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1516) He was son of King John II of Aragon and his second wife, the Castilian... – @edwardslovelyelizabeth on Tumblr
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Spanish history:
Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516)
He was son of King John II of Aragon and his second wife, the Castilian noblewoman Juana Enríquez. In 1461, in the midst of a bitterly contested…
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https://www.tumblr.com/edwardslovelyelizabeth/146173345073/spanish-history-ferdinand-ii-of-aragon
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Spanish history:
Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516)
He was son of King John II of Aragon and his second wife, the Castilian noblewoman Juana Enríquez. In 1461, in the midst of a bitterly contested succession, John II named him heir apparent and governor of all his kingdoms and lands. Ferdinand’s future was assured when he came of age, in 1466, and when he was named king of Sicily, in 1468, in order to impress the court of Castile, where his father ultimately wished to place him. In addition to participating in court life, the young prince saw battle during the Catalonian wars. John II had great plans for his son and to that end made certain that he was well educated in the humanities and in the art of government. Ferdinand was more interested in the arts and especially enjoyed music. In 1469 he married Isabella, heiress apparent to the Castilian crown. They became joint monarchs of Castile on the death of her brother Henry IV in 1474. Their first task was to wage war against the forces of Joanna of Trastámara, wife of Alfonso V of Portugal, the supposed daughter of Henry IV. Isabella and Ferdinand were the winners. In 1479 John II died, and his son Ferdinand became king of Aragon as well as of Castile (in whose government, however, he officially occupied second place).
Isabella and Ferdinand formed one of the most powerful rulers couples in History. They are known for the conquest of the kingdom of Granada (the last Muslim enclave in the peninsula) and the Canary Islands, for ordering conversion or exile of their Muslim and Jewish subjects, for the introduction of the Inquisition, and for supporting and financing Christopher Columbus’ 1492 voyage that led to the opening of the “New World”. During the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain pursued alliances with Portugal, the Habsburg Monarchy and England through the marriage of their five children. King Ferdinand also left several illegitimate children of his mistresses. The wily Ferdinand was one of the most skillful diplomats in an age of great diplomats.
Having succeeded in reuniting Spain, Ferdinand was now able to involve himself in the Italian Wars. In 1494, Alfonso II, Ferdinand’s cousin, had been forcibly removed from the throne of Naples when his kingdom was invaded by France’s King Charles VIII. Ferdinand took exception to this and allied himself with Emperor Maximilian I and assorted Italian princes and by 1496 had expelled the French and placed Alfonso’s son, Ferdinand on the throne of Naples. A second war of succession was successfully concluded in 1504 when Ferdinand’s general, Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba reconquered Naples. With the death of his wife Isabella in 1504 Ferdinand became regent, ruling while his daughter, Joanna, now Queen, was in the Low Countries with her husband Archduke Philip. King Ferdinand planned to retain his hold over the throne and become permanent regent but the Castilian nobles foiled his plan and backed Joanna’s husband as Philip I of Castile. Ferdinand bided his time and in 1506 Philip died, Joanna was declared mentally unstable and their son and heir, Charles of Ghent, was only six years old. Ferdinand resumed the regency.
He remarried in 1505 to Germaine of Foix, the granddaughter of Queen Eleanor of Navarre and niece of Louis XII of France. His hope to father a new heir of Aragon, separating it from Castile, was not realised. It would have denied his son-in-law Philip I, and his grandson Charles I, from inheriting the crown and governance of Aragon. A son, John, Prince of Girona, was born, but died within hours (x). Ferdinand went to war again in 1508, against Venice, with other monarchs in the League of Cambrai. Though at first successful, the League fell apart when the Pope and Ferdinand began to suspect the French had ulterior motives. In response the Holy League was formed with France as the new enemy. King Henry VIII of England, who had married Ferdinand’s daughter Catherine of Aragon, joined forces with the Holy League in 1511 under the Treaty of Westminster. Ferdinand conquered the kingdom of Navarre and annexed it to the Crown of Castile. Meanwhile, In Italy, the Holy League had driven the French from Milan and restoring the Dukes of Sforza to power. Ferdinand died in Madrigalejo at the age of sixty-four. He is entombed at the Royal Chapel of Granada. Isabella I, Joanna I, and Philip I are beside him there.(x)
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Ancestors & Cousins: Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner (over 193,000 names).
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Family
Enrique IV 'the Impotent', King of Castile and Leon b. 4 Jan 1425, d. 11 Dec 1474 Children
Ferdinand II, King of Sicily, Castile, & Leon+1 b. 10 Mar 1452, d. 25 Jan 1516
Juana II of Aragon1 b. c 1454, d. 9 Jan 1517
Maria of Aragon1 b. c 1455
Leonor of Aragon1 b. bt 1466 - 1468
Family 2
Charles V 'the Wise', King of France, Duke of Normandy & Touraine, Dauphin de Viennois b. 21 Jan 1337, d. 16 Sep 1380
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Ferdinand II of Aragon, Spanish king (1452
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FERDINAND V of Castile, III. of Naples, II. of Aragon and Sicily, surnamed el Catolico (1452-1516), the younger son of John II of Navarre and Aragon by his second wife Juana Henriquez of Castile, was born at Sos in Aragon on the 10th of March 1452.
On the death of his elder brother Carlos in 1461, he was recognized by the Aragonese as heir-apparent to the crown, but the Catalans, rendered indignant by the cruelty and perfidy with which Carlos had been treated, refused to recognize any further claim on their allegiance, and rose in rebellion against King John.
Ferdinand accompanied his father in the campaigns which followed, and gave early promise of distinction. In 1466 his father formally associated him with himself in the govertment of Aragon, and in 1458 declared him king of Sicily.
In October 1469 he was married at Valladolid, in circumstances of unusual secrecy, to Isabella, sister of Henry IV. of Castile, and heiress to that throne. On the death of Henry IV in 1474, Ferdinand and Isabella were recognized by the nobles in the junta of Segovia as joint-sovereigns of Castile; but a powerful party, including the marquis of Villena, the grand-master of Calatrava, the archbishop of Toledo, and numerous other notables, as well as some of the burghs, declared in favour of Juana "la Beltraneja" (i.e., daughter of Beltran), whom Henry had shortly before his death recognized as his own child, and by his will designated as his successor. Juana had also the support of Alphonso V. of Portugal (to whom she was betrothed in 1470) and of Louis XI of France. The result was a civil war which continued with varying fortunes until victory finally declared for the Catholic sovereigns, and the peace of Lisbon was signed in 1479.
In the same year, a few months previously, Ferdinand had succeeded his father on the throne of Aragon, though not on that of Navarre, which went to his sister Leonora de Foix. The union of Castile and Aragon, together with the prosperous termination of the civil war, gave the Catholic sovereigns leisure and opportunity for the development of a vigorous domestic policy. On their accession they had found themselves face to face with an almost anarchical condition of affairs: bitter feuds were raging in Andalucia between the great houses of Cadiz and Medina Sidonia; Galicia and other provinces were rent with hostile factions; robbery and outrage were paralysing commerce and agriculture throughout the kingdom.
One of their earliest measures for restoring the much-needed order was the reorganization and development (1476) of the ancient hermandad (brotherhood), a league which had been originally formed by some of the cities for mutual protection against the aggression of the nobles and of the crown, and which had already more than once, by means of its cortes extraordinary," made its power to be felt. It was now augmented and mobilized as a body of military police for the detection and repression of all crimes against person or property committed on the highways or in the open country. For these ends it proved very useful; and also for another purpose, which is believed to have been aimed at in its constitution, that of checking the arrogance and rapacity of the feudal aristocracy.
The next step for the avowed purpose of securing orderly government was the institution of the famous Inquisition as a tribunal for the repression of heresy (and, as some historians do not hesitate to add, for the extortion of money). The necessary bull was obtained from Sixtus IV. in 1478; the court was instituted at Seville in 1480, where the first auto de fe took place in the following year. The arrangement was extended to Aragon in 1483, Torquemada being appointed first inquisitor-general.
Among other measures taken by Ferdinand and Isabella for the consolidation of their power were the assumption of the grand-masterships of the three great military orders of knighthood, and the vindication from papal usurpation of their ancient rights of ecclesiastical patronage. One result of their firm and on the whole wise policy was that between the years 1477 and 1482 the revenue of the country had been augmented nearly six-fold, and that in 1481 they were free to resume the long-suspended war against the Moors. From the capture of Alhama to the fall of Granada in 1492 (1st January), the Christian arms had met with a series of uninterrupted successes which resulted in the final extinction of the Mahometan power in Spain, -- the Moors, however, being permitted the enjoyment of certain stipulated privileges, that of the free exercise of their religion being one. In March 1492 the edict for the expulsion of the Jews was signed at Granada, and it was on the 3rd of August in the same year that Columbus sailed from Palos in Andalucia, landing on the island of San Salvador on the I 2th of October.
In 1493 Ferdinand began to look abroad and take a practical interest in European affairs. By the treaty of Senlis he secured from Charles VIII. the restoration of Roussillon (now the department of Pyrénées Orientales) and of Cerdagne (now part of Catalonia), which had been mortgaged by John II of Aragon to Louis XI. In 1494 Charles VIII having undertaken his great Italian expedition, Ferdinand entered into an alliance with the emperor, the pope, and the states of Milan and Venice, and thus gained a footing in Italy for the Spanish troops which, under Gonsalvo de Cordova, succeeded in expelling Charles from Naples in 1496. By the peace of 1498, however, the throne of that kingdom was left in possession of Frederick.
In 1499 the liberty of worship which had been guaranteed to the Moors of Granada was treacherously withdrawn; serious risings in the Alpujarras (Sierra Nevada) were the consequence (1501); a decree was issued in 1502 offering to the conquered insurrectionists the alternatives of baptism or exile ; and, the latter being usually chosen, Spain had to suffer a second time the loss of many of her most useful subjects.
The Neapolitan war again broke out in 1500, and an alliance was formed between Ferdinand and Louis XII on the basis of a partition of their conquests. This pact was broken by Ferdinand, who by the battles of Cerignola and Garigliano became sovereign of Naples (Ferdinand III) in 1504.
The death of Isabella took place on November 23d of the same year; and in accordance with her will Ferdinand immediately caused his daughter Juana to be proclaimed queen and himself regent, Philip archduke of Austria, the husband of Juana, having disputed the rights of his father-in-law and threatened an appeal to arms, the latter in disgust, with the view of again separating the crowns of Aragon and Castile, entered into negotiations with Louis XII, married Germaine de Foix, the niece of Louis (1505), and shortly afterwards resigned the regency of Castile. On the death of Philip in 1506 he resumed the administration, though not without opposition, and retained it till his death.
In 1508 he joined the league of Cambray for the partition of Venice, and thus without any trouble became master of five important Neapolitan cities. In the following year (1509) the African expedition of Cardinal Ximenez was undertaken, which resulted in the conquest of Oran. In 1511 Ferdinand joined Venice and Pope Julius II in a "holy league" for the expulsion of the French from Italy. This gave a pretext for invading Navarre, which had entered into alliance with France, and been laid under papal interdict in consequence. Aided by his son-in-law Henry VIII of England, who sent a squadron under the marquis of Dorset to co-operate in the descent on Guienne, Ferdinand became master of Navarre in 1513 and on the 15th of June 1515, by a solemn act in cortes held at Burgos, he incorporated it with the kingdom of Castile.
He died at Madrigalejo (Estremadura) early in the following year, 23rd January 1516. It is said that his death was accelerated by a potion which in his desire for posterity he had taken in order to reinvigorate his exhausted constitution. He was succeeded by his grandson Charles I of Spain, more generally known by his European title as the emperor Charles V.
Though by no means a great general, Ferdinand possessed undoubted military capacity; though not a great statesman, he had abundant political skill. The largeness of his ambition was somewhat incongruously associated with a narrowness of view which showed itself very unfortunately for Spain in many instances, particularly in his treatment of the Moors and Jews, and with a smallness of nature which suffered him to treat with neglect his most faithful servants and greatest benefactors, such as Columbus, Navarro, and Ximenez himself. Yet his name is inseparably associated with the most splendid of all periods in the annals of Spain. It was under his guidance that the kingdom was consolidated and grew into its position of highest prosperity and greatest influence as a European power. And this must be admitted even when it is remembered that few sovereigns have been associated with such consorts as Isabella was, or surrounded by a band of men so distinguished as were Mendoza, Talavera, Ximenez, Gonsalvo de Cordova, and Pedro Navarro.
See Zurita, Anales, tom. v. and vi.; Mariana, Hist. Gen., xxiii.-xxx.; and Prescotts brilliant History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. (--)
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John, Prince of Asturias
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias
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Prince of Asturias, Prince of Girona, Duke of Montblanc, Count of Cervera, and Lord of Balaguer
John, Prince of Asturias and Girona (Spanish: Juan; 30 June 1478 – 4 October 1497), was the only son of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, and heir apparent to both their thrones for nearly his entire life.
The only son of the Catholic Monarchs, John was born in Seville on 30 June 1478. At the time, his parents were involved in the War of Castilian Succession against Isabella's niece Juana la Beltraneja, wife of King Afonso V of Portugal.
John's birth helped consolidate Isabella's position as a sovereign. At the time of his birth, he had one elder sister Isabella; his younger sisters were Joanna, Maria, and Catherine.
The Catholic monarchs won the war against the King and Queen of Portugal. To negotiate a peace settlement with Isabella, King Afonso sent Infanta Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu. The two women met in March 1479. Beatrice was Afonso's sister-in-law and Isabella's maternal aunt. By terms of the treaty they eventually negotiated, the former Queen of Portugal (her marriage having been annulled by the Pope) was given two options: she could either wed Prince John, waiting 13 or 14 years until the prince was old enough to be married (by which time Joanna herself would be at least thirty) or she could enter a convent; either way she was to give up her claim to the throne.
Isabella I was quite an attentive mother for such a busy queen. John, being her only son and of delicate health, had a special place in her heart, and she referred to him affectionately as 'my angel' even when he was being reprimanded by her. Isabella and Ferdinand attempted to ensure the sickly prince's well-being through prayer, charity, and careful oversight of his health. John's wetnurses were Maria de Guzman, a member of the powerful Spanish House of Mendoza, and Juana de Torres. The latter stayed by the prince's side well into his adolescence, possibly as a result of his frail health.
John's paternal grandfather, King John II of Aragon, took close interest in the infant prince; he warned his son Ferdinand that the prince should not be tutored under one grandee, a member of the nobility, as they would have far too much influence over the boy.
In 1492, Columbus named the newly discovered island of Cuba as Isla Juana in deference to Prince John, at that time the heir apparent. In 1494, Columbus's sons, Diego and Ferdinand, were brought to court to serve as John's pages.
As heir to the throne, Isabella and Ferdinand paid special attention to John's education. The young prince received his early education predominantly in theology under the tutelage of Dominican Fray Diego Deza, a devout Catholic scholar. His education broadened in the early 1490s when Isabella asked Italian humanist Peter Martyr d'Anghiera to serve as his personal tutor.
Isabella, seeking to prevent her son from growing up coddled and willful, invited the sons of aristocrats to live at court and serve as peers and role models for the young prince.[a] John and his companions received instruction in various disciplines such as riding, jousting, hunting, music, and poetry. John demonstrated a natural aptitude for music and played the flute, violin, and clavichord.
During his early years, Isabella and Ferdinand considered Princess Catherine of York, a daughter of King Edward IV of England and his wife Elizabeth Woodville, as a potential wife for John. Although a marriage contract was signed in 1478, the union never took place.[24] Other proposed candidates were Anne of Brittany and Catherine of Navarre.
In 1494, King Charles VIII of France laid claim to the throne of Naples and launched an invasion of Italy. Because Naples belonged to a lesser branch of the House of Trastámara, his invasion directly threatened Aragonese interests. This prompted King Ferdinand to began building a coalition, known as the Holy League, against France. Seeking Emperor Maximilian I's participation, Ferdinand engaged in negotiations for dynastic marriages between the Habsburg and Spanish royal families, aiming to seal the prospective alliance between the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.[28]
On 20 January 1495 in Antwerp, terms for a double marriage were agreed on: John would marry Maximilian I's daughter, Archduchess Margaret of Austria, and his sister, the Infanta Joanna, would marry Maximilian's son, Archduke Philip the Handsome. The agreement was officially ratified on 5 November in Malines.
Infanta Joanna sailed from Spain to marry Philip the Handsome in late 1496, accompanied by a grand fleet. The same fleet returned months later carrying Philip's sister, Margaret of Austria. Margaret, aged sixteen, had already been betrothed once to Charles VIII, but the marriage treaty was renounced. Her engagement to the Prince of Asturias seemed doomed when the ship carrying her to Spain hit a storm in the Bay of Biscay. In haste, she wrote her own epitaph should she not reach Spain.
"Here lies Margaret, the willing bride,
Twice married – but a virgin when she died."
However, Margaret arrived in Spain safely and married Prince John on 3 April 1497 in Burgos Cathedral. Although the marriage was a political one, the young couple quickly became devoted to each other. Apparently, the amount of time they spent in bed made the court physicians uneasy about the Prince's health.
In September 1497, John's fragile health prevented him from joining his parents and sister, Infanta Isabella, as they journeyed to the Portuguese border for her wedding to Manuel I. Instead, he and Margaret travelled to Salamanca, marking their arrival with a ceremonial entry. The next week, after receiving reports that John's condition was worsening, Ferdinand rushed to his son's bedside.
On 4 October 1497, John died, possibly of tuberculosis or smallpox.[b] His dog, a lurcher called Bruto, had whimpered as he died, then stayed next to his coffin throughout the vigil in Salamanca's main church. John's devastated mother would later keep the dog next to her, as if to keep the memory of her beloved son with her. Six months later, on 2 April 1498, the Princess of Asturias gave birth to their only child, a stillborn girl.[45]
John's death was followed closely by that of his sister Isabella in 1498. Her only child, Miguel de la Paz, died in 1500. The Spanish kingdoms passed to his younger sister Joanna, her husband Philip the Handsome, and their Habsburg descendants. Philip had himself and Joanna declared as 'Princes of Castile' which her parents saw as disrespectful towards his deceased brother-in-law.
Álvarez, Manuel Fernández (2003). Isabel la Católica (PDF) (in Spanish).
Edwards, John (2005). Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Education Limited.
Elliot, J.H. (1963). Imperial Spain 1469–1716. London: Edward Arnold.
Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (1991). Ferdinand and Isabella. New York: Dorset Press.
Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo (1870). Libro de la Cámara Real del Príncipe Don Juan e Offiçios de su Casa e Seruiçio Ordinario. Madrid: Sociedad de Bibliófilos Españoles.
Jansen, Sharon L. (2002). The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe.
Kamen, Henry (2005). Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict (Third ed.).
Sánchez, Margarita (11 May 2018). "La muerte del príncipe Don Juan. Exequias y duelo en Córdoba y Sevilla durante el otoño de 1497" [The Death of Prince Juan. Funeral Rites and Mourning in Cordoba and Seville during the Autumn of 1497]. Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval. Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia: 107–133.
Stuart, Nancy Rubin (1991). Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Tremlett, Giles (2010). Catherine of Aragon, Henry's Spanish Queen. London: Faber and Faber.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516)
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Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516)Son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, Ferdinand II, born March 10, 1452, was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), and—through his marriage in 1469 to Isabella I of Castile—Castile and León (1574–1516). In this last capacity he helped shape Spanish policy toward the New World, though he paid less attention to the New World and the welfare of its inhabitants than did his first wife. Source for information on Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516): Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture dictionary.
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Son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, Ferdinand II, born March 10, 1452, was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), and—through his marriage in 1469 to Isabella I of Castile—Castile and León (1574–1516). In this last capacity he helped shape Spanish policy toward the New World, though he paid less attention to the New World and the welfare of its inhabitants than did his first wife. Even after her death in 1504, when the administration of these Castilian realms fell to him, he usually delegated responsibility to his advisers, especially Bishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, head of the Casa de Contratación in Seville. Ferdinand's interest in the Indies stemmed primarily from the material wealth that they might provide to finance his Mediterranean ventures.
Ferdinand and Isabella met Christopher Columbus around 1486 and appointed a commission to consider the merits of his plan to reach Asia by a westward route. Although they believed, correctly, that Columbus had vastly underestimated the distance of such a journey, they finally decided, after conquering Granada in 1492, that his expedition was worth the modest investment of approximately two million maravedís.
Upon Columbus's return, Ferdinand and Isabella obtained a papal bull (Inter caetera) that granted them title to the newly discovered lands. Pope Alexander VI had received significant favors from Ferdinand and was eager to accommodate the sovereigns' wishes. Nevertheless, they, or Columbus, found this first bull insufficient. A second bull Inter caetera, dated May 4, 1493, more clearly distinguished Castilian territories from those of Portugal. It drew a line of demarcation 100 leagues west of the Azores or Cape Verde Islands and granted Castile title to those territories west of this line not already under Christian rule. In 1494, with the Treaty of Tordesillas, Castile and Portugal moved the line of demarcation 270 leagues farther to the west.
The Spanish monarchs had granted Columbus extraordinary privileges and titles (admiral, viceroy, and governor), but they quickly took steps to limit his power and prevent him from establishing a monopoly. With an arrangement that set a pattern for future conquests, they granted licenses to private adventurers, who had to finance their own expeditions and give the Crown one-fifth of their gross profits. In 1500 Ferdinand and Isabella sent Francisco de Bobadilla to Hispaniola to assume command and investigate charges of Columbus's mismanagement. He arrested Columbus and his brothers, confiscated their property, and sent them back to Spain in chains. The monarchs had Columbus's property returned to him, but not his authority. In 1501 they replaced Bobadilla with Nicolás de Ovando, whom Ferdinand replaced eight years later with Columbus's elder son, Diego.
The question of how to treat the inhabitants of these lands had troubled the monarchs, or at least the queen, from the outset, when Columbus started sending shipments of enslaved Tainos back to Spain. Isabella eventually made it clear that she wanted her new subjects to remain free, adopt Christianity and Spanish customs, and be compensated for their labor, to which Europeans would have access only with the Crown's approval. Neither monarch opposed the institution of slavery. Indeed, Ferdinand authorized the shipment of enslaved Africans to Hispaniola. But he and Isabella usually treated Indians differently, because they considered them to be their vassals, and therefore entitled to their protection.
It was under Ferdinand's rule, after the death of Queen Isabella in 1504 and archduke Philip in 1506, that the Crown first developed a comprehensive Indian policy. The Dominican Fray Antón Montesinos met Ferdinand in 1512 and informed him of the abuses that the natives were suffering at the hands of the Spanish colonists. In response, the king summoned a group of theologians and royal officials to consider the "Indian problem." After lengthy discussion, this group drew up the Laws of Burgos (1512 and 1513), which prohibited the enslavement of the Indians and sought to protect them from the worst abuses. At the same time these laws required them to abandon their homes and many of their customs, so that they might more easily be converted to Christianity and incorporated into the colonial economy as laborers. For the most part the Laws of Burgos were not enforced.
With no surviving son or son-in-law from his marriage to Isabella or his marriage to Germaine de Foix, and with his daughter Juana deemed unfit for rule, Ferdinand bequeathed the Spanish kingdoms to his grandson, Charles of Ghent. He died January 23, 1516.
See alsoColumbus, Christopher; Isabella I of Castile; Spain; Spanish Empire; Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Céspedes del Castillo, G. "Las Indias en el reinado de los Reyes Católicos." In Historia de España y América, vol. 2, ed. Jaime Vicens Vives, pp. 493-547. Barcelona: Vicens Vives, 1961.
Hernández Sánchez-Barba, Mario. La corona y el descubrimiento de América. Valencia: Asociación Francisco López de Gómara, 1989.
Prescott, William Hickling. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. 1837. New York: Heritage Press, 1967.
Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan. New York: Random House, 2003.
Glen Carman
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Catherine of Aragon
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Date and place of birth
January 15th, 1485 in Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
Date and place of death
January 7th, 1536 in Kimbolton, England.
Family
Together Isabel and Ferdinand united nearly all of modern Spain under their rule and had considerable territories in the Mediterranean, Italy, and the New World.
Mother: Her mother, Isabel of Castile (1451-1504), queen of Castile in her own right, was the daughter of Juan II of Castile and Isabel of Portugal.
Father: Catherine’s father, Ferdinand of Aragon II (1452-1516), king of Aragón, was the son of Juan II of Aragón and Juana Enriquez.
Marriage and Family Life
Catherine had one brother and three sisters. She was raised in her mother’s household alongside Maria (1482-1517), her closest sibling, until Maria left for an arranged marriage in 1500. All of Catherine’s siblings made marriages in furtherance of their parents’ diplomatic aims, and their descendants were important connections for Catherine. Her sisters Isabel (1470-1498) and Maria both married kings of Portugal. Isabel died young, but Maria was an active Portuguese queen consort to Manuel I and mother of his successor, John III. Juana (1479-1555), married in 1496 Philip of Burgundy, Habsburg heir to both the Holy Roman Emperor and through his mother, Mary of Burgundy, the wealthy and powerful Duchy of Burgundy. Catherine’s only brother, Juan (1478-1497), married Philip’s sister Marguerite of Austria, but died a few months after their marriage, in 1497.
Catherine was betrothed from the age of three to Arthur Tudor, heir to the English throne. Her wedding to Arthur in 1501 was celebrated in London with the most elaborate civic pageants and royal ceremony of the reign of Henry VII. Arthur’s death mere months into their marriage was an unexpected tragedy, and resulted in Catherine’s betrothal and eventual marriage to Arthur’s brother, the future Henry VIII, in 1509. There was some uncertainty as to whether Arthur and Catherine had consummated their marriage (Catherine’s nurse declared they had not), which would later become a matter of contention when Henry VIII sought to divorce Catherine.
Most accounts agree that Catherine and Henry had a successful, and at times loving royal marriage. They conceived at least six times, but only one child, the future Mary I of England (1516-1553), survived to adulthood. The lack of a male heir spurred Henry to seek a divorce from Catherine in the late 1520s in order to marry Anne Boleyn (c.1500-1533).
Education
Catherine’s mother oversaw her education, and Catherine and her sisters were known throughout Europe for their humanistic education, especially their knowledge of Latin. This education also included lessons in music, dance, weaving, and sewing, as well as religious instruction, languages, history, and literature. Later in life, Catherine gained recognition from humanist luminaries such as Desiderius Erasmus and Sir Thomas More for her Latinity and wisdom. As queen, Catherine was concerned with the state of learning in England, visiting and supporting colleges at Oxford and Cambridge. She also patronized works on the education of women.
Religion
Catherine was devoutly Catholic, and like her parents particularly devoted to the Order of the Observant Franciscans. Like other royal women, much of her faith was performed in public, through attendance at mass, pilgrimages, and almsgiving. She had a number of chaplains serving her, including a Spanish confessor. Although a loyal daughter of the Church, she could be critical of churchmen she perceived as corrupt, especially if they were also her political opponents, such as Cardinal Thomas Wolsey.
Transformation(s)
After Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn, Catherine was demoted to her former title as dowager Princess of Wales and forced to live in increasingly isolated royal manors. She was prevented from seeing her daughter Mary, who was now declared illegitimate. Catherine continued to maintain that she was England’s rightful queen until her death, although she refused to flee England or sanction any armed rebellion against her husband. She died in the company of her Spanish lady-in-waiting and dear friend Maria de Salinas Lady Willoughby, and was buried as the dowager Princess of Wales in Peterborough Cathedral.
Works/Agency
As queen of England, Catherine of Aragon had a significant domestic and international profile. She headed her own large household of English and Spanish servants and arranged for the marriages of her Spanish and English ladies-in-waiting. As queen consort, Catherine also oversaw the administration of her own dower lands, worth approximately £4,000, on a par with the kingdom’s wealthiest magnates. These lands provided her income to fund her household and with positions and resources to distribute as patronage. She independently governed her own estates, assisted by a council of administrators and advisors, which would also act as a court in disputes between her tenants and officials.
In the early years of her reign, she acted as a representative for her father at the English court, becoming Europe’s first female accredited ambassador in 1507. Sensing her husband’s martial enthusiasm, she urged him to go to war with France, Spain’s enemy. When Henry VIII invaded France in 1513, he put her in charge of home governance and defense, naming her Queen Regent. When James IV of Scotland invaded the north of England, Catherine sent an army north to meet him under the command of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. This campaign culminated in the most significant military victory of Henry’s reign, at the Battle of Flodden Field, which resulted in the death of James IV. Ambassadors across Europe quipped that while Henry had only captured a French duke, Catherine had slain a king. Later, her political influence at court lessened as Henry turned to his former almoner Thomas Wolsey as his chief minister.
Catherine continued to be important in royal affairs, presiding over tournaments, banquets, and court spectacles, the most famous of which was the Anglo-French peace summit, the Field of Cloth of Gold, in 1520. During the latter decade of her reign, Catherine was much preoccupied with preparing her only daughter Mary to rule. This fit with her general interest in promoting education in England, and she became a patron of works on the education of women, including De institutione feminae Christianae (The Education of a Christian Woman), by Juan Luis Vives. Clearly meant for a wide audience, the work became an international bestseller and was translated into many languages. Catherine herself commissioned an English translation. Catherine personally had a hand in Mary’s early Latin education, and her daughter’s household was staffed by many of Catherine’s closest friends or their families.
Reputation
Before Henry VIII’s attempt to end their marriage, Catherine seems to have been an uncontroversial and personally popular queen. During the divorce crisis, there is some evidence that she remained personally popular, especially amongst the women of England.
Catherine’s actions in the face of personal adversity show her to be a deeply conventional elite woman who nevertheless had a strong sense of her own honor and dignity. As a young widow in England, after her first marriage, she sought to take charge of her own destiny by joining the diplomatic negotiations between England and Spain, negotiations that would determine her future. Later as an experienced queen consort, she refused to acquiesce to her husband’s demands for an annulment, in spite of mounting political and religious pressures. During both of these crises, Catherine adhered to the social expectations of her gender, casting herself as a loyal daughter, wife, and mother. Nevertheless, she did not feel that her obedience to her husband permitted him to overrule her conscience in the matter of their marriage.
Legacy and Influence
Catherine’s personal legacy and influence primarily survived through her daughter, Mary I, England’s first queen regnant. By educating her daughter to rule and instilling in her loyalties to the Catholic Church and Spain, Catherine shaped her daughter’s reign as England’s first queen regnant. Mary’s reign itself was primarily a failure, as she was unable to return England permanently to Catholicism, but most scholars agree that without Mary’s successful accession to the throne in 1553, it is unlikely that her half-sister, the future Elizabeth I, would have become queen in her own right. Particularly, Catherine’s insistence that her daughter could rule in her own right helped to pave the way for both Mary and Elizabeth to rule.
Catherine of Aragon’s other legacy is, albeit unintentional, the English Reformation. Her decision to oppose her husband’s efforts to annul their marriage ultimately forced Henry down the path to Reformation. Scholars have debated Henry’s personal beliefs and attitude towards Protestantism before the divorce, but ultimately there is little evidence that the king would have sanctioned such a radical break if he had gotten the divorce he wanted from the Vatican. Henry was unable to do so because Catherine and her dynastic connections were able to pressure the pope into delaying and ultimately denying Henry’s request for an annulment. Had Catherine acquiesced to Henry’s demands (especially before the case was appealed to Rome), in all likelihood England’s religious landscape would have been drastically different.
Controversy
Catherine’s historical significance cannot be discussed without reference to her opposition to her husband’s efforts to declare their marriage invalid and obtain an annulment. Starting in 1527, Henry VIII began questioning the validity of his marriage to Catherine, because scripture specifically forbade a man from marrying his brother’s widow. Catherine and Henry had married after receiving a papal dispensation for their union, effectively negating the scriptural prohibition. Worried about his lack of a male heir, Henry expressed doubts that the pope had the power to sanction their marriage. Catherine always maintained that her first marriage to Arthur had never been consummated, and thus she believed that Henry VIII’s concerns about the pope’s ability to sanction their union were groundless. After becoming infatuated with one of Catherine’s ladies, Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII gradually sought more extreme solutions to his dynastic problems. Catherine relied on her English supporters and her nephew Charles V’s influence in Rome to block Henry’s efforts, and she passionately defended her marriage and her daughter’s legitimacy in public at Blackfriars in 1529. Catherine’s campaign was so successful that she thwarted Henry for nearly six years. Frustrated by his wife’s superior support abroad, Henry had to break away from the Catholic Church and declare himself head of the English Church in order to get the annulment he wanted, ushering in the English Reformation. In 1533, Henry had their marriage declared invalid and married Anne Boleyn.
New and unfolding information and/or interpretations
Catherine’s posthumous historical reputation was often determined by the author’s religious affiliation, though it was often difficult for Protestants to defend Henry’s actions on a personal level. For Catholic historians, Catherine became a virtuous Catholic martyr, while partisan Protestants regarded her as a woman whose marriage to Henry VIII had never been valid and whose daughter was a bastard. However, by the late seventeenth century, Catherine’s reputation had begun to solidify around the themes of dutiful wife, pious Catholic, and wronged woman. In the nineteenth century, Catherine’s reputation as a politically able wife and mother began to take shape and modern scholarship and biographies have continued to acknowledge her political acumen. However, popular culture persists in casting her as a devout, dull older woman opposite a young, vivacious (and often ruthless) Anne Boleyn.
The definitive modern account of Catherine’s life is the masterful biography written by Garrett Mattingly in 1941. In recent years, with the growth of queenship studies, Catherine of Aragon has begun to receive sustained attention by scholars of sixteenth-century Britain and Spain, although much of this work is still in its nascent stages. Continued interest in this internationally important figure will certainly produce important studies in years to come.
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Navarre
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Navarre.— The territory formerly known as Navarre now belongs to two nations, Spain and France, according as it lies south or north of the Western Pyrenees. Spa...
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Navarre.— The territory formerly known as Navarre now belongs to two nations, Spain and France, according as it lies south or north of the Western Pyrenees. Spanish Navarre is bounded on the north by French Navarre, on the northeast by the Province of Huesca, on the east and southeast by the Province of Saragossa, on the south by the province of Logroño, and on the west by the Basque Provinces of Guipuzcoa and Alava. It lies partly in the mountainous region of the Pyrenees and partly on the banks of the Ebro; in the mountains dwell the Basques; in the south, the Spaniards. It is made up of 269 communes in the five districts of Pamplona, Aoiz, Estella, Tafalla, and Tudela, Pamplona being the capital. French or Lower, Navarre (Basse-Navarre) belongs to the Department of Basses-Pyrenées, and forms the western part of the Arrondissement of Mauléon and the Cantons of Hasparren and Labastide-Clairence in the Arrondissement of Bayonne. It borders on Beam to the north, on Soule to the east, on the Pyrenees to the south and southwest, on Labord to the west and northwest, and extends over the districts of Arberoue, Mixe, Ostabarés, Ossés, Baigorry, Cize. The principal city, Donajouna, or St.-Jean-Pied-de-Port, stands on the River Nive, in the Arrondissement of Mauléon. HISTORY.—The history of the two divisions of the country is identical until the year 1512, when Spanish Navarre was conquered by Ferdinand the Catholic, the northern part remaining French. Little is known of the earliest history of the country, but it is certain that neither the Romans nor the Visigoths nor the Arabs ever succeeded in permanently subjugating the inhabitants of the Western Pyrenees, who had always retained their own language. The capture of Pamplona by Charlemagne in 778 was not a lasting victory: in the same year the Basques and Navarrese defeated him at the Pass of Roncesvalles. In 806 and 812, Pamplona seems to have been again taken by the Franks. When, however, the Frankish emperors, on account of difficulties at home, were no longer able to give their attention to the outlying borderlands of their empire, the country, little by little, entirely withdrew from their allegiance, and about this time began the formation of a dynasty which soon became very powerful. The first King of Pamplona of this dynasty was Eneco Arista (839), his elder brother, García Semen, having received as a dukedom Vasconia, the original Navarre. After the death of Eneco Arista (852), the two territories were united and Semen Garcia, the eldest son of the Count of Alavaris, was chosen king. In 860, the united Pamplonese and Navarrese gave the Crown to the son of Arista, Garcia II Eneco, who zealously defended his country against the encroachments of Islam, but was killed at Aybar (882) in a battle against the Emir of Cordova. He was succeeded by his eldest son Fortun García, who was held a prisoner for fifteen years by the infidels, and who, after a reign of twenty-two years, became a monk at Leyra, the oldest convent in Navarre, to which no less than seventy-two other convents were subject. The choice of the Navarrese now fell upon his son Sancho Garcia I, surnamed Abarca (905-925), who fought against the Moors with repeated success and joined Ultra-Puertos, or Basse-Navarre, to his own dominions, extending its territory as far as Najera. As a thank-offering for his victories, he founded, in 924, the convent of Albelda. Before his death, all Moors had been driven from the country. His successor, García Sanchez (925-70), surnamed El Temblón (the Trembler), who had the support of his energetic and diplomatic mother Teuda, likewise engaged in a number of conflicts with the Moors. Under the sway of his son, Sancho el Mayor (the Great—970-1033), the country attained the greatest prosperity in its history. He seized the country of the Pisuerga and the Céa, which belonged to the Kingdom of Leon, conquered Castile, and ruled from the boundaries of Galicia to those of Barcelona. At his death, he unfortunately divided his possessions among his four sons, so that the eldest, García, received Navarre, Guipuzcoa, Vizcaya, and small portions of Béarn and Bigorre; Castile and the lands between the Pisuerga and the Céa went to Fernando; to Gonzalo were given Sobrarbe and Ribagorza; the Countship of Aragon was allotted to the youngest son Ramiro. The country was never again united: Castile was permanently joined to Leon, Aragon enlarged its territory, annexing Catalonia, while Navarre could no longer extend its dominions, and became in a measure dependent upon its powerful neighbors. Garcia III (1035-54) was succeeded by Sancho III (1054-76), who was murdered by his brothers. In this period of independence the ecclesiastical affairs of the country reached a high state of development. Sancho the Great was brought up at Leyra, which was also for a short time the capital of the Diocese of Pamplona. Beside this see, there existed the Bishopric of Oca, which was united in 1079 to that of Burgos. In 1035 Sancho the Great reestablished the See of Palencia, which had been laid waste at the time of the Moorish invasion. When, in 1045, the city of Calahorra was wrested from the Moors, under whose dominion it had been for more than three hundred years, a see was also founded here, which in the same year absorbed that of Najera and, in 1088, that of Alaba, the jurisdiction of which covered about the same ground as that of the present diocese of Vitoria. To Sancho the Great, also, the See of Pamplona owed its reestablishment, the king having, for this purpose, convoked a synod at Leyra in 1022 and one at Pamplona in 1023. These synods likewise instituted a reform of ecclesiastical life with the above-named convent as a center. After the murder of Sancho III (1076), Alfonso VI, King of Castile, and Sancho Ramirez of Aragon, ruled jointly in Navarre; the towns south of the Ebro together with the Basque Provinces fell to Castile, the remainder to Aragon, which retained them until 1134. Sancho Ramirez (1076-94) and his son Pedro Sanchez (1094 1104) conquered Huesca; Alfonso el Batallador (the Fighter—1104-1134), brother of Pedro Sanchez, secured for the country its greatest territorial expansion. He wrested Tudela from the Moors (1114), reconquered the entire country of Bureba, which had been lost to Navarre in 1042, and advanced into the Province of Burgos; in addition, Roja, Najera, Logroño, Calahorra, and Alfaro were subject to him, and, for a short time, Bayonne, while his ships-of-war lay in the harbor of Guipuzcoa. As he died without issue (1134), Navarre and Aragon separated. In Aragon, Alfonso’s brother Ramiro became king; in Navarre, Garcia Ramirez, a grandson of Sancho the Great, who was obliged to surrender Rioja to Castile in 1136, and Taragona to Aragon in 1157, and to declare himself a vassal of King Alfonso VII of Castile. He was utterly incompetent, and at various times was dependent upon the revenues of churches and convents. His son, Sancho García el Sabio (the Wise—1150-94), a patron of learning, as well as an accomplished statesman, fortified Navarre within and without, gave charters (fueros) to a number of towns, and was never defeated in battle. The reign of his successor, the last king of the race of Sancho the Great (1194-1234), Sancho el Fuerte (the Strong), was more troubled. He appropriated the revenues of churches and convents, granting them instead important privileges; in 1198 he presented to the See of Pamplona his palaces and possessions in that city, this gift being confirmed by Pope Innocent III on January 29, 1199. While he was absent in Africa, whither he had been induced to go on an adventurous expedition, the Kings of Castile and Aragon invaded Navarre, and as a consequence, the Provinces of Alava and Guipuzcoa were lost to him. The greatest glory of Sancho el Fuerte was the part he took in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), where, through his valor, the victory of the Christians over the Calif En-Nasir was made decisive. When in 1234 he died in retirement (el Encerrado), the Navarrese chose to succeed him Thibault de Champagne, son of Sancho’s sister Blanca, who, from 1234 to 1253, made of his Court a center where the poetry of the Troubadours was welcomed and fostered, and whose reign was peaceful. His son, Theobald II (1253-70), married Isabel, the second daughter of St. Louis of France, and accompanied the saint upon his crusade to Tunis. On the homeward journey, he died at Trapani in Sicily, and was succeeded by his brother, Henry I, who had already assumed the reins of government during his absence, but reigned only three years (1271-74). His daughter Juana not yet being of age, the country was once more invaded from all sides, and the queen mother, Blanca, sought refuge with her daughter at the court of Philip the Bold of France, whose son, Philip the Fair, had already married Juana in 1284. In 1276, at the time of the negotiations for this marriage, Navarre passed under French dominion, and, until 1328, was subject to Kings Philip the Fair (d. 1314), Louis X Hutin (1314-16), his brother, Philip the Tall (1316-22), and Charles the Fair (1322-28). As Charles died without male issue, and Philip of Valois became King of France, the Navarrese declared themselves independent and called to the throne Joanna II, daughter of Louis Hutin, and her husband Philip of Evreux (1328-1343), surnamed the Wise. Joanna waived all claim to the throne of France and accepted for the counties of Champagne and Brie those of Angoulème, Longueville, and Mortain.
Philip devoted himself to the improvement of the laws of the country, and joined King Alfonso XI of Castile in battle against the Moors (1343). After the death of his mother (1349), Charles II assumed the reins of government (1349-87) and, on account of his deceit and cruelty received the surname of the Wicked. His eldest son, on the other hand, Charles III, surnamed the Noble, gave the land once more a peaceful and happy government (1387-1425), exerted his strength to the utmost to lift the country from its degenerate condition, reformed the government, built canals, and made navigable the tributaries of the Ebro flowing through Navarre. As he outlived his sons, he was succeeded by his daughter Blanca (1425-42) and her husband John II (1429-79), son of Ferdinand I of Aragon. As John II ruled Aragon in the name of his brother, Alfonso V, he left his son, Don Carlos (Charles), in Navarre, only with the rank of governor, whereas Blanca had designed that Charles should be king. In 1450, John II himself repaired to Navarre, and, urged on by his ambitious second wife; Juana Enriquez of Castile endeavored to obtain the succession for their son Fernando (1452). As a result a violent civil war broke out, in which the powerful family of the Agramontes supported the king and queen, and that of the Beaumonts, called after their leader, the chancellor, John of Beaumont, espoused the cause of Charles; the highlands were on the side of the prince, the plains on that of the king. The unhappy prince was defeated by his father at Aybar, in 1451, and held a prisoner for two years, during which he wrote his famous Chronicle of Navarre, the source of our present knowledge of this subject. After his release, he sought in vain the assistance of King Charles VII of France and of his uncle Alfonso V of Naples; in 1460 he was again imprisoned at the instigation of his step-mother, but the Catalonians rose in revolt at this injustice, and he was again liberated and named governor of Catalonia. He died in 1461, without having been able to reconquer his kingdom; he named as his heir his sister Blanca, who was, however, immediately imprisoned by John II, and died in 1464. Her claim descended to her sister Leonor, Countess of Foix and Béarn, and, after her death and that of John II, which occurred almost simultaneously, to her grandson, Francis Phoebus (1479-83). His daughter Catharine, who, as a minor, remained under the guardianship of her mother, Madeleine of France, was sought by Ferdinand the Catholic as a bride for his eldest son; but she gave her hand (1494) to the French Count of Perigord, Jean d’Albret, a man of vast possessions. Nevertheless, Ferdinand the Catholic did not relinquish his long-cherished designs on Navarre. As Navarre refused to join the Holy League against France, declared itself neutral, and would have prevented the passage through the country of Ferdinand’s troops, the latter sent his general Don Fabrique de Toledo to invade Navarre in 1512. Jean d’Albret fled, and Pamplona, Estella, Olita, Sanguessa, and Tudela were taken. As the royal House of Navarre and all opponents of the Holy League were under the ban of the Church, the Navarrese declared for Ferdinand, who took possession of the kingdom on June 15, 1515. Lower Navarre—the part of the country lying north of the Pyrenees—he generously left to his enemies. Lower, or French, Navarre, received from Henry, the son of Jean d’Albret, a representative assembly, the clergy being represented by the Bishops of Bayonne and Dax, their vicars-general, the parish priest of St-Jean-Pied-de-Port, and the priors of Saint-Palais, d’Utziat and Haramples. When, in 1589, its administration was united with that of France, it was still called a kingdom. After Henry IV, the kings of France bore also the title King of Navarre. The Basque language is still spoken in most of the provinces.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon
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King of Aragon, Sicily, Naples, and Valencia
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King of Aragon, Sicily, Naples, and Valencia
Ferdinand the Catholic
King of Spain Fernandus V
King of Spain Fernando V
King of Spain Ferdinand V
King of Spain Ferdinandus V
King of Naples Ferdinand
King of Castile Ferdinand V
King of Aragon Ferran II
King of Aragon and Sicily Ferdinand II
King of Aragon Fernando II
Ferrando II
King Ferdinand
King Ferdinand of Spain
Ferdinand II
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Isabella And Ferdinand's Influence On Spain
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Isabella and Ferdinand II were a good match and they unified Spain. They were known as Catholic Monarchs and Spain have changed in many ways. Their marriage...
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Santervas De Campos: The Castle Of Spain
362 Words | 2 Pages
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Religion was a key factor in the way La Casas and the Spaniards protrayed the indigenous people of the Caribbean. Queen Isabella 's role in the avocation of converting the native people to Catholicism allowed Religion to play a major role in the Spanish ConquestLas Casas mentions Queen Isabella’s religious influences in the opening chapter of the book. He also states that her death and the disappearances of her influences is the reasons the Spaniards genocide of the native people increased. Both Las Casa and the Spaniards agreed that religion was a reason for the conquest of the Caribbean. However, they concept influenced their portrayal of the natives in different ways.
Eleanor began her achievements at a very young age. When she was only fifteen, she was married to the king of France’s son, Louis, and later they were both crowned king and queen of France. Many years later, when a crusade didn’t go to plan, Eleanor left Louis and soon after married Henry, Duke of Normandy. When Henry’s father died, Henry and Eleanor were crowned king and queen of England. Years passed, and Eleanor left Henry to start a new life on her own.
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" Spain had previously been ruled by Muslims; it is known as the Reconquesta of 1492. It essentially meant that Spain had been reconquered by religion. Soon after, Ferdinand and Isabella wanted the support of the Pope and became known as conquistadors
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Ferdinand and Isabella were successful with their career. Ferdinand of Aragon was born March 10, 1452. His father was John II of Aragon and Navarre and his mother is Juana Enríquez their religion was Roman Catholic. Ferdinand was king of Aragon from
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The Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, sponsored Columbus’ journey west in hopes that he would find this new trade route. Instead of reaching the Orient, Columbus unknowingly stumbled on a new continent, the Americas. Thinking he had arrived in India, he traded with the native people and was excited to find new items to exchange. The Native Americans, Christopher Columbus claimed: “were very friendly to us, and perceived that they could be much more easily converted to our holy faith by gentle means rather than by force, I presented them with… trifles of small value, wherein with they were much delighted, and became wonderfully attached to us” (Columbus). This positive trade experience was reported back to Spain and created excitement for further expeditions.
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1561 Words | 7 Pages
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892 Words | 4 Pages
The Spanish used religion as a way to secure authority over Native American populations. These two religions caused conflict among the colonies because of the different beliefs. Laws were made based on their religions, and their government used religion to rule the colonies. Religion determined who hung around who, and who
Renaissance Period Marriage
847 Words | 4 Pages
She was betrothed to Arthur the son of Henry VII of England at age three. This created peace between Spain and England. Six short months later
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751 Words | 4 Pages
Since 1492, Spain recognized Christianity as its official religion because there was no distinction between Catholicism and Protestantism. Most of the Spanish population practiced Christianity due to Jews being banished and Muslims being converted. In 1517, the Protestant Reformation divided the Christian religion half - into Catholicism and Protestantism. Spain supported the Catholic religion, and they saw the New World as an opportunity to convert others to Catholicism. They believed that religion gave them the right to conquer new land, because they “came to serve God and to get rich, as all men wish to do,” which Bernal Diaz del Castillo said while working with Hernán Cortés in the conquest of Mexico.
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Joanna Enriquez (1425–1468)
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Joanna Enriquez (1425–1468)Queen of Navarre and Aragon. Name variations: Juana Enriquez. Born in 1425; died on February 13, 1468, in Zaragoza; daughter of Fadrique, count of Malgar and Rueda; became second wife of Juan also known as John II (1398–1479), king of Navarre and Aragon (r. 1458–1479), on April 1, 1444; children: Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516) also known as Ferdinand V the Catholic, king of Castile and Leon (r. Source for information on Joanna Enriquez (1425–1468): Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia dictionary.
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Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Matt Mullen"
] |
2010-02-09T12:26:02+00:00
|
Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile in Valladolid, thus beginning a cooperative reign that would unite all the dominions of Spain and elevate the nation to a dominant world power. Ferdinand and Isabella incorporated a number of independent Spanish dominions into their kingdom and in 1478 introduced the Spanish Inquisition, a powerful and brutal […]
|
en
|
HISTORY
|
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ferdinand-and-isabella-marry
|
Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile in Valladolid, thus beginning a cooperative reign that would unite all the dominions of Spain and elevate the nation to a dominant world power. Ferdinand and Isabella incorporated a number of independent Spanish dominions into their kingdom and in 1478 introduced the Spanish Inquisition, a powerful and brutal force of homogenization in Spanish society. In 1492, the reconquest of Granada from the Moors was completed, and the crown ordered all Spanish Jews to convert to Christianity or face expulsion from Spain. Four years later, Spanish Muslims were handed a similar order.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer sponsored by Isabella and Ferdinand, stumbled upon the Americas for Europe and claimed the territory for Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella’s subsequent decision to encourage vigorous colonial activity in the Americas led to a period of great prosperity and imperial supremacy for Spain.
|
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22709
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yago
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0
| 12
|
https://latristereina.tumblr.com/post/188201858702/underrated-relationshippartnershipfriendship
|
en
|
History and period dramas
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[] |
[] |
[
"perioddramaedit",
"historyedit",
"women in history",
"men in history",
"juana enríquez"
] | null |
[
"latristereina",
"Peter Vidani"
] |
2019-10-07T23:45:39+00:00
|
UNDERRATED RELATIONSHIP/PARTNERSHIP/FRIENDSHIP MEME 7/?: my pick: Juana Enríquez & Juan II of Aragon
The marriage of Juana Enríquez and don Juan of Aragon and Navarre was a political union, derived...
|
https://64.media.tumblr.com/c34bf70b0587d735e3e144abedb8a2bf/057be2e8f8d3124c-8d/s128x128u_c1/f621e23e231db53cf14e562f8ea232653e893123.pnj
|
Tumblr
|
https://www.tumblr.com/latristereina/188201858702/underrated-relationshippartnershipfriendship
|
The marriage of Juana Enríquez and don Juan of Aragon and Navarre was a political union, derived from a simple political expedience: the necessity to tight the bond between the adversaries of powerful don Álvaro de Luna (who, in fact, ruled in Castile), since he had gotten back in John II of Castile’s good graces. Don Diego Gómez de Sandoval, count of Castro, acted as a go-between between the admiral of Castile (Fadrique Enríquez) and the king of Navarre (Juan of Aragon). Having arranged the marriage and having obtained the consent of Alfonso V of Aragon (Juan’s older brother whom he would eventually succeed), the future spouses got betrothed – they took each other’s hands – at Torrelobatón, on 1 September 1444, in the presence of the king and queen of Castile and the prince of Asturias (future Henry IV). The bridegroom was 46, the bride 19 years old. The age difference emphasized the political nature of the union. The wedding did not take place until 1447. There were two reasons behind this delay: firstly, Rome had to be approached for the dispensation, for there existed the fourth degree of consanguinity between the betrothed, and then, the disaster of the Battle of Olmedo (1445) happened, forcing don Juan of Aragon and don Fadrique to run off to Navarre. The bride, who was already known as queen consort of Navarre, found herself in the custody of John II of Castile, who had taken over Medina de Rioseco. She recovered her liberty on 1 May 1446, thanks to the intercession of future Henry IV, but on an express condition that the wedding with her betrothed would not be celebrated without the consent of the king of Castile. The fire in the village of Atienza, which was supposed to be a part of doña Juana’s dowry, caused another delay of the admiral’s matchmaking plans. Finally, John II of Castile gave the desired permission, and the young Castilian woman could receive the wedding ring from the hands of her mature, Aragonese suitor, on 13 July 1447, at Calatayud. Then, the passionate affection stirred in the heart of the Aragonese infante that he bestowed upon his second wife during their married life. According to her contemporaries, doña Juana was a beautiful, intrepid and intelligent woman. She was “charming”, according to her adversary, don Pedro of Portugal, although in the pejorative sense of this word: not a charming woman but a deceitful one. It was enough to win the love of her husband. He also showed her paternal affection, for she well could be his daughter. For don Juan she always was his ‘little girl’, in the moments of intimate tenderness and in those of political drama.
