvw.jpeg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "H. Wayne Smith", "medium.com", "@h.wayne.smith" ]	2024-03-07T22:47:51.557000+00:00	When royal cousins Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile married, they ushered in an era of sweeping change — not only for Spain, but also for the entire globe. They brought an end to the…	en	https://miro.medium.com/…QUCPkbn6lS1A.png	Medium	https://long.sweet.pub/isabella-and-ferdinand-of-spain-rulers-who-changed-the-world-3ccd5065df46	RECONQUISTA, INQUISITION, AND CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS When royal cousins Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile married, they ushered in an era of sweeping change — not only for Spain, but also for the entire globe. They brought an end to the bloody and centuries-old struggle between Christians and Muslims for power on the Iberian Peninsula. Moreover, in an age of intense turmoil over religion, they forced a measure of uniformity on the most ecumenically and socially diverse country in Europe. For good measure, they sent Christopher Columbus on his momentous voyage to the New World and opened the way for European colonization. Unification of Spain Isabella Isabella, born in 1451, was the daughter of King John II of Castile and his second wife, Isabella of Portugal. She was second in line for the throne, behind her half-brother, Henry. In her early years, she was beset by unending political turmoil, royal intrigues, and power struggles. In this atmosphere of turbulence and uncertainty, she grew up to be deeply religious. Upon the death of Isabella’s father, her older half-brother took the throne as King Henry IV of Castile. Civil war soon erupted over the issue of succession. Under pressure from his nobles, Henry named Isabella as his presumptive heir to bring the war to an end. The issue of her marriage was ongoing and complicated. When she was six years old, her father arranged a betrothal with Ferdinand, son of King John II of Aragon. Then, adrift in the shifting tides of royal politics, she was later betrothed to several additional suitors and sought after by many others. Among those who wooed Isabella were: Charles, nephew of John II of Aragon Alfonso V of Portugal Pedro Giron Acuna Pacheco, master of the military Order of Calatrava Edward IV of England Richard, Duke of Gloucester Charles, Duke of Berry Rejecting them all, Isabella married her very first suitor, Ferdinand, in 1649. Isabella and Ferdinand were second cousins by descent from John I of Castile. In 1474, upon the death of her brother, Henry IV, she proclaimed herself Queen of Castile. The War of Succession followed when Henry’s daughter Joanna (known as Beltraneja), challenged Isabella’s right to rule. Supported by Portugal, Joanna continued the fight until 1749 when, with the assistance of Ferdinand’s Aragon, Isabella emerged victorious. Ferdinand Ferdinand was born in 1452 to John II of Aragon and Navarre and his second wife, Juana Enriquez. He was John’s youngest and favorite legitimate son. Upon his father’s death in 1479, Ferdinand inherited the crown of Aragon, which also made him ruler of the kingdoms of Majorca, Valencia, Sicily, and Sardinia, as well as the Principality of Catalonia. When he married Isabella, he became the first de facto king of Spain. Marriage between second cousins was prohibited by the church under the principle of consanguinity. Therefore, Valencian Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI) helped fabricate a papal bull from Pope Pius II to authorize the cousins to marry. Pius II died in 1464, five years before he “issued” the papal bull. Unity Isabella and Ferdinand were married under a prenuptial agreement that defined how they were to share power. In practice, the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile were not to be ruled as a single entity, but rather as separate political units under both monarchs in a personal union. The unification arrangement allowed Spain to rival the other great powers of Europe. The motto of the union was “Tanto monta, monta tanto.” (It makes no difference; it’s all the same). Spanish unification was not legalized until Philip V issued the Nueva Planta decrees between 1707 and 1716. Isabella’s Reforms When Isabella came to the throne of Castile, the kingdom was in serious disarray because of the excessive spending and judicial neglect of her half-brother, King Henry IV. As she instituted reforms, she focused more on justice than on mercy and was stricter and less forgiving than Ferdinand. This, in part, may be attributed to her strong religious convictions. In the second year of her reign, Isabella instituted La Santa Hermandad (the Holy Brotherhood) in Castile, Leon and Asturias. Later, she introduced it in Extremadura and Andalusia. The Hermandad was a type of military peacekeeping association that imposed law and order by regular patrols of the roads and countryside, punishing wrongdoers. Under the Crown’s direct control, it was charged with wresting the justice system away from dissident members of the nobility. In 1481, Isabella restored law and order to Galicia, a turbulent province that had been abused by local nobles since the days of her father. The highways, towns and villages were beset by criminals. Ultimately, Isabella’s officials drove more than 1,500 robbers from Galicia. Isabella found that the major reason for Castile’s poverty lay in the way her half-brother had sold off royal estates at prices significantly below their worth in order to raise quick cash. To mend the ruinous state of the kingdom’s finances, she reacquired these estates, repurchasing them at the cut-rate prices at which her brother had sold them. The queen stipulated that any gifts made to churches, hospitals or the poor would not be revoked. Under Charles’ reign, there had been an overproduction of coinage as the number of Castilian mints increased from five to 150. As a result, much of the money produced in these mints was worthless. Isabella claimed a monopoly over the royal mints, reduced their number and fixing a legal standard for coinage. By assuming control over the production of money, she restored the public’s confidence that the Crown could effectively administer the kingdom’s finances. Isabella also instituted significant legal reforms. One of these was to centralize power in the Crown by restructuring the role of the Royal Council. She also commissioned noted jurist Alfonso Diaz de Montalvo to develop a comprehensive legal code, the Ordenanzas Reales, to promote equality under the law and ensure fair and impartial administration of justice. 1492: A Momentous Year Reconquista Unification under Ferdinand and Isabella brought historic changes. Perhaps the most significant was completion of the Reconquista (“reconquest”), the centuries-long bloody struggle by the Christian kingdoms to wrest Spain back from the Muslims following their sweeping invasion in 711. Following a string of Christian victories in the 13th century (notably Las Navas de Tolsa in 1212, the Siege of Cordoba in 1236, and the Siege of Seville in 1248), the war lay dormant, and only the southern Kingdom of Granada remained in Muslim hands. In 1492, the armies of Ferdinand and Isabella marched south to lay siege. After 18 months, they were victorious. Though defeated militarily, the Moors continued to exert great influence on Spanish culture. The Reconquista looms large in the foundational mythology of Spanish nationalism and the development of a Castilian and staunchly Catholic nation. However, the struggle between kingdoms was not regarded as a strictly religious war until the time of the Crusades, beginning in the 11th century. Before then, the Christian and Muslim kingdoms generally coexisted with a certain uneasy level of tolerance and often allied with each other against mutual enemies. The legendary Spanish hero, El Cid, won honors fighting for both Christian and Muslim kingdoms. Expulsion of the Jews The year 1492 also saw the expulsion of Jews from Spain, culminating years of persecution under the Inquisition. These events were rooted in the belief that achieving religious uniformity would produce political unity. To this end, Ferdinand and Isabella obtained a papal bull in 1478 authorizing the Inquisition. Initially a Castilian tribunal, the Catholic Monarchs would soon extend it throughout Spain. Under Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada, the Inquisition was known for its harsh methods, often including torture and the burning of heretics at the stake. The tribunals forced thousands of Jews and Muslims to convert to Christianity. These new converts were known as Conversos and Moriscos, respectively. Fearing that unconverted Jews would influence these new Christians, Torquemada — himself said to be a descendent of Conversos — imposed the Alhambra Decree and forced the deportation of any who had not professed Christianity. Banishment of the Jewish community caused great suffering for those affected and resulted in severe economic damage to Spain. Ten years later, unconverted Muslims were expelled. Exploration of the New World In 1486, an obscure Genoese navigator approached Queen Isabella with an improbable plan to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the rich markets of the Far East. He would do this rather than pursue the traditional eastward route around the coast of Africa and into the Pacific. Already, the king of Portugal had listened to his far-fetched proposal and turned him down. The Genoese was named Christopher Columbus. Isabella referred his plans to a committee and ultimately gave him a nominal stipend that amounted to approximately the annual salary of a single sailor. Three years later, she sent another small sum along with a letter ordering all towns and cities under Spanish dominion to provide him with lodging and food free of cost. Though Columbus was persistent, the monarch balked at providing substantial financial backing. Finally, in 1492 after waiting at Ferdinand and Isabella’s military camp for the fall of Granada, he threatened to take his plans to France. Isabella relented, promising Columbus that if he succeeded, she would appoint him Admiral of the Ocean Sea as well as Viceroy and Governor of any lands he claimed for Spain. Thus supported, Columbus ventured forth into the Atlantic in search of India. But instead of the Far East, he landed in the West Indies, where he established Spain’s first New World colony. The Spaniards quickly took advantage, turning their crusading zeal toward exploration and exploitation of the newly found lands. The result was one of the largest and most lucrative global empires in history. Despite the personal and political union of the monarchs, the early colonies were exclusively Castilian. Spaniards from Aragon and other Spanish kingdoms were prohibited from trading or settling in them. Epilogue Isabella died in 1503. Ferdinand, until his death in 1516, labored to build Spain’s empire in the New World and to extended Spanish influence and power in Europe. Catherine of Aragon, the youngest daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, went to England to marry Arthur, Prince of Wales in 1501. After Arthur’s death, she famously married King Henry VIII. Their daughter reigned as Queen Mary I of England from 1553–1558. Because of her zeal for Catholicism and vigorous persecution of Protestants, she was known as “Bloody Mary.”
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"https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4MWNefLHGUzahn1BXMgIzESgfe0=/250x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Unknown_woman-_formerly_known_as_Margaret_Pole-_Countess_of_Salisbury_from_NPG-585bedf55f9b586e0231e3bc.jpg", "https://privacy-policy.truste.com/privacy-seal/seal?rid=e166d0ee-e663-4ad0-9384-f5bd78093a89" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Jone Johnson Lewis", "www.facebook.com" ]	2011-10-03T17:31:21-04:00	Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand of Castile and Aragon, was first used in a marriage alliance with England's Prince Arthur.	en	/favicon.ico	ThoughtCo	https://www.thoughtco.com/catherine-of-aragon-early-life-3528150	Catherine of Aragon, whose parents united Castile and Aragon with their marriage, was promised in marriage to the son of Henry VII of England, in order to promote the alliance between the Spanish and English rulers. Dates: December 16, 1485 - January 7, 1536 Also Known as: Katharine of Aragon, Catherine of Aragon, Catalina See: more Catherine of Aragon Facts Catherine of Aragon Biography Catherine of Aragon's role in history was, first, as a marriage partner to strengthen the alliance of England and Spain (Castile and Aragon), and later, as the center of Henry VIII's struggle for an annulment that would permit him to remarry and try for a male heir to the English throne for the Tudor dynasty. She was not simply a pawn in the latter, but her stubbornness in fighting for her marriage -- and her daughter's right to inherit -- were key in how that struggle ended, with Henry VIII separating the Church of England from the Church of Rome's authority. Catherine of Aragon Family Background Catherine of Aragon was the fifth child of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon. She was born in Alcalá de Henares. Catherine was likely named for her mother's grandmother, Katherine of Lancaster, the daughter of Constance of Castile who was second wife of John of Gaunt, himself son of England's Edward III. Constance and John's daughter, Catherine of Lancaster, married Henry III of Castile and was the mother of John II of Castile, Isabella's father. Constance of Castile was the daughter of Peter (Pedro) of Castile, known as Peter the Cruel, who was overthrown by his brother Henry (Enrique) II. John of Gaunt tried to claim the throne of Castile on the basis of his wife Constance's descent from Peter. Catherine's father Ferdinand was the great-grandson of Philippa of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt and his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster. Philippa's brother was Henry IV of England. Thus, Catherine of Aragon had considerable English royal heritage herself. Her parents were also both part of the House of Trastámara, a dynasty that ruled kingdoms in the Iberian peninsula from 1369 to 1516, descended from King Henry (Enrique) II of Castile who overthrew his brother, Peter, in 1369, part of the War of the Spanish Succession -- the same Peter who was the father of Isabella's grandmother Constance of Castile, and the same Henry John of Gaunt tried to overthrow. Catherine of Aragon Childhood and Education: In her early years, Catherine traveled extensively within Spain with her parents as they fought their war to remove the Muslims from Granada. Because Isabella regretted the lack of her own educational preparation when she became a ruling queen, she educated her daughters well, preparing them for their likely roles as queens. So Catherine had an extensive education, with many European humanists as her teachers. Among the tutors who educated Isabella, and then her daughters, was Beatriz Galindo. Catherine spoke Spanish, Latin, French and English, and was well-read in philosophy and theology. Alliance with England Through Marriage Catherine was born in 1485, the same year Henry VII seized the crown of England as the first Tudor monarch. Arguably, Catherine's own royal descent was more legitimate than Henry's, who was descended from their common ancestor John of Gaunt through the children of Katherine Swynford, his third wife, who were born before their marriage and later legitimized but declared ineligible for the throne. In 1486, Henry's first son, Arthur was born. Henry VII sought powerful connections for his children through marriage; so did Isabella and Ferdinand. Ferdinand and Isabella first sent diplomats to England to negotiate Catherine's marriage to Arthur in 1487. The next year, Henry VII agreed to the marriage, and a formal agreement including dowry specifications was drwan up. Ferdinand and Isabella were to pay the dowry in two parts, one when Catherine arrived in England (traveling at her parents' expense), and the other after the wedding ceremony. Even at this point, there were some differences between the two families over the terms of the contract, each wanting the other to pay more than that other family wanted to pay. Henry's early recognition of the unification of Castile and Aragon in the Treaty of Medina del Campo in 1489 was important to Isabella and Ferdinand; this treaty also aligned the Spanish with England rather than France. In this treaty, the marriage of Arthur and Catherine was further defined. Catherine and Arthur were far too young to actually marry at that time. Challenge to Tudor Legitimacy Between 1491 and 1499, Henry VII also had to contend with a challenge to his legitimacy when a man asserted himself to be Richard, duke of York, son of Edward IV (and brother of Henry VII's wife Elizabeth of York). Richard and his older brother had been confined to the Tower of London when their uncle, Richard III, seized the crown from their father, Edward IV, and they were not seen again. It's generally agreed that either Richard III or Henry IV had them killed. If one had been alive, he'd have a greater legitimate claim to the English throne than Henry VII did. Margaret of York (Margaret of Burgundy) -- another of the children of Edward IV -- had opposed Henry VII as a usurper, and she was drawn into supporting this man who claimed to be her nephew, Richard. Ferdinand and Isabella supported Henry VII -- and their future son-in-law's inheritance -- by helping to expose the pretender's Flemish origins. The pretender, whom the Tudor supporters called Perkin Warbeck, was finally seized and executed by Henry VII in 1499. More Treaties and Conflict Over the Marriage Ferdinand and Isabella began secretly exploring marrying Catherine to James IV of Scotland. In 1497, the marriage agreement between the Spanish and English was amended and treaties of marriage were signed in England. Catherine was to be sent to England only when Arthur turned fourteen. In 1499, the first proxy wedding of Arthur and Catherine was held in Worcestershire. The marriage required a papal dispensation because Arthur was younger than the age of consent. The next year, there was new conflict over the terms -- and especially over payment of the dowry and Catherine's arrival date in England. It was in Henry's interest for her to arrive earlier rather than later, as payment of the first half of the dowry was contingent on her arrival. Another proxy wedding was held in 1500 in Ludlow, England. Catherine and Arthur Marry Finally, Catherine embarked for England, and arrived in Plymouth on October 5, 1501. Her arrival took the English by surprise, apparently, as Henry's steward did not receive Catherine until October 7. Catherine and her large accompanying party began their progress towards London. On November 4, Henry VII and Arthur met the Spanish entourage, Henry famously insisting on seeing his future daughter-in-law even if "in her bed." Catherine and household arrived in London on November 12, and Arthur and Catherine were married at St. Paul's on November 14. A week of feasts and other celebrations followed. Catherine was given the titles of Princess of Wales, Duchess of Cornwall and Countess of Chester. As prince of Wales, Arthur was being sent to Ludlow with his own separate royal household. The Spanish advisors and diplomats argued whether Catherine should accompany him and whether she was old enough for marital relations yet; the ambassador wanted her to delay going to Ludlow, and her priest disagreed. Henry VII's wish that she accompany Arthur prevailed, and they both left for Ludlow on December 21. There, they both became ill with the "sweating sickness." Arthur died on April 2, 1502; Catherine recovered from her serious bout with the illness to find herself a widow. Next: Catherine of Aragon: Marriage to Henry VIII
22709	yago	3	1	https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-II-king-of-Aragon-and-Navarre	en	John II \| Renaissance, Reconquista, Patron	https://cdn.britannica.c…e.jpg?v=3.124.31	https://cdn.britannica.c…e.jpg?v=3.124.31	[ "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/95/115195-131-5A6187D9/Napoleon-His-Imperial-Robes-Francois-Gerard-Versailles-1805.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/24/243624-131-B9802941/King-Charles-III-Queen-Camilla-wave-balcony-Buckingham-Palace-Coronation-May-6-2023.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/53/218653-131-FFE69F0A/King-George-V-Britain-circa-1910.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/22/139522-131-442BD189/Jews-Isabella-Spanish-Tomas-de-Torquemada-expulsion.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/91/223091-131-A986B08A/relief-Zoroastrian-god-Ahura-Mazda-Persepolis-Iran.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/16/175316-131-39FF106B/Big-Sur-Waves-Beach-Pacific-Ocean-Point.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/89/216789-131-9AE01BAA/Candles-burning-church-table.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/94/159994-131-8E828D22/Battle-of-New-Orleans-oil-painting-E-1910.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/47/190947-131-FCF3F960/Olympic-torch-illustration-sports-summer-games.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/62/192062-131-96B933EF/mug-shot-Colombia-control-agency-Medellin.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/92/125692-131-43C78F64/Charles-Pete-Conrad-Apollo-12-surface-flag-Nov-19-1969.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/95/115195-131-5A6187D9/Napoleon-His-Imperial-Robes-Francois-Gerard-Versailles-1805.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "John II", "encyclopedia", "encyclopeadia", "britannica", "article" ]	null	[ "The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica" ]	1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00	John II was the king of Aragon (1458–79) and also king of Navarre (1425–79); he was the instigator of the union of Castile and Aragon through the historic marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella of Castile. John was a younger son of Ferdinand of Antequera, elected king of Aragon (as Ferdinand	en	/favicon.png	Encyclopedia Britannica	https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-II-king-of-Aragon-and-Navarre	John II (born 1398, Medina del Campo, Leon—died 1479, Barcelona) was the king of Aragon (1458–79) and also king of Navarre (1425–79); he was the instigator of the union of Castile and Aragon through the historic marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella of Castile. John was a younger son of Ferdinand of Antequera, elected king of Aragon (as Ferdinand I) in 1412. John and his brothers retained their positions and revenues in Castile, and he married Blanche, the heiress to Navarre, of which he claimed the kingship (1425–79). On his wife’s death, he married Juana Enriques, daughter of the admiral of castile (1447), whose ambitions led to a conflict between John and his eldest son by his first marriage, Charles, prince of Viana. Britannica Quiz Kings and Emperors (Part III) Quiz
22709	yago	1	82	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/John%252C_Prince_of_Asturias	en	John, Prince of Asturias	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[ "https://wikiwandv2-19431.kxcdn.com/_next/image?url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Joan_d%2527Arag%25C3%25B3_i_de_Castella.jpg/640px-Joan_d%2527Arag%25C3%25B3_i_de_Castella.jpg&w=640&q=50", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Joan_d%27Arag%C3%B3_i_de_Castella.jpg/220px-Joan_d%27Arag%C3%B3_i_de_Castella.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	John, Prince of Asturias and Girona, was the only son of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, and heir apparent to both their thrones for nearly his entire life.	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/John%2C_Prince_of_Asturias	Prince of Asturias, Prince of Girona, Duke of Montblanc, Count of Cervera, and Lord of Balaguer / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions: Can you list the top facts and stats about John%2C Prince of Asturias? Summarize this article for a 10 year old SHOW ALL QUESTIONS
22709	yago	0	37	https://www.nndb.com/people/475/000092199/	en	King Ferdinand II			[ "https://www.nndb.com/title.gif", "https://www.nndb.com/red-profile-2.gif", "https://www.nndb.com/people/475/000092199/ferdinand-1.jpg", "https://www.nndb.com/man.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/silly-nndb-icon.png		null	AKA Fernando de Aragón Born: 10-Mar-1452 Birthplace: Sos, Aragon Died: 23-Jan-1516 Location of death: Madrigalejo, Spain Cause of death: unspecified Gender: Male Religion: Roman Catholic Race or Ethnicity: Hispanic Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: Royalty Nationality: Spain Executive summary: King of Spain, bankrolled Columbus Ferdinand V of Castile and Leon, also called Ferdinand II of Aragon, was the son of John I of Aragon by his second marriage with Joanna Henriquez, of the family of the hereditary grand admirals of Castile, and was born at Sos in Aragon on the 10th or 16th of March 1452. Under the name of "the Catholic" and as the husband of Isabella, Queen of Castile, he played a great part in Europe. His share in establishing the royal authority in all parts of Spain, in expelling the Moors from Granada, in the conquest of Navarre, in forwarding the voyages of Christopher Columbus, and in contending with France for the supremacy in Italy, is of primary importance in Spanish history. In personal character he had none of the attractive qualities of his wife. It may fairly be said of him that he was purely a politician. His marriage in 1469 to his cousin Isabella of Castile was dictated by the desire to unite his own claims to the crown, as the head of the younger branch of the same family, with hers, in case Henry IV should die childless. When the king died in 1474 he made an ungenerous attempt to procure his own proclamation as king without recognition of the rights of his wife. Isabella asserted her claims firmly, and at all times insisted on a voice in the government of Castile. But though Ferdinand had sought a selfish political advantage at his wife's expense, he was well aware of her ability and high character. Their married life was dignified and harmonious; for Ferdinand had no common vices, and their views in government were identical. The king cared for nothing but dominion and political power. His character explains the most ungracious acts of his life, such as his breach of his promises to Columbus, his distrust of Ximenez and of the Great Captain. He had given wide privileges to Columbus on the supposition that the discoverer would reach powerful kingdoms. When islands inhabited by feeble savages were discovered, Ferdinand appreciated the risk that they might become the seat of a power too strong to be controlled, and took measures to avert the danger. He feared that Ximinez and the Great Captain would become too independent, and watched them in the interest of the royal authority. Whether he ever boasted, as he is said to have boasted, that he had deceived Louis XII of France twelve times, is very doubtful; but it is certain that when Ferdinand made a treaty, or came to an understanding with any one, the contract was generally found to contain implied meanings favorable to himself which the other contracting party had not expected. The worst of his character was prominently shown after the death of Isabella in 1504. He endeavored to lay hands on the regency of Castile in the name of his insane daughter Joanna, and without regard to the claims of her husband Philip of Habsburg. The hostility of the Castilian nobles, by whom he was disliked, baffled him for a time, but on Philip's early death he reasserted his authority. His second marriage with Germaine of Foix in 1505 was apparently contracted in the hope that by securing an heir male he might punish his Habsburg son-in-law. Aragon did not recognize the right of women to reign, and would have been detached together with Catalonia, Valencia and the Italian states if he had had a son. This was the only occasion on which Ferdinand allowed passion to obscure his political sense, and lead him into acts which tended to undo his work of national unification. As King of Aragon he abstained from inroads on the liberties of his subjects which might have provoked rebellion. A few acts of illegal violence are recorded of him -- as when he invited a notorious demagogue of Saragossa to visit him in the palace, and caused the man to be executed without form of trial. Once when presiding over the Aragonese cortes he found himself sitting in a thorough draught and ordered the window to be shut, adding in a lower voice, "If it is not against the fueros." But his ill-will did not go beyond such sneers. He was too intent on building up a great state to complicate his difficulties by internal troubles. His arrangement of the convention of Guadalupe, which ended the fierce Agrarian conflicts of Catalonia, was wise and profitable to the country, though it was probably dictated mainly by a wish to weaken the landowners by taking away their feudal rights. Ferdinand died at Madrigalejo in Estremadura on the 23rd of January 1516. Father: John II of Aragón Mother: Juana Enríquez Wife: Queen Isabella (Queen of Castile, m. Oct-1469, d. 26-Nov-1504) Daughter: Isabella (b. 1470, by Isabella) Son: John (b. 1478, by Isabella) Daughter: Juana ("Joanna of Castile", by Isabella) Daughter: Catherine of Aragon (Queen of England, by Isabella) Daughter: María (by Isabella) Son: Alfonso of Aragon Wife: Germaine de Foix (m. 19-Oct-1505) Spanish Monarch Spanish Inquisition Declared Holy War against Muslims in Granada (Jan-1482) New! NNDB MAPPER Create a map starting with King Ferdinand II Requires Flash 7+ and Javascript. Do you know something we don't? Submit a correction or make a comment about this profile