Although he relied on his lieutenants—Carles, his wife Juana Enríquez, and later their son Fernando—he was discerning and cautious. A complex and contradictory man who was loathe to share power, Juan was infamous both for his reluctance to work with the Catalan ruling elites and his shabby treatment of his son. Carles and Juan had a deeply problematic relationship owing to the father’s unwillingness to relinquish his claim to Navarre in favor of his son, and then disinheriting him in favor of his daughter Leonor, wife of Gaston de Foix. Tensions between father and son worsened when Juan married Juana in 1444, and many of the later political problems in the Crown of Aragon can be traced to personal problems in the royal family. Juan’s miserly attitude toward the Catalans and his son did not, however, extend to his second wife. He endowed Juana with similar powers to those possessed by Maria of Castile, and in many ways she was truly co-ruler with Juan. Throughout her marriage to Juan she was one of his closest advisers and most valuable allies, traveling with him throughout Navarre and the Aragonese realms. Juan relied on her intelligence and discretion, her prodigious familial, financial, and political connections in Castile, and her tenacious and formidable negotiating skills. In 1451 he appointed her Governor of Navarre with Carles, and the next year she gave birth to Fernando, both of which further deteriorated an already troublesome relationship. In 1458 Juan appointed Carles, then thirty-three years old, as Lieutenant General in Catalunya, where he proved to be enormously popular. Juan imprisoned him on trumped up charges of treason, and when he died of tuberculosis in September 1461, accusations of foul play surfaced, accusing not only Juan but also Juana of plotting against Carles in favor of her son, Fernando (1452-1514, later Fernando II of Aragón). But Juana was nothing if not intrepid and, no newcomer to politics, she shrugged off the personal attacks and succeeded Carles as Lieutenant General. She maintained an extensive court with separate chancery and treasurer, but without the judicial and legislative offices that Maria of Castile possessed in parallel with Alfonso’s Neapolitan court. Amid the turbulence and widespread civil unrest that erupted in the wake of Carles’s death, she suppressed opposition in the towns and countryside and secured support for her husband and Fernando. In June 1461, she negotiated on behalf of the Crown to moderate the anti-royalist Capitulations of Vilafranca del Penedés. Like her sister-in-law before her, Juana sided with the remenees, a position that made her highly unpopular with the city magistrates of Barcelona and the landlords. Unlike the six Aragonese queen-lieutenants who preceded her, Juana is noted for her active involvement in military actions, notably the early campaigns of the ten-year civil war. In June 1462, she and Fernando fled from forces led by the rebellious Count of Pallars and took refuge in a royal castle in Girona only to find themselves besieged for a month. She organized the defense of the castle and held the rebels at bay until Juan and Louis XI of France arrived with military support. Although not personally at the head of an army, she was a tough negotiator who rallied and helped organize and provision an array of forces in defense of the Crown in the Ampurdán, accompanied forces to Barcelona and into Aragón. She was a key negotiator in the treaties of Sauveterre and Bayonne in May 1462 that settled the succession of Navarre and allowed the French to occupy the territories of Rousillon and Cerdanya to France in return for military support. She was virtually prisoner, with her daughter Juana, in the castle of Lárraga in 1463. Hostilities worsened, the French, Castilians, and Portuguese intervened, and periodically the Catalans ‘deposed’ (most notably in 1462) Juan, Fernando (occasionally), and Juana. Her inclusion in this list, although a dubious honor, is a clear indication of her power and importance in the political sphere. After her release from Lárraga and as the civil war intensified, she turned her attentions to governing Crown realms as Lieutenant General from 1464 until her death in 1468. With Fernando at her side, and seeking to pacify the warring factions, she presided over the Cortes of Aragón that met in Zaragoza from 1466 to 1468. During this period, she traveled extensively throughout the realms in the midst of civil war, gathering troops and supplies, negotiating with military leaders while personally attending to the business of governing—collecting taxes, holding courts of justice, dealing with the church, managing Crown lands and her own patrimony. The war outlived her by four years, but it is fitting that her indefatigable work as co-ruler with her husband and as tutor to her son mark her as the last queen-lieutenant of the Crown of Aragon.
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https://www.thecollector.com/marriage-of-ferdinand-and-isabella/
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Ferdinand and Isabella: The Marriage That Unified Spain
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2022-05-31T06:00:05
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The Kingdom of Spain charts its origin in the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1469. Their union, and their rule, triggered a war that forged the modern world.
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en
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/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png
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TheCollector
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https://www.thecollector.com/marriage-of-ferdinand-and-isabella/
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The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile is one of the most masterful pieces of political theater in history. It was far from a love-story — while, by all accounts, Ferdinand and Isabella were a cordial and possibly even happy couple, their union was the accumulation of hundreds of years of Spanish history, forged by war and intrigue into a dynastic union that laid the foundations for the modern Spanish state. This is the tale of the Catholic monarchs of Spain.
The scene was set for Ferdinand and Isabella’s union of Aragon and Castile some time before their births. Aragonese elites had grown tired of being vassals to Catalan interests, and their chance arrived in 1410, with the death of the pleasingly-titled Martin the Humane in 1410. His death without heirs ended the House of Barcelona, and Aragonese powerbrokers managed to place a Castilian prince, Ferdinand of Antequera, on the throne of Aragon — with behind-the-scenes support of the expansionist Castilians. This event permanently entangled the two states, and meant that they only required a formal intermingling of claims to create a full dynastic union. However, every plan has its discontents.
The Headstrong Infanta
Isabella was born in 1451, into a world in which women fought for every shred of political power. But from an early age, Isabella was viewed by her father John II of Castile as a means of expanding Castilian territory in pursuit of the elusive goal of uniting Spain. She was first betrothed to an Aragonese prince at age six — her future husband Ferdinand — but other considerations intervened. This agreement was broken by her promise to a Portuguese king and a Castilian civil war forced her betrothal to a member of the Castilian court. However, when naming the 17-year-old Isabella as his heir, her uncle King Henry IV of Castile agreed never to force her to marry and to obtain her consent for any match. Isabella, now able to plot her own destiny, returned to the idea of marriage with Ferdinand of Aragon.
For his part, Ferdinand was similarly brought up in a conflict-ridden court, though his early life was characterized both by dynastic conflict between his father and his elder brother, and by peasant revolts against their feudal overlords. Ferdinand’s unpopular father was widely opposed by the nobles, who supported Ferdinand’s brother when he rose up in rebellion against his father in the Catalan Civil War. Ferdinand, however, stayed loyal. This had two effects on Ferdinand: firstly, it gave him significant military experience as one of his father’s lieutenants, and he became an experienced leader even before his 18th birthday. Secondly, the suspicious death of his brother in the custody of his father left him alone as heir to the throne of Aragon. Although his contemporary portraits are somewhat less than impressive to our modern eyes, accounts are of a warm, engaging and attractive young man, who wielded a prodigious intellect.
A Conscious Choice
This was not a love-match; the two had never even met — it was a highly choreographed political union — but without a doubt both Ferdinand and Isabella actively chose their marriage as a conscious political course of action. Ferdinand and Isabella met but a few days before their marriage in mid-October 1469. The meeting of the two heirs took place against the wishes of King Henry IV of Castile, who now saw Isabella as an inconvenient and headstrong threat to his own plans. Although Henry had agreed to permit her to marry as she wished, Isabella feared that she would be done away with, and so she escaped from court on the pretext of visiting her family graves. Meanwhile, Ferdinand traveled through Castile disguised as a servant! In a relatively small ceremony, Ferdinand and Isabella were married on 19th October 1469.
There was, however, a delicate issue to be navigated. The complex interwoven nature of Spanish dynastic politics meant that Ferdinand and Isabella were second cousins; they shared a great-grandfather in King John I of Castile (1358 -1390). This meant that they fell under the status of consanguinity — being too closely related for the Catholic Church to sanction their marriage. Such taboos were well-established by the Catholic Church in propaganda and in practise. But, while their blood relationship would have proven an irreconcilable obstacle for non-nobles (or even nobles without the right connections), a Papal dispensation was attained. The precise nature of this dispensation is somewhat murky — it was signed by Pope Pius II, but he had died five years previously in 1464. It seems likely that, given the urgency of his requirements for political alliances, John II of Aragon and powerful Churchman Rodrigo de Borja (future Pope Alexander VI) forged the document.
While the stage was set for the union of the two crowns, the marriage between Ferdinand and Isabella was also an immediate consideration for the ongoing Catalan Civil War. As part of the marriage, a treaty was signed between Ferdinand and Isabella: Castile would become formally superior over Aragon. Isabella would rule over all of Castile and Aragon as Queen, with Ferdinand as her consort, in return for its aid in the Civil War. For this reason, it was known as the “Capitulations of Cervera”.
The document was even read out during the marriage proceedings — underlining the fact that this was a highly political arrangement. As well, this was not a deal done between Castile and Aragon per se: although it had the covert support of Ferdinand’s father John II of Aragon, Isabella’s uncle Henry IV of Castile was entirely cut out of the process. This shows that Isabella was seeking to create her own independent political power, very much against that of her uncle and his heirs. Upon learning of Isabella’s actions shackling him into a civil war, her uncle King Henry was furious, disinheriting her in favor of his own daughter Joanna. Sadly, Joanna was the subject of much mockery due to her association with the unpopular King, and she was rumored to be the illegitimate daughter of the Queen’s favorite Beltrán de la Cueva — hence she was known by the unkind moniker la Beltraneja; “the one who looks like Beltrán”.
Made Queen by Force of Will
However, Isabella was not going to take disinheritance lying down. Upon Henry’s death in 1474, Joanna was Henry’s named successor — but, as Isabella demonstrated throughout her life, shrewd politics and the precise application of force beat ancient right every time. Racing to Segovia, she convened the noble court and, largely by force of will, declared herself Queen of Castile — with Ferdinand as her “legitimate husband”. Isabella was determined to follow the trend toward powerful women in European Renaissance society.
Though beaten to the first punch, Joanna’s supporters began to regroup and plan a rebellion in concert with a Portuguese invasion, which would become the War of the Castillian Succession. Hastening to Segovia, Ferdinand was welcomed into the city as a king. Yet this did not mean that Ferdinand and Isabella could simply forget all other considerations and rule jointly as Catholic monarchs: each stood at the head of an enormously complex set of obligations and political interests, which frequently opposed one another. Upon Isabella’s accession to the throne, they signed the Concorde of Segovia, which named Ferdinand King of Castile alongside Queen Isabella — but reserved the exclusive right for Isabella’s heirs to inherit Castile, and gave her a sort of regal veto if they could not agree. This represented months of legal and political wrangling between the two camps.
Within a matter of months of her seizure of the throne, the supporters of Joanna la Beltraneja had risen against Isabella, and King Afonso of Portugal saw the opportunity to bring Castile under his control. Scandalously, Afonso took Joanna, his own neice, for his wife, and supported the rebellion with an invasion from the west. Unsurprisingly, foreign intervention into wars over Spanish succession are not an infrequent historical occurrence.
The War of the Castilian Succession, as this conflict is known, was ironically the making of Ferdinand and Isabella. Afonso and Joanna’s Juanistas were militarily ineffective, and although the Castilian-Aragonese Isabellista army that fought them made little headway, Ferdinand and Isabella portrayed the stalemate as a stunning victory. They launched a highly successful propaganda campaign throughout Spain that painted them as a new force in Spanish politics. As well, the war drove the two kingdoms of Castile and Aragon closer together, and Isabella formally granted her husband all of her regal power as co-regent in 1475.
At the same time, Ferdinand’s military skill prevented the French from creating a foothold in Narvarre, and so by the end of 1476, la Beltraneja’s alliance was disintegrating, with Isabella secure on the throne. Isabella showed significant political acumen with a carrot-and-stick approach, offering exculpations to nobles who would renounce Joanna, while dealing brutally with those that continued to resist. In February of 1479, Ferdinand’s father John II of Aragon passed away, and a far more orderly transition of power took place, with Ferdinand’s coronation as King of Aragon.
Afonso failed to raise any further interest from Louis XI of France in continuing the war, and in 1479 he suffered a blow by the Pope, who reversed the dispensation given for his marriage to his niece. In September of that year, lacking legitimacy, French allies, and Castilian dissenters, Afonso called it quits and signed the Treaty of Alcáçovas, in which he and the Catholic monarchs renounced all of their claims to each other’s kingdoms. The treaty also set up broad spheres of influence for future expansion, and was sealed by Ferdinand and Isabella’s daughter’s marriage to Afonso’s son (along with a hefty dowry of 106,000 gold doubloons). La Beltraneja was sent off to a monastery, and took little further part in Castilian politics — a casualty of peace.
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https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/king-ferdinand-ii-and-queen-isabella-i
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en
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King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I timeline.
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[] | null |
en
|
/favicon.ico
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Timetoast Timelines
|
https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/king-ferdinand-ii-and-queen-isabella-i
|
King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I get married
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella begin their marriage 5 years before their ascension to the throne. They also happened to be cousins.
Princess Joanna of Castille is born.
King Ferdinand II and Queen Elizabeth I gave birth to their third child and second daughter in Toledo, Spain. She was known as Joanna the Mad or Juana la loca. She became Queen of Castille and Aragon.
The Calling of the Inquisition
King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I called upon Pope Sixtus IV to get the Inquisition started again. This is where Queen Isabella I got her nickname "Isabella la Catolica" because she and her husband were ruthless catholic monarchs.
Edict of Expulsion
King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I ordered that all Jews be expelled from Spain and its territories by July 31 of that year. King Ferdinand II violated this treaty by forcing all Muslims in Castile or Aragon to convert to Catholicism or else be expelled. This was also used on the Jewish population of Spain.
Treaty of Granada
King Ferdinand signed an agreement with Louis XII of France stating that Ferdinand would support French claims in Naples in exchange for getting territories for himself in the division of the kingdom.
Battle of Cerignola
The first battle known to be won using gunpowder small arms, it was a battle between Spanish and French forces in in Cerignola, near Bari, Southern Italy. The Spanish forces, with 8,000 men, mroe than 1000 arequebusiers, 20 cannons defeated the French, which only had a force of 20,000 men, mainly cavalry and swiss mercenary pikemen, and about 40 cannons.
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Facebook
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""
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de
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https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/alfonso-v-of-aragon-has-legitimate-issue.469471/
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en
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Alfonso V of Aragon has legitimate issue
|
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[
"Jan Olbracht"
] |
2019-06-15T17:16:57+00:00
|
King Alfonso V of Aragon had no children with his wife, Maria of Castile. Upon his death he was succeeded by younger brother in Aragon and by illegitimate...
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en
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alternatehistory.com
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https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/alfonso-v-of-aragon-has-legitimate-issue.469471/
|
King Alfonso V of Aragon had no children with his wife, Maria of Castile. Upon his death he was succeeded by younger brother in Aragon and by illegitimate son in Naples. Say that ATL Maria of Castile is not childless-she has 3 surviving kids with Alfonso (Ferdinand b. 1422, Alfonso Jr b. 1426, Eleanor b. 1433). What impact would legitimate offspring of Alfonso have?
I think he would still divide Naples and Aragon-younger son would inherit Naples while older would rule Aragon. That means John, brother of Alfonso V, is only King of Navarre iure uxoris in this TL (and he can't disinherit his son by Blanche in favour of son from second marriage, if he ever remarries ITTL and has any sons by second wife) and would lost even that position after death of Blanche. Thus Kingdom of Navarre could have its own Trastamara line.
Meanwhile daughter of Alfonso V could became Holy Roman Empress instead of her Portuguese cousin and namesake-Alfonso IOTL was in favour of a match between HRE Frederick and his Portuguese niece. If he had his own legitimate daughter it seems obvious he'd preffer said daughter as Empress. For Pope and Emperor match with daughter of King of Naples also should be more desirable than match with Portuguese infanta.
Some toughts about Navarre: if Charles of Viana still looks for support of his uncle Alfonsi in Naples against father, perhaps he befriends his cousins there and new King of Aragon (Ferdinand II, son of Alfonso V) helps him if John illegally refuses him rights to Navarrese throne? John, not having Aragon, is in worse position than IOTL, especially if his nephew is against him.
With not being king of Aragon here, can Juan block Carlos' succession? I mean, would he have a powerbase in Navarre that could allow this?
Any suggestions for ITTL alternate marriages @Kellan Sullivan @isabella
I'm thinking about something like that:
-Eleanor of Portugal (OTL Holy Roman Empress) and Ferdinand II of Aragon
-Catherine of Portugal and Charles IV of Navarre
Meanwhile Alfonso Jr, King of Naples (and perhaps also od Sicily) would need wife of higher birth than OTL bastard son of Alfonso V.
Well marrying on the high nobility of the land he rule would not be without precedent (see Juan II of Aragon’s OTL second wedding) and Isabella’s family was pretty high (she was the heiress of her maternal uncle, the prince of Taranto) and her maternal grandmother was also once Queen Consort of Naples (she had her children from the first wedding and became Queen Consort through her second).
About the other two weddings they can work but John would still most likely be able to continue to rule over Navarre until his death (as I think improbable who either Ferdinand II of Aragon or Henry IV of Castile would have any interest in helping Carlos against Juan) so I would still let succession in Castile go through Eleanor and her children unless she has married differently than OTL.
I'd make OT in my own thread, but I'm thinking about daughter of John II of Castile from first marriage (Catherine or Eleanor) surviving. Would we see double Navarrese-Castilian marriage in such case with Charles of Viana married to Castilian infanta before death of his mother? Such marriage would strenght position of Charles.
I suspect it would also mean that Juan of Aragon, King of Navarre, wouldn't remarry to Juana Enriquez. She was a scion of the Castilian royal family. AIUI he married Juana because she was beautiful but also because it was in Castilian interests to allow the marriage. If Carlos has a Castilian bride I don't see the Castilian king backing one of his nobles' daughters' candidacy. Especially if the relationship between Juan and Carlos is as fraught as OTL
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en
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Death of the Prince of Viana - The Collection
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For this representation of the Death of Charles, Prince of Viana, Vicente Poveda y Juan was awarded the third-place medal at the 1887 National Exhibition of Fine Arts. Charles of Viana (1421–1461) was the first-born son of King John II of Aragon and Blanche of Navarre (P005374), and therefore heir to the throne of both kingdoms.
|
en
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Museo Nacional del Prado
|
https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obra-de-arte/muerte-del-principe-de-viana/1627f182-a089-498b-8852-e761ae66a2f6
|
Opening hours
Monday to Saturday from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Sundays and holidays from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m.
Closed
January 1st
May 1st
December 25th
Limited opening hours
January 6th
December 24th and 31th
From 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Free access
Monday to Saturday from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m.
Sundays and holidays from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m.
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https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LD3S-SW8/juana-enr%25C3%25ADquez-y-fern%25C3%25A1ndez-de-c%25C3%25B3rdoba-1425-1468
|
en
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FamilySearch.org
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
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[] | null |
Discover your family history. Explore the world’s largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources.
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Death of the Prince of Viana - The Collection
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|
en
|
Museo Nacional del Prado
|
https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obra-de-arte/muerte-del-principe-de-viana/1627f182-a089-498b-8852-e761ae66a2f6
|
Opening hours
Monday to Saturday from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Sundays and holidays from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m.
Closed
January 1st
May 1st
December 25th
Limited opening hours
January 6th
December 24th and 31th
From 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Free access
Monday to Saturday from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m.
Sundays and holidays from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m.
|
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https://dbpedia.org/page/Juana_Enr%25C3%25ADquez
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en
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About: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Juana
|
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خوانا إنريكيز دي كوردوبا ، سيدة كاساروبيوس ديل مونتي الخامسة (1425-13 فبراير 1468) كانت سيدة نبيلة من قشتالة وملكة أراغون بصفتها زوجة للملك خوان الثاني من عام 1458 حتى وفاتها . بعد زواجهما عام 1444 ، أصبحت بحكم الواقع ملكة نافارا. تزوجت خوانا من خوان الثاني ملك أراغون بعد ثلاث سنوات من وفاة زوجته الأولى الملكة بلانكا الأولى .
|
DBpedia
|
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Juana_Enr%C3%ADquez
|
dbo:abstract
خوانا إنريكيز دي كوردوبا ، سيدة كاساروبيوس ديل مونتي الخامسة (1425-13 فبراير 1468) كانت سيدة نبيلة من قشتالة وملكة أراغون بصفتها زوجة للملك خوان الثاني من عام 1458 حتى وفاتها . بعد زواجهما عام 1444 ، أصبحت بحكم الواقع ملكة نافارا. تزوجت خوانا من خوان الثاني ملك أراغون بعد ثلاث سنوات من وفاة زوجته الأولى الملكة بلانكا الأولى . (ar)
Joana Enríquez i Fernández de Córdoba (Torrelobatón, 1425 - Tarragona, 13 de febrer de 1468) fou reina consort de Navarra (1444-1468) i d'Aragó (1458-1468). (ca)
Jana Enríquezová, 5. paní z Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13. února 1468 Tarragona), byla kastilská šlechtična, která se stala královnou zemí aragonské koruny. (cs)
Η Ιωάννα, ισπαν. Juana (1425 - 13 Φεβρουαρίου 1468) από τον Οίκο της Ιβρέας-Καστίλης-Ενρίκεθ ήταν κόρη του κόμη του Μελγάρ & της Ρουέντα και με τον γάμο της έγινε βασίλισσα της Αραγωνίας, Σικελίας & Ναβάρρας. (el)
Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba (* 1425 in Torrelobatón; † 13. Februar 1468 in Saragossa) war eine kastilische Adlige und durch ihre Ehe mit Johann von Aragón Königin der Königreiche der Krone Aragon. Über ihren Sohn Ferdinand II. von Aragón ist sie die Großmutter von Johanna der Wahnsinnigen und die Urgroßmutter von Kaiser Karl V. (de)
Juana Enríquez (1425-Tarragona, 13 de febrero de 1468), fue esposa de Juan II de Aragón, rey consorte de Navarra por su matrimonio con Blanca I de Navarra, y reina consorte de Aragón (1458-1468), V señora de Casarrubios del Monte, perteneció al importante linaje de los Enríquez, rama ilegítima de los reyes de Castilla. Mujer ambiciosa e imperante, era hija de Fadrique Enríquez, almirante de Castilla y de su primera esposa, Marina Fernández de Córdoba también llamada Marina de Ayala, muerta en 1431. (es)
Joana Enrikez Kordobakoa, (1425-1468ko otsailaren 13) Gaztelako Casarrubiosko andrea eta Joanes II.a Aragoikoaren bigarren emaztea zen. Aita , Melba eta Ruedako kondea, eta ama Mariana Kordobakoa zituen. (eu)
Jeanne Enríquez (en espagnol Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba), née à Torrelobatón en 1425 et décédée à Tarragone en 1468, est reine consort de Navarre et d'Aragon. (fr)
Juana Enriquez de Cordoba, Lady ke-5 Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13 Februari 1468, Tarragona), merupakan seorang bangsawati Kastila, ia telah ditata sebagai Ratu Navarra dari pernikahannya pada bulan April 1444 dengan Juan II dari Aragón dan permaisuri Kerajaan Aragon dari kematian saudara iparnya, Raja Alfons V dari Aragon, pada tahun 1458, sampai kematiannya sendiri. Ia menikah dengan Juan tiga tahun setelah kematian istri pertamanya, Ratu Blanca I dari Navarra. (in)
フアナ・エンリケス（Juana Enríquez, 1425年 - 1468年2月13日）は、アラゴン王フアン2世の王妃で2度目の妻。父はカスティーリャの貴族でエンリケ2世王の弟ファドリケ・アルフォンソの子孫であるメルバ伯およびルエダ伯ファドリケ・エンリケス、母はマリアナ・デ・コルドバである。 1444年にフアンと結婚し、1男1女をもうけた。 * フェルナンド2世（1452年 - 1516年） - アラゴン王 * フアナ（1454年 - 1517年） - ナポリ王フェルディナンド1世の妃 フアンは1441年に先妻であるナバラ女王ブランカ1世を亡くしていた。この最初の結婚によってフアンもナバラ王となっていたが、ブランカの死後に嫡子であるビアナ公カルロスが継ぐべき王位を譲ろうとせず、父子の対立からナバラでは内乱となった。後妻であるフアナ・エンリケスが新たな息子フェルナンドを生んだことで、対立はいっそう激しくなった。 1468年、夫に先立って死去した。 (ja)
Johanna Enríquez (Torrelobatón, 1425 — Tarragona, 13 februari 1468) was koningin-gemalin van Aragón en de landen van de Kroon van Aragon: Koningin-gemalin van Navarra, Majorca, Valencia, Sicilië en Sardinië. Johanna Enríquez was een dochter van admiraal Fadrique Enríquez en , waarschijnlijk van afkomst converso. Ze was de tweede vrouw van Johan II van Aragón met wie ze in 1447 in Calatayud trouwde. Fadrique Enriquez was destijds een van de belangrijkste en machtigste mannen in het koninkrijk Castilië. (nl)
Giovanna Enríquez detta Principessa di Melgar. Juana in spagnolo e asturiano, Chuana in aragonese, Joana in galiziano, in portoghese, in catalano e in basco, Jeanne in francese, Joan in inglese e Johanna in tedesco e in fiammingo (Medina de Rioseco, 1425 – Tarragona, 13 febbraio 1468) Signora di Casarrubios del Monte e Arroyojolinos, fu Regina consorte di Navarra, dal 1447 e poi Regina consorte di Aragona, di Valencia, di Sardegna, di Maiorca, di Sicilia, e titolare di Corsica, Contessa di Barcellona e delle contee catalane dal 1458 alla sua morte (1468). (it)
Joana Henriques e Fernandes de Córdoba (em espanhol: Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 de fevereiro de 1468) foi uma nobre castelhana, senhora de Casarrubios del Monte e rainha consorte de Navarra e de Aragão. Pertencia à importante Casa de Henriques, que descendia do rei Afonso XI de Castela. Exerceu o Vice-reinado da Catalunha. (pt)
Хуана Энрикес (Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 февраля 1468) — знатная кастильская дама из рода Энрикесов, ставшая королевой земель, входивших в состав Арагонской короны. (ru)
Juana Enriquez, född 1425, död 1468, var en drottning i Aragonien och Navarra, gift med kung Johan II av Aragonien och Navarra. Hon var mor till Ferdinand II av Aragonien. Juana Enríquez var regent i Navarra under sin makes frånvaro i kriget 1451-1452. Hon var sedan sin makes guvernör i Katalonien för sin minderåriga sons räkning år 1462, och slutligen regent i Aragonien under sin makes frånvaro under upproret i Katalonien 1465-1468. (sv)
Хуа́на Енрі́кес (ісп. Juana Enriquez; 1425 — 13 лютого 1468) — кастильська шляхтянка, королева Арагону (1458—1468), графиня Барселонська. Фактична королева Наварри (1444—1468). Сеньйора Касаррубіоська. Представниця кастильського роду . Народилася в Торрелобатоні, Кастилія. Донька мельгарського графа й . Успадкувала землеволодіння своєї матері з центром у Касаррубіосі (1431). Друга дружина наваррського короля Хуана II (з 1444), який згодом зайняв арагонський престол (1458). Народила йому наступника, арагонського короля Фернандо II, й неапольську королеву Хуану. Підтримувала чоловіка у протистоянні з його первістком від першого шлюбу Карлосом за наваррську корону. Через спалах і звинувачення в отруєнні Карлоса, втекла до Жирони під опіку місцевого єпископа (1461). Сприяла одруженню свого сина Фернандо ІІ із кастильською королевою Ізабелою. Померла від раку грудей в Таррагоні, Арагон, не дочекавшись шлюбу сина. (uk)
胡安娜·恩里奎茲（西班牙語：Juana Enríquez，1425年－1468年2月13日），和，1458年至1468年在位。 (zh)
خوانا إنريكيز دي كوردوبا ، سيدة كاساروبيوس ديل مونتي الخامسة (1425-13 فبراير 1468) كانت سيدة نبيلة من قشتالة وملكة أراغون بصفتها زوجة للملك خوان الثاني من عام 1458 حتى وفاتها . بعد زواجهما عام 1444 ، أصبحت بحكم الواقع ملكة نافارا. تزوجت خوانا من خوان الثاني ملك أراغون بعد ثلاث سنوات من وفاة زوجته الأولى الملكة بلانكا الأولى . (ar)
Joana Enríquez i Fernández de Córdoba (Torrelobatón, 1425 - Tarragona, 13 de febrer de 1468) fou reina consort de Navarra (1444-1468) i d'Aragó (1458-1468). (ca)
Jana Enríquezová, 5. paní z Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13. února 1468 Tarragona), byla kastilská šlechtična, která se stala královnou zemí aragonské koruny. (cs)
Η Ιωάννα, ισπαν. Juana (1425 - 13 Φεβρουαρίου 1468) από τον Οίκο της Ιβρέας-Καστίλης-Ενρίκεθ ήταν κόρη του κόμη του Μελγάρ & της Ρουέντα και με τον γάμο της έγινε βασίλισσα της Αραγωνίας, Σικελίας & Ναβάρρας. (el)
Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba (* 1425 in Torrelobatón; † 13. Februar 1468 in Saragossa) war eine kastilische Adlige und durch ihre Ehe mit Johann von Aragón Königin der Königreiche der Krone Aragon. Über ihren Sohn Ferdinand II. von Aragón ist sie die Großmutter von Johanna der Wahnsinnigen und die Urgroßmutter von Kaiser Karl V. (de)
Juana Enríquez (1425-Tarragona, 13 de febrero de 1468), fue esposa de Juan II de Aragón, rey consorte de Navarra por su matrimonio con Blanca I de Navarra, y reina consorte de Aragón (1458-1468), V señora de Casarrubios del Monte, perteneció al importante linaje de los Enríquez, rama ilegítima de los reyes de Castilla. Mujer ambiciosa e imperante, era hija de Fadrique Enríquez, almirante de Castilla y de su primera esposa, Marina Fernández de Córdoba también llamada Marina de Ayala, muerta en 1431. (es)
Joana Enrikez Kordobakoa, (1425-1468ko otsailaren 13) Gaztelako Casarrubiosko andrea eta Joanes II.a Aragoikoaren bigarren emaztea zen. Aita , Melba eta Ruedako kondea, eta ama Mariana Kordobakoa zituen. (eu)
Jeanne Enríquez (en espagnol Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba), née à Torrelobatón en 1425 et décédée à Tarragone en 1468, est reine consort de Navarre et d'Aragon. (fr)
Juana Enriquez de Cordoba, Lady ke-5 Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13 Februari 1468, Tarragona), merupakan seorang bangsawati Kastila, ia telah ditata sebagai Ratu Navarra dari pernikahannya pada bulan April 1444 dengan Juan II dari Aragón dan permaisuri Kerajaan Aragon dari kematian saudara iparnya, Raja Alfons V dari Aragon, pada tahun 1458, sampai kematiannya sendiri. Ia menikah dengan Juan tiga tahun setelah kematian istri pertamanya, Ratu Blanca I dari Navarra. (in)
フアナ・エンリケス（Juana Enríquez, 1425年 - 1468年2月13日）は、アラゴン王フアン2世の王妃で2度目の妻。父はカスティーリャの貴族でエンリケ2世王の弟ファドリケ・アルフォンソの子孫であるメルバ伯およびルエダ伯ファドリケ・エンリケス、母はマリアナ・デ・コルドバである。 1444年にフアンと結婚し、1男1女をもうけた。 * フェルナンド2世（1452年 - 1516年） - アラゴン王 * フアナ（1454年 - 1517年） - ナポリ王フェルディナンド1世の妃 フアンは1441年に先妻であるナバラ女王ブランカ1世を亡くしていた。この最初の結婚によってフアンもナバラ王となっていたが、ブランカの死後に嫡子であるビアナ公カルロスが継ぐべき王位を譲ろうとせず、父子の対立からナバラでは内乱となった。後妻であるフアナ・エンリケスが新たな息子フェルナンドを生んだことで、対立はいっそう激しくなった。 1468年、夫に先立って死去した。 (ja)
Johanna Enríquez (Torrelobatón, 1425 — Tarragona, 13 februari 1468) was koningin-gemalin van Aragón en de landen van de Kroon van Aragon: Koningin-gemalin van Navarra, Majorca, Valencia, Sicilië en Sardinië. Johanna Enríquez was een dochter van admiraal Fadrique Enríquez en , waarschijnlijk van afkomst converso. Ze was de tweede vrouw van Johan II van Aragón met wie ze in 1447 in Calatayud trouwde. Fadrique Enriquez was destijds een van de belangrijkste en machtigste mannen in het koninkrijk Castilië. (nl)
Giovanna Enríquez detta Principessa di Melgar. Juana in spagnolo e asturiano, Chuana in aragonese, Joana in galiziano, in portoghese, in catalano e in basco, Jeanne in francese, Joan in inglese e Johanna in tedesco e in fiammingo (Medina de Rioseco, 1425 – Tarragona, 13 febbraio 1468) Signora di Casarrubios del Monte e Arroyojolinos, fu Regina consorte di Navarra, dal 1447 e poi Regina consorte di Aragona, di Valencia, di Sardegna, di Maiorca, di Sicilia, e titolare di Corsica, Contessa di Barcellona e delle contee catalane dal 1458 alla sua morte (1468). (it)
Joana Henriques e Fernandes de Córdoba (em espanhol: Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 de fevereiro de 1468) foi uma nobre castelhana, senhora de Casarrubios del Monte e rainha consorte de Navarra e de Aragão. Pertencia à importante Casa de Henriques, que descendia do rei Afonso XI de Castela. Exerceu o Vice-reinado da Catalunha. (pt)
Хуана Энрикес (Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 февраля 1468) — знатная кастильская дама из рода Энрикесов, ставшая королевой земель, входивших в состав Арагонской короны. (ru)
Juana Enriquez, född 1425, död 1468, var en drottning i Aragonien och Navarra, gift med kung Johan II av Aragonien och Navarra. Hon var mor till Ferdinand II av Aragonien. Juana Enríquez var regent i Navarra under sin makes frånvaro i kriget 1451-1452. Hon var sedan sin makes guvernör i Katalonien för sin minderåriga sons räkning år 1462, och slutligen regent i Aragonien under sin makes frånvaro under upproret i Katalonien 1465-1468. (sv)
Хуа́на Енрі́кес (ісп. Juana Enriquez; 1425 — 13 лютого 1468) — кастильська шляхтянка, королева Арагону (1458—1468), графиня Барселонська. Фактична королева Наварри (1444—1468). Сеньйора Касаррубіоська. Представниця кастильського роду . Народилася в Торрелобатоні, Кастилія. Донька мельгарського графа й . Успадкувала землеволодіння своєї матері з центром у Касаррубіосі (1431). Друга дружина наваррського короля Хуана II (з 1444), який згодом зайняв арагонський престол (1458). Народила йому наступника, арагонського короля Фернандо II, й неапольську королеву Хуану. Підтримувала чоловіка у протистоянні з його первістком від першого шлюбу Карлосом за наваррську корону. Через спалах і звинувачення в отруєнні Карлоса, втекла до Жирони під опіку місцевого єпископа (1461). Сприяла одруженню свого сина Фернандо ІІ із кастильською королевою Ізабелою. Померла від раку грудей в Таррагоні, Арагон, не дочекавшись шлюбу сина. (uk)
胡安娜·恩里奎茲（西班牙語：Juana Enríquez，1425年－1468年2月13日），和，1458年至1468年在位。 (zh)
rdfs:comment
خوانا إنريكيز دي كوردوبا ، سيدة كاساروبيوس ديل مونتي الخامسة (1425-13 فبراير 1468) كانت سيدة نبيلة من قشتالة وملكة أراغون بصفتها زوجة للملك خوان الثاني من عام 1458 حتى وفاتها . بعد زواجهما عام 1444 ، أصبحت بحكم الواقع ملكة نافارا. تزوجت خوانا من خوان الثاني ملك أراغون بعد ثلاث سنوات من وفاة زوجته الأولى الملكة بلانكا الأولى . (ar)
Joana Enríquez i Fernández de Córdoba (Torrelobatón, 1425 - Tarragona, 13 de febrer de 1468) fou reina consort de Navarra (1444-1468) i d'Aragó (1458-1468). (ca)
Jana Enríquezová, 5. paní z Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13. února 1468 Tarragona), byla kastilská šlechtična, která se stala královnou zemí aragonské koruny. (cs)
Η Ιωάννα, ισπαν. Juana (1425 - 13 Φεβρουαρίου 1468) από τον Οίκο της Ιβρέας-Καστίλης-Ενρίκεθ ήταν κόρη του κόμη του Μελγάρ & της Ρουέντα και με τον γάμο της έγινε βασίλισσα της Αραγωνίας, Σικελίας & Ναβάρρας. (el)
Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba (* 1425 in Torrelobatón; † 13. Februar 1468 in Saragossa) war eine kastilische Adlige und durch ihre Ehe mit Johann von Aragón Königin der Königreiche der Krone Aragon. Über ihren Sohn Ferdinand II. von Aragón ist sie die Großmutter von Johanna der Wahnsinnigen und die Urgroßmutter von Kaiser Karl V. (de)
Juana Enríquez (1425-Tarragona, 13 de febrero de 1468), fue esposa de Juan II de Aragón, rey consorte de Navarra por su matrimonio con Blanca I de Navarra, y reina consorte de Aragón (1458-1468), V señora de Casarrubios del Monte, perteneció al importante linaje de los Enríquez, rama ilegítima de los reyes de Castilla. Mujer ambiciosa e imperante, era hija de Fadrique Enríquez, almirante de Castilla y de su primera esposa, Marina Fernández de Córdoba también llamada Marina de Ayala, muerta en 1431. (es)
Joana Enrikez Kordobakoa, (1425-1468ko otsailaren 13) Gaztelako Casarrubiosko andrea eta Joanes II.a Aragoikoaren bigarren emaztea zen. Aita , Melba eta Ruedako kondea, eta ama Mariana Kordobakoa zituen. (eu)
Jeanne Enríquez (en espagnol Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba), née à Torrelobatón en 1425 et décédée à Tarragone en 1468, est reine consort de Navarre et d'Aragon. (fr)
Juana Enriquez de Cordoba, Lady ke-5 Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13 Februari 1468, Tarragona), merupakan seorang bangsawati Kastila, ia telah ditata sebagai Ratu Navarra dari pernikahannya pada bulan April 1444 dengan Juan II dari Aragón dan permaisuri Kerajaan Aragon dari kematian saudara iparnya, Raja Alfons V dari Aragon, pada tahun 1458, sampai kematiannya sendiri. Ia menikah dengan Juan tiga tahun setelah kematian istri pertamanya, Ratu Blanca I dari Navarra. (in)
フアナ・エンリケス（Juana Enríquez, 1425年 - 1468年2月13日）は、アラゴン王フアン2世の王妃で2度目の妻。父はカスティーリャの貴族でエンリケ2世王の弟ファドリケ・アルフォンソの子孫であるメルバ伯およびルエダ伯ファドリケ・エンリケス、母はマリアナ・デ・コルドバである。 1444年にフアンと結婚し、1男1女をもうけた。 * フェルナンド2世（1452年 - 1516年） - アラゴン王 * フアナ（1454年 - 1517年） - ナポリ王フェルディナンド1世の妃 フアンは1441年に先妻であるナバラ女王ブランカ1世を亡くしていた。この最初の結婚によってフアンもナバラ王となっていたが、ブランカの死後に嫡子であるビアナ公カルロスが継ぐべき王位を譲ろうとせず、父子の対立からナバラでは内乱となった。後妻であるフアナ・エンリケスが新たな息子フェルナンドを生んだことで、対立はいっそう激しくなった。 1468年、夫に先立って死去した。 (ja)
Johanna Enríquez (Torrelobatón, 1425 — Tarragona, 13 februari 1468) was koningin-gemalin van Aragón en de landen van de Kroon van Aragon: Koningin-gemalin van Navarra, Majorca, Valencia, Sicilië en Sardinië. Johanna Enríquez was een dochter van admiraal Fadrique Enríquez en , waarschijnlijk van afkomst converso. Ze was de tweede vrouw van Johan II van Aragón met wie ze in 1447 in Calatayud trouwde. Fadrique Enriquez was destijds een van de belangrijkste en machtigste mannen in het koninkrijk Castilië. (nl)
Giovanna Enríquez detta Principessa di Melgar. Juana in spagnolo e asturiano, Chuana in aragonese, Joana in galiziano, in portoghese, in catalano e in basco, Jeanne in francese, Joan in inglese e Johanna in tedesco e in fiammingo (Medina de Rioseco, 1425 – Tarragona, 13 febbraio 1468) Signora di Casarrubios del Monte e Arroyojolinos, fu Regina consorte di Navarra, dal 1447 e poi Regina consorte di Aragona, di Valencia, di Sardegna, di Maiorca, di Sicilia, e titolare di Corsica, Contessa di Barcellona e delle contee catalane dal 1458 alla sua morte (1468). (it)
Joana Henriques e Fernandes de Córdoba (em espanhol: Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 de fevereiro de 1468) foi uma nobre castelhana, senhora de Casarrubios del Monte e rainha consorte de Navarra e de Aragão. Pertencia à importante Casa de Henriques, que descendia do rei Afonso XI de Castela. Exerceu o Vice-reinado da Catalunha. (pt)
Хуана Энрикес (Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 февраля 1468) — знатная кастильская дама из рода Энрикесов, ставшая королевой земель, входивших в состав Арагонской короны. (ru)
Juana Enriquez, född 1425, död 1468, var en drottning i Aragonien och Navarra, gift med kung Johan II av Aragonien och Navarra. Hon var mor till Ferdinand II av Aragonien. Juana Enríquez var regent i Navarra under sin makes frånvaro i kriget 1451-1452. Hon var sedan sin makes guvernör i Katalonien för sin minderåriga sons räkning år 1462, och slutligen regent i Aragonien under sin makes frånvaro under upproret i Katalonien 1465-1468. (sv)
胡安娜·恩里奎茲（西班牙語：Juana Enríquez，1425年－1468年2月13日），和，1458年至1468年在位。 (zh)
Хуа́на Енрі́кес (ісп. Juana Enriquez; 1425 — 13 лютого 1468) — кастильська шляхтянка, королева Арагону (1458—1468), графиня Барселонська. Фактична королева Наварри (1444—1468). Сеньйора Касаррубіоська. Представниця кастильського роду . Народилася в Торрелобатоні, Кастилія. Донька мельгарського графа й . Успадкувала землеволодіння своєї матері з центром у Касаррубіосі (1431). Друга дружина наваррського короля Хуана II (з 1444), який згодом зайняв арагонський престол (1458). Народила йому наступника, арагонського короля Фернандо II, й неапольську королеву Хуану. Підтримувала чоловіка у протистоянні з його первістком від першого шлюбу Карлосом за наваррську корону. Через спалах і звинувачення в отруєнні Карлоса, втекла до Жирони під опіку місцевого єпископа (1461). Сприяла одруженню свого с (uk)
خوانا إنريكيز دي كوردوبا ، سيدة كاساروبيوس ديل مونتي الخامسة (1425-13 فبراير 1468) كانت سيدة نبيلة من قشتالة وملكة أراغون بصفتها زوجة للملك خوان الثاني من عام 1458 حتى وفاتها . بعد زواجهما عام 1444 ، أصبحت بحكم الواقع ملكة نافارا. تزوجت خوانا من خوان الثاني ملك أراغون بعد ثلاث سنوات من وفاة زوجته الأولى الملكة بلانكا الأولى . (ar)
Joana Enríquez i Fernández de Córdoba (Torrelobatón, 1425 - Tarragona, 13 de febrer de 1468) fou reina consort de Navarra (1444-1468) i d'Aragó (1458-1468). (ca)
Jana Enríquezová, 5. paní z Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13. února 1468 Tarragona), byla kastilská šlechtična, která se stala královnou zemí aragonské koruny. (cs)
Η Ιωάννα, ισπαν. Juana (1425 - 13 Φεβρουαρίου 1468) από τον Οίκο της Ιβρέας-Καστίλης-Ενρίκεθ ήταν κόρη του κόμη του Μελγάρ & της Ρουέντα και με τον γάμο της έγινε βασίλισσα της Αραγωνίας, Σικελίας & Ναβάρρας. (el)
Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba (* 1425 in Torrelobatón; † 13. Februar 1468 in Saragossa) war eine kastilische Adlige und durch ihre Ehe mit Johann von Aragón Königin der Königreiche der Krone Aragon. Über ihren Sohn Ferdinand II. von Aragón ist sie die Großmutter von Johanna der Wahnsinnigen und die Urgroßmutter von Kaiser Karl V. (de)
Juana Enríquez (1425-Tarragona, 13 de febrero de 1468), fue esposa de Juan II de Aragón, rey consorte de Navarra por su matrimonio con Blanca I de Navarra, y reina consorte de Aragón (1458-1468), V señora de Casarrubios del Monte, perteneció al importante linaje de los Enríquez, rama ilegítima de los reyes de Castilla. Mujer ambiciosa e imperante, era hija de Fadrique Enríquez, almirante de Castilla y de su primera esposa, Marina Fernández de Córdoba también llamada Marina de Ayala, muerta en 1431. (es)
Joana Enrikez Kordobakoa, (1425-1468ko otsailaren 13) Gaztelako Casarrubiosko andrea eta Joanes II.a Aragoikoaren bigarren emaztea zen. Aita , Melba eta Ruedako kondea, eta ama Mariana Kordobakoa zituen. (eu)
Jeanne Enríquez (en espagnol Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba), née à Torrelobatón en 1425 et décédée à Tarragone en 1468, est reine consort de Navarre et d'Aragon. (fr)
Juana Enriquez de Cordoba, Lady ke-5 Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13 Februari 1468, Tarragona), merupakan seorang bangsawati Kastila, ia telah ditata sebagai Ratu Navarra dari pernikahannya pada bulan April 1444 dengan Juan II dari Aragón dan permaisuri Kerajaan Aragon dari kematian saudara iparnya, Raja Alfons V dari Aragon, pada tahun 1458, sampai kematiannya sendiri. Ia menikah dengan Juan tiga tahun setelah kematian istri pertamanya, Ratu Blanca I dari Navarra. (in)
フアナ・エンリケス（Juana Enríquez, 1425年 - 1468年2月13日）は、アラゴン王フアン2世の王妃で2度目の妻。父はカスティーリャの貴族でエンリケ2世王の弟ファドリケ・アルフォンソの子孫であるメルバ伯およびルエダ伯ファドリケ・エンリケス、母はマリアナ・デ・コルドバである。 1444年にフアンと結婚し、1男1女をもうけた。 * フェルナンド2世（1452年 - 1516年） - アラゴン王 * フアナ（1454年 - 1517年） - ナポリ王フェルディナンド1世の妃 フアンは1441年に先妻であるナバラ女王ブランカ1世を亡くしていた。この最初の結婚によってフアンもナバラ王となっていたが、ブランカの死後に嫡子であるビアナ公カルロスが継ぐべき王位を譲ろうとせず、父子の対立からナバラでは内乱となった。後妻であるフアナ・エンリケスが新たな息子フェルナンドを生んだことで、対立はいっそう激しくなった。 1468年、夫に先立って死去した。 (ja)
Johanna Enríquez (Torrelobatón, 1425 — Tarragona, 13 februari 1468) was koningin-gemalin van Aragón en de landen van de Kroon van Aragon: Koningin-gemalin van Navarra, Majorca, Valencia, Sicilië en Sardinië. Johanna Enríquez was een dochter van admiraal Fadrique Enríquez en , waarschijnlijk van afkomst converso. Ze was de tweede vrouw van Johan II van Aragón met wie ze in 1447 in Calatayud trouwde. Fadrique Enriquez was destijds een van de belangrijkste en machtigste mannen in het koninkrijk Castilië. (nl)
Giovanna Enríquez detta Principessa di Melgar. Juana in spagnolo e asturiano, Chuana in aragonese, Joana in galiziano, in portoghese, in catalano e in basco, Jeanne in francese, Joan in inglese e Johanna in tedesco e in fiammingo (Medina de Rioseco, 1425 – Tarragona, 13 febbraio 1468) Signora di Casarrubios del Monte e Arroyojolinos, fu Regina consorte di Navarra, dal 1447 e poi Regina consorte di Aragona, di Valencia, di Sardegna, di Maiorca, di Sicilia, e titolare di Corsica, Contessa di Barcellona e delle contee catalane dal 1458 alla sua morte (1468). (it)
Joana Henriques e Fernandes de Córdoba (em espanhol: Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 de fevereiro de 1468) foi uma nobre castelhana, senhora de Casarrubios del Monte e rainha consorte de Navarra e de Aragão. Pertencia à importante Casa de Henriques, que descendia do rei Afonso XI de Castela. Exerceu o Vice-reinado da Catalunha. (pt)
Хуана Энрикес (Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 февраля 1468) — знатная кастильская дама из рода Энрикесов, ставшая королевой земель, входивших в состав Арагонской короны. (ru)
Juana Enriquez, född 1425, död 1468, var en drottning i Aragonien och Navarra, gift med kung Johan II av Aragonien och Navarra. Hon var mor till Ferdinand II av Aragonien. Juana Enríquez var regent i Navarra under sin makes frånvaro i kriget 1451-1452. Hon var sedan sin makes guvernör i Katalonien för sin minderåriga sons räkning år 1462, och slutligen regent i Aragonien under sin makes frånvaro under upproret i Katalonien 1465-1468. (sv)
胡安娜·恩里奎茲（西班牙語：Juana Enríquez，1425年－1468年2月13日），和，1458年至1468年在位。 (zh)
Хуа́на Енрі́кес (ісп. Juana Enriquez; 1425 — 13 лютого 1468) — кастильська шляхтянка, королева Арагону (1458—1468), графиня Барселонська. Фактична королева Наварри (1444—1468). Сеньйора Касаррубіоська. Представниця кастильського роду . Народилася в Торрелобатоні, Кастилія. Донька мельгарського графа й . Успадкувала землеволодіння своєї матері з центром у Касаррубіосі (1431). Друга дружина наваррського короля Хуана II (з 1444), який згодом зайняв арагонський престол (1458). Народила йому наступника, арагонського короля Фернандо II, й неапольську королеву Хуану. Підтримувала чоловіка у протистоянні з його первістком від першого шлюбу Карлосом за наваррську корону. Через спалах і звинувачення в отруєнні Карлоса, втекла до Жирони під опіку місцевого єпископа (1461). Сприяла одруженню свого с (uk)
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Tudor Minute October 19, 1469: Ferdinand and Isabella got married
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"Heather Teysko"
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2022-10-19T11:06:00+00:00
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Today in 1469 Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile got married. They would make decisions together as "the one as much as the other".
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Renaissance English History Podcast
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https://www.englandcast.com/2022/10/ferdinand-aragon-isabella-castile-married/
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Today in 1469 Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile got married. After her father, King John II of Castile died, Isabella was pressured by her brother King Henry IV to marry King Alfonso V of Portugal, but she refused, not wanting to take her brother’s advice too much since she knew her nobles didn’t trust him.
She secretly sent out a member of the royal court to look for suitors for her. He brought back news of Ferdinand, the handsome, young prince of Aragon. Isabella gained support for this marriage as it would bring unity between the two kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, perhaps even unifying the whole of Spain one day. They married four days after they met.
Diplomatically, Ferdinand held less power because Aragon was much smaller than Castile. But privately, Isabella assured him that they would make decisions together and developed the motto, “the one as much as the other”. Their marriage was at first political, but they grew to love and trust each other. They would complete the Reconquista of Spain, eventually capturing Granada and the Alhambra in 1492.
That’s your Tudor Minute for today. Remember you can dive deeper into life in 16th century England through the Renaissance English History Podcast at englandcast.com.
Suggested links:
Episode 067: Henry VII and his foreign policy
Episode 122: Christine Morgan on The Spanish Princess
Episode 47: Tudor Times talks about Katherine of Aragon
From the shop:
The Andalucian Princess Collection
Catherine of Aragon Andalucian Princess Bath Rug
Ps. All products are made on-demand and can take a few weeks to ship.
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Katherine of Aragon – tudors & other histories
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[
"Carolina Casas"
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2017-06-04T08:24:33+00:00
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Posts about Katherine of Aragon written by Carolina Casas
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en
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https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
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tudors & other histories
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https://tudorsandotherhistories.wordpress.com/tag/katherine-of-aragon/
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In the spring of 1536, Charles Brandon and other courtiers visited Anne’s chambers to tell her the news that they had arrested her brother and a handful of other guys, and they were going to take her to the Tower of London. Just three years before, she had lodged in the Tower to await her coronation. Henry VIII chose to crown her with St Edward the Confessor’s crown which was reserved for Kings. It was Anne’s greatest triumph, and it would have remain that way if she had given what Henry wanted (and needed) the most: A son.
The Tudor Dynasty was fairly new and England wasn’t used to the idea of women rulers so the thought of leaving the throne to little Princess Elizabeth after Henry had gone through great trouble to divorce his first wife for the same reason, would’ve been ludicrous. Anne was accused of incest and adultery and high treason and she lost her head on May 19th of that year.
In the show, Margaery (who coincidentally played Anne in ‘The Tudors’) is arrested after the High Septon (who’s like the pope in this world) accuses her f perjury, lying under oath which is a great sin since you swear to testify the truth and the whole truth under the gods. The equivalent to today’s ‘you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, so help you God?’
In medieval times this was a great deal. And Game of Thrones is a show that prides itself to take inspiration from the middle ages, specifically from the wars of the roses and the Tudor periods.
Margaery’s arrest therefore must be seen within this religious context. However, Cersei was also responsible for her arrest because she knew how much the HIgh Septon hated Margaery, and her family because her family are traditional followers of the Seven and they hate everything that has to do with religious reformation.
This is a great departure from Anne Boleyn. Though she was described as “more Lutheran than Luther herself”, Anne was not a staunch Reformist, and neither was she a martyr for her cause. She favored a lot of Reformist authors and teachings, but it was her father and her brother who believed more in the cause than she did.
During her short tenure as Queen, she did a lot of good charitable works. One of the reasons why she and Cromwell hated each other was because Cromwell couldn’t afford to say ‘no’ to the king given his position, and also wanted to enrich him, while Anne believed that the money taken from the monasteries and other religious houses should be distributed among the people -to build hospitals, centers of education, and to the new churches that would make people more invested on the new church.
Margaery like so many of Martin’s characters is based on more than one person, and perhaps it is the author’s way of being ironic and sarcastic that he often mixes two or more characters who were rivals in real life to create unique characters..
Margaery’s family is a perfect example of that.
Highgarden is located on the Reach where there are constant border raids from their neighboring Dorne. This should sound family to history buffs, especially Spanish history aficionados who’ve read on the subject.
Spain at the time of Catherine of Aragon’s birth, was divided into three kingdoms, and though the two Catholic crowns were united thanks to her parents’ union, the third crown which represented the Taifa kingdom of Granada, remained separate. Granada was the last of the once great Taifa kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula. And there were many border raids between the two peoples. They both believed in God but had different religions, and they borrowed from each other’s cultures (though they were hesitant to admit it).
Secondly, the two neighboring realms hated each other. Isabel never felt bad about lying under oath, and neither did her husband. They pretended to be on Boabdil’s side more than one time, and played both sides against one another, so it made taking their realm an easier enterprise. They finally achieved it on the 2nd of January 1492. She and Fernando stood in front of Boabdil, outside the gates of Granada. The King approached Fernando first and gave them the keys to the city then paid his respects to Isabel.
Isabel was a ruthless politician -not unlike the Queen of Thorns- and always dressed lavishly, while giving a lot of money to the church and keeping her clerics under a tight leash, raised her children well. Her husband was a skilled warrior who helped her maintain stability in her kingdom, and fight off her niece whom she always maintained wasn’t her brother’s real daughter; and he was also a cunning politician.
Catherine learned well from their example and from a young age she learned everything from the great literary works of the ancient world, to civic and canon law, dance, art, poetry, and most of all, her future role, not only as future Queen of England, but as a politician.
Catherine’s years after Prince Arthur died were anything but easy and her father was embroiled in a battle to control Castile and wrestle it from her sister and her husband. David Loades tells us how he wanted to send her money but couldn’t so instead he made her his ambassador. She was the first female ambassador to England and this increased her status but not as much as she hoped for, so she continued fighting and did what she could to get the next in line to the throne, Prince Henry Tudor of Wales’ attention.
When Henry VII died, his son did something unexpected (but not unprecedented) and chose to follow his heart instead of listening to the council. Fancying himself a knight in shining armor, he married his sweet sister in law and the two were crowned on the same day in June 24th 1509.
The books, including the World of Ice and Fire, make it clear just how traditional Margaery’s family is. And there have been a lot of inaccurate and crazy blogs that say that Catherine’s equivalent in the show is likely someone like Selyse or another religious fanatic. But let’s stop and think for a second: If we consider Anne super religious while also being a fashion icon, why can’t we think the same for Catherine? Or are we just too lazy to do research and prefer to believe what someone else tells us or what has become the norm after centuries of story-telling that have become the new history?
England and Castile and Aragon were highly religious yet they enjoyed many past-times. Castile was one of the richest courts in Western Europe, and Isabel loved everything that had to do with fashion, music and art, and she was passionate about her children learning about the latest educational trends such as Humanism and reading classical books.
She was referred by some as sweet, and by others said that she could also be cross.
Catherine had an idyllic childhood, much like the actress Natalie Dormer has said of her character in Game of Thrones.
The two also introduced fashions in their adoptive countries or realms. They loved gossip (Catherine’s mother especially) and they had fierce maternal relatives who never held their tongue. Isabel made sure her children dressed the best, were more educated tha other European princes. There was always music and dancing wherever they went. They also loved to watch plays while they celebrated, and they always surrounded themselves by bright colors. Not just in their clothing but in paintings that Isabel had commissioned for her family where they vibrantly appeared as saints or being blessed by God and the Holy Mother. And they were not afraid to speak against their religious leaders.
Catherine of Aragon wrote a strong letter in December 1531, subtly urging the pope to rule in her favor. And I say subtly because Catherine of Aragon was good at making threats that didn’t seem like threats but more like passive-aggressive rhetoric, the kind you get from a skilled politicians. Margaery does the same thing. When she is smiling, she isn’t really smiling. She is surviving by playing the game of thrones better than her opponents, bearing the same perseverance that Catherine did for seven years.
It should come as no surprise that Catherine’s first motto was ‘Not for my Crown’ and that her second ‘Humble and Loyal’ (which resembled her late mother in law’s) reflected her great understanding of politics. She could appear docile and sweet on the outside, but was a strong and skillful politician like her parents.
On the manner of Margaery’s arrest though, the Anne Boleyn persona takes over, especially when you take into account what happens in the book. In the book, Cersei firmly believes that her daughter in law is cheating, and that while her second marriage to her eldest son (Joffrey) wasn’t consummated, the first might have been. Like Catherine, it is a question that will likely haunt Margaery for ages (or less given than everyone dies far sooner in GOT). But instead of annulling her marriage, she wants to humiliate her and her family since she believes Margaery is the young, beautiful queen from the prophecy who will take everything from her.By book 5, is pretty clear that Cersei doesn’t really believe in all the charges, but she is so consumed by rage (after she too has been imprisoned) that she doesn’t care anymore. Margaery is accused of sleeping with her servants and her brother. Like Anne, she isn’t given the benefit of the doubt by the highest authority, which is her mother-in-law, and she seems doomed.
Like both Queens, Margaery’s mistake is not in being of one side or the other, but being politically active, and better at the game than her rival, and not giving the crown what it needs: an heir and complete obedience. The Baratheon dynasty is new and nobody really believes that Cersei’s bastard children are Robert’s, but they are in power and most of their enemies have died, so that doesn’t matter. Nonetheless, they need a male heir to continue the line. Margaery hasn’t delivered because she is way older than Tommen in the books who’s just a kid, and in the show although the two have consummated their marriage, there is no sign of her getting pregnant. And she isn’t one to bow down to Cersei. She is good at playing docile, but she is even better at convincing others to take her side and subtly get rid of Cersei -something the Queen Mother couldn’t forgive and now Margaery is paying the consequences
We will have to see what awaits her. And what awaits Highgarden. If Margaery and Loras die, they will have Willas to take over when their father dies as well, but in the show, it looks as if Highgarden’s golden age is about to end. Could it be a parallel to Spain or to the Trastamara dynasty? After the Catholic Kings lost their precious jewel, Don Juan, Prince of Asturias, they had no other choice but name their daughter Princess of Asturias and after she and her baby died, their second daughter, Dona Juana, Duchess of Burgundy whose strong temperament made them nervous, and whose reckless husband, made things worse.
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Books Collection, 1982
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22709
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https://www.emperorcharlesv.com/charles-v/charles-vs-family/wife-and-children/
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en
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Wife and Children – Emperor Charles V
|
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BeMuseum | Best WordPress theme for museums
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Emperor Charles V
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https://www.emperorcharlesv.com/charles-v/charles-vs-family/wife-and-children/
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Isabella of Portugal was born in 1503, the eldest daughter of Manuel I, King of Portugal and his second wife, Maria, the younger sister of Charles’ mother, Juana. She received an excellent education, learning several languages, Latin, Spanish and French, as well as reading widely in the classics and the work of more modern writers from her extensive library. She was known to be highly intelligent, devout, and developed into a beautiful young woman. As the eldest sister of the Portuguese king, John III, she commanded a large dowry. All of these factors, together with the fact that a Portuguese match would strengthen Charles position internationally and be popular in Spain, played a part in the successful negotiations for her marriage to Emperor Charles V, her first cousin. As part of the same agreement her older brother, King John III, married Charles’ youngest sister, Catherine in 1525. Isabella travelled to Spain for her marriage early in 1526 and they married in the Reales Alcazares in Seville in March. (Link to Seville in In Charles Footsteps section)
Although the couple had never previously met there seems little doubt that neither had cause to regret the decision. Their relationship is difficult to determine from their letters since they reveal little emotion. The correspondence was formal, matter of fact, dealing largely with matters of state, with advice from Charles on how to deal with particular issues or requests for money, and questions from Isabella about the length of his absence. This was typical of Charles who was invariably measured and restrained in both speech and writing. Nevertheless there is nothing to show that they did not have an affectionate relationship. Isabella always seemed keen for Charles to return. Although Charles had intimate relations with women both before and after his marriage, he did not, unlike Henry VIII and Francis I, openly keep mistresses at court during his marriage or indeed have affairs. On Isabella’s death most monarchs would have remarried, especially with only one son, but Charles had no intention of doing so. He had Titian paint portraits and miniatures for him and it is said always carried one with him.
Isabella was appointed regent in his absence on three occasions – in 1529-32 for his coronation in Rome and visits to Germany the Low Countries and Vienna, in 1535-36 when he captured Tunis and travelled through Italy, and in 1538-39 while he negotiated with the pope and Francis I in Nice and Aigues-Mortes. She performed her duties ably and effectively. Charles set up clear structures, with an experienced royal council which had access to all papers and considerable powers to advise her. Her role necessitated frequent travel around Spain, for instance to Toledo, Valladolid, Avila, and Barcelona. Isabella had been brought up in a royal household, so standing in for Charles at court came naturally to her. In many ways her personality matched his. She took her responsibilities seriously, controlled her emotions in public and commanded respect. She would defend royal power, had a deep understanding of the problems of Spain and Portugal, and took effective action when required, such as in the defence of the Spanish coast against attacks by pirates.
Whether she relished the role is more doubtful. She sometimes tried to put pressure on Charles to return home as soon as possible, even though she consoled herself that his absences were ‘in the service of God’. In the thirteen years of their marriage she had seven pregnancies. The first two resulted in the birth of a son, Philip, in May 1527, and a daughter, Maria, in June 1528. In June 1535 a second daughter, Juana, was born. Two other sons died within eight months of their birth – Ferdinand (November 1529 – June 1530) and Juan (October 1537 – March 1538). Isabella also miscarried in June 1534. At these difficult times Isabella would have welcomed the support of her husband but he was often away. Thus while in Bologna for his coronation he was informed of the birth of his son Ferdinand, only to be told eight months later of his death, and he was en route to Tunis when Juana was born. Juan’s birth in 1537 had been difficult and Charles later recorded in his memoirs that ‘the Empress suffered much after her confinement, and since then …was in very bad health’.
Isabella suffered increasingly from tertian fever and malaria. Ill-health forced her to remain in Valladolid in 1538 when Charles travelled to Aigues Mortes to meet Francis I. In early 1539 she became pregnant again. After three months a fever caused complications and she had another miscarriage in April from which she never recovered. She died on 1st May, aged thirty-five. Her remains now lie with Charles’ in the Royal Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial. Charles was deeply affected by her death, writing to his brother Ferdinand about her ‘devout life’, to his sister Mary of his ‘anguish and sorrow’, and in his memoirs that ‘It pleased God to call her to Himself’. He immediately withdrew to a monastery near Toledo for several weeks. He realised the value of what he had lost in emotional as well as political terms.
Philip was born on 21st May 1527 in the Palacio de Pimental in Valladolid. He was given the Burgundian name of Philip, after Charles’ father. He was brought up at the Castilian court under the supervision of his mother and Don Juan de Zuniga, one of his godfathers and a confidante of Charles, who became more influential after Isabella’s death in 1539. He encouraged Philip’s enjoyment of outdoor, physical pursuits – hawking, riding, sword fighting – at which he excelled. Charles was later to set a weekly limit on the number of animals that might be killed! He was tutored by many of the best academics in Spain, although he was no natural scholar, and his education had significant gaps. Besides Spanish, he learned Latin, on the grounds that this would be understood throughout Europe, but never mastered French, German or Italian, something that would hinder him in the future. Charles also became more involved with his son after 1539, beginning his instruction in the art of government and instilling the belief in the need for hard work. He showed care and attention to Philip’s political education.
Philip was first appointed regent in Spain in 1543 at the age of sixteen. Charles recognised that ‘you are still young to bear such a burden’, but left him three documents of advice and instruction, covering his powers and duties, some limitations on these powers, especially in appointments, and more personal advice about his role and his behaviour in public and private. He outlined his political ideas, and warned him to expect financial difficulties. (For more details see Ch. 22 in ‘Dynasty and Duty: Emperor Charles V and his Changing World 1500-1558’). He also informed Philip that Zuniga had been instructed to speak sharply to him ‘if he must’ and appointed a powerful council to advise his son.
In the same year Philip married Maria Manuela of Portugal, the eldest daughter of John III of Portugal and his wife Catherine. Philip was seventeen and Maria just sixteen. They were ‘double’ cousins, in other words cousins on both their fathers’ and mothers’ side, an example of a marriage between close relatives that was becoming frequent in the Habsburg family. Charles warned his son of overindulgence in the ‘pleasures of marriage’ since this could ‘not only injure your health….(but) even cut short your life’ referring to the ‘excesses’ of Prince Juan (Charles’ uncle) who married Margaret of Austria in 1497 only to die six months later. He let Philip know that he had instructed Zuniga to ensure that his wishes were followed. Having taken to bed on their wedding night, after two and half hours Zuniga took Philip off to another bed chamber. In fact it was Maria who paid the price, dying after giving birth to a son, Don Carlos, in July 1545. Philip was badly shaken by the loss. In 1546 and 1547 Philip’s three main advisers – Tavara, Cobos and Zuniga - all died, and Charles recognised that by the age of twenty Philip was ready for greater freedom of action. Philip resisted his father’s demands for money from Spain and started appointing his own men to government positions. By the late 1540s Charles had decided that Philip should inherit the Low Countries as well as Spain and summoned him to travel there to be acknowledged as heir. This was his first major journey outside Spain. Leaving from Barcelona in October 1548 he sailed to Genoa, travelled through northern Italy to Innsbruck, then on to Munich and Heidelberg, arriving in Brussels on 1st April. (The ‘Ommegang’ pageant held in Brussels each July is a re-enactment of the 1549 celebration held after Philip’s arrival). Philip was never accepted in the Low Countries. He was regarded as reserved and haughty, a foreigner who did not speak their language, with little appreciation of the traditional institutions of the provinces. He was never able to overcome these problems.
Philip returned to Spain in 1551. He was refused permission by Charles to join military ventures in Italy or against the French at Metz, and his father continued to press him for money. Charles then sent instructions that Philip should travel to the Low Countries with large sums to pay for the following year’s military campaign in the war with France. Philip had begun negotiations for his marriage to another Maria, this time the daughter of his aunt Eleanor and her first husband Manuel I of Portugal, but the death of Edward VI in England in July 1553 changed the situation. Edward’s successor was Mary, daughter of Henry VIII, thirty years earlier a possible wife for Charles. When that idea was resurrected Charles would not countenance it, but decided that Philip would be an excellent match for the Catholic queen, bringing together England and the Low Countries, and restoring England to the Catholic faith. The arrangements were made and Philip travelled to England in July 1554, where they were married in Winchester.
Many people believed that Philip still lacked independence and merely followed Charles’ instructions. However on his departure from Spain he ignored his father’s wishes regarding the regency in his absence and appointed his young sister, Juana, recently widowed in Portugal. He also made numerous appointments to the council and other administrative and ecclesiastical posts, thus ensuring that he would keep control of Spain in his absence. His time in England however was not successful, despite Philip’s desire for a positive political outcome. Even though he made considerable efforts to establish good relationships and do his duty, the marriage agreement made in his absence had limited his powers in England, the English were generally hostile and he found it difficult to reciprocate Mary’s affections. He left the country in September 1555 and took part in Charles’ abdication ceremony the following month. In January 1556 Philip formally became King Philip II, but he remained in the Low Countries when Charles sailed for Spain later in the year. Still at war with France, Philip’s troops achieved a major victory at St. Quentin in August 1557, but the loss of Calais, in English hands since 1347, in January 1558 was a major blow to Mary. The English queen had believed that she was pregnant in 1555 but there had been no child. In late 1557, now aged forty-two, she once more announced a pregnancy. By April 1558, nine months after Philip had last left England it became clear that she was again mistaken. Her health deteriorated and she died on 17th November, less than two months after Philip’s father.
After 1558
Death was a constant feature in Philip’s personal life. He was to marry twice more. In 1559 he married Elizabeth of Valois, the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici as part of the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis with the French king. They had two surviving children, much loved daughters Isabella and Catherine. Philip’s son from his first marriage, Don Carlos, had early on shown himself to be unreliable and a disappointment to his father. In January 1568 he was arrested and imprisoned and six months later he died in circumstances that remain unclear. Elizabeth died in childbirth later the same year. In 1570 Philip married his niece, Anne of Austria, the daughter of Emperor Maximilian and Maria, Philip’s sister. They had four sons and a daughter, four of whom died before the age of eight, leaving the youngest son, Philip, born in 1578, to succeed his father twenty years later. Anne died in 1580.
Philip remained in Spain for much of his reign, making Madrid his capital city and building the monastery and royal palace of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, where he spent much of his time when not in Madrid or his palace at Aranjuez. He worked long hours, reading state papers, issuing instructions and often becoming engrossed in the detail of the numerous issues that he had to deal with as ruler of Spain, the Low Countries, much of Italy and the Americas. In 1580 he became King of Portugal. He had to struggle with enormous financial difficulties, declaring Spain bankrupt on a number of occasions.
Philip remains a controversial figure. He is sometimes regarded as merely a religious bigot, responsible for the on-going inquisition and persecution of Protestants. During his reign of forty years there were only nine months when he was not at war in some part of his realm. Most damaging was the rebellion in the Low Countries, over political and religious issues, which he was unable to quell and after his death eventually led to their division into a Spanish controlled area and the independent United Provinces (now the Netherlands). He is best known in England for the sending of the ill-fated Armada against Elizabeth I in 1588, but probably more significant was the defeat of the Ottoman navy at the battle of Lepanto in 1571. His reign also consolidated Habsburg power in Europe, and is often referred to as Spain’s ‘Golden Age’, even though it had the seeds of its own decline. Often referred to in Spain as ‘Philip the Prudent’, Geoffrey Parker’s 2014 biography ‘Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II’ provides a thorough and thought provoking examination of his life.
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https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/ferdinand-ii-king-of-aragon-king-of-castile-and-leon/
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en
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Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, King of Castile and León
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2022-09-02T23:35:38+00:00
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by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2022 Note: Ferdinand (Fernando in Spanish) and Isabella (Isabel in Spanish) will be used in this article because that is how they are generally known, especia…
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en
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Unofficial Royalty
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https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/ferdinand-ii-king-of-aragon-king-of-castile-and-leon/
|
by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2022
Note: Ferdinand (Fernando in Spanish) and Isabella (Isabel in Spanish) will be used in this article because that is how they are generally known, especially in the United States.
On March 10, 1452, Ferdinand II, King of Aragon was born at the Palacio de los Sada in Sos del Rey Católico, Kingdom of Aragon, now in Spain. He was the only son and the elder of the two children of the future Juan II, King of Aragon and his second wife Juana Enriquez, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. Ferdinand’s paternal grandparents were Fernando I, King of Aragon and Leonor Urraca, 3rd Countess of Alburquerque. His maternal grandparents were Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza, Admiral of Castile and Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala, 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte.
Ferdinand had one younger sister:
Juana of Aragon (1455 – 1517), married Ferdinando I, King of Naples (his second wife), had one daughter
Ferdinand had four half-siblings from his father’s first marriage to Blanche of Navarre:
Carlos, Prince of Viana (1421 – 1461), married Agnes of Cleves, no children
Juana of Aragon (1423 – 1425), died in childhood
Blanche II, (titular) Queen of Navarre (1424 – 1464), married King Enrique IV of Castile and León, no children, marriage was annulled
Leonor, Queen of Navarre (1426 – 1479), married Gaston IV, Count of Foix, had eleven children, Leonor and Gaston’s granddaughter Germaine of Foix was the second wife of Ferdinand King II of Aragon
Ferdinand’s paternal uncle Alfonso V, King of Aragon had no children, so upon his death in 1458, Ferdinand’s father became Juan II, King of Aragon. Ferdinand’s much older half-brother Carlos was, by primogeniture, heir to the throne of Aragon. However, Carlos and his father Juan II were always in conflict, and Juan II did not Carlos to succeed him. In 1461, 40-year-old Carlos suddenly died and nine-year-old Ferdinand was now his father’s undisputed heir. However, there were suspicions that Juana Enriquez, Carlos’ stepmother and Ferdinand’s mother had poisoned Carlos.
In the neighboring Kingdom of Castile and León, now part of Spain, Ferdinand’s first cousin Enrique IV was King of Castile and León. Because there were doubts about the paternity of Joanna la Beltraneja, the daughter of Enrique IV’s second wife (his first marriage had been childless), it seemed likely that Enrique IV’s much younger half-sister Isabella of Castile and León would succeed him. Ferdinand’s father Juan II, King of Aragon thought a marriage to Isabella, who was Ferdinand’s second cousin, would be a good idea.
Isabella’s half-brother Enrique IV, King of Castile and León, made several unsuccessful attempts to marry Isabella to grooms of his choice. His half-sister was resistant and a few of the intended grooms died. When Isabella reached the age of eighteen, she decided she wanted to choose her own husband. She chose Ferdinand of Aragon. Without her half-brother’s knowledge, Isabella contacted Ferdinand through Abraham Seneor, who would become her longtime advisor, and marriage arrangements were made.
Fearing that Enrique IV would disrupt the marriage plans, Isabella made the excuse of wanting to visit the burial place of her brother in Ávila. She then traveled to Valladolid. Ferdinand disguised himself as a muleteer for some merchants and secretly traveled with a few companions to Valladolid. On October 19, 1469, Isabella and Ferdinand were married at the Palacio de los Vivero in Valladolid.
Through the marriages of their five children, Isabella and Ferdinand’s grandchildren were the monarchs or consorts of Bohemia and Hungary; Denmark, Sweden, and Norway; England; France, the Holy Roman Empire; Portugal; and Spain.
Ferdinand and Isabella had five children:
Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias from 1497–1498 (1470 – 1498), married (1) Prince Afonso of Portugal, no children (2) Prince Manuel, the future King Manuel I of Portugal, had one son Miguel da Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who died before his second birthday; Isabella died giving birth to Miguel
Juan of Aragon, Prince of Asturias (1478 – 1497), married Margaret of Austria, no children
Juana I, Queen of Castile, Queen of Aragon (1479 – 1555), married Philip of Austria (the Handsome), Duke of Burgundy, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Mary, Duchess of Burgundy; had six children, all of whom were kings or queens consorts: Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Portugal and Queen of France; Holy Roman Emperor Charles V/King Carlos I of Spain; Isabella of Austria, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; Mary, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia; Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal
Maria of Aragon (1482 – 1517), married King Manuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella; had ten children including King João III of Portugal and Cardinal-King Henrique I of Portugal
Catalina (Catherine) of Aragon (1485 – 1536), married (1) Arthur, Prince of Wales, no children (2) Arthur’s younger brother King Henry VIII of England, had one surviving child Queen Mary I of England
When Enrique IV, King of Castile and León died in 1474, his half-sister succeeded him as Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León. According to the prenuptial agreement signed at the time of Isabella’s marriage to the future Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, the couple would share their power. Ferdinand became jure uxoris (by the right of his wife) King of Castile and León when Isabella succeeded her brother. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union.
Ferdinand and Isabella carefully considered the marriages of their children. Their only son and heir Juan, Prince of Asturias married a Habsburg princess, Margaret of Austria, establishing the connection to the Habsburgs. Their eldest child Isabella married King Manuel I of Portugal and another daughter Juana married a Habsburg prince, Philip of Austria (the Handsome), brother of Margaret of Austria. However, Isabella and Ferdinand’s plans for their two eldest children did not work out. Their only son Juan, Prince of Asturias, died shortly after his marriage. Their daughter Isabella died during the birth of her only child Miguel da Paz, who died shortly before his second birthday. Isabella and Ferdinand’s crowns ultimately passed to their third child Juana and their son-in-law Philip of Austria from the House of Habsburg. Juana and Philip’s son Carlos (also known as Charles) became the first King of a united Spain, and also Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, and Lord of the Netherlands, and held many other titles.
Ferdinand and Isabella made successful dynastic matches for their two youngest daughters. The death of their eldest child Isabella necessitated her husband King Manuel I of Portugal to remarry, and Ferdinand and Isabella’s third daughter Maria became the second of his three wives. Maria gave birth to ten children including two Kings of Portugal. Ferdinand and Isabella’s youngest child Catherine (Catalina in Spanish) of Aragon, married Arthur, Prince of Wales, the eldest son and heir of King Henry VII of England. Arthur’s early death resulted in Catherine becoming the first of the six wives of his younger brother King Henry VIII of England. Although King Henry VIII was dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, their only surviving child Mary was a reigning Queen of England.
Isabella and Ferdinand’s support of Christopher Columbus in his search for the West Indies would result in the conquest of the discovered lands and the creation of the Spanish Empire. In 1478, Isabella and Ferdinand established the Spanish Inquisition to maintain the Roman Catholic religion in their kingdoms. The Spanish Inquisition was originally intended to identify heretics among those who had converted from Judaism and Islam to Catholicism. In 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand conquered the Islamic Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, in today’s southern Spain, and issued the Alhambra Decree which ordered the mass expulsion of Jews from Spain. Because of their defense of the Roman Catholic Church in Castile and León and Aragon, Isabella and Ferdinand were given the Latin title Rex Catholicissimus (Most Catholic King or Most Catholic Majesty) by Pope Alexander VI in 1494. Thereafter, they used the Spanish title Los Reyes Católicos, generally translated as “The Catholics Monarchs”. It is still a title maintained by the Spanish monarchy but neither King Juan Carlos I (reigned 1975 – 2014, abdicated in favor of his son), nor his son Felipe VI, the current King of Spain, have made use of the title, but they have not renounced it either.
In the fall of 1504, Isabella became quite ill and officially withdrew from government affairs. On November 26, 1504, Isabella died at the age of 53. In her will, Isabella requested a simple burial at the Monastery of San Francisco in the Alhambra royal complex in Granada. She also further stated that she “wanted and commanded” that if Ferdinand “chooses to buried in any church or monastery of any other part or place of my kingdoms, that my body be moved there and buried together.” Isabella’s remains were later transferred to the Royal Chapel of Granada which was built after her death.
After the death of Isabella, her daughter Juana became Queen of Castile and León but Ferdinand II, King of Aragon proclaimed himself Governor and Administrator of Castile and León. In 1506, Juana’s husband Philip of Habsburg became King of Castile and León jure uxoris (by the right of his wife) as Philip I, initiating the rule of the Habsburgs in the Spanish kingdoms which would last until 1700. However, Philip’s rule lasted only from July 12, 1506 to September 25, 1506, when he died suddenly, apparently of typhoid fever. Despite being the ruling Queen of Castile, Juana had no real role during her reign. After Philip’s death, Ferdinand convinced the parliament that Juana was too mentally ill to govern, and was appointed her guardian and regent of Castile and León. Juana was confined in the Royal Convent of Santa Clara in Tordesillas under the orders of her father.
After his death, Ferdinand was concerned that his Kingdom of Aragon would pass into the hands of the House of Habsburg. This could be prevented by the birth of a male heir to Ferdinand, who would displace his half-sister Juana in the order of succession to the throne of Aragon. As part of an alignment with the Kingdom of France, Ferdinand agreed to marry Germaine of Foix, a daughter of Jean de Foix, Count of Étampes, Viscount of Narbonne and Marie of Orléans, and a niece of King Louis XII of France and hoped that Germaine would give birth to a son.
On October 19, 1506, 18-year-old Germaine married 54-year-old Ferdinand by proxy in Blois, Kingdom of France. Six months later, Germaine traveled to Dueñas in the Kingdom of Castile and León, where she met her husband Ferdinand for the first time, amid great celebrations. The marriage was accepted in Ferdinand’s Kingdom of Aragon but it was poorly received by the people of the Kingdom of Castile and León who saw Ferdinand’s marriage to Germaine as a betrayal of their late queen, his first wife Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León. On May 3, 1509, Germaine gave birth to a son, Infante Juan of Aragon, Prince of Girona, who died shortly after his birth. Had he survived, the crown of Aragon would have been separated from the crown of Castile and León. There were no further children from the marriage.
On January 23, 1516, Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, died at the age of 63 and was buried next to his first wife Isabella at the Royal Chapel of Granada as Isabella requested. In his will, Ferdinand named his daughter Juana and her eldest son Carlos (also known as Charles in history) as his co-heirs.
However, Juana would never really reign as she would not be released from her confinement until her death on April 12, 1555, aged 75. It would be 16-year-old Carlos who would reign. Ferdinand even stated in his will that Carlos should be considered of legal age, despite being a minor, with the express purpose of Carlos reigning immediately. When Juana died in 1555, it resulted in the personal union of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, as her son Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, among many other titles, also became King of Castile and León, and Aragon, effectively creating the Kingdom of Spain. Carlos I was not only the first King of a united Spain and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, he was also Charles I, Archduke of Austria, and Charles II, Lord of the Netherlands, among many other titles.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516)
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Ferdinand II king of Aragon (1479–1516). He was the fourth king of the Trastámara dynasty, which had first come to power after the Compromise of Caspe, reached after Martin I died with no living descendants in 1410. Although in terms of artistic patronage Ferdinand II was not as active as his wife Elisabeth I, he was still aware that the wise use of artistic commissions in reinforcing ideas and concepts favourable to the institution of the monarchy. He is a highly important figure in the history of Spain because, along with Elisabeth, he was one of the Catholic Monarchs and thus represents a new conception of power based on their joint governance, a fact that is reflected in the iconography found in his artistic commissions across all genres. All of the images are evidence of how King Ferdinand, at the end of the Middle Ages, wanted to be recognised by his subjects, who also used his image for legitimising and propagandistic purposes. Nobody else in the history of the Hispanic kingdoms had their image represented so many times and on such diverse occasions as did the Catholic Monarchs.
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Department of History and Art History, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Tarragona, Spain
Encyclopedia 2021, 1(4), 1182-1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040089
Submission received: 27 August 2021 / Revised: 12 October 2021 / Accepted: 21 October 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography)
Definition
:
Ferdinand II king of Aragon (1479–1516). He was the fourth king of the Trastámara dynasty, which had first come to power after the Compromise of Caspe, reached after Martin I died with no living descendants in 1410. Although in terms of artistic patronage Ferdinand II was not as active as his wife Elisabeth I, he was still aware that the wise use of artistic commissions in reinforcing ideas and concepts favourable to the institution of the monarchy. He is a highly important figure in the history of Spain because, along with Elisabeth, he was one of the Catholic Monarchs and thus represents a new conception of power based on their joint governance, a fact that is reflected in the iconography found in his artistic commissions across all genres. All of the images are evidence of how King Ferdinand, at the end of the Middle Ages, wanted to be recognised by his subjects, who also used his image for legitimising and propagandistic purposes. Nobody else in the history of the Hispanic kingdoms had their image represented so many times and on such diverse occasions as did the Catholic Monarchs.
1. Introduction to the Reign of Ferdinand II
Ferdinand II was not destined to be king, he was born after the second marriage of Johan II of Aragon (1458–1479) to Juana Enriquez, and was the king’s second son. The crown should have gone to Charles, Prince of Viana and son of Blanche of Navarra. However, the clashes and hostilities convulsing the kingdom meant that the Aragonese Cortes of 1461 decided that the second son should succeed to the throne. The climate remained convulsive until the death of Johan II, when Ferdinand was unanimously accepted. All of his subjects, including the Catalans, pinned their hopes on him.
On 5 March 1469 Elisabeth, who had been proclaimed heir to the crown of Castile in the Treaty of Toros de Guisando, signed the Capitulations of Cervera, which meant she entered into a marriage agreement with the heir of Aragon, Ferdinand. Together and as equals their reign was to be one of the most important in the history of Spain and would mark the future of the peninsular kingdoms. Ferdinand’s concern for the defence of Christianity was internationally recognised; he was commemorated as “Ferdinand, the Catholic King, propagator of the Christian empire”, in the inscription accompanying his wreathed portrayal in the Vatican stanzas painted by the famous Rafael.
Under the Catholic Monarchs Spanish national unity was still de facto rather than de jure; nevertheless, their reign was central to the history of Spain and the creation of the modern nation (on just the subject of his kingdom, see [1,2,3,4,5,6]). The death of Ferdinand II ushered in a new era in the history of the kingdom of Aragon with the accession of Charles I of Spain and V of Germany, a member of the Habsburg dynasty who assumed the government of Castile, Navarre and Aragon and came to personify one of the most powerful kingdoms in modern times.
2. Character, Appearance and Artistic Patronage
We do not have in-depth knowledge of the king’s character and appearance despite the information provided by chroniclers and travellers who alluded to him. Perhaps Hernando del Pulgar’s physical description is the most accurate: “he was a man of medium height, well-proportioned in his limbs, in the features of his well-composed face, his eyes smiling, his hair tight and smooth [...]. His speech was even, neither hurried nor too slow. He was of good understanding and very temperate in eating and drinking, and in the movements of his person [...] neither anger nor pleasure altered him [...]. He was a great hunter of birds, and a man of good effort and a hard worker in war [...]. And he had a singular grace that anyone who spoke with him immediately esteemed him and wished to serve him [...]” [7].
He was seduced by pieces of jewellery, especially if they had diamonds and rubies. Some of these pieces were made by famous silversmiths, the records showing that there were as many as eight in his service, one of whom was Jewish [8]. He enjoyed showing off his jewellery and on one occasion he even survived an attack in Barcelona on 7 December 1492 because the width of his necklace prevented the knife of his would-be assassin, Joan de Canyamàs, from penetrating deep enough to kill him. The episode was recorded in the margin of two pages of the Dietari del Consell de la Ciutat de Barcelona (Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat, Barcelona. Ms. A-359), perhaps by the scribe Marc Bosquets, who details the event and the punishment suffered by the attacker [9] (authorship proposed by [10]; analysis of drawings in [11]). It is surprising to learn that he was illiterate, although as a Renaissance prince he did much to promote culture, as did his wife Elisabeth. It is said that he inspired Machiavelli’s work “The Prince” (among others, [12]).
Both Ferdinand and Elisabeth exploited the royal image and increased its prestige through court ceremonials, panegyrics, and iconography, for which they used novel, rich and varied artistic forms which were open to Renaissance trends, although without excluding the late Gothic, Islamic and Mudejar styles, which persisted in architecture, objects and everyday settings. Their image proliferated in various media, accompanied by extensive inscriptions, heraldry, and the use of devices such as the yoke and arrows to allude to the names of the monarchs, and the Gordian knot, related to the motto of tanto monta that summed up the equality between them as heads of government. Ferdinand II was aware that art was the most visible sign of his power and he always commissioned works in conjunction with his wife, to the extent that once he was widowed, he continued with the works they had planned or begun. He should be considered one of the great patrons of the Hispanic Middle Ages, and although he was served by artists of lesser status than those who worked for his wife, one can still find renowned names such as the painters Tomás Giner, Miguel Ximénez and Hernando del Rincón, the silversmith Jaume Aymerich, the miniaturist Alonso Ximènez and the sculptors Gil Morlanes and Domenico Fancelli (the following studies by Joaquín Yarza are essential reading [13,14,15,16,17]).
3. Elements of a Legal Nature: Coins and Seals
3.1. Coins
Fernando II continued with the previous coins types, although he also opened a new period that led to new types and iconography. The result of the new artistic experiences was the integration of his portrait into his dies, something unusual in the numismatic trajectory of the kings of Aragon.
Continuing the policy of his predecessors, he unified the values of the traditional coins in all his territories. He generalised the use of the ducat or ducat d’or, also called the excelente in the Valencian mint [18] (Figure 1). With a diversity of dies according to their denominations and places of issue, the hitherto consecrated profile of bust/shield contrasts with the introduction of the new typology F or F and Y crowned/shield and, above all, with the original representation of the busts facing each other/shield.
The crowned initials, perhaps originating from the miniature [19], had precedents in Castile and Leon (see variants in [20]), although they can also be seen in the coinage of Johan II, father of Ferdinand, king consort of Navarra (in his blancas and medias blancas of made of copper and silver alloy. The Prince of Viana also minted gruesos with his crowned initial. See [21]). The iconography of the images facing each other: “with the face of us and of the most honourable queen our wife”, ordered by Ferdinand in his commission to García Gomis, regent of the mint of Valencia in 1488 [22], also had more immediate precedents in Castile. It arose from the reform generated by the Ordinance of 1475, which established this gold coin and stipulated that it had to display the frontal busts of the kings, their names, and the titles of their kingdoms, while silver coins were introduced featuring the coat of arms of the yoke and arrows and the aforementioned crowned initials. For the first time, both monarchs were depicted together on the coinage of Seville, thus reflecting the new governmental model (on the monetary reforms of 1475 and 1497, which confirm the concept of two-headed government, see [23,24]). After Elisabeth’s death in 1504, this coin underwent modifications; the effigy of the queen on the obverse and the arms of Castile and Leon on the reverse would disappear. The new coins would advertise Ferdinand’s new status, with the Castilians referring to him disparagingly as catalanote and insisting that he was only king of Aragon. They would feature the traditional bust of the king on the obverse and a crowned lozenge with the arms of Aragon on the reverse [25]. It was a brief minting; with the death of Philip I, Ferdinand II regained control of Castile, meaning that his coins also returned to their previous imagery.
The doble castellano or dineral, which features the enthroned sovereigns on the obverse, was a new introduction in the Iberian Peninsula. Its iconography had been established in the Royal Decree of 1475 [26,27,28] and was new in the Hispanic territories. Undoubtedly, the collecting ancient coins and medals by the high dignitaries of the court led to knowledge of this typology, typical of Byzantine coinage until the 13th century, and which also reflected the political reality of the joint-government established by the two monarchs (details on the iconography on the coinage of Ferdinand II, also outside the peninsular kingdoms, see [11], pp. 19–32).
3.2. Seals
Ferdinand II continued to use certain earlier typologies, as is evidenced by his main seals, which are almost identical to those of John II except for details and legends [29]. Leaving aside his minor seals, all of which are heraldic, his bulls are particularly interesting, these being two types of metallic stamp of varying dimensions. The first is the traditional one: equestrian/heraldic, although on the reverse the Saracen heads are face-on and crowned. The second has a new feature: the obverse depicts the equestrian sovereign and the reverse the enthroned queen (Figure 2).
On the obverse, surrounded by + FERDINANDVS: DEI: GRACIA: REX: CASTELE: LEGIONIS : ARAGONVM : ET SEC, we can see the king mounted on his horse, which is facing either right or left and appears less light of foot than its predecessors because its protective coverings are more rigid. Perhaps this is because of the need to incorporate the complex arms of the Catholics Monarchs and would also explain why the rider’s shield is unemblazoned. On the reverse, encircled by + HELISABET: DEI GRA: REGINA: CASTELLE: LEGIONIS ARAGONVM: ET SECILIE, the queen is enthroned and accompanied by a shield displaying an emblem identical to that of the rider’s coat of arms. There are numerous pieces, and with slight variations; some of them betray elements of the new trends in monumental sculpture at the time, referred to by some as plateresco because of its connections with works in precious metals.
Although they invert the iconographic order (equestrian/ enthroned), the traditionalism of these pieces, in accordance with the models of the Crown of Aragon, should not deceive: these bulls represent the first appearance of the royal couple on the same seal, thus providing a visual depiction, as seen on their coins, of their joint governance.
4. Instrumental Character of Art
4.1. Government Images
It is striking to note the virtual absence of any images of Ferdinand showing him exercising his ministry, in sede maiestatis, a pose so common among his predecessors. During his reign, emblems became so prominent that they pervaded coins and seals, and came to occupy the place of the effigies of the sovereign who, alone or in the company of notaries, scribes or members of the court, in initials or in separate vignettes, attested or validated the document they headed. The transposition of numismatic and sigillographic models to miniatures continued to be common, as is illustrated on fol. 2r of the Privilegios de la Santa Cruz de Valladolid, from 1484 (preserved in the Biblioteca de la Universidad, Valladolid, doc. 9), which derives from the excelentes or medio excelentes (see [14], p. 454 and [11], pp. 43–44), to cite one example.
4.2. The King as Caput Milicie
King Ferdinand was the object of adulation by patrons, private individuals or members of secular and religious institutions. This can be seen, for example, in the most outstanding artistic project undertaken by Cardinal Mendoza, namely, the lower stalls of Toledo Cathedral. In this work, the cardinal exalted Ferdinand and Elisabeth in a remarkable manner (Figure 3) by also extolling himself for his close collaboration with them in the war against Granada. Chiseled by Rodrigo Aleman between 1489–1495, it was begun before the conclusion of the campaign, which demonstrates its patron’s conviction that this holy war would have a successful outcome [30,31,32]. The fact that the cardinal is depicted seven times, six times with the king and once with both monarchs, is evidence of the benefit to be gained from appearing in effigy alongside the Catholic Monarchs (see, [11], p. 56).
Having become analogous with the Reconquista as noted Müntzer (according to [30], p. 16), Ferdinand and Elisabeth are depicted in triumphal scenes, mostly showing city authorities surrendering and handing over their keys, or the entry of the sovereign into subjugated towns, although sometimes other anecdotal episodes are sculpted, which the sculptor may have learnt about as the war progressed. The presence of this military chronicle in a cathedral setting can be explained by the fact that the war with Granada was not only a political act but was also a crusade blessed by God [33] (see, also, [14], p. 456 and [11], pp. 54–93).
4.3. Devotional Images
During the reign of Ferdinand II, the use of devotional objects as vehicles for political propaganda continued. Although there are precedents, the use of iconography as a pretext or structure under which complex symbolic programmes were concealed became systematised and generalised.
Exemplary in this respect are the Plasencia stalls by master craftsman Rodrigo Aleman, who was contracted by the representatives of the cathedral chapter on 7 June 1497 (Figure 4). The two chairs at the ends of the stalls, together with the central one for St Peter, are the largest and stand on a special base that gives their occupants a commanding view and, at the same time, allows them to be easily seen (see [33], p. 104 and [34]). Both present inlays of the Catholic Monarchs, who had the prerogative of accessing the choir as honorary canons and collecting the corresponding ratione -prebend or benefice-, a custom that spread in the late Middle Ages probably due to the more direct intervention of kings in ecclesiastical affairs (see [35,36]. The chairs’ dimensions and position on high, similar to that of the venerable Peter, place the monarchs in a glorious spatial environment, a new visual sign of their supposed sacredness that the monarchs so longed for (see [14], p. 467).
The monarchy’s desire to make its presence felt in the religious sphere was manifested in other developments, as is illustrated by the portals of the monastery of Santa Cruz in Segovia, the church of El Paular, the most problematic portal of the cloister of Segovia Cathedral (descriptions and problems in [11], pp. 118–124), and the well-known portal of Santa Engracia in Saragossa (Figure 4). The latter was commenced by Ferdinand II’s father, Johan II, who, after entrusting himself to the saint, had his sight restored after a cataract operation in 1468 [37,38,39]. When John II realized that he would not be able to complete it, he commissioned Ferdinand to do so, given that he “liked to see the designs, because he had a taste for architecture” [40]. To this end, Ferdinand II wrote, on 8 May 1493, that “the work on the Aljafería should cease and everything that was to be spent there should be redirected to the work on Santa Engracia” [41]. Catalogued as one of the earliest examples of a Renaissance doorway in Spain, and executed by the Morlanes family, its iconography features several elements, including the monarchs, the ancient cults of the sanctuary, symbols of the order that took over the monastery, and the connotations underlying the form and ornamentation of the triumphal arch that constituted the doorway. It was a showcase of intentions at a time when the king sought to dignify his image, which had deteriorated in Catalonia due to the civil war against his father, and in Castile, where his power was questioned by the nobility (see [8], p. 64). Some believe the effigy of the king is a portrait, either because of a sculpture that was kept in the sacristy of the monastery or because Gil Morlanes the Elder maintained a close personal relationship with the monarchs [42] (see, also [37], p. 13).
The images depicting the king as protector and restorer of the Church, and as an exemplary and just devotee, mostly together with his wife, are very common. This can be seen in the doorway of the collegiate church of Daroca, which dates to around 1482–1488, proof of his predilection for important sanctuaries, in this case dedicated to the Sagrados Corporales, to which he allocated resources for their restoration and embellishment [43,44] (see, also, [8], p. 79). Another example is the anonymous Piedad de los Reyes Católicos in the cathedral of Granada, perhaps an ex-voto donated by the monarchs on their second entry into the city on 5 January 1492 [45], or the Mater Omnium of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, from around 1485 by Diego de la Cruz and his workshop, the result of the imposition of Leonor Mendoza as abbess, despite the opposition of the community. In a context of tension, the abbess or her uncle, the famous cardinal, endowed the monastery with a work that showed the union within the community and its links with the royalty, who had extended such favours towards it [46] (and [14], p. 465).
Other religiously and politically significant representations are those that allude to religious orthodoxy and spiritual renewal. One of the most illustrative works is the famous panel of the Virgen de los Reyes Católicos of Saint Thomas of Avila (nowadays in Museo del Prado, Madrid), from around 1490 and closely related to the Holy Inquisition [47] (Figure 5). The institution was lauded by the monarchy because, in addition to looking after the interests of the Church, it enabled the monarchs to wield unquestioned power in each of their kingdoms (see [4], pp. 134–135). The attention to detail and the coincidence with the descriptions of these monarchs leads us to think that their portraits were painted in their presence or from sketches of them taken during their lives [48] (see, also, [42], p. 51). What is certain is that this panel is an indication that the Inquisition had royal and divine approval [49]: not only do the two patron saints of the convent appear, but alongside the kings are two other Dominican inquisitors, Pedro de Arbués, martyred in Saragossa by opponents of the Inquisition, and Tomás de Torquemada, who was prior of the monastery (according to [8], pp. 35–38; [48], planche LVIII and [50]). This panel, an early court portrait that is predominantly devotional in character, is propaganda in defence of the Court of the Holy Office, a fact that is corroborated by the presence of its most prominent members (one of whom was martyred for its cause) and of the sovereigns (who worked so hard for its reinstatement).
5. A New Artistic Genre at Court: Portraiture
Portraiture was introduced at court in the time of the Catholic Monarchs. In addition to the aforementioned early portraits in the Virgen de los Reyes, the Mater Omnium and, in sculpture, on the façade of Santa Engracia, there were other examples, such as the portrayals that appeared in some scenes of the Políptico de Isabel la Católica (this set contained 47 little panels), of which 28 panels have survived, two with effigies of Ferdinand II. Perhaps his painter, John of Flanders, used this work as a pretext to paint the kings from life [51,52].
This genre reflected, in image and likeness, the true portrait of the king [53]. The institutional framework in which the monarch wanted to be seen, with the insignia of his status, was no longer important; instead he wanted a faithful record of his appearance. Earlier attempts had been made: John I (1387–1396) in 1388 tried to hire Jacques Coene after learning of his skills in depicting particular faces [54]. Ferdinand II also lamented his attempt to secure the hand in marriage of the Neapolitan Infanta for his son John, which failed because he lacked a painter of sufficient quality to be able to send a suitable likeness of him (see [14], p. 444 and [55]).
The new genre was intended to be a mirror and record of individual features. There are 4 known examples of King Ferdinand II, practically identical and following the compositional formula of the Flemish portrait in the 15th century: the Windsor portrait, from around 1490–1500; the Vienna portrait, of the same date; the Berlin portrait, after 1492; and the Poitiers portrait, of the same date [56,57] (see, also, [11], chap. VI (Figure 6).
The greatest similarities are to be found between the Windsor and Vienna portraits (the other two being simpler), the differences being limited to the colour of the clothes and the necklaces on his chest. These similarities suggest that they were not painted from life; moreover, the precision of the details and features of the king’s adult face indicate that portraiture as an independent genre had become fully established in the Iberian Peninsula, an art form hitherto almost unknown in Spain.
6. Conclusions
Ferdinand II is one of the great personalities related to the image of the king of Aragon. Firstly, a new conception of power based on joint government with Elisabeth was witnessed and reflected in the iconography in all artistic genres, with the most representative media being seals and coins, stamped at their behest and whose surfaces shared, for the first time, the effigies of both kings. Secondly, the Catholic Monarchs were the object of adulation on the part of the artistic patrons among their subjects, whether these were private individuals or members of secular or religious institutions, and they personified the exaltation of the monarchy to a hitherto unseen extent, although always in keeping with the clear instrumental nature of the artistic projects, including those promoted by the monarchs themselves. Regarded as caput milicie and true defenders of the faith, which earned them the nickname of the Catholic Monarchs, they continued the already established use of sacred works as true vehicles of political propaganda, and under their rule the use of iconography as a pretext or structure for concealing complex symbolic ideas became systematic and generalized.
Funding
This research was funded by Edificis i Escenaris religiosos medievals a la Corona d’Aragó, [2017 SGR 1724]. Generalitat de Catalunya-AGAUR.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Entry Link on the Encyclopedia Platform
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Figure 1. Coins of Fernando I. (a). Ducat of Valencia, with F, obverse; (b). Ducat of Valencia, with F and Y crowned, obverse and reverse; (c). Doble ducat or Excelente of Valencia, obverse and reverse. All from https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=sale&sid=359&cid=10127 (accessed on 20 October 2021); (d). Doble ducat, obverse and reverse. From https://www.numismaticodigital.com/noticia/5525/ultima-hora/hoy-seleccion-500-de-aureo&calico-en-barcelona.html (accessed on 20 October 2021); (e). Doble castellano or dineral, obverse. From https://aureocalico.bidinside.com/es/lot/2010/reyes-catlicos-sevilla-doble-castellano-/ (accessed on 20 October 2021).
Figure 2. Lead Bulls of the Catholic Monarchs. Undated. Published by [29], nums. 112, 131.
Figure 3. Diagram of the sillería with its protagonists. 1489–1495. Detail of the stalls: 17. Attempt against the Monarchs in Malaga; 36. Surrender of Vera; 27. Handing over the keys of Granada. Published by [30].
Figure 4. The Catholic Monarchs in the Plasencia cathedral stalls. 1497–1503. Published by [35] vol. II, p. 138; Santa Engracia monastery. 1514–1516. General view and detail of the Reyes Católicos. Published by [8], p. 239.
Figure 5. Virgen de los Reyes Católicos. c. 1490. Published by Bango, I. Dir.; Maravillas, vol. II, p. 184.
Figure 6. Fernando II portraits: Palacio Real, Windsor Castle. c. 1490–1500. Published by [55], planche VI; Kunsthistorishes Museum, Viena. c. 1490–1500. Published by Schütz, K.; Vitale, A. Anonimo fiammingo. Rittrato di Ferdinando II di Aragona, detto il Cattolico. In: I Borgia. L’arte del potere. Electa: Roma, Italy, 2002, p. 10; Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin. Post. 1492. Published by Reyes y mecenas, p. 375; Museum of Poitiers. Published by Fernández, Fernando, p. 373.