22709	yago	2	96	https://womenineuropeanhistory.wordpress.com/2017/05/04/isabel-of-castile-rough-draft/	en	Isabel of Castile – Rough Draft	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	[ "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/16d27b5cee83ba75a025315a501d148def3074fae58ea139475a18b7a20eefcb?s=48&d=identicon&r=G", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/434575609fd141d7e4de06f66318ab109a96042c1d4c2ae31deb1c7d1844a652?s=48&d=identicon&r=G", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/434575609fd141d7e4de06f66318ab109a96042c1d4c2ae31deb1c7d1844a652?s=48&d=identicon&r=G", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2017-05-04T00:00:00	Martavious Spicer March 21, 2017 First Draft Essay Prof. Palmer The Kween of Spain The role of women in society, specifically women of power, is a topic of much debate. However, the life and reign of Queen Isabella of Spain, more accurately known as Queen Isabel I of Castile and León is regarded as…	en	https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico	Women in European History	https://womenineuropeanhistory.wordpress.com/2017/05/04/isabel-of-castile-rough-draft/	Martavious Spicer March 21, 2017 First Draft Essay Prof. Palmer The Kween of Spain The role of women in society, specifically women of power, is a topic of much debate. However, the life and reign of Queen Isabella of Spain, more accurately known as Queen Isabel I of Castile and León is regarded as one of the most extra-ordinary of anyone in Early Modern Europe. Notice I said, anyone, Queen Isabella was as remarkable a leader as any king in European history. Historians have long fought with the exact degree to which Isabel personified or transcended the gender norms of her time, as well as whether or not she ruled more through the joint monarchy beside her husband King Fernando of Aragón or as a sovereign-monarch in her own merit. The analysis of primary and secondary documents describing Isabel’s life, her fight for her position on the throne, use of propaganda, joint monarchy, and her more notable achievements reveal her resolute conviction in her own right to be queen and give insight to the intricacies of her power. Isabel was to the expectations of her time period, Isabel challenged gender norms and ruled independently as a sovereign queen. The strength of her independent power shows that even when faced with communal and political difficulty and backlash, women can effectively lead in powerful leadership positions. Female leaders today can learn important lessons from Isabel’s resiliency and forte. As the lone daughter of the King of Castile and León, Isabel’s early life was strongly influenced by her proximity to ever-fluctuating royal power. She was born on April 22nd, 1451 in Madrigal de las Altas Torres to Juan II and Isabel of Portugal. Her father died when she was three and her older brother became King Henry IV. The Spanish nobles had become very powerful during the reign of John II. Henry did not go over with the public; They felt that he was not very smart and would not be a good leader. The public’s displeasure with Enrique’s rule was apparent by the end 1464, when his opponents united around Alfonso (Isabel’s brother) as rightful king. Shockingly, Alfonso died after battling an illness in 1468, the aristocrats then contacted Isabella bring peace between both the rebels and the crown; Enrique named her his heir under the circumstances that the then seventeen year old Isabel would need his consent to marry. In opposition, she went against his wishes and married Fernando of Aragón on October 19th, 1469; a ruler who was receptive to female sovereignty which clearly shows that Isabel had learned the importance of political support and leverage by the time Enrique’s health began to decline in the early 1470s. When he died on December 11th, 1474, she was able to prevail through a civil war to take the crown. A beautiful woman, Isabel’s intellect and ethical personality are key to understanding her administration. Writing in 1601, reporter Juan de Mariana depicts her being “attractive in appearance… demonstrating a singular gravity, moderation, and modesty.” (Mariana) Her façade gained her acceptance by society and her intellect made her a polished politician. Researchers argue the precise nature of her schooling, but most agree that she knew Latin at the very least. (Griffiths, p. 19) Therefore, she had access to the intellectual movements sweeping across Europe and scholarly dissertations on sovereign power. An ideal medieval woman was chaste, modest, and pious. (Weissberger, p.170) Although these traits were not always effective characteristics of royalty, Theresa Earenfight writes that “Isabel was always careful to follow those expectations for the sake of her own power.” She knew the importance of working within the patriarchal system. These two aspects of her character adhered exactly to how an ideal woman of the time should act. However, women in general were also seen as fundamentally flawed. In his fourteenth century work, Concerning Famous Women, the celebrated Renaissance humanist Giovanni Boccaccio makes clear that women are fundamentally weak. While describing the legendary Joan, who disguised herself as a man to become a female Pope, he affirms that it is unnatural for a woman to have an authoritative political position. A contemporary of Isabel, Martín de Córdoba, writes that “the female body is weak and soft, so is her soul malleable in its desire and will.” A good ruler needed to be able to make strong and logical decisions, something women were believed to be incapable of doing. Elizabeth Lehfeldt writes that to be an effective ruler, Isabel would have “to acknowledge her shortcomings as a woman and to transcend these characterizations whenever possible.”12 She could not ignore the gender norms of her time, but as a woman in power she could not completely embody the traits expected of the female sex. After careful examination, it seems that Isabel was far more likely to demonstrate behavior considered inappropriate for women than submit to men. The influence of a joint monarchy on Isabel’s personal power is one of the most intense debates surrounding royalty in Early Modern Europe and women’s role in positions in power holistically. In terms of function, the creation of the joint monarchy was a practical political move by Isabel. It permitted her to make her position more profound to those uneasy with female sovereignty. (Weissberger, p. 34) Fernando was treated as a king within Isabel’s territories and anything official would come from them both, implying that decisions and procedures would be made together. Earenfight sees the joint monarchy as the most important factor of Isabel’s rule. On the other hand, researchers such as Barbara Weissberger view Isabel as a monarch independent of Fernando, and far more powerful. Her power came from the authority of the Castilian throne. Lehfeldt largely agrees with Weissberger and alludes to the fact that within Isabel’s sovereign domain of Castile, Fernando was a king-companion rather than an equal ruler. Although both arguments are excellently defended, research indicates that Isabel was far more autonomous than mutual as a monarch. Legally, there was no ban to the rule of the female Isabel, only societal hesitancy. There was a established tradition of women in positions of power in Castile and Aragón, which gave Isabel vital historical credibility. (Earenfight, p. 4) In particular Urraca of Castile and León and Juana Enríquez of Aragon provided Isabel with exemplary models of queenship. Urraca reigned as a queen in her own right from 1109-1126 and it was her rule that “established a legal precedent for Isabel’s legitimate succession.” (Earenfight, p. 8) Urraca had shown that female rule was a practical possibility for the kingdom, regardless of negative social expectations. Isabel’s royal lineage secured her faith that she was ordained to be the rightful and sole ruler of Castile. To have known this for so long created a resolute conviction within her. With her lineage, it was clear to her that she was meant to rule. However, although she was declared Enrique’s heir in 1468, her claim did not go uncontested. Despite significant doubts over her paternity Enrique’s daughter, Juana, fought Isabel for five years before Isabel managed to secure her throne. (Jansen, p. 12) Fernando also had a distant claim to the Castilian throne, but due to the fact that Isabel was a more direct descendant of the kings of Castile, her ancestry was superior. (Griffiths, p. 20) Her bloodline was purer than his and, consequently, ruled in her own right. During her time as queen, Isabel independently passed significant reforms, particularly to the justice system in Castile. Tax system reform, the increased value of Castilian currency and the flourishing of printing presses due to tax exemption were all attributed to Isabel alone. Even as a woman, she received sole credit for these changes that enhanced the economic and intellectual life of the kingdom. In contrast to her foremothers, Isabel managed justice through judges and courts rather than the army and nobility. During a two-month period, she heard cases and pronounced rulings herself once a week. She made these decisions and resolutions independently of any other power; fairness was her prerogative as a ruler, regardless of her gender. Most notably she initiated permanent royal courts called “audiencias” in regional cities. Royal authority and justice was now available in every corner in Castile. (Weissberger, p. 136) Researchers often group Isabel with Elizabeth I of England; the two great prototypes of female sovereignty in Early Modern European history. Although both women held brilliant levels of power and defy gender norms during their respective time eras, there are significant differences between them, best shown by their views on marriage as a political apparatus. Regardless your stance on joint monarchy, Isabel’s marriage to Fernando gave her important sustenance and validity. However, for Elizabeth “virginity seemed integral to her ability to get and maintain her position.” (Jansen, p. 153) She preferred to influence gender constructs for her own reasons while appearing to work within their bounds. She can still provide insight for contemporary women. Important lessons can still be learned from her willpower and fortitude. A woman of extraordinary political power who accomplished more than was ever expected of her even in the face of much adversity. Queen Isabel I with her husband King Fernando II of Aragón by her side, united the Spanish kingdoms and oversaw a beautiful age in Spanish history. Isabel should be respected as a powerful sovereign in her own right. In spite of the substandard status of most women at the time, she became one the most powerful rulers in European history, regardless of gender. Although she did have some beliefs that were rooted in traditional gender roles and worked closely with Fernando, Isabel’s certainty in her right to the throne caused her to destabilize sexual gender norms delicately. She ruled as an independent sovereign; the importance of her own dominance and dominion surpasses everything else. Bibliography: Juan de Mariana, “The Conquest of Granada,” 1601, in Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History Cristina Guardiola-Griffiths, Legitimizing the Queen: Propaganda and Ideology in the Reign of Isabel I of Castile (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2011) Barbara F. Weissberger, Isabel Rules: Constructing Queenship, Wielding Power (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2004); Lehfeldt, “Ruling Sexuality,” Theresa Earenfight, “Two Bodies, One Spirit: Isabel and Fernando’s Construction of Monarchical Partnership,” in Queen Isabel I of Castile: Power, Patronage, Persona Sharon L. Jansen, The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002)
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"https://cdn-ipdcn.nitrocdn.com/fZcuQLcltDCDmWeEGOvFECQNXPtvcUZi/assets/images/source/rev-9aa3998/fascinatingspain.com/wp-content/uploads/Sello_SF_2023_crema.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Fascinating Spain" ]	2021-09-29T14:26:05+00:00	Juana gave birth to a child who would change the history of Spain and who would be known as Ferdinand the Catholic.	en	https://cdn-ipdcn.nitroc…gspain-32x32.png	Fascinating Spain	https://fascinatingspain.com/legend-of-spain/legends-of-aragon/ferdinand-catholic-born-aragon-not-navarre/	It was March 1452. The Iberian Peninsula was divided into different kingdoms, whose inhabitants paid homage to different kings. Likewise, in the kingdom of Navarre blood was flowing due to a civil conflict between its king John II of Aragon, who would soon become the father of a little boy named Ferdinand, and his son the prince of Viana. By then Juan’s wife, Juana Enriquez, with an already bulging belly, was residing in the castle of Sangüesa, which belonged to Navarre. When the birth was imminent, the queen decided to leave Sangüesa to have her child in the kingdom of Aragon. Juana then moved to the border town of Sos, now renamed Sos del Rey Católico. It was there that Juana gave birth to a child who would change the history of Spain and who would be known as Ferdinand the Catholic. Why did the queen make this decision? Was there something special about Sos? Was there something wrong in Sangüesa? A neglected king To understand the reasons that led Juana Enriquez to travel to Sos, we must stop for a moment to observe what was happening in the kingdom of Navarre. Well, there ruled, as already mentioned, John II of Aragon. However, this monarch was for most of his reign more interested in the kingdom of Castile than in his own, neglecting his duties on the throne. There, in Castile, Juan II had his goods confiscated and his revenues seized on two occasions, in 1429 and 1444. In both dates the monarch of the kingdom of Navarre, annoyed, confronted the monarch of Castile and on both occasions he lost. In the kingdom of Navarre these wars, declared by a ruler who did not care about them, were very unpopular among the population. Meanwhile, his wife at the time, Blanca I of Navarre, ruled the kingdom. However, in 1441, the queen died after having three children with her husband. In her will, Blanca I named her son, known as Carlos de Viana or Prince of Viana, as universal heir to the kingdom of Navarre. But she begged him not to take the title ‘without the benevolence and blessing of his father’. A civil war between father and son Don Juan took advantage of that loophole to continue with the title of king and named the prince lieutenant general, who was the one who took charge of the kingdom, while his father was still engrossed in his Castilian interests. But with the defeat of Juan II in 1445, the monarch had to return to Navarre. It was then when the balance between father and son was broken, because, as Abella points out, Juan II ‘brought his Castilian supporters and distributed rents and perks among them, stripping them from his son’s followers’. This already delicate context was further aggravated when John II married a second wife, Juana Enriquez, daughter of a powerful Castilian nobleman. The monarch of Navarre continued to demonstrate, time and again, that his interests were in Castile. In addition, with that marriage, Juan II supposedly lost the rights he held thanks to his first wife, among which was the title of king. Thus, when the new queen went to Olite, Prince Charles decided to flee the kingdom. In 1851, the prince’s supporters took up arms, supported by Castilian troops. On the other hand, King Juan II obtained the support of the kingdom of Aragon, since his brother was the monarch of Aragon and Juan held the title of lieutenant general. The civil war in the kingdom of Navarre had begun. The birth of Ferdinand the Catholic It was at this delicate moment, when the monarchs resided in the municipality of Sangüesa, in Navarre, a town that had good communication with the Aragonese border towns. When childbirth was imminent, Juana Enríquez decided that it was time to move to Aragon, a kingdom that was not officially at war and by which they were supported. The first fortified village along the way was Sos. There, he was able to find shelter in the palace of the Sada, a residence where the kings had already stayed on more than one occasion.
22709	yago	0	17	https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/king-john-ii-of-aragon/	en	King John II of Aragon	https://europeanroyalhis…g_5728.png?w=200	https://europeanroyalhis…g_5728.png?w=200	[ "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-fb_img_1671979413412.jpg", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/430144_10151160845308468_1828907828_n.jpg", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-img_5728.png?w=50", "https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-img_5728.png?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Posts about King John II of Aragon written by liamfoley63	en	https://europeanroyalhis…mg_5728.png?w=32	European Royal History	https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/king-john-ii-of-aragon/	Now back to the future Queen Isabella I of Castile. At the time of Infanta Isabella’s birth, she was second in line to the throne after her older half-brother the future King Enrique IV of Castile. Enrique was 26 at that time and married, but childless at that time. Her father, King Juan II of Castile was King of Castile and León from 1406 to 1454, was therefore the reigning monarch when future Queen Isabella I of Castile was born. King Juan II died on July 20, 1454 in Valladolid at the age of 49 and his eldest son succeeded him as King Enrique IV of Castile and Léon. Young Infanta Isabella was three years old. Infanta Isabella’s younger brother, Infante Alfonso of Castile was born two years after her on November 17, 1453, demoting her position to third in line. When her father died Infanta Isabella and her brother Infante Alfonso were left in King Enrique IV’s care. Isabella, her mother, and Infante Alfonso then moved to Arévalo. King Enrique IV had been married prior to becoming King and when he was Prince of Asturias. His chosen bride was Blanche of Navarre and Aragon the daughter of King Juan II of Aragon and Queen Blanche I of Navarre. Blanche of Navarre was an elder sister of the future King Fernando II of Aragon, husband of Queen Isabella I of Castile. In 1427, she, her brother Charles, and her sister Eleanor were proclaimed the rightful heirs of the kingdom of Navarre. Blanche was promised to the heir of Castile in the peace treaty between Navarre and Castile in 1436. She married Enrique, Prince of Asturias (later King Enrique IV of Castile) in 1440. The marriage was reputedly never consummated. In 1453, after thirteen years, the year before Infante Enrique became King, he sought the annulment of the marriage. An official examination confirmed the virginity of Blanche. A divorce was granted by Pope Nicholas V on the grounds that some “witchcraft” had prevented Enrique from consummating the marriage. After this, Blanche was sent home to Navarre, where she was imprisoned by her family: from 1462, she was under the custody of her sister. She remained childless throughout her life. After the death of her brother Charles in 1461, some dissatisfied Navarrese elements and some of the anti-Aragonese party regarded Blanche as the rightful monarch, as they had regarded her brother Charles. They proclaimed her queen. She would have thus become Queen Blanche II of Navarre, had not her father (who wanted to keep the government of Navarre) already had her incarcerated and thus not capable to act. She died by poison in Orthez less than a month later. One of Enrique’s detractors, the historian Alfonso de Palencia, wrote that the marriage had been a sham and accused Enrique of despising his wife and planning to commit adultery to bear children. According to Palencia, Enrique demonstrated “most extreme abhorrence” to his wife, and indifference to the confines of marriage. King Enrique IV of Castile was married to his second wife Infanta Joan of Portugal, the posthumous daughter of King Duarte of Portugal and Infanta Eleanor of Aragon. They had a child, Infanta Joanna of Castile, Princess of Asturias. I will have more to say on her in an another blog entry. This marriage needed a dispensation also granted by Pope Nicholas V. The Spanish Succession King Fernando II of Aragon was the son of King Juan II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez, a daughter of Fadrique Enríquez and Mariana Fernández de Córdoba, 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. Born in Torrelobatón, Juana Enríquez was a great-great-granddaughter of King Alfonso XI of Castile. The marriage between Juana Enriquez and King Juan II of Aragon was arranged because King Juan II wished to ally himself with the powerful noble faction she belonged to, a faction which had major power in Castile at the time. They were engaged in 1443, but the marriage was delayed. The wedding finally took place in 1447. King Fernando II of Aragon’s future wife, Infanta Isabella of Castile, was the daughter of King Juan II of Castile and his second wife, Infanta Isabella of Portugal, who was born as a scion of a collateral branch of the Aviz Dynasty that had ruled Portugal since 1385. Infanta Isabella of Portugal’s parents were Infante João, Constable of Portugal, the youngest surviving son of King João I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster, the eldest child of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and Blanche of Lancaster. Infanta Isabella of Portugal was married to King Juan II of Castile as his second wife. His first wife, Infanta Maria of Aragon, had given him four children, though only one, the future King Enrique IV of Castile, had survived into adulthood. Infanta Maria of Aragon was the daughter of King Fernando I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque. Incidentally, to complicate this already complicated genealogy, Infanta Constance of Castile (1354 – 1394) was a claimant to the Crown of Castile. She was the daughter of King Pedro I of Castile and María de Padilla, who was deposed and killed by his half-brother, King Enrique II of Castile. Constance of Castile married the English prince, John of Gaunt, as his second wife, who fought to obtain the throne of Castile in her name, but ultimately failed. Infanta Constance of Castile and her husband, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, had a daughter, Catherine of Lancaster (1373 – 1418) she became Queen of Castile by marriage to King Enrique III of Castile, the first-born child of the recently crowned King Juan I of Castile and his wife Infanta Eleanor of Aragon, the only daughter of King Pedro IV of Aragon and his wife Eleanor of Sicily. King Juan I’s younger brother grew up to become King Fernando I of Aragon.
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Their devotion to the Catholic faith rid Spain of "heretic" Jews and Muslims while his patronage of explorer Christopher...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Philippa Gregory Wiki	https://philippagregory.fandom.com/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon	Ferdinand II of Aragon was a warrior and campaigning king whose marriage to Isabella I of Castile unified Spain and lead to the expulsion of the last remaining Moors in Spain. Their devotion to the Catholic faith rid Spain of "heretic" Jews and Muslims while his patronage of explorer Christopher Columbus's voyage and subsequent gold mining in the New World saw Spain became one of the first global superpowers and became a powerful player in European politics for the next century. Ferdinand is portrayed as a thoughtful but intelligent man who respects his wife's military instincts and holds his own council until the right moment. As a newly formed royal house, Ferdinand decided to betroth his three year old daughter Catalina to the equally new royal house of Tudor in England. As such, Ferdinand was responsible for the death of Teddy Plantagenet and Perkin Warback as one the conditions of Catalina and Arthur's marriage was there would be no rivals to threaten Catalina's union with Arthur or her claim to the English throne. Upon marrying Arthur, Ferdinand slowly and cautiously began playing Catalina's dowry. When Arthur suddenly died, Ferdinand had no obligation to pay Catalina's dowry leaving her trapped without secure income or assistance in a foreign land. Ferdinand used Catalina's dowry to force Henry VII of England to ensure she would still be queen of England by marrying her to Arthur's younger brother the soon to be Henry VIII of England. Ferdinand could be seen as callous for using his daughter's suffering and poverty to manipulate the English king but his efforts ultimately secure the English throne for Catalina. The Constant Princess[] The novel begins in 1491 Grenada as the Moors raid the military camp of Queen Isabella of Castile. The young infanta Catalina watches with adoration as her warrior mother gathers her army and puts out the flames caused by the night raid. Upon her mother’s return, Catalina assures her mother that she was not afraid as she is a Spanish Princess and Princess of Wales. Catalina’s parentage and titles are incredibly important to her, even as a young child, as she prepares for her destiny as Queen of England. The morning after the raid, the Spanish generals suggest retreating due to lack of supplies but Isabella pushes the army onwards to vanquish the Moors from their last foothold in Spain. Isabella resolves their lack of shelter by commanding they build a stone fortification using the natural resources of the barren countryside. Her king, Ferdinand of Aragon acquiesces and begins work on stone structure beneath the cliff were the Moors have held the Red Fort for two centuries. Isabella and Ferdinand keep building in the unrelenting heat and against all odds until they found the siege town of Sante Fe. A short while later, Catalina comes upon one of the great Spanish lords, Don Hernando Perez del Pulgar, and convinces him to confined in her. Hernando tells her he will break into the Alhambra to worship his Catholicism in the mosque and leave an Ava Maria. Catalina promises not to sleep until he returns but when he doesn’t return it dawns on Catalina that people can fail and be killed even if she believes they have god’s blessing and it puts the first doubts about God’s favour in her mind. Fortunately, Hernando and his friends survived and regale the court with their tale of desecrating the mosque. While taking her children to see the fortifications at Zubia, Queen Isabella is informed that the full Moors army is riding out of the Red Fort in retaliation for Hernando’s desecration. Queen Isabella, unable to flee the oncoming army, takes her children to hide on a roof to see what the army intends to do. A Moor named Yarfe comes to challenge Hernado by throwing the Ava Maria back in prevocational insult. Queen Isabella leads her children in prayer that her greatest champion Garallosco de la Vega will appear to defend them and gives her blessing when he arrives to challenge Yarfe. A short battle ensues whereby Vega kills Yarfe and Yarfe’s death signals the soldiers to pour out from the Red fort. Queen Isabella once again commands her daughters to pray despite their rising panic. Queen Isabella’s composure when faced with the moor’s army is well calculated; Yarfe’s death would be the last battle against the Spanish as the Moors lose all appetite for war and gift the Red Fort, containing the beautiful palace of the Alhambra, to Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. With victory over the last of the expelled Moors, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand begin to persecute and banish anyone that won’t convert to the Catholic faith from Spain. Catalina begins sees herself as a princess of the battlefield and firmly believes that she and her mother are favoured by God. Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand make the Alhambra their home and royal court which delights Catalina as she marvels in her surroundings. The luxury and beauty of the Alhambra make a lasting impression on Catalina and the last remaining years of her childhood are happy and tranquil compared to her early life of military campaign. The Spanish Princess[] In 1511, Ferdinand visits England, having seized the throne of Spain for himself after the death of his wife Isabella, and having confined their daughter and heir Joanna to a convent after the death of her own husband, Philip. Ferdinand and his son-in-law King Henry VIII plan to invade France as part of the Holy League. He also seeks to strengthen the alliance by marrying his grandson and heir Charles of Burgundy to Princess Mary. In England, Ferdinand is boastful, and reminds Catherine of her childhood where he would get her to reach for sugar-coated grapes before slamming down on her hand, mocking her. Ferdinand departs, and Catherine gets Henry to send his troops to Spain to attack France and seize the Duchy of Guyenne. However, Ferdinand betrays Henry and Catherine, instead using the English troops as a diversion to seize his own lands in Navarre. Catherine is disgusted by her father's deception and declares herself reborn, being truly English rather than Spanish.
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Timelines	https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/isabella-and-ferdinand	Alhambra Decree(Edict of Expulsion) Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (Catholic Monarchs) ordered that all Jews be expelled from Spain and its territories by July 31 of that year. Ferdinand of II violated this treaty by forcing all Muslims in Castile or Aragon to convert to Catholicism or else be expelled. This was also used on the Jewish population of Spain. Christopher Columbus' First Voyage Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon sponser Columbus on his first voyage, which led to the discovery of San Salvador (now known as the Bahamas) and also led to the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. Treaty of Granada Ferdinand II of Aragon signed an agreement with Louis XII of France stating that Ferdinand would support French claims in Naples in exchange for getting territories for himself in the division of the kingdom. Christopher Columbus' Fourth Voyage Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile sponsor Columbus on his fourth and final voyage in a search for the Straight of Maracca, only to find themselves stranded on Jamaica for a year. Battle of Cerignola The first battle known to be won using gunpowder small arms, it was a battle between Spanish and French forces in in Cerignola, near Bari, Southern Italy. The Spanish forces, with 8,000 men, mroe than 1000 arequebusiers, 20 cannons defeated the French, which only had a force of 20,000 men, mainly cavalry and swiss mercenary pikemen, and about 40 cannons. Battle of Garigliano The Spanish and French troops were separated by a river, and had by that point tried to cross it several times to no avail. The night of the 28, Spanish troops went to work building a bridge out of boats and barrels, and sneaking past the view of the French, made it across the Garigliano. By the next morning, over 6,000 had crossed and they attacked. When the 300 crossbowmen fled along with 300 French troops, the Spaniards took over the town.
22709	yago	0	56	https://www.myheritage.com/names/john_aragon	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
22709	yago	3	54	http://raullongoria.net/Genealogy/FamilyTree/b3.html	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Ferdinand II (KING OF LEON) was born in 1137. He died on 22 January 1188 at the age of 51. Parents: Alfonso VII (the Emperor) RAIMUNDEZ (Count of Castile) and Berenguela BERENGAR of Barcelona. Spouse: Urraca of Portugal . Urraca of Portugal and Ferdinand II (KING OF LEON) were married in 1165. The marriage was annulled in 1175. They had their marriage annulled in 1175. Children were: Alfonso IX (KING OF LEON). Spouse: Teresa FERNANDEZ de Trava. Teresa FERNANDEZ de Trava and Ferdinand II (KING OF LEON) were married before 7 October 1178. Spouse: Urraca LOPEZ de Haro. Urraca LOPEZ de Haro and Ferdinand II (KING OF LEON) were married in 1187. St. Ferdinand III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON)1 was born in 1199. He died on 30 May 1252 at the age of 53. Ferdinand III permanently united the Kingdom of Castile with the Kingdom of Leon. His mother, Berenguela of Castile, was the sister of King Henry I of Castile. When Henry I died in 1217, the right of succession fell to Berenguela. She, however, renounced that right in favor of her son, Ferdinand. Thus, Ferdinand III became King of Castile in 1217 and upon the death of his own father in 1230 became King of Leon. Despite much opposition, he proceeded to unite the two Kingdoms into one, which became known as the Kingdom of Castile and Leon. Ferdinand III heeded his mother's advice and married Beatrice, a most virtuous princesses of that time. Their marriage produced six princes and one princess. Ferdinand III was responsible for almost completing the reconquest of Spain, having reclaimed vast amounts of territory from the Moors. He captured Cordoba in 1236, occupied Murcia in 1243, took Jaen in 1246, captured Seville in 1248, and reduced the Kingdom of Granada to a vassal state. He reestablished Catholic worship everywhere and built churches and founded monasteries. He converted the great mosques of Cordoba and Seville into cathedrals, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, and founded the University of Salamanca. The Catholic Encyclopedia has this to say about Ferdinand III and his conduct during the military campaigns: "He watched over the conduct of his soldiers, confiding more in their virtue than in their valor, fasted strictly himself, wore a rough hairshirt, and often spent his nights in prayer, especially before battles. Amid the tumult of the camp he lived like a religious in the cloister. The glory of the Church and the happiness of his people were the two guiding motives of his life". After his reign, all that remained for the complete reconquest of Spain was the defeat of Granada. He was planning an expedition to Morocco when he died in 1252 and was buried in the cathedral at Seville, clothed as he had requested in the habit of the Third Order of St. Francis. Many miracles took place at his tomb and his body reportedly remains incorrupt. He was canonized in 1671; his feast day is May 30. Ferdinand III was succeeded as King by his son, Alfonso X. Parents: Alfonso IX (KING OF LEON) and Berenguela of Castile . Spouse: Beatrice (Elizabeth) VON HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia. Beatrice (Elizabeth) VON HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia and St. Ferdinand III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) were married on 30 November 1219. Children were: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON). Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) was born on 6 December 1285. He died on 7 December 1312 at the age of 27. Ferdinand IV became King in 1295 at the age of 10; his mother served as regent during his minority. He led an unsuccessful campaign to capture Algeciras from the Moors but was successful in conquering Gibraltar in 1309, with the help of Aragon. He died at the age of 27 and was succeeded by his son Alfonso XI. Parents: Sancho IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Maria de MOLINA. Spouse: Constanza of Portugal . Constanza of Portugal and Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON)3 were married in 1302. Children were: Leonor of Castile , Constanza of Castile , Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon). Fernando2 was born (date unknown). Parents: Ferdinand and Blanche of France . Children were: Blanca . Fernando Alfonso (sn de Ledesma) was born in 1336. Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman .Fernando of Castile was born in 1332. Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Maria of Portugal .Frederick I (Barbarossa) (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) was born in 1122. He died on 10 June 1190 at the age of 68. He drowned in the River Calycandus, Cilicia. Also known as Frederick Barbarossa, he was a Duke of Swabia and King of Germany prior to becoming Holy Roman Emperor. Parents: Frederick II HOHENSTAUFEN and Judith of Bavaria . Spouse: Adelheid von VOHBURG. Adelheid von VOHBURG and Frederick I (Barbarossa) (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR)3 were married in 1147. They were divorced in 1153. Spouse: Beatrix of Burgundy . Beatrix of Burgundy and Frederick I (Barbarossa) (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR)3 were married on 10 June 1156. Children were: Henry VI HOHENSTAUFENS of Sicily (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR), Philip HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Gerberga was born (date unknown). Spouse: Adalbert of Italy (KING OF ITALY). Gerberga and Adalbert of Italy (KING OF ITALY) were married. Children were: Othon-Guillaume de Macon . Gerberga1 was born (date unknown). Parents: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) and St. Matilda of Ringelheim .Geva was born (date unknown). Spouse: Wittekind (Widukind) of the Saxons (KING OF THE SAXONS). Geva and Wittekind (Widukind) of the Saxons (KING OF THE SAXONS) were married. Children were: Wigebart of Saxony (Duke of Saxony). Gisela of Friaul was born (date unknown). Spouse: Adalbert of Ivrea (Count & Margrave of Ivrea). Gisela of Friaul and Adalbert of Ivrea (Count & Margrave of Ivrea) were married. Gorka was born (date unknown). Spouse: Ziemonislaw of Poland (Duke of Poland). Gorka and Ziemonislaw of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married. Children were: Mieczislaw (Burislaf) I of Poland (Duke of Poland). Guifre (Wilfred) the Hairy (Count of Barcelona) died in 897. He was killed while fighting the Moors. Parents: Sunifred I of Urgell (Count of Barcelona) and _____ (mother of Guifre the Hairy). Spouse: _____ (mother of Sunyer of Barcelona). Children were: Sunyer of Barcelona . Hatheburg was born (date unknown). Spouse: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Hatheburg and Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) were married in 906. Hatheburg was a young widow when she married Henry I the Fowler; their marriage was subsequently declared invalid. Hedwig1 was born (date unknown). Parents: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) and St. Matilda of Ringelheim .Hedwige was born (date unknown). One source (Stammtafeln) believes she was the daughter of Henry, Margrave of Mark (died 886) and not Arnulf. Parents: Arnulf of Carinthia (KING OF GERMANY) and Oda of Bavaria . Spouse: Otto of Saxony (Duke of Saxony). Hedwige and Otto of Saxony (Duke of Saxony) were married about 869. Children were: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Heilwig was born about 931. She died on 12 November. Spouse: Hermann of Palatine . Heilwig and Hermann of Palatine were married. Children were: Ezzo of Palatine (Count Palatine). Henry (Duke of Bavaria)1 was born (date unknown). Parents: Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) and St. Matilda of Ringelheim .Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) was born about 876. He died on 2 June 936 at the age of 60. Parents: Otto of Saxony (Duke of Saxony) and Hedwige . Spouse: Hatheburg . Hatheburg and Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) were married in 906. Hatheburg was a young widow when she married Henry I the Fowler; their marriage was subsequently declared invalid. Spouse: St. Matilda of Ringelheim . St. Matilda of Ringelheim and Henry I the Fowler (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) were married in 909. Children were: Henry (Duke of Bavaria), Otto I the Great, King of Germany (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR), St. Bruno (Archbishop of Cologne), Gerberga , Hedwig . Henry II of Castile (KING OF CASTILE) was born about 1333. He died on 30 May 1379 at the age of 46. Also known as Enrique (or Henry) of Trastamara, he was the illegitimate son of King Alfonso XI, who was succeeded after he died in 1350 by his legitimate son, Peter the Cruel. Henry II took part in several revolts against his half-brother, but they were all unsuccessful. Henry II sought help from Du Guesclin and Peter IV of Aragon and finally succeeded in removing Peter the Cruel from the throne in 1366. Peter the Cruel responded by forming an alliance with England and, with the aid of Edward the Black Prince, defeated Henry II in battle at Najera in 1367. However, Edward the Black Prince had to depart to participate in the French campaign and, after he departed, Henry II attacked and killed Peter the Cruel in battle at Montiel in 1369. Henry II was able to retain the throne despite opposition from King Ferdinand I of Portugal and John of Gaunt. John of Gaunt was the brother of Edward the Black Prince and, in 1371, married Constance of Castile, the daughter of Peter the Cruel (perhaps marriage was the price Constance paid for the help of John of Gaunt, who undoubtedly used it make his own claim to Castile). Henry II successfuly resisted all opposition and remained King until his death in 1379; he was succeeded by his son, John I of Castile. Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman . Spouse: Juana Manuel de Castilla (sna de Villena). Juana Manuel de Castilla (sna de Villena) and Henry II of Castile (KING OF CASTILE)3 were married on 27 July 1350. Children were: John I of Castile , Leonor of Castile (Infanta of Castile), Juana of Castile (Infanta of Castile). Spouse: Elvira Iniquez DE LA VEGA. Children were: Alfonso ENRIQUEZ. Henry III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) was born in 1379. He was born on 4 October 1379. He died in 1406 at the age of 27. Henry III became King of Castile and Leon in 1390 upon the death of his father, John I. His father arranged his marriage to Catherine, the daughter of John of Gaunt, as a means to end the conflict between the two men. Henry III was only 9 years old when he was married, and became King at the age of 11. One of his most notable achievements was his push to colonize the Canary Islands. Upon his death in 1406 at the age of 27, he was succeeded by his son John II. Parents: John I of Castile and Leonor of Aragon . Spouse: Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster. Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster and Henry III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) were married in 1388. They were married. Children were: John II of Castille . Henry IV was born on 4 January 1425. He died in 1474 at the age of 49. He is sometimes referred to as Henry IV the Impotent. Parents: John II of Castille and Maria of Aragon . Spouse: Juana of Portugal . Juana of Portugal and Henry IV were married. Children were: Juana la Beltraneja . King Henry XIII (KING OF ENGLAND)4 was born (date unknown). Spouse: Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND). Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND) and King Henry XIII (KING OF ENGLAND) were married. Hermann of Palatine was born about 929. He died after 16 July 996 at the age of 67. Spouse: Heilwig . Heilwig and Hermann of Palatine were married. Children were: Ezzo of Palatine (Count Palatine). Hildegarde of Vinzgau was born in 758. Spouse: Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST). Hildegarde of Vinzgau and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 771. Children were: Louis I the Pious of Aquitaine (KING OF FRANCE). Himiltude was born (date unknown). Spouse: Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST). Himiltude and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married about 768. Hugh of Provence1 was born (date unknown). Spouse: _____ ______ (mother of Lothaire). _____ ______ (mother of Lothaire) and Hugh of Provence were married. Children were: Lothaire . Infante Juan4 was born on 30 June 1478. He died in 1497 at the age of 19. "The Prince who died of love" Parents: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) and Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN).Irene of Byzantium was born in 1145. Spouse: Philip HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Irene of Byzantium and Philip HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR)3 were married on 25 May 1197. Children were: Beatrice (Elizabeth) VON HOHENSTAUFEN of Swabia. Irmengard of Hesbain was born about 778. Spouse: Louis I the Pious of Aquitaine (KING OF FRANCE). Irmengard of Hesbain and Louis I the Pious of Aquitaine (KING OF FRANCE) were married in 798. Children were: Louis II, the German (KING OF EAST FRANKS). Isabel was born about 1265. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .Isabel de Limoges was born in 1283. Parents: Sancho IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Maria de MOLINA.Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal)3 was born in 1271. She died on 4 July 1336 at the age of 65. Also known as the "Peacemaker", she was named after her great-aunt, Elizabeth of Hungary. She was educated and lived very piously, and was married at a young age. Her husband's court was very corrupt, but Elizabeth did her best to win her husband's affections, while still pursuing her religious beliefs, being especially devoted to the poor and sick. Elizabeth finally, through prayer and unfailing sweetness, succeeded in reforming her husband, but by then he was late in life. Their son, Alfonso, so resented the favors the King showed to his illegitimate sons that, in 1323, he declared war against his father. Elizabeth rode between the two opposing armies and succeeded in reconciling her husband and son. After her husband died in 1325, she retired to a convent of Poor Clares which she had founded at Coimbra. She took the Franciscan Tertiary habit, devoting the rest of her life to the poor and sick. However, she had to act as peacemaker once more when, in 1336, her son Alfonso IV, the new King of Portugal, marched against the King of Castile, to whom he had married his daughter Maria, and who had neglected and mis-treated her. She went to Estremoz where the two opposing armies were fighting, stopped the fighting and arranged a peace between the two kingdoms. This great effort brought on her final illness, and she died of a fever shortly afterward. She is interred at the convent at Coimbre. She was canonized by Pope Urban VIII in 1625; her feast day is July 8. Parents: Pedro III (KING OF ARAGON) and Constantia . Spouse: Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE). Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal) and Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE) were married. Children were: Constanza of Portugal , Alfonso IV "O Osado" (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE). Isabella of Asturias was born on 2 October 1470. Parents: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) and Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN).Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN) was born on 22 April 1451.9 She died on 26 November 1504 at the age of 53.7 Parents: John II of Castille and Isabella of Portugal . Spouse: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN). Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN) and Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) were married on 19 October 1469.7 Children were: Isabella of Asturias , Infante Juan , Juana (The Mad), Mary , Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND). Isabella of Portugal was born in 1428. She died on 15 August 1496 at the age of 68. Parents: Joao of Portugal and Isabella de BRAGANCA. Spouse: John II of Castille . Isabella of Portugal and John II of Castille were married in August 1447. Children were: Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN), Alfonso of the Asturias . Jaime (Juan) of Castile (sn de los Cameros) was born before 11 August 1268. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .Jaime I the Conqueror (KING OF ARAGON) was born in 1208. He died in 1276 at the age of 68. Parents: Pedro II the Catholic (KING OF ARAGON) and Maria of Montepellier . Spouse: Leonor of Castile . Leonor of Castile and Jaime I the Conqueror (KING OF ARAGON) were married on 6 February 1221. They were divorced in 1229. Spouse: Yolande (Violante) of Hungary . Yolande (Violante) of Hungary and Jaime I the Conqueror (KING OF ARAGON) were married. Children were: Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon . Queen Joanna Enriquez was born in 1425. She died on 13 February 1468 at the age of 43. Her father was Fadrique Enriquez, Count of Malgar y Rueda. Spouse: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO). Queen Joanna Enriquez and John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO)8 were married on 1 April 1444. Children were: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN), Juana of Aragon , Maria of Aragon (Infanta of Aragon). Joao of Portugal was born on 13 January 1400. Spouse: Isabella de BRAGANCA. Isabella de BRAGANCA and Joao of Portugal were married. Children were: Isabella of Portugal . John I of Castile was born on 24 August 1358. He died on 9 October 1390 at the age of 32. John I succeeded his father, Henry II, as King of Castile and Leon in 1379. He tried to unite the Castilian and Portuguese crowns but was twice defeated in battle by the Portuguese. He was more successful in defending his crown when it was threatened by John of Gaunt, who was claiming the throne through his marriage to Constance, daughter of Peter the Cruel who had been killed and removed as King by Henry II, the father of John I. The power struggle was finally ended when John I married his 9-year old son Henry to Catherine, the daughter of John of Gaunt. Henry succeeded him as King of Castile and Leon and became known as Henry III. Parents: Henry II of Castile (KING OF CASTILE) and Juana Manuel de Castilla (sna de Villena). Spouse: Leonor of Aragon . Leonor of Aragon and John I of Castile were married on 18 June 1375. Children were: Henry III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON), Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY). Spouse: Beatriz of Portugal (QUEEN OF PORTUGAL). Beatriz of Portugal (QUEEN OF PORTUGAL) and John I of Castile were married in May 1383. John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) was born on 29 June 1398. He died on 19 January 1479 at the age of 80. Also known as John II of Trastamara, he became King of Navarre in 1425 after marrying Blanche, the heiress of the Kingdom of Navarre. After his wife died in 1442, Navarre was ruled by their son Charles of Viana. Soon, however, a power struggle developed between father and son, leading to civil war in Navarre. Charles escaped to Italy leaving his father John II to rule Navarre. He succeeded his brother Alfonso V in 1458 and became King of Aragon and Sicily, and ruled Catalonia as the Count of Barcelona. An uprising in Catalonia in 1461 forced John II to recognize Charles as his heir; however, Charles died that very same year. This led to the expulsion of John II from Catalonia, and Rene of Anjou was chosen to be Count of Barcelona. In 1472, John II succeeded in pacifying and reclaiming Catalonia. In 1468, John II passed the Kingdom of Sicily to his son Ferdinand II. Upon the death of John II in 1479, Ferdinand II also inherited the Kingdom of Aragon and Catalonia. (Ferdinand II was also known as Ferdinand the Catholic and later became King Ferdinand V of Castille after marrying Queen Isabella of Castille. The Kingdom of Navarre, upon the death of John II, passed through his daughter Leonor to the house of Foix, into which she had married. Parents: Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY) and Leonor Urrac de Castilla de Albuquerque. Spouse: Blanche of Navarre . Blanche of Navarre and John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) were married on 18 January 1420. Children were: Carlos of Viana , Juana of Aragon (Infanta of Aragon), Blanca of Aragon , Eleanor of Navarre . Spouse: Queen Joanna Enriquez . Queen Joanna Enriquez and John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO)8 were married on 1 April 1444. Children were: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN), Juana of Aragon , Maria of Aragon (Infanta of Aragon). John II of Castille was born on 6 March 1405. He died on 20 July 1454 at the age of 49. Parents: Henry III (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster. Spouse: Maria of Aragon . Maria of Aragon and John II of Castille were married on 4 August 1420. Children were: Catalina of the Asturias , Leonor of the Asturias , Henry IV , Maria of Castile . Spouse: Isabella of Portugal . Isabella of Portugal and John II of Castille were married in August 1447. Children were: Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN), Alfonso of the Asturias . John of Gaunt was born in 1340. He died in 1399 at the age of 59. John of Gaunt married Blanche, the heiress of Lancaster, in 1359 and thus became Earl of Lancaster in 1361 and Duke of Lancaster in 1362. His wife's holdings made him one of the wealthiest men in England, and enabled him to become one of England's most influential nobles. He served under his brother, Edward the Black Prince, in the Hundred Years War and in the campaign of help Peter the Cruel of Castile in 1367. After his first wife died, John of Gaunt, married Constance of Castile, the daughter of Peter the Cruel, in 1371. Peter the Cruel had been killed by his half-brother, Henry II, in 1369. Through his marriage to Constance, John of Gaunt was able to make a claim to the throne of Castile. His brother, Edward the Black Prince, fell ill during the French campaign of 1370-71 and John of Gaunt left to take chief command, but accomplished little in that campaign. After a truce was called in 1375, John of Gaunt returned to England and allied himself with the corrupt court party led by Alice Perrers, the mistress of his aging father, Edward III. In effect, John of Gaunt actually ruled England for a short time, but his party was removed from power by the Good Parliament in 1376. He soon restored his power and influence and became one of the most powerful men in the goverment, devoting himself primarily to military matters. In 1386, he allied himself with the King of Portugal, John I, who had married one of John of Gaunt's daughters, and led an expedition against John I of Castile in an attempt to make good his claim to the Castilian throne. His expediition was unsuccessful, but John of Gaunt and John I of Castile reached a truce in 1388 by agreeing to the marriage of John of Gaunt's daughter, Catherine, with Henry III, the 9-year old son of John I of Castile. John of Gaunt returned to England in 1389 where he was made Duke of Aquitaine. In 1396, he married Catherine Swynford, who had been his mistress for many years. He had his illegitimate children by her, under the name of Beaufort, declared legitimate. He died in 1399, soon after his eldest son, the Duke of Hereford, had been exiled by the King. (The Duke of Hereford later became Henry IV, first of the royal line of Lancaster.) Parents: Edward III of England and _____ (spouse of Edward III). Spouse: Blanche of Lancaster . Blanche of Lancaster and John of Gaunt were married in 1359. Spouse: Constance of Castile . Constance of Castile and John of Gaunt were married in 1371. Children were: Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster. Spouse: Catherine SWYNFORD. Catherine SWYNFORD and John of Gaunt were married in 1396. Juan de Castile (sn de Badajoz) was born in 1341. Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman .Juan of Castile (Infant of Castile) was born before April 1264. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .Juana (The Mad)4 was born on 6 November 1479. She died in 1555 at the age of 76. Parents: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) and Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN). Spouse: Phillip I (The Beautiful). Juana (The Mad) and Phillip I (The Beautiful) were married. Children were: KING Charles I (KING OF SPAIN). Juana Alfonsa was born (date unknown). Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman .Juana de Castro was born (date unknown). Spouse: Peter the Cruel . Juana de Castro and Peter the Cruel were married in 1354. There is some confusion here as to the spouses and dates of marriage. Juana la Beltraneja was born in 1462. She died in 1530 at the age of 68. Juana was widely believed to have been fathered by Beltran de la Cueva, the court favorite. For that reason, she was usually referred to as Juana la Beltraneja. The Cortes of Castile, however, recognized her as the legitimate heiress to the throne. Castilian nobles, however, refused to recognize Juana as the rightful heiress and forced Henry IV to designate his half-brother, Alfonso, as his successor. Alfonso died in 1468 and Henry IV then designated his half-sister Isabella to be his successor. When Isabella married Ferdinand II of Aragon, Henry IV changed his mind and in 1470 again recognized Juana as his heir. However, when Henry IV died in 1474, Isabella took the opportunity to seize the throne. Juana had her own supporters and they arranged for her marriage to Alfonso V of Portugal, and thus obtained his help to try to regain the throne. Isabella defeated Alfonso V in a battle at Toro in 1476, ending the threat to her rule. Isabella received recognition as Queen of Castille in 1479. And, Juana retired to a convent in Portugal. Parents: Henry IV and Juana of Portugal .
22709	yago	2	18	https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/the-year-of-isabella-i-of-castile-2024/the-year-of-isabella-i-of-castile-the-early-years-of-king-ferdinand-ii-of-aragon/	en	The early years of King Ferdinand II of Aragon	https://i0.wp.com/www.hi…273%2C1527&ssl=1	https://i0.wp.com/www.hi…273%2C1527&ssl=1	[ "https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/moniekheader4-1.png", "https://i0.wp.com/www.historyofroyalwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/ferdinand01.jpg?resize=678%2C381&ssl=1", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/49d87a32a97a5b99f4b25d2be2d5ffb7?s=125&d=mm&r=g", "https://i0.wp.com/www.historyofroyalwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/184646-1309795385.jpg?resize=80%2C60&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/www.historyofroyalwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/empress12.jpg?resize=80%2C60&ssl=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Moniek Bloks", "www.facebook.com" ]	2024-03-09T23:00:00+00:00	The future King Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on 10 March 1452 as the son of King John II of Aragon and Navarre and his second wife, Juana Enríquez. At the time of his birth, he had an elder half-brother and two elder half-sisters from his father's first marriage to Blanche I, Queen of Navarre in her own right.	en	https://i0.wp.com/www.hi…it=32%2C22&ssl=1	History of Royal Women	https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/the-year-of-isabella-i-of-castile-2024/the-year-of-isabella-i-of-castile-the-early-years-of-king-ferdinand-ii-of-aragon/	The future King Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on 10 March 1452 as the son of King John II of Aragon and Navarre and his second wife, Juana Enríquez. At the time of his birth, he had an elder half-brother and two elder half-sisters from his father’s first marriage to Blanche I, Queen of Navarre in her own right. Although upon Blanche’s death, the throne of Navarre technically passed to Ferdinand’s brother Charles, his father John had kept the power in his own hands. Charles would die in 1461 without ever having held power. The throne then passed firstly to Ferdinand’s elder half-sister, Queen Blanche II, who had returned home after a disastrous marriage and was promptly imprisoned. She died in 1464. Ferdinand’s second half-sister, Eleanor, perhaps knew better than to oppose him, and she only briefly succeeded officially as Queen of Navarre after Ferdinand’s death. The throne of Navarre would pass through Eleanor’s line. John and Juana had another child after Ferdinand, a daughter named Joanna, who ended up marrying King Ferdinand I of Naples. Ferdinand himself was born in the town of Sos del Rey Católico, then just called Sos, and he too belonged to the House of Trastámara, to which his future wife also belonged. They were second cousins through a common descent from King John I of Castile and Eleanor of Aragon. As a younger son, he was not born to be a King, and he grew up in a politically difficult climate. Following the death of Ferdinand’s brother Charles on 23 September 1461, the nine-year-old Ferdinand was sworn in as heir apparent of Aragon on 6 October 1461. He was then “conducted by his mother into Catalonia, in order to receive the more doubtful homage of that province.” He was later described as having “chivalrous valour, combined with maturity of judgment far above his years. Indeed, he was decidedly superior to his rivals in personal merit and attractions.” About his education, Ferdinand would later say that he had “seen much but read little.” He still had the basis of a classical education, and he was taught Latin by Francisco Vidal de Noya. However, he had his own horse from the age of eight and spent more time in the saddle than in the classroom. As his father became increasingly blind over the years, Ferdinand soon joined him on the battlefield. The marriage between Ferdinand and Isabella had been on the cards when they were just children, but it had not happened then. Isabella, who was recognised as heiress by her half-brother in 1468, knew that Ferdinand was the right choice. Several suitors had already been considered for her, or rather yet, forced upon her. It thus took some secret manoeuvring for the marriage between Isabella and Ferdinand to take place. The 17-year-old Ferdinand had already fathered a son, Alfonso, who was born in 1469. He had also been ceded the Kingdom of Sicily by his father in 1468. Yet, he took a chance on a Princess whose road to Queenship was not set in stone.
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Timelines	https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/king-ferdinand-ii-and-queen-isabella-i	King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I get married King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella begin their marriage 5 years before their ascension to the throne. They also happened to be cousins. Princess Joanna of Castille is born. King Ferdinand II and Queen Elizabeth I gave birth to their third child and second daughter in Toledo, Spain. She was known as Joanna the Mad or Juana la loca. She became Queen of Castille and Aragon. The Calling of the Inquisition King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I called upon Pope Sixtus IV to get the Inquisition started again. This is where Queen Isabella I got her nickname "Isabella la Catolica" because she and her husband were ruthless catholic monarchs. Edict of Expulsion King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I ordered that all Jews be expelled from Spain and its territories by July 31 of that year. King Ferdinand II violated this treaty by forcing all Muslims in Castile or Aragon to convert to Catholicism or else be expelled. This was also used on the Jewish population of Spain. Treaty of Granada King Ferdinand signed an agreement with Louis XII of France stating that Ferdinand would support French claims in Naples in exchange for getting territories for himself in the division of the kingdom. Battle of Cerignola The first battle known to be won using gunpowder small arms, it was a battle between Spanish and French forces in in Cerignola, near Bari, Southern Italy. The Spanish forces, with 8,000 men, mroe than 1000 arequebusiers, 20 cannons defeated the French, which only had a force of 20,000 men, mainly cavalry and swiss mercenary pikemen, and about 40 cannons.