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Serrano-Coll, M. Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516). Encyclopedia 2021, 1, 1182-1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040089
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Serrano-Coll M. Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516). Encyclopedia. 2021; 1(4):1182-1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040089
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Serrano-Coll, Marta. 2021. "Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516)" Encyclopedia 1, no. 4: 1182-1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040089
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https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/king-henry-ii-of-castile/
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King Henry II of Castile
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Posts about King Henry II of Castile written by liamfoley63
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European Royal History
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https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/king-henry-ii-of-castile/
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The Spanish Succession
King Fernando II of Aragon was the son of King Juan II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez, a daughter of Fadrique Enríquez and Mariana Fernández de Córdoba, 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. Born in Torrelobatón, Juana Enríquez was a great-great-granddaughter of King Alfonso XI of Castile.
The marriage between Juana Enriquez and King Juan II of Aragon was arranged because King Juan II wished to ally himself with the powerful noble faction she belonged to, a faction which had major power in Castile at the time. They were engaged in 1443, but the marriage was delayed. The wedding finally took place in 1447.
King Fernando II of Aragon’s future wife, Infanta Isabella of Castile, was the daughter of King Juan II of Castile and his second wife, Infanta Isabella of Portugal, who was born as a scion of a collateral branch of the Aviz Dynasty that had ruled Portugal since 1385.
Infanta Isabella of Portugal’s parents were Infante João, Constable of Portugal, the youngest surviving son of King João I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster, the eldest child of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and Blanche of Lancaster.
Infanta Isabella of Portugal was married to King Juan II of Castile as his second wife. His first wife, Infanta Maria of Aragon, had given him four children, though only one, the future King Enrique IV of Castile, had survived into adulthood. Infanta Maria of Aragon was the daughter of King Fernando I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque.
Incidentally, to complicate this already complicated genealogy, Infanta Constance of Castile (1354 – 1394) was a claimant to the Crown of Castile. She was the daughter of King Pedro I of Castile and María de Padilla, who was deposed and killed by his half-brother, King Enrique II of Castile. Constance of Castile married the English prince, John of Gaunt, as his second wife, who fought to obtain the throne of Castile in her name, but ultimately failed.
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https://wiki.kidzsearch.com/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon
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Ferdinand II of Aragon Facts for Kids
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Ferdinand II of Aragon facts. Ferdinand II the Catholic (
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Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon by his second wife, the Aragonese noblewoman Juana Enriquez. He married Infanta Isabella, the sister by a different mother of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Ocaña. He became Ferdinand V of Castile when Isabella succeeded her brother as Queen of Castile in 1474. The two young monarchs had to begin with a civil war against Juana, princess of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), who claimed to be the daughter of Henry IV. They won. Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479. This meant the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union. For the first time since the 8th century this created a single political unit which came to be called Spain, although the various territories were not administered as a single unit until the 18th century.
The first decades of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule were taken up with the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, the last Muslim bit of Al-Andalus. This was completed by 1492 and then the Jews were expelled from both Castile and Aragon. The royal couple sent Christopher Columbus on his expedition which discovered the New World. By the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, the extra-European world was split between the crowns of Portugal and Castile by a north-south line through the Atlantic Ocean.
Ferdinand was busy in the last decades of his life with the so-called Italian Wars. He was fighting with the Kings of France for control of Italy. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Ferdinand's cousin, Alfonso II, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand's alliance with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I, expelled the French by 1496 and installed Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and his succession by his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII. Louis had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, and they agreed to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart, and over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba conquered Naples from the French, by 1504. Another less famous "conquest" took place in 1502, when Andreas Paleologus, de jure Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, left Ferdinand and Isabella as heirs to the empire, thus Ferdinand became de jure Roman Emperor.
After Isabella's death, her kingdom went to her daughter Joanna. Ferdinand served as the her regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son Charles of Ghent only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom.
In 1508, war resumed in Italy, this time against Venice. All the other powers on the peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the Holy League was formed, in which all the powers now joined together against France.
In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against France. Earlier that year, Ferdinand had conquered the southern half of the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled by a French nobleman, and annexed it to Spain. At this point to reinforce his claim to the kingdom, Ferdinand remarried with the much younger Germaine of Foix (1490–1538), a granddaughter of Queen Leonor of Navarre. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later.
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Catherine of Aragón’s 9 Siblings Ranked Oldest To Youngest
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2023-01-14T05:03:00+00:00
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Discover the Catherine of Aragón’s 9 Siblings Ranked Oldest To Youngest here. Prepare to be transported into a rich & fascinating history on the that exist.
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en
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Oldest.org
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https://www.oldest.org/people/catherine-of-aragons-siblings/
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Catherine of Aragón is one of the world’s most famous female historical figures. She served as Queen of England and was the first wife of King Henry VIII.
Catherine was born to Ferdinand II of Aragón and Isabella I of Castile and grew up in Spain with her many siblings. She had, in fact, a total of nine sisters and brothers, both illegitimate and not.
If you would like to know more about them, keep reading. Below, you will find a list of Catherine of Aragón’s siblings ranked oldest to youngest.
10. Alonso de Estrada (1470 – February 16, 1530)
Alonso de Estrada was Cathrine’s oldest brother. He was born in 1470 and was believed to be one of Ferdinand II of Aragón’s illegitimate sons.
He served as a colonial official in New Spain, a territory corresponding to today’s Mexico, the Western and Southwestern US, the Caribbean, some parts of South America, and a few territories in the Pacific Ocean archipelagos.
Alonso was one of the members of the triumvirates that governed the colony for short periods between 1524 and 1528.
Did You Know?
Alonso was married to Marina Gutiérrez de la Caballería.
9. Isabella of Aragón (October 2, 1470 – August 23, 1498)
photo source: commons.wikimedia.org
Isabella of Aragón was Catherine’s oldest sister, born in 1470. She was the first daughter of Ferdinand II, King of Aragón, and Isabella I, Queen of Castile.
The first years of Isabella’s life were embroiled in a war of succession. Because of this, her parents had to abandon her to fight the Portuguese. During this period, Isabella was in Segovia, which, following the monarchs’ departure, was governed by Andrés de Cabrera and his wife, Beatriz de Bobadilla.
Locals, however, did not like this change and organized an uprising during which Isabel, who at the time was only seven years old, was trapped in a tower until her mother’s return.
The succession war ended with the Treaty of Alcáçovas, which stated that Isabella would marry Afonso V’s grandson, who was five years younger than his soon-to-be wife.
Isabella spent the rest of her childhood accompanying her parents in several campaigns aimed at conquering the Muslim states in southern Spain.
Isabella married her first husband in 1490 and soon fell in love with him. However, the wedding ended up being short as the following year, Afonso was killed in a riding accident. Isabella soon convinced herself that her husband had died because of God’s punishment.
She, in fact, believed that this was God’s reaction caused by the decision to welcome the Jewish expelled from Spain to Portugal. After her husband’s death, Isabella was heartbroken and declared she would never marry again.
Despite this, a few years later, in 1497, she was forced to marry King Manuel I but did so on one condition. That the king agreed to expel all the Jews who did not convert to Christianity.
Did You Know?
Isabella had only one son, Miguel da Paz. Unfortunately, she died one hour after giving birth.
8. Juana de Aragón (1471 – 1522)
Juana de Aragón was born in 1471 to Ferdinand II and one of his mistresses, Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany.
Unfortunately, not much is known about her except that she died in 1522 at the age of 51.
Did You Know?
Juana only gave birth to one son, Hugo I, Duke of Gandia.
7. John, Prince of Asturias (June 30, 1478 – October 4, 1497)
photo source: commons.wikimedia.org
John was Ferdinand II and Isabella I’s first son. He was born in 1478 and unfortunately died young, at 19 years old.
John was educated by a Dominican Fray, Diego Deza, who taught Theology at the University of Salamanca. However, later in his life, the queen asked the Italian humanist Peter Martyr d’Anghiera to continue teaching the young prince.
Besides his education, Isabella I was worried that young John did not have enough male kids to play and grow up with. For this reason, she invited the sons of aristocrats to live in the court. John was a talented musician and played the flute, violin, and clavichord. He also had a fine tenor voice and often sang with his sisters.
In 1497, John married Margaret of Austria, who was only 16 years old at the time. The two ended up having a deep love connection which unfortunately ended abruptly when in 1497, John died in Salamanca, probably due to tuberculosis.
Did You Know?
Isabella I often referred to John as ‘my angel’.
6. Alonso of Aragón (August 14, 1478 – February 24, 1520)
photo source: commons.wikimedia.org
Alonso of Aragón was born in 1478 to Ferdinand II of Aragon and a Catalan noblewoman known as Aldonza Ruiz de Ivorra. He served as Archbishop of Zaragoza and Valencia.
Despite being an archbishop, Alonso was more of a politician than a clergyman. He worked as both Lieutenant General of Aragón and Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of Naples.
Did You Know?
Alonso died in Lécera and was buried in La Seo Cathedral.
5. Joanna of Castile (November 6, 1479 – April 12, 1555)
photo source: commons.wikimedia.org
Joanna of Castile was born in 1479 and, from 1504 to 1555, served as the queen of Castille. In 1516 she was also crowned queen of Aragón.
Joanna married Philip the Handsome, the Archduke of Austria. Throughout her life, she had a total of six children.
Joanna also spent several years confined in the Royal Convent of Santa Clara in Tordesillas after being declared insane.
Did You Know?
Joanna of Castile was historically known as Joanna the mad.
4. Maria of Aragón (June 29, 1482 – March 7, 1517)
photo source: wikipedia.org
Maria of Aragón was born in 1482 to Ferdinand II and Isabella I. She served as Queen of Portugal from 1500 to 1517 after marrying King Manuel I after her sister Isabella’s death.
Did You Know?
Maria was almost continually pregnant in Portugal and gave birth to ten kids. This had a deteriorating effect on her health.
3. Catherine of Aragón (December 16, 1485 – January 7, 1536)
photo source: commons.wikimedia.org
Catherine of Aragón was born in 1485 to Ferdinand II and Isabella I. She served as Queen of England from 1509 to 1533 when her husband, King Henry VIII, decided to ask for an annulment of the wedding.
However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the annulment. Consequently, King Henry VIII decided to split from the Roman Catholic Church, giving origin to the Anglican Church.
The real reasons behind the King’s requests were that Catherine had failed to give him a male heir and his infatuation with Anne Boleyn.
Following her banishment from the court, Catherine moved to Kimbolton Castle, where she died of cancer in 1536. The British were particularly fond of her, and her death caused tremendous mourning.
Did You Know?
Despite her husband’s choice to separate from the Roman Church, Catherine remained a fervent Catholic.
2. Miguel Fernández Caballero de Granada (1495 – 1575)
Miguel Fernández Caballero de Granada was born in 1495 and was one of Ferdinand II’s illegitimate sons. He was educated by Pedro Fernández de Córdoba and worked as a librarian for Francisco I, King of France. He traveled through Europe, living in Italy, where he served as Nicholas Michavelli’s secretary, and in Hungary.
In the 1520s, Miguel moved back to Spain, where he married Ángela Enríquez de Córdoba.
1. John of Aragón, Prince of Girona (May 3, 1509 – May 3, 1509)
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https://prezi.com/ilwuy72eyrb6/ferdinand-and-isabella-of-spain/
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Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
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Biological info Ferdinand II was named king of Sicily in 1468. In 1469 he married princess Isabella of Castile. 1475-1479 he struggled to take a firm seat in Castile. 1482-1492 was frantic for him. In the spring he directed the campaign against the kingdom of Grenada, winning its
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https://www.tumblr.com/everythingieverloved/167193058255/madamelamarquys-today-in-history-the-birth-of
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The birth of Joanna of Castile Juana was born on November 6, 1479, as the second daughter of Queen Isabella... – @everythingieverloved on Tumblr
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2017-11-06T12:00:16+00:00
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Today in history - The birth of Joanna of Castile
Juana was born on November 6, 1479, as the second daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Their marriage had united…
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https://assets.tumblr.com/pop/manifest/favicon-0e3d244a.ico
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Tumblr
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https://www.tumblr.com/everythingieverloved/167193058255/madamelamarquys-today-in-history-the-birth-of
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Today in history - The birth of Joanna of Castile
Juana was born on November 6, 1479, as the second daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Their marriage had united Spain. Juana was a fretful, ailing baby that slowly developed into a sullen and timid child. She was prone to moodiness and melancholy and preferred solitude. Her aloofness was often mistaken for royal dignity. Juana was well taught by the famous Italian humanists Antonio and Alessandro Gerardino. She was intelligent, serious, hardworking and pious and she read a lot of books. She conversed fluently in Latin, danced gracefully and played clavichord and guitar. In appearance she resembled her father’s mother, the beautiful Juana Enriquez, but in disposition she resembled her mother’s mother, the mad Isabel of Portugal. At the age of 16, Juana was betrothed to Philip “The Handsome” of Austria (1478-1506), only son of the Emperor Maximilian I. A fleet with approximately 22,000 persons accompanied Juana to the Low Countries in 1496. After a dangerous month at sea with 3 ships sunken, Juana disembarked suffering from seasickness and a severe cold. Philip was in no hurry to meet his bride; his sister Margaret welcomed Juana. When Juana and Philip finally met, however, it was lust at first sight - for both of them. Although they didn’t speak each other’s language, they immediately ordered the nearest cleric to wed them then and there. The cleric was hardly finished before the couple vanished into their bedroom, flung off their clothes and passionately made love. The next day a church wedding officially completed the union.
For Philip the attraction to the beautiful, dark haired Juana was carnal and little more, but Juana became totally infatuated with her husband. Philip had a large nose, long hair and an athletic figure. He was cheerful with an air of boyish zest, a jovial and gallant “Prince Charming”. His favourite pastimes were archery, the chase, and playing cards.
At 18, Philip was already ruler of the Low Countries, which he had inherited from his late mother, Mary the Rich of Burgundy. Still, his life mainly consisted of feasting, drinking and chasing women - and he had no intention to change his philandering ways. For Juana, however, only absolute togetherness would do. She was too young and inexperienced to realise that she expected too much from a politically arranged marriage. Philip’s flirtations and dalliances made her fly into jealous rages
Philip was lazy and irresponsible, and he detested arguments. Juana was irritable, haughty, touchy, and moody. Often, she was depressed and suffered from nervous fainting fits. Each time they had quarrelled, Philip punished his wife by avoiding her bedroom for days. Juana would then cry the whole night and bump up against the wall. Still, despite Philip’s flagrant unfaithfulness and the way he was treating her, Juana remained madly in love with him. In 1498, Queen Isabella I send an emissary to the Low Countries to question Juana, but she did’t tell him anything. The Spaniard sensed tension and unhappiness in her and reported to her mother that Juana was too unstable to extendany Spanish influence in the Low Countries
Juana was ignorant of the political intrigues around her, and became completely isolated at court. The women in her entourage were treated badly and many of them were in actual want, but Juana could not help them for she was kept short of money herself and Philip did nothing to help. Ultimately, the only Spaniard left was Juana’s treasurer, who used Juana’s income to bribe the Flemish. Juana spoke several languages, but she still felt lonely in an alien country, and she was mistrustful of everyone. In these circumstances Juana gave birth to Eleanor in 1498 and Charles in 1500. The heir’s birth was celebrated with great splendour and after 12 days he was baptised.
In the period 1497-1500, Juana’s elder siblings, Juan and Isabel, and Isabel’s baby son, all died, leaving Juana as heiress of Spain, Mexico, Peru and the Caribbean islands. Therefor, Juana and Philip were requested to visit Spain. After the birth of another daughter in 1501, they finally set out, leaving their children behind in Flanders. They met the French King in Blois, and didn’t arrive in Spain until early 1502. In Burgos they watched a bull fight. On arrival in Toledo, Juana threw herself in her father’s arms, and hugged and kissed him. Queen Isabella I , however, was too devout and too self-disciplined to feel much sympathy for either her overwrought daughter or her pleasure-loving son-in-law. Due to her mother’s chilly treatment, Juana’s nervousness increased. Cheerful Philip found the grim court life in Spain both tedious and trying. The sequence of religious services seemed endless, and the summer heat blazed like a furnace. To his abhorrence, the Spaniards either kept their women hidden or used formidable chaperones. Philip got the measles, too. Once he was recovered he wanted to leave as soon as possible, but Juana was pregnant again. After a violent quarrel in December 1502, Philip left Juana behind. When she learned of it, she went berserk. Juana wanted to ride after him immediately, but her mother had her locked up in castle La Mota . Juana lapsed into brooding silences, knowing that Philip, back in Flanders, would surround himself with buxom beauties.
The Spanish Sovereigns hoped that Juana’s wild moods and lamentations were due to her pregnancy, but after little Ferdinand’s birth in March 1503, Juana grew more frenzied than ever. She yelled at the servants and cursed the clerics. She wanted to return to her husband as soon as possible, but she couldn’t leave, because hostilities had broken out between Spain and France. Queen Isabella I, fearing Philip’s influence, insisted that Juana remained in Spain for a time in order to prepare for Queenship. On a cold November night Juana fled, half-clad, from the castle. When the city gate closed before her, she threw herself against the iron bars, while screaming and hurling abuses until exhaustion overtook her. She fought off all efforts to protect her against the bitter wind. She even threatened the bishop with death and torture for keeping her locked up. When her mother arrived, Juana insulted her with foul language. Eventually, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand had to let their daughter go. Leaving her son Ferdinand behind, Juana returned to Flanders in April 1504. She found out that Philip had taken a mistress and in a quarrel Juana cut off the woman’s long hair. Philip hit Juana in the face and she retired to her room, where she remained for several days. Then Juana began to use love potions and other sorceries, devised by her Moorish serving maids. In disgust Philip ordered the girls dismissed and had Juana confined to her room. In protest Juana went on a hunger strike. A few days later the pair reconciled, but soon more violent quarrels followed. During her rages, Juana would lash out at the people around her with a stick.
In November 1504, Isabella I of Castile died and Juana was proclaimed Queen of Castile. Ferdinand II of Aragon asked his officials to read to the Cortes some notes of the Spanish treasurer in Flanders, portraying Juana’s instability. The worried Cortes named Ferdinand curator. Both Philip and Ferdinand tried to persuade Juana in handing over the government to them. Meanwhile, Juana gave birth to a daughter Mary in 1505. In January 1506, Juana and Philip left for Spain to claim Juana’s inheritance, but during a storm they found safety in English waters and paid a visit to the English Court and Juana’s sister, Catherine of Aragon3. On arrival in Spain, Philip and Ferdinand used an mediator to negotiate an arrangement for the government of Castile without consulting Juana. She reacted furiously. Together the men tried to have Juana declared incompetent to rule.
In September Philip began suffering from chills and a fever. After a few days he was hardly able to swallow or speak and he sweat a lot. Juana, pregnant again, stayed constantly at his bedside and cared for him. Within six days Philip the handsome died at the age of 28. The sudden death of her beloved husband toppled the delicate mental balance of the pregnant Queen. She gave way to a storm of grief. She could scarcely bare to be parted from the corpse and continued to caress it. From then on Juana wore only black. Many people believed that Philip had been poisoned by Ferdinand of Aragon, because they had been quarrelling constantly. Juana, too, may have wondered if her ambitious, Machiavellian father had poisoned her handsome husband.
Philip’s embalmed body was temporarily interred in a monastery near Burgos. Stories were spread that the Mad Queen had the coffin opened every night and then embraced her beloved dead. In fact, Juana did have the coffin opened once and then looked at her husband’s remains, but not until five weeks after his death, as a response to rumours that his body had been stolen. When the wrappers were removed from the corpse, Juana began kissing its feet. She had to be removed from the vault with force. When Burgos was struck by a contagious disease, Juana decided to move to Torquemada. She wanted to take the coffin with her, because it was en route to Philip’s final resting place, Granada. The coffin was opened for a second time to ensure that Philip’s remains were still there. Thus, Juana had his coffin carried about on her journeying. It was guarded by an armed escort and she had ordered that females were to be kept at a distance. She travelled by night only and during the day they rested in monasteries, deliberately avoiding nunneries.
When Juana was seized with labour pains on her gloomy procession in January 1507, she refused the help of midwives and gave birth alone to a daughter, Catalina. Meanwhile, the coffin was placed in a nearby church before the altar, and Juana jealously ordered that women were forbidden to come near it. After four months she started out again with the coffin. When suddenly a storm broke, she refused to take shelter in a nunnery. Again she had the coffin opened to gaze at the smelling remains of her once handsome husband. She stopped in a little village and stayed there for some more months, keeping the coffin with her. When she received word that her father had returned from Naples, she opened the coffin a fourth time before she set out to meet her father. After his return, King Ferdinand had Juana shut away under close watch in the castle of Tordesillas. Once more, he took over the regency in her name. Juana’s elder children, Charles, Eleonor, Isabella and Mary, had been left behind in The Netherlands and found a new mother in Philip’s sister, Margaret of Austria. Juana clung desperately to her youngest daughter as a last relic of her adored husband. She thought her husband talked to her trough the prattling of her little daughter, and she guarded her jealously. She let Catalina (to the right) sleep in an alcove that could be reached only by crossing Juana’s own room. The child’s only amusement was to look out of a window, but no one dared to take the little Princess away from her hysterical mother. Two female servants kept them company.
Ferdinand, King of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearics, died early 1516 without further surviving issue. Juana’s son Charles came to Spain to claim his inheritance and took his sister Eleonor with him. First, they went to visit their mother in Tordesillas. In a tower overlooking the river Duero, Juana lived with her daughter Catalina, then 10 years old. Charles was distressed by the sorry sight of his sister, who wore a sheepskin jacket, but he, too, left her with his mother4. He wrote to their guardian: “It seems to me that the best and most suitable thing for you to do is to make sure that no person speaks with Her Majesty, for no good could come of it.” Juana’s food, usually just bread and cheese, had to be left outside her door, because she refused to eat if anyone were there to witness it.
Juana’s madness is disputed, because Juana was clearly a victim of the power-hungry men around her. Her father, husband, and son all wanted to rule Castile for her. Their descriptions of her “hysterical tantrums” can easily be explained by her passionate nature and the ruthless way she was treated by her loved ones. One wonders if they would have left her youngest daughter with her, if Juana had really been a dangerous lunatic. Surely, she was moody, melancholic, hot-tempered, irresolute and extremely jealous, but those symptoms are not factual proof of madness. On the other hand, she much resembled her mad maternal grandmother, Isabel of Portugal, and strange behaviour was a distinct feature of her in-breed descendants. After all those centuries, it is impossible to determine if Juana merely suffered from a mild personality disorder or that she was actually mad
Early 1520, Charles V paid another visit to his mother. In September rebels seized the town of Tordesillas and with it Juana la Loca. Mistrustful as always, Juana continued to ponder over their proposals and refused to sign anything. She was “released” by a sudden counter attack in December, and, again, shut away in the castle of Tordesillas. To Juana’s dismay, her daughter Catalina finally left to marry her cousin, King John III of Portugal (1502-1557), around 1525. Agitated and lonely, Juana was to survive her husband by half a century. Often she slept at the floor and refused to change clothes. She died on April 13, 1555, at the age of 75. When Charles V was informed of his mother’s death, the tiding induced his melancholy and thoughts of death. It made him advance the date of his abdication. Crippled with gout, he retired to prepare for his own departure from life. Juana and her handsome husband were reunited in death; they were interred together in the Royal Chapel in Granada.
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https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/john-ii-king-of-aragon-24-27y4m96
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John II King of Aragon, b.1432 d.1479
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John II King of Aragon born 1432 in Medina del Campo, Valladolid, Castilla-Leon, Spain genealogy record - Ancestry®.
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https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Ferdinand-and-Isabella/274289
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en
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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By their marriage in October 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiated a confederation of the two kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of…
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Britannica Kids
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https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Ferdinand-and-Isabella/274289
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By their marriage in October 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiated a confederation of the two kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain. By their support of the explorations of Christopher Columbus, they also laid the foundations for Spain’s colonies in the New World.
Ferdinand was born in Sos, Aragon, on March 10, 1452, the son of King John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez. In 1461 his father named him heir apparent and governor of his kingdoms. In 1468 he was also named king of Sicily.
Isabella was born in Madrigal, Castile, on April 22, 1451, the daughter of John II of Castile and Isabella of Portugal. The politically arranged marriage between Ferdinand and Isabella was intended to unite the two kingdoms. When Henry IV of Castile died in 1474, Isabella had herself proclaimed queen in Segovia with Ferdinand at her side as king consort. They won a war of succession against Afonso V of Portugal in 1479, the same year in which Ferdinand acceded to the throne of Aragon.
The two rulers immediately set out to reform the administration of Castile. They broke the power of the nobles and acquired all their lands. They banned all religions other than Roman Catholicism—a deed for which they earned the title Los Reyes Católicos (The Catholic Monarchs)—and obtained from the pope the right to appoint all high church dignitaries. In 1478 they established the Spanish Inquisition to enforce religious uniformity (see Inquisition). In 1492 the Inquisition was empowered to expel from the kingdom all Jews who refused to be baptized, a move to strengthen the Church and to gain its support for the crown. This move proved to be unwise, for it eventually deprived Spain of some of its most affluent, influential, and cultured citizens.
In 1482 Ferdinand began directing military campaigns against the kingdom of Granada, the last foothold of the Muslims in Spain. The Muslims were finally defeated on Jan. 2, 1492, and those who would not convert to Catholicism were expelled from Spain. The conquest of Granada left Ferdinand time to help plan and support the first voyage of Columbus across the Atlantic Ocean.
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https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/j/john_ii_of_aragon.html
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en
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John II Of Aragon - Encyclopedia
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https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/j/john_ii_of_aragon.html
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GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES
JOHN II. (1397-1479), king of Aragon, son of Ferdinand I. and of his wife Eleanor of Albuquerque, born on the 29th of June 1 397, was one of the most stirring and most unscrupulous kings of the 15th century. In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II. Till middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alphonso V., whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was engaged in incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI. of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella of Castile, which brought about the union of the crowns. His troubles with his subjects were closely connected with the tragic dissensions in his own family. John was first married to Blanche of Navarre, of the house of Evreux. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his life. But a son Charles, called, as heir of Navarre, prince of Viana, had been born of the marriage. John from the first regarded his son with jealousy, which after his second marriage with Joan Henriquez, and under her influence, grew into absolute hatred. He endeavoured to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. The cause of the son was taken up by the Aragonese, and the king's attempt to join his second wife in the lieutenant-generalship was set aside. There followed a long conflict, with alternations of success and defeat, which was not terminated till the death of the prince of Viana, perhaps by poison given him by his stepmother, in 1461. The Catalans, who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of their own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders. In conflict with these the last years of King John were spent. He was forced to pawn Rousillon, his possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to Louis XI., who refused to part with it. In his old age he was blinded by cataract, but recovered his eyesight by the operation of couching. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but John had war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbour the French king till his death on the 20th of January 1479. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already associated with his wife Isabella as joint sovereign of Castile.
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https://www.wga.hu/tours/spain/joan.html
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Joan the Mad
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Joan the Mad (b. 1479, Toledo, d. 1555, Tordesillas, Spain), queen of Castile (from 1504) and of Aragon (from 1516), though power was exercised for her by her husband, Philip I, her father, Ferdinand II, and her son, the emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain).
Joan was the third child of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and became heiress in 1500 on the death of her brother and elder sister. She had married Philip of Burgundy, son of the emperor Maximilian, as part of Ferdinand's policy of securing allies against France. They had two sons, Charles, born in 1500, who succeeded as emperor and king of Spain, and Ferdinand, his lieutenant and successor as emperor, and four daughters, all of whom became queens - Eleanor, who married Manuel I of Portugal and then Francis I of France; Elizabeth, who married Christian II of Denmark; Maria, who married Louis II of Hungary; and Catherine, who married John III of Portugal.
Her mental imbalance showed itself in 1502 in the form of extravagant, though justified, jealousy of the unfaithful Philip. On the death of her mother she returned with Philip to Castile and there claimed the regency against her father, who retired to Aragon. The shock of Philip's sudden death (Sept. 25, 1506) intensified her melancholia, and she refused to be parted from his embalmed body. Her father, Ferdinand, returned to take over the regency, and from 1509 she lived under guard at Tordesillas. On Ferdinand's death, her son Charles arrived from the Low Countries and ascertained her unfitness to rule, before taking power. She was legally queen of Spain throughout almost all of his long reign.
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https://www.ourfamtree.org/descend.php/Alfonso-XI-The-Just-King-of-Castile/31214
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en
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Descendants of Alfonso XI 'The Just' King of Castile, 13 AUG 1311 - 26 MAR 1350; Outline Format
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Descendants of Alfonso XI 'The Just' King of Castile, 13 AUG 1311 - 26 MAR 1350; Outline Format
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en
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https://www.ourfamtree.org/descend.php/Alfonso-XI-The-Just-King-of-Castile/31214
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http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/06/ferdinand-v-and-isabella-i-of-spain.html
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en
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Epic World History: Ferdinand V and Isabella I of Spain
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Christopher Columbus presenting to Queen Isabella and king Ferdinand Ferdinand (1452–1516) and Isabella (1451–1504) united Castile and ...
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http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/06/ferdinand-v-and-isabella-i-of-spain.html
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Expanding the world into first global age
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https://gw.geneanet.org/comrade28%3Flang%3Den%26n%3Denriquez%26p%3Djuana
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en
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Navigation inhabituelle
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Leader de la généalogie en France et en Europe : publiez votre arbre généalogique et recherchez vos ancêtres dans la première base de données généalogique.
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fr
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https://geneacdn.net/favicon.ico
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Geneanet
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https://gw.geneanet.org/bots/firewall?cause=suspicious_ip
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Il semblerait que vous ayez désactivé Javascript
Vous avez désactivé Javascript : son utilisation est indispensable au fonctionnement de nombreux sites, dont Geneanet. Si vous voulez pouvoir utiliser normalement le site, merci de vouloir réactiver Javascript dans les options de votre navigateur.
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https://www.facebook.com/thecatholicmonarchs/posts/rulers-from-the-house-of-trast%25C3%25A1mara-1369-15551-henry-ii-of-castile-the-bastard-o/617796451711667/
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Facebook
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https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/History/France/Person/Germaine-Foix-Queen-Consort-Aragon-1488-1538.html
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Biography of Germaine Foix Queen Consort Aragon 1488-1538
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Biography of Germaine Foix Queen Consort Aragon 1488-1538 including her birth, marriages, death and life events, life events of her siblings, and her ancestry to five generations, royal ancestors and royal descendants.
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On 19 Oct 1469 [her future husband] Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 17) and Isabella Queen Castile (age 18) were married. She by marriage Queen Consort Aragon. She the daughter of John II King Castile and Isabella Aviz Queen Consort Castile (age 41). He the son of John II King Aragon 1398-1479 (age 71) and Juana Enríquez Queen Consort Aragon. They were second cousins. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
On 08 Sep 1476 [her father] Jean Foix Count Étampes 1446-1500 (age 30) and [her mother] Marie Valois Viscountess Narbonne (age 18) were married. She the daughter of Charles Valois Duke Orléans and Mary La Marck Duchess Orléans. He the son of Gaston IV Count Foix 1422-1472 and Eleanor Trastámara Queen Consort Navarre 1426-1479 (age 50). They were third cousin once removed.
On 14 Sep 1476 Ferdinand I King Naples (age 53) and [her future sister-in-law] Joanna of Aragon Queen Consort Naples (age 22) were married. She by marriage Queen Consort Naples. The difference in their ages was 30 years. She the daughter of John II King Aragon 1398-1479 (age 78) and Juana Enríquez Queen Consort Aragon. He the son of Alfonso V King Aragon 1396-1458 and Giralda Carlino. They were first cousins.
On 20 Jan 1479 John II King Aragon 1398-1479 (age 80) died. His son [her future husband] Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 26) succeeded II King Aragon.
In 1488 Germaine Foix Queen Consort Aragon was born to Jean Foix Count Étampes 1446-1500 (age 42) and Marie Valois Viscountess Narbonne (age 30).
On 19 Oct 1505 Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 53) and Germaine Foix Queen Consort Aragon (age 17) were married. She by marriage Queen Consort Aragon. The difference in their ages was 35 years. She the daughter of Jean Foix Count Étampes 1446-1500 and Marie Valois Viscountess Narbonne. He the son of John II King Aragon 1398-1479 and Juana Enríquez Queen Consort Aragon. They were great uncle and niece.
On 03 May 1509 [her son] John Trastámara was born to [her husband] Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 57) and Germaine Foix Queen Consort Aragon (age 21). Coefficient of inbreeding 3.75%.
On 03 May 1509 [her son] John Trastámara died.
On 11 Jun 1509, one month after the death of his father, Henry VIII (age 17) and [her step-daughter] Catherine of Aragon (age 23) were married at the Church of the Observant Friars, Greenwich [Map]. She had, eight years before, married his older brother Prince Arthur Tudor - see Marriage of Arthur Tudor and Catherine of Aragon. She the daughter of Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 57) and Isabella Queen Castile. He the son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland and Elizabeth York Queen Consort England. They were half third cousin once removed. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
On 23 Jan 1516 [her husband] Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 63) died. His daughter [her step-daughter] Joanna "The Mad" Trastámara Queen Castile (age 37) succeeded Queen Aragon.
In 1517 [her former step-daughter] Maria Trastámara Queen Consort Portugal (age 35) died.
On 09 Jan 1517 [her former sister-in-law] Joanna of Aragon Queen Consort Naples (age 63) died.
On 07 Jan 1536 [her former step-daughter] Catherine of Aragon (age 50) died at Kimbolton Castle [Map] in the arms of her great friend María de Salinas Baroness Willoughby Eresby (age 46).
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Ferdinand of Aragon
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Childhood Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on the 10th of March 1452 in Aragon. He was the son of John II and Juana Enriquez. His father took charge of his education to make sure young Ferdinand...
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Mr Scott's Online Classroom
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http://jwsmrscott.weebly.com/6/post/2014/09/ferdinand-of-aragon.html
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Childhood
Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on the 10th of March 1452 in Aragon. He was the son of John II and Juana Enriquez. His father took charge of his education to make sure young Ferdinand learnt as much as possible from real life experiences. Ferdinand loved the arts and vocal and instrumental music.
Career
Ferdinand was crowned king on the 15th of January 1475. He married the princess Isabella of Castile in Valladolid in October 1469. The court of Aragon wanted a return to Castile, and Isabella needed help to gain succession to the throne. The marriage initiated a dark and troubled life, in which Ferdinand fought on the Castilian and Aragonese fronts in order to impose his authority over the noble oligarchies, shifting his basis of support from one kingdom to the other according to the intensity of the danger. Isabella quickly gave him children. Ferdinand had seven in total. The were Joanna of Castile, Catherine of Aragon, Isabella of Aragon, John, Prince of Asturias, Maria of Aragon, Alonso de Aragon and John, Prince of Girona. The marriage began with almost continual separation. Ferdinand, often away in the Castilian towns or on journeys to Aragon, reproached his wife for the comfort of her life. Ferdinand divorced Isabella in 1504 and then married Germaine of Foix in 1505. Ferdinand then died on January 23, 1516, Madrigalejo, Spain.
Importance in Henry’s reign
Ferdinand was very influential in Henry’s life his pact with Henry VII which meant his daughter Catherine of Aragon would marry Henry’s older brother Arthur actually allowed Henry to marry Catherine in 1509. Ferdinand soon became a crucial ally of Henry in the future after Henry’s failed French campaigns between 1511 and 1514. Henry realised that he couldn’t match the power of the Spanish or French army so he would need to make allies with Spain in order to invade France. And throughout Henry’s reign this is what Ferdinand was a crucial ally.
Sam Newby
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Leader de la généalogie en France et en Europe : publiez votre arbre généalogique et recherchez vos ancêtres dans la première base de données généalogique.
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https://geneacdn.net/favicon.ico
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Geneanet
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Nous observons une navigation inhabituelle sur notre réseau. Merci de bien vouloir remplir le formulaire ci-dessous afin de nous assurer que vous n'êtes pas un robot.
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John II of Aragon + Juana Enriquez
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John II of Aragon, b.29 JUN 1397, Valladolid, Castille, Spain, son of Ferdinand I of Aragon + Eleanor of Alburquerque; + Juana Enriquez, b.1425, Valladolid, Castille, Spain
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https://www.ourfamtree.org/browse.php/John-II-of-Aragon/f129011
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Grand
ParentsJohn I of Castile + Eleanor Of Aragon Queen Of CastileSancho 1st Count of Albuquerque + Beatriz Countess of AlburquerqueTo suggest changes to these records, login & edit by choosing options to edit, & your suggested changes will be saved for the record moderator to review.
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John II of Aragon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon
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King of Aragon from 1458 to 1479
John II (Spanish: Juan II, Catalan: Joan II, Aragonese: Chuan II and Basque: Joanes II; 29 June 1398 – 20 January 1479), called the Great (el Gran) or the Faithless (el Sense Fe), was King of Aragon from 1458 until his death in 1479. As the husband of Queen Blanche I of Navarre, he was King of Navarre from 1425 to 1479. John was also King of Sicily from 1458 to 1468.
John was born at Medina del Campo (in the Crown of Castile), the son of King Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque. In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II of Castile. Until middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was preoccupied by incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella I of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile and which was to create the Monarchy of Spain. His troubles with his subjects were closely connected with tragic dissensions within his own family. In 1432, John II appointed the baron Don Juan Vélaz de Medrano, lord of Igúzquiza, Learza, etc., as his royal chamberlain in an attempt to manage the royal household.
John was first married to Blanche I of Navarre of the House of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But one son, Charles, given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard this son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, it grew into absolute hatred, being encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, however, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside.
There followed the long Navarrese Civil War, with alternations of success and defeat, ending only with the death of the prince of Viana, possibly by poison administered by his father in 1461. The institutions of the Principality of Catalonia, who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of their own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders in the ten year's Catalan Civil War. John spent his last years contending with them. He was forced to pawn Roussillon, his Catalan possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to King Louis XI of France, who refused to part with it.
In his old age John was blinded by cataracts, but recovered his eyesight with an operation (couching) conducted by his physician Abiathar Crescas, a Jew. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but until his death in 1479 John carried on a war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbor the French king. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already married to Isabella I of Castile. With his death and son's accession to the throne of Aragon, the unification of the realms of Spain under one royal house began in earnest.
From his first marriage to Blanche of Navarre, John had the following children:
Charles, Prince of Viana (1421–1461)
Joanna of Navarre (1423 – 22 August 1425)
Blanche II of Navarre (1424–1464)
Eleanor of Navarre (1426-1479)
From his second marriage to Juana Enríquez, John had the following children:
Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516). Married Isabella I of Castile.
Joanna of Aragon (1455–1517). Married Ferdinand I of Naples.
Illegitimate children:
Alfonso de Aragón y de Escobar (1417-1495), Duke of Villahermosa
Juan de Aragón (1440–1475), Archbishop of Zaragoza
Felipe de Carrayos del Radona (Phillipe del Radona)[citation needed]
Castilian Civil War of 1437–1445
Earenfight, Theresa (2015). "Trastamara Kings, Queens, and the Gender Dynamics of Monarchy". In Todesca, James (ed.). The Emergence of León-Castile c.1065-1500: Essays Presented to J.F. O'Callaghan. Ashgate. pp. 141–160.
Livermore, H. V. (1966). A New History of Portugal (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 120
Merriman, Roger Bigelow (1918). The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old and in the New. Vol. 2. The Macmillan Company.
Ruiz, Teófilo F. (2007). Spain's centuries of crisis: 1300–1474. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2789-9.
Scofield, Cora Louise (1923). The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, King of England and of France, and Ireland. Vol. 1. Longmans, Green, and Co.
Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274–1512. Palgrave Macmillan.
Rivadeneyra. "Cronicas de los reyes de Castilla," Biblioteca de autores espanoles, vols. Ixvi, Ixviii. Madrid, 1845.
Zurita, G. Anales de Aragon. Saragossa, 1610.[title incomplete][volume & issue needed]
Prescott W. H. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. 1854.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "John II.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 440.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516)
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Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516)Son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, Ferdinand II, born March 10, 1452, was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), and—through his marriage in 1469 to Isabella I of Castile—Castile and León (1574–1516). In this last capacity he helped shape Spanish policy toward the New World, though he paid less attention to the New World and the welfare of its inhabitants than did his first wife. Source for information on Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516): Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture dictionary.
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ferdinand-ii-aragon-1452-1516
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Son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, Ferdinand II, born March 10, 1452, was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), and—through his marriage in 1469 to Isabella I of Castile—Castile and León (1574–1516). In this last capacity he helped shape Spanish policy toward the New World, though he paid less attention to the New World and the welfare of its inhabitants than did his first wife. Even after her death in 1504, when the administration of these Castilian realms fell to him, he usually delegated responsibility to his advisers, especially Bishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, head of the Casa de Contratación in Seville. Ferdinand's interest in the Indies stemmed primarily from the material wealth that they might provide to finance his Mediterranean ventures.
Ferdinand and Isabella met Christopher Columbus around 1486 and appointed a commission to consider the merits of his plan to reach Asia by a westward route. Although they believed, correctly, that Columbus had vastly underestimated the distance of such a journey, they finally decided, after conquering Granada in 1492, that his expedition was worth the modest investment of approximately two million maravedís.
Upon Columbus's return, Ferdinand and Isabella obtained a papal bull (Inter caetera) that granted them title to the newly discovered lands. Pope Alexander VI had received significant favors from Ferdinand and was eager to accommodate the sovereigns' wishes. Nevertheless, they, or Columbus, found this first bull insufficient. A second bull Inter caetera, dated May 4, 1493, more clearly distinguished Castilian territories from those of Portugal. It drew a line of demarcation 100 leagues west of the Azores or Cape Verde Islands and granted Castile title to those territories west of this line not already under Christian rule. In 1494, with the Treaty of Tordesillas, Castile and Portugal moved the line of demarcation 270 leagues farther to the west.
The Spanish monarchs had granted Columbus extraordinary privileges and titles (admiral, viceroy, and governor), but they quickly took steps to limit his power and prevent him from establishing a monopoly. With an arrangement that set a pattern for future conquests, they granted licenses to private adventurers, who had to finance their own expeditions and give the Crown one-fifth of their gross profits. In 1500 Ferdinand and Isabella sent Francisco de Bobadilla to Hispaniola to assume command and investigate charges of Columbus's mismanagement. He arrested Columbus and his brothers, confiscated their property, and sent them back to Spain in chains. The monarchs had Columbus's property returned to him, but not his authority. In 1501 they replaced Bobadilla with Nicolás de Ovando, whom Ferdinand replaced eight years later with Columbus's elder son, Diego.
The question of how to treat the inhabitants of these lands had troubled the monarchs, or at least the queen, from the outset, when Columbus started sending shipments of enslaved Tainos back to Spain. Isabella eventually made it clear that she wanted her new subjects to remain free, adopt Christianity and Spanish customs, and be compensated for their labor, to which Europeans would have access only with the Crown's approval. Neither monarch opposed the institution of slavery. Indeed, Ferdinand authorized the shipment of enslaved Africans to Hispaniola. But he and Isabella usually treated Indians differently, because they considered them to be their vassals, and therefore entitled to their protection.
It was under Ferdinand's rule, after the death of Queen Isabella in 1504 and archduke Philip in 1506, that the Crown first developed a comprehensive Indian policy. The Dominican Fray Antón Montesinos met Ferdinand in 1512 and informed him of the abuses that the natives were suffering at the hands of the Spanish colonists. In response, the king summoned a group of theologians and royal officials to consider the "Indian problem." After lengthy discussion, this group drew up the Laws of Burgos (1512 and 1513), which prohibited the enslavement of the Indians and sought to protect them from the worst abuses. At the same time these laws required them to abandon their homes and many of their customs, so that they might more easily be converted to Christianity and incorporated into the colonial economy as laborers. For the most part the Laws of Burgos were not enforced.
With no surviving son or son-in-law from his marriage to Isabella or his marriage to Germaine de Foix, and with his daughter Juana deemed unfit for rule, Ferdinand bequeathed the Spanish kingdoms to his grandson, Charles of Ghent. He died January 23, 1516.
See alsoColumbus, Christopher; Isabella I of Castile; Spain; Spanish Empire; Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Céspedes del Castillo, G. "Las Indias en el reinado de los Reyes Católicos." In Historia de España y América, vol. 2, ed. Jaime Vicens Vives, pp. 493-547. Barcelona: Vicens Vives, 1961.
Hernández Sánchez-Barba, Mario. La corona y el descubrimiento de América. Valencia: Asociación Francisco López de Gómara, 1989.
Prescott, William Hickling. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. 1837. New York: Heritage Press, 1967.
Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan. New York: Random House, 2003.
Glen Carman
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Ferdinand and Isabella: Exploring the Catholic Monarchs’ Pivotal Role in History — History Through Fiction
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The reign of Ferdinand and Isabella forever altered world history. Beyond Columbus' famed voyage, they launched the Granada War and issued the Alhambra Decree, reshaping Spain's religious landscape. Learn more about their story and its impact on a family's pivotal choice in our novel, South of Sepha
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History Through Fiction
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https://www.historythroughfiction.com/blog/ferdinand-and-isabella
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Our novel, South of Sepharad, is set in Granada in 1492—a year most readers will recognize as the year Christopher Columbus set sail for the West Indies only to encounter an uncharted land that would become the Americas. Columbus’ journey was funded by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. Readers will probably be much less familiar with the fact that the same year marked the end of the Granada War, a series of military campaigns between the Catholic Monarchs and the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada. It ended in defeat for the Nasrid dynasty and the annexation of Granada by the Kingdom of Castile. The victory by the Catholic Monarchs was followed almost immediately by the Alhambra Decree, an edict that exiled all Jews from Kingdoms of Spain or required their conversion to Catholicism. Ferdinand and Isabella made their mark on history.
Ferdinand and Isabella were married in 1469, prior to the unification of Spain. At the time Isabella was heiress presumptive to the Crown of Castile, and Ferdinand was heir apparent to the Crown of Aragon. The couple were actually second cousins, sharing a great-grandfather in King John I of Castile. Though it was illegal for them to marry under canon law, this obstacle was removed when they were given a papal dispensation from Sixtus IV. It was clear right away that their marriage was a highly choreographed political union with the goal of consolidating power and unifying Spain.
In 1474, upon the death of Henry IV of Castile, Isabella’s half-brother, Isabella was proclaimed Queen of Castile and León. However, Henry’s daughter Joanna la Beltraneja claimed the throne for herself. Joanna married King Afonso V of Portugal and the two then invaded Castile to claim the throne for themselves. Called The War of the Castilian Succession, it was fought from 1475 to 1479, it resulted in the defeat of Henry and Joanna and the signing of Treaty of Alcáçovas, which recognized Isabella and Ferdinand as sovereigns of Castile. The war also had the unintended effect of strengthening the alliance between Castile and Aragon. Upon the death of Ferdinand’s father John II of Aragon in 1479, Ferdinand became the King of Aragon. By 1480, the joint rule of Ferdinand and Isabella over a united Spain was an established fact.
With their political alliance, Ferdinand and Isabella were able to consolidate power and restore royal authority. One of their major policy goals was religious unification of the peninsula through militant Catholicism. This meant defeating the Muslim Nasrid dynasty and ending the Reconquista, a centuries-long set of military campaigns that Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. By recruiting soldiers across Europe, Ferdinand and Isabella launched a systematic campaign to take the kingdom piece by piece. In 1491, with Granada being the last stronghold of the Nasrid dynasty, Ferdinand and Isabella launched the siege of Granada. By the end of the year, Muhammad XII finally surrendered and on January 2, 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand entered Granada to receive the keys of the city and the principal mosque was consecrated as a church. Spain was unified.
With the end of the Reconquista, Ferdinand and Isabella moved quickly to expel all non-Christians from the region with the Alhambra Decree issued March 31, 1492. This is where the story of Vidal and his family in the novel South of Sepharad picks things up. After 1,500 years of a Jewish presence on the Iberian Peninsula, after living their entire lives in Granada, after burying their daughter in the graveyard of the Judería, Vidal and his family must suddenly decide whether to give up their faith and convert to Catholicism, or leave Granada forever.
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why did catherine of aragon take off her shoes
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Working with councilors, she mobilized forces across England, communicating with local authorities to determine how many men and horses their parishes could provide. Giles Tremlett writes of how Mara had rushed up from London on hearing the news of Catherines illness and that she acted out an elaborate charade to force her way into the house, claiming the letter licensing her to enter was on its way and pretending that she had been thrown from her horse and was in urgent need of shelter. Stafford scolds the Spanish party, telling them they should have stuck with the plan and landed in Southampton. Arthur attempts to put her mind at ease, claiming his mother holds her in high esteem. She has the power to summon troops, to appoint sheriffs, to sign warrants and to get money from the treasurer of the chamber.. In addition to recruiting soldiers, the queen dispatched money (10,000, to be exact), artillery, gunners, a fleet of eight ships and supplies ranging from grain to pipes of beer and armor. The new details involve the queen more deeply as a director of events rather than a passive figurehead managed by those of Henrys counselors left in England, Sean Cunningham, the archivist who discovered the papers, told the Times Mark Bridges in May. She had died not in some sumptuous palace surrounded by her loved ones, but in a small, dark, cold castle with her faithful staff in attendance. She ruled as, November 9-10, 1518: daughter, stillborn or died shortly after birth. We may earn commission from the links on this page. Categories: Six Wives, Tudor EventsTags: Catherine of Aragon, Katherine of Aragon, Copyright 2023 The Anne Boleyn Files Aunt Maggie obviously genuinely cares about the young prince, and the affection is returned. Catherine was the youngest daughter of the Spanish rulers Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. Any misstep in that bestowed task is culturally taboo.. "She didn't actually fight, but in our show she gets more involved.". Catherine of Aragon - Early Life and First Marriage, Medieval Queens, Empresses, and Women Rulers, Eleanor of Aquitaines Descendants Through Eleanor, Queen of Castile, Biography of Catherine Parr, Sixth Wife of Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon: Early Life and First Marriage, Catherine of Aragon: Marriage to Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon: The King's Great Matter, M.Div., Meadville/Lombard Theological School, Father: Ferdinand II of Aragon (14521516), Maternal grandmother:Isabella of Portugal(14281496), Maternal grandfather:John (Juan) of Castile (14051454), Paternal grandmother: Juana Enriquez, a member of the Castilian nobility (1425 - 1468), second wife of Juan II, and a great-great-granddaughter of Alfonso XI of Castile, Paternal grandfather: John (Juan) II of Aragon, also known as Juan the Great and Juan the Faithless (13981479), John, Prince of Asturias (14781497; married to, Joanna of Castile (Juana the Mad) (14791555; married to Philip, Duke of Burgundy, later titled Philip I of Castile; six children included Holy Roman Emperors Charles V and Ferdinand I; Charles V played a key role in the struggle over Catherine's annulment and Charles' son, Philip II of Spain, eventually married Catherine of Aragon's daughter, Mary I), Maria, Queen of Portugal (14821517; married to Manuel I of Portugal, widower of her sister Isabella; her daughter Isabella married Joanna's son Charles V and was the mother of, Catherine of Aragon (14851536) was the youngest of the siblings, husband: Arthur, Prince of Wales (betrothed in 1489, married 1501; Arthur died 1502), no children; Catherine asserted consistently at the end of her marriage that the marriage had not been consummated, husband: Henry VIII of England (married 1509; annulled by Church of England in 1533, with Archbishop Cranmer approving the nullification of the marriage). Jane had even been more present around the two as of lately. A sad end to a woman who had once been Queen of England and who had defeated the Scots as Regent. Historical documents show Catherine's excitement at getting a slice of military action, as her mother, Isabel of Castile, had so often. "She had the armor made and she led the army to face the Scottish invasion," co-creator Graham tells OprahMag.com. Queen Elizabeth thinks this might indicate God is now smiling upon them. This is because we place extreme amounts of worth on a woman's ability to bear children. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. She could empathize with the pain. Catherine appealed to Pope Clement VII, contending that her marriage to Henry was valid because the previous marriage to Arthur had never been consummated. (Catherine and Arthur walk a few paces ahead, getting to know each other.) Corrections? We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. The previous series' protagonists, Elizabeth of York and Elizabeth Woodville, don't near a battlefield. Catherine as Queen Consort Although. The English customs are different, and Catherine continues to prove shes fierce and unafraid of speaking her mind. However, on the night of the 6th January, Catherine became fidgety and in the early hours of the 7th she asked to take communion. Scotland is practically at [Englands] mercy.. When Lady Margaret requests they speak in Latin because isnt proficient in Spanish, Catherine assures her shes not a child and can speak English perfectly well. Terms of Use That anxiety helped fuel her role and riveting performance. Anne and Jane's bond seemed to have improved, they were a lot closer now Almost like how things used to be. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The solution for both countries presents itself in a match between the Tudor heir, Prince Arthur, and Spanish Princess Catherine of Aragon. By Elena Nicolaou Published: Oct 11, 2020. Catherine settled her affairs, giving instructions on what she wanted done with her worldy goods and her burial she wanted to be buried in a chapel of Observant Friars (Franciscans). Hope in the Starz series The Spanish Princess, grapples with infertility as she tries to produce an heir to the throne. King Henry explains he simply wants to lay eyes on her after waiting so long for her arrival. Elizabeth informs her oldest son hes to meet Catherine as she makes her way to Westminster. When Catherine of Aragon realized that a mere mistress was trying to take her place, she tried to use her power as queen to keep her rival, Anne, in her place. In fact, they were married for about 23 years before Henry, frustrated with their inability to produce a male heir, decided to break with the Catholic Church and thereby have his marriage annulled. She used her power within the Great Wardrobe to increase her clothing budget by 50 percent. A stunning Catherine of Aragon makes her way down the carpet lined with soldiers outside the church. That was helpful because even as she suffered, she never gave up, which meant that Charlotte herself even as she was consumed by the role, constantly had a forward impetus when I would play her.. They excited me, says her future brother-in-law. "Flodden," the second episode of The Spanish Princess's second season, showcases Catherine of Aragon (Charlotte Hope) in her element. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. The King and Queen of England arent in attendance as the Kings mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort (Harriet Walter), prepares to greet Catherine of Aragon prior to her trip to Dogmersfield House. Queen Isabella (Alicia Borrachero) and members of the Spanish army accompany Princess Catherine on the first part of her perilous journey. As Antonia Fraser writes in The Wives of Henry VIII, [T]he Scottish threat was removed for a generation by the slaughter of its leaders. But Arthur died shortly after the pairs wedding, leaving his 16-year-old widow in a precarious position. Charlotte explains, Its not just about Catherine cant produce an heir and that's devastating for her, it's also devastating for Henry and ultimately what tears apart these two people who completely love each other. (The Queen led the charge and is coated in blood at its end.). Back in her room, Catherine tells Lina that Arthur did not write the letters. In addition it is quite curious why Catherine prayed for hours, practiced penance and wore a hair shirt as a form of self-punishment. Shes also unhappy Princess Catherine is arriving soon, going as far as to wish her dead. Queen Elizabeth assures her it's true and that she's revealing this secret so that Catherine realizes what's at stake with her marriage to Prince Arthur. For all my other servants, I solicit the wages due to them, and a year or more, lest they be unprovided for. On 27 September 1501, fifteen-year-old Catherine of Aragon bid farewell to her beloved Spain and boarded a ship from Laredo bound for England and the beginning of a new life. Princess Catherine doesnt care about the semantics; she isnt fond of so much water raining down from the heavens. She asks why he wrote to her and he admits he liked her letters. Catherines legacy, adds the historian, is that of a wronged woman who did not accept defeat, who fought for what she believed to be right until the breath left her body., Henry, for his part, never forgot the tenacity his wife had demonstrated in the days leading up to Flodden. Catherine disagreed with the decision, pointing out to him that she had been everything she was supposed to be as a good and obedient wife. She has power over him after he admits her letters excited him. ThoughtCo. "There wasn't even a discussionMatthew just said, 'I know what the poster is," Frost recalls, adding that the image was inspired by Demi Moore's Vanity Fair cover, in which she posed nude while pregnant. On this day in history, 7th January 1536, at two oclock in the afternoon, Catherine of Aragon died at Kimbolton Castle. The coron. This unique concert which will only ever be performed this evening will feature music Catharine would have heard at court, and also a piece reputedly written especially for her by Henry VIII. But she doesn't do that. December 30 Francis Dryander, a scholar supported by Cranmer and the Duchess of Suffolk, December 29 George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, Elizabeth Is rogue, Friday 28th January, 10.30am, Catherine of Aragon Commemoration Service The annual service which commemorates the life of Henry VIII first wife, Catherine, Friday 28th January, 5pm, Candelit Procession and Vespers A candlelit procession of honour of Katharine through the Cathedral grounds and up to her tomb. Princess Catherine watches her mother ride into battle and sinks to her knees, plunging a knife into the earth and reciting, Daughter of Spain, Queen of England, wife to Prince Arthur, in ever-increasing volume and surety. Edward was simple and did not understand why he had to die. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Shes not taking refuge. Women who suffered loss and women who went through In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). Rosa and Lina discover the herbs (rosemary) for Catherines bath have wilted. According to Fox, the Battle of Flodden (which draws its name from nearby Flodden Edge) left Scotland in a powerless situation. She adds, Not only have you just defeated them in a spectacular way, but [the kingdom is] in disarray. The battle of wills continues, with Lady Margaret tossing Catherines words back in her face. The English army lost around 1,500 men, whereas the Scottish army up to 17,000, according to the Scotsman. Peterborough Cathedral commemorate Catherines death and burial each year with a special service and programme of events. He takes a shot and likes how it feels, commanding Oviedo to teach him how to use it. L.W. Files Welcome Pack of 5 goodies, 7th January 1536 Death of Catherine of Aragon, 7 January 1536 Death of Catherine of Aragon, Catherine of Aragons Funeral 29 January 1536, 7 January 1536 The Death of Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIIIs first wife, 7 January 1536 Catherine of Aragon dies at Kimbolton Castle, The Katherine of Aragon Festival 2011 webpage, Catherine of Aragon: The Spanish Queen of Henry VIII, The Tudors Season 4 on BBC UK This Month January 2011, Henry VIII Books livestream YouTube 18 February 2023, February 13 A queen and her lady-in-waiting are beheaded.
Ashley Britt Mcarthur Parents, Articles W
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History of Spain and Andalucia
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2019-07-27T11:45:45+00:00
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Whilst Fernando III had made significant progress in the Reconquest his successors for the next 150 year made very little. They concentrated on internal inheritance disputes and those with the the other Catholic Kingdoms of Navarre, Aragon and Portugal.
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Andalucia.com
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https://www.andalucia.com/history/monarchs-of-castile
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Monarchs of Castile
Whilst Fernando III had made significant progress in the Reconquest, his successors for the next 150 year made very little. They concentrated on internal inheritance disputes and those with the the other Catholic Kingdoms of Navarre, Aragon and Portugal.
House of Ivrea
The following Kings of the house of Ivrea are descendants, in the male line, of Queen Urraca's (Queen of Castile and Leon from 1109 to 1126) first husband, Raymond of Burgundy. The first was Alfonso VII crowned in 1126, the seventh was Alfonso X.
Alfonso X
Alfonso X, succeeded Ferdinand III in 1252. He was knon as King Alfonso X “El Sabio" (Alfonso the wise). He renounced his claim to Germany in 1275, and creating an alliance with the Kingdom of England in 1254.
He fought a successful war with Portugal and reconquered the city of Cadiz in in 1263. However he was not able to conquer Granada.
The end of his reign was marred by a civil war with his eldest surviving son, Sancho IV. He died in 1284 and was burried in Seville cathedral.
Sancho IV
Sancho IV of Castile (1258 - 1295) called Sancho the Brave (Sancho el Bravo), was King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1284 to his death. He was the second son of Alfonso X and Yolanda, daughter of James I of Aragon. He was crowned in Toledo by one group of nobles, but his ascension was contested by others. Sancho was ruthless in dispensing with this opposition. He pardoned his brother John who bided his time before fomenting revolt again.
In 1293, at the request of the council of the Kingdom of Sevilla, King Sancho constructed castles to fortify an area in present-day Sierra de Aracena against possible Portuguese advances, and to protect the population from bandits. Because this area had been repopulated by people from Galicia and Leon, the defensive line was called the Banda Gallego.
In Tarifa where John called in the aid of the Marinids in Morocco who besieged Guzmán the Good in Tarifa castle in 1291. Just before succumbing to a fatal illness (possibly tuberculosis) in 1295 in Toledo he appointed his wife, María de Molina, to act as regent for his nine-year-old son, Ferdinand IV.
Ferdinand IV
Ferdinand IV of Castile (1285 - 1312) called the Summoned (el Emplazado), was a King of Castile and León from 1295 until his death. Like his predecessors on the throne, Ferdinand IV continued the Reconquista and, although he failed to conquer Algeciras in 1309, he captured the city of Gibraltar that same year, and in 1312 the city of Alcaudete was also conquered. He died in Jaén on 7 September 1312 aged 26, and his mortal remains are now in the Royal Collegiate Church of Saint Hippolytus.
Alfonso XI
Alfonso XI of Castile (1311 - 1350), called the Avenger (el Justiciero), was the King of Castile, León and Galicia. He was the son of Ferdinand IV of Castile and Constance of Portugal. After he was declared an adult in 1325, he began a reign that would serve to strengthen royal power. He managed to extend the limits of his kingdom to the Strait of Gibraltar after the important victory at the Battle of Río Salado against the Marinid Dynasty in 1340 and the conquest of the Kingdom of Algeciras in 1344. Once that conflict was resolved, he redirected all his Reconquista efforts to fighting the Moorish ruler of Granada.
He openly neglected his wife, Maria of Portugal, his double first cousin and daughter of Alfonso IV of Portugal. With her he had two sons, one of whom, Peter succeeded him. Alfonso indulged a scandalous passion for Eleanor of Guzman, who bore him ten children. Alfonso died during the Great Plague of 1350, at the Fifth Siege of Gibraltar. After Alfonso's death, his widow Maria had Eleanor arrested and later killed.
Peter I
Peter of Castile (Pedro) (1334 - 1369), called the Cruel (el Cruel) or the Just (el Justo), was the king of Castile and León from 1350 to 1369. Peter was the last ruler of the main branch of the House of Ivrea. Peter began his reign when almost sixteen years old and subjected to the control of his mother and her favourites. He was to be married to Joan, 14-year-old daughter of Edward III of England; on their way to Castile, her party travelled through cities infested with the Black Death and she contracted the disease and died. Peter became attached to María de Padilla, he married her in secret in 1353.
From 1356 Peter engaged in constant wars with Aragon in the "War of the Two Peters". It was during this period that Peter perpetrated the series of murders which made him notorious. In 1366 began the calamitous Castilian Civil War, which would see him dethroned. He was assailed by his bastard brother Henry of Trastámara at the head of a host of soldiers of fortune. Peter fled with his treasury to Portugal, and thence to Galicia. In the summer of 1366, Peter took refuge with Edward, the Black Prince, who restored him to his throne in the following year after the Battle of Nájera. The health of the Black Prince broke down, and he left the Iberian Peninsula.
Meanwhile, Henry of Trastámara returned to Castile in September 1368. The cortes of the city of Burgos recognized him as King of Castileand others followed. Peter, who had retreated to Andalusia, chose to confront him in battle. On 14 March 1369, the forces of Peter and Henry met at Montiel, a fortress then controlled by the Order of Santiago.
Henry prevailed and under the guise of accepting a deal, Henry knifed Peter in his tent on the night of 23 March 1369.
House of Trastámara
Following the death of Peter, a succession crisis arose between Peter's illegitimate half-brother Henry of Trastámara and the Englishman John of Gaunt, a great great grandson of Ferdinand III of Castile, who claimed the title of King of Castile and Léon by virtue of his marriage to Constance, daughter of Peter. Henry took the throne by force, and faced several military actions by John of Gaunt, who had forged an alliance with John I of Portugal in an attempt to enforce his claim, however John of Gaunt was unsuccessful in his campaigns, and Henry established the House of Trastámara as the new ruling dynasty of Castile.
Henry II
Henry II of Castile (Enrique II) (1334 - 1379), called Henry of Trastámara or the Fratricide (el Fratricida), was the first King of Castile and León from the House of Trastámara. Henry was the fourth of ten illegitimate children of King Alfonso XI of Castile and Eleanor de Guzmán, a great-granddaughter of Alfonso IX of León.
Before being consolidated in his throne (and being ever able to hand on power to his son John), Henry had to defeat Ferdinand I of Portugal. He embarked on the three Ferdinand Wars. Ferdinand's main ally in these wars was John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, the husband of Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster, who was Pedro I's daughter.
Henry was also allied with Charles V of France and then went to war against Portugal and England in the Hundred Years' War. For most of his reign he had to fight off the attempts of John of Gaunt, a son of Edward III of England, to claim the Castilian throne in right of his second wife, Pedro's daughter, Infanta Constance of Castile.
He died on 29 May 1379 in Santo Domingo de la Calzada.
John I
John I of Castile (Juan I) (1358 - 1390) was king of the Crown of Castile from 1379 until 1390. He was the son of Henry II and of his wife Juana Manuel of Castile. He was the last monarch of Castile to receive a formal coronation.
He was engaged in hostilities with Portugal although he married Beatrice of Portugal, daughter of King Ferdinand I of Portugal. On the death of the Portuguese king in 1383, John endeavoured to enforce the claims of his wife, Ferdinand's only child, to the crown of Portugal. The 1383-1385 Crisis, a period of civil unrest and anarchy in Portugal, followed. He was resisted by supporters of his rival for the throne, John I of Portugal, and was utterly defeated at the battle of Aljubarrota, in 1385.
He also had to contend with the hostility of John of Gaunt, who claimed the crown of Castile by right of his wife Constance, the eldest daughter of Peter of Castile. The king of Castile finally bought off the claim of his English competitor by arranging a marriage in 1388 between his son Henry and Catherine, daughter of Constance of Castile, a daughter of Peter the Cruel and John of Gaunt. This solved the dynastic conflict that had raged since the death of Peter the Cruel, secured the House of Trastámara, and established peace between England and Castile.
King John was killed at Alcalá on 9 October 1390, when he fell off his horse while riding.
Henry III
Henry III of Castile (1379 - 1406), called the Mourner (Spanish: Enrique el Doliente), was the son of John I and Eleanor of Aragon. He succeeded his father as King of Castile in 1390.
Shortly after his birth, he was promised to be married to Beatrice of Portugal, the heir to the Portuguese throne. This was part of a peace treaty between Castile and Portugal, who had signed a truce after the Ferdinand Wars. But this marriage did not happen as Beatrice had married his father John I. In 1388, as part of the Treaty of Bayonne, Henry married Catherine of Lancaster in Palencia Cathedral. He received the title Prince of Asturias, this title designated him as the heir apparent. He was the first person to hold this title, with earlier heirs to the throne being known as ‘infantes mayores'.
Henry III restarted the conflict against the kingdom of Granada, winning a victory at the Battle of Collejares, near Úbeda, which freed the town in 1406. Due to Henry III's poor health, he delegated part of his power to his brother King Ferdinand I of Aragon in the later part of his reign, who became regent while his son John II of Castile was too young to rule.
King Henry III died in the city of Toledo in 1406, while preparing a campaign against the Emirate of Granada.
John II
John II of Castile (Juan II) (1405 - 1454) was King of Castile and León from 1406 to 1454.
John II's reign, lasting 48 years, was one of the longest in Castilian history, but John himself was not a particularly capable monarch. He spent his time verse-making, hunting, and holding tournaments.
In 1418, John married Maria of Aragon, the oldest daughter of his paternal uncle, Ferdinand I of Aragon. Of all their children, only the future Henry IV of Castile survived infancy. John was widowed in 1445 and remarried to Isabella of Portugal, daughter of Infante John of Portugal,
In 1431, John placed Yusuf IV on the throne as the Sultan of Granada in the Moorish Emirate of Granada, in exchange for tribute and vassal status to Castile.
John II died in 1454 at Valladolid.
Henry IV
Henry IV of Castile (Enrique IV) (1425 - 1474), King of Castile, nicknamed "the Impotent", was the last of the weak late medieval kings of Castile. During Henry's reign, the nobles became more powerful and the nation became less centralised.
One of King Henry's first priorities was the alliance with Portugal. He achieved this by marrying a second time to Joan of Portugal, daughter of King Edward of Portugal in 1455.
Establishing peace with France and Aragon and pardoning various aristocrats. Henry IV convened the Cuéllar Courts to launch an offensive against the Emirate of Granada. The campaigns of 1455 and 1458 developed into a war of attrition based on punitive raids and avoiding pitched battles.
Before the birth of his daughter, Joan (Joanna) was sworn in as Princess of Asturias. But a conflict with the nobility was created. The league of nobles, controlling the king's siblings Alfonso and Isabella, forced Henry at the 1464 Representation of Burgos to repudiate Joanna and recognize Alfonso as his official heir. Alfonso then became Prince of Asturias.
Not long after this, Henry reneged on his promise and began to support his daughter's claim once more. Alfonso began handing out land and titles as if he were already uncontested ruler. A civil war began. The most notable clash was at the Second Battle of Olmedo in 1467, which concluded as a draw.
However, in 1468, at the age of only 14, Alfonso died, most likely from the plague. His will left his crown to his sister, Isabella, who was asked to take her brother's place as the champion of the rebels. Though Henry continued to resist this decision when possible, his actions were ineffective, and he remained at peace with Isabella for the rest of his reign.
Isabella became Castile's next monarch when he died in 1474.
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Biography of Ferdinand II King Aragon 1452
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"Trial and Execution of Perkin Warbreck and Edward Earl of Warwick",
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Biography of Ferdinand II King Aragon 1452-1516 including his birth, marriages, death and life events, life events of his siblings, and his ancestry to five generations, royal ancestors and royal descendants.
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In 1497 [his son-in-law] Manuel "Fortunate" I King Portugal (age 27) and [his daughter] Isabella Trastámara Queen Consort Portugal (age 27) were married. She by marriage Queen Consort Portugal. He would, three years later, marry her younger sister [his daughter] Maria Trastámara Queen Consort Portugal (age 15); an example of Married to Two Siblings. She the daughter of Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 44) and Isabella Queen Castile (age 45). They were first cousin once removed. He a great x 3 grandson of King Edward III of England. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
In 1500 [his former son-in-law] Manuel "Fortunate" I King Portugal (age 30) and [his daughter] Maria Trastámara Queen Consort Portugal (age 18) were married. She by marriage Queen Consort Portugal. She the younger sister of his first wife [his daughter] Isabella Trastámara Queen Consort Portugal; an example of Married to Two Siblings. She the daughter of Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 47) and Isabella Queen Castile (age 48). They were first cousin once removed. He a great x 3 grandson of King Edward III of England. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
On 14 Nov 1501 [his son-in-law] Arthur Prince of Wales (age 15) and [his daughter] Catherine of Aragon (age 15) were married at St Paul's Cathedral [Map] by Archbishop Henry Deane assisted by William Warham Bishop of London (age 51) and a further eighteen bishops. She wore a white satin dress with a farthingale and over her head wore a veil of fine silk trimmed with gold and pearls. She would, eight years later, marry his younger brother [his future son-in-law] King Henry VIII of England and Ireland (age 10) - see Marriage of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. She the daughter of Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 49) and Isabella Queen Castile (age 50). He the son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland (age 44) and Elizabeth York Queen Consort England (age 35). They were half third cousin once removed. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
Prince Henry (age 10) who escorted her up the aisle and gave her away.
Cecily York Viscountess Welles (age 32) bore the train, Thomas Grey 2nd Marquess Dorset (age 24) was Chief Answerer.
Robert Radclyffe 1st Earl of Sussex (age 18) and Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham (age 23) attended.
Thomas Englefield was appointed Knight of the Bath.
Immediately after their marriage Arthur Prince of Wales (age 15) and Catherine of Aragon (age 15) resided at Tickenhill Manor, Bewdley [Map] for a month. Thereafter they travelled to Ludlow, Shropshire [Map].
On 11 Jun 1509, one month after the death of his father, [his son-in-law] Henry VIII (age 17) and [his daughter] Catherine of Aragon (age 23) were married at the Church of the Observant Friars, Greenwich [Map]. She had, eight years before, married his older brother Prince Arthur Tudor - see Marriage of Arthur Tudor and Catherine of Aragon. She the daughter of Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 57) and Isabella Queen Castile. He the son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland and Elizabeth York Queen Consort England. They were half third cousin once removed. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
Letters. 11 Jan 1513. Ferdinand King of Aragon (age 60) to Pedro De UREA, his Ambassador at the Imperial Court.
Shows that the treaty which the Cardinal of Gurk (age 45) has, with the consent of Urea and Vich, concluded at Rome, by excluding the Venetians, undoes all that has been done against France. Henceforth they must make no binding declaration without consulting Ferdinand. Had the English followed his plan they would now be masters of Guienne; and, like them, the Emperor has now hindered the accomplishment of his own wishes and made France stronger. Takes this as a command from God for Christian princes to unite in reforming the Church, and has therefore devised the measures explained in instructions sent by Beltrian. Gurk is to be shown the instructions, but not this letter. If the King of France (age 50) offers Madame Renée (age 2) as security, or offers to put fortresses in trust of third persons, Urea shall point out to the Emperor how little these offers are to be trusted. The marriage of Prince Charles (age 12) with the King of England's (age 21) sister (age 16) must not be broken off; or France will gain the King of England (age 21), to the detriment of Spain and the House of Burgundy. Another essential condition is that all acts of the schismatical Council be annulled. Is glad to hear of the meeting between the Emperor and the King of England, whose alliance is both the guarantee that France will keep peace if concluded and the most valuable support in case of war.
Hall's Chronicle 1492. Shortely after this Charles the French King concluded a league with Ferdinand King of Spain, and also being entreated and solicited with the orations of diverse princes, which, persuaded and mollified the stony heart of a frozen prince, caused him to come to communication and treaty with Maximilian King of Romans, and to conclude a peace with him for a season, to the intent that he might without disturbance of his neighbours adjoining, prosperously and safely make war on Ferdinand King of Naples, and on all Italy, as he before had minded and excogitated.
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https://www.ipl.org/essay/Ferdinand-And-Isabellas-Consolidation-Of-Power-FJPJRXYR8AB
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Ferdinand And Isabella's Consolidation Of Power
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Hernán de Pulgar, the Catholic monarch’s chronicler, wrote “Although they are monarchs, they are human beings”. Ferdinand and Isabella was very ambitious...
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https://www.ipl.org/essay/Ferdinand-And-Isabellas-Consolidation-Of-Power-FJPJRXYR8AB
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John II of Aragon facts for kids
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Learn John II of Aragon facts for kids
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https://kids.kiddle.co/John_II_of_Aragon
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John II (Spanish: Juan II, Catalan: Joan II, Aragonese: Chuan II and Basque: Joanes II; 29 June 1398 – 20 January 1479), called the Great (el Gran) or the Faithless (el Sense Fe), was King of Aragon from 1458 until his death in 1479. As the husband of Queen Blanche I of Navarre, he was King of Navarre from 1425 to 1479. John was also King of Sicily from 1458 to 1468.
Biography
John was born at Medina del Campo (in the Crown of Castile), the son of King Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque. In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II of Castile. Until middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was preoccupied by incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella I of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile and which was to create the Kingdom of Spain. His troubles with his subjects were closely connected with tragic dissensions within his own family.
John was first married to Blanche I of Navarre of the house of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But one son, Charles, given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard this son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, it grew into absolute hatred, being encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, however, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside.
There followed the long Navarrese Civil War, with alternations of success and defeat, ending only with the death of the prince of Viana, possibly by poison administered by his father in 1461. The Catalans, who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of their own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders in the Catalan Civil War. John spent his last years contending with them. He was forced to pawn Roussillon, his possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to King Louis XI of France, who refused to part with it.
In his old age John was blinded by cataracts, but recovered his eyesight with an operation (couching) conducted by his physician Abiathar Crescas, a Jew. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but until his death in 1479 John carried on a war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbor the French king. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already married to Isabella I of Castile. With his death and son's accession to the throne of Aragon, the unification of Spain under one royal house began in earnest.
Marriages and issue
From his first marriage to Blanche of Navarre, John had the following children:
Charles, Prince of Viana (1421–1461)
Juana (1423 – 22 August 1425)
Blanche II of Navarre (1424–1464)
Eleanor of Navarre (1426-1479)
From his second marriage to Juana Enríquez, John had the following children:
Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516). Married Isabella I of Castile.
Joanna of Aragon (1455–1517). Married Ferdinand I of Naples.
Illegitimate children:
Alfonso de Aragón y de Escobar (1417-1495), Duke of Villahermosa
Juan de Aragón (1440–1475), Archbishop of Zaragoza
Felipe de Carrayos del Radona (Phillipe del Radona)
See also
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BURIAL PLACES OF ARAGONESE SOVEREIGNS FROM A TO Z
BARCELONA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF THE HOLY CROSS
(Barcelona, Catedral de la Santa Creu, Plà de la Seu):
01. Queen PETRONILA OF ARAGON (+1173)
The tomb has not been preserved.
02. King ALFONSO III (+1291)
03. Queen CONSTANCE OF SICILY (+1302), consort of King Peter III the Great
04. Queen MARY OF CYPRUS (+1322), consort of King James II of Aragon
05. Queen SYBILLA DE FORTIÃ (+1406), consort of King Peter IV of Aragon
BARCELONA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN PEDRALBES MONASTERY
(Barcelona, Monestir de Pedralbes, Baixada del Monestir):
Queen ELISENDA DE MONCADA (+1364), consort of King James II of Aragon
BILLIERS (FRANCE)
BURIED IN THE ABBEY OF NOTRE DAME DE PRIÃRES
(Billiers, l'abbaye de Notre-Dame de Prières):
Queen ISABELA OF CASTILE (+1328), consort of King James II of Aragon
The abbey church had been demolished in the early 18th c. and a new church was constructed on its site in 1726. It had been demolished in the 19th c. and the remains of Queen Isabella were buried in 1842 in a chapel constructed nearby.
BURGOS (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN MONASTERY OF LAS HUELGAS (Burgos, Monasterio de Santa Maria la Real de las Huelgas, Calle de Compases de Huelgas):
Queen ELEANOR OF CASTILE (+1244), consort of King James I of Aragon
GRANADA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE ROYAL CHAPEL
(Granada, Capilla Real, Calle Oficios):
01. Queen ISABELLA I THE CATHOLIC (+1504), consort of King Ferdinand II the Catholic
02. King FERDINAND II THE CATHOLIC (+1516)
HUESCA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF SAN PEDRO EL VIEJO
(Huesca, Monasterio de San Pedro el Viejo, Plaza de San Pedro):
01. King ALFONSO I (+1134)
02. King RAMIRO II THE MONK (+1157)
LEÃN (SPAIN)
BURIED IN ST ISIDORE’S BASILICA
(León, Basilica de S. Isidoro el Real, Plaza de San Isidoro):
Queen URRACA OF CASTILE (+1126), consort of King Alfonso I
The tomb has not been preserved.
LÃRIDA/LLEIDA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE OLD CATHEDRAL
(Lleida, Seu Vella, Plaça de Guiffré I):
01. King ALFONSO IV (+1336)
02. Queen ELEANOR OF CASTILE (+1359), consort of King Alfonso IV
MEDINA DEL CAMPO (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE CONVENT OF SANTA MARIA LA REAL (Medina del Campo, Convento de Santa Maria la Real, Plaza de las Reales):
Queen ELEANOR OF CASTILE (+1435), consort of King Ferdinand I of Sicily
The tomb has not been preserved.
POBLET (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE ROYAL ABBEY OF ST MARY
(El Reial Monestir de Santa Maria de Poblet):
01. King ALFONSO II (+1196)
02. King JAMES I (+1276)
03. King PETER IV THE CEREMONIOUS (+1387)
04. Queen MARY OF NAVARRE (+1347), consort of King Peter IV
05. Queen ELEANOR OF PORTUGAL (+1348), consort of King Peter IV
06. Queen ELEANOR OF SICILY (+1375), consort of King Peter IV
07. King JOHN I (+1396)
08. Queen YOLANDE OF BAR (+1431), consort of King John I
09. King MARTIN (+1410)
10. Queen MARIA DE LUNA (+1406), consort of King Martin I
The tomb has not been preserved.
11. King FERDINAND I (+1416)
12. King ALFONSO V THE MAGNANIMOUS (+1458)
13. King JOHN II (+1479)
14. Queen JOANNA ENRIQUEZ (+1468), consort of King John II
RIPOLL (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF ST MARY
(Monestir de Santa Maria de Ripoll, Plaça Abat Oliba):
Prince RAYMOND BERENGAR IV OF BARCELONA (+1162), consort of Queen Petronila of Aragon
ROME (THE VATICAN)
BURIED IN ST PETER'S BASILICA
(Roma, Basilica San Pietro, Piazza San Pietro):
Queen MARY OF MONTPELLIER (+1213), consort of King Peter II of Aragon
The tomb has not been preserved.
SAN JUAN DE LA PEÃA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE OLD ROYAL MONASTERY (Real Monasterio de San Juan de la Peña, Monasterio Viejo-Panteón Real):
01. King RAMIRO I (+1063)
02. Queen ERMESINDA OF BIGORRE (c. +1049), consort of King Ramiro I
03. King SANCHO I (+1094)
04. Queen FELICIA OF ROUCY (+1123), consort of King Sancho I
05. King PETER I (+1104)
06. Queen BERTHA (+before 1111), consort of King Peter I
SANTES CREUS (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE ROYAL MONASTERY
(Reial Monestir de Santes Creus, Plaça Jaume el Just):
01. King PETER III THE GREAT (+1285)
02. King JAMES II (+1327)
03. Queen BLANCHE OF ANJOU (+1310), consort of King James II
04. Queen MARGARET DE PRADES (+1429), consort of King Martin I of Aragon
VALENCIA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF SAN MIGUEL DE LOS REYES (Valencia, Monasterio de San Miguel de los Reyes, Avenida de la Constitución):
Queen GERMAINE OF FOIX (+1538), consort of King Ferdinand II the Catholic
VALENCIA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF THE HOLY TRINITY
(Valencia, Monasterio de la Trinidad, Calle de la Trinidad):
Queen MARY OF CASTILE (+1458), consort of King Alfonso V of Aragon
VALLBONA DE LES MONGES (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF ST MARY (Monestir de Santa Maria de Vallbona de les Monges, Carrer Major):
Queen YOLANDE OF HUNGARY (c. +1251), consort of King James I
VILANUEVA DE SIGENA/VILANOVA DE SIXENA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE CONVENT OF SIGENA
(Vilanova de Sixena, Monestir de Santa Maria de Sixena):
01. Queen SANCHA OF CASTILE (+1208), consort of King Alfonso II
02. King PETER II (+1213)
LIST OF ARAGONESE SOVEREIGNS 1035-1516
KINGDOM OF ARAGON 1035-1516:
HOUSE OF NAVARRA (Casa de Navarra)
1035-1063: RAMIRO I
Born before 1007.
Father: King Sancho III of Navarre. Mother: Sancha of Aybar.
Married firstly in 1036 at Jaca GISBERGA ERMESINDA of Bigorre (*c. 1015,+c. 1049).
Married secondly in 1049 AGNES.
His issue who reigned:
-SANCHO I (*1043,+1094; son of Ermesinda).
Died in 1063 at Graus.
Buried with his first consort Queen Ermesinda at the Royal Monastery of San Juan de la Peña.
1063-1094: SANCHO I (King of Navarre)
Born in 1043.
Father: King Ramiro I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Ermesinda.
Married firstly in c. 1064 Countess ISABELLA of Urgell (+c. 1071). Repudiated in 1070.
Married secondly in c. 1070 FELICIA of Roucy (+1123 Barcelona).
His issue who reigned:
-PETER I (*1068,+1104; son of Isabella),
-ALFONSO I (*1073,+1134; son of Felicia),
-RAMIRO II (*c. 1076,+1147; son of Felicia).
Died in 1094 at the Siege of Huesca.
Buried with his second consort Queen Felicia at the Royal Monastery of San Juan de la Peña.
1094-1104: PETER I (Pere I; King of Navarre)
Born in 1068.
Father: King Sancho I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Isabella of Urgell.
Married firstly in 1086 at Jaca AGNES of Aquitaine (+1097).
Married secondly in 1097 in Huesca BERTHA (+before 1111).
Died in 1104 at Valle de Arán.
Buried with his second consort Queen Bertha at the Royal Monastery of San Juan de la Peña.
1104-1134: ALFONSO I THE BATTLER (Alfons I el Bataller; King of Navarre)
Born in c. 1073.
Father: King Sancho I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Felicia of Roucy.
Married in 1109 at Muñó near Burgos Queen URRACA of Castile (*1081,+1126 Saldaña). Marriage was annulled in 1112 in León.
Died in 1134 at Poleñino.
Buried firstly in the Monastery of Montearagón near Huesca. Reburied in the Church of San Pedro el Viejo at Huesca in the 19th c.
His Queen Urraca was buried in St Isidore's Basilica in León (no tomb).
1134-1137: RAMIRO II THE MONK (Ramiro II el Monje)
Born in 1086.
Father: King Sancho I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Felicia of Roucy.
Married in 1135 at Jaca AGNES of Poitiers (+c. 1159 Fontevrault). Marriage was annulled in 1136/37.
His issue who reigned:
-PETRONILA (*1135,+1174).
Abdicated in 1137 and retired into a monastery.
Died in 1157 at Huesca.
Buried in the Church of San Pedro el Viejo at Huesca.
1137-1164: PETRONILA (Petronella)
Born in 1136 in Huesca.
Father: King Ramiro II of Aragon. Mother: Queen Agnes of Aquitaine.
Married in 1150 in Lérida Count RAYMOND BERENGAR IV (Ramon Berenguer IV) of Barcelona (1113,+1162 San Dalmazzo near Turin).
Her issue who reigned:
-ALFONSO II (*1157,+1196).
Abdicated in favour of her son Alfonso in 1164.
Died in 1173 in Barcelona.
Buried in the Cathedral of Barcelona (no tomb).
Her husband Prince Raymond Berengar IV was buried in St Mary's Monastery at Ripoll.
HOUSE OF BARCELONA (Casa de Barcelona)
1164-1196: ALFONSO II (Alfons II)
Born in 1157 at Huesca.
Father: Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona. Mother: Queen Petronila of Aragon.
Married in 1174 at Saragossa Princess SANCHA of Castile (*c. 1155,+1208).
His issue who reigned:
-PETER II (*c. 1178,+1213),
-Constance (*1179,+1222; Queen of Hungary, Sicily and Germany).
Died in 1196 at Perpignan.
Buried in the Abbey of Poblet.
His Queen Sancha of Castile was buried in the Convent of Santa MarÃa de Sigena at Vilanueva de Sigena.
1196-1213: PETER II THE CATHOLIC (Pere II el Católic)
Born in 1178 at Huesca.
Father: King Alfonso II of Aragon. Mother: Queen Sancha of Castile.
Married in 1204 at Montpellier MARY of Montpellier (*c. 1182,+1213 Rome).
He was crowned in 1204 in St Pancrace's Church in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-JAMES I THE CONQUEROR (*1208,+1276).
Died in 1213 in the Battle of Muret.
Buried firstly in the Hôpital de Toulouse, in 1217 reburied in the Convent of Sigena at Vilanueva de Sigena.
His Queen Mary of Montpellier was buried in St Peter's Basilica in Rome (no tomb).
1213-1276: JAMES I THE CONQUEROR (Jaume I el Conqueridor)
Born in 1208 at Montpellier.
Father: King Peter II of Aragon. Mother: Queen Mary of Montpellier.
Married firstly in 1221 at Agreda Princess ELEANOR of Castile (*1202,+1244 Burgos). Marriage annulled in 1229 in Tarazona.
Married secondly in 1235 in Barcelona Princess YOLANDE of Hungary (*c. 1215 Esztergom,+c. 1251 Huesca).
He was crowned in 1214 in the Royal Castle in Lleida.
His issue who reigned:
-Yolande (*1236,+1301; Queen of Castile; daughter of Yolande),
-PETER III (*1240,+1285; son of Yolande),
-James II (*1243,+1311; King of Majorca; son of Yolande),
-Isabella (*1247,+1271; Queen of France; daughter of Yolande).
Died in 1276 in Alcira near Valencia.
Buried firstly in the Cathedral of Valencia, later reburied in the Abbey of Poblet.
His first consort Queen Eleanor of Castile was buried in the Monastery of Las Huelgas near Burgos.
His second consort Queen Yolande of Hungary was buried in St Mary's Monastery at Vallbona de les Monges.
1276-1285: PETER III THE GREAT (Pere III el Gran; King of Sicily as Peter I)
Born in 1240 in Valencia.
Father: King James I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Yolande of Hungary.
Married in 1262 at Montpellier Princess CONSTANCE of Sicily (*1248,+1302 Barcelona).
He was crowned with his consort Constance of Sicily in 1276 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa.
His issue who reigned:
-ALFONSO III (*1265,+1291),
-JAMES II (*1267,+1327),
-St Isabella (*c. 1270,+1336; Queen of Portugal),
-Frederick II (*1272,+1337; King of Sicily),
-Yolande (*1273,+1302; Queen of Naples).
Died in 1285 at Villafranca del Penedes.
Buried in the Monastery of Santes Creus.
His Queen Constance of Sicily was buried in Barcelona Cathedral.
1285-1291: ALFONSO III (Alfons III)
Born in 1265 in Valencia.
Father: King Peter III of Aragon. Mother: Queen Constance of Sicily.
Married in 1290 in London (by proxy only) Princess Eleanor of England (*1264 Windsor,+1298 Ghent, Flanders)
He was crowned in 1286 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa.
Died in 1291 in Barcelona.
Buried firstly in the Franciscan Convent in Barcelona, later reburied in the Cathedral of Barcelona.
Eleanor of England (who never married King Alfonso III in person) was buried in Westminster Abbey, London.
1291-1327: JAMES II THE JUST (Jaume II el Just; King of Sicily as James I)
Born in 1267 in Valencia.
Father: King Peter III of Aragon. Mother: Queen Constance of Sicily.
Married firstly in 1291 at Soria Princess ISABELLA of Castile (*1283 Toro,+1328). Marriage was annulled in 1295.
Married secondly in 1295 at Villabertran Princess BLANCHE of Naples-Anjou (*1280,+1310 Barcelona).
Married thirdly in 1315 in Girona Princess MARY of Cyprus (*1273,+1322 Tortosa).
Married fourthly in 1322 in Tarragona ELISENDA de Moncada (*1292,+1364 Pedralbes).
He was crowned in 1291 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa.
His issue who reigned:
-ALFONSO IV (*1299,+1336; son of Blanche),
-Isabella (*c. 1296,+1330; Queen of Germany, Duchess of Austria; daughter of Blanche).
Died in 1327 in Barcelona.
Buried firstly in the Franciscan Convent in Barcelona, in 1410 reburied with his second consort Queen Blanche of Naples-Anjou in Santes Creus Monastery.
His first consort Queen Isabella of Castile (+1328) was buried in the Abbey of Notre-Dame de Prières at Billiers, France.
His third consort Queen Mary of Cyprus was buried in Barcelona Cathedral.
His fourth consort Queen Elisenda was buried in Pedralbes Monastery, Barcelona.
1327-1336: ALFONSO IV THE KIND (Alfons IV el Benigno)
Born in 1299 in Naples.
Father: King James II of Aragon. Mother: Queen Blanche of Naples.
Married firstly in 1314 at Lerida Theresa of Urgell (*1300,+1327 Saragossa).
Married secondly in 1329 at Tarragona Princess ELEANOR of Castile (*1307,+1359 Castrojeriz).
He was crowned in 1328 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa.
His issue who reigned:
PETER IV (*1319,+1387; son of Theresa).
Died in 1336 in Barcelona.
Buried firstly in the Franciscan Convent in Barcelona. In 1369 he was reburied in the Franciscan Monastery at Lérida. In 1646 reburied in the Old Cathedral at Lérida, 1773-1781 in the Church of St Lawrence at Lérida and in 1781 in the New Cathedral of Lérida. In 1986 he was finally laid to rest in the Old Cathedral at Lérida together with his second consort Queen Eleanor of Castile.
His first consort Princess Theresa of Urgell was buried in the Monastery of St Francis in Saragossa.
1336-1387: PETER IV THE CEREMONIOUS (Pere IV el Cerimoniós)
Born in 1319 at Balaguer.
Father: King Alfonso IV of Aragon. Mother: Princess Theresa of Urgell.
Married firstly in 1338 at Alagon Princess MARY of Navarre (*c. 1322,+1347 Valencia).
Married secondly in 1347 in Barcelona Princess ELEANOR of Portugal (*1328,+1348 Exerica).
Married thirdly in 1349 in Valencia Princess ELEANOR of Sicily (*1325,+1375 Lerida).
Married fourthly in 1377 in Barcelona SYBILLA de Fortià (*1350,+1406 Barcelona).
He was crowned in 1336 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa.
His fourth consort Sybilla de Fortià was crowned in 1381 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa.
His issue who reigned:
-Constance (*1343,+1363; Queen of Sicily; daughter of Maria),
-JOHN I (*1350,+1396; son of Eleanor of Sicily),
-MARTIN I (*1356,+1410; son of Eleanor of Sicily),
-Eleanor (*1358,+1382; Queen of Castile; daughter of Eleanor of Sicily).
Died in 1387 in Barcelona.
Buried firstly in Barcelona. In 1391 reburied with his first three queens in the Abbey of Poblet. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona.
His fourth Queen Sybilla de Fortià was buried in the Cathedral of Barcelona.
1387-1396: JOHN I THE HUNTER (Joan I el Caçador)
Born in 1350 in Perpignan.
Father: King Peter IV of Aragon. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Sicily.
Married firstly in 1373 in Barcelona Martha of Armagnac (+1378 Saragossa).
Married secondly in 1380 in Montpellier YOLANDE of Bar (*1365,+1431 Barcelona).
His issue who reigned:
Joanna (*1375,+1407; married Count Matthew of Foix, Prince of Andorra).
He was crowned with his consort Yolande of Bar in 1388 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa.
Died in 1396 at Foixá.
Buried with his both consorts, Princess Martha and Queen Yolande in the Abbey of Poblet. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona.
1396-1410: MARTIN I (Marti I; King of Sicily)
Born in 1356 at Girona.
Father: King Peter IV of Aragon. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Sicily.
Married firstly in 1372 in Barcelona MARIA Lopez de Luna (+1406 Villareal).
Married secondly in c. 1407 at Bellresguard MARGARET de Prades (*1387,+1429 Riudoms).
He was crowned in 1399 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa.
His issue who reigned: Martin I (*1376,+1409; King of Sicily; son of Maria).
Died in 1410 in Barcelona.
Buried firstly in Barcelona. Translated with his first Queen Maria de Luna (no tomb) to the Abbey at Poblet in 1460. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona.
His second consort Queen Margaret had been buried in the Monastery of Bonrepòs and in 1475 translated to and reburied in Santes Creus Monastery.
1410-1412: INTERREGNUM
HOUSE OF TRASTAMARA (Casa de Trastámara)
1412-1416: FERDINAND I (Ferran I d’Antequera; King of Sicily)
Born in 1380 at Medina del Campo.
Father: King John I of Castile. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Aragon.
Married in 1393 Princess ELEANOR of Castile (*1374,+1435 Medina del Campo).
He was crowned with his consort Eleanor of Castile in 1414 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa.
His issue who reigned:
-ALFONSO V (*1396,+1458),
-JOHN II (*1398,+1479),
-Eleanor (*1402,+1445; Queen of Portugal),
-Maria (*1403,+1445; Queen of Castile).
Died in 1416 at Igualada.
Buried in the Abbey of Poblet, Spain. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona.
His Queen Eleanor of Castile was buried in the Convent of Santa Maria la Real at Medina del Campo (no tomb), although her cenotaph is next to her husband's tomb in Poblet.
1416-1458: ALFONSO V THE MAGNANIMOUS (Alfons V el Magnanim; King of Naples and Sicily)
Born in 1396 at Medina del Campo.
Father: King Ferdinand I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Castile.
Married in 1415 at Valencia Princess MARY of Castile (*1401 Segovia,+1458 Valencia).
He was enthroned in 1416 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa but never crowned.
Died in 1458 in Naples.
Buried firstly in the Convent of San Domenico in Naples. Reburied in the Abbey of Poblet in 1671. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona.
His Queen Mary of Castile was buried in the Monastery of the Holy Trinity at Valencia.
1458-1479: JOHN II (Joan II; King of Navarre and Sicily)
Born in 1398 at Medina del Campo.
Father: King Ferdinand I of Aragon and Sicily. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Castile.
Married firstly in 1420 in Pampeluna Queen Blanche II of Navarre (*1391,+1441 S. Maria de Nieva).
Married secondly in 1447 in Calataiud JOANNA (Juana) Enriquez (*c. 1425,+1468 Tarragona).
He was enthroned in 1458 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa but never crowned.
His issue who reigned:
-Eleanor (*1426,+1479; Queen of Navarre; daughter of Blanche).
-FERDINAND II (*1452,+1516; son of Joannna),
-Joanna (*1454,+1517; Queen of Naples; daughter of Joanna).
Died in 1479 in Barcelona.
Buried with his second consort Queen Joanna in the Abbey of Poblet. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona.
His first consort Queen Blanche of Navarre was buried in the Convent of S. Maria la Real de Nieva.
1479-1516: FERDINAND II THE CATHOLIC (Ferran II el Católico; King of Castile, Naples and Sicily)
Born in 1452 at Sos.
Father: King John II of Aragon. Mother: Juana Enriquez.
Married firstly in 1469 at Valladolid Queen ISABELLA the Catholic of Castile (*1451 Madrigal de las Altas Torres,+1504 Medina del Campo).
Married secondly in 1505 at Blois GERMAINE of Foix (*1488 Narbonne,+1538 Liria).
He was enthroned in 1479 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa but never crowned.
His issue who reigned:
-Isabella (*1470,+1498; Queen of Portugal; daughter of Isabella),
-Joanna (*1479,+1555; Queen of Castile; daughter of Isabella),
-Maria (*1482,+1517; Queen of Portugal; daughter of Isabella),
-Catherine (*1485,+1536; Queen of England; daughter of Isabella).
Died in 1516 at Madrigalejo.
Buried with his first consort Queen Isabella the Catholic in the Royal Chapel in Granada.
His second consort Queen Germaine was buried in the Monastery of San Miguel de los Reyes in Valencia.
1516: ARAGON UNITED WITH CASTILE (KINGDOM OF SPAIN).
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yago
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https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/wi-no-ferdinand-of-aragon.204210/
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en
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WI: No Ferdinand of Aragon
|
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2011-07-23T04:43:28+00:00
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Say that Juana Enriquez dies in childbirth and Ferdinand of Aragon dies or Juana Enriquez is not married to John II of Aragon which makes John II of Aragon...
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en
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alternatehistory.com
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https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/wi-no-ferdinand-of-aragon.204210/
|
I am not an expert, but I think the next in line would have been:
Henry, Duke of Segorbe, Count of Ampurias (1445-1522), the grandson of Ferdinand I through the Duke of Villena.
Not necessarily. Yes, under Salic Law Henry should become king of Aragon. But the problem is that the Aragonese never really followed Salic Law, otherwise Henry should have become king of Aragon when Ferdinand II died. Instead, the king forced the nobility to accept his daugther Joanna and his grandson Charles as his heirs.
So, assuming that Juana Enriquez is barren (kill her earlier wouldn't help, the king would only remarry again) then you have three options: a) the king makes his daugther Eleanor of Navarre his heir, and so Aragon and Navarre are united under the House of Foix; b) the nobles force the king to accept Salic Law and Henry, Duke of Segorbe, becomes king; c) Ferdinand I of Naples, bastard son of Alfonso V (eldest brother of John II) decides to raise a claim to Aragon.
Also, don't forget that if Juana fails to give the king a son then his relationship with his eldest son, Charles of Vianna, might be completely changed. The odds of Charles dieing the way he did IOTL would be much smaller here.
Not necessarily. Yes, under Salic Law Henry should become king of Aragon. But the problem is that the Aragonese never really followed Salic Law, otherwise Henry should have become king of Aragon when Ferdinand II died. Instead, the king forced the nobility to accept his daugther Joanna and his grandson Charles as his heirs.
So, assuming that Juana Enriquez is barren (kill her earlier wouldn't help, the king would only remarry again) then you have three options: a) the king makes his daugther Eleanor of Navarre his heir, and so Aragon and Navarre are united under the House of Foix; b) the nobles force the king to accept Salic Law and Henry, Duke of Segorbe, becomes king; c) Ferdinand I of Naples, bastard son of Alfonso V (eldest brother of John II) decides to raise a claim to Aragon.
Also, don't forget that if Juana fails to give the king a son then his relationship with his eldest son, Charles of Vianna, might be completely changed. The odds of Charles dieing the way he did IOTL would be much smaller here.
If we assume that JOhn makes his decision between 68 (birth of Catharine of Foix) and 83 (Francis of Foix's death and Catharine's subsequent marriage) then he may marry Catharine off to the then single Henry of Segorbe despite the 20 year age-gap thus merging the 2 strongest claims but also reducing the likelihood of introducing Salic Law.
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22709
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yago
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https://www.geni.com/people/Ferdinand-II-the-Catholic-King-of-Aragon/6000000001599855039
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en
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Ferdinand II the Catholic, King of Aragon
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2024-06-14T08:21:45-07:00
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Genealogy for Ferdinand II "the Catholic" de Aragón, King of Aragon (1452 - 1516) family tree on Geni, with over 260 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives.
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geni_family_tree
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https://www.geni.com/people/Ferdinand-II-the-Catholic-King-of-Aragon/6000000001599855039
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon
Fernando II de Aragón, el Católico (Sos del Rey Católico, 10 de mayo de 1452—Madrigalejo, 23 de enero de 1516), rey de Aragón y de Castilla (como Fernando V).
ID: I15846
Name: Ferdinand Aragon
Prefix: King
Suffix: II
Title: II
Sex: M
Birth: 10 MAR 1452
Death: 23 JUN 1516 in Madrigalejo,Extremadura,Spain
Ferdinand II of Aragon.
Ferdinand II of Aragon.
Ferdinand II the Catholic (Spanish: Fernando de Aragón "el Católico", Catalan: Ferran d'Aragó "el Catòlic", Aragonese: Ferrando II d'Aragón "lo Catolico") (March 10, 1452 – January 23, 1516) was king of Aragon (1479-1516), Castile, Sicily (1468-1516), Naples (1504-1516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre and Count of Barcelona.
Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon by his second wife, the Aragonese noblewoman Juana Enriquez. He married Infanta Isabella, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile, on October 19, 1469 in Ocaña and became Ferdinand V of Castile when Isabella succeeded her brother as Queen of Castile in 1474. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Juana, princess of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV, but were ultimately successful. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit which might be called Spain, although the various territories were not properly administered as a single unit until the 18th century. The first decades of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule were taken up with the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, the last Muslim enclave in the Iberian peninsula, which was completed by 1492. In that same year, the Jews were expelled from both Castile and Aragon, and Christopher Columbus was sent by the couple on his expedition which would ultimately discover the New World. By the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, the extra-European world was split between the crowns of Portugal and Castile by a north-south line through the Atlantic Ocean.
The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes over control of Italy with successive Kings of France, the so-called Italian Wars. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Ferdinand's cousin, Alfonso II, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I, to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and his succession by his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart, and over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba conquered Naples from the French, having succeeded by 1504. Another less famous "conquest" took place in 1503, when Andreas Paleologus, de jure Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, left Ferdinand and Isabella as heirs to the empire, thus Ferdinand became de jure Roman Emperor.
After Isabella's death, her kingdom went to their daughter Joanna. Ferdinand served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son Charles of Ghent was only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom.
In 1508, war resumed in Italy, this time against Venice, which all the other powers on the peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the Holy League was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against France.
In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against France. Earlier that year, Ferdinand had conquered the southern half of the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled by a French nobleman, and annexed it to Spain. At this point Ferdinand remarried with the much younger Germaine of Foix, a grand-daughter of Queen Leonor of Navarre, to reinforce his claim to the kingdom. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however.
Ferdinand died in 1516 in Madrigalejo, Cáceres, Extremadura. He had made Spain the most powerful country in Europe. The succession of his grandson Charles, who would inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Habsburg and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent. Charles succeeded him in the Aragonese lands, and was also granted the Castilian crown jointly with his insane mother, bringing about at long last the unification of the Spanish thrones under one head.
Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Spanish: Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico", Catalan: Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic", Aragonese: Ferrando II d'Aragón "lo Catolico"; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre, Count of Barcelona, King-consort of Castile (1474-1504) and then Regent (and true ruler) of that country also from 1508 to his death, in the name of his mentally challenged daughter Joanna the Mad.
Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his 2nd wife, the Castilian noblewoman Juana Enriquez. He married Infanta Isabella, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid and became jure uxoris King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her brother as Queen of Castile in 1474. Isabel also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara. Married under the joint motto, tanto monta, monta tanto, the two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joan, princess of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit began to be called España (Spain), the root of which is the ancient name Hispania, although the various states were not formerly administered as a single unit until the 18th century, but rather, as separate political units under the same Crown.
The first decades of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule were taken up with the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, the last Muslim enclave in the Iberian peninsula, which was completed by 1492. In that same year, the Alhambra Decree was issued, expelling the Jews from both Castile and Aragon, and Christopher Columbus was sent by the couple on his infamously accidental expedition to the new world. By the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, the extra-European world was split between the crowns of Portugal and Castile by a north-south line through the Atlantic Ocean.