22709	yago	0	6	https://fascinatingspain.com/legend-of-spain/legends-of-aragon/ferdinand-catholic-born-aragon-not-navarre/	en	Why Ferdinand the Catholic was born in Aragon and not in Navarre	https://fascinatingspain…k_2015219837.jpg	https://fascinatingspain…k_2015219837.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1457233547959964&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://cdn-ipdcn.nitrocdn.com/fZcuQLcltDCDmWeEGOvFECQNXPtvcUZi/assets/images/optimized/rev-9aa3998/fascinatingspain.com/wp-content/uploads/LogoEFc-1.png", "https://cdn-ipdcn.nitrocdn.com/fZcuQLcltDCDmWeEGOvFECQNXPtvcUZi/assets/images/optimized/rev-9aa3998/fascinatingspain.com/wp-content/uploads/chino.png", "https://cdn-ipdcn.nitrocdn.com/fZcuQLcltDCDmWeEGOvFECQNXPtvcUZi/assets/images/optimized/rev-9aa3998/fascinatingspain.com/wp-content/uploads/fr.png", "https://cdn-ipdcn.nitrocdn.com/fZcuQLcltDCDmWeEGOvFECQNXPtvcUZi/assets/images/optimized/rev-9aa3998/fascinatingspain.com/wp-content/uploads/es.png", 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"https://cdn-ipdcn.nitrocdn.com/fZcuQLcltDCDmWeEGOvFECQNXPtvcUZi/assets/images/source/rev-9aa3998/fascinatingspain.com/wp-content/uploads/Sello_SF_2023_crema.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Fascinating Spain" ]	2021-09-29T14:26:05+00:00	Juana gave birth to a child who would change the history of Spain and who would be known as Ferdinand the Catholic.	en	https://cdn-ipdcn.nitroc…gspain-32x32.png	Fascinating Spain	https://fascinatingspain.com/legend-of-spain/legends-of-aragon/ferdinand-catholic-born-aragon-not-navarre/	It was March 1452. The Iberian Peninsula was divided into different kingdoms, whose inhabitants paid homage to different kings. Likewise, in the kingdom of Navarre blood was flowing due to a civil conflict between its king John II of Aragon, who would soon become the father of a little boy named Ferdinand, and his son the prince of Viana. By then Juan’s wife, Juana Enriquez, with an already bulging belly, was residing in the castle of Sangüesa, which belonged to Navarre. When the birth was imminent, the queen decided to leave Sangüesa to have her child in the kingdom of Aragon. Juana then moved to the border town of Sos, now renamed Sos del Rey Católico. It was there that Juana gave birth to a child who would change the history of Spain and who would be known as Ferdinand the Catholic. Why did the queen make this decision? Was there something special about Sos? Was there something wrong in Sangüesa? A neglected king To understand the reasons that led Juana Enriquez to travel to Sos, we must stop for a moment to observe what was happening in the kingdom of Navarre. Well, there ruled, as already mentioned, John II of Aragon. However, this monarch was for most of his reign more interested in the kingdom of Castile than in his own, neglecting his duties on the throne. There, in Castile, Juan II had his goods confiscated and his revenues seized on two occasions, in 1429 and 1444. In both dates the monarch of the kingdom of Navarre, annoyed, confronted the monarch of Castile and on both occasions he lost. In the kingdom of Navarre these wars, declared by a ruler who did not care about them, were very unpopular among the population. Meanwhile, his wife at the time, Blanca I of Navarre, ruled the kingdom. However, in 1441, the queen died after having three children with her husband. In her will, Blanca I named her son, known as Carlos de Viana or Prince of Viana, as universal heir to the kingdom of Navarre. But she begged him not to take the title ‘without the benevolence and blessing of his father’. A civil war between father and son Don Juan took advantage of that loophole to continue with the title of king and named the prince lieutenant general, who was the one who took charge of the kingdom, while his father was still engrossed in his Castilian interests. But with the defeat of Juan II in 1445, the monarch had to return to Navarre. It was then when the balance between father and son was broken, because, as Abella points out, Juan II ‘brought his Castilian supporters and distributed rents and perks among them, stripping them from his son’s followers’. This already delicate context was further aggravated when John II married a second wife, Juana Enriquez, daughter of a powerful Castilian nobleman. The monarch of Navarre continued to demonstrate, time and again, that his interests were in Castile. In addition, with that marriage, Juan II supposedly lost the rights he held thanks to his first wife, among which was the title of king. Thus, when the new queen went to Olite, Prince Charles decided to flee the kingdom. In 1851, the prince’s supporters took up arms, supported by Castilian troops. On the other hand, King Juan II obtained the support of the kingdom of Aragon, since his brother was the monarch of Aragon and Juan held the title of lieutenant general. The civil war in the kingdom of Navarre had begun. The birth of Ferdinand the Catholic It was at this delicate moment, when the monarchs resided in the municipality of Sangüesa, in Navarre, a town that had good communication with the Aragonese border towns. When childbirth was imminent, Juana Enríquez decided that it was time to move to Aragon, a kingdom that was not officially at war and by which they were supported. The first fortified village along the way was Sos. There, he was able to find shelter in the palace of the Sada, a residence where the kings had already stayed on more than one occasion.
22709	yago	2	63	https://www.myheritage.com/names/joanna_enr%25C3%25ADquez	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
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facsimiles.com!	en	/typo3conf/ext/tw_ziereis/Resources/Public/Icons/App/apple-touch-icon.png	Ziereis Facsimiles	https://www.facsimiles.com/facsimiles/book-of-hours-of-isabel-the-catholic	Book of Hours of Isabel I "The Catholic" The epoch of the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella was a golden age for Spain, both politically and culturally. One of the treasures of this epoch is the so-called Book of Hours of Queen Isabella of Castile, which the Queen received either as a gift from her mother-in-law Juana Enríquez or from her husband on the occasion of their wedding. The quality and splendor of the precious manuscript is also suitable for a queen. All 730 pages of the book of hours gleam with exuberant adornment and magnificent miniatures. It is considered to be one of the masterpieces from the studio of Willem Vrelants in Bruges, an outstanding miniaturist of the Flemish school of the 15th century. The Book of Hours of Isabel la Catolica is a special treasure of illumination. Unbelievable Opulence and Exuberant Adornment 3,487 illuminations overall, of which 72 are full-paged, adorn the 730 pages of the marvelous book of hours. The exuberant adornment of the book treasure shows itself by opening it to any page. Broad bordures of multicolored, elaborate arabesques, additionally embellished with gold, or delicate foliage with fine flowers immediately catch one’s eye. These surround some of the text pages and numerous artful miniatures. The miniatures scenically present depictions of biblical stories and Acts of the Saints, always relevant to the text and in no way qualitatively inferior to panel painting. The pages of text are additionally adorned with marvelous initials against a gold background. The intense blue stands out in particular, underscored by luminous red. The artist’s mastery shows itself in the unusual design of the miniatures’ backgrounds, where the place of simple gold backgrounds or blue skies is taken by a marvelous raster consisting of gold, blue, and red squares. A Bruges Masterpiece The artistic design of the book of hours is very impressive, as is the overwhelming wealth of colors and the richness of the paintings and their exceptional quality. As the master of this splendid manuscript, Willem Vrelant was responsible for this. This miniaturist who was active in Utrecht and Bruges (d. 1481/82) built up a special studio around himself, which produced the most magnificent manuscripts of the Flemish school. Originating from the hand of Willem Vrelant and his workshop are some miniatures from the Book of Hours of Maria of Burgundy or the so-called Black Hours, among others. Nevertheless, the Book of Hours of Isabel la Catolica, originating ca. 1455–60, is considered to be one of the outstanding masterpieces of the marvelous artist! A Gift for the Queen
22709	yago	3	78	https://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/cathyaragon.html	en	Catherine of Aragon			[ "https://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/images/srevs.gif", "http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/images/khLw.gif", "http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/images/khw.gif", "https://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/_vti_bin/fpcount.exe/womens_history/?Page=cathyaragon.html\|Image=3", "https://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/images/CQSbapmail.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Catherine of Aragon was born into a family of kings and queens and was destined to become one herself. She was betrothed since she was about four years old to the future king of England. She fulfilled this destiny, but became victim of Henry VIII's inability to produce a male heir. For this reason, she was removed from her throne and her marriage annulled. Although, maybe not the most memorable of Henry VIII's wives, she certainly had left a mark on history. Catherine of Aragon had anything but a typical childhood. Catherine of Aragon was born on December 16, 1485 in Alcala de Henares, Spain. She was the daughter of Queen Isabella of Castile and mighty King Ferdinand of Aragon. Catherine was the youngest of five children, the others being Isabella, Juan, Juana, and Maria. Catherine's childhood experiences were quite fascinating. She witnessed the surrender of the Moors in Granada and Columbus' first voyage to the New World. Also Catherine was able to choose her own badge, which consisted of a pomegranate. This ends up being quite appropriate, because the fruit is hard on the outside, which symbolized Catherine's tough attitude and was soft on the inside, which symbolized fertility. Catherine received an education typical of women in the fifteenth century. She was taught religion, housewife skills, and literacy in Spanish and Latin. She was a well-read child and she watched her parents deal with diplomatic and militaristic issues. In 1489, arrangements were made between Spain and England that betrothed Catherine of Aragon to Arthur, Prince of Wales, who was next in line to receive the English crown. This betrothal was made in order to keep the peace between two of the most powerful nations of Europe. Tragedy struck the family in 1498 when Catherine's sister, Isabella, Queen of Portugal, died in childbirth. Although this tragedy hurt the royal family of Spain, in 1501, Catherine left Spain for England to marry Prince Arthur. They were married on November 14, 1501. The marriage was short because Arthur had died on April 2, 1502. Her first marriage created much debate on whether or not it was consummated, because Catherine agreed to a second marriage to Arthur's brother, Henry VIII. Financial matters dealing with Catherine's dowry and King Henry VII kept the two from marrying until the king's death on April 21, 1509. Catherine and Henry VIII were married on June 11th, 1509. Henry was then crowned on June 24th, which made Catherine, Queen of England. Catherine was very much an ideal queen. She was supportive of her husband, and like him, she enjoyed music and dance. As queen, Catherine managed the royal household, cared for Henry's linen and wardrobe, ran her own estates, and often supervised in royal business. She also took time and effort to provide the poor with money, clothes, food, and fuel in the winter. She was the only person Henry could confide to in the first few years of their marriage. For the first five years of their marriage, Catherine acted as the Spanish ambassador to England quite successfully on her own. She held off a Scottish rebellion in England while King Henry was off to war in France. Queen Catherine bore six children, only one of whom had survived. This was Princess Mary, who would later become Queen Mary I of England also known as "Bloody Mary". The birth of her daughter, was a time of joy for Catherine, but her father, King Ferdinand of Spain had passed soon after. Henry was obsessed with producing a male heir to the throne in order to continue the Tudor dynasty. It became evident to Henry that Catherine would not be able to give him a son. Consequently, Henry tried to secure an annulment of his marriage with Catherine from Pope Clement VII. Catherine was initially given the opportunity to leave Henry VIII peacefully by living out her years in a nunnery. She chose to fight it out in the courts, which ruled against her. Had Catherine acted differently, the religious reformation would have been delayed or might not have come to England at all. The pope would not agree to the annulment so Henry decided to resolve his dilemma by having the archbishop of Canterbury declare his marriage with Catherine null and void on March 30, 1534. Henry then took Anne Boleyn as his new queen. Henry VIII had split away from the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England, and put himself as the head of the church. Catherine lived out her life at Kimbolton, secluded from Henry and her daughter, Mary. Catherine died on January 7, 1536, at the age of fifty. Catherine of Aragon had changed the course of history. Had it not been for her, the Protestant Reformation might not have occurred in England. Although, many might think that it was unfortunate for Catherine that Henry had their marriage annulled, it was lucky for her that she did not suffer the same fate as Anne Boleyn and Katherine Howard. And her daughter Mary, did become Queen of England. Annotated Bibliography Albert, Marvin H. The Divorce. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965. This book includes the great controversy to which Catherine, Henry, and Anne Boleyn were the major participants. It gives background of Catherine and her marriage and goes into detail with the divorce. Excellent source for analyzing the divorce of Catherine and Henry and sufficient for information about Catherine. Anonymous. "Catherine of Aragon." Nd. <http://ftp.cac.psu.edu/~saw/royal/r19.html> (5 October 2005). This contains information of Catherine's birth and death, her husbands and children, her crowning, and her divorce. This source is a nice starting point, but only supplies basic information. Bowle, John. Henry VIII. Boston: Brown, 1965. It does present the divorce with Catherine thoroughly, but it is lacking on other aspects of Catherine's life. This is not the best source to use if one is only looking at the life of Catherine, and not Henry himself. "Catherine of Aragon: Humble and Loyal". 12 October 2005 <http://www.tudorhistory.org/aragon> (16 October 2005) This was a great site that provided a brief description about the life and marriage of Catherine. This would not suffice as a central source, but it is good for basics. The site also provides links to the others in the Tudor dynasty and well describes how they are all related. Cranmer, Thomas. "Letter of Thomas Cranmer, 1533" in Halsall, Paul, ed. "Medieval Sourcebook" November 1996. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html> (5 October 2005). This source is Thomas Cranmer's letter of the divorce of Catherine and Henry. He describes the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, but mentions Catherine briefly. This is a wonderful primary source if one is focusing on Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, because it mentions a bit of a scandal. Fraser, Antonia. The Wives of Henry VIII. New York: Vintage Books, 1992. This book contained a lot of information on all of the wives of Henry VIII. The section on Catherine of Aragon went into detail about the diplomatic decisions that she made, and also the relationship between Catherine and her daughter, Mary. The book was relatively easy to read, and is good for some specific information on her family life and relations, and also her political influence over Spain and England. Paul, John E. Catherine of Aragon and Her Friends. New York: Fordham University Press, 1966. The source focuses on Catherine's social relationships and the influence they had on her and her decisions. A brief, sufficient background of Catherine is given so there can be a valid appreciation of the activities of her friends in relation to Catherine. Useful information on her divorce is given in one chapter. Overall, this is a good source. Starkey, David. Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII. New York: Harper Collins Publishers Inc., 2003. The book was a great source of information that ranged from Catherine's close relationships with her parents and siblings, to the issues of both of her marriages. The book does not go into any detail at all about her death. The information is this book focused mostly on her early life. The source is nice to use for in-depth research and knowledge, and fortunately is not a difficult read. Vine, Stuart. "Henry VIII's Six Wives." The Mary Rose. Nd. <http://www.maryrose.org/history/wives.htm> (5 October 2005). This source is more focused on Henry VIII but it gives a brief description of Catherine and her marriage to Henry along with a description of Henry's other 5 wives. Weir, Alison. The Six Wives of Henry VIII. New York: Grove Press, 1991. This book contained some good information, and was useful in finding details about Catherine's death. The book was difficult to use, because it jumps from topic to topic and some of the information about Catherine was mixed in with the information on Anne Boleyn. The book offered nice information, but is not easy to follow.
22709	yago	2	34	https://www.bartleby.com/topics/ferdinand-ii-of-aragon	en	Ferdinand II of Aragon			[ "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/logos/bartleby/logo-home.svg", "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/placeholders/default_paper_6.png", "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/placeholders/default_paper_6.png", "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/placeholders/default_paper_6.png", "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/placeholders/default_paper_6.png", "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/placeholders/default_paper_6.png", "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/placeholders/default_paper_6.png", "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/placeholders/default_paper_6.png", "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/placeholders/default_paper_6.png", "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/placeholders/default_paper_6.png", "https://assets.bartleby.com/1.17/images/placeholders/default_paper_6.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Free Essays from Bartleby \| King Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on March 10, 1452. He was born in Madrigalejo, Spain. His father is John I of Aragon and his...				https://www.bartleby.com/topics/ferdinand-ii-of-aragon	King Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on March 10, 1452. He was born in Madrigalejo, Spain. His father is John I of Aragon and his mother is Joanna Henriquez. He has an older stepbrother, Charles IV of Viana. When Queen Blanche died in 1441, John I of Aragon dispossessed his son, Charles IV. Around the same year of Fernand’s birth, Charles attacked his father with french mercenaries at the Battle of Oibar. Charles and the French mercenaries were defeated and captured and then released. Charles fled What was Spain like before the Golden Age? King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ruled the kingdoms that eventually became the country of Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella were intent on having a kingdom free of any faith other than Christianity. Many people were killed or even banished from the country. King Ferdinand and Isabella moved their kingdom into a great age for Spain, but did not achieve this in the best way. The marriage of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella joined their family’s two kingdoms King Ferdinand of SpainBy: TJ GrayKing Ferdinand of Spain is one of the most well known kings of the fifteen century. At a very young age King Ferdinand made decisions which shaped the Spain and world we know today.Ferdinand was born March 10, 1452, in Sos, Aragon. He was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez of Castile. Ferdinand was not considered an intellectual, but was eager to learn. Ferdinand was tutored by humanist Francisco Vidal, he learned to read and write which was uncommon Frank Colletta Mr. Hoffman Global 1-R 12/09/17 One King, one Queen, otherwise known as Ferdinand and Isabella. Ferdinand and Isabella were cousins. Later on in 1469 they became husband and wife. Isabella became the quartermaster and financier (isabellaqueenofspain.wordpress.com), while Ferdinand was the leader of the army. Together they expanded and ruled the Spanish Empire. (spainthenandnow.com). Isabella was born on April 27, 1451. She was born in a city of Madrigal and raised Catholic religious faith, was a prerequisite for this discovery because she placed her trust and financed the trip, with the goal of opening a new route for commercial exchanges. Isabel was born on April 22nd of 1451 in Castile, Spain. Her parents were John II of Castile and Isabel of Portugal. She spent her first years in the company of her brother Alfonso, and her mother, a woman that had a passion for prestige and significance go far beyond that single act. Also commonly known as Queen Isabella the Catholic, she reigned from 1474 to 1504 and together with her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragón, united the Spanish kingdoms and helped pave the way for Spain’s golden age. Yet despite the importance of her marriage to Ferdinand, Isabella was a sovereign queen in her own right, wielding immense power and accomplishing tasks her empire as she decreased nobles’ power. Queen Isabella I of Castile formed the most powerful empire in Europe, ambitiously ruled her empire, and devoted herself to Christianity. Isabella I was born in April 22, 1451 into the royal family of John II of Castile and Isabella of Portugal in the town of Madgrigal de las Altas Torres. After Isabella I’s father died in 1454, her mother, Isabella of Portugal, raised her. She had blonde hair with auburn and chestnut hues and a light skin tone which was Christians, Muslims and Jews. This lasted up until the Renaissance when the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon united their Kingdoms and took over the last Moorish Kingdom of Granada. In the ballad, Abenamar, Abenamar (author and original date unknown; translated by Robert Southey) we encounter a conversation between the King John II of Castile and a Moor, Abenamar. King John II, a Christian openly expresses his admiration for Abenamar, a Muslim when he says “O thou Moor of Moreria commutative coin. Who is this very accomplished person? Queen Isabella. Bold and daring, Queen Isabella accomplished many things in her thirty years of rein as Queen of Castile and Aragon. Queen Isabella was born on April 22, 1451 in Madrigal, Old Castile. Her mother was Isabella of Portugal and her dad was John the II of Castile. Her mom and dad were King and Queen of Castile. She had two brothers, Alfonzo and Henry (“Isabella of Castile” par13). At the age of three Isabella’s father died. by sailing west was rejected a number of times by the King of Portugal, James II – and at first was equally rejected by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. These rejections were decisions derived from recommendations made by royal “scientific” committees. Each of these committees deemed that Columbus had grossly underestimated the distance and time in voyaging west to reach the Asian continent. It was Ferdinand who recalled Columbus to the royal court of Spain, and upon “political” reconsideration
22709	yago	1	77	https://www.facebook.com/alamoancestors/posts/king-ferdinand-v-of-aragon-15th-great-grandfather-ferdinand-v-of-aragon-birth-10/1045403868824152/	en	Facebook			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		de	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico		null
22709	yago	2	22	https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/92177844/juan_ii-of_aragon	en	1479) – Find a Grave Gedenkstätte	https://images.findagrav…1af11b70eca.jpeg	https://images.findagrav…1af11b70eca.jpeg	[ "https://www.findagrave.com/assets/images/logo-fff.png", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2019/247/202721874_d1d649e6-9714-497b-8503-41af11b70eca.jpeg?size=photos250", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2003/323/3972_1069379771.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2018/314/133950514_909c3406-7247-4819-ba24-70ba5a08b253.png?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2011/196/73449551_131084520399.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2022/97/238579183_08f99f1d-5df4-41d9-bb67-447a7b1edfe7.jpeg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2020/24/133948544_f4193200-4d07-4e4f-a350-f5f5303e85e9.png?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2018/247/156057563_56a06002-6bb1-4f36-a5d7-23d2e0beea2c.jpeg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2008/69/3974_120514974104.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/default-image.png", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2019/247/202721874_d1d649e6-9714-497b-8503-41af11b70eca.jpeg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2018/314/92177844_2a1f5071-9d91-4015-8326-ee327689ed1f.jpeg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2019/247/202721874_946a7631-90dd-4f2d-a8ea-9596c66ca778.jpeg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2018/314/92177844_3e9961a3-f283-442d-bcff-2c23b99dda21.jpeg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Spanish Monarch. Born at Medina del Campo the second son of Fernando I and Eleanor of Albuquerque. After the death of his father his elder brother Alfonso V became king of Aragon, Naples and Sicily in 1416. When Alfonso V died in 1458 his son Ferdinand I succeeded him as king of Naples and Sicily and he succeeded him...	de	/assets/images/fg-icon.svg		https://de.findagrave.com/memorial/92177844/juan_ii-of_aragon	Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Wir sind auf ein unbekanntes Problem gestoßen. Warten Sie einige Minuten und versuchen Sie es noch einmal. Wenn das Problem weiterhin besteht, kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave. Wir haben die Sicherheit auf der Seite aktualisiert. Sie müssen Ihr Passwort zurücksetzen. Ihr Konto wurde wegen zu vieler fehlgeschlagener Anmeldeversuche für 30 Minuten gesperrt. Bitte kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave unter [email protected], wenn Sie Hilfe beim Zurücksetzen Ihres Passworts benötigen. Dieses Konto wurde deaktiviert. Bei Fragen kontaktieren Sie bitte [email protected] Dieses Konto wurde deaktiviert. Bei Fragen kontaktieren Sie bitte [email protected] E-Mail nicht gefunden. Bitte füllen Sie das Captcha aus, damit wir wissen, dass Sie eine echte Person sind. Mehr als einen Datensatz für eingegebene E-Mail gefunden. Wir haben Ihnen zur Aktivierung eine E-Mail geschickt. Sign in to your existing Find a Grave account. You’ll only have to do this once—after your accounts are connected, you can sign in using your Ancestry sign in or your Find a Grave sign in. We found an existing Find a Grave account associated with your email address. Sign in below with your Find a Grave credentials to link your Ancestry account. After your accounts are connected you can sign in using either account. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihre E-Mail-Adresse ein. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihr Passwort ein. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihre E-Mail-Adresse und Ihr Passwort ein. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es ist ein Systemfehler aufgetreten. Bitte versuchen Sie es später erneut. Eine E-Mail zum Zurücksetzen des Passworts wurde an Email-ID gesendet. Wenn Sie keine E-Mail erhalten haben, durchsuchen Sie bitte Ihren Spam-Ordner. Wir sind auf ein unbekanntes Problem gestoßen. Warten Sie einige Minuten und versuchen Sie es noch einmal. Wenn das Problem weiterhin besteht, kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave.