The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes over control of Italy with successive Kings of France, the so-called Italian Wars. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II (who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and stepson of Ferdinand's sister) from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I, to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and his succession by his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart, and over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba conquered Naples from the French, having succeeded by 1504. Another less famous "conquest" took place in 1503, when Andreas Paleologus, de jure Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, left Ferdinand and Isabella as heirs to the empire, thus Ferdinand became de jure Roman Emperor.
After Isabella's death, her kingdom went to their daughter Joanna. Ferdinand served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna supposedly mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son Charles of Ghent was only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom.
Ferdinand disagreed with Philip's policies. In 1505, Ferdinand remarried with Germaine of Foix, a granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Leonor of Navarre, in hopes of fathering a new heir and so separating Aragon and Castile (denying Philip the governance of Aragon), and to potentially lay claim to Navarre.
Ferdinand also had children from his mistress, Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany of Cervera. He had a son, Alfonso de Aragon (born in 1469), who later became Archbishop of Saragossa, and a daughter Joanna (born in 1471), who married Bernardino de Valsco, the 1st Duke of Frias.
In the 1500s, Alfonso de Aragon, who later became Archbishop of Saragossa found a hidden study under the palace of Ferdinand, containing over 400 documents written by Ferdinand himself. In these documents, Ferdinand explained his general outlook on political power, and his true goals behind all his decisions during life as the King of Spain. Also through these documents, which surprised many people, writings stated that Ferdinand, during times of very complicated decision making, blindfolded himself to concentrate on the true matter of the situation, as to not let various things cloud his judgment.
In 1508, war resumed in Italy, this time against Venice, which all the other powers on the peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the Holy League was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against France.
In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against France. Earlier that year, Ferdinand had conquered the southern half of the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled by a French nobleman, and annexed it to Spain. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however.
Ferdinand died in 1516 in Madrigalejo, Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain.
Ferdinand and Isabella established a highly effective coregency under equal terms. They utilized a prenuptial agreement to lay down their terms. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to their joint motto of equality: Tanto monta or monta tanto, Isabel como Fernando ("They amount to the same, Isabella and Ferdinand"). Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, the crown power was centralized, the reconquista was successfully concluded, the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid, a legal framework was created, the church reformed. Even without the benefit of the American expansion, Spain would have been a major European power. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for the first modern world power.
They are, however, also remembered for having created the Spanish Inquisition.
In 1502, the members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Saragossa, swore an oath of loyalty to their daughter Joanna as heiress, but the Archbishop of Saragossa stated firmly that this oath was invalid and did not change the law of succession which could only be done by formal legislation by the Cortes with the King. So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon, and his grandson Charles became Governor General (Regent). Nevertheless, the Flemings wished that Carlos assume the royal title, and this was supported by his paternal grandfather the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and by Pope Leo X. Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Carlos I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian Regent, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him as King of Aragon jointly with his mother.
20 generations of ferdinand v. http://pulido123.com/index_htm_files/Ferdinand%20V%20for%2015%20Gen...
----------------------------------------------------
Príncipe de Aragón y rey de Sicilia, Fernando de Aragón nació en Sos del Rey Católico en el año 1452 y falleció a los 64 años en Madrigalejos. Hijo de Juan II de Aragón y futuro esposo de Isabel de Castilla, llegó a ser rey de Aragón, de Sicilia, de Nápoles y de Castilla. Con una presencia galante, de pelo muy negro, destacaba su expresión risueña.
Entre Fernando e Isabel se daban muchas similitudes, el padre y hermanastro de ambos eran rivales y además los dos eran hijos de una segunda esposa de un rey. Desde su niñez aprendió de guerras y política. De hecho, muy pronto llegó a ser un experto en la lucha en batallas y comandando tropas.
El monarca era tacaño en casa y en el gobierno, y respecto a su faceta de jugador, sus contemporáneos opinaban que dedicaba al juego más tiempo del que debía. Pero hay un defecto que parecía más grave que los demás: la lujuria.
Una de sus mayores cualidades era su amor a la familia, y las relaciones con su padre y con las mujeres fueron excelentes. También era un buen político y un negociador nato, además de ser un comunicador muy convincente, inflexible en sus decisiones y cruel si lo consideraba necesario. Fernando se adaptó muy bien a las costumbres de la corte castellana, aunque iba y venía de Aragón para apoyar a Juan II de Aragón en todas sus empresas.
http://www.rtve.es/television/20110922/fernando-aragon-interpretado...
Casó con Isabel de Castilla , Germana Foix, Aldonza Ruiz, Tolda de Lanea.
Yn Dey nomine. Amen. Manifiesta cosa sea a los que la presente verán en como en la muy noble villa de Valladolid jueves dies e ocho días del mes de octubre año del nasçimiento de nuestro Salvador Ihesuchristo de mil e quatrocientos e sesenta e nuevos años, e seyendo presentes los muy ilustres e exçellentes señores el muy exçellente e esclaresçido señor el señor don Fernando, rey de Siçilia, príncipe heredero de los reynos de Aragón, e la muy exçellente e esclarecida señora la señora doña Ysabel, fija del muy alto e poderoso señor rrey don Juan de gloriosa memoria, prinçesa heredera d’estos reynos de Castilla e de León... ellos estaban unanimiter conformes de contraher matrimonio en uno, segund que manda la Santa Madre Iglesia”.
Su padre negoció en secreto el matrimonio de Fernando con Isabel, recién proclamada Princesa de Asturias y, por tanto, heredera al trono de Castilla y León. Las conversaciones fueron secretas debido a que Fernando estaba prometido con la hija de don Juan Pacheco, favorito del rey castellano Enrique IV.[cita requerida] Isabel quería este matrimonio, pero había un problema canónico: los contrayentes eran primos (sus abuelos eran hermanos). Necesitaban, por tanto, una bula papal que autorizara los esponsales. El Papa, sin embargo, no llegó a firmar este documento, temeroso de las posibles consecuencias negativas que ese acto podría traerle (al atraerse las antipatías de los reinos de Castilla, Portugal y Francia, interesados todos ellos en desposar a la princesa Isabel con otro pretendiente).
Sin embargo, el Papa era proclive a esta unión conyugal, por los beneficios que le podía traer el estar a bien con la princesa Isabel.[cita requerida] Por ese motivo, ordenó al cardenal Rodrigo de Borja dirigirse a España como legado papal para facilitar este enlace.
Fernando, Isabel y sus consejeros dudaban en contraer matrimonio sin contar con la autorización papal. Finalmente, con la connivencia del cardenal Borja, presentaron una bula falsa, supuestamente emitida en junio de 1464 por el anterior Papa, Pío II, a favor de Fernando, en el que se le permitía contraer matrimonio con cualquier princesa con la que le uniera un lazo de consanguinidad de hasta tercer grado.
Isabel aceptó y se firmaron las capitulaciones matrimoniales de Cervera, el 5 de marzo de 1469. Ante el temor de que Enrique IV abortara estos planes, en el mes de mayo de 1469 y con la excusa de visitar la tumba de su hermano Alfonso, que reposaba en Ávila, Isabel escapó de Ocaña, donde era custodiada estrechamente por don Juan Pacheco. Por su parte, Fernando atravesó Castilla en secreto, disfrazado de mozo de mula de unos comerciantes.
Isabel de Aragón, primogénita de los Reyes Católicos y reina de Portugal. Finalmente el 19 de octubre de 1469, Isabel contrajo matrimonio en el Palacio de los Vivero de Valladolid con Fernando, rey de Sicilia y Príncipe de Gerona. Esto le valió el enfrentamiento con su hermanastro, que llegó a paralizar la bula papal de dispensa por parentesco entre Isabel y Fernando. Finalmente, el 1 de diciembre de 1471, Sixto IV emitió la bula que dispensaba al matrimonio de sus lazos de consanguinidad.
Casado el 19 de octubre de 1469, con Isabel tuvo 5 hijos
Reference: Ancestry Genealogy - SmartCopy: Aug 22 2017, 18:33:08 UTC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon
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Alfonso de Aragón y de Estrada (Ciudad Real, 1470 - Veracruz, 1530), noble español.
Hijo natural de Fernando el Católico y doña Luisa de Estrada, hija de don Fernan Duque de Estrada. Este apellido de "Duque de Estrada" es el de una familia de contadores reales asturianos procedentes de Llanes sin tratarse, como creen algunos de ningún Ducado de Estrada.
Sirvió a la corona en Flandes y en Sicilia.
En 1522, mientras estaba en servicio como corregidor de la ciudad de Cáceres, su sobrino Carlos I de España, hijo de la reina Juana I de Castilla, logró persuadirle para que viajara a la Nueva España y ayudara a la organización de trabajos y la estructuración financiera y contable en ella.
Por Decreto Real firmado el 15 de octubre de 1522 fue nombrado Tesorero Real en la Nueva España, para que junto a Gonzalo de Salazar como factor, Rodrigo de Albornoz como contador y Pedro Almíndez Chirino como veedor, ayudaran a Hernán Cortés en su gobierno.
Viajó hacia Nueva España sin su esposa e hijos arribando a Veracruz. El salario que le asignaron fue de 510.000 maravedíes por año, siendo este superior a los 310.000 que le habían asignado a Hernán Cortes, lo que muestra el trato preferencial que se le daba, aun después de haber fallecido su padre en 1516.
Las personas que le habían asignado a Hernán, le dieron muchos problemas. Esto fue aprovechado por Alfonso, que tras entrar en la política e intrigas de la Nueva España, consiguió en 1526 suplantar a Hernán como gobernador, manteniéndose en el cargo hasta 1528.
El Conquistador Gonzalo de Ocampo escribió de Gonzalo de Salazar lo siguiente:
¡Oh, fray Gordo de Salazar
factor de las diferencias!.
Con tus falsas reverencias
engañastes al provincial.
Un hombre de santa vida
me dijo que me guardase
de hombre que así hablase
retórica tan polida.
Los periodos de dominio de Estrada en ausencia de Hernán Cortés, que reprimía rebeliones hispanas con asistencia de indios, fueron los siguientes:
12 Octubre 1524 hasta 29 Diciembre 1524 Alonso de Estrada con Rodrigo de Albornoz y Alonso de Zuazo.
Del 29 Diciembre 1524 a 17 Febrero 1525 controlan Gonzalo de Salazar, Pedro Almíndez Chirino y Alonso de Zuazo.
Del 17 de Febrero 1525 al 20 de Abril 1525 controlan Gonzalo de Salazar, Pedro Almíndez Chirino, Alonso de Estrada, Rodrigo de Albornoz y Alonso de Zuazo.
Del 20 de Abril 1525 hasta 23 Mayo 1525 controlan Gonzalo de Salazar, Pedro Almíndez Chirino y Alonso de Zuazo.
Del 24 Mayo 125 a 28d e Enero 1526 controlan Gonzalo de Salazar y Pedro Almíndez Chirino.
De 29 Enero 1526 a 24 Junio 1526 controlan Alonso de Estrada y Rodrigo de Albornoz.
De 26 Junio 1526 a 3 de Julio 1526 controla Hernán Cortés.
De 4 de Julio de 1426 a 16 de Julio 1426 controla Luis Ponce de León.
De 16 de Julio de 1526 a 1 de Marzo de 1527 controla Marcos de Aguilar
De 2 de Marzo de 1527 al 22 de Agosto de 1527 controlan Alonso de Estrada, Gonzalo de Sandoval y Luis de la Torre
De 22 Agosto 1527 al 8 de Diciembre de 1528 controlan Alonso de Estrada y Luis de la Torre.
A principios de 1528, su esposa Marina Gutiérrez Flores de la Cavallería, de importante familia aragonesa de conversos del judaísmo Contadores Reales en Aragón, y cinco hijas, arribaron a la Nueva España tras seis años sin verse, completaban una travesía de tres meses desde España, siendo acompañadas en esta travesía por el fraile Julián Garcés, primer obispo de Tlaxcala.
Este apellido de la anterior familia Ahbenleví fue utilizado desde 1267, (siglo XIII), para subrayar su pertenencia como vasallos de la rama aragonesa de la Orden Militar de San Juan de Jerusalén. El Maestre del Capítulo del Reino Aragonés estaba conexionado con el título de "Castellán de Amposta" casi siempre en manos de los "Fernández de Híjar", una rama bastarda del rey del siglo XIII Jaime I de Aragón y de Montpellier.
Junto con los poderosos judíos aragoneses, con muchos menos conversos que los "Cavallería", los "Alazar" eran "judíos francos" de La Corona con numerosos privilegios fiscales y sociales.
Creemos que puede resultar muy fácil cambiar del poderoso jefe de familia Salomón Alazar a Salazar, apellido navarro bastante distinguido y también muy frecuente hoy incluso entre miembros de las etnias gitanas actuales peninsulares.
Pagaron por ejemplo 500,000 sueldos jaqueses a Fernando II de Aragón para Dineros de contribuciones especiales para la Conquista del Reino de Granada en 1487.
Descendencia
Los hijos de Alfonso y Marina Gutiérrez Flores de la Cavallería fueron:
Fray Juan de Estrada, de la Orden de Santo Domingo. Consultor del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición.
Luis Alfonso de Estrada – Señor de la Villa de Picón en España, Regidor perpetuo y Fiel ejecutor de Ciudad Real, Contino (cargo en las finanzas reales) de la Casa de Felipe II de España, tres veces alcalde de la Santa Hermandad por el Estado noble.
Doña Luisa de Estrada – Mujer del Capitán Jorge de Alvarado, conquistador de la Nueva España, hermano de Pedro de Alvarado, protegidos ambos del Secretario de Finanzas de Carlos I de España, recomendado especialmente a su hijo el Rey Felipe II por el propio Emperador, el ubetense Francisco de los Cobos.
Doña Marina de Estrada – Mujer de don Luis de Guzmán y Saavedra, Señor de Filantongo, hijo de los Condes de Castellar, Juan Arias de Saavedra y Maria de Guzman. Un Cano de Saavedra fue el quinto esposo de la Princesa Isabel Moctezuma Tecuichpo Ixcaxochitzin, princesa que no quiso reconocer a una hija habida con Hernán Cortés y referida, esta Isabel, como hija de Moctezuma II de México y se re-establecieron en Cáceres en el siglo XVI con algunos descendientes actualmente en Caceres y en Granada y con notables inversiones financieras en Extremadura a su regreso, que están siendo evaluadas ahora.
Doña Ana de Estrada – Mujer de Juan Alfonso de Sousa, Tesorero de la Nueva España.
Doña Francisca de Estrada (nacida Ciudad Real, España, circa 1514) – Mujer de Alonso Dávalos Saavedra. Señor de la provincia mejicana de Dávalos.
Doña Beatriz de Estrada, nacida en Ciudad Real, España, circa 1516) – Mujer del Conquistador Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, (Salamanca, circa 1510 - 1554), primer Gobernador y Capitán General del Reino de la Nueva Galicia y de las Provincias de Guadalajara y Compostela en la Nueva España.
En 1544, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, casado con estas descendientes de "Contadores Reales" conversos del judaísmo, el actual "Padre de Costa Rica", sería depuesto como gobernador de Nueva Galicia por el I Virrey de México (desde 1535 hasta quizá 1548), el granadino Antonio de Mendoza y de Pacheco, (Alcalá la Real, Jaén 1490 - Lima, Perú 1552), esposo, curiosamente, de otra descendiente de poderosos "Contadores Reales", Catalina de Vargas y Carvajal, usuaria como hembra del apellido materno Carvajal y luego del Vargas paterno, hija de Francisco de Vargas, Contador Mayor de los Reyes Católicos y del Rey Carlos I de España, de sus Consejos de Hacienda y Estado, alcaide de Trujillo y de Marbella, Tesorero general y Chanciller Mayor de Castilla, el del dicho «Averigüelo Vargas» porque de todo sabía y entendía del idioma castellano, (muerto en Marbella en 1524) de la que tuvo tres hijos:
Don Íñigo de Mendoza y Vargas "El Indio" o "El Largo", el primogénito,(Socuéllamos (Ciudad Real) 1523 - defensor del Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, enclave todavía rodeado de mar y tierra marroquí - Málaga, Julio 1563), Señor por compra de Estremera y Valdeacerete (Madrid).
Doña Francisca de Mendoza y Vargas, esposa de Alonso Fernández de Córdoba, corregidor de Toledo y su tierra, alcaide, gobernador y capitán general de las plazas de Orán y Mazarquivir y del Reino de Tremecén, en África, Virrey, lugarteniente y capitán general del Reino de Navarra (1564-1565), *(Tafalla 27.8.1512, + Estella 17.2.1565), 2º Conde de Alcaudete, ciudad de la provincia de Jaén.
Esta Mendoza y Vargas, probablemente nacida en Trujillo, provincia de Cáceres fue Dama de Compañía en Granada, antes de 1535, de la malograda Emperatriz y Reina Consorte portuguesa madre del Rey Felipe II de España.
y don Francisco de Mendoza y Vargas "El Indio", Obispo de Jaén entre 1538 y 1545, (muerto 1563).
פרדיננד השני, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה
לידה 9 ביולי 1578 האימפריה הרומית הקדושה גראץ, דוכסות שטיריה (אנ') פטירה 15 בפברואר 1637 (בגיל 58) האימפריה הרומית הקדושה וינה, ארכידוכסות אוסטריה מדינה האימפריה הרומית הקדושה מקום קבורה אוסטריה גראץ, אוסטריה השכלה אוניברסיטת אינגולשטאט עיסוק אריסטוקרט אלאונורה גונזאגה שושלת בית הבסבורג תואר קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה אב קרל השני, ארכידוכס אוסטריה אם מריה אנה מבוואריה צאצאים ראו בהמשך
קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה 28 באוגוסט 1619 – 15 בפברואר 1637 (17 שנים) → מתיאס, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושהפרדיננד השלישי, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה ← מלך הונגריה 1 ביולי 1618 – 15 בפברואר 1637 (18 שנים) → מתיאס, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושהפרדיננד השלישי, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה ← מלך בוהמיה 5 ביוני 1617 – 15 בפברואר 1637 (19 שנים) → מתיאס, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושהפרדיננד השלישי, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה ← פרסים והוקרה אביר במסדר גיזת הזהב לעריכה בוויקינתונים שמשמש מקור לחלק מהמידע בתבנית OOjs UI icon info big.svg פרדיננד השני, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה (9 ביולי 1578 - 15 בפברואר 1637) לבית הבסבורג, שלט בין השנים 1620–1637.
תוכן עניינים 1 ביוגרפיה 2 משפחתו 3 אילן יוחסין 4 קישורים חיצוניים
ביוגרפיה פרדיננד נולד ב-9 ביולי 1578 לקרל השני, ארכידוכס אוסטריה ומריה אנה מבוואריה, בתם של אלברכט החמישי, דוכס בוואריה ואנה, ארכידוכסית אוסטריה. פרדיננד התחנך על ידי הישועים, ולאחר מכן למד באוניברסיטת אינגולשטדט. בשנת 1595 קיבל פרדיננד את השליטה בנחלותיו, שבהן פעל בן דודו מקסימיליאן השלישי, ארכידוכס אוסטריה כעוצר, ומיד פתח בדיכוי הפרוטסטנטים בנחלותיו.
מכיוון שלבן דודו מתיאס, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה לא היו ילדים, הוכתר פרדיננד בשנת 1617 למלך בוהמיה. הכתרתו של פרדיננד, שבמקור היה הארכידוכס של שטיריה (Styria) כמלך בוהמיה, נמנתה עם הגורמים לפרוץ מלחמת שלושים השנה. במהלך רוב המלחמה כיהן גם כשליט האימפריה הרומית הקדושה. פרדיננד היה קתולי אדוק ולחם למען השבת מעמד הבכורה של הקתוליות ברחבי אירופה. הוא היה מאבירי הקונטרה-רפורמציה הקתולית במהלך מלחמת שלושים השנה והיה חסיד השלטון האבסולוטי.
בשנת 1630 הצטרף גוסטב השני אדולף, מלך שוודיה לאויביו, ובשנת 1632 ספג צבאו של פרדיננד תבוסה מידי השוודים בקרב ליצן. בשנת 1635 חתם פרדיננד על שלום פראג, אולם המלחמה לא הסתיימה בכך.
ב-15 בפברואר 1637 מת פרדיננד בווינה, ובנו פרדיננד השלישי, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה עלה לשלטון במקומו.
משפחתו ב-23 באפריל 1600 התחתן פרדיננד עם מריה אנה מבוואריה, בתו של וילהלם החמישי, דוכס בוואריה, ממנה נולדו לו 7 ילדים:
כריסטינה, ארכידוכסית אוסטריה (1601). קרל, ארכידוכס אוסטריה (1603). יוהאן קרל, ארכידוכס אוסטריה (1605–1619). פרדיננד השלישי, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה (1608–1657). מריה אנה, ארכידוכסית אוסטריה (1610–1665), התחתנה עם מקסימיליאן הראשון, הנסיך הבוחר מבוואריה. ססיליה רנאטה, ארכידוכסית אוסטריה (1611–1644), התחתנה עם ולדיסלאב הרביעי, מלך פולין. לאופולד וילהלם, ארכידוכס אוסטריה (1614–1662). בשנת 1622 נישא לאשתו השנייה, אלאונורה גונזאגה (1598-1665) בעיר אינסברוק. קישורים חיצוניים ויקישיתוף מדיה וקבצים בנושא פרדיננד השני, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה בוויקישיתוף פרדיננד השני, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה
באתר Find a Grave (באנגלית) https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A0%...
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon
Fernando II de Aragón, el Católico (Sos del Rey Católico, 10 de mayo de 1452—Madrigalejo, 23 de enero de 1516), rey de Aragón y de Castilla (como Fernando V).
ID: I15846
Name: Ferdinand Aragon
Prefix: King
Suffix: II
Title: II
Sex: M
Birth: 10 MAR 1452
Death: 23 JUN 1516 in Madrigalejo,Extremadura,Spain
Ferdinand II of Aragon.
Ferdinand II of Aragon.
Ferdinand II the Catholic (Spanish: Fernando de Aragón "el Católico", Catalan: Ferran d'Aragó "el Catòlic", Aragonese: Ferrando II d'Aragón "lo Catolico") (March 10, 1452 – January 23, 1516) was king of Aragon (1479-1516), Castile, Sicily (1468-1516), Naples (1504-1516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre and Count of Barcelona.
Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon by his second wife, the Aragonese noblewoman Juana Enriquez. He married Infanta Isabella, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile, on October 19, 1469 in Ocaña and became Ferdinand V of Castile when Isabella succeeded her brother as Queen of Castile in 1474. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Juana, princess of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV, but were ultimately successful. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit which might be called Spain, although the various territories were not properly administered as a single unit until the 18th century. The first decades of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule were taken up with the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, the last Muslim enclave in the Iberian peninsula, which was completed by 1492. In that same year, the Jews were expelled from both Castile and Aragon, and Christopher Columbus was sent by the couple on his expedition which would ultimately discover the New World. By the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, the extra-European world was split between the crowns of Portugal and Castile by a north-south line through the Atlantic Ocean.
The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes over control of Italy with successive Kings of France, the so-called Italian Wars. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Ferdinand's cousin, Alfonso II, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I, to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and his succession by his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart, and over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba conquered Naples from the French, having succeeded by 1504. Another less famous "conquest" took place in 1503, when Andreas Paleologus, de jure Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, left Ferdinand and Isabella as heirs to the empire, thus Ferdinand became de jure Roman Emperor.
After Isabella's death, her kingdom went to their daughter Joanna. Ferdinand served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son Charles of Ghent was only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom.
In 1508, war resumed in Italy, this time against Venice, which all the other powers on the peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the Holy League was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against France.
In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against France. Earlier that year, Ferdinand had conquered the southern half of the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled by a French nobleman, and annexed it to Spain. At this point Ferdinand remarried with the much younger Germaine of Foix, a grand-daughter of Queen Leonor of Navarre, to reinforce his claim to the kingdom. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however.
Ferdinand died in 1516 in Madrigalejo, Cáceres, Extremadura. He had made Spain the most powerful country in Europe. The succession of his grandson Charles, who would inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Habsburg and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent. Charles succeeded him in the Aragonese lands, and was also granted the Castilian crown jointly with his insane mother, bringing about at long last the unification of the Spanish thrones under one head.
Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Spanish: Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico", Catalan: Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic", Aragonese: Ferrando II d'Aragón "lo Catolico"; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre, Count of Barcelona, King-consort of Castile (1474-1504) and then Regent (and true ruler) of that country also from 1508 to his death, in the name of his mentally challenged daughter Joanna the Mad.
Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his 2nd wife, the Castilian noblewoman Juana Enriquez. He married Infanta Isabella, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid and became jure uxoris King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her brother as Queen of Castile in 1474. Isabel also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara. Married under the joint motto, tanto monta, monta tanto, the two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joan, princess of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit began to be called España (Spain), the root of which is the ancient name Hispania, although the various states were not formerly administered as a single unit until the 18th century, but rather, as separate political units under the same Crown.
The first decades of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule were taken up with the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, the last Muslim enclave in the Iberian peninsula, which was completed by 1492. In that same year, the Alhambra Decree was issued, expelling the Jews from both Castile and Aragon, and Christopher Columbus was sent by the couple on his infamously accidental expedition to the new world. By the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, the extra-European world was split between the crowns of Portugal and Castile by a north-south line through the Atlantic Ocean.
The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes over control of Italy with successive Kings of France, the so-called Italian Wars. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II (who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and stepson of Ferdinand's sister) from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I, to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and his succession by his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart, and over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba conquered Naples from the French, having succeeded by 1504. Another less famous "conquest" took place in 1503, when Andreas Paleologus, de jure Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, left Ferdinand and Isabella as heirs to the empire, thus Ferdinand became de jure Roman Emperor.
After Isabella's death, her kingdom went to their daughter Joanna. Ferdinand served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna supposedly mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son Charles of Ghent was only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom.
Ferdinand disagreed with Philip's policies. In 1505, Ferdinand remarried with Germaine of Foix, a granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Leonor of Navarre, in hopes of fathering a new heir and so separating Aragon and Castile (denying Philip the governance of Aragon), and to potentially lay claim to Navarre.
Ferdinand also had children from his mistress, Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany of Cervera. He had a son, Alfonso de Aragon (born in 1469), who later became Archbishop of Saragossa, and a daughter Joanna (born in 1471), who married Bernardino de Valsco, the 1st Duke of Frias.
In the 1500s, Alfonso de Aragon, who later became Archbishop of Saragossa found a hidden study under the palace of Ferdinand, containing over 400 documents written by Ferdinand himself. In these documents, Ferdinand explained his general outlook on political power, and his true goals behind all his decisions during life as the King of Spain. Also through these documents, which surprised many people, writings stated that Ferdinand, during times of very complicated decision making, blindfolded himself to concentrate on the true matter of the situation, as to not let various things cloud his judgment.
In 1508, war resumed in Italy, this time against Venice, which all the other powers on the peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the Holy League was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against France.
In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against France. Earlier that year, Ferdinand had conquered the southern half of the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled by a French nobleman, and annexed it to Spain. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however.
Ferdinand died in 1516 in Madrigalejo, Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain.
Ferdinand and Isabella established a highly effective coregency under equal terms. They utilized a prenuptial agreement to lay down their terms. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to their joint motto of equality: Tanto monta or monta tanto, Isabel como Fernando ("They amount to the same, Isabella and Ferdinand"). Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, the crown power was centralized, the reconquista was successfully concluded, the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid, a legal framework was created, the church reformed. Even without the benefit of the American expansion, Spain would have been a major European power. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for the first modern world power.
They are, however, also remembered for having created the Spanish Inquisition.
In 1502, the members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Saragossa, swore an oath of loyalty to their daughter Joanna as heiress, but the Archbishop of Saragossa stated firmly that this oath was invalid and did not change the law of succession which could only be done by formal legislation by the Cortes with the King. So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon, and his grandson Charles became Governor General (Regent). Nevertheless, the Flemings wished that Carlos assume the royal title, and this was supported by his paternal grandfather the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and by Pope Leo X. Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Carlos I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian Regent, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him as King of Aragon jointly with his mother.
20 generations of ferdinand v. http://pulido123.com/index_htm_files/Ferdinand%20V%20for%2015%20Gen...
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Príncipe de Aragón y rey de Sicilia, Fernando de Aragón nació en Sos del Rey Católico en el año 1452 y falleció a los 64 años en Madrigalejos. Hijo de Juan II de Aragón y futuro esposo de Isabel de Castilla, llegó a ser rey de Aragón, de Sicilia, de Nápoles y de Castilla. Con una presencia galante, de pelo muy negro, destacaba su expresión risueña.
Entre Fernando e Isabel se daban muchas similitudes, el padre y hermanastro de ambos eran rivales y además los dos eran hijos de una segunda esposa de un rey. Desde su niñez aprendió de guerras y política. De hecho, muy pronto llegó a ser un experto en la lucha en batallas y comandando tropas.
El monarca era tacaño en casa y en el gobierno, y respecto a su faceta de jugador, sus contemporáneos opinaban que dedicaba al juego más tiempo del que debía. Pero hay un defecto que parecía más grave que los demás: la lujuria.
Una de sus mayores cualidades era su amor a la familia, y las relaciones con su padre y con las mujeres fueron excelentes. También era un buen político y un negociador nato, además de ser un comunicador muy convincente, inflexible en sus decisiones y cruel si lo consideraba necesario. Fernando se adaptó muy bien a las costumbres de la corte castellana, aunque iba y venía de Aragón para apoyar a Juan II de Aragón en todas sus empresas.
http://www.rtve.es/television/20110922/fernando-aragon-interpretado...
Casó con Isabel de Castilla , Germana Foix, Aldonza Ruiz, Tolda de Lanea.
Yn Dey nomine. Amen. Manifiesta cosa sea a los que la presente verán en como en la muy noble villa de Valladolid jueves dies e ocho días del mes de octubre año del nasçimiento de nuestro Salvador Ihesuchristo de mil e quatrocientos e sesenta e nuevos años, e seyendo presentes los muy ilustres e exçellentes señores el muy exçellente e esclaresçido señor el señor don Fernando, rey de Siçilia, príncipe heredero de los reynos de Aragón, e la muy exçellente e esclarecida señora la señora doña Ysabel, fija del muy alto e poderoso señor rrey don Juan de gloriosa memoria, prinçesa heredera d’estos reynos de Castilla e de León... ellos estaban unanimiter conformes de contraher matrimonio en uno, segund que manda la Santa Madre Iglesia”.
Su padre negoció en secreto el matrimonio de Fernando con Isabel, recién proclamada Princesa de Asturias y, por tanto, heredera al trono de Castilla y León. Las conversaciones fueron secretas debido a que Fernando estaba prometido con la hija de don Juan Pacheco, favorito del rey castellano Enrique IV.[cita requerida] Isabel quería este matrimonio, pero había un problema canónico: los contrayentes eran primos (sus abuelos eran hermanos). Necesitaban, por tanto, una bula papal que autorizara los esponsales. El Papa, sin embargo, no llegó a firmar este documento, temeroso de las posibles consecuencias negativas que ese acto podría traerle (al atraerse las antipatías de los reinos de Castilla, Portugal y Francia, interesados todos ellos en desposar a la princesa Isabel con otro pretendiente).
Sin embargo, el Papa era proclive a esta unión conyugal, por los beneficios que le podía traer el estar a bien con la princesa Isabel.[cita requerida] Por ese motivo, ordenó al cardenal Rodrigo de Borja dirigirse a España como legado papal para facilitar este enlace.
Fernando, Isabel y sus consejeros dudaban en contraer matrimonio sin contar con la autorización papal. Finalmente, con la connivencia del cardenal Borja, presentaron una bula falsa, supuestamente emitida en junio de 1464 por el anterior Papa, Pío II, a favor de Fernando, en el que se le permitía contraer matrimonio con cualquier princesa con la que le uniera un lazo de consanguinidad de hasta tercer grado.
Isabel aceptó y se firmaron las capitulaciones matrimoniales de Cervera, el 5 de marzo de 1469. Ante el temor de que Enrique IV abortara estos planes, en el mes de mayo de 1469 y con la excusa de visitar la tumba de su hermano Alfonso, que reposaba en Ávila, Isabel escapó de Ocaña, donde era custodiada estrechamente por don Juan Pacheco. Por su parte, Fernando atravesó Castilla en secreto, disfrazado de mozo de mula de unos comerciantes.
Isabel de Aragón, primogénita de los Reyes Católicos y reina de Portugal. Finalmente el 19 de octubre de 1469, Isabel contrajo matrimonio en el Palacio de los Vivero de Valladolid con Fernando, rey de Sicilia y Príncipe de Gerona. Esto le valió el enfrentamiento con su hermanastro, que llegó a paralizar la bula papal de dispensa por parentesco entre Isabel y Fernando. Finalmente, el 1 de diciembre de 1471, Sixto IV emitió la bula que dispensaba al matrimonio de sus lazos de consanguinidad.
Casado el 19 de octubre de 1469, con Isabel tuvo 5 hijos
Reference: Ancestry Genealogy - SmartCopy: Aug 22 2017, 18:33:08 UTC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon
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Joan | Catholic Queen, Iberian Union, Ferdinand II
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Joan was the queen of Castile (from 1504) and of Aragon (from 1516), though power was exercised for her by her husband, Philip I, her father, Ferdinand II, and her son, the emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain). Joan was the third child of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joan-queen-of-Castile-and-Aragon
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Joan (born Nov. 6, 1479, Toledo, Castile [Spain]—died April 11, 1555, Tordesillas, Spain) was the queen of Castile (from 1504) and of Aragon (from 1516), though power was exercised for her by her husband, Philip I, her father, Ferdinand II, and her son, the emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain).
Joan was the third child of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and became heiress in 1500 on the death of her brother and elder sister. She had married Philip of Burgundy, son of the emperor Maximilian, as part of Ferdinand’s policy of securing allies against France. They had two sons, Charles, born in 1500, who succeeded as emperor and king of Spain, and Ferdinand, his lieutenant and successor as emperor, and four daughters, all of whom became queens—Eleanor, who married Manuel I of Portugal and then Francis I of France; Elizabeth, who married Christian II of Denmark; Maria, who married Louis II of Hungary; and Catherine, who married John III of Portugal.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon facts for kids
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Ferdinand II (Aragonese: Ferrando; Catalan: Ferran; Basque: Errando; Spanish: Fernando; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was the king of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516. As the husband of Queen Isabella I of Castile, he was also the king of Castile from 1475 to 1504 (as Ferdinand V). He reigned jointly with Isabella over a dynastically unified Spain; together they are known as the Catholic Monarchs. Ferdinand is considered the de facto first king of Spain, and was described as such during his reign, even though, legally, Castile and Aragon remained two separate kingdoms until they were formally united by the Nueva Planta decrees issued between 1707 and 1716.
The Crown of Aragon that Ferdinand inherited in 1479 included the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, and Sicily, as well as the principality of Catalonia. His marriage to Queen Isabella I of Castile is regarded as the "cornerstone in the foundation of the Spanish monarchy". Ferdinand and Isabella played a major role in the European colonization of the Americas, sponsoring the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. That year the couple defeated Granada, the last Muslim state in Western Europe, thus completing the centuries-long Reconquista.
Ferdinand was the king of the Crown of Castile until Isabella's death in 1504, when their daughter Joanna became queen. That year, after a war with France, Ferdinand conquered the Kingdom of Naples. In 1507 he became regent of Castile on behalf of Joanna, who was alleged to be mentally unstable. In 1506, as part of a treaty with France, Ferdinand married Germaine of Foix, but there were no surviving children. In 1512 he conquered the Kingdom of Navarre, ruling all the territories comprising modern-day Spain until his death in 1516. He was nominally succeeded by his daughter Joanna but power was soon assumed by her son Charles I (later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V).
Early life
Ferdinand was born on 10 March 1452, in the town of Sos del Rey Católico, Kingdom of Aragon, as the son of John II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez.
Marriage and accession
Ferdinand married Isabella, the half-sister and heir presumptive of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon. Isabella also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara, and the two were second cousins by descent from John I of Castile. They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement on sharing power, and under the joint motto "tanto monta, monta tanto". He became jure uxoris King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her deceased brother in 1474. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joanna, the purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union. The various states were not formally administered as a single unit, but as separate political units under the same Crown. (The legal merging of Aragon and Castile into a single Spain occurred under Philip V in 1707–1715.)
The first years of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule saw the Spanish conquest of the Emirate of Granada, the last Islamic al-Andalus entity on the Iberian peninsula, completed in 1492.
The completion of the Reconquista was not the only significant act performed by Ferdinand and Isabella in that year. In March 1492, the monarchs issued the Edict of Expulsion of the Jews, also called the Alhambra Decree, a document which ordered all Jews either to be baptised and convert to Christianity or to leave the country. It allowed Mudéjar Moors (Islamic) and converso Marrano Jews to stay, while expelling all unconverted Jews from Castile and Aragon (most Jews either converted or moved to the Ottoman Empire). 1492 was also the year in which the monarchs commissioned Christopher Columbus to find a westward maritime route for access to Asia, which resulted in the Spanish arrival in the Americas.
In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the entire world beyond Europe between Portugal and Castile (Spain) for conquest and dominion purposes – by a north–south line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean.
Forced conversions
Ferdinand abrogated a section of the 1491 Treaty of Granada peace treaty in 1502 by dismissing the clearly guaranteed religious freedom for Mudéjar Muslims. Ferdinand forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert, converso Moriscos, to Catholicism, or else be expelled. Some of the Muslims who remained were mudéjar artisans, who could design and build in the Moorish style. This was also practised by the Spanish inquisitors on the converso Marrano Jewish population of Spain.
The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes with successive kings of France over control of Italy, the Italian Wars. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II, who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and step nephew, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand II, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following Ferdinand II's death and accession of his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart and, over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba fought to take Naples from the French, finally succeeding by 1504.
Some time before 1502 Andreas Palaiologos, the last exiled claimant to the Byzantine throne of his house, sold his titles and royal and imperial rights to Ferdinand. Those, however, had never been made use of, due to the doubtful nature of the deal.
After Isabella
Isabella made her will on 12 October 1504, in advance of her 26 November 1504 death. In it she spelled out the succession to the crown of Castile, leaving it to Joanna and then to Joanna's son Charles. Isabella was dubious of Joanna's ability to rule and was not confident of Joanna's husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand moved quickly after his wife's death to continue his role in Castile. On the day of his wife's death, he formally renounced his title as king of Castile and instead became governor (gobernador) of the kingdom, as a way to become regent. Philip deemed his wife sane and fit to rule. A compromise was forged between Philip and Ferdinand, which gave Ferdinand a continued role in Castile. Ferdinand had served as Joanna's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband.
In the Treaty of Villafáfila of 1506, Ferdinand renounced not only the government of Castile in favor of Philip but also the lordship of the Indies, withholding half of the income of the "kingdoms of the Indies". Joanna and Philip immediately added to their titles the kingdoms of Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea. But the Treaty of Villafáfila did not hold for long because of the death of Philip; Ferdinand returned as regent of Castile and as "lord of the Indies".
The widowed Ferdinand made an alliance with France in July 1505 and married Germaine of Foix, cementing the alliance with France. She was the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor of Navarre and niece of Louis XII of France. Had Ferdinand's son with Germaine, John, Prince of Girona, born on 3 May 1509, survived, "the crown of Aragon would inevitably been separated from Castile" and denied his grandson Charles the crown of Aragon. But the infant Prince John died within hours and was buried in the convent of Saint Paul in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon, and later transferred to Poblet Monastery, Vimbodí i Poblet, Catalonia, Kingdom of Aragon, traditional burial site of the kings of Aragon.
Ferdinand had no legal position in Castile, with the cortes of Toro recognizing Joanna and her children as heirs and Ferdinand left Castile in July 1506. After his son-in-law Philip's untimely death in September 1506, Castile was in crisis. Joanna was allegedly mentally unstable, and Joanna's and Philip's son, Charles, the future Emperor Charles V, was only six years old. Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom, was made regent, but the upper nobility reasserted itself. Ferdinand led an army against Pedro Fernández de Córdoba y Pacheco, the marquis of Priego of Córdoba, who had seized control there by force.
In 1508 war resumed in Italy, this time against the Republic of Venice, in which all the other powers with interests on the Italian peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand II, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League of Cambrai soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the 'Holy League' was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against Louis XII and France.
In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law King Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against Navarre and France ahead of the Spanish invasion of Navarre as of July 1512. After the fall of Granada in 1492, he had manoeuvred for years to take over the throne of the Basque kingdom, ruled by Queen Catherine of Navarre and King John III of Navarre, also lords of Béarn and other sizeable territories north of the Pyrenees and in Gascony. Ferdinand annexed Navarre first to the Crown of Aragon, but later, under the pressure of Castilian noblemen, to the Crown of Castile. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however.
Ferdinand II died on 23 January 1516 in Madrigalejo, Extremadura, Kingdom of Castile and Leon. He is entombed at Capilla Real, Granada. His wife Isabella, daughter Joanna, and son-in-law Philip rest beside him there.
Legacy and succession
Ferdinand and Isabella established a highly effective sovereignty under equal terms. They utilised a prenuptial agreement to lay down their terms. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to his joint motto of equality: "Tanto monta [or monta tanto], Isabel como Fernando" ("They amount to the same, Isabel and Ferdinand"). Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, or at least more united than it ever had been; the crown power was centralised, at least in name; the reconquista was successfully concluded; the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid; a legal framework was created; the church was reformed. Even without the benefit of the American expansion, Spain would have been a major European power. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for the first modern world power.
During the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain pursued alliances through marriage with Portugal, Habsburg Austria, and Burgundy. Their first-born daughter Isabella was married to Alfonso of Portugal, and their first-born son John was married to Margaret of Austria. However, the deaths of these children, and the death of Isabella, altered the succession plan forcing Ferdinand to yield the government of Castile to Philip of Habsburg the husband of his second daughter Joanna.
In 1502, the members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Zaragoza, and Parliaments of the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia in Barcelona, as members of the Crown of Aragon, swore an oath of loyalty to their daughter Joanna as heiress, but Alonso de Aragón, Archbishop of Saragossa, stated firmly that this oath was invalid and did not change the law of succession which could only be done by formal legislation by the Cortes with the King. So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon, and his grandson Charles became Governor General (regent). Nevertheless, the Flemish wished that Charles assume the royal title, and this was supported by his paternal grandfather the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and by Pope Leo X. Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian Regent, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him as King of Aragon jointly with his mother.
Ferdinand's grandson and successor Charles, was to inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Austrian and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, which would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent and, with the discoveries and conquests in the Americas and elsewhere, of the first truly global Empire.
Children
Main article: Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile
With his wife Isabella I the Catholic (whom he married 19 October 1469), King Ferdinand had seven children:
Isabella (1470–1498), Princess of Asturias (1497–1498). She married first Afonso, Prince of Portugal, then after his death married his uncle Prince Manuel, the future King Emanuel I of Portugal. She died in childbirth delivering her son Miguel da Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who, in turn, died in infancy.
A son miscarried on 31 May 1475 in Cebreros
John (1478–1497), Prince of Asturias (1478–1497). He married Margaret of Habsburg (daughter of Emperor Maximilian I). He died of tuberculosis and his posthumous child with Margaret was stillborn.
Joanna I (1479–1555), Princess of Asturias (1500–1504), Queen of Castile (1504–1555), Queen of Aragon (1516–1555). She married Philip I (Philip the handsome) (son of Emperor Maximilian I); and was the mother of King Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor). Ferdinand made her out to be mentally unstable and she was incarcerated by him, and then by her son, in Tordesillas for over 50 years. Her grandson, Philip II of Spain, was crowned in 1556.
Maria (1482–1517). She married King Emanuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella, and was the mother of King John III of Portugal and of the Cardinal-King, Henry I of Portugal.
A stillborn daughter, twin of Maria. Born 1 July 1482 at dawn.
Catalina (1485–1536), later known as Catherine of Aragon, queen of England. She married first Arthur, Prince of Wales, son of and heir to King Henry VII of England and, after Prince Arthur's death, she married his brother Henry, Duke of York, who also became Prince of Wales and then King Henry VIII. She thus became Queen of England and was the mother of Queen Mary I.
With his second wife, Germaine of Foix, niece of Louis XII of France (whom he married on 19 October 1505 in Blois, Kingdom of France), King Ferdinand had one son:
John, Prince of Girona, who died hours after being born on 3 May 1509.
He also left several illegitimate children, two of them were born before his marriage to Isabella:
With Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany, a Catalan noblewoman of Cervera, he had:
Alonso de Aragón (1469–1520). Archbishop of Zaragoza and Viceroy of Aragon.
With Joana Nicolaua:
Juana de Aragón (1469 – bef. 1522). She married Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías.
With Toda de Larrea:
María Esperanza de Aragón (? – 1543). Abbess of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas.
With Beatriz Pereira:
(? – 1550). Nun at Madrigal de las Altas Torres.
Heraldry
Depiction in film and television
Films
Year Film Director(s) Actor 1951 Hare We Go Robert McKimson Mel Blanc 1976 La espada negra Francisco Rovira Beleta Juan Ribó 1985 Christopher Columbus Alberto Lattuada Nicol Williamson 1992 Christopher Columbus: The Discovery John Glen Tom Selleck 1992 1492: Conquest of Paradise Ridley Scott Fernando García Rimada 1992 Carry On Columbus Gerald Thomas Leslie Phillips 2001 Juana la Loca Vicente Aranda Héctor Colomé 2016 Assassin's Creed Justin Kurzel Thomas Camilleri
TV series
Year Series Channel 1980 Shaheen(Based on Naseem Hijazi Novel) PTV 1991 Réquiem por Granada TVE 2004 Memoria de España TVE 2011 Muhteşem Yüzyıl Show TV 2012 Isabel, mi reina TVE 2014 Borgia (TV series) Canal+
See also
In Spanish: Fernando II de Aragón para niños
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Isabella And Ferdinand's Influence On Spain
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Isabella and Ferdinand II were a good match and they unified Spain. They were known as Catholic Monarchs and Spain have changed in many ways. Their marriage...
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Santervas De Campos: The Castle Of Spain
362 Words | 2 Pages
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Religion was a key factor in the way La Casas and the Spaniards protrayed the indigenous people of the Caribbean. Queen Isabella 's role in the avocation of converting the native people to Catholicism allowed Religion to play a major role in the Spanish ConquestLas Casas mentions Queen Isabella’s religious influences in the opening chapter of the book. He also states that her death and the disappearances of her influences is the reasons the Spaniards genocide of the native people increased. Both Las Casa and the Spaniards agreed that religion was a reason for the conquest of the Caribbean. However, they concept influenced their portrayal of the natives in different ways.
Eleanor began her achievements at a very young age. When she was only fifteen, she was married to the king of France’s son, Louis, and later they were both crowned king and queen of France. Many years later, when a crusade didn’t go to plan, Eleanor left Louis and soon after married Henry, Duke of Normandy. When Henry’s father died, Henry and Eleanor were crowned king and queen of England. Years passed, and Eleanor left Henry to start a new life on her own.
Thomas Penn Winter King Analysis
2686 Words | 11 Pages
As a halfblooded Lancaster and Yorkist, he married the Yorkist Elizabeth and consolidated his claim on the throne. Furthermore, with both Lancaster and Yorkists represented on the throne, the citizens had nothing to fight over. Although sympathizers of Edward and the Yorkist remained, the issues subsided with the death of Warwick and Warbeck. The peace during his reign paved the opportunity for renaissance and reformation
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831 Words | 4 Pages
Spain was made up of small ruling kingdoms that were attempting to drive out the Moors, before 1492. When King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile united in marriage, their two kingdoms came together making Spain a strong and powerful country. They drove the Moors out and with
" Spain had previously been ruled by Muslims; it is known as the Reconquesta of 1492. It essentially meant that Spain had been reconquered by religion. Soon after, Ferdinand and Isabella wanted the support of the Pope and became known as conquistadors
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Ferdinand and Isabella were successful with their career. Ferdinand of Aragon was born March 10, 1452. His father was John II of Aragon and Navarre and his mother is Juana Enríquez their religion was Roman Catholic. Ferdinand was king of Aragon from
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The Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, sponsored Columbus’ journey west in hopes that he would find this new trade route. Instead of reaching the Orient, Columbus unknowingly stumbled on a new continent, the Americas. Thinking he had arrived in India, he traded with the native people and was excited to find new items to exchange. The Native Americans, Christopher Columbus claimed: “were very friendly to us, and perceived that they could be much more easily converted to our holy faith by gentle means rather than by force, I presented them with… trifles of small value, wherein with they were much delighted, and became wonderfully attached to us” (Columbus). This positive trade experience was reported back to Spain and created excitement for further expeditions.
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1561 Words | 7 Pages
Batoul Labban Journal # 10 The Odyssey • Odyssey 1: Book number one begins 10 years after the Trojan War. Everyone that was considered heroes went back home except for Odysseus. One reason why he has not left back home is because a goddess named Calypso fell in love with him and is refused to let him leave her. A lot has been going around since Odysseus has not returned to his home yet.
The Columbian Exchange
892 Words | 4 Pages
The Spanish used religion as a way to secure authority over Native American populations. These two religions caused conflict among the colonies because of the different beliefs. Laws were made based on their religions, and their government used religion to rule the colonies. Religion determined who hung around who, and who
Renaissance Period Marriage
847 Words | 4 Pages
She was betrothed to Arthur the son of Henry VII of England at age three. This created peace between Spain and England. Six short months later
Spanish Imperialism Essay
751 Words | 4 Pages
Since 1492, Spain recognized Christianity as its official religion because there was no distinction between Catholicism and Protestantism. Most of the Spanish population practiced Christianity due to Jews being banished and Muslims being converted. In 1517, the Protestant Reformation divided the Christian religion half - into Catholicism and Protestantism. Spain supported the Catholic religion, and they saw the New World as an opportunity to convert others to Catholicism. They believed that religion gave them the right to conquer new land, because they “came to serve God and to get rich, as all men wish to do,” which Bernal Diaz del Castillo said while working with Hernán Cortés in the conquest of Mexico.
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A
Alcabala
The alcabala is an old sales tax made in an indirect manner; its origin is Muslim, and it involved the taxation of the internal commercial transactions of a territory.
Aldonça de Montsoriu
Editor of Isabel de Villena.
AlegrÃa
Is the seed of the sesame.
Almodis de la Marca
Countess of Barcelona, she was the daughter of the countess and count Amelia and Bernardo de la Marca, she was the third wife of Ramón Berenguer I, count of Barcelona (1035-1076) who she was united with in the year 1052. Before she had been married to Hugo de Lesinhan and to Pons II, count of Tolosa. She was excommunicated by the Pope because of her illegitimate union with the count of Barcelona, since both were married; once their marriage had been forgiven and legalised, she ruled next to the count and collaborated in the writing down of the Codes of usajes. She was murdered by Pedro de Barcelona, son of Ramón Berenguer I and Elisabet, son of the first marriage of Ramón Berenguer, in the year 1071. she had children from the three marriages, who ruled in their respective territories; in relation to the earldom of Barcelona, she was the mother of the twins Ramón Berenguer II, and Berenguer Ramón II, counts of Barcelona and of Sancha de Barcelona, countess of Cerdaña.
Alodio
Complete, absolute and free control, exempt of services and charges.
Andalusà territory
Belonging to lands of Al-Andalus, the territories of the Peninsula occupied by the Muslims after 711 were known as such.
Anna Maria van Schurman
(1607-1678) was a German poet and painter in possession of a vast learning, which included the ancient languages. A great defender of womenâs education and of their scientific instruction, she remained single, devoting her life to study. Intellectuals, like Descartes, visited her and debated with her on very diverse matters.
Ann Coventry
Friend of Mary Astell.
Anne Dacier
Publisher and translator.
Anne Lefèvre Dacier
(1654-1720), publisher and translator of many classical texts, made a prose translation of Anacreon and Sappho. Her translation of the âIliadâ and the âOdysseyâ gave rise to a controversy about Homer.
Anne of Denmark
Princess Anne of Denmark (1667-1714), Queen of Great Britain from 1702 until her death, known for her support of womenâs causes, was prepared to donate ten thousand pounds for the realisation of Mary Astellâs project. But the intervention of the church, through the bishop Burnet, managed to ensure that this donation did not take place. However, as Virginia Woolf points out (Three Guineas), âQueen Anne died, bishop Burnet died and Mary Astell died. But the desire to found a university college for those belonging to Mary Astellâs sex did not die. On the contrary, it got stronger and strongerâ.
Aphra Behn
(1640-1689), author of plays and narrator; she is considered to be the first woman to live from her literary activity in England.