22709	yago	1	20	https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/2023/07/03/the-lady-of-aragon/	en	THE LADY OF ARAGON	https://themonstrousregi…3/07/unnamed.jpg	https://themonstrousregi…3/07/unnamed.jpg	[ "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/eleanor_of_sicily_crop_-_monastery_of_poblet_-_catalonia_2014.jpg?w=285", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/violant-de-bar-1.jpg?w=717", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/juana_enriquez.png?w=215", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/msc_blanca_danjou.png?w=440", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/marie_kastilie.jpg?w=257", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/tomba_delisenda_de_montcada_detall.jpg?w=530", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/59_la_reina_maria_de_luna_i_portada_de_san_martin.jpg?w=1024", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/aragon-m2-32971064-768x576-1.jpg?w=768", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/isabela_aragon.jpg?w=589", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/retabulo_da_rainha_santa_isabel_seculo_xvi_museu_nacional_de_machado_de_castro.png?w=829", "https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/800px-yolande_of_aragon.jpg?w=591", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/ccb7b200c7537d186043f9de16da7d1a673183d525bf3fb24fa157b42bb7072e?s=80&d=identicon&r=G", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Alexandra Bowles" ]	2023-07-03T00:00:00	In a previous post about Queens of Castile, I mentioned I would be doing an accompanying post about a few of the Queens and Princesses of Aragon. As I mentioned in that previous post, one of the things I loved about the Iberian monarchies is the role of women. This idea of the Queen-Lieutenant although…	en	https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico	The Monstrous Regiment of Women	https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/2023/07/03/the-lady-of-aragon/	In a previous post about Queens of Castile, I mentioned I would be doing an accompanying post about a few of the Queens and Princesses of Aragon. As I mentioned in that previous post, one of the things I loved about the Iberian monarchies is the role of women. This idea of the Queen-Lieutenant although a feature of all Iberian Catholic monarchies, originated in and was most prominent at the court of Aragon. Eleanor of Sicily was born in 1325 the daughter of Peter II King of Sicily and Elizabeth of Carinthia; now Eleanor’s childhood was a tense one with the court in Sicily dominated by strife between a) the throne and the nobility, especially the oldest most prestigious families i.e the Ventimiglia, Palizzi and Chiaramonte, and b) Sicily and Naples – the two kingdoms were in a near eternal pissing match for dominance. The tense situation wasn’t helped by the fact that her father was not exactly the strongest of monarchs in fact most of his contemporaries regarded him as being feeble minded with Giovanni Villani referring to him as “quasi un mentacatto” (“almost an imbecile”) whilst Nicola Speciale was a tad nicer calling him “purus et simplex” (“pure & simple”). Eleanor’s mother was not quite feele minded and upon the death of Peter II in 1348, Elizabeth swiftly took charge ruling on behalf of her son (Eleanor’s younger brother) who was too young to rule alone. It was Elizabeth that decided that Eleanor should marry Peter IV of Aragon – this marriage was arranged on the condition that he renounce all rights to the Sicilian throne. He agreed – which is hardly surprising. You see Peter IV was very much in need of a son; despite only been 30 he’d been married twice before (firstly to Maria of Navarre and Eleanor of Portugal) but had no surviving sons from either marriage, although he did have two daughters. The marriage took place in 1349 and was a pretty big success; not only was Eleanor immensely popular and respected but she also fixed the no-legitimate heir problem that had plagued Peter’s reign. In fact she didn’t just bear him the all important son and heir; between 1350 and 1362 she actually managed to bear three sons John, Martin & Alfonso and a daughter Eleanor. Two of those sons would go on to be King of Aragon whilst her daughter became Queen of Castile. Eleanor’s death was a major turning point in the Aragonese royal family; she was basically the glue that held everything together and everything went downhill with her no longer around. Her husband seemed to recover from his grief within 10 minutes and quickly began romancing Sibila de Fortia, a lady in waiting of hers who was several decades younger than him (she was in her early-mid twenties whilst he was 56). King Peter & Sibila had married in 1377 in a wedding that had not gone down well with Eleanor’s sons John and Martin who were frankly livid; their anger had three components – the first was annoyance on their mother’s behalf, the second stemmed from the accusation that the relationship had begun prior to Eleanor’s death and the third was a result of Sibila’s age which meant that she was very much capable of getting pregnant; they were clearly not in the mood for younger brothers with ambitious mothers who could potentially cause chaos. John then married Violante of Bar without his father’s permission; Peter was unsurprisingly deeply unimpressed; the fact that the very beautiful, very headstrong and very intelligent Violante clashed spectacularly with Sibila upon arriving in Aragon, did not help matters. As the 1380’s progressed, court grew incredibly factionalised with Queen Sibila inviting her family to court – they became increasingly influential and with both sons furious at him, King Peter began to favour Sibila’s family over his own – Sibila’s brother Bernard especially became quite powerful. Court became increasingly split with Sibila, her family and allies on one side and John & Martin, their wives and their allies on the other. Both John and Martin would go on to be King after Peter’s death but the relationship between Eleanor’s loved ones never recovered. Being.a Princess of France sounds like a pretty nice gig if you can get it. But what’s better than Princess of France? Well Queen of Aragon doesn’t sound too shabby, a fact I’m sure Violante of Bar here agreed with. Violante of Bar was born circa 1365 the daughter of Robert I Duke of Bar and Marie of Valois; she was her parent’s eighth child (we’re not actually sure about the specifics of her birth-date however we know she was around 15 when she married in 1380 so it’s safe to presume she was probably born around 1365). Her father was a powerful noble in France who ruled a nice territory in the North-East of the country which bordered the Duchy of Lorraine and various territories belonging to the Holy Roman Empire, whilst her mother Marie was the daughter of John II King of France and Bonne of Bohemia, sister of Charles V King of France and aunt of Charles VI King of France. Now we do know that Violante’s mother Marie was noted for her intelligent and intellectual pursuits and was renowned for having an extensive library that includes works about romance, poetry, history and theology; the French court was also the most cultured and intellectual in Europe. Marie was also a patron of the arts and a muse to the likes of Jean d’Arras who dedicated his Roman de Mélusine to her. Violante thus grew up at the French court under the very cultured tutelage of her mother, her aunt Jeanne de Bourbon Queen of France and Jeanne’s mother the formidable Isabelle de Valois Madame de Bourbon la Grande, Dowager Duchess of Bourbon. She grew up with the likes of Christine de Pizan and a whole host of aristocratic little girls including Marie & Philippa de Coucy the granddaughters of Edward III King of England. In other words her education was likely to have been AMAZING. Violante’s own daughter received an incredibly extensive education so it’s likely she was inspired by her own education. In 1380 when she was around 15 she married John Duke of Girona who was the heir apparent to the throne of Aragon. He was 15 years older than her and had been married once before; he and his first wife Martha of Armagnac had produced 5 children although at the point that Violante and John married, only one daughter Joanna was still alive. Now John and Violante’s was kind of a political marriage but also not really a political marriage – after the death of Martha, there had been a ton of wrangling about who John would marry. His father King Peter favoured a princess of Sicily however John evidently preferred Violante and made it clear he wanted to marry her. I’ve never seen evidence of this but I would assume that means they met although I’m not sure when. To give you some context tensions at the court of Aragon were at fever pitch; following the death of John’s mother Queen Eleanor in 1375, her widower & John’s father King Peter seemed to recover from his grief within about an hour and quickly began romancing Sibila de Fortia, a lady in waiting of his late who was several decades younger than him (she was in her early-mid twenties whilst he was 56). King Peter & Sibila had married in 1377 in a wedding that had not gone down well with Peter’s son John and Martin who were frankly livid; part of their anger stemmed from annoyance on their mother’s behalf whilst the larger part of their rage stemmed from Sibila’s age which meant that she was very much capable of getting pregnant; they were clearly not in the mood for younger brothers with ambitious mothers who could potentially cause chaos. Feeling resentful towards his father and evidently quite enamoured with Violante, he made the decision to marry her regardless of the consequences, and King Peter a) did not give consent to the marriage and b) wasn’t told about it until the last minute. Whilst John evidently had romantic feelings for Violante, marrying her was also politically advantageous – their marriage was both a) a way to strengthen ties between Aragon and France and b) a way for the Aragonese crown to support the Avignon Papacy. Peter was unsurprisingly deeply unimpressed; the fact that the very beautiful, very headstrong and very intelligent Violante clashed spectacularly with Sibila upon arriving in Aragon, did not help matters. John appears to have been very much in love with his new wife and didn’t take kindly to what he perceived as his step-mother’s rudeness towards his bride. This as you can imagine only caused further strife. As the 1380’s progressed, court grew incredibly factionalised with Queen Sibila inviting her family to court – they became increasingly influential and with both sons furious at him, King Peter began to favour Sibila’s family over his own – Sibila’s brother Bernard especially became quite powerful. Court became increasingly split with Sibila, her family and allies on one side and John & Violant and their allies on the other. You see Violante turned out to be quite the political player and proved to be far more than just a pretty French face. John and Violante appear to have been quite a formidable duo and throughout their sixteen-year-marriage were devoted to one another. There’s no record of infidelity on his part, in fact there wasn’t even a whisper of it, and the two conceived constantly; between 1382 and 1396, Violante gave birth to seven children James, Yolande, Ferdinand, Antonia, Eleanor, Peter & Joanna (and this doesn’t include miscarriages or possible stillbirths). Despite clearly have no problem with carrying children and then giving birth, the problem appears to have been keeping them alive afterwards and out of their seven children only one survived to adulthood. In 1387 Violante’s father in law King Peter died and her husband ascended to the throne as King John I meaning Violante was now Queen. The first decision they needed to make was how to deal with John’s step-mother Sibila who in the immediate aftermath of Peter’s death fled to the Santa Marti Sarroca. John and Violante forced her to return to Aragon in order to pledge her alliegace; upon arrival instead of executing her (as some may have expected them to do) they chose to demonstrate a degree of mercy and sent her to live under close guard in Barcelona. They were supported in this by John’s brother Martin; his support and the royal brother’s close relationship resulted in John naming his brother Duke of Montblanc. Previously the only other duchy in Aragon was that of Girona, a title reserved for the heir to the throne, so Martin being given a nice little duchy of his own was an enormous honour. Whilst John and Martin were tight, Violante and Martin’s wife Maria appear to have been less close. Violante’s husband would only rule for 9 years; two years into his reign in around 1388 his health began to falter – the exact cause of his illness is unknown however it fluctuated meaning he went through periods of good health and periods where he was practically bed-bound. When he was healthy John and Violante ruled together in what was considered a true partnership; when he was ill Violante wielded considerable administrative power on his behalf and from 1388 onwards she was Queen-Lieutenant of Aragon, effectively governing the kingdom as such. She seems to have followed her husband’s wishes whilst ruling and none of her policies were particularly rogue. In July 1391 in Valencia, a riot broke out against the Jewish population egged on by the Dominican preacher Vincent Ferrer – Violante intervened and ordered the officials in Valencia to increase the defence of the Jewish population. Violant’s brother-in-law was was sent to deal with the rioters; evidently the situation was worse than he expected and so he requested King John’s assistance. John however was evidently sick and thus unable to help so Martin was denied; he then appealed to Violante to intervene however she also refused. Contemporaries at the time noted that her refusal was due to constitutional reasons (the specifics of those constitutional reasons aren’t exactly clear), not personal reasons and it was commented that she appeared to genuinely want to help. Afterwards in an effort to ease the suffering of the Jewish people, Violante chose not to impose the higher rate of taxation originally established by her father in law by allowing the Jewish Community to pay only a quarter of the amount. Something that’s very interesting about Violante is the extent to which she remained involved in French matters and when arranging marriages for her family members she considered not just how it benefitted Aragon but also whether it was politically beneficial to France; in 1382 her parents gave her permission to explore a potential Aragonese marriage for one of her sisters as a way of boosting Violante’s position. Such a marriage would have made the connections between Aragon and France stronger. She also negotiated frequently with Juan I of Castile about various potential marriages between her family and his – it appears that Violante pretty much had free reign when it came to marriages and she considered unions between her step-daughter and either one of the sons of Juan I of Castile or an Aragonese duke (as a way of fortifying the already strong relationship between John and her cousin Charles IV of France. She at one point received an offer from Richard II to marry one of her daughters following the death of his wife Anne of Bohemia however Violante refused out of loyalty to Charles. In 1392 Violant brokered a marriage for her stepdaughter Joanna with Matthew Count of Foix further strengthening the connection between Aragon and France and that very same year she married her daughter to Louis II of Anjou who was not only a Prince of France but also King of Naples making her young daughter the Queen of Naples. Despite his illness John and Violante were a pretty perfect match and were both lovers of fashion, music and literature; she was clearly hugely inspired by her upbringing and experiences at French court. Under her authority, Aragon became one of the centres of European culture and living “in this particularly artistic atmosphere was a unique experience in Christendom. Other European courts patronised troubadours and encouraged the literary arts, of course, but nothing like this. The point was not simply to learn to read, write and perform verses, stories or songs but to incorporate the art into daily existence – to live poetry”. Violante in particular was noted for cultivating the talents of Provençal troubadours bringing some French flair to the court of Aragon. By the time John died in 1396, Violante was a seasoned and proactive political player; his death was actually kind of unexpected – he died during a hunt in forests near Foixá after falling from his horse – the fact he was on a horse in the first place would suggest he was one of his rare bouts of good health. With no living sons, his brother Martin was the next King. He however was dealing with pesky barons in Sicily and so it was up to his wife Maria who was hanging out in Barcelona to take charge; there was however one small little problem. Violante turned around and admitted that she had been intimate with her husband in the weeks/months leading up to his death (and she was only in early 30’s) meaning there was a very good chance she was potentially pregnant. Potentially pregnant with a son that would by birthright inherit the throne over Martin. This meant that although the cortes, the magnates and the councillors of Barcelona backed Maria, there was still a ton of the nobles in Aragon who were pretty hesitant to pledge their allegiance to Martin and Maria just in case Violant did produce a son. Maria’s saving grace was that as a native member of the Aragon elite she had familial ties to many of the kingdom’s most important families; Violante although a member of the French royal family lacked those ties in Aragon which put her at a disadvantage; her continued involvement in French affairs had evidently lead to a belief she wasn’t sufficiently loyal enough to Aragon. She was however potentially carrying the heir to the throne so that pretty much trumped everything. Now we don’t know 100% for certain whether she was telling the truth or not – Violante’s servants were questioned and whilst some denied the Dowager Queen was pregnant, others confirmed that she had, had sex with her husband recently so it was possible. Despite Maria basically begging for Martin to return, he refused to leave Sicily (part of Maria’s desire for him to return was also economic – the campaign in Sicily was costing stupid amounts of money that they didn’t really have). Whilst this uncertainty was going on, John’s daughter from his first marriage Joanna decided to chaos even more chaos by attempting to claim the throne for herself as her father’s eldest daughter supported by her husband Matthew de Foix and his very powerful family. The new Queen Maria then had Violante placed under virtual house arrest and moved to completely isolate Violante from her allies – arresting her closest familiars and removing from that their influential positions. They then waited until it was abundantly clear that Violante was not in fact pregnant. Throughout all of this Maria used a bit of good old fashioned xenophobia to blacken Violante’s reputation; in propaganda she cast herself as the virtuous, moral, simple homegrown Queen who had saved Aragon from Violante’s foreign, scheming & extravagant claws. She also sent Violante the horse that John (aka Violante’s late husband) was riding when he died which is just a bit evil actually. The thing is Maria couldn’t ultimately do all that much to Violante – the French would have caused absolute chaos if anything had happened to her; in the aftermath she dedicated herself to her daughter Yolande who ended up becoming the most powerful woman in Europe and the most ludicrously perfect politician so that’s a win for Violante I suppose. She also remained involved in the politics of both Aragon and France – the insanity of the French King and the chaos it caused meant that her daughter Yolande ended up taking a key role in the governance of France. Violante remained her daughter’s main supporter. In 1406 her former sister in law Queen Maria died leaving her husband and son behind. Shortly afterwards Maria’s daughter in law Blanche of Navarre (the second wife of her son Martin) gave birth to a son and heir also named Martin – as a way of bringing the family together and guaranteeing her bloodline on the throne of Aragon Violante arranged a marriage between her granddaughter Marie and the new heir to the throne of Aragon. He however died before the marriage could take place. Marie would go on to be the Queen of France as the wife of Charles VII of France – it was Violante’s daughter Yolande that got him on the throne in the first place. Like mother like daughter. Violante died in 1431 in Barcelona a decade into her granddaughter’s reign as Queen of France. Juana Enriquez was born in 1425 the daughter of Fadrique Enriquez and Mariana Fernandez de Córdoba the 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte; her mother died in 1431 and the very young Juana inherited her mother’s title propelling her to the top of the eligible young ladies list. Now her family were influential members of the Castilian nobility; heir importance stemmed from the fact that they were descended (albeit illegitimately) from Alfonso XI of Castile who was Juana’s great-great grandfather. John of Aragon (the brother of the King of Aragon Alfonso V) wanted to get in on some of that influence and decided to ally himself with the powerful noble faction she belonged to, a faction which had major power in Castile at the time. He was also it just so happens, looking for a wife following the death of his late wife Blanche I Queen of Navarre. He was 27 years older than her but that stopped neither him nor her relatives who were ecstatic at the chance to make her a Queen. The two became engaged in 1443, but due to various political shenanigans in both Aragon and Castile, the marriage was delayed until 1447. Now during his marriage to his first John had ruled Navarre as de jure uxoris; with his remarriage John was technically no long the ruler of Navarre however Juana apparently supported his decision to simply not cede power to his children Charles Prince of Viana and Blanche of Navarre who were to put it mildly deeply unimpressed (the relationship between John and his son had always been distant, John remarrying turned it into full blown hatred) and because breaking the law has consequences, everything kicked off culminating in the outbreak of Navarrese Civil War in 1451. You see the Navarrese people were as livid as Charles and Blanche; Charles had been granted the title of Prince of Viana (the traditional title of the heir to the throne) by his grandfather Charles III of Navarre all the way back in 1423 (you know before Juana was even born) and they had long waited for him to become their King. Now Navarre was for a big portion of the medieval era a bit of a ping pong ball that was sometimes on the French side and sometimes on the Spanish side – John as King of Aragon obviously had the Spanish leaning nobles on his side whilst Charles had the French. The nobility however overwhelmingly favoured John; Charles was the chosen one of the people which makes the hostilities a bit of a class conflict which I find fascinating, and it was referred to as the war between farmers and nobles. During the course of the civil war John was predominantly on the front lines leading his army which culminated in him appointing Juana to act as regent. In 1452 she gave birth to a son Ferdinand (who winds up being that Ferdinand of Isabella and Ferdinand fame and is pretty well known for establishing the Spanish Inquisition and being responsible for some of history’s more reprehensible figures i.e Christopher Columbus). Charles evidently saw where this was going (i.e his father declaring his new baby son his heir over Charles) so that year after being defeated and captured at the Battle of Aybar, he fled to France the minute he was released to secure the support of the French king. Open warfare however did not end – remember the people were still pissed. Charles then decided that French support wasn’t enough and decided to try to entice his father’s older brother Alfonso V of Aragon to also back him. In 1555 all sorts of absolute chaos went down; firstly John tried to disinherit his son and thinking the public would be calmed by naming a different child from his first marriage heir, he named his daughter Eleanor wife of Gaston IV of Foix as his successor. Thing is, it turned out that John had miscalculated slightly; the Navarrese didn’t just want any of John and Blanche’s children to succeed. They specifically wanted Charles. To add the chaos of it all, Charles happened to be particularly popular in Spain whilst John’s popularity was nose diving as he refused to recognise Charles as his first born. I can only imagine how Blanche was feeling in the grave. The conflict completely went in Charles favour and that same year John was forced to leave Navarre with Charles of Viana being installed as regent in Navarre with Castilian support. Where was Juana in all of this? Well aside from popping out Ferdinand in 1452 and a daughter Joanna in 1455, she was heavily involved in the political machinations going on behind the scenes and was well known to be her husband’s most devoted supporter. By 1458 Navarre was no longer at war with its self and Charles and John were actually somewhat reconciled (and by reconciled I mean tolerating each other’s presence and not openly trying to murder one another) and the death of Alfonso V later that year meant that John and Juana were now King and Queen of Aragon. As a token of good will, Charles was offered the crowns of Naples and Sicily with John’s support. He however declined these proposals, and decided to return to Navarre in 1459 which is when Juana evidently decided she’d had enough (she REALLY wanted Ferdinand to inherit Navarre) and in 1460 she showed her husband a series of documents (given to her by her father in Castile) which allegedly proved that Charles of Viana was planning to murder his father. Do we think Charles was legitimately planning to kill his papa king? I’m not convinced but I wouldn’t blame him to be fair; we do know that he was negotiating with Henry IV of Castile to potentially marry Henry’s sister Isabella (yes that Isabella of Ferdinand Isabella fame). John was evidently appalled and ordered that his son be arrested and imprisoned for treason. Now the Catalonians had at this point been stewing in their anger over John’s treatment of his son for years so they vehemently protested against the arrest of Charles. John for reasons unknown to be and which quite frankly don’t make sense appointed Juana to be the lead negotiator with the Catalonians. Juana wasn’t exactly well liked by the Catalonians who viewed her somewhat as an Evil Stepmother trying to take Charles’ birthright. At the parliament of 1461, Joan Dusai a famous lawyer accused John of violating four of the Ustages de Barcelona, four of the Constitucions de Catalunya and the Furs de Lleida. They then demanded for the 100th time that John name Charles as his first-born son and heir, a demand he promptly refused, leading parliament to assembl an army under the Count of Modica. The army turned out to be quite the formidable foe and quickly captured Fraga. John in a panic John capitulated in February and freed Charles on the 25th February. On the 21st June, he signed the Capitulation of Vilafranca in which John recognised Charles as his first-born son, lieutenant-governor in perpetuity, and heir in all his realms. John also surrendered his right to enter the Principality of Catalonia without the permission of the Generalitat and reluctantly forfeited a number of royal prerogatives (i.e the appointment of royal officials was only allowed to be done on the advice of representative bodies). Behind closed doors, Juana was said to be quietly unhappy with the truce. Shortly thereafter however, Charles of Viana died and of course accusations of poisoning were not far behind with Juana as the main suspect. I’ll be honest I can totally see this. Especially as promptly 10 minutes after his son’s death John II proclaimed his son with Juana, Ferdinand, as the heir of Aragon. He then sent Juana back to Navarre with the teeny tiny task of convincing the Catalonians to accept Ferdinand as heir and governor of Catalonia. Good luck with that. So incensed at the turn of events, the Catalonians began objecting to John at literally every turn culminating in the Catalan Civil War of 1462 to 1472 which kicked off immediately after Juana Enríquez had her son hailed as the heir of Catalonia and his fathers governor of Catalonia on the 6th February 1462. Since Ferdinand was only 10 years old, she swore his oath to the Catalonians in his place, and vowed to act as Governor of Catalonia in his place. This didn’t last long. She was after all the woman the public were convinced had murdered their golden prince so they kicked up an almighty fuss to the point that Juana was forced to flee to Girona to seek the protection of the bishop. The Catalonians besieged Girona until July 1462 when John managed to get his wife out of there and she quickly returned to the Aragonese court. That same year John proved to be an even worse father that everyone thought when he had his eldest daughter Blanche arrested simply for the crime of existing; you see with Charles’ death the Catalonians declared that she was the rightful monarch and they promptly proclaimed her queen. Nothing Blanche did suggests she was gunning to be Queen. That evidently didn’t matter because she was imprisoned and given into the custody of her sister (and Daddy’s favourite golden girl) Eleanor and her husband Gaston of Foix. Absolutely deplorable sisterhood right there. It also added fuel to the already very hot fire and the Catalonians were incensed on her behalf leading to even more vicious fighting. It got to the point that Barcelona was clearly unsafe for John and Juana and they fled to Girona hoping to receive protection from the French army there. Two treaties were then signed between John and the French king Louis XI – one at Sauveterre and one at Bayonne. Louis XI agreed to lend 4,200 knights plus their retainers in military aid to John in exchange for 200,000 écues and as surety of payment, control of the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne with the right to garrison Perpignan and Cotlliure. To seal the deal John tried to arrange a marriage between Blanche and the Duke of Berry who was the younger brother of the King of France; feeling fairly resentful Blanche outright refused, an act which irritated her father. In 1464, the Bishop of Pamplona Nicolas de Etchabaarri helped her escape the custody of her sister and she promptly rocked up to the Courts of Navarre. A mild scandal to be sure. de Etchabarri was promptly murdered. Just months later Blanche herself was poisoned. Juana was once again the main suspect. I’m less convinced of her culpability that in the Charles situation – her sister Eleanor was also a suspect as was her own father. Charming. The war dragged on throughout the 1460’s – with the John’s enemies basically proclaiming everyone who had a slight claim to the throne the rightful monarch over John who by this point they absolutely loathed. They at first offered the throne to Henry IV of Castile, who initially accepted although by June of 1463 had renounced his claim. They then offered it to the Constable of Portugal who was a grandson of James II of Urgell and who the Consell proclaimed as Peter V. He died in June 1466 leading to them proclaiming Rene the Good the Count of Anjou and Provence as their new King. He was the son of Yolande of Aragon and therefore the grandson of John I of Aragon. His selection was was designed to fracture the French alliance as Rene was an important vassal and uncle of the French King (Rene was the older brother of Louis XI’s mother Marie of Anjou). Juana dedicated this time to a) supporting her husband and b) planning on the accession of her son Ferdinand which included him taking an appropriate wife. She evidently fixated on Isabella of Castile the sister of Henry IV of Castile. She became even more determined to see them wed when in 1468, the brother of the childless Henry IV of Castile, Alfonso de Trastamara y Aviz died, meaning the throne of Castile was now likely to fall to either Isabella Henry IV’s sister or his daughter Joana (although there somewhat of an open question of Joana’s paternity). The proposed marriage won the approval of the Aragonese and Castilian magnates. Juana however got to witness her triumph; on the 13th February 1368 she died from what is believed to have been breast cancer. Her husband was devastated and never remarried reigning until his death in 1479. The marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand obviously went on to be one of the most famous in history, lasting for 35 years, producing a prince and four princesses who went on to be queens of England, Aragon, Castile and Portugal and lead to the unification of Spain and the emergence of Habsburg’s (in particular her great-grandson Charles V) as the dominant power in Europe. That was Juana’s true legacy. One of the things I love most about Aragon is the phenomenon of the Queen Lieutenant which I wrote about in the opening of this post. Another woman who served in this is role is this girl right here Blanche of Anjou. Born the daughter of Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary, Blanche had bunch of quite impressive siblings who dominated the Mediterranean – among those were Robert I King of Naples, Louis of Toulouse (aka a literal saint), Philip I of Taranto Titular Emperor of Constantinople, Charles Martel of Anjou titular King of Hungary, Eleanor Queen of Sicily and Maria Queen of Majorca. In 1290 when she was just 10, she was betrothed to John I Marquess of Montferrat who needed a lil bit of help defending Montferrat. Hoping to making John his vassal, her father agreed to help in exchange for John marrying Blanche. The engagement was broken at some point in the early 1290’s probably circa 1293. John I should add ended up dying less than a decade later in 1305. In 1294 the new Pope Boniface VIII was elected at Naples under the auspices of her father; the new Pope quickly hit the ground running and mediated between Charles and James II of Aragon leading to the second engagement of Blanche. As part of the Treaty of Anagni she and John were betrothed to one another (to sweeten the deal the Pope promised the investiture of James as the ruler of Sardinia and Corsica). She was 13 about to turn 14. He was almost 30. They