Apocalypse
The Book of the Apocalypse is the last canonical book of the New Testament. The Christian tradition attributes it to the apostle John, author of the fourth gospel, an attribution that has been and is questioned. The book is dated from between 94 and 96 and it is said that it was written on the island of Patmos (Asia Minor). It is addressed to the seven Churches of Asia, then victims of the Domitian persecution. The text tries to give the churches encouragement at such a difficult moment. It contains the revelation of Christ to John translated in seven letters, one for each community, and divided into three main parts: The first concerns itself with the situation of the Church in Asia; the second, with the divine plan of wellbeing for the Church until its final glorification, and the third, with the future of the Church. The prophecy about the Church is the promise that, in spite of all the sufferings, there will be a new world where all evil, including physical death, will disappear for evermore. Amongst the characteristics of the text we can highlight: the usage of enigmatic and mysterious terms, with fantastic and strange images, and with a great presence of symbols, the meaning of which is difficult for a reader of our time to decipher. It was written in Greek; however, it has many Semitic words.
Aprisio
The occupation of an uninhabited piece of land, without an owner, with the intention of breaking it and working it. According to the law in force, after having worked it for more than 30 years, those who had occupied it became its owners.
Athena
Greek goddess of wisdom equivalent to the Roman Minerva.
Authority
A word that comes from the Latin augere, meaning âto grow, to make growâ. Lia Cigarini, of the Milan Womenâs Bookstore, says that it is a plus, a symbolic quality of relationships, that is, a quality of sense that is derived from non-instrumental relationships or relationships without an end.
B
Bathsua Makin
British educator of the seventeenth century who was in charge of the education of the sons of Charles I; she was a great defender of the education of English women, for which she founded a school in Tottenham High Cross. She wrote âAn Essay to Revive the Antient Education of Gentlewomenâ (1673), as well as poems in different languages.
Beatriz de Bovadilla
She had been maid of the Queen Isabel I of Castile, la Católica, when the latter was princess.
Beatus de Girona
It is a miniature manuscript. Miniar means to illustrate or decorate a manuscript. Originally miniar or miniat and miniature referred to the painting made with minium name of the colour red in Latin. Some medieval manuscripts were true artistic objects of luxury and had a great name of miniatures on every page or with initials of large or medium size decorated made by miniaturists of great quality; a very clear example of this is the Beato de Girona, made by En.
Bernat
Son of Borrell, Count of Barcelona.
Black death
An infectious disease, very serious and contagious, caused by the Yersin bacillus, transmitted by fleas spread, in turn, by the black rat. It came to the West from Kaffa, a port of export of cereal on the Crimean peninsula, in 1346; from there it spread to Constantinople, Sicily, Genoa, Provence, England and the Iberian Peninsula in 1348; in 1350 it had reached Germany, Scandinavia and Poland.
Bonadona
Daughter of Borrell, Count of Barcelona.
Bòria
The Carrer of Bòria goes from Via Laietana to the Plaça de la Llana.
Bovà ria
The Carrer of Bou de Sant Pere now goes from Sant Pere Mitjà to Sant Pere més Alt.
Burell
Dark colour.
Burnet
Bishop.
C
Canoness
A woman devoted to spirituality between a monastery and the secular world. She took a vow of chastity and of obedience, but not of poverty, which allowed to have her wealth freely at her disposal, if she had any. Frequently they were cultured women and devoted themselves to teaching. The first we know of the Beguines they seem to be linked to some institutions of canonesses of the end of the twelfth century.
Catherine Jones
Friend of Mary Astell.
Charlemagne
Emperor of Rome and King of France.
Christian expansion
The name given by some women and men historians to the process of new Christian political and administrative colonisation and/or organisation of the territories that men and women were taking up in Al-Andalus and were being incorporated into the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon.
Christine Delphy
Christine Delphy is one of the most well-known feminist thinkers of the so-called materialist feminism, applying Marxist theories to womenâs situation of oppression in what she calls the âdomestic mode of productionâ, that co-exists with other modes of production, such as the capitalist one. She is the author of For a Materialist Feminism (1975).
Christine de Pisan
(1364-1420) French writer of the fifteenth century. She is considered to be the first French woman author. She actively participated in the controversy of the âquerelle des femmesâ, writing a novel in defence of women, the gynecotopy called La cité des dames. Christine de Pisan was born in Venice in 1364. Her mother was the daughter of the anatomist Mondino de Luzzi; her father, the doctor Tomasso di Benvenuto da Pizzano. At the age of three or four, she went to live in the court of Charles V de Valois, in Paris, where her father was named as the Kingâs doctor. She received an exquisite humanist education and had access to the Bibliothèque Royale, recently set up in a part of what today is the Museum of the Louvre. When she was twenty five years old and had three children, her husband Etiénne Castel, notary of the King, died, and she began her career as a prolific writer and great intellectual, managing to maintain her family with her work. She was the great promotor of the Parisian episode of the Querelle des femmes, and a master of the politics that knew how to respond to masculine attacks with the firmness of the between-women, and without forgetting the maternal order.
Clarice Lispector
Ukraine 1920-RÃo de Janeiro 1977. She wrote in the Brazilian language the most interesting mystical novels of the twentieth century, such as A Maçã no Escuro (The Apple in the Dark) (1961), A Paixão segundo G.H. (The Passion According to G.H) (1964) or A hora da Estrela (The Hour of the Star) (1977).
Codicile
Document or additional clause that modifies, clears up or substitutes what a will maker had disposed.
Constitutions of Catalonia
(Constitucions i altres drets de Catalunya). Compilation of Catalan law in force in Catalonia until the Decree de Nueva Planta in 1716, with the exception of family law, which continued in force. It includes the Usages of Barcelona and the laws passed by the Catalan courts until the aforementioned decree.
Crespina
A cloth interwoven with gold or fine material that women wore tied to their head as an adornment and to tie their hair back.
Cures
In the legal documents drawn up in a first attempt to canonise the two women in the first half of the seventeenth century, their healing and miracle-working powers are cited when they are the object of devotion and prayer by the parishioners (the healing of Elisabeth Pujolâs blindness, alter being informed through the mediation of the servant of the monastery, Eulalia, of the âpowerâ of the âsaintsâ) or the community itself (intercession to the saints because of the plague that attacked Barcelona, with the promise to burn forever a âlamp in honour of the two saintsâ). We also know of the healing powers of Santa Clare of Assisi, above all in illnesses of the throat and ear.
D
Decameron
A collection of one hundred chosen stories, told in ten days by seven girls and three boys, written by Giovanni Boccaccio between 1349 and 1353, a masterwork of prose in Italian. They were brought to the cinema in the twentieth century by Pier Paolo Passolini.
Decamerón
A collection of one hundred chosen stories, told in ten days by seven girls and three boys, written by Giovanni Boccaccio between 1349 and 1353, a masterwork of prose in Italian. They were brought to the cinema in the twentieth century by Pier Paolo Passolini.
De Ornatu
Medieval treatise on adornment.
Descartes
Philosopher.
Dhuoda
Dhuoda was a cultured Frankish noblewoman of Germanic mother tongue, born around the year 803. On the 29th June 824 she got married in the palace chapel of Aquisgrán to Bernard of Septimania, second nephew of Charlemagne, becoming Marquess of Septimania and Countess of Barcelona, Gerona, Ampurias and Rosellón. She lived in Uzès, where, on the 29th November 826, her âmost desiredâ son Guillermo was born; almost fifteen years later, on the 22nd March 841, her son Bernard was born. Shortly afterwards, her husband took away the two boys, to use them as pawns in his power interests. To relieve her pain and help them to think about her and be educated according to her desire, Dhuoda wrote to them then, in Latin, a manual book â that is, a book to carry and have to hand-. She began it on 30th November 841 and she finished it on 2nd February 843, still without knowing what name had been given to her small son.
Dorotea Ãarovira
As it is stated in the obituaries of the archive of the monastery, Dorotea took the habit on the 29th April 1586, she took vows on the 18th January, 1594, she was prioress and finally abbess of the monastery between 1637-1644. In so doing she formed part of a lineage that was quite united and present in the community. In the fourteenth century, el daybook also cites Soberana Ãarovira (1373-1376), and Catalina Ãarovira (1620-1622).
E
Elisabeth Elstob
Linguist. Published an Anglo-Saxon grammar and various learned translations.
Elisabeth Hasting
Friend of Mary Astell.
Elizabeth Montague
Friend of Mary Astell.
Emma de Barcelona
First Abbess of the monastery of San Juan, daughter of the count and countess of Barcelona, Guinedilda and Wifredo I el Velloso, she was offered by her parents to the monastery that they had founded for her when she was still a child; she was the abbess (897-942), she promoted the settling and ploughing of lands and founded parishes in the extensive domains of the monastery.
En
En or Ende. Painter of the miniatures of the Beato de Girona. We do not have almost any information about this painter. Historiography sustains that it may be a religious woman of some of the double monasteries that were abundant in the western kingdoms during the early Middle Ages. The historiography of art still has discrepancies when it comes to naming the miniaturist of that codex En or Ende. For Jaume Marquès the illustrator would be called En, because the verbal form depintrix is more correct than pintrix, and Anscari Manuel Mundó also inclines towards that name, saying that it is a womanâs name that is found in the Asturian/Galician/Leonese of the early Middle Ages. Vid. J. Marqués Casanovas ed. facsimile of the manuscript published in Madrid in 1975, p. 216, and A.M. Mundó, Sobre los códices de Beato, in Actas del Simposio para el estudio de los códices del âComentario al Apocalipsisâ de Beato de Liébana, Madrid, 1976, vol. I (1978), p. 115.
Enric de Villena
Father of Isabel de Villena.
Ermengol
Son of Borrell, Count of Barcelona
Ermesenda de Carcasona
Countess of Barcelona, daughter of Adelaida and Rogelio, count and countess of Carcassonne, she got married around 993 to the count of Barcelona Ramón Borrell (992-1017). She participated actively in matters of government at the side of her husband, or in his name, in his absence. Once widowed, she governed as regent of her son Berenguer Ramón I, count of Barcelona (1017-1023) and when he had gone, as regent of her grandson Ramón Berenguer I (1035-1041); amongst her first advisors there figure people of great prestige such as the Abbott Oliba, abbott of Ripoll and of Cuixà and bishop of Vic. She died in the year 1058, at about eighty years of age, she wanted to be buried in the cathedral of Gerona that she had had built.
Ermessenda of Carcassonne
Countess of Barcelona, daughter of Adelaida and Roger, count and countess of Carcassonne, she got married around 993 to the count of Barcelona Ramon Borrell (992-1017). She participated actively in government affairs at her husbandâs side, or in his name, in his absence. Once widowed she governed as regent of her son Berenguer Ramon I, count of Barcelona (1017-1023) and when he disappeared, as regent of her grandson Ramon Berenguer I (1035-1041); amongst her advisors there figure personages of great prestige such as the abbot Oliba, abbot of Ripoll and of Cuixà and bishop of Vic. She died in 1058, at around the age of eighty, she wanted to be buried in Gerona cathedral which she had had built.
Estefania de Requesens i RoÃs de Liori
Estefania de Requesens i RoÃs de Liori (1526? - Barcelona 1549). Baroness of Castellvell and of Molins de Rei. Daughter of the governor of Catalunya LluÃs de Requesens i Joan de Soler, count of Palamós, and of his second wife Hipòlita RoÃs de Liori, she belonged to one of the most influential Catalan families of the time. She formed part of the circle of followers of Ignasi de Loiola during his stay in Barcelona (1524-26). Married in 1526 to Juan de Zúñiga y Avellaneda (1488-1546), son of the count of Miranda, on his being named preceptor of the Prince of Girona Felip (future Felip II), she goes to reside at the court (1534) until, as a widow (1546), she returned to Barcelona. She wrote, in Castilian, to her son LluÃs (future governor of Milan and the Low Countries) some moral recommendations (published in 1904-05). To the couple, intimately joined to the Jesuits, was dedicated, in 1536, the translation into Castilian of a book by Erasmus: Libro del aparejo... para bien morir. With her mother she brought a lawsuit for the county of Palamós against her first cousin Isabel de Requesens i EnrÃquez and won it, but later she ceded it to her. Estefania, her husband and some of their sons are buried in the crypt in the chapel of the Palau Reial Menor of Barcelona.
Esteve RollÃ
Author of a Latin-Catalan version of the Crònica de Sant Pere.
Expulsion of the Jewish people
During the reign of the Reyes Católicos, Isabel I of Castile and Fernando II of Aragon, there began the long exodus forced onto the men, women, boys and girls of the Jewish religion but belonging to the different kingdoms that the Peninsula was divided into. The King and Queen signed the decree of expulsion that had to be carried out during the year 1492.
F
Felipe el Hermoso
Felipe I el Hermoso (1478-1506) King of The Netherlands (1482-1506) and King of Castile (1504-1506) through his marriage to Juana I of Castile. Son of MarÃa of Borgoña and of Maximiliano I, Emperor of Germany.
Feminine freedom
A discovery of Lia Cigarini, taking place in the seventies of the twentieth century, which consists of becoming aware that freedom is not neutral but rather sexed. Which means to say that in history there exists a form of womenâs freedom that is relational freedom, that which takes the other into account, instead of being guided by individualism, which is the way of the freedom that is historically masculine. To find out more: Lia Cigarini, Libertad femenina y norma, Duoda. Revista de Estudios Feministas, 8 (1995), 85-90.
Feminine genealogy
A concept that can be used to show, socially and symbolically, the feminine gender. To think through reality with fidelity to our sex is to find the link between women (the between-women), the key or the mediation with which to read our reality and our experience, which opens up to the making of symbolic. The restoration of feminine genealogies, annulled in patriarchal society, presents itself as a necessity of social and symbolic order.
Feminine memory
Although the lack of legal links that form the backbone of each one of the monasteries of damianists-clares dispersed throughout all Christian Europe makes it difficult, the consciousness of belonging to one same feminine root is a fact, as these legendary traditions that bring about the origin of a community from the founding wish of Clara de AsÃs show, as does the real genealogical dependence that would be established between the monasteries of menoretas, on connecting foundations that link new communities with groups of women coming from a mother-monastery, which is set up as a model and stimulus for other foundations of the area. This is the case of those of Barcelona, Zaragoza, Pamplona, Burgos, Salamanca and Zamora, which make up the first group of monasteries of Hispanic Clares. To find out more, see: J. GarcÃa Oro, âOrÃgenes de la clarisas en Españaâ, Archivo Ibero-americano, 54 (1994), pp. 163-182.
Fief
A good given by a master or mistress to another person in exchange for non-degrading services.
Florence Nightingale
(1820-1910). Nurse. Founder of modern English nursing.
Founding Wish
The action of founding spaces for living out transcendence and the practice of spirituality, adopting monastic or semi-religious forms, have been linked in a significant way to women. They are foundations that respond to a feminine desire that sustains and maintains these practices and those spaces throughout history and in a recurring way amongst the first Christian movements of the fourteenth century until the Churchâs project for reform which is materialised in the Council of Trento (1545-1563).
G
Good housekeeping
A woman had to run the house well; according to Eiximenis good running was made up of three aspects: adjust, retain and administer. The moralist from Gerona stated that the middle class women of his time could not contribute too much to the first task, adjust, that is, take money home, a womanâs adjust cannot be much, since the administration of the house absorbs her... So paid work was not the fundamental mission of women, despite the recognition that women brought some earnings to the family economy, what they had to do was to encourage their husbands to work and bring in legal earnings â we already see that he is not referring to women who are widows. He considered the tasks of retaining to be more important, that is, spending with moderation in order to save, and administering the domestic economy wisely. He recognises that this administration was complex, to the extent that it could take up so much time that women were not able to do any other work.
Vid. Francesc Eiximenis, Lo libre de les dones, Barcelona University, Curial, 1981, vol. 1, ch. 91.
An interesting source on medieval domestic work: Le Ménagier de Paris. Traité de morale et dâéconomie domestique, Paris, 1846.
On domestic economy: Teresa Vinyoles, âEl pressupost familiar dâuna mestressa de casa per lâany 1401â. La societat de Barcelona a la Baixa Edat Mitjana. Barcelona, Faculty of Geography and History, 1983 pp. 101-112.
Guillaume de Lorris
Co-author of the Llibre de la Rosa.
Guinedilda
We do not know the origins of Guinedilda, founder of Cervera de Segarra, she is an anonymous woman, a mother, who acts clearly as head of the group of resettlers where we find men and women, but she is the first recipient of the document.
It is not an exceptional case, for example, amongst the settlers of Vallformosa (Rajadell, el Bages) there appear forty four heads of family, the first person mentioned and at the same time the first one to sign is Tudila, coloniser, woman, with her inheritors. Diplomatari de la Ciutat de Manresa (segles IX-X). Barcelona, Fundació Noguera, 1991, doc. 124 (year 977).
Gynocide
A term coined by Mary Daly to refer to the premeditated murder of women.
H
Heredamiento
A basic institution of the Catalan law of succession through which is made the patrimonial transmission of the hereditary content via a donation of present and future goods by the donor (generally the father) in favour of the donated to (generally the son). It is an âinter vivosâ donation, that is, made during the lifetime of the donor and with the consent of both, generally through the marriage contracts.
Hernando del Pulgar
Hernando del Pulgar (h. 1436-1493), is a Spanish chronicler and historian. He wrote a Crónica of the kingdom of the Reyes Católicos âwhich goes until 1490-. His work did not yet have a humanist approach, but rather fits in to traditional medieval historiography.
Hernando de Talavera
Hernando or Fernando de Talavera (1428-1507) was a musician who belonged to the Hieronymite order. He was the confessor of Queen Isabel I de Castile, bishop of Ãvila and first archbishop of Granada. After the conquest of the city he was part of the government and was a believer in tolerance towards the men and women Muslims of the old kingdom of Granada; in 1499 he was removed from the government. Queen Isabel asked him to write a mass to commemorate the conquest of the city. Talavera wrote the words and the music of the office which he called In festo deditionis nominatissime urbis Granate. Vid. MartÃnez Medina, F.-J.; Ramos López, P.; Varela-RodrÃguez, M.-E., Oficio de la Toma de Granada, Granada, 2003. In the accounts of the treasurer of Queen Isabel I, Gonzalo de Baeza, there are some entries of money, paintings, etc., handed over to Hernando de Talavera for diverse churches of Granada such as that of Santa Elena. Vid. YARZA LUACES, J., Paisaje artÃstico de una monarquÃa, Madrid, 1993, p. 26. Vid. De La Torre, A.; De La Torre, E. A. (eds.), Cuentas de Gonzalo de Baeza tesorero de Isabel la Católica, Madrid, 1955-1956.
Herralda de Hohenburg
(1125-1195), nun and abbess, conceived the work âHortus deliciarumâ ââThe Garden of Delightsâ- for the education of the women who were her companions in the community. The manuscript, illustrated with beautiful miniatures, was destroyed in a fire in 1870, although it was possible to partially reconstruct it.
Hesiod
Greek poet of the VIII B.C.
Hipòlita Rois de Liori
Hipòlita Rois de Liori (València 1479- Madrid 1546), descendent of a lineage of Aragon established in València due to the conquest. Daughter of Beatriu de Moncada i Vilaragut and of Joan RoÃs de Liori. Lost her father at the age of ten. She married, when she was 22, LluÃs de Requesens and Joan de Soler, who was over sixty, in 1501. She had two children, Gaspar, who died as a child, and Estefania. LluÃs de Requesens, married the first time to Elfa de Cardona-Anglesola i de Centelles, was advisor and chamberlain of the king, general governer of Catalunya and count of Palamós. Hipòlita was usufructuary of the assets of her husband, who left Estefania as universal inheritor, and she devoted herself to managing the considerable family assets, already in the life of her husband, until her death. She had a court case over the Barony of Riba-Roja, from 1534 until 1538, with the nuns of the convent of Santa Caterina de Siena, and some relatives of her niece, Beatriu Margarit i de Requesens, who had to renounce the barony, of maternal inheritance, in becoming a nun, in favour of Hipòlita.
124 of them have been kept. Those letters are conserved at the Palace Archive and form part of the documental sources ceded by the inheritors of the Requesens family to the Companyia de Jesús in 1921. Of the 124 known letters, 102 have been published by Maite Guisado: Cartes Ãntimes dâuna dama catalana del s. XVI. Epistolari a la seva mare la comtessa de Palamós. La Sal, Barcelona, 1987. The other 22 letters have been published by Eulà lia de Ahumada Batlle: Epistolaris dâHipòlita Rois de Liori i dâ Estefania de Requesens (s. XVI). University of València, 2003.
Hippocratic medicine
It is based on the texts of Hippocrates (V-IV B.C.) and the writings of his many disciples, which make up the âCorpus Hipocraticumâ or Hippocratic School. His prejudices about women took on a medical-scientific patina that dominated medical discourse until the nineteenth century, with theories such as the wandering stomach and the theory of humours.
Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim
Hrotsvitha was born around 935, into a noble Saxon family (Germany), perhaps related by marriage to the royal family of Saxony. She received an excellent education. She was canoness in the Benedictine Abbey of Gandersheim, whose library, of extraordinary quality, she enjoyed. She is the first author of theatre in Europe. By her we conserve a cycle of six plays â audacious and funny-, a cycle of eight legends âboth cycles above all of feminine prominence- and two historical works: a biography of the Emperor Otto I and a history of the origins of Gandersheim, all written in Latin. She died after 973. During the last years of her life or shortly after her death, the only manuscript of her works that seems complete was copied, in the feminine Abbey of San Emmeram, in Regensburg / Ratisbona. The theatre of Hrotsvitha was soon copied and translated to other languages, and continues to be put on at the present time.
I
Iluminados
A religious movement of the quietist and anti-monarchic kind that developed from the sixteenth century until the beginning of the seventeenth century, with important women leaders, like Isabel de la Cruz or MarÃa de Cazalla.
Infante Carlos
Carlos son of Juana I of Castile and of Felipe Archduke of Austria and Duke of Borgoña, future Carlos I de España and V de Alemania.
Isabel de Bavà ria
Queen of France, wife of Carles VI.
Isabel de Villena
(1430-1490): Daughter of an extra-matrimonial relationship of her father Enric de Villena and of unknown mother, Isabel was educated in the Catalan-Aragonese court of MarÃa de Luna and at the age of fifteen she entered the Royal Monastery of the Holy Trinity in Valencia, which was of the Franciscan Order. At the age of thirty three, she was elected abbess of the community. She wrote a Vita Christi which in 1497, seven years after her death, her companion Aldonça de Montsoriu took to the printing press and dedicted to the Queen Isabel la Catòlica.
Isabel I of Castile
Isabel I of Castile (22nd April of 1451 - 26th November 1504) daughter of the king of Castile Juan II (1406-1454) and of Isabel of Portugal (m.1496) Queen of Castile (1447-54). Second wife of Juan II; mother of Isabel I of Castile and of the Infante Alfonso.
Her birth is noted in detail by a Cronicón: ânasió la santa reyna católica doña Isabel en Madrigal, el jueves XXII de abril, IIII oras e dos tercios de ora después del mediodia, año Domini 1451â (Cronicón de Valladolid. Diario del Doctor Toledo, CODOIN (Collection of unpublished documents of the history of Spain), XIII, p. 20). Isabel was born in Madrigal de las Altas Torres (Ãvila) where, in 1447, her parents Juan II of Castile and Isabel of Portugal had married. In 1468 her brother Enrique IV recognised her as the inheritor of Castile; some years after (1469) she married in secret, in Valladolid, Fernando of Aragon (1452-1516, son of Juana EnrÃquez and of Juan II of Aragón), future Fernando II (1479-1516), (V of Castile, 1474-1504) rejecting the candidates that her brother wanted to impose on her as husband, Carlos of Valois or Alfonso V of Portugal. The union with Fernando of Aragon favoured the interests of the Aragonese crown, on the one hand, but, on the other, it was also that Isabel considered it the best support for her ascension to the throne and to strengthen her authority. Also in Madrigal Isabel received the fabulous engagement gift from Fernando of Aragon, a big necklace of gold, rubies and oval pearl stones that had belonged to the Queen of Aragon Juana EnrÃquez. [Of the beauty and importance of this jewel there is no doubt, perhaps similar to that which appears in the panel with the image of the queen and king, Isabel and Fernando, of the Maestro of Manzanillo, soon after their wedding. This master picks up on details of the Queen and King that chroniclers and historians have emphasised: the very white skin of the Queen, her blond hair, her blue eyes. Fernandoâs dark eyes and hair. A detailed description of the Queen Isabel â at the age of twenty - is made by her secretary, the chronicler Hernando del Pulgar: Well composed in her person and in the proportion of her limbs, very white and blond; green-blue eyes, a gracious and honest look, the features of her face, her face all very beautiful and happy. The description of H. del Pulgar and the panel that shows this portrait of the King and Queen transmit to us an image that quite coincides]. A marriage as important as that of Isabel of Castile and Fernando of Aragon had to specify in a clear way the rights of both; that is how it was done in the marriage contract that they agreed on before the marriage and ratified later at the agreement of Segovia of 1475. But Isabelâs life had already continued to change profoundly, so that in 1474, on the death of Enrique IV, Isabel was proclaimed Queen of Castile. Although not all the social groups supported the new Queen; a part of the nobility, with the support of Portugal, recognised as inheritor to the throne Juana la Beltraneja (1462-1530, daughter of Juana of Portugal and of Enrique IV of Castile. Some considered her the daughter of Beltrán de la Cueva), which brought about civil war in Castile. The victory of Toro (1476) first, and the Cortes de Madrigal (1476) recognised Isabel as Queen. From then on Isabel and Fernando made an effort to suppress the rebel spots that practically were extinguished with the defeat of the Portuguese in Albuera (1479). No doubt amongst the events that most marked her life were the births of her daughter Isabel (1470-1498). She married the Infante Alfonso of Portugal; on becoming a widow she devoted herself to the spiritual life, as a beguine, until she got married again to King Manuel de Portugal, to her son, the Infante, Juan (1478-1497) and her daughters Juana (1479-1555), MarÃa (1482-1517?). (She married her brother-in-law Manuel de Portugal), and Catalina (1485-1536). (She married the Princes of Wales Enrique, Arturo and Eduardo). It seems that towards the middle of her reign there was reborn in the politics of Queen Isabel and her advisors an ideal of crusade, influenced no doubt by that part of the Castilian religious spirit, less open and free. Historiography coincides in pointing out that the Queen had an important role in the strengthening of royal authority and the war of Granada, above all after 1486; but neither should we underestimate the influence of a rigid religious spirit, not very prone to dialogue or open, and this would end up by impregnating the political activity of the Queen and of some of those who supported the politics of the crown in these years. Isabel I pressed for the reform of the Church, all the monasteries, convents and other houses of religious men and women were reformed; from 1478 the Inquisition planted itself on her territories. This path marked by the influence of some intransigent church men would seem to have led to the political doings of the kingdom, although it would still take time to put out the flame of freedom carried by many religious or lay women and men who had been, and some still were, close to the Queen. But the road of the reforming and intransigent politics would crystallise into two measures that were especially negative for her kingdoms, and that would have profound repercussions: the expulsion of the Jews and the hardening of the measures against the Muslims of Granada. Historiography has especially underlined these two actions of the reign of Isabel and has centred on her the weight of these actions, but, on the one hand, the Queen did not reign alone, but rather with a good number of lay and church advisors, and on the other, it is worth pointing out that the Queen had in other moments backed and supported a politics that was much more respectful and open to dialogue. And, if it is true that the Queen, perhaps influenced by the rebirth of the ideal of the crusade that dominated the politics of a good part of the end of her reign, authorised the expedition of Columbus, it is also true that until the end of her life she would concern herself with avoiding the abuses of the colonisers in the new lands against the Indians, their natural inhabitants.
Isotta Nogarola
(1417-1466) Italian humanist, it is said that she was one of the most famous and erudite women of her time. From a very young age she learned Latin and Greek. Her career followed the same line that would be repeated by many women of the time and later. Born into an intellectually stimulating environment, supported in her childhood by her family, who provided her with good teachers, she found resistance when she wished to continue with her intellectual work as an adult.
J
Jean de Meun
Co-author of the Llibre de la Rosa.
Jeroni Pujades
Possessor of a Crònica de Sant Pere de les Puel·les.
Joan Francesc
Possessor of a Crònica de Sant Pere de les Puel·les.
John Norris
Philosopher.
Juana de Mendoza
Born in Cañete or in Cuenca around 1425, daughter of Teresa de Guzmán and Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, lord of Cañete. She received an exquisite humanist education. She had a sister, Beatriz de Guzmán, and a brother, Juan Hurtado de Mendoza âthe inheritor of the family estate-. She got married, on an unknown date during the decade of 1440, at any rate before 1448, to Gómez Manrique. She was the mother of Luis Manrique, who was gentleman friar of the Order of Santiago, died young in 1480 and was buried in the main chapel of the convent of Santiago de Uclés; of Catalina Manrique (m. 1480), who married Diego GarcÃa de Toledo, lord of Mejorada and of MarÃa Manrique, who was the abess of the monastery of the Clares of Nuestra Señora de la Consolación de Calabazanos (Palencia). She was a lady of the court, friend, adviser and main chambermaid to Queen Isabel I, as well as private tutor of the noblewoman who were educated at the court of Castille. She was the inspirer of women and men writers, such as Teresa de Cartagena, Gómez Manrique and friar Ãñigo de Mendoza. She died in Barcelona on the 29th May 1493, while accompanying Queen Isabel I at the reception of Christopher Columbus, who was returning to tell of his discovery of the West Indies.
Juana de Mendoza
Juana de Mendoza (m. 1493) was friend, adviser and royal chamberlain to Isabel la Católica and the princess Isabel de Portugal, as well as private tutor to the noblemen and women who were educated in the court of Castile.
Juana I of Castile
Juana I of Castile (1479-1555). Queen of Castile, daughter of Isabel I of Castile and of Fernando of Aragon. On the death of her brother and sister Juan (1497) and Isabel (1498), and her son, Miguel (1500), she became the inheritor of Castile and Aragon. By the agreement of Salamanca (1505) it was agreed that Juana would govern together with Felipe el Hermoso and Fernando el Católico. By the agreement of Villafáfila (Zamora) (1506), Fernando el Católico retired to the kingdom of Aragon, Felipe was proclaimed King of Castile, and Juana was incapacitated to reign. On the death of Fernando (1516), Carlos, son of Juana, took the title of King. Legally still in the documentation the name of the Queen and after that of Carlos had to figure. She died in Tordesillas, where she lived from 1509 on.
Julia Cabaleiro
Historian and one of the authors of the project.
L
Laura Ceretta
(1469-1499). Italian humanist, daughter of an aristocratic family from the north of Italy. As happened to Isotta Nogarola, her learning was supported, particularly by her father, during her childhood, learning Latin and Greek, but on becoming an adult she met with social hostility. She married and became a widow after 18 months, after which she entered the world of humanism. In 1488 she published a volume of letters.
Leonor López de Córdoba
Royal favourite of the regent queen of Castille between 1404 and 1412. Her Memorias constitute the first known autobiography in the Spanish language.
Llúcia de la Marca
Countess of Pallars Sobirà , daughter of the count and countess Amèlia and Bernat de la Marca, sister of Almodis, countess of Barcelona, she was promised to the count Guillem II de Besalú, but did not end up marrying him. She married the count Artau I de Pallars Sobirà (1049-1081). Llúcia intervened in government affairs next to her husband and her son Artau II, she was tutor of the sons of the count Ermengol IV dâUrgell, she must have died around 1090. Her son Otto, bishop of Urgell, was recognised as a saint and is praised in his hagiography.
The marriage document between Llúcia and Artau is surprising: That Artau, count, might have Llúcia while she lives as man should have the woman that he has legally taken. That he not abandon her while she lives, under any pretext, except for that she become a leper. That he should not disturb her nor slander her to the point that she has to leave him. Liber Feodrum Maior, doc. 37 (1058).
LluÃs de Requesens i Joan de Soler
LluÃs de Requesens i Joan de Soler (? ~1435 - 1509), husband of Hipòlita RoÃs de Liori i de Montcada (1501), by whom he had a daughter, Estefania, who inherited his possessions. He had been married to Elfa de Cardona Anglesola i de Centelles (1456). He had inherited the barony of Molins de Rei and in 1505, through the death of his brother Galceran he became second count of Palamós. He was the general governor of Catalunya from 1472 until his death.
LluÃs de Requesens i Zúñiga
LluÃs de Requesens i Zúñiga (Barcelona 1528 - Brussel·les 1576) High level royal servant. Second son of Estefania de Requesens i RoÃs de Liori and of the high commander of Sant Jaume a Castella, Juan de Zúñiga y Avellaneda. He puts his motherâs surname before his fatherâs for reasons of inheritance. In 1552 he married Jerónima Gralla Hostalric, daughter of the rational schoolteacher Francesc Gralla i Desplà and of Guiomar d'Hostalric. He was the high commander of Castella, governor of Milan and the Low Countries, baron of Molins de Rei, of Castellvell and lord of Martorell.
Luce Irigaray
For a feminine symbolic order to exist the thinker Luce Irigaray points to the need for the existence of two axes: one vertical âthe recognition of feminine authority- and another horizontal one âa âbetween womenâ-. If the horizontal relationship between women allows for the signifying of the shared belonging of gender, the recognition of feminine authority, that makes disparity between women, would remit us to the maternal relationship, the relationship of origin.
LucÃa de la Marca
Countess of Pallars Sobirà , daughter of the countess and count Amelia and Bernardo de la Marca, sister of Almodis, countess of Barcelona, she was promised to the count Guillermo II de Besalú, but did not marry him. She married the count Artau I de Pallars Sobirà (1049-1081). LucÃa intervened in matters of government next to her husband and her son Artau II, she became the guardian of the children of count Ermengol IV de Urgell, she died possibly around 1090. Her son Ot, bishop of Urgell, was recognised as a Saint and is praised in his hagiography.
The betrothal document of LucÃa and Artau is surprising: That Artau, count, take LucÃa as long as she lives as the man should take the wife that he has taken legally. That he should not abandon her as long as she lives, under any pretext, unless she were to become a leper. That he should not bother her nor slander her to the point that she has to leave him. Liber Feodrum Maior, doc. 37 (year 1058).
Luisa Muraro
Luisa Muraro (Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, 1940). Philosopher and researcher at the University of Verona, she gave life, with other women, to the Milan Womenâs Bookstore (1975) and to Diótima, a group of women philosophers, authors of two collective works: Il pensiero della differenza sessuales (1987) and Mettere al mondo il mondo (1990). She has published: La Signora del gioco. Episodi della caccia alle streghe, (1976); Maglia o uncinetto. Racconto linguistico-politico sulla inimicizia tra metafora e metonimia, (1981); Guglielma e Maifreda. Storia di unâeresia femminista, (1985); Lâordine simbolico della madre, (1991); Lingua materna scienza divina. Scritti sulla filosofia mistica di Margherita Porete, (1995); Il buco nella siepe. Studi sulla scrittura femminile che chiamano mistica, (2000).
Luisa Sigea de Velasco
Spanish writer who was given the pseudonym âLa Toledanaâ. She was born in Tarancón around 1530 and died around 1560. She belonged to the circle of women humanists protected by Isabel la Católica. She was an erudite woman, knowing Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Chaldean, as well as philosophy, poetry and history. She wrote poems and dialogues and was known within the peninsular and beyond.
M
Madame de Rambouillet
Holder of salons.
Madame de Rolan
Holder of salons.
Madeleine de Scudéry
(1607-1701), known by the pseudonym of Sappho, a novelist belonging to the movement of the Precieuses, gave life to the salon âthe Saturday societyâ. Her novels were very popular and translated into English by Elisabeth Elstob, friend of Mary Astell. âArtemane o el Gran Ciroâ includes a discussion on feminine education.
Madrigal de las Altas Torres
Settlement and municipality of the province of Ãvila of the region of Arévalo, where Isabel I de Castile was born.
MadruÃ
Abbess of Sant Pere de les Puel·les.
Malebranche
Philosopher.
Malleus Malleficarum
Also called âWitches hammerâ, it is a manual for inquisitors written by the Dominicans Heinrich Kramer and Jakob Sprenger with the blessing of Pope Innocence VIII, which meant the beginning of the witch hunt and the text that the later inquisitors based themselves on.
MarÃa de Cervelló
MarÃa de Cervelló (Barcelona 1230-1290), is considered to be the first member or founder of the feminine branch of the order of the Merced. Her religious experience set out very probably from a previous state of beata or beguine linked to the assisting and charitable activity that, in the new Mercedarian charisma, had at its centre the attention to the mendicant-redeemed. Together with other women of a similar spiritual journey, she constituted and lead the first Mercedarian beaterio of the city of Barcelona, near to the convent of the Merced. Her figure was soon praised by the official hagiography of the order, which made her a model of saintliness and âexemplumâ of the Mercedarian spirituality, attaining her canonisation at the end of the seventeenth century. A fact that in many cases has detracted from the original profile of a woman who embodied at her time a model of late medieval feminine spirituality characterised by the symbiosis of the contemplative component along with an intense social activity (charity and attention to the poor and less fortunate, etc.).
Maria de Luna
Queen of the Aragonese Crown.
Marriage
In 1700 Mary Astell published âReflections on Marriageâ, a text in whose writing she once more uses humour, irony and sarcasm in order to, in this case, unveil and make evident the social interests that served to humiliate and subordinate women through the distribution of power that took place in marriage, an institution that she denounces as tyrannical, linking the tyranny of the state with that of men in families.
Marriage contract
A marriage contract, common in Catalonia during the Modern Period, whereby the families of those making the contract made economic pacts, of importance in relation to the patrimony, succession or widowhood.
Martha and Mary
Gospel according to Luke, 10, 38-41. Isabel de Villena speaks of this magnificently in chapter 122 of the Vita Christi: And the merciful Lord continuing to go many times to the house of the kind Magdalene, his Majesty was served with great diligence, the glorious Martha, who was an ordered person and of much charity, being mainly in charge of the preparation of food; and Magdalene trusting in the solicitude of that sister of hers, left everything in her charge, so that she could with greater relaxation devote herself to looking at and contemplating that divine face... [Answer of Jesus to Marthaâs request for her sister to go and help her]: âOh, Martha, Martha! You are very solicitous and worried about doing things, and because of it you feel very flustered and would like Mary, your sister, to be with you for those jobs; and this cannot be done since she has chosen the better part... But you should know Martha, that I want both of you, sisters, to be the duchesses and guides of my people who are on their way to Paradise, kingdom to which no one may go if it is not by two paths, these are the active one and the contemplative one, of which you two will be examples and saintsâ.
Isabel de Villena, Protagonistes femenines de la âVita Christiâ. Edition in the care of Rosanna Cantavella and Lluïsa Parra. Barcelona, La Sal, 1987, pp. 66-69.
Mary Astell
Feminist and writer of the seventeenth century.
Maternal order
See symbolic order of the mother.
Michel Certeau
Theologian and sociologist
Milagros Rivera
Historian, co-ordinator and research member of the project.
Molière
Playwright.
Monastery of Sant Antoni and Santa Clara
The monastery of Sant Antoni and Santa Clara of Barcelona has had various seats throughout its history: from its origin in the decade of 1230 until 1713-1714 it was situated near the sea, between the Barcelona Riego and the city wall to the North-east, and near the Portal de San Daniel. Destroyed by Felipe Vâs troops and the expropriation of lands for the construction of the Ciudadela, the community moved in 1717 to the Royal Palace of Barcelona, where it was maintained until the Civil War. Then the community was dispersed until they managed to once again come together, from 1939, in many provisional places in the same city of Barcelona (The monastery of Pedralbes and convent of the Reparadoras, etc.), and in the town of Ripollet. In 1952, the Father Abbot Aureli joined the community with that of San Benito of Mataró, resident since the Civil War in the hermitage of Santa Cecilia de Montserrat, giving rise to a new community, that of San Benito de Montserrat. In 1954 possession was taken of a new building on the mountain of Montserrat, habilitating in part the old rooms of the Hotel Marcet.
The first monastery of Clares or menoretas of Catalan lands, the community has had a special treatment in the monastic chronicles of the Franciscan order, as it was considered a âparadigmâ of foundation of Saint Clare and promoting the legend or hagiographic image as its founding would be linked to the wish of the Italian saint herself, who would have sent two disciples and family members of her own. She also acted in her area of influence as a model and stimulus for the creation of new communities: in 1267 a group of nuns of San Antonio helped the definitive structuring of the new monastery of Saint Clare of Castelló de Ampurias. And in 1372, 14 nuns from the community were the initial nucleus of the new monastery of Clares founded in Barcelona by Queen Elisenda of Montcada, that of Santa MarÃa of Pedralbes. In 1513, San Antonio de Barcelona became part of the Benedictine rule, being incorporated into the congregation of San Benito; a decision that can be interpreted as an answer to the reform of the monasteries that the Hispanic monarchy led at the end of the fifteenth century, foreteller of the process of reform recommended at the Council of Trento.
Moorish population
The Muslim population that inhabited Christian lands and that would be progressively expelled from the lands of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile; their expulsion would be completed between 1609 and 1610.
N
NovÃsima Recopilación
Recopilation of the previous Castilian laws, including the Partidas, the laws of Toro, etc.; it attempts to complete Nueva Recopilación. It was published in 1805 by order of Carlos IV.
O
Obligatory heterosexuality
The custom of a women sleeping with men not out of love but forcibly. On this Adrienne Rich wrote in 1980 a very important political text: "Heterosexualidad obligatoria y existencia lesbiana" in Duoda. Revista de Estudios Feministasâ, 10 (1996), 15-45 and 11 (1996), 13-37.
Ordering hands
These words were inspired by a wedding song of the ninth century dedicated to Leodegundia, daughter of Ordoño I king of León, who married a king of Pamplona; it is a magnificent praising of the bride: her virtues, her word, her erudition, her face and her ordering hands: Ornata moribus, eloquiis claram, eruditam litteris sacrisque mistertiis, conlaudetur cantus suavi imniferis vocibus. Dum facies ejus rutilat decore moderata.... ornat domum, ac disponi mirabile ordine.
Song written around the year 869, conserved in the Codex of Roda, published by Armando Cotarelo. Historia crÃtica y documentada de la vida y acciones de Alfonso III el Magno. Madrid, Victoriano Suárez, 1933, p. 641.
P
Pandora
Referring to the Greek myth to which Hesiod refers to constantly in his works Theogony and Works and Days. It is one of the typical founding myths of the patriarchy, in which Pandora, the first woman, comparable to the biblical Eve, would bring all the evils of the world to humanity.
Patriarchal relationships
They are the relationships of power, exploitation and dominance that are established between the sexes in patriarchal societies, to the detriment of women. The materialist feminists define patriarchal relationships in terms similar to what would be the relationships of production between businessmen and workers in the economic system or capitalist production mode.
Patriarchy
The patriarchy is a system of power founded on the dominion of heterosexual men over the fertile feminine body and its fruits. It has taken different historical forms.
Patri-lineal
Referring in general to the affiliation and line of succession via the paternal line, typical of patriarchal societies. Generally patri-lineal affiliation is associated with patri-locality. In patriarchal societies the circulation of women via marriage is made necessary, as part of the sexual contract between men, in order to maintain the sharing out and appropriation of descent. Women on marrying are torn out of their family of origin to move and reproduce themselves in a foreign lineage, that of the husband. Her sons and daughters are appropriated by the male lineage or genealogy.
Pechos
Territorial tax or tribute paid to the queen, king, lady or lord for possessions or property.
Pilgrimage
In spite of the fact that one of the characteristics of patriarchal societies is the lack of feminine mobility, travel with religious motives and inclinations is a known fact, from the first Christian generations. From the so-called âcelibate womenâ who travelled around the Roman Empire disseminating the new faith or the aristocrats of the fourteenth century who made pilgrimages to the Holy Land, the pilgrimage journey would be maintained throughout the Middle Ages to significant points of the Christian tradition (Jerusalem, Compostela, Rome, etc.). Experienced by women alone or in small groups, of different social backgrounds, pilgrimage became for the âmulieres religiosaeâ (beguines, terciarias...) a significant practice of devotion and an external manifestation of their spirituality.
Poulain de la Barre
Philosopher.
Practice of relationship
A political practice whose importance for the life and history of women was discovered by the members of the Milan Womenâs Bookstore in the last third of the twentieth century. To find out more: Milan Womenâs Bookstore, Sexual Difference (1987), Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1990; Marina Santini, ed., Cambia il mondo cambia la storia. La differenza sessuale nella ricerca storica e nellâinsegnamento, Milan, Milan Womenâs Bookstore, 2001; Unâaltro ordine di rapporti, monograph in âVia Dogana. Rivista di pratica politicaâ, 65 (September 2003).
Precedence
A formula to anticipate the la succession in case of the death of the contract makers that sign marriage contracts. In the precedence a preference is established as to who, of the descendants of the marriage partners, should succeed. The most usual precedences in the Modern Period were those of marriage celebrations and sex, which were often linked. Preference was given to the marriage where a marriage contract was signed and to men over women.
Presiding trials
A trial presided over by Ermesenda following the claim made by Madrona, peasant woman of the plain of Barcelona, who had been stripped of her lands and presented her claim for justice before the countess: In the trial by the lady Ermesenda, countess, and her judges... there came into her presence a small captive woman, of the name Madrona, crying, asking for justice for her paternal inheritance, which was squandered by her brother Bonhome, when she was captive in the town of Córdoba. Legally, the inheritance of the parents was still shared out between all the sons and daughters. Madrona was entitled to her part of an inheritance that, at least after the dilapidation made by her brother, who ironically was called Bonhome (Good Man), was a modest inheritance, corresponding to what would be the majority of properties of the small free peasant men and women of the time, who had occupied the open land and had planted vines during the process of resettlement. The countess recognised Madronaâs right of property. Diplomatari de la catedral de Barcelona. Barcelona, Chapter Cathedral Archive. 1995, doc. 345 (year 1000).
Primogeniture
A form of unigenitura whereby the first descendant (usually male) is designated successor of the goods of the hereditary content. Primogeniture was made into universal law in Catalan law of succession and also a norm for European aristocracies after the Late Middle Ages, giving rise to institutions such as the primogeniture in Castile.
Public law
The one that regulates the instances of power, the attributes and role of the different institutions of the state. It also includes mercantile law, that is, commercial transactions, contracts, etc.
Puellae doctae
Humanist women of the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. They were learned and educated women educated from early childhood, generally by their own father in the disciplines of the times, particularly classical languages such as Latin and Greek and philosophy. Many of them wrote works of considerable weight and importance in Latin.
Q
Querelle des femmes
La Querelle des femmes was a political practice that was born in Europe in the last decades of the fourteenth century and lasted until the French Revolution, that is, until the end of the eighteenth century. It consisted of an enormous effort by educated men and women to put into words the relationships of the sexes and between the sexes that came about because of the crisis of feudalism.
Querelle des femmes
This debate on the value of women and the virtues of the feminine nature affected a large part of territory of western Europe for centuries. The most well-known episode took place in France, between the end of the fourteenth century and beginnings of the fifteenth, around a long poem which had a considerable influence on European mysogenist lyricism: The Book of the Rose that had been written by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun. Towards 1401-1402, the so-called Querelle de la Rose took on a new dimension with the intervention in the debate of Christine de Pisan, the first woman to openly give an answer to it. It was a decisive intervention since it turned it into a public debate from February 1402 on, implicating in it all the Parisian court and promoting the compilation of texts that argued in favour or against women.
Quevedo
Writer.
R
Ramon
Son of Borrell, Count of Barcelona.
Relationships between women
The thinking and political practice of the relationship between women, born in the feminist movement itself (Milan Womenâs Bookstore, last third of the twentieth century), has been key in order to be able to make a shift of meaning in the concept of freedom, of feminine freedom. Understanding that freedom, for a woman, is accompanied by a sense of relationship, next to a sense of authority, of feminine root, that authorises this way of behaving. To find out more: âLa llibertat relacionalâ, Round table at the Congreso of Women Philosophers of Barcelona (autumn, 2002), Duoda. Revista dâEstudis Feministes, no. 26, 2004.
Religions of the Book
Historiography calls the Jewish, Muslim and Christian religions the religions of the Book. They bring together their traditions and revelations in the Torah, the Koran and the Bible, respectively.
Renaissance
The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries have been considered a period of progress for humanity, due to the cultural expansion which occurred in the field of the arts and scientific advances. Humanism triumphs, affirming the world and man as the centre of things. However this is an excluding humanism, since it excludes women, for whom it was not a time of progress, but rather of regression, as the theory of the Renaissances of Joan Kelly confirms.
Renaissance
The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries have been considered a period of progress for humanity, due to the cultural expansion which took place in the field of the arts and scientific advances. Humanism triumphs, affirming the world and man as the centre of things. However this is an excluding humanism, since it overlooks women, for whom it was not a time of progress, but rather of regression, as the theory of the Renaissances of Joan Kelly confirms.
Royal favourite
A woman trusted by a queen or king, who intervened or intervenes in government through the political relationship of authority that the queen or king recognises in her, beyond ânot against- the institutions of power.
S
Saint Clare
Born Clara Favarone (1193-1253), she is considered to be the founder of the feminine branch of the Franciscan order: the Clares or menoretas (term used in the Catalan lands). At the age of 17, and after hearing the sermon of Francis at the cathedral of Assisi, Clara decided to renounce her comfortable position and join the Fransican âfraternityâ. This took place in 1212 and Francis accepted her profession of faith, cutting off her hair and dressing her in a humble tunic. Provisionally installed in a monastery of Benedictine nuns in Bastia, where she would be joined shortly afterwards by her sister Inés, she finally founded with other women what would be the first community of poor sisters (âsorores pauperesâ, âpauperes dominaeâ) or of the order of San Damián, next to the chapel of San Damián (in the outskirts of Assisi). Canonised two years after her death, in 1255, Saint Clare embodies the new Franciscan spirituality in an original manner, becoming known especially for the ideal of radical poverty, for which she would fight throughout her life in order to apply it in her monastic practice. The first writer of a monastic rule for women (Rule of Saint Clare, 1253), which synthesises the saintâs monastic ideal.
Sainthood
In the calculation of new saints the great feminine component, because of its quantitative importance, stands out, an expression of the intense participation of women in the religious phenomenon, between the thirteenth and the end of the fifteenth centuries. The Christian calendar of saints of this time leads us especially to lay or semireligious women, linked in many cases to the third mendicant orders (Ãngela de Foligno, Margarita de Cortona, Catalina de Siena) as well as to women from the second orders (Clare of Assisi, Clara de Montefalco, Inés de Bohemia). Beyond this official sainthood, recognised by the Holy See, the period allows us also to glimpse processes of sainthood on a local scale, promoted by the laymen and women and by the local ecclesiastic class, and cults of devotion to women of âfama sanctitatisâ.
Sancha de Castilla
Countess of Barcelona, daughter of the count of Castile Sancho GarcÃa (995-1017); she married, still a girl child, Berenguer Ramón I, count of Barcelona, in 1016, in Zaragoza, in the context of a pact between the King Mundir de Zaragoza, the count and countess of Barcelona and Castile; she was the mother of Ramón Berenguer I, she died very young, in 1027.
Sancha Ximenis de Cabrera
Her mother was Timbor de Prades âdaughter of the Count Joan de Prades and of Sancha Ximenis de Arenós-, her father was Bernat IV, Vice-count of Cabrera and Bas, Count of Módica and of Osona, she was first cousin to Queen Margarita de Prades, second wife of MartÃn el Humano. The first document where she is named is the will of her mother in 1397. Her father married her to Arquimbau de Foix, son of the countess Elisabet de Foix and of Arquimbau de Grailly in the year 1408; she received as a betrothal gift the barony of Novalles. She was mother to two daughters: Isabel and Juana; she was widowed in the year 1417, that is to say that she was married at most for nine years.
A young widow, she survived her husband by many years, and even her daughters; she was a widow of the nobility, but distanced from the court. She lived through difficult times: the remença uprising (redemption tax), the civil war, and serious economic problems. She signed her will on 1st February 1471, with the notary from Barcelona Bartolomé de Requesens, the Hospitals of Santa Cruz and PÃa Almoina were her universal inheritors. Sancha Ximenis died on 25th November 1474, saintâs day of Santa Catalina, after more than two years of illness.
San Daniel de Girona
The monastery of San Daniel of Gerona was founded by Ermesenda in the year 1018, little after the death of her husband, and little after the disappearance of the community of San Juan de las Abadesas. According to the dowry document, Ermesenda herself had had it built, she equipped it and she assigned it as a monastery for nuns; it is still today the seat of a feminine community. Col·lecció diplomà tica de Sant Daniel de Girona. Fundació Noguera. Barcelona, 1997, document 6. (year 1018).
San Juan de las Abadesas
Benedictine womenâs monastery founded by Wifredo I el Velloso, count of Barcelona and his wife Guinedilda, countess of Barcelona. In the year 885 they provided it with a large amount of land, at the same time as they made an offering of their daughter Emma to the monastery. The rich community of nuns was dissolved in the year 1017.
San Pedro de Burgal
Perhaps it was a mixed monastery, or at least in the tenth century it had a feminine community; Ermengarda de Pallars, daughter of the count Isarn I, was the abbess between 945 and 966; our documentation shows men ruling before and after those dates.