married on either the 29th October or the 1st November 1295. The marriage seems to have been a success; he had been a bit of a womaniser prior to her – he’d been married once and had multiple illegitimate children from relationships with various women. There’s no record of him being unfaithful during their marriage and he certainly had no illegitimate children. He also allowed her involvement in politics and she was considered a key mediator between her father and husband and her husband and her various sovereign siblings. The two had ten children during their marriage James (1296-1334) who became a monk, Alfonso (1299-1336) who became Alfonso IV, Maria of Aragon (1299-1347) who became a nun, Constance of Aragon (1300-1327) who became the Princess of Villena, John (1304-1334) who became Archbishop of Toledo & Tarragona and Patriarch of Alexandria, Isabella of Aragon (1305-1330) who became Archduchess of Austria, Peter of Aragon (1305-1381) the Count of Ribagorza, Empuries and Prades, Blanche (1307-1348) who became Prioress of Sixena, Ramon Berenguer of Aragon (1308-1366) the Count of Empuries and Baro of Ejerica and Violante of Aragon (1310-1353) who was married firstly to Philip Despot of Romania and then Lope de Luna, Lord of Segorbe. The birth of their youngest child took place during Blanche’s regency; he trusted so implicitly that when he was not at court he left her in charge. In 1310 he left to fulfil medieval king military duties leaving Blanche to act as Queen-Lieutenant ruling in his name. Whilst he was away, she went into labour giving birth to their daughter. A few weeks after birth she died suddenly suggesting her death was probably linked to their daughters birth. I debated which post this woman should go in – Aragon or Castile but ultimately decided as Queen of Aragon she should make an appearance in this post! Maria of Castile was born in 1401 the eldest child of Henry III of Castile and Catherine of Lancaster making her a granddaughter of John of Gaunt. She grew up in Castile and remained in an entirely Castilian household – her godmther Maria de Ayala (a nun and illegitimate daughter of Peter of Castile) was a prominent fixture in her life. She had an extensive education. As the King’s eldest child, Maria was granted the title of Princess of Asturias, the title reserved for the first-in-line to the throne and she . was her formally recognised as heir presumptive at the Cortes of Toledo on 6 January 1402. Her father was evidently concerned there might be an Empress Matilda esque situation should he die so around the same time, she was betrothed to her first cousin, Alfonso the son of her paternal uncle Ferdinand as a way to strengthen her status. The birth of her brother John temporarily rendered all these concerns; in 1405 however those concerns once again became relevant when her father died leaving her brother John II as King; she was once again heir to the throne. Her brother however was still a little boy and so their mother Queen Catherine governed the Castile as regent during King John II’s minority and made sure that Maria was able to observe the politics and machinations of rule and statesmanship. Maria and her mother were super close, even after Maria went to Aragon, in fact letters remain between the two which attest to this fact. Watching her mama rule clearly made Maria aware of her own responsibilities and prerogatives as a queen and later as a regent. Although the marriage between Maria and her cousin Alfonso (future King of Aragon) had been agreed upon since she was baby, it wasn’t formalised until 1408 when she was 7. As part of the marriage treaty, her brother John was to marry Alfonso’s sister Maria, whilst her younger sister Catherine was to marry Alfonso’s brother Henry. See the Spanish were doing incest galore even before the Habsburgs. What’s interesting and I did mention it above is that after the marriage was agreed, Maria remained in a completely Castilian household Alfonso – in most situations she would have been given Aragonese attendees to prepare her for marriage. Maria and Alfonso married at the Cathedral of Valencia on the 12th June 1415 when she was 14 – they were married by the Antipope Benedict XIII. Now the dowry that Maria was given was absolutely insane – both her and Alfonso were granted land and revenues galore and Alfonso was even raised to the rank of Infante of Castile – it’s believed that the dowry was so grand that it was actually the largest dowry ever given to a Princess of Castile. Her brother would later complain it was too large. Now the whole interlocked family thing proved to be bothersome and family squabbles were pretty much a hallmark of family life – the political ambitions of her in laws Ferdinand and Eleanor of Alberquerque frequently clashed with the ambitions of her mother whilst both her brothers and Alfonso’s brothers proved to be annoying little shits that caused all sorts of problems down the road. Now the marriage was not a particularly happy one – they had very contrasting personalities. To add to the that Maria’s health became increasingly frail post the wedding. Now there’s no evidence that she was considered a particularly frail child in fact her health doesn’t appear to have become a concern until the wedding itself. They weren’t able to consummate the marriage on their wedding night because she had yet to begin her menstrual period. That didn’t happen until two years into the marriage when she was 16. At some point around the wedding it became clear that she had epilepsy – as I said she wasn’t known as a child to have suffered from seizure. There’s some suggestion that the epilepsy was perhaps triggered by a bout of smallpox that left her permanently scarred. The marriage ended up being a political alliance, pure and simple. It didn’t however start off that way and there is evidence that there were some fleeting moments of happiness in the early years; their lack of a child, his mother’s overbearing involvement and his infidelity would prove to be MAJOR issues that diminished any happiness they once had. He became King with Maria as His Queen in 1416 and their marriage went down hill from there. His mother Eleanor was overbearing and continued acting as the Queen of Aragon. She remained supreme at court with Maria given a supporting role – she had little involvement in politics and it doesn’t appear that either Alfonso or Eleanor ever really tried to include her. It was only in the early 1420’s when Eleanor’s health began to deteriorate that Maria began to develop more of a public profile. In 1421 Joanna II of Naples named Alfonso as heir to the Kingdom of Naples however he had a rival; Louis III of Anju who was backed by Muzio Attendolo Sforza and Pope Martin V. Due to various political machinations on Alfonso’s part, Sforza decided to betray Louis and abandon his cause, giving Alfonso the green light to become King of Naples however by 1423 Alfonso had begun to clash with Gianni Caracciolo the very powerful lover of Joanna. In a move that I would probably describe as unwise Alfonso had Gianni arrested. Now the man was a pain in the behind but arresting her lover was clearly not going to go down well with Joanna who immediately repudiated her adoption of Alfonso as heir and named Louis instead. Alfonso reacted like a kid having a tantrum over having to face the consequences of his own damn actions for the first time in his life and promptly began making plans to invade Naples. He left Aragon almost immediately and unwilling (understandably so) to leave the country in the hands of his ambitious, irritating and frankly untrustworthy brothers who all had delusions of grandeur and dreams of sitting on the throne themselves. With his mother’s health failing, he had nowhere to turn but Maria who he declared as regent, publicly stating that her authority was second only to his and that she now possessed the right to govern as if she were him. The incredible thing about Maria’s regency is that the rest of Alfonso’s life was dedicated to the capture and rule of Naples and Aragon was left to Maria for literal decades. I’m not even joking. Alfonso’s first period of abroad lasted from 1420 to 1423 during which time Maria proved she wasn’t quite as passive as everyone believed and watching her mother and then her mother in law wield extraordinary political power had actually taught her a thing or two. Alfonso’s return in 1423 was to put it mildly a low point. During his three years abroad he had taken a mistress Giraldona Carlino who he was supposedly smitten with; upon arriving back home he promptly announced that Giraldona had given birth to a son Ferdinand. Maria didn’t take the news well and rather insensitively announced to her husband there and then that his mother was dead, except she wasn’t just very ill. Ouch. The marriage to be quite honest never really recovered and Giraldona showing up at court only infuriated Maria further. The three of them resided rather awkwardly at court together between 1423 and 1432; during which time Alfonso and Giraldona had three children whilst Maria remained childless and deeply unimpressed. She appears to have been quite isolated in those days – she didn’t get along with her in laws and her husband was fixated on his mistress and obsession with conquering Naples. Records show that Maria’s household was almost exclusively Castilian at this point, mostly people who had accompanied her from Castile and it doesn’t seem like she had many friends outside of her immediate circle. When in 1432 the opportunity arose for Alfonso to potentially conquer Naples, permanently this time, Maria encouraged him to go. Despite how strained their marriage had become, she had previously done an exemplary job as regent and he trusted no one else to rule for him. He departed Aragon in 1432 and literally never came back; I’m being serious, the man left for Italy and remained there until his death in 1358 meaning Maria’s second regency literally lasted for 26 years. Combined with the three years she was in charge the first time, she ended up ruling as regent for 29-30 years which is around 70% of Alfonso’s 42 year reign. For those 29-30 years she had complete control over the provincial governors, prelates and religious orders, the nobility, the army, the municipal government, and all other subjects regardless of legal status. She granted constitutions, made laws in accordance with royal authority was empowered to carry out justice, both civil and criminal, and named judges and delegates. Assisted by a royal council separate from the king’s, she had full royal authority. She turned out to be a very shrewd leader; whilst her household was full of Castilian’s, she made sure they were deprived of political influence and the highest offices in government were all given to men from Aragon, which only helped increase her sky high popularity and ensured government functioned smoothly. She also helped with her husband’s quest to gain Naples; when he was captured at Ponza in 1435 she paid the ransom (frankly I’d have left him to rot). She also negotiated on his behalf with Aragon’s enemies and allies alike; on a number of occasions she oversaw negotiations between Aragon and her home-nation of Castile. On one occasion her and her cousin/sister in law Maria mediated a peace treaty in Valladolid on behalf of their husbands – it was noted by contemporaries that if the Queen of Castile had, had as much authority as the Queen of Aragon then peace in Spain may have been possible. In 1454 her brother died and she travelled to Castile to ensure peace remained; she stayed in Castile for three years until 1457. She remained as regent until 1458 when her husband died; how she felt about the news of his demise I have no idea – it had bee two decades since she’d seen the man after all. Her husband’s bastard son Ferdinand succeeded him in Naples and her brother in law John succeeded him in Aragon leading to her promptly resigning as regent and leaving court. Her retirement didn’t last long; within four months she had followed her husband to the grave. Eliasenda of Montcada was born in Aitona circa 1292 the daughter of Pere II Ramon Montcada d’Abarça and Elisenda de Pinos. Now she had quite the illustrious noble pedigree; the Montcada family was one of oldest and most influential noble families in Catalonia with significant ties to the monarchy. In fact she was actually related to the monarchy – her grandmother Constance of Aitona was an illegitimate daughter of Peter II of Aragon meaning that she was second cousins once removed with the King of Aragon who in 1322 was James II of Aragon (the widower of Blanche of Anjou who I wrote about earlier on this post!). Following Blanche’s death he had married Maria of Cyprus (for political reasons) however that marriage had been a sharp contrast to his first and had to be quite frank been a disaster that had culminated in 0 children and James losing his chance to potentially rule Cyprus (the lack of children was probably down to a) their very different personalities and b) the fact that Maria was already 42 when they wed). Maria died in 1319 (the exact date isn’t clear) and James certainly didn’t grieve for all that long because literally within a few months of her death he beseeched the Church to grant him a dispensation of consanguinity in the third or fourth grade to arrange new nuptials. What’s interesting is that he refused to say who he was planning on marrying however the specificity of the dispensation means he certainly had someone in mind. He was by all accounts very eager to marry the mysterious woman and insisted to just about anyone that would listen, that he wanted the wedding to happen ASAP. As it would turn out the woman in question was Elisenda of Montcada. Now due to their distant relation and her families exalted position in Catalonia society,, it’s likely they had known each for years but there’s nothing to suggest any sort of romantic relation prior to Maria of Cyprus’ death. It’s very difficult to tell exactly how the marriage came to be but his eagerness would suggest the marriage was perhaps a personal one. Something I find very interesting is that Elisenda was at the point they married in 1322, 30 years old which is quite old for a first-time bride in the 1300’s; there’s nothing to suggest she was ever married or even betrothed prior to James, and she clearly hadn’t taken holy vows so her being single at 30 is curious to say the least. James II and Elisenda were married on Christmas Day 1322 – she was 30, he was 55 and a father of 10. He gave her some A+ wedding presents; the incomes of the towns of Berga, Burriana, Tortosa, Morella, Torroella de Montgri and Pals were granted to her whilst her favourite brother Ot also received a sweet gift – the incomes of the towns of Serós and Mequinensa. Through their marrige she became step-mother to his 10 children; she appears to have had a pretty decent relationship with them and it was known that she was particularly close with his grandson Peter who later became known as Peter the Ceremonious. They had no children other own. Now James and Elisenda were very contrasting personalities; he was very rigid, serious and severe whilst Elisenda was known to be charming; it’s possible they balanced each other out. She was described by her contemporaries as being mature, highly educated (unusually so), beautiful and extremely pious. Despite his seriousness, Elisenda made sure that the atmosphere at court was warm and happy. The two of them were not particularly extravagant or flashy and both preferred a private life; he was noted to greatly resect her opinions and she frequently intervened in affairs of state. In 1324 when he left Aragon he left her in charge as a Queen-Lieutenant – she effectively ruled until his death in 1327 – partly due to his absence but also because when he returned his health began to fail. Elisenda it was noted took great care of James in his last years with her religiosity seemingly bringing him great comfort – Jesus Ernest Martinez Ferrando (a Spanish historian who served as the Director of the Archives of the Crown of Aragon from 1940 to 1961) wrote of her: “Elisenda, for her feminine qualities, for her exquisite religiosity, was the best sedative that the monarch could find in the bitterness of his last years; dialogue with the devoted wife sweetened their hours of spiritual and physical ordeal; it can be said that Elisenda helped James II to die well”. Whilst nursing him and running the country she somehow found the time to found a monastery of the Order of the Poor Clares. Work on the monastery began in 1326 and the management and construction of the building happened in warp speed; it’s believed that James II knew he was dying and therefore wanted it complete before he died. The basic structure of the monastery was done literally within a year and the first nuns moved in on the 3rd May 1327. In his will which was dated shortly afterwards James made sure to make a fairly large donation to the monastery; he also wrote an extensive list of grants he wished to give her – a large income, jewels, fine fabrics, gold & silver plates and the gold crown that he had commissioned when they’d married. After his death in November 1327 it was expected that she would retire to Tortosa which was in the middle of her dowry lands and had served as a residence to her late husband’s first two wives. She however decided to remain in Barcelona where she devoted herself to religion and charity; she commissioned a palace built next to the monastery which she lived in for the rest of her life. She survived James by 37 years ; despite no biological connection to her late husband’s children she remained involved in royal affairs – as previously mentioned she was close with her grandson Peter (later Peter IV) and supported him when he became King in 1336 at the age of 16. When the remains of Saint Eulalia were transferred to the Cathedral in Barcelona, she was at the head of the royal procession with Peter’s new wife Maria of Navarre and Peter’s sister (and therefore Elisenda’s step-granddaughter) Constance who was Queen of Mallorca as the wife of James III of Mallorca. She remained highly involved in the day to day running of the monastery and effectively acted as one of the nuns even if she never actually took holy vows – she participated actively in the decision making of the religious community around the monastery and used her place as the Dowager Queen to obtain several privileges for it – for example she made sure the monastery was under the direct protection of the city of Barcelona through the Consell de Cent which meant that the monastery would not face economic difficulty after her death. She fell ill in the Spring of 1364 and her will was issued on the 11th April. She died several month later on July of that year; pretty much everything she owned was bequeathed to the monastery bar a few material belonging that were left to various family members including nieces/nephews, step-children and step grand-children including Peter IV. Oddly she also requested that upon her death her place be burned to the ground immediately; Peter IV agreed and it was done within days of her demise. 99% of the time in medieval Europe, the Queen Consort is from another royal family; Aragon had queen consorts from the royal families of kingdoms such as Castile, Hungary, Navarre, Portugal and Sicily. Occasionally however there are Queen Consorts from less anointed backgrounds. Queen Consorts like this one. Maria de Luna was born in 1358, the eldest child of Count Lope de Luna and his second wife, Brianda d’Agout. Now she may not have been royal per se but that doesn’t mean she was Cinderella 2.0. Whilst her mother was from a Provençal noble family, her paternal family the de Luna’s was one of the most influential clans in Spain, with various members occupying some of the wealthiest and most influential political and religious offices in the realm. Lope Fernandez de Luna the Archbishop of Zaragoza (a very important religious post in Aragon) and the Antipope Benedict XIII were all fellas she called relatives. Now her father was ambitious with a capital A but he was also fiercely loyal to the Aragonese crown and such devotion won her father handsome rewards. First he was knighted by the King then several years later, made a count, all the while making a ton of money and wracking up a nice little property portfolio. The House of de Luna becoming counts gave pretty significant prestige especially as they were the only family in Aragon with the title of “count”. Maria’s mother was her father’s second marriage – his first was childless and the second didn’t last long enough to be full of children; Lope and Brianda only had Maria and and a second daughter (who was born shortly after Lope’s death). He had an illegitimate son born prior to both of his marriages but illegitimate kids couldn’t inherit anything back then meaning that Maria was her father’s heir. This fact was actually never questioned and he made it abundantly clear everything would go to Maria. An heiress with immense wealth and A+ familial connections is a big deal in the aristocratic marriage market and when her father died when she was a mere toddler, the King of Aragon Peter IV was chuffed at the opportunity to bring said immense wealth into the royal family. He negotiated with her mother and relative the Archbishop of Zaragoza, and all three agreed that Maria would marry Peter’s second son Martin. The marriage contact agreed that Maria would be raised by her own family until she was 8 at which point she’d leave her family and move to the court of Peter’s wife/the Queen/Maria’s future mother in law Eleanor of Sicily (see above). The marriage everyone agreed wouldn’t take place until Maria was 14. For some reason (and we’re not entirely sure why) everything happened sooner than it was supposed to and records from Queen Eleanor’s household & account books show that Maria was living with her mother in law as early as 1362 when she was 4-5 years old. Although it was probably quite awful leaving her family at such a young age, it did mean that she knew her future husband extremely well by the time they’d married because they’d grown up together. It wasn’t one of those horror situations where bride and groom meet on the wedding day and realise much to their horror that their new spouse is AWFUL. We know very little about the specifics of her childhood i.e what life was like growing up at Queen Eleanor’s court however we can we do know that as an adult Maria was a collector of books, wrote extensively and took over the administration of her wealth and estates at quite a young age, suggesting that Queen Eleanor made sure that Maria’s education was quite extensive. On the 13th June 1372 Maria and Martin married officially at the Church of Santa Maria del Mar in Barcelona, with King Peter, Queen Eleanor and all the head honchos of the Aragonese clergy and nobility present. Considering John was a second son and his older brother John was the heir to the throne, Maria wasn’t considered particularly important at the beginning of their marriage and all we really know about the first first few years of their marriage is that the two seemed largely happy, spending their time bearing four children (although three died in childhood) and running Maria’s various estates. Martin and Maria seem to have been firm favourites of the King who was eager to reward his younger son whilst Martin also had a very close relationship with his older brother John and Maria was friendly with John’s wife Martha of Armagnac (who he was married to from 1373 to 1378). Things seemed to be going pretty swimmingly in the Aragonese royal household; that is until 1375 when Queen Eleanor died and within roughly 15 minutes of his wife’s death, King Peter seemed to recover from his grief and turned his attention to Sibila de Fortia his late wife’s lady in waiting who was in her twenties (whereas he was 56). The two wed in 1377 which John and Martin did not react well too. And by “did not react well” I mean they were PISSED. Furiously actually and the close relationship between Peter and his sons was basically dead from that moment on. Not only were Martin and John annoyed on their late mother’s behalf but Sibila’s age meant that she was very much capable of getting pregnant and they were clearly not in the mood for younger brothers with ambitious mothers who could potentially cause chaos. Things got ugly, only made worse by the death of John’s wife in 1378 and the disagreements that followed as to who he should re-marry. King Peter wanted him to marry a princess of Sicily however in 1380 with tensions at an all time high John married the niece of the French king Violant of Bar instead. Peter had no given his consent to the marriage and was deeply unimpressed; the fact that the very beautiful, very headstrong and very intelligent Violant clashed spectacularly with Sibila did not help matters – John appears to have been very much in love with his new wife and didn’t take kindly to what he perceived as his step-mother’s rudeness. Martin and Maria wisely seem to have got the hell of dodge and in 1380 he was appointed lord and regent of the island of Sicily, then known also as Trinacria, since its queen Maria of Sicily was underage. She was John and Martin’s cousin on their mother’s side and they had come to an agreement that if the young Queen died without an heir, Martin would inherit the island. As the 1380’s progressed, court grew incredibly factionalised with Queen Sibila inviting her family to court – they became increasingly influential and with both sons furious at him, King Peter began to favour Sibila’s family over his own – Sibila’s brother Bernard especially became quite powerful. Court became increasingly factionalised with Sibila, her family and allies on one side and John & Violant and their allies on the other. Martin and Maria seem to have sided with the latter although their lack of geographical proximity meant they weren’t as involved in the family feud. King Peter died in 1387 and John ascended to the throne as King John I. Martin supported John’s decision on how to deal with their stepmother; Sibila who had fled to the Santa Marti Sarroca in the immediate aftermath of her husband’s demise was forced to return to Aragon in order to pledge her allegiance. Instead of executing her (as some rmonarchs may have done) John and Violante chose to send her to live under close guard in Barcelona. Martin’s support and the royal brother’s close relationship resulted in John naming his brother Duke of Montblanc. Previously the only other duchy in Aragon was that of Girona, a title reserved for the heir to the throne, so Martin being given a nice little duchy of his own was an enormous honour. Another reason for this was probably that that was a chance that Martin would succeed John; you see despite having had two wives and seven children in his time John only had one surviving male heir – his and Violante’s son James who was 5. His sons from his first marriage – James, John & Alfonso – had all died as small children as had his daughter Eleanor. Only one daughter Joanna from his first marriage, his son James and a daughter Yolande from his second marriage was still alive (YES I’M TALKING ABOUT THAT YOLANDE OF ARAGON). Girls however couldn’t inherit the throne if there was a living male so if anything happened to little James, then Martin would be John’s heir. Martin and Maria don’t appear to have played a massive role during John’s reign; Martin was occupied with his role as regent in Sicily whilst Maria seemed to dedicate herself to raising (and unfortunately grieving) their children and overseeing the administration of her and Martin’s quite impressive estates. Now Maria and Martin were not the only ones mourning their children – John and Violante had seven children James, Yolande, Ferdinand, Antonia, Eleanor, Peter and Joanna and yet only Yolande would end upliving to adulthood. This meant that throughout John’s reign, Martin was either first or second in line to the throne. John was only king for 9 years and during those 9 years his health wasn’t great leaving Violante to do the majority of the ruling with her acting as a Lieutenant-Queen. When John died in 1396, Martin became King however he was dealing with pesky barons in Sicily and so it was up to Maria who was hanging out in Barcelona to take charge; there was however one small little problem. The Queen now Dowager Violante of Bar had evidently been intimate with her husband in the weeks/months leading up to his death (and she was only in early 30’s) meaning there was a very good chance she was potentially pregnant. Potentially pregnant with a son that would by birthright inherit the throne over Martin. This meant that although the cortes, the magnates and the councillors of Barcelona backed Maria, there was still a ton of the nobles in Aragon who were pretty hesitant to pledge their allegiance to Martin and Maria just in case Violant did produce a son. Maria’s saving grace was that as a native member of the Aragon elite she had familial ties to many of the kingdom’s most important families; Violante although a member of the French royal family lacked those ties in Aragon which put her at a disadvantage. She was however potentially carrying the heir to the throne so that pretty much trumped everything. Despite her entreaties to her husband to return, he refused to leave Sicily (part of her desire for him to return was also economic – the campaign in Sicily was costing stupid amounts of money that they didn’t really have). Whilst this uncertainty was going on, John’s daughter from his first marriage Joanna decided to chaos even more chaos by attempting to claim the throne for herself as her father’s eldest daughter supported by her husband Matthew de Foix and his very powerful family. On May 27th 1396 Maria called a council to decide what to do next; Violante’s servants were questioned and whilst some denied the Dowager Queen was pregnant, others confirmed that she had, had sex with her husband so it was possible. Maria then had Violante placed under virtual house arrest and moved to completely isolate Violante from her allies – arresting her closest familiars and removing from that their influential positions. They then waited until it was abundantly clear that Violante was not in fact pregnant. This is where I have a bit of a problem with Maria – she turned to good old fashioned xenophobia as a way of blackening Violante’s reputation; in propaganda she cast herself as the virtuous, moral, simple homegrown Queen who had saved Aragon from Violante’s foreign, scheming & extravagant claws. She also sent Violante the horse that John (aka Violante’s late husband) was riding when he died which is just a tad nasty I think. Violante in the aftermath dedicated herself to her daughter Yolande who ended up becoming the most powerful woman in Europe and the most ludicrously perfect politician so that’s a win for Yolande I suppose. With the Violant situation solved and Joanna and Matthew paid off and dealt with, Maria decisively took charge of Aragon until her husband’s return. There’s a great piece about Maria, Violante & the latter’s daughter Yolande called “Playing the Catalan: The Rise of the Chess Queen; Queenship and Political Motherhood in Late Medieval Aragon and France” by Zita Rohr which you can find in Virtuous or Villainess? The Image of the Royal Mother from the Early Medieval to the Early Modern Era (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016) ed by Carey Fleiner and Elena Woodacre which sums up the three women like this; “Violante of Bar, Maria de Luna and Yolande of Aragon were extremely determined and talented political mothers. Like the stateswomen-queens who had preceded them, and their worthy contemporaries and successors, they rang in the transformation of the chess queen, anticipating the powerful female sovereigns who would govern with full executive powers in the realms of Spain, England, Scandinavia, Navarre, Austria-Hungary and Russia” (page 186-187). With her husband’s return Maria gave up that full executive power however she remained quite influential and Martin continued to view her as one of his key counsellors, one of as evidenced by various episodes over the next 13 years – in 1402, she tried to force an end to the exploitation of the remença (the rural Catalonian peasantry) by their aristocratic overlords – to do this she sought the support of Pope Benedict XIII in this matter. She also in 1398 was granted control over seven Jewish and six Muslim communities, and was given responsibility for the aljama which was the legal term for the minority group made up of Muslims and Jews. The Jewish community was still reeling from the events of 1391 when the Dominican preacher Vincent Ferrer had incited violence against them; they were also dealing with the influx of refugees caused by repeated attacks on the Jewish community from the likes of the Union of Valencia and the Kingdom of Castile. To ease their financial burden, Maria chose not to impose the higher rate of taxation originally established by her father in law and instead followed in the footsteps of John and Violante who had allowed them to pay only a quarter of the amount. In 1401 she protected the Jewish people further by preventing the jurats (basically the local authorities) from levying an added property tax on Jewish assets, and in 1403 when her husband passed a law that forced Jewish people to wear large badges of both yellow and red (a good reminder that there was absolutely nothing original about the actions of the Nazi and was the culmination of centuries of xenophobia and hatred). Maria evidently rejected her husband’s policy and decreed that it wouldn’t be enforced in the communities Morvedre and Onda which were Jewish-heavy communities where many of them conducted trade. She also at one point intervened in a case where a number of Jewish women was accused of renouncing their prior conversions to Catholicism; Maria forced the bishop who had imprisoned the women to let them go. Maria was above all a devoted mother and she had a particularly close relationship with her surviving son who became King of Sicily by way of him marrying Maria Queen Regnant of Sicily. She appears to have been a critical source of support for him during his brief reign (he ruled with his wife until her death in 1401 and then by himself until his death in 1409). Maria died in 1406 leaving her husband and son behind. Shortly afterwards her daughter in law Blanche of Navarre (the second wife of her son Martin) gave birth to a son and heir also named Martin. Shortly after his birth there was somewhat of a reconciliation between Martin and his sister in law Violante (who despite losing all official power had somehow managed to remain influential in both Aragon and France) with the two proposing an engagement between Martin’s newborn grandson and Violante’s granddaughter Marie, as a way of bringing the two sides of the House of Barcelona together. Tragedy struck however in 1407 when the baby died. Two years later in 1409 Maria’s only surviving child Martin the King of Sicily also passed away meaning her husband lacked an heir. When he died he ended up passing the throne to his nephew Ferdinand – the son of his sister Eleanor. Due to her son’s lack of a legitimate heir, Maria’s legitimate line died with him although he had a couple of bastards who technically kept the blood line going. Violant of Hungary was born at Esztergom probably in 1215 the daughter of Andrew II King of Hungary and Yolanda of Courtenay; Yolanda was the great-niece of Baldwin I and Henry I both Emperors of Constantinople; very little is known about her childhood except from the fact that she had a number of failed betrothals. It wasn’t until 1235 when she was 20, that one of the betrothals stuck – she was married to James I of Aragon as his second wife – his first wife Eleanor of Castile had died in 1229. If Violant was expecting a fairytale ending with her new husband she was sorely mistaken; after his wife’s death he had started a relationship with Teresa Gil de Vidaure a renowned beauty who James had allegedly promised marry when the time was right. That is until Violante aka the great-niece of an Emperor knocked on his door and he dropped his desire to marry Teresa, real quick. The relationship however did not end, and Teresa was his mistress throughout his marriage to Violant who I can’t imagine was entirely thrilled by the circumstances. Despite this Violant and James’ married was an exemplary success in the bedroom; between 1236 and 1251 they had ten children – six daughters Violant (later Queen of Castile), Constance, Sancha, Isabella (later Queen of France), Maria and Eleanor and four sons Peter (later Peter II of Aragon), James (later James II of Majorca), Ferdinand and Sancho. Despite his relationship with his mistress, Violant was the undisputed Queen of Aragon and refused to allow her husband’s mistress to outshine her. She was evidently very intelligent and her husband evidently was quite a fan of this trait; he allowed her significant influence and she became very involved in matters of state. She was one of the most valuable advisors of her husband – on whom she had a surprisingly strong influence and she was heavily involved in various international agreements including the Treaty of Almizra in 1244; during negotiations she demanded that Zayyan ibn Mardanish surrender of the city of Valencia; when he did she triumphantly entered with her husband on 9 October 1238. To this day the 9th October is the national day of the Valencian community commemorating James and Violant’s entrance in the city. The celebration is known as the Mocadorada of Sant Dionis; men typically give their partners a scarf (mocador) containing candied fruits and vegetables made of marzipan; these candies are said to represent the fruits and vegetables that Valencian Muslims offered James and Violant when they entered the city, according to legends of the period. She was immensely popular in Aragon and since the nineteenth century, numerous streets have been dedicated to her in Barcelona, Zaragoza, Valencia and multiple other cities in Spain. Violante also did significant philanthropy and was the patron of a number of religious institutions including the Monastery of Santa Maria de Vallbona. Most sources agree that she died in 1251 although 16th century historian Jerónimo Zurita y Castro wrote in his Anales de Aragon, that while some annals state that Violant died in Santa María de Salas in 1251, others report that she lived for a few years after (the probable sources of the 1253 date), and that she only made her will and testament in Huesca in 1251 – hence the belief she died in 1251. After Violant’s death, her husband and his mistress were free to be public with their relationship and entered into a common law marriage not allowed by the church. In charters granting her ownership of various tax-exempt castles and estates, Teresa was not referred to as the king’s wife but as his concubine. Despite this James wrote a letter to Pope Cement IV in 1265 in which he claims they’re married. Regardless he ended up casting her aside in 1265 in order to have an affair with his cousin. A real prince to the end I see. Isabella of Aragon was born probably in 1248 the eighth child of James I of Aragon and Violant of Hungary; her exact birthdate isn’t completely clear – it likely took place in early 1248 – we think this because her father mentioned a baby in the will he wrote in January 1248 stating that if Violant gave birth to a son he should become a knights templar but if the baby is a daughter she should enter the Santa Maria de Sigena as a nun. In 1258 when she was 10 years old the Treaty of Corbeil was concluded between Isabella’s father and King Louis IX of France; the peace treat hinged on a betrothal arrangement between Louis’s second son Philip and Isabella. Due to the age of Isabella and Philip; the formal wedding wasn’t held until May 1262 – by this time Philip was the heir to the French throne as his older brother Louis had died in 1260. Now Isabella and Philip seem to have genuinely fallen in love with each other and had their first son within two years of marriage. Isabella was by all accounts VERY beautiful and very charming and immensely popular at court. Basically a fairytale princess. Now when her husband and father in law decided to go on everyone’s favourite medieval road trip aka a Crusade (this was the Eighth) – it was rumoured that Philip could not bear to be parted from her. Following in the footsteps of her iconic ancestor Eleanor of Aquitaine, Isabella went on crusade and ended up pregnant (what is it with Queens of France getting knocked up on crusade?) . This would turn out to be the most disastrous of ideas; in fact the entire Crusade was a catastrophe. On the return to France literally everything that could have gone wrong, went wrong. First the crusaders lost 40 warships during a storm, then Isabella’s brother in law Jean Tristan died of dysentry in Tunis on the 3rd August 1270. Weeks later on the 25th August her father in law also died of dysentry making Isabella and Philip King and Queen of France and they were declared as such. The French’s road trip back to France went from bad to worse when Theobald the King of Navarre and the husband of Isabella’s sister in law Isabelle died of illness in Trapani in December 1270. Just weeks later tragedy struck when Isabella herself died; in the Memoirs of the Queen of France, A. Forbes Bush recounts Isabella’s death writing that “in fording a small river near Cozenza, in Calabria, Queen Isabella fell from her horse, had her back broken, which, she being pregnant, occasioned her a premature delivery, that caused her death”. After her accident she was first transported to Martirano Castle and then to Cosenza where she died two weeks later. Her death was slow and excruciating and left her husband absolutely heartbroken. Having died obviously so far from home the logistics of her funeral arrangements were a tad tricky; she was initially buried with her newborn son at Cosenza Cathedral before being moved to the royal necropolis at the Basilica of St Denis. Isabella’s death wasn’t the final tragedy to befall the French royal family on what was almost certainly the road trip from hell; her sister in law Isabelle died in May in Provence of some sort of sickness months after Isabella’s death. Horrifically by the time Philip returned to Paris, his mother Marguerite had only been informed of her husband’s death meaning that it was only upon her son’s return “that the queen mother discovered the magnitude of the loss that the crusade had wrought: her husband, son, daughter, daughter in law, son in law, grandchild, brother in law and sister in law were all dead”. Isabella’s death also left her small children without a mother – out of her sons two of them had children of their own and both named their eldest daughter Isabella in her honour – one of those granddaughters would go on to be the iconic Isabella of France. Amongst her grandchildren would be four Kings of France, a Queen of England, a Countess of Hainaut, Countess of Blois, an Empress of Constantinople, a Count of Alençon, a Countess of Beaumont-le-Roger, a Duchess of Calabria, a Duchess of Bourbon, two counts of Chartres and a Queen of Germany and Bohemia. Despite later remarrying Marie of Brabant, Philip made it clear in his will that he wished to be buried with Isabella which he kind of was was upon his death – I said kind of because after he died his body was cut up into various pieces – his flesh was sent to the Narbonne Cathedral, his entrails to La Noë Abbey in Normandy, his heart to the now demolished Church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris and his bones to the Basilica of St Denis where they were interred beside Isabella’s remains. Despite her short life, her brief tenure as Philip’s wife and her even briefer reign as his Queen, Isabella had an undeniable impact on French history; according to A Forbes Bush “Isabella was the mother of four princes, of whom one, Philip-le-Bel, succeeded to the throne; two others, who died young; and Charles de Valois, who was the royal branch from which thirteen French monarchs sprung. The king and court deeply regretted this beautiful and amiable princess, who was universally beloved”. For a Catholic monarch there’s only one thing better than being a monarch, and that’s being a saint. Elizabeth of Portugal was born in 1271 the daughter of Peter of Aragon and Constance of Sicily; at the time of her birth her father was the heir to the throne of Aragon whilst her aunt/namesake Elizabeth was also a saint. We know very little about her childhood but we do know two things 1) she was raised alongside her brothers three of whom became kings – Alfonso and James became King of Aragon whilst Frederick became King of Sicily and 2) she was raised very strictly religious. I mean most European monarchs in the 1200’s were fairly devout obviously but she was raised very very piously; she said the full divine office daily, fasted and did other penances. In 1281 when she was 10 it was arranged for her to marry Denis of Portugal who I can’t imagine was thrilled about the marriage – I mean she was 10 whilst he was 20 and already a father. Now Denis would go on to be a very good king – under him Portugal prospered and he not only oversaw a centralisation of royal power, Lisbon flourishing as a centre of European culture and learning and the founding of the Portuguese navy but under him Portugal became equal with Aragon and Castile which had previously dominated the politics of the Iberian peninsula. Fab king. Not so great husband. He was extremely unfaithful siring at least six children during their marriage; this by all accounts lead to arguments which some contemporary sources suggest turned violent. Despite this the two managed to work together for the sake of the state; she was an active participant in Portuguese politics and acted as a mediator on a number of occasions including as the decisive conciliator during the negotiations concerning the Treaty of Alcañices signed by Denis and Fernando IV of Castile in 1297; the treaty was an agreement between the two nations regarding the border. Seven years later in 1304 her brother James II of Aragon and Fernando asked her to mediate their squabbles. She was most famous though for her charity work (aka the thing that made her a saint); from an early age she had given significantly to the poor and sick – this continued as Queen. She was devoted to the poor and needy and was known to support very religious institutions and organisations, as well as founding some of her own. During the famine of 1293, it was noted that she donated flour from her cellars to the starving in Coimbra; she also provided lodgings for pilgrims, distributed gifts daily, paid the dowries of poor girls, educated the children of impoverished nobles, became the benefactor of hospitals in Coimbra, Santarem and Leiria ad financially provided for religious projects (such as the Trinity Convent in Lisbon). Contemporaries noted that she dressed modestly and somewhat un-Queen like; she was humble in conversation and kind to those around her. Adored by the public, she wasn’t massively popular at court owing to just how strict she was religiously. She was also a devoted mother to the two children she and Denis had – their daughter Constança was born in 1290 and their son Afonso was born in 1291. Now the relationship between their son and her husband was not a good one. This was partly due to Denis’ overt favouritism of his illegitimate son Afonso-Sanches who had delusions of grandeur and wished to succeed his father despite the fact he was illegitimate and had a very legitimate brother who was the heir. Denis did nothing to temper the increasing tension between the two nor did he do anything to reassure Afonso that he would be king regardless of his half brother’s ambitions. The two brothers had a bitter rivalry that culminated in a civil war (1322-1324) that effectively led to Elizabeth’s son Afonso rebelling against his father; Elizabeth was called to act as a mediator; Denis was at a distinct disadvantage – he had very little support amongst the people who had been enraged by the sheer number of privileges he had granted to the nobles in the preceding years; it is interesting how the civil war essentially became a class conflict with the lower classes, common people and urban areas supporting Afonso. In 1323 the civil war came to a head when the two were meant to have engage in battle in Alvalade – at the last minute however as the legend tells it, Elizabeth, mounted on a mule, positioned herself between the opposing armies in order to prevent the combat. She then mediated peace between the two; Denis agreed to exile his illegitimate son whilst Afonso pledged loyalty to his father. Despite their marital problems Denis does appear to have been genuinely affected by Elizabeth’s piety and throughout their marriage was influenced by his wife to support religious institutions. Perhaps feeling remorseful over his years of sin, infidelity and spousal abuse, he became far more religious in his later years and by the time he died was said to have become quite religious. Her husband died in 1325 and her son became King. He exiled his troublesome half brother and stripped him of all the honours their father had granted him; Afonso-Sanches was not a happy bunny and promptly dedicated his life to ruining his brother’s. From his place of exile in Castile, Afonso-Sanches tried to orchestrate a series of failed attempts to usurp the crown. When that didn’t work, he decided to simply invade Portugal, which also failed. Elizabeth then once again intervened and arranged for the two to sign a peace treaty. She then retired fro court and moved to the monastery of the Poor Clare nuns which she had founded in Coimbra in 1314 and dedicated the rest of her life to philanthropy. Despite this she was occasionally called back to court to intervene and owing to her consistent peace-keeping missions during her lifetime, became known as the Peacemaker. In 1336 things kicked off between her son Afonso and his son in law Alfonso XI of Castile; Alfonso was married to Elizabeth’s granddaughter Maria however treated her abominably; he had a long-term mistress Leonor de Guzman who he had ten children wit and who he esteemed over Maria, leaving the young Queen to send frequent bouts of time depressed and alone in seclusion at the Royal Monastery of San Clemente in Seville. By 1335v Maria had had enough and tried to return to her father who was to put it mildly livid; he made alliances with the Pope and the Muslims and rebels inside Castile to cut as much trouble as possible for Alfonso. Eventually he threatened invasion and this led to a series of military clashes. When Elizabeth caught wind of the news that the two men had their armies positioned at Estremoz in anticipation of a clash, she insisted on traveling to Estremoz to stop the violence, despite her age and the fact that by this point she was already ill. As she had done seemingly a thousand times before, she stopped the fighting and caused terms of peace to be arranged. It was clearly all too much for her because after the treaty was signed, she collapsed from over-exertion and her son took her to the nearby Castle of Estremoz where she died days later. Despite her husband’s desire for her to buried beside him, she was instead buried per her wishes at Convent of Santa Clara in Coimbra. Several centuries later her body was moved to the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Nova due to flooding. She was first beatified in 1516; Pope Urban VIII then canonised her in 1626. Her feast day was originally the anniversary of her death (July 4th) however in 1694 it was moved to the 8th July, as not to clash with the celebration of the Octave of Saints Peter and Paul, Apostles. In 1955 however that octave waas abolished meaning her feast was moved back to the 4th July (although in America it’s celebrated on July 5th). I couldn’t do a post about the girls of Aragon without mentioning this woman right here – my number 1 Yolande of Aragon. Now I’ve actually done a full profile of her that you can read here; PART 1 PART 2
correct_death_00048	FactBench	2	7	https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/topics/nuremberg-trials	en	The Nuremberg Trials	https://www.nationalww2m…on_Nuremberg.jpg	https://www.nationalww2m…on_Nuremberg.jpg	[ "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2023-06/3Q9A2879.jpg?h=1dd3cf61", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2021-11/expressions-of-america-act-5-scene-1-USO-tour_0.jpeg?h=d5b7ebc5", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2017-06/distancelearning-home_front-vft.jpg?h=af3cde7e", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2023-02/research-header-updated.jpg?h=c12fc1b4", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2022-09/stem.jpeg?h=4cd29779", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2017-05/10_us_freedom_pavilion-the_boeing_center_ext_0.jpg?h=d420901f", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2017-06/Sv-N9ePbWXMxjol4tPxIoDLC-lbF-FCXBBQqFvBldf0.jpg?h=6ff83453", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_medium/public/2020-11/Jackson_Nuremberg.jpg", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/narrow_medium/public/2020-11/Admiral%20Karl%20Donitz%20is%20arrested%20in%20Flensberg%20on%20May%2023%201945%20by%20British%20authorities%20Courtesy%20IWM%20-%20Tyler%20Bamford.jpg", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/narrow_medium/public/2020-11/portrait%20of%20HImmler%20USHMM%20-%20Connie%20Gentry.jpg", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2021-09/Opening%20Day%20of%20Case%208%20-%20RuSHA%20Trial%2C%20October%2020%2C%201947%20-%20National%20Archives.jpg?h=dec22bcf", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2021-09/Judges%20of%20the%20International%20Military%20Tribunal%20-%20Truman%20Library.jpg?h=dec22bcf", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2020-11/nuremberg2%20-%20Kimberly%20Guise.jpg", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2020-11/Curriculum_Nuremberg.jpg", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2020-11/jackson%20at%20nuremberg%20-%20Collin%20Makamson.jpg", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/themes/nwwiim/images/loaders/placeholder.gif", "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_small/public/2020-11/Cover%20Image%20-%20Defendants%20at%20IMT%20Nov%2045%20Courtesy%20National%20Archives%20and%20Records%20Administration%20-%20Tyler%20Bamford.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	After the war, Allied powers—United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union—came together to form the International Military Tribunal (IMT). From 1945 to 1946, Nazi Germany leaders stood trial for crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing crimes.	en	/themes/nwwiim/favicon.ico	The National WWII Museum \| New Orleans	https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/topics/nuremberg-trials	Appointing the Court In the days before Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, President Harry S Truman appointed Associate Supreme Court Justice Robert H Jackson to be the chief prosecutor representing the United States in the proposed trials for the European Axis powers. Jackson helped lead the Allies—American, British, French, and Soviet governments—to an agreement called the London Charter, setting the procedures for the Nuremberg Trials. The London Agreement created the International Military Tribunal (IMT) on August 8, 1945, where each of the four Allied nations appointed a judge and a prosecution team. Nuremberg, Germany During the Moscow Conference on October 30, 1943, the Declaration of Atrocities was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin stating: "The United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union have received from many quarters evidence of atrocities, massacres and cold-blooded mass executions which are being perpetrated by Hitlerite forces in many of the countries they have overrun . . . those German officers and men and members of the Nazi party who have been responsible for or have taken a consenting part in the above atrocities, massacres and executions will be sent back to the countries in which their abominable deeds were done in order that they may be judged and punished according to the laws of these liberated countries and of free governments which will be erected therein..." Nuremberg, Germany was chosen as the location of the trials for being a focal point of Nazi propaganda rallies leading up to the war. The Allies wanted Nuremberg to symbolize the death of Nazi Germany. The court convened in the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg that was previously expanded by German prisoners to fit up to 1,200 detainees. Indictment The indictment of 24 Nazi government officials and organizations was filed on October 18, 1945 by the four chief prosecutors of the International Military Tribunal: Robert H Jackson of the United States, Sir Hartley Shawcross of Great Britain, Francois de Menthon of France, and Roman A Rudenko of the Soviet Union. The jurisdiction of the Tribunal included crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The IMT defined crimes against humanity as "murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation...or persecutions on political, racial, or religious grounds." The Trial Between November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946, the Tribunal tried 24 of the most important military and political leaders of the Third Reich and heard evidence against 21 of the defendants. During the trial, the Tribunal—and the world—learned about the the Nazi Party and its "planning, initiating and waging of aggressive war" from the beginning. Footage of Nazi concentration camps taken by Allied military photographers during liberation was shown to the court. The graphic scenes of what had taken place in Europe were the most powerful evidence presented at the trial. Other memorable moments of the trial were the screenings of the Nazi Concentration and Prison Camps and The Nazi Plan films, the detailed description of the Final Solution, the murders of prisoners of war, atrocities in extermination camps, and countless cruel acts to prosecute Jews. Verdict and Executions On October 1, 1946, the Tribunal convicted 19 of the defendants and acquitted three. Of those convicted, 12 were sentenced to death. Three defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment and four to prison terms ranging from 10 to 20 years. On October 16, executions were carried out by hanging in the gymnasium of the courthouse. Hermann Göring committed suicide the night before his execution. In 1947, the prisoners sentenced to incarceration were sent to Spandau Prison in Berlin. Subsequent Nuremberg Trials From December 1946 to April 1949, a series of twelve additional military tribunals for war crimes against Nazi Germany leaders were held by the United States in the Palace of Justice. The defendants were 177 high-ranking physicians, judges, industrialists, SS commanders and police commanders, military personnel, civil servants, and diplomats. The trials uncovered the German leadership that supported the Nazi dictatorship. Of the 177 defendants, 24 were sentenced to death, 20 to lifelong imprisonment, and 98 other prison sentences. Twenty five defendants were found not guilty. Many of the prisoners were released early in the 1950s as a result of pardons. Thirteen of the 24 death sentences were executed.
correct_death_00048	FactBench	1	58	https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/01/07/the-nazi-art-dealer-who-supplied-hermann-goring-and-operated-in-a-shadowy-art-underworld-after-the-war	en	The Nazi art dealer who supplied Hermann Göring and operated in a shadowy art underworld after the war	https://cdn.sanity.io/im…crop&auto=format	https://cdn.sanity.io/im…crop&auto=format	[ "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cxgd3urn/production/2b3466774dc5776b98c0047e115924687dff5e5e-366x80.svg", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cxgd3urn/production/2a17a0294d29177faba03484c634a6e33e8fed98-1x1.svg", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cxgd3urn/production/b106e3391b3277dd22f191f485bbf1def93b97d8-1600x1144.jpg?rect=0,87,1600,810&w=640&h=324&fit=crop&auto=format 1x, https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cxgd3urn/production/b106e3391b3277dd22f191f485bbf1def93b97d8-1600x1144.jpg?rect=1,87,1599,810&w=1200&h=608&fit=crop&auto=format 2x", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cxgd3urn/production/87cabe4c455377af4543d2623f52ce3151461340-268x266.png?rect=12,24,247,227&w=256&h=235&fit=crop&auto=format 1x, https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cxgd3urn/production/87cabe4c455377af4543d2623f52ce3151461340-268x266.png?rect=12,23,247,227&w=640&h=589&fit=crop&auto=format 2x", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cxgd3urn/production/b106e3391b3277dd22f191f485bbf1def93b97d8-1600x1144.jpg?rect=0,0,1600,1143&w=750&h=536&fit=crop&auto=format 1x, https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cxgd3urn/production/b106e3391b3277dd22f191f485bbf1def93b97d8-1600x1144.jpg?w=1920&h=1373&fit=crop&auto=format 2x", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cxgd3urn/production/7efff860f6a925b50414aa9cc14e5826d24bce32-1069x783.jpg?w=750&h=549&fit=crop&auto=format 1x, https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cxgd3urn/production/7efff860f6a925b50414aa9cc14e5826d24bce32-1069x783.jpg?w=1920&h=1406&fit=crop&auto=format 2x", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cxgd3urn/production/c302fe2cce766d7f9227201d568573eb05b1bd3f-1000x672.jpg?w=750&h=504&fit=crop&auto=format 1x, https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cxgd3urn/production/c302fe2cce766d7f9227201d568573eb05b1bd3f-1000x672.jpg?w=1920&h=1290&fit=crop&auto=format 2x" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Catherine Hickley", "www.theartnewspaper.com", "catherine-hickley" ]	2021-01-07T00:00:00	A new book by Jonathan Petropoulos explores Bruno Lohse’s devotion to Hitler’s number two		/favicon-48.ico	The Art Newspaper - International art news and events	https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/01/07/the-nazi-art-dealer-who-supplied-hermann-goring-and-operated-in-a-shadowy-art-underworld-after-the-war	This article was featured in our free monthly Book Club newsletter. Sign up here for features, exclusive extracts, author interviews and art world recommendations sent straight to your inbox As a tall, young, athletic SS officer with fluent French and a doctorate in art history, Bruno Lohse captured Hermann Göring’s attention during one of his visits to the Jeu de Paume art gallery in Paris, where the Reichsmarschall would quaff champagne and select paintings looted from French Jews. The art would then be transported by Göring’s private train to his country estate outside Berlin. Lohse became Göring’s agent in Paris, charged with helping Adolf Hitler’s number two to amass his vast store of stolen art. He oversaw operations at the Jeu de Paume, where the Nazis stored art looted from Jews by the infamous Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce (known as the ERR). Like many key Nazi looters, Lohse escaped conviction after the Second World War, although he did spend several years in prison, in Nuremberg and in France. On his release in 1950, living in Munich, he became part of a shadowy network of former Nazis who continued to deal in looted art, largely untroubled by law enforcement or public attention. Jonathan Petropoulos first met Lohse in 1998, when the dealer was 87. More than two decades later, Petropoulos has written what will surely be the definitive biography, Göring’s Man in Paris: The Story of a Nazi Art Plunderer and his World, published this month. Petropoulos is the author of several authoritative, lucidly written and important books about the arts in the Third Reich, including The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany. He is an enterprising, investigative historian of the kind journalists can feel a kinship with. He describes, for example, turning up with begonias on the doorstep of the widow of a long-dead Nazi art looter in the 1990s (she invited him in, offered him coffee, and talked). He penetrated deep into Lohse’s world—a disquieting but intriguing cosmos of aging Nazis nostalgic for the “good old days”, of kaffee und kuchen in luxury hotels, of secretive Liechtenstein foundations, and of Swiss bank vaults stuffed with stolen art. It was a Zurich bank vault that catapulted Lohse back into public view in 2007, just weeks after his death at the age of 95. The Swiss prosecutor seized a vault controlled by Lohse in the Zürcher Kantonalbank. Its contents included Le Quai Malaquais, Printemps (1903), a painting by Camille Pissarro that the Jewish family from whom it had been looted in Vienna had been trying to trace for 70 years. Together with a dealer friend of Lohse’s, Peter Griebert, Petropoulos had previously engaged in efforts to return the painting to Gisela Bermann Fischer, the heir of the family. Because Griebert and Petropoulos asked for a percentage of the painting’s value for recovering it, she reported these efforts as attempted extortion to law enforcement. Griebert was investigated but never charged or convicted, Petropoulos writes. The author, who was never investigated by police, says he received no compensation from the eventual restitution and sale of the painting. But these tortuous events, described in the book, compelled Petropoulos to step down as the director of the centre for Holocaust studies at Claremont McKenna College, California, in 2008. Petropoulos portrays himself as a victim of Griebert’s intrigue, and says he did not know the painting was controlled by Lohse. Still, he indirectly admits it was a mistake to get embroiled in this affair, citing the lawyer Randol Schoenberg’s comment that academics like Petropoulos are invaluable for provenance research “but out of their league if they try to negotiate a work’s return”. Petropoulos appears unsure about whether he got too close to Lohse. In the book’s prologue, he asserts: “For me, our meetings were strictly fact-finding missions… I do not want to give the impression that I befriended him or in any way seem to whitewash his deeds.” By the epilogue, he has apparently changed his mind. “Yes, Bruno was a kind of friend, and that is problematic for a historian of the Third Reich,” he writes. Regardless of this awkward friendship, Göring’s Man in Paris is far from a whitewash. Perhaps the 13 years since Lohse’s death needed to pass for the author to view him with detachment. Petropoulos does not mince his words—Lohse, he says, “ranks in the top five among history’s all-time art looters”. He was, the writer says, “a skilled liar, dissimulator, and schemer”. The book describes in meticulous detail how this dashing SS officer, living a life of luxury with a chauffeur-driven car in Paris, organised 18 exhibitions of looted art for Göring at the Jeu de Paume, helped him commandeer more than 700 paintings from the ERR, and acquired many more from other dubious sources. Lohse tracked down hidden collections belonging to Jews who had fled or been deported and took part in raids to seize their collections. How he escaped conviction for war crimes is something of a mystery, but Lohse seems to have attracted important allies—including, bizarrely, some of the American Monuments Men who interrogated him in Nuremberg—and he assembled a crack defence team for his trial. He set himself up as an art dealer in Munich to supplement the benefits he received from the German government as a former “prisoner of war”. Petropoulos’s research sheds important light on the post-war networks, radiating from Munich to Switzerland, Paris and even the US, that allowed Lohse to stay in business. His Munich circle encompassed Göring’s daughter Edda and the Reichsmarschall’s former secretary, Gisela Limberger. Lohse’s devotion and loyalty to Göring remained undiminished until the end of his life. His treasured mementoes included his Nazi party membership card and a letter from Göring written in Nuremberg testifying that he had repeatedly asked to be excused from his duties in Paris to return to the front. Because it was signed in Göring’s own hand so close to the end of his life, it became a “sacred relic” for Lohse, Petropoulos writes. Almost daily, the elderly Nazi thief would pore over these keepsakes and photos of his days in the ERR, a time he still viewed as the high point of his career. It is a chilling image. One question still unanswered is how much looted art he got away with. Petropoulos describes paintings by Emil Nolde and Gabriele Münter and a clutch of Dutch Old Masters hanging in Lohse’s Munich apartment. He suspects Lohse kept for himself some of the works he acquired for Göring. Tantalisingly, the book’s appendix lists 47 works that were in Lohse’s possession when he died or sold shortly before his death—among them paintings by Lucas Cranach, Camille Corot, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Jan Brueghel. Provenance research into these works has never been published and they have been distributed among Lohse’s many heirs, or sold discreetly. Perhaps one day we will find out who they once belonged to.
correct_death_00048	FactBench	3	41	http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/nurembergaccount.html	en	nurembergACCOUNT			[ "http://famous-trials.com/images/newfamoustrials.jpg", "http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/Jacksonaddress.jpg", "http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/MAJORDEF2.jpg", "http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/ButtonNuremberg.gif", "http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/FamousButton.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Doug Linder" ]	null					null	No trial provides a better basis for understanding the nature and causes of evil than do the Nuremberg trials from 1945 to 1949. Those who come to the trials expecting to find sadistic monsters are generally disappointed. What is shocking about Nuremberg is the ordinariness of the defendants: men who may be good fathers, kind to animals, even unassuming--yet who committed unspeakable crimes. Years later, reporting on the trial of Adolf Eichmann, Hannah Arendt wrote of "the banality of evil." Like Eichmann, most Nuremberg defendants never aspired to be villains. Rather, they over-identified with an ideological cause and suffered from a lack of imagination or empathy: they couldn't fully appreciate the human consequences of their career-motivated decisions. Twelve trials, involving over a hundred defendants and several different courts, took place in Nuremberg from 1945 to 1949. By far the most attention--not surprisingly, given the figures involved--has focused on the first Nuremberg trial of twenty-one major war criminals. Several of the eleven subsequent Nuremberg trials, however, involved conduct no less troubling--and issues at least as interesting--as the Major War Criminals Trial. For example, the trial of sixteen German judges and officials of the Reich Ministry (The Justice Trial) considered the criminal responsibility of judges who enforce immoral laws. (The Justice Trial became the inspiration for the acclaimed Hollywood movie, Judgment at Nuremberg.) Other subsequent trials, such as the Doctors Trial and the Einsatzgruppen Trial, are especially compelling because of the horrific events described by prosecution witnesses. (These three subsequent trials each receive separate coverage elsewhere in this website.) In 1944, when eventual victory over the Axis powers seemed likely, President Franklin Roosevelt asked the War Department to devise a plan for bringing war criminals to justice. Before the War Department could come up with a plan, however, Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau sent his own ideas on the subject to the President's desk. Morgenthau's eye-for-an-eye proposal suggested summarily shooting many prominent Nazi leaders at the time of capture and banishing others to far off corners of the world. Under the Morgenthau plan, German POWs would be forced to rebuild Europe. The Treasury Secretary's aim was to destroy Germany's remaining industrial base and turn Germany into a weak, agricultural country. Secretary of War Henry Stimson saw things differently than Morgenthau. The counter-proposal Stimson endorsed, drafted primarily by Colonel Murray Bernays of the Special Projects Branch, would try responsible Nazi leaders in court. The War Department plan labeled atrocities and waging a war of aggression as war crimes. Moreover, it proposed treating the Nazi regime as a criminal conspiracy. Roosevelt eventually chose to support the War Department's plan. Other Allied leaders had their own ideas, however. Churchill reportedly told Stalin that he favored execution of captured Nazi leaders. Stalin answered, "In the Soviet Union, we never execute anyone without a trial." Churchill agreed saying, "Of course, of course. We should give them a trial first." All three leaders issued a statement in Yalta in February, 1945 favoring some sort of judicial process for captured enemy leaders. In April, 1945, two weeks after the sudden death of President Roosevelt, Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson received Samuel Rosenman at his Washington home. Rosenman asked Jackson, on behalf of President Truman, to become the chief prosecutor for the United States at a war-crimes trial to be held in Europe soon after the war ended. Truman wanted a respected figure, a man of unquestioned integrity, and a first-rate public speaker, to represent the United States. Justice Jackson, Rosenman said, was that person. Three days later, Jackson accepted. On May 2, Harry Truman formally appointed him chief prosecutor. But prosecutor of whom, and under what authority? Many questions remained unanswered. Several Nazi leaders would escape trial and punishment. Two days before Jackson's appointment, in a bunker twenty feet below the Berlin sewer system, Adolf Hitler shot himself. Soon thereafter, Heinrich Himmler--perhaps the most terrifying figure in the Nazi regime--took a cyanide crystal while being examined by a British doctor and died within minutes. Also unavailable for trial were Joseph Goebbels (dead) and Martin Bormann (missing). Still, many important Axis leaders had fell into Allied hands, either through surrender or capture. Deputy Fuhrer Rudolph Hess had been held in England since 1941, when he had parachuted into the Scottish sky in a solo effort to convince British leaders to make peace with the Nazi government. Reischsmarschall Hermann Goering surrendered to Americans on May 6, 1945. He spent his first evening in captivity happily drinking and singing with American officers--officers who later were reprimanded by General Eisenhower for the special treatment they conferred. Hans Frank, "the Jew Butcher of Cracow," received less hospitable treatment from American soldiers in Bavaria, who forced him to run through a seventy-foot line of soldiers, getting kicked and punched the whole way. Other suspected war criminals were rounded up on May 23 by British forces in Flensburg, site of the last Nazi government. The Flensburg group included Karl Doenitz (Hitler's successor as fuhrer), Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel, Nazi Party philosopher Alfred Rosenberg, General Alfred Jodl, and Armaments Minister Albert Speer. Eventually, twenty-two of these captured major Nazi figures would be indicted. On June 26, Robert Jackson flew to London to meet with delegates from the other three Allied powers for a discussion of what to do with the captured Nazi leaders. Every nation had its own criminal statutes and its own views as to how the trials should proceed. Jackson devoting considerable time to explaining why the criminal statutes relating to wars of aggression and crimes against humanity that he proposed drafting would not be ex post facto laws. Jackson told negotiators from the other nations, "What we propose is to punish acts which have been regarded as criminal since the time of Cain and have been so written in every civilized code." The delegates also debated whether to proceed using the Anglo-American adversarial system with defense lawyers for the defendants, or whether instead to use the judge-centered inquisitive system favored by the French and Soviets. After ten days of discussion, the shape of the proceedings to come became clearer. The trying court would be called the International Military Tribunal, and it would consist of one primary and one alternate judge from each country. The adversarial system preferred by the Americans and British would be used. The indictments against the defendants would prohibit defenses based on superior orders, as well as tu quoque (the "so-did-you" defense). Delegates were determined not to let the defendants and their German lawyers turn the trial into one that would expose questionable war conduct by Allied forces. Jackson believed that the war crimes trials should be held in Germany. Few German cities in 1945, however, had a standing courthouse in which a major trial could be held. One of the few cities that did was Nuremberg, site of Zeppelin Field and some of Hitler's most spectacular rallies. It was also in Nuremberg that Nazi leaders proclaimed the infamous Nuremberg Laws, stripping Jews of their property and basic rights. Jackson liked that connection. The city was 91% destroyed, but in addition to the Palace of Justice, the best hotel in town--the Grand Hotel--was miraculously spared and would serve as an operating base for court officers and the world press. Over the objection of the Soviets (who preferred Berlin), Allied representatives decided to conduct the trial in Nuremberg. On August 6, the representatives signed the Charter of the International Military Tribunal, establishing the laws and procedures that would govern the Nuremberg trials. Six days later, a cargo plane carrying most of major war trial defendants landed in Nuremberg. Allied military personnel loaded the prisoners into ambulances and took them to a secure cell block of the Palace of Justice, where they spent the next fourteen months. Judges for the IMT met for the first time on October 13. The American judge was Francis Biddle, who was appointed to the job by Harry Truman--perhaps out of a feeling of guilt after the President dismissed him as Attorney General. Robert Jackson pressured Biddle, who desperately wanted the position of chief judge, to support instead the British judge, Sir Geoffrey Lawrence. Jackson thought the selection of a British as president of the IMT would ease criticism that the Americans were playing too large a role in the trials. Votes from the Americans, British, and French elected Lawrence chief judge. With a November 20 opening trial date approaching, Nuremberg began to fill with visitors. A prosecutorial staff of over 600 Americans plus additional hundreds from the other three powers assembled and began interviewing potential witnesses and identifying documents from among the 100,000 captured for the prosecution case. German lawyers, some of whom were themselves Nazis, arrived to interview their clients and began trial preparation. Members of the world press moved into the Grand Hotel and whatever other quarters they could find and began writing background features on the upcoming trial. Nearly a thousand workers rushed to complete restoration of the Palace of Justice. THE TRIAL On the opening day of the trial, the twenty-one indicted war trial defendants took their seats in the dock at the rear of the sage-green draped and dark paneled room. Behind them stood six American sentries with their backs against the wall. At 10 a.m., the marshal shouted, "Attention! All rise. The tribunal will now enter." The judges from the four countries walked through a door and took their seats at the bench. Sir Geoffrey Lawrence rapped his gavel. "This trial, which is now to begin," said Lawrence, "is unique in the annals of jurisprudence." The Major War Figures Trial was underway in Nuremberg. The trial began with the reading of theindictments. The indictments concerned four counts. All defendants were indicted on at least two of the counts; several were indicted on all four counts. Count One, "conspiracy to wage aggressive war," addressed crimes committed before the war began. Count Two, "waging an aggressive war (or "crimes against peace"), addressed the undertaking of war in violation of international treaties and assurances. Count Three, "war crimes," addressed more traditional violations of the laws of war such as the killing or mistreatment of prisoners of war and the use of outlawed weapons. Count Four, "crimes against humanity," addressed crimes committed against Jews, ethnic minorities, the physically and mentally disabled, civilians in occupied countries, and other persons. The greatest of these crimes against humanity was, of course, the mass murder of Jews in concentration camps--the so-called "Final Solution." For an entire day, defendants listened as prosecutors read a detailed list of the crimes they stood accused of committing. THE PROSECUTION CASE The next day Robert Jackson delivered his opening statement for the prosecution. Jackson spoke eloquently for two hours. He told the court, "The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant, and so devastating that civilization cannot tolerate their being ignored because it cannot survive their being repeated." The prosecution case was divided into two main phases. The first phase focused on establishing the criminality of various components of the Nazi regime, while the second sought to establish the guilt of individual defendants. The first prosecutorial phase was divided into parts. The prosecution presented the case that the Austrian invasion constituted an aggressive war, then proceeded over the course of two weeks to show the same for invasions of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Greece, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union. Prosecution proof on the counts of conspiring to wage and then waging an aggressive war consisted mainly of documentary evidence. A second part of the prosecution case concerned the Nazi's use of slave labor and concentration camps. Evidence introduced during this part of the prosecution case brought home the true horror of the Nazi regime. For example, on December 13, 1945, U. S. prosecutor Thomas Todd introduced USA Exhibit #253: tanned human tattooed skin from concentration camp victims, preserved for Ilse Koch, the wife of the Commandant of Buchenwald, who liked to have the flesh fashioned into lampshades and other household objects for her home. Then Todd introduced USA Exhibit #254: the fist-shaped shrunken head of an executed Pole, used by Koch as a paperweight. On December 18, the prosecution began introducing evidence to establish the criminality of the Nazi party leadership, the Reich Cabinet, the SS, the Gestapo, the SD, the SA, and the German High Command. Some of the evidence brought cries and gasps from spectators. A British prosecutor, seeking to establish the criminality of the SS, read an affidavit from Dr. Sigmund Rasher, a professor of medicine who performed experiments on inmates at Dashau concentration camp. The affidavit described an experiment conducted to determine what method to use to save German fliers pulled out of freezing North Sea waters. Rasher ordered inmates stripped naked and then thrown into tanks of freezing water. Chunks of ice were added, as workers repeatedly thrust thermometers into the rectums of unconscious inmates to see if they were sufficiently chilled. Then the inmates were pulled out of the tanks to see which of four methods of warming might work best. Experimenters dropped most inmates into either tanks of hot water, warm water, or tepid water. One quarter of the inmates were placed next to the bodies of naked female inmates. (Rapid warming with hot water was determined to be most effective.) Rasher stated in his affidavit that most of the inmates used in the experiment went into convulsions and died. In January, a series of concentration camp victims testified about their experiences. Marie Claude Vallant-Couturier, a 33-year-old French woman, provided particularly powerful testimony about what she saw at Auschwitz in 1942. Vallant-Couturier described how a Nazi orchestra played happy tunes as soldiers separated those destined for slave labor from those that would be gassed. She told of a night she was "awakened by horrible cries. The next day we learned that the Nazis had run out of gas and the children had been hurled into the furnaces alive." On February 18, 1946, Soviet prosecutors introduced a film entitled Documentary Evidence of the German Fascist Invaders. The film, which consisted mostly of captured German footage, showed Nazi atrocities accompanied by Russian narration. In one scene a boy is shown being shot because he refused to give his pet dove to an SS man. In another scene, naked women are forced into a ditch, then made to lie down as German soldiers--smiling for the camera--shoot them. The prosecution rested on March 6. After the thirty-three witnesses and hundreds of exhibits that had been produced, no one could deny that crimes against humanity had been committed in Europe. The major war trial defendants listen to testimony THE DEFENSE CASE Hermann Goering took his seat in the witness chair wearing a gray uniform and yellow boots. His defense attorney, Otto Stahmer, asked whether the Nazi party had come to power through legal means. In a long answer delivered without notes, Goering gave his account of the Nazi rise to power. He told the court, "Once we came to power, we were determined to hold on to it under all circumstances." Goering was unrepentant. He evaded no questions; offered no apologies. He testified that the concentration camps were necessary to preserve order: "It was a question of removing danger." The leadership principle, which concentrated all power in the Fuhrer, was "the same principle on which the Catholic church and the government of the USSR are both based." Commenting on Goering's performance in the witness box, Janet Flanner of the New Yorker described Goering as "a brain without a conscience." The courtroom was crowded on March 18, when Robert Jackson began his long awaited cross-examination of Goering. Goering at first managed to deflect most of Jackson's intended blows, often providing lengthy answers that buttressed points he made on his direct examination, such as the fact that he had opposed plans to invade Russia. Only by the third day of cross-examination did Jackson begin scoring points. He asked Goering whether he signed a series of decrees depriving Jews of the right to own businesses, ordering the surrender of their gold and jewelry to the government, barring claims for compensation for damage to their property caused by the government. Goering, trembling at times, was given little opportunity to do more than admit the truth of Jackson's assertions. After describing the awful events of Kristallnacht, November 9, 1938, when 815 Jewish shops were destroyed and 20,000 Jews arrested, Jackson asked Goering whether words he was quoted as saying at a meeting of German insurance officials (concerned about the loss of non-Jewish property on consignment at the Jewish shops) was accurate: "I demand that German Jewry shall for their abominable crimes make a contribution of a billion marks....I would not like to be a Jew in Germany." Goering admitted that the quote was accurate. When Jackson finally ended his four-day cross-examination, reviews came in mixed. Most observers believed Goering had shown himself to be a brilliant villain. Over the course of the next four months, lawyers for each of the defendants presented their evidence. In most cases, the defendants themselves took the stand, trying to put their actions in as positive of a light as possible. Many of the defendants claimed to know nothing of the existence of concentration camps or midnight killings. Typical was Joachim von Ribbentrop. Asked on cross-examination, "Are you saying that you did not know that concentration camps were being carried out on an enormous scale?", Ribbentrop replied, "I knew nothing about that." Prosecutor Maxwell-Fyfe then displayed a map showing a number of concentration camps located near several of Ribbentrop's many homes. Other defendants used their testimony to emphasize that they were merely following orders--although the IMT disallowed defense of superior orders, the issue was raised anyway in the hope that it might affect sentencing. Sometimes defense evidence actually strengthened the prosecution's case. Such was the case on April 15, when the attorney for Gestapo and SD Chief Ernst Kaltenbrunner called Colonel Rudolf Hoess to the stand. Hoess was the commandant of Auschwitz. Why he was called as a defense witness remains a mystery. Speculation is that it was thought his testimony, revealing his very large role in the gassing of thousands of inmates, might make Kaltenbrunner's guilt seem small in comparison. Hoess's matter-of-fact account of mass executions using Zyklon B gas--sometimes 10,000 inmates killed in a single day--left many in the courtroom stunned. A few of the defendants confessed their mistakes and offered apologies for their actions. Wilhelm Keitel regretted "orders given for the conduct of war in the East, which were contrary to accepted usages of war." Hans Frank, Nazi Governor of Poland, answered "Yes" when asked whether he "ever participated in the annihilation of the Jews." "My conscience does not allow me simply to throw the responsibility simply on minor people....A thousand years will pass and still Germany's guilt will not have been erased." Albert Speer, Minister of Armaments, was the most willing of all defendants to accept blame. "This war has brought an inconceivable catastrophe," Speer testified, "Therefore, it is my unquestionable duty to assume my share of responsibility for the disaster of the German people." After Speer finished his testimony the London Daily Telegraph described it as "a tremendous indictment which might well stand for the German people and posterity as the most important and dramatic event of the trial." As June ended, the last of the twenty-one defendants, Hans Fritzsche, completed his testimony. The defense rested. SUMMATIONS AND VERDICT Defense summations had been underway for two days when they were interrupted on July 6 for the trial in absentia of Martin Bormann, the notorious Jew-hater who served as Hitler's private secretary and who transmitted his most barbaric orders. Rumors abounded that Bormann might be in Spain, Argentina, or some German hideaway, but the Allies had been unsuccessful in tracking him down. Bormann's lawyer, Friedrich Bergold, offered an unusual defense, but perhaps the only one open to him: he argued that his client was dead. (Bormann's remains were finally identified in Berlin in 1972.) After the Bormann case concluded, summations for the defense resumed. Robert Jackson stopped coming to court, using the time instead to draft his own closing argument--one that he hoped would make a strong moral statement to the world. Defense summations continued for over two more weeks, finally concluding with the closing argument for Rudolf Hess, on July 25. The courtroom in the Palace of Justice, which had largely emptied for the defense summations, was full again on July 26, 1946, for the much anticipated closing argument of Robert Jackson. Jackson took shots at each of the defendants in turn. His strongest attacks were reserved for Goering. In the dock, Goering--with perverse pride--kept a count of references to him. Speer and the other repentant defendants got off the lightest. Jackson concluded his summation with a passage from Shakespeare: "[T]hese defendants now ask this Tribunal to say that they are not guilty of planning, executing, or conspiring to commit this long list of crimes and wrongs. They stand before the record of this Trial as bloodstained Gloucester stood by the body of his slain king. He begged of the widow, as they beg of you: 'Say I slew them not.' And the Queen replied, 'Then say they were not slain. But dead they are...' If you were to say of these men that they are not guilty, it would be as true to say that there has been no war, there are no slain, there has been no crime." The last stage of the long trial was a defense of the Nazi organizations, followed by final statements by each of the defendants. On Saturday, August 31, the first of the indicted defendants, Hermann Goering, moved to the middle of the dock where a guard held before him a microphone suspended from a pole. Goering told the court that the trial had been nothing more than an exercise of power by the victors of a war: justice, he said, had nothing to do with it. Rudolf Hess offered an odd final statement, filled with references to visitors with "strange" and "glassy" eyes. He ended by saying it had been his "pleasure" to work "under the greatest son which my people produced in its thousand-year history." Some defendants offered apologies. Some wept. Albert Speer offered a warning. He spoke of the even more destructive weapons now being produced and the need to eliminate war once and for all. "This trial must contribute to the prevention of wars in the future," Speer said. "May God protect Germany and the culture of the West." On Tuesday, October 1, the twenty-one defendants filed into the courtroom for the last time to receive the verdicts of the tribunal. Sir Geoffrey Lawrence told the defendants that they must remain seated while he announced the verdicts. He began with Goering: "The defendant, Hermann Goering, was the moving force for aggressive war, second only to Adolf Hitler....He directed Himmler and Heydrich to 'bring about a complete solution of the Jewish question.'" There was no mitigating evidence. Guilty on all four counts. Lawrence continued with the verdicts. In all, eighteen defendants were convicted on one or more count, three (Schact, Von Papen, and Fritzsche) were found not guilty. The three acquitted defendants did not have long to enjoy their victory. In a press room surrounded by reporters, they received from a German policeman warrants for their arrests. They were to next be tried in German courts for alleged violations of German law. Sentences were announced in the afternoon for the convicted defendants. Again, Lawrence began with Goering: "The International Military Tribunal sentences you to death by hanging." Goering, without expression, turned and left the courtroom. Ten other defendants (Ribbentrop, Keitel, Rosenberg, Frank, Frick, Kaltenbrunner, Streicher, Sauckel, Jodl, and Seyss-Inquart) were also told they would die on a rope. Life sentences were handed down to Hess, Funk, and Raeder. Von Schirach and Speer received 20-year sentences, Von Neurath a 15-year sentence, while Doenitz got a 10-year sentence. The trial had lasted 315 days. Over the next two weeks, the condemned men met for the last times with family members and talked with their lawyers about their last-ditch appeal to the Allied Control Council, which had the power to reduce or commute sentences. On October 9, the Allied Control Council, composed of one member from each of the four occupying powers, met in London to discuss appeals from the IMT. After over three hours of debate, the ACC voted to reject all appeals. Four days later, the prisoners were informed that there last thin hope had disappeared. On October 15, the day before the scheduled executions, Goering sat at the small desk in his prison cell and wrote a note: "To the Allied Control Council: I would have had no objection to being shot. However, I will not facilitate execution of Germany's Reichsmarschall by hanging! For the sake of Germany, I cannot permit this. Moreover, I feel no moral obligation to submit to my enemies' punishment. For this reason, I have chosen to die like the great Hannibal." Then Goering removed a smuggled cyanide pill and put it in his mouth. At 10:44 p.m., a guard noticed saw Goering bring his arm to his face and then began making choking sounds. A doctor was called. He arrived just in time to see Goering take his last breath. A few hours later, at 1:11 a.m. on October 16, Joachim von Ribbentrop walked to the gallows constructed in the gymnasium of the Palace of Justice. Asked if he had any last words, he said, "I wish peace to the world." A black hood was pulled down across his head and the noose was slipped around his neck. A trapdoor opened. Two minutes later, the next in line, Field Marshal Keitel, stepped up the gallows stairs. By 2:45 a.m., it was all over. AFTERMATH Trials of Germans continued in Nuremberg for over two more years. The International Military Tribunal was done with its work, however. All judges for the subsequent Nuremberg trials would be drawn from the American judiciary. The Nuremberg trials continue to generate discussion. Questions are raised both about the legitimacy of the tribunals and the appropriateness of individual verdicts they reached. More important, perhaps, is the question of whether Nuremberg mattered. No one could deny that the trials served to provide thorough documentation of Nazi crimes. In over half a century, the images and testimony that came out of Nuremberg have not lost their capacity to shock. The trials also helped expose many of the defendants for the criminals they were, thus denying them a martyrdom in the eyes of the German public that they might otherwise have achieved. There are no statues commemorating Nazi war heroes. The revelations of Nuremberg may also have contributed to building democracy in Germany. The Nuremberg trials did not, however, fulfill the grandest dreams of those who advocated them. They have not succeeded in ending wars of aggression. They have not put an end to genocide. Crimes against humanity are with us still.
correct_death_00048	FactBench	0	14	https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/nazi-germany-hitler-youth-1935.html	en	Nazi germany hitler youth 1935 hi	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	[ "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy-black.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy-black.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/mastercard.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/visa.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/amex.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/paypal.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/apple-pay.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/google-pay.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Alamy Limited" ]	null	Find the perfect nazi germany hitler youth 1935 stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.	en	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png	Alamy	https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/nazi-germany-hitler-youth-1935.html	Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 19/07/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
correct_death_00048	FactBench	3	16	https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/19/nuremberg-dock-nazis-goring-display	en	Nuremberg dock used in trial of Göring and other top Nazis goes on display	https://i.guim.co.uk/img…d22cc74b822e384e	https://i.guim.co.uk/img…d22cc74b822e384e	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035250&cv=2.0&cj=1&cs_ucfr=0&comscorekw=Germany%2CWar+crimes%2CSecond+world+war%2CWorld+news%2CLaw%2CEurope", "https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/11/19/1290198317959/nuremberg-trial-dock-nazi-006.jpg?width=465&dpr=1&s=none" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Kate Connolly", "www.theguardian.com" ]	2010-11-19T00:00:00	<p>Nuremberg trials dock displayed for first time, 65 years after Nazis including Göring and von Ribbentrop sentenced there</p>	en	https://assets.guim.co.u…e-touch-icon.svg	the Guardian	https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/19/nuremberg-dock-nazis-goring-display	The following correction was printed in the Guardian's Corrections and clarifications column, 23 November 2010 This story reported that the dock in which top Nazis stood at the Nuremberg trials is being put on view for the first time. But it was wrong to include Martin Bormann among those who stood here; he was tried in absentia. The dock at Nuremberg where Nazis including Hermann Göring and Martin Bormann stood to answer charges of crimes against humanity will go on display this weekend for the first time. The oak structure is part of the most extensive exhibition ever to have been mounted about the trials, which began 65 years ago tomorrow. Although the courtroom in which Göring, the commander in chief of the Luftwaffe, foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and 19 others went on trial on November 20, 1945 is still in use, the dock has been in storage until now. "It was made by US engineers especially for the trials," said Mathias Henckel, the head of the Nuremberg Museum. "The arm rests were deliberately designed so that the accused didn't sit too comfortably." Goring was sentenced to death after 218 days on trial, along with von Ribbentrop and 10 others. Martin Bormann, Adolf Hitler's secretary, was sentenced to death in absentia. The dock is expected to be the biggest attraction at an exhibition that also includes such historic items as the suitcase used to transport documents to and from the courtroom and the electronic switch box used to power the electricity. The south German city of Nuremberg was chosen for the trials in part because of its strong association with the Nazis. Hitler held huge party rallies in the city and the anti-Jewish Nuremberg race laws were compiled there. The city is now inextricably linked with a procedure that became a model for many other countries trying to bring war criminals to trial after conflicts, such as in the former Yugoslavia. A documentation centre that opened in 2001 on the former grounds of the Nuremberg rallies has proved to be a huge tourist magnet. The €5m (£4.2m) exhibition, spread over four rooms in an attic space above the original wood-panelled courtroom, is an attempt to meet visitors' requests for more information on the trials. It is due to be opened on Sunday by Sergei Lavrov, Russia's foreign minister, at a ceremony attended by dignitaries from Britain, the US and France.
correct_death_00048	FactBench	0	43	https://rocketguestposting.com/guest-posting-niches/338/military	en	704 Military Guest Posting Websites	https://rocketguestposti…avicon-32x32.png	https://rocketguestposti…avicon-32x32.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Guest post on hundreds of Military websites. This is the internets largest database of Military guest blogging and Military guest posting opportunities. Get powerful Military backlinks for your blog. Military guest post.	en	/img/favicon-32x32.png		null	704 Guest Post Websites in the Military Niche Rocket Guest Posting is the world's largest database of websites that accept guest posters. We have over 100,000 websites in out searchable database. Here is just a small random selection of the guest posting websites we have in the Military niche. As you can see below we have all the key SEO and social metrics to make sure you are getting powerful Military guest posting backlinks to your website. We have a guest post pitch personalization system and an outreach tracker too. You can even bulk export all the Military niche contact emails we have for the websites in our database and email them at once. Sign up today for a 100% free instant demo.
correct_death_00048	FactBench	1	19	http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/nurembergexecutions.html	en	Description of the executions of the major war criminals at Nuremberg			[ "http://famous-trials.com/images/newfamoustrials.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	× Check-out the new Famous Trials website at www.famous-trials.com: The new website has a cleaner look, additional video and audio clips, revised trial accounts, and new features that should improve the navigation. Redirecting to: www.famous-trials.com/nuremberg in (10) seconds. (Close this pop-up window to remain on this page)