Sant Daniel de Girona
The feminine Benedictine monastery of Sant Daniel de Girona was founded by Ermessenda in 1018, little after the death of her husband, and little after the disappearance of the community of Sant Joan de les Abadesses. According to the endowment document, Ermessenda herself had had it built, she endowed it and destined it as a monastery of nuns; even today it is the home of a feminine community. Col·lecció diplomà tica de Sant Daniel de Girona. Fundació Noguera. Barcelona, 1997, document 6. (1018).
Sant Pere de les Puel·les
The Benedictine monastery of Sant Pere de les Puel·les or Sant Pere de Barcelona was founded in the first half of the tenth century and its church was consecrated in 945, according to the minutes of the consecration of its church. There probably existed some kind of feminine religious life in the city of Barcelona previously, not under the mandate of the religious orders, since data has been conserved on women devoted to the religious life who did not seem to be linked to any monastery. The monastery of Sant Pere was exempt from episcopal jurisdiction and depended directly on the Pope; its church was the parish church of the neighbourhood. Well endowed from its beginnings, the monastery was, over the centuries, a place of life for women of the social elites. The monastic building was destroyed and its church completely restored in 1909, and today there are few visible remains of the original construction. For over a century, the community has lived in a new monastic building in the Anglà Street in Sarrià .
Sant Pere neighbourhood of Barcelona
Sant Pere neighbourhood of Barcelona: This present neighbourhood of the city of Barcelona developed urbanistically around the monastery of Sant Pere de les Puel·les, founded during the first half of the tenth century in an area that, at that time, was outside the walls of the city. The documents from the late Middle Ages already called it the borough or newtown of Sant Pere. In todays place names (Lower Sant Pere Street, Middle Sant Pere, Upper Sant Pere and a long etcetera) the urbanistic maternity of the feminine community is well reflected, since women possessed properties and jurisdictions on the territory around the house and could well be considered to be the âmothersâ of the neighbourhood. Other womenâs projects such as the Institute of Culture and Popular Womenâs Library, the Womenâs School, and more recently, the Womenâs Cultural Centre Francesca Bonnemaison, have maintained the visibility of feminine action in the neighbourhood.
Science
Science is at the present time the paradigm of reference that in the past religion was. This process began with the Renaissance and was consolidated with the Enlightenment and the bourgeois revolutions of the nineteenth century. In the words of Milagros Rivera, science is âsince the Project of equality between the sexes has been defined, a key measure of the real viability of this political project, a field in which it is decided who has the power to name the present-day reality in this model of social co-existence; a field in which the exercise of feminine authority is still stolen from us as women todayâ (1994). Rivera, p. 42.
Sexed hermeneutic circle
Diana Sartori, (in âPor qué Teresaâ, Diotima, Traer al mundo el mundo, Barcelona, Icaria, 1996) defines the sexed hermeneutic circle as that relationship of meaning that establishes between a woman reader and questioner and the work, word and life itself of another woman.
Sexual contract
Non pacific pact between heterosexual men to distribute access to the fertile feminine body amongst themselves.
Sexual difference
In historical research, the difference of being woman is a key which allows us to discover the feminine presence in the past, too often hidden by the use of neutral, supposedly universal, language. The creator of the theory of sexual difference is Luce Irigaray (Speculum, Espéculo del otro que es mujer, Paris, 1974), in spite of the fact that the political practice and the thinking of sexual difference have developed strongly in Italy, where the Milan Womenâs Bookstore and the philosophical community Diótima at the University of Verona have transformed the most recent feminism in Spain in an important way.
Symbolic order of the mother
The maternal language, the language that we speak, that each mother (or the one who takes her place) teaches her daughter or son in their very first infancy, when she teaches them to speak. With the maternal language we learn the world.
Symbolic order of the mother
The mother tongue, the tongue that we speak, the one that each mother (or the one who takes her place) teaches her daughter or son in their earliest infancy, when they teach them to talk. With the mother tongue we learn the world.
T
Technique of the fresco
The fresco technique is a mural pictorial technique whereby the surface is prepared with a covering of lime and sand and then colours are used only diluted with water that have to settle while the former is fresh. Teresa DÃez used the technique of the âdry frescoâ also called of the imperfect fresco; in that technique spirit was used to fix the colours on the wall whitewashing it with a mixture of mixed mortar, of lime and sand.
Tensón
Composition of courtly poetry in which a dialogue is developed around matters of experience.
Teresa de Cartagena
MarÃa de Saravia gave birth to her in the city of Burgos, in the first third of the fifteenth century. Her father was Pedro de Cartagena. She formed part of an important converted Hebrew family of that city: the Ha-LevÃ. She spent her childhood and adolescence in Burgos, in the neighbourhood of Entramas Puentes âthat is, between the bridges of Arlanzón and the Vena-, in the palace and castle of the Canto, situated in the street Cantarranas la Menor. She was educated at home and at the University of Salamanca, where she studied for some years. She married the lord of Hormaza (Burgos). It appears that she was not a mother. She devoted herself to her writing and her spirituality, to which she was dedicated in 1453. She was perhaps an Augustine canoness in the monastery of San Ildefonso of the city of Burgos. She wrote at least two books, entitled Arboleda de los enfermos and Admiración de las obras de Dios, dedicated to Juana de Mendoza, the wife of Gómez Manrique. She was still alive in 1478.
Teresa de Jesús
Teresa Sánchez de Ahumada, known as Teresa de Jesús, was a Spanish mystic, founder and writer, born in Ãvila 28th March 1515 and who died in Alba 4th October 1582. She was a great poet and prose writer. She wrote Libro de la vida (1562), the Constituciones and the Camino de Perfección (1562-1567, the Libro de las fundaciones (1573-1574) and the Castillo Interior (1576-1577). Vid. ROSSI, Rosa, Teresa de Ãvila, Barcelona, 1983; SEGURA, Cristina, âLas celdas de los Conventosâ, in Por mi alma os digo. De la Edad Media a la Ilustración, co-ordinated by Anna Caballé, Barcelona, 2003, pp. 113-150.
Teresa DÃez
Painter who worked in the Castilian area at the time of MarÃa de Molina (c.1265-1321). Art historiography situates her in relation to the artistic nucleus that develops at the beginnings of the gothic era in Salamanca, fruit of the activity of that artistic group are the chapel of San MartÃn and some tombstones of the Seu Vella de Salamanca. Teresa DÃez painted the murals of the choir of the Real Monasterio de Santa Clara de Toro, and also left her pictorial stamp on the Colegiata, and the church of San Pedro of the same town, as well as the capcalera of the temple of La Hiniesta, and of the murals at the feet of the church of Santa MarÃa la Nueva de Zamora, which have also been attributed to her.
Tertullian
Christian theologian of the second century.
The personal is political
This phrase is one of the most famous and important symbolic inventions and discoveries of meaning of the womenâs political movement of the sixties in the twentieth century.
The Précieuses
Is the name by which the seventeenth century literary women who were the origin of the salon were known; a material space where learned women met with other women and men to converse freely. They were places, then, where a political exchange between the sexes took place.
The origin of the salon is usually situated at the âchambre bleuâ that Madame de Rambouillet created. As a specific space, the salon would continue during the Enlightenment and would last until the French Revolution; Madame de Rolan would be the last woman to hold one.
The wifeâs given right
This refers to the Chindasvinto code of 645; the so-called Gothic law established that the tenth part of the husbandâs goods belonged to the wife; the custom included that the widow was usufructuary of the belongings of the deceased husband as long as she did not marry again. This right was to be lost as of the thirteenth century with the coming into force of Roman law.
Timbor
Timbor was the sister of Sancha Ximenis de Cabrera and she was married to Juan de HÃjar. Sancha had a good relationship with her.
Troubadour
The troubadours or trobairitz were Provençal composers of music and poetry of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
U
Unigenitura
System of patrimonial transmission whereby only one of the descendants (usually male) receives the greater part of the hereditary context, in theory with the objective of keeping the estate together and preventing its disintegration through successive divisions. Although it already existed in Roman law, it developed in the heart of feudal society at the time when the feudal nobility was being consolidated. In Catalonia it is linked to the succession in mainline families.
Universal inheritor
It would be the woman or institution who would receive all the possessions, rights, and obligations of a testator or testatrix.
V
Visigoth script
The writing that was used in the kingdoms of Leon, Castile, Aragon and the Principat of Catalonia between the seventh-eighth and twelfth centuries. In Catalonia its usage was reduced as the Carolina writing came in. The manuscripts and documents allow us to appreciate a rounder and more accurate form in the more solemn manuscripts and documents and a more italic or documentary form. It is a writing that derives from the new Romanic italic and takes on characteristic forms in the peninsular lands. It is one of the writings that can be placed in what is called âgraphic medieval particularism. Its most characteristic letters are the tall âaâ, slightly inclined towards the left and open or low and open as if it were a âuâ; the âtâ in the form of the Greek tau or with the little eye closed; the âeâ tall and open. On some occasions it uses an alphabet of capitals with many ornamental elements that speak of a certain influence of Arabic writing. Vid. Millares Carlo, A.; [Ruiz Asensio, J.M. (updated)], Tratado de PaleografÃa Española, 3 vols., Madrid, 1983; Arnall Juan, J.; Pons Guri, J.M., Lâescriptura a les terres gironines, 2 vols., Gerona, 1993.
W
Will
Document where the wish of a will maker is stated in legal form. Therefore it is the declaration that a person makes of their last wish, disposing of possessions and matters that concern them for after their death.
With the law to hand
Eo quod lex gotica [Gothic law] non iubet per pugnam discutiantur negotia, Ermesenda said. Not long after, the court duel, for the nobility, or the test of hot water, applied to the peasant men and women, would be the most usual way of proving that one was in the right. Cartoral dit de Carlemany del bisbe de Girona. Barcelona, Fundació Noguera, doc. 77, year 1018.
Women weavers
During the first half of the fourteenth century we find women at the loom weaving all kinds of textile fibres. Later on the guild of wool weavers hardened their position with regards to womenâs work, to the extent that women were excluded from the weaving of wool; it was even forbidden for the widows of weavers to continue with their husbandsâ trade. A municipal order of Barcelona makes the prohibition very clear: To avoid dishonesties and calumnies of any woman widow who has been the wife of a weaver, or of another person, as a widow she cannot dare to have a workshop of the said trade of weaving, if she does not have a male son of 12 years old or more who wishes to be a weaver (AHCB, Registro de Ordenaciones, 3, fol. 36v., year 1400). So that in two centuries it had gone from there being talk with excitement and euphoria of the fact that there were women weaver teachers who taught the trade, to taking away the loom from the widows of the artisan teachers, who obviously worked in the workshop during their husbandsâ lifetime and were capable of going on with the work. The prohibition was made effective; the leaders of the guild of wool weavers presented themselves at the house of a dead member the day after his burial, ripped the loom from the wall and took with them the tools of the trade so that the widow could not continue weaving; in spite of the fact that the municipal orders had relaxed the said prohibition, allowing widows to continue with the business for three years. Vid. Bonnassie, p. 29, year 1486.
Y
Year of lamentation
We refer to the late medieval law, which continued until later periods. During the first year of widowhood she was fed, and dressed with mourning clothes, from the husbandâs inheritance, and it was the custom for her to lead a retired life and she could not marry during that period. It must be taken into account, however, that family law was very different in different places in Europe, including in places close together, such as Castille or the island of Sardinia, for example, where womenâs rights were different to those in Catalonia.
An example on the subject: Equip Broida, âLa viudez ¿triste o feliz estado? Las últimas voluntades de los barceloneses en torno al 1400â.- Pérez de Tudela, MarÃa Isabel, âLa condición de la viuda en el medioevo castellano-leonésâ, in: Las mujeres en las ciudades medievales. Madrid, Seminario de estudios de la mujer, Autonomous University of Madrid, 1984, pp. 27-41 and pp. 87-101, respectively.
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https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/2023/07/03/the-lady-of-aragon/
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THE LADY OF ARAGON
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2023-07-03T00:00:00
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In a previous post about Queens of Castile, I mentioned I would be doing an accompanying post about a few of the Queens and Princesses of Aragon. As I mentioned in that previous post, one of the things I loved about the Iberian monarchies is the role of women. This idea of the Queen-Lieutenant although…
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https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
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The Monstrous Regiment of Women
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https://themonstrousregimentofwomen.com/2023/07/03/the-lady-of-aragon/
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In a previous post about Queens of Castile, I mentioned I would be doing an accompanying post about a few of the Queens and Princesses of Aragon. As I mentioned in that previous post, one of the things I loved about the Iberian monarchies is the role of women. This idea of the Queen-Lieutenant although a feature of all Iberian Catholic monarchies, originated in and was most prominent at the court of Aragon.
Eleanor of Sicily was born in 1325 the daughter of Peter II King of Sicily and Elizabeth of Carinthia; now Eleanor’s childhood was a tense one with the court in Sicily dominated by strife between a) the throne and the nobility, especially the oldest most prestigious families i.e the Ventimiglia, Palizzi and Chiaramonte, and b) Sicily and Naples – the two kingdoms were in a near eternal pissing match for dominance. The tense situation wasn’t helped by the fact that her father was not exactly the strongest of monarchs in fact most of his contemporaries regarded him as being feeble minded with Giovanni Villani referring to him as “quasi un mentacatto” (“almost an imbecile”) whilst Nicola Speciale was a tad nicer calling him “purus et simplex” (“pure & simple”). Eleanor’s mother was not quite feele minded and upon the death of Peter II in 1348, Elizabeth swiftly took charge ruling on behalf of her son (Eleanor’s younger brother) who was too young to rule alone. It was Elizabeth that decided that Eleanor should marry Peter IV of Aragon – this marriage was arranged on the condition that he renounce all rights to the Sicilian throne. He agreed – which is hardly surprising. You see Peter IV was very much in need of a son; despite only been 30 he’d been married twice before (firstly to Maria of Navarre and Eleanor of Portugal) but had no surviving sons from either marriage, although he did have two daughters. The marriage took place in 1349 and was a pretty big success; not only was Eleanor immensely popular and respected but she also fixed the no-legitimate heir problem that had plagued Peter’s reign. In fact she didn’t just bear him the all important son and heir; between 1350 and 1362 she actually managed to bear three sons John, Martin & Alfonso and a daughter Eleanor. Two of those sons would go on to be King of Aragon whilst her daughter became Queen of Castile. Eleanor’s death was a major turning point in the Aragonese royal family; she was basically the glue that held everything together and everything went downhill with her no longer around. Her husband seemed to recover from his grief within 10 minutes and quickly began romancing Sibila de Fortia, a lady in waiting of hers who was several decades younger than him (she was in her early-mid twenties whilst he was 56). King Peter & Sibila had married in 1377 in a wedding that had not gone down well with Eleanor’s sons John and Martin who were frankly livid; their anger had three components – the first was annoyance on their mother’s behalf, the second stemmed from the accusation that the relationship had begun prior to Eleanor’s death and the third was a result of Sibila’s age which meant that she was very much capable of getting pregnant; they were clearly not in the mood for younger brothers with ambitious mothers who could potentially cause chaos. John then married Violante of Bar without his father’s permission; Peter was unsurprisingly deeply unimpressed; the fact that the very beautiful, very headstrong and very intelligent Violante clashed spectacularly with Sibila upon arriving in Aragon, did not help matters. As the 1380’s progressed, court grew incredibly factionalised with Queen Sibila inviting her family to court – they became increasingly influential and with both sons furious at him, King Peter began to favour Sibila’s family over his own – Sibila’s brother Bernard especially became quite powerful. Court became increasingly split with Sibila, her family and allies on one side and John & Martin, their wives and their allies on the other. Both John and Martin would go on to be King after Peter’s death but the relationship between Eleanor’s loved ones never recovered.
Being.a Princess of France sounds like a pretty nice gig if you can get it. But what’s better than Princess of France? Well Queen of Aragon doesn’t sound too shabby, a fact I’m sure Violante of Bar here agreed with. Violante of Bar was born circa 1365 the daughter of Robert I Duke of Bar and Marie of Valois; she was her parent’s eighth child (we’re not actually sure about the specifics of her birth-date however we know she was around 15 when she married in 1380 so it’s safe to presume she was probably born around 1365). Her father was a powerful noble in France who ruled a nice territory in the North-East of the country which bordered the Duchy of Lorraine and various territories belonging to the Holy Roman Empire, whilst her mother Marie was the daughter of John II King of France and Bonne of Bohemia, sister of Charles V King of France and aunt of Charles VI King of France. Now we do know that Violante’s mother Marie was noted for her intelligent and intellectual pursuits and was renowned for having an extensive library that includes works about romance, poetry, history and theology; the French court was also the most cultured and intellectual in Europe. Marie was also a patron of the arts and a muse to the likes of Jean d’Arras who dedicated his Roman de Mélusine to her. Violante thus grew up at the French court under the very cultured tutelage of her mother, her aunt Jeanne de Bourbon Queen of France and Jeanne’s mother the formidable Isabelle de Valois Madame de Bourbon la Grande, Dowager Duchess of Bourbon. She grew up with the likes of Christine de Pizan and a whole host of aristocratic little girls including Marie & Philippa de Coucy the granddaughters of Edward III King of England. In other words her education was likely to have been AMAZING. Violante’s own daughter received an incredibly extensive education so it’s likely she was inspired by her own education. In 1380 when she was around 15 she married John Duke of Girona who was the heir apparent to the throne of Aragon. He was 15 years older than her and had been married once before; he and his first wife Martha of Armagnac had produced 5 children although at the point that Violante and John married, only one daughter Joanna was still alive. Now John and Violante’s was kind of a political marriage but also not really a political marriage – after the death of Martha, there had been a ton of wrangling about who John would marry. His father King Peter favoured a princess of Sicily however John evidently preferred Violante and made it clear he wanted to marry her. I’ve never seen evidence of this but I would assume that means they met although I’m not sure when. To give you some context tensions at the court of Aragon were at fever pitch; following the death of John’s mother Queen Eleanor in 1375, her widower & John’s father King Peter seemed to recover from his grief within about an hour and quickly began romancing Sibila de Fortia, a lady in waiting of his late who was several decades younger than him (she was in her early-mid twenties whilst he was 56). King Peter & Sibila had married in 1377 in a wedding that had not gone down well with Peter’s son John and Martin who were frankly livid; part of their anger stemmed from annoyance on their mother’s behalf whilst the larger part of their rage stemmed from Sibila’s age which meant that she was very much capable of getting pregnant; they were clearly not in the mood for younger brothers with ambitious mothers who could potentially cause chaos. Feeling resentful towards his father and evidently quite enamoured with Violante, he made the decision to marry her regardless of the consequences, and King Peter a) did not give consent to the marriage and b) wasn’t told about it until the last minute. Whilst John evidently had romantic feelings for Violante, marrying her was also politically advantageous – their marriage was both a) a way to strengthen ties between Aragon and France and b) a way for the Aragonese crown to support the Avignon Papacy. Peter was unsurprisingly deeply unimpressed; the fact that the very beautiful, very headstrong and very intelligent Violante clashed spectacularly with Sibila upon arriving in Aragon, did not help matters. John appears to have been very much in love with his new wife and didn’t take kindly to what he perceived as his step-mother’s rudeness towards his bride. This as you can imagine only caused further strife. As the 1380’s progressed, court grew incredibly factionalised with Queen Sibila inviting her family to court – they became increasingly influential and with both sons furious at him, King Peter began to favour Sibila’s family over his own – Sibila’s brother Bernard especially became quite powerful. Court became increasingly split with Sibila, her family and allies on one side and John & Violant and their allies on the other. You see Violante turned out to be quite the political player and proved to be far more than just a pretty French face. John and Violante appear to have been quite a formidable duo and throughout their sixteen-year-marriage were devoted to one another. There’s no record of infidelity on his part, in fact there wasn’t even a whisper of it, and the two conceived constantly; between 1382 and 1396, Violante gave birth to seven children James, Yolande, Ferdinand, Antonia, Eleanor, Peter & Joanna (and this doesn’t include miscarriages or possible stillbirths). Despite clearly have no problem with carrying children and then giving birth, the problem appears to have been keeping them alive afterwards and out of their seven children only one survived to adulthood. In 1387 Violante’s father in law King Peter died and her husband ascended to the throne as King John I meaning Violante was now Queen. The first decision they needed to make was how to deal with John’s step-mother Sibila who in the immediate aftermath of Peter’s death fled to the Santa Marti Sarroca. John and Violante forced her to return to Aragon in order to pledge her alliegace; upon arrival instead of executing her (as some may have expected them to do) they chose to demonstrate a degree of mercy and sent her to live under close guard in Barcelona. They were supported in this by John’s brother Martin; his support and the royal brother’s close relationship resulted in John naming his brother Duke of Montblanc. Previously the only other duchy in Aragon was that of Girona, a title reserved for the heir to the throne, so Martin being given a nice little duchy of his own was an enormous honour. Whilst John and Martin were tight, Violante and Martin’s wife Maria appear to have been less close. Violante’s husband would only rule for 9 years; two years into his reign in around 1388 his health began to falter – the exact cause of his illness is unknown however it fluctuated meaning he went through periods of good health and periods where he was practically bed-bound. When he was healthy John and Violante ruled together in what was considered a true partnership; when he was ill Violante wielded considerable administrative power on his behalf and from 1388 onwards she was Queen-Lieutenant of Aragon, effectively governing the kingdom as such. She seems to have followed her husband’s wishes whilst ruling and none of her policies were particularly rogue. In July 1391 in Valencia, a riot broke out against the Jewish population egged on by the Dominican preacher Vincent Ferrer – Violante intervened and ordered the officials in Valencia to increase the defence of the Jewish population. Violant’s brother-in-law was was sent to deal with the rioters; evidently the situation was worse than he expected and so he requested King John’s assistance. John however was evidently sick and thus unable to help so Martin was denied; he then appealed to Violante to intervene however she also refused. Contemporaries at the time noted that her refusal was due to constitutional reasons (the specifics of those constitutional reasons aren’t exactly clear), not personal reasons and it was commented that she appeared to genuinely want to help. Afterwards in an effort to ease the suffering of the Jewish people, Violante chose not to impose the higher rate of taxation originally established by her father in law by allowing the Jewish Community to pay only a quarter of the amount. Something that’s very interesting about Violante is the extent to which she remained involved in French matters and when arranging marriages for her family members she considered not just how it benefitted Aragon but also whether it was politically beneficial to France; in 1382 her parents gave her permission to explore a potential Aragonese marriage for one of her sisters as a way of boosting Violante’s position. Such a marriage would have made the connections between Aragon and France stronger. She also negotiated frequently with Juan I of Castile about various potential marriages between her family and his – it appears that Violante pretty much had free reign when it came to marriages and she considered unions between her step-daughter and either one of the sons of Juan I of Castile or an Aragonese duke (as a way of fortifying the already strong relationship between John and her cousin Charles IV of France. She at one point received an offer from Richard II to marry one of her daughters following the death of his wife Anne of Bohemia however Violante refused out of loyalty to Charles. In 1392 Violant brokered a marriage for her stepdaughter Joanna with Matthew Count of Foix further strengthening the connection between Aragon and France and that very same year she married her daughter to Louis II of Anjou who was not only a Prince of France but also King of Naples making her young daughter the Queen of Naples. Despite his illness John and Violante were a pretty perfect match and were both lovers of fashion, music and literature; she was clearly hugely inspired by her upbringing and experiences at French court. Under her authority, Aragon became one of the centres of European culture and living “in this particularly artistic atmosphere was a unique experience in Christendom. Other European courts patronised troubadours and encouraged the literary arts, of course, but nothing like this. The point was not simply to learn to read, write and perform verses, stories or songs but to incorporate the art into daily existence – to live poetry”. Violante in particular was noted for cultivating the talents of Provençal troubadours bringing some French flair to the court of Aragon. By the time John died in 1396, Violante was a seasoned and proactive political player; his death was actually kind of unexpected – he died during a hunt in forests near Foixá after falling from his horse – the fact he was on a horse in the first place would suggest he was one of his rare bouts of good health. With no living sons, his brother Martin was the next King. He however was dealing with pesky barons in Sicily and so it was up to his wife Maria who was hanging out in Barcelona to take charge; there was however one small little problem. Violante turned around and admitted that she had been intimate with her husband in the weeks/months leading up to his death (and she was only in early 30’s) meaning there was a very good chance she was potentially pregnant. Potentially pregnant with a son that would by birthright inherit the throne over Martin. This meant that although the cortes, the magnates and the councillors of Barcelona backed Maria, there was still a ton of the nobles in Aragon who were pretty hesitant to pledge their allegiance to Martin and Maria just in case Violant did produce a son. Maria’s saving grace was that as a native member of the Aragon elite she had familial ties to many of the kingdom’s most important families; Violante although a member of the French royal family lacked those ties in Aragon which put her at a disadvantage; her continued involvement in French affairs had evidently lead to a belief she wasn’t sufficiently loyal enough to Aragon. She was however potentially carrying the heir to the throne so that pretty much trumped everything. Now we don’t know 100% for certain whether she was telling the truth or not – Violante’s servants were questioned and whilst some denied the Dowager Queen was pregnant, others confirmed that she had, had sex with her husband recently so it was possible. Despite Maria basically begging for Martin to return, he refused to leave Sicily (part of Maria’s desire for him to return was also economic – the campaign in Sicily was costing stupid amounts of money that they didn’t really have). Whilst this uncertainty was going on, John’s daughter from his first marriage Joanna decided to chaos even more chaos by attempting to claim the throne for herself as her father’s eldest daughter supported by her husband Matthew de Foix and his very powerful family. The new Queen Maria then had Violante placed under virtual house arrest and moved to completely isolate Violante from her allies – arresting her closest familiars and removing from that their influential positions. They then waited until it was abundantly clear that Violante was not in fact pregnant. Throughout all of this Maria used a bit of good old fashioned xenophobia to blacken Violante’s reputation; in propaganda she cast herself as the virtuous, moral, simple homegrown Queen who had saved Aragon from Violante’s foreign, scheming & extravagant claws. She also sent Violante the horse that John (aka Violante’s late husband) was riding when he died which is just a bit evil actually. The thing is Maria couldn’t ultimately do all that much to Violante – the French would have caused absolute chaos if anything had happened to her; in the aftermath she dedicated herself to her daughter Yolande who ended up becoming the most powerful woman in Europe and the most ludicrously perfect politician so that’s a win for Violante I suppose. She also remained involved in the politics of both Aragon and France – the insanity of the French King and the chaos it caused meant that her daughter Yolande ended up taking a key role in the governance of France. Violante remained her daughter’s main supporter. In 1406 her former sister in law Queen Maria died leaving her husband and son behind. Shortly afterwards Maria’s daughter in law Blanche of Navarre (the second wife of her son Martin) gave birth to a son and heir also named Martin – as a way of bringing the family together and guaranteeing her bloodline on the throne of Aragon Violante arranged a marriage between her granddaughter Marie and the new heir to the throne of Aragon. He however died before the marriage could take place. Marie would go on to be the Queen of France as the wife of Charles VII of France – it was Violante’s daughter Yolande that got him on the throne in the first place. Like mother like daughter. Violante died in 1431 in Barcelona a decade into her granddaughter’s reign as Queen of France.
Juana Enriquez was born in 1425 the daughter of Fadrique Enriquez and Mariana Fernandez de Córdoba the 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte; her mother died in 1431 and the very young Juana inherited her mother’s title propelling her to the top of the eligible young ladies list. Now her family were influential members of the Castilian nobility; heir importance stemmed from the fact that they were descended (albeit illegitimately) from Alfonso XI of Castile who was Juana’s great-great grandfather. John of Aragon (the brother of the King of Aragon Alfonso V) wanted to get in on some of that influence and decided to ally himself with the powerful noble faction she belonged to, a faction which had major power in Castile at the time. He was also it just so happens, looking for a wife following the death of his late wife Blanche I Queen of Navarre. He was 27 years older than her but that stopped neither him nor her relatives who were ecstatic at the chance to make her a Queen. The two became engaged in 1443, but due to various political shenanigans in both Aragon and Castile, the marriage was delayed until 1447. Now during his marriage to his first John had ruled Navarre as de jure uxoris; with his remarriage John was technically no long the ruler of Navarre however Juana apparently supported his decision to simply not cede power to his children Charles Prince of Viana and Blanche of Navarre who were to put it mildly deeply unimpressed (the relationship between John and his son had always been distant, John remarrying turned it into full blown hatred) and because breaking the law has consequences, everything kicked off culminating in the outbreak of Navarrese Civil War in 1451. You see the Navarrese people were as livid as Charles and Blanche; Charles had been granted the title of Prince of Viana (the traditional title of the heir to the throne) by his grandfather Charles III of Navarre all the way back in 1423 (you know before Juana was even born) and they had long waited for him to become their King. Now Navarre was for a big portion of the medieval era a bit of a ping pong ball that was sometimes on the French side and sometimes on the Spanish side – John as King of Aragon obviously had the Spanish leaning nobles on his side whilst Charles had the French. The nobility however overwhelmingly favoured John; Charles was the chosen one of the people which makes the hostilities a bit of a class conflict which I find fascinating, and it was referred to as the war between farmers and nobles. During the course of the civil war John was predominantly on the front lines leading his army which culminated in him appointing Juana to act as regent. In 1452 she gave birth to a son Ferdinand (who winds up being that Ferdinand of Isabella and Ferdinand fame and is pretty well known for establishing the Spanish Inquisition and being responsible for some of history’s more reprehensible figures i.e Christopher Columbus). Charles evidently saw where this was going (i.e his father declaring his new baby son his heir over Charles) so that year after being defeated and captured at the Battle of Aybar, he fled to France the minute he was released to secure the support of the French king. Open warfare however did not end – remember the people were still pissed. Charles then decided that French support wasn’t enough and decided to try to entice his father’s older brother Alfonso V of Aragon to also back him. In 1555 all sorts of absolute chaos went down; firstly John tried to disinherit his son and thinking the public would be calmed by naming a different child from his first marriage heir, he named his daughter Eleanor wife of Gaston IV of Foix as his successor. Thing is, it turned out that John had miscalculated slightly; the Navarrese didn’t just want any of John and Blanche’s children to succeed. They specifically wanted Charles. To add the chaos of it all, Charles happened to be particularly popular in Spain whilst John’s popularity was nose diving as he refused to recognise Charles as his first born. I can only imagine how Blanche was feeling in the grave. The conflict completely went in Charles favour and that same year John was forced to leave Navarre with Charles of Viana being installed as regent in Navarre with Castilian support. Where was Juana in all of this? Well aside from popping out Ferdinand in 1452 and a daughter Joanna in 1455, she was heavily involved in the political machinations going on behind the scenes and was well known to be her husband’s most devoted supporter. By 1458 Navarre was no longer at war with its self and Charles and John were actually somewhat reconciled (and by reconciled I mean tolerating each other’s presence and not openly trying to murder one another) and the death of Alfonso V later that year meant that John and Juana were now King and Queen of Aragon. As a token of good will, Charles was offered the crowns of Naples and Sicily with John’s support. He however declined these proposals, and decided to return to Navarre in 1459 which is when Juana evidently decided she’d had enough (she REALLY wanted Ferdinand to inherit Navarre) and in 1460 she showed her husband a series of documents (given to her by her father in Castile) which allegedly proved that Charles of Viana was planning to murder his father. Do we think Charles was legitimately planning to kill his papa king? I’m not convinced but I wouldn’t blame him to be fair; we do know that he was negotiating with Henry IV of Castile to potentially marry Henry’s sister Isabella (yes that Isabella of Ferdinand Isabella fame). John was evidently appalled and ordered that his son be arrested and imprisoned for treason. Now the Catalonians had at this point been stewing in their anger over John’s treatment of his son for years so they vehemently protested against the arrest of Charles. John for reasons unknown to be and which quite frankly don’t make sense appointed Juana to be the lead negotiator with the Catalonians. Juana wasn’t exactly well liked by the Catalonians who viewed her somewhat as an Evil Stepmother trying to take Charles’ birthright. At the parliament of 1461, Joan Dusai a famous lawyer accused John of violating four of the Ustages de Barcelona, four of the Constitucions de Catalunya and the Furs de Lleida. They then demanded for the 100th time that John name Charles as his first-born son and heir, a demand he promptly refused, leading parliament to assembl an army under the Count of Modica. The army turned out to be quite the formidable foe and quickly captured Fraga. John in a panic John capitulated in February and freed Charles on the 25th February. On the 21st June, he signed the Capitulation of Vilafranca in which John recognised Charles as his first-born son, lieutenant-governor in perpetuity, and heir in all his realms. John also surrendered his right to enter the Principality of Catalonia without the permission of the Generalitat and reluctantly forfeited a number of royal prerogatives (i.e the appointment of royal officials was only allowed to be done on the advice of representative bodies). Behind closed doors, Juana was said to be quietly unhappy with the truce. Shortly thereafter however, Charles of Viana died and of course accusations of poisoning were not far behind with Juana as the main suspect. I’ll be honest I can totally see this. Especially as promptly 10 minutes after his son’s death John II proclaimed his son with Juana, Ferdinand, as the heir of Aragon. He then sent Juana back to Navarre with the teeny tiny task of convincing the Catalonians to accept Ferdinand as heir and governor of Catalonia. Good luck with that. So incensed at the turn of events, the Catalonians began objecting to John at literally every turn culminating in the Catalan Civil War of 1462 to 1472 which kicked off immediately after Juana Enríquez had her son hailed as the heir of Catalonia and his fathers governor of Catalonia on the 6th February 1462. Since Ferdinand was only 10 years old, she swore his oath to the Catalonians in his place, and vowed to act as Governor of Catalonia in his place. This didn’t last long. She was after all the woman the public were convinced had murdered their golden prince so they kicked up an almighty fuss to the point that Juana was forced to flee to Girona to seek the protection of the bishop. The Catalonians besieged Girona until July 1462 when John managed to get his wife out of there and she quickly returned to the Aragonese court. That same year John proved to be an even worse father that everyone thought when he had his eldest daughter Blanche arrested simply for the crime of existing; you see with Charles’ death the Catalonians declared that she was the rightful monarch and they promptly proclaimed her queen. Nothing Blanche did suggests she was gunning to be Queen. That evidently didn’t matter because she was imprisoned and given into the custody of her sister (and Daddy’s favourite golden girl) Eleanor and her husband Gaston of Foix. Absolutely deplorable sisterhood right there. It also added fuel to the already very hot fire and the Catalonians were incensed on her behalf leading to even more vicious fighting. It got to the point that Barcelona was clearly unsafe for John and Juana and they fled to Girona hoping to receive protection from the French army there. Two treaties were then signed between John and the French king Louis XI – one at Sauveterre and one at Bayonne. Louis XI agreed to lend 4,200 knights plus their retainers in military aid to John in exchange for 200,000 écues and as surety of payment, control of the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne with the right to garrison Perpignan and Cotlliure. To seal the deal John tried to arrange a marriage between Blanche and the Duke of Berry who was the younger brother of the King of France; feeling fairly resentful Blanche outright refused, an act which irritated her father. In 1464, the Bishop of Pamplona Nicolas de Etchabaarri helped her escape the custody of her sister and she promptly rocked up to the Courts of Navarre. A mild scandal to be sure. de Etchabarri was promptly murdered. Just months later Blanche herself was poisoned. Juana was once again the main suspect. I’m less convinced of her culpability that in the Charles situation – her sister Eleanor was also a suspect as was her own father. Charming. The war dragged on throughout the 1460’s – with the John’s enemies basically proclaiming everyone who had a slight claim to the throne the rightful monarch over John who by this point they absolutely loathed. They at first offered the throne to Henry IV of Castile, who initially accepted although by June of 1463 had renounced his claim. They then offered it to the Constable of Portugal who was a grandson of James II of Urgell and who the Consell proclaimed as Peter V. He died in June 1466 leading to them proclaiming Rene the Good the Count of Anjou and Provence as their new King. He was the son of Yolande of Aragon and therefore the grandson of John I of Aragon. His selection was was designed to fracture the French alliance as Rene was an important vassal and uncle of the French King (Rene was the older brother of Louis XI’s mother Marie of Anjou). Juana dedicated this time to a) supporting her husband and b) planning on the accession of her son Ferdinand which included him taking an appropriate wife. She evidently fixated on Isabella of Castile the sister of Henry IV of Castile. She became even more determined to see them wed when in 1468, the brother of the childless Henry IV of Castile, Alfonso de Trastamara y Aviz died, meaning the throne of Castile was now likely to fall to either Isabella Henry IV’s sister or his daughter Joana (although there somewhat of an open question of Joana’s paternity). The proposed marriage won the approval of the Aragonese and Castilian magnates. Juana however got to witness her triumph; on the 13th February 1368 she died from what is believed to have been breast cancer. Her husband was devastated and never remarried reigning until his death in 1479. The marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand obviously went on to be one of the most famous in history, lasting for 35 years, producing a prince and four princesses who went on to be queens of England, Aragon, Castile and Portugal and lead to the unification of Spain and the emergence of Habsburg’s (in particular her great-grandson Charles V) as the dominant power in Europe. That was Juana’s true legacy.
One of the things I love most about Aragon is the phenomenon of the Queen Lieutenant which I wrote about in the opening of this post. Another woman who served in this is role is this girl right here Blanche of Anjou. Born the daughter of Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary, Blanche had bunch of quite impressive siblings who dominated the Mediterranean – among those were Robert I King of Naples, Louis of Toulouse (aka a literal saint), Philip I of Taranto Titular Emperor of Constantinople, Charles Martel of Anjou titular King of Hungary, Eleanor Queen of Sicily and Maria Queen of Majorca. In 1290 when she was just 10, she was betrothed to John I Marquess of Montferrat who needed a lil bit of help defending Montferrat. Hoping to making John his vassal, her father agreed to help in exchange for John marrying Blanche. The engagement was broken at some point in the early 1290’s probably circa 1293. John I should add ended up dying less than a decade later in 1305. In 1294 the new Pope Boniface VIII was elected at Naples under the auspices of her father; the new Pope quickly hit the ground running and mediated between Charles and James II of Aragon leading to the second engagement of Blanche. As part of the Treaty of Anagni she and John were betrothed to one another (to sweeten the deal the Pope promised the investiture of James as the ruler of Sardinia and Corsica). She was 13 about to turn 14. He was almost 30. They married on either the 29th October or the 1st November 1295. The marriage seems to have been a success; he had been a bit of a womaniser prior to her – he’d been married once and had multiple illegitimate children from relationships with various women. There’s no record of him being unfaithful during their marriage and he certainly had no illegitimate children. He also allowed her involvement in politics and she was considered a key mediator between her father and husband and her husband and her various sovereign siblings. The two had ten children during their marriage James (1296-1334) who became a monk, Alfonso (1299-1336) who became Alfonso IV, Maria of Aragon (1299-1347) who became a nun, Constance of Aragon (1300-1327) who became the Princess of Villena, John (1304-1334) who became Archbishop of Toledo & Tarragona and Patriarch of Alexandria, Isabella of Aragon (1305-1330) who became Archduchess of Austria, Peter of Aragon (1305-1381) the Count of Ribagorza, Empuries and Prades, Blanche (1307-1348) who became Prioress of Sixena, Ramon Berenguer of Aragon (1308-1366) the Count of Empuries and Baro of Ejerica and Violante of Aragon (1310-1353) who was married firstly to Philip Despot of Romania and then Lope de Luna, Lord of Segorbe. The birth of their youngest child took place during Blanche’s regency; he trusted so implicitly that when he was not at court he left her in charge. In 1310 he left to fulfil medieval king military duties leaving Blanche to act as Queen-Lieutenant ruling in his name. Whilst he was away, she went into labour giving birth to their daughter. A few weeks after birth she died suddenly suggesting her death was probably linked to their daughters birth.
I debated which post this woman should go in – Aragon or Castile but ultimately decided as Queen of Aragon she should make an appearance in this post! Maria of Castile was born in 1401 the eldest child of Henry III of Castile and Catherine of Lancaster making her a granddaughter of John of Gaunt. She grew up in Castile and remained in an entirely Castilian household – her godmther Maria de Ayala (a nun and illegitimate daughter of Peter of Castile) was a prominent fixture in her life. She had an extensive education. As the King’s eldest child, Maria was granted the title of Princess of Asturias, the title reserved for the first-in-line to the throne and she . was her formally recognised as heir presumptive at the Cortes of Toledo on 6 January 1402. Her father was evidently concerned there might be an Empress Matilda esque situation should he die so around the same time, she was betrothed to her first cousin, Alfonso the son of her paternal uncle Ferdinand as a way to strengthen her status. The birth of her brother John temporarily rendered all these concerns; in 1405 however those concerns once again became relevant when her father died leaving her brother John II as King; she was once again heir to the throne. Her brother however was still a little boy and so their mother Queen Catherine governed the Castile as regent during King John II’s minority and made sure that Maria was able to observe the politics and machinations of rule and statesmanship. Maria and her mother were super close, even after Maria went to Aragon, in fact letters remain between the two which attest to this fact. Watching her mama rule clearly made Maria aware of her own responsibilities and prerogatives as a queen and later as a regent. Although the marriage between Maria and her cousin Alfonso (future King of Aragon) had been agreed upon since she was baby, it wasn’t formalised until 1408 when she was 7. As part of the marriage treaty, her brother John was to marry Alfonso’s sister Maria, whilst her younger sister Catherine was to marry Alfonso’s brother Henry. See the Spanish were doing incest galore even before the Habsburgs. What’s interesting and I did mention it above is that after the marriage was agreed, Maria remained in a completely Castilian household Alfonso – in most situations she would have been given Aragonese attendees to prepare her for marriage. Maria and Alfonso married at the Cathedral of Valencia on the 12th June 1415 when she was 14 – they were married by the Antipope Benedict XIII. Now the dowry that Maria was given was absolutely insane – both her and Alfonso were granted land and revenues galore and Alfonso was even raised to the rank of Infante of Castile – it’s believed that the dowry was so grand that it was actually the largest dowry ever given to a Princess of Castile. Her brother would later complain it was too large. Now the whole interlocked family thing proved to be bothersome and family squabbles were pretty much a hallmark of family life – the political ambitions of her in laws Ferdinand and Eleanor of Alberquerque frequently clashed with the ambitions of her mother whilst both her brothers and Alfonso’s brothers proved to be annoying little shits that caused all sorts of problems down the road. Now the marriage was not a particularly happy one – they had very contrasting personalities. To add to the that Maria’s health became increasingly frail post the wedding. Now there’s no evidence that she was considered a particularly frail child in fact her health doesn’t appear to have become a concern until the wedding itself. They weren’t able to consummate the marriage on their wedding night because she had yet to begin her menstrual period. That didn’t happen until two years into the marriage when she was 16. At some point around the wedding it became clear that she had epilepsy – as I said she wasn’t known as a child to have suffered from seizure. There’s some suggestion that the epilepsy was perhaps triggered by a bout of smallpox that left her permanently scarred. The marriage ended up being a political alliance, pure and simple. It didn’t however start off that way and there is evidence that there were some fleeting moments of happiness in the early years; their lack of a child, his mother’s overbearing involvement and his infidelity would prove to be MAJOR issues that diminished any happiness they once had. He became King with Maria as His Queen in 1416 and their marriage went down hill from there. His mother Eleanor was overbearing and continued acting as the Queen of Aragon. She remained supreme at court with Maria given a supporting role – she had little involvement in politics and it doesn’t appear that either Alfonso or Eleanor ever really tried to include her. It was only in the early 1420’s when Eleanor’s health began to deteriorate that Maria began to develop more of a public profile. In 1421 Joanna II of Naples named Alfonso as heir to the Kingdom of Naples however he had a rival; Louis III of Anju who was backed by Muzio Attendolo Sforza and Pope Martin V. Due to various political machinations on Alfonso’s part, Sforza decided to betray Louis and abandon his cause, giving Alfonso the green light to become King of Naples however by 1423 Alfonso had begun to clash with Gianni Caracciolo the very powerful lover of Joanna. In a move that I would probably describe as unwise Alfonso had Gianni arrested. Now the man was a pain in the behind but arresting her lover was clearly not going to go down well with Joanna who immediately repudiated her adoption of Alfonso as heir and named Louis instead. Alfonso reacted like a kid having a tantrum over having to face the consequences of his own damn actions for the first time in his life and promptly began making plans to invade Naples. He left Aragon almost immediately and unwilling (understandably so) to leave the country in the hands of his ambitious, irritating and frankly untrustworthy brothers who all had delusions of grandeur and dreams of sitting on the throne themselves. With his mother’s health failing, he had nowhere to turn but Maria who he declared as regent, publicly stating that her authority was second only to his and that she now possessed the right to govern as if she were him. The incredible thing about Maria’s regency is that the rest of Alfonso’s life was dedicated to the capture and rule of Naples and Aragon was left to Maria for literal decades. I’m not even joking. Alfonso’s first period of abroad lasted from 1420 to 1423 during which time Maria proved she wasn’t quite as passive as everyone believed and watching her mother and then her mother in law wield extraordinary political power had actually taught her a thing or two. Alfonso’s return in 1423 was to put it mildly a low point. During his three years abroad he had taken a mistress Giraldona Carlino who he was supposedly smitten with; upon arriving back home he promptly announced that Giraldona had given birth to a son Ferdinand. Maria didn’t take the news well and rather insensitively announced to her husband there and then that his mother was dead, except she wasn’t just very ill. Ouch. The marriage to be quite honest never really recovered and Giraldona showing up at court only infuriated Maria further. The three of them resided rather awkwardly at court together between 1423 and 1432; during which time Alfonso and Giraldona had three children whilst Maria remained childless and deeply unimpressed. She appears to have been quite isolated in those days – she didn’t get along with her in laws and her husband was fixated on his mistress and obsession with conquering Naples. Records show that Maria’s household was almost exclusively Castilian at this point, mostly people who had accompanied her from Castile and it doesn’t seem like she had many friends outside of her immediate circle. When in 1432 the opportunity arose for Alfonso to potentially conquer Naples, permanently this time, Maria encouraged him to go. Despite how strained their marriage had become, she had previously done an exemplary job as regent and he trusted no one else to rule for him. He departed Aragon in 1432 and literally never came back; I’m being serious, the man left for Italy and remained there until his death in 1358 meaning Maria’s second regency literally lasted for 26 years. Combined with the three years she was in charge the first time, she ended up ruling as regent for 29-30 years which is around 70% of Alfonso’s 42 year reign. For those 29-30 years she had complete control over the provincial governors, prelates and religious orders, the nobility, the army, the municipal government, and all other subjects regardless of legal status. She granted constitutions, made laws in accordance with royal authority was empowered to carry out justice, both civil and criminal, and named judges and delegates. Assisted by a royal council separate from the king’s, she had full royal authority. She turned out to be a very shrewd leader; whilst her household was full of Castilian’s, she made sure they were deprived of political influence and the highest offices in government were all given to men from Aragon, which only helped increase her sky high popularity and ensured government functioned smoothly. She also helped with her husband’s quest to gain Naples; when he was captured at Ponza in 1435 she paid the ransom (frankly I’d have left him to rot). She also negotiated on his behalf with Aragon’s enemies and allies alike; on a number of occasions she oversaw negotiations between Aragon and her home-nation of Castile. On one occasion her and her cousin/sister in law Maria mediated a peace treaty in Valladolid on behalf of their husbands – it was noted by contemporaries that if the Queen of Castile had, had as much authority as the Queen of Aragon then peace in Spain may have been possible. In 1454 her brother died and she travelled to Castile to ensure peace remained; she stayed in Castile for three years until 1457. She remained as regent until 1458 when her husband died; how she felt about the news of his demise I have no idea – it had bee two decades since she’d seen the man after all. Her husband’s bastard son Ferdinand succeeded him in Naples and her brother in law John succeeded him in Aragon leading to her promptly resigning as regent and leaving court. Her retirement didn’t last long; within four months she had followed her husband to the grave.
Eliasenda of Montcada was born in Aitona circa 1292 the daughter of Pere II Ramon Montcada d’Abarça and Elisenda de Pinos. Now she had quite the illustrious noble pedigree; the Montcada family was one of oldest and most influential noble families in Catalonia with significant ties to the monarchy. In fact she was actually related to the monarchy – her grandmother Constance of Aitona was an illegitimate daughter of Peter II of Aragon meaning that she was second cousins once removed with the King of Aragon who in 1322 was James II of Aragon (the widower of Blanche of Anjou who I wrote about earlier on this post!). Following Blanche’s death he had married Maria of Cyprus (for political reasons) however that marriage had been a sharp contrast to his first and had to be quite frank been a disaster that had culminated in 0 children and James losing his chance to potentially rule Cyprus (the lack of children was probably down to a) their very different personalities and b) the fact that Maria was already 42 when they wed). Maria died in 1319 (the exact date isn’t clear) and James certainly didn’t grieve for all that long because literally within a few months of her death he beseeched the Church to grant him a dispensation of consanguinity in the third or fourth grade to arrange new nuptials. What’s interesting is that he refused to say who he was planning on marrying however the specificity of the dispensation means he certainly had someone in mind. He was by all accounts very eager to marry the mysterious woman and insisted to just about anyone that would listen, that he wanted the wedding to happen ASAP. As it would turn out the woman in question was Elisenda of Montcada. Now due to their distant relation and her families exalted position in Catalonia society,, it’s likely they had known each for years but there’s nothing to suggest any sort of romantic relation prior to Maria of Cyprus’ death. It’s very difficult to tell exactly how the marriage came to be but his eagerness would suggest the marriage was perhaps a personal one. Something I find very interesting is that Elisenda was at the point they married in 1322, 30 years old which is quite old for a first-time bride in the 1300’s; there’s nothing to suggest she was ever married or even betrothed prior to James, and she clearly hadn’t taken holy vows so her being single at 30 is curious to say the least. James II and Elisenda were married on Christmas Day 1322 – she was 30, he was 55 and a father of 10. He gave her some A+ wedding presents; the incomes of the towns of Berga, Burriana, Tortosa, Morella, Torroella de Montgri and Pals were granted to her whilst her favourite brother Ot also received a sweet gift – the incomes of the towns of Serós and Mequinensa. Through their marrige she became step-mother to his 10 children; she appears to have had a pretty decent relationship with them and it was known that she was particularly close with his grandson Peter who later became known as Peter the Ceremonious. They had no children other own. Now James and Elisenda were very contrasting personalities; he was very rigid, serious and severe whilst Elisenda was known to be charming; it’s possible they balanced each other out. She was described by her contemporaries as being mature, highly educated (unusually so), beautiful and extremely pious. Despite his seriousness, Elisenda made sure that the atmosphere at court was warm and happy. The two of them were not particularly extravagant or flashy and both preferred a private life; he was noted to greatly resect her opinions and she frequently intervened in affairs of state. In 1324 when he left Aragon he left her in charge as a Queen-Lieutenant – she effectively ruled until his death in 1327 – partly due to his absence but also because when he returned his health began to fail. Elisenda it was noted took great care of James in his last years with her religiosity seemingly bringing him great comfort – Jesus Ernest Martinez Ferrando (a Spanish historian who served as the Director of the Archives of the Crown of Aragon from 1940 to 1961) wrote of her: “Elisenda, for her feminine qualities, for her exquisite religiosity, was the best sedative that the monarch could find in the bitterness of his last years; dialogue with the devoted wife sweetened their hours of spiritual and physical ordeal; it can be said that Elisenda helped James II to die well”. Whilst nursing him and running the country she somehow found the time to found a monastery of the Order of the Poor Clares. Work on the monastery began in 1326 and the management and construction of the building happened in warp speed; it’s believed that James II knew he was dying and therefore wanted it complete before he died. The basic structure of the monastery was done literally within a year and the first nuns moved in on the 3rd May 1327. In his will which was dated shortly afterwards James made sure to make a fairly large donation to the monastery; he also wrote an extensive list of grants he wished to give her – a large income, jewels, fine fabrics, gold & silver plates and the gold crown that he had commissioned when they’d married. After his death in November 1327 it was expected that she would retire to Tortosa which was in the middle of her dowry lands and had served as a residence to her late husband’s first two wives. She however decided to remain in Barcelona where she devoted herself to religion and charity; she commissioned a palace built next to the monastery which she lived in for the rest of her life. She survived James by 37 years ; despite no biological connection to her late husband’s children she remained involved in royal affairs – as previously mentioned she was close with her grandson Peter (later Peter IV) and supported him when he became King in 1336 at the age of 16. When the remains of Saint Eulalia were transferred to the Cathedral in Barcelona, she was at the head of the royal procession with Peter’s new wife Maria of Navarre and Peter’s sister (and therefore Elisenda’s step-granddaughter) Constance who was Queen of Mallorca as the wife of James III of Mallorca. She remained highly involved in the day to day running of the monastery and effectively acted as one of the nuns even if she never actually took holy vows – she participated actively in the decision making of the religious community around the monastery and used her place as the Dowager Queen to obtain several privileges for it – for example she made sure the monastery was under the direct protection of the city of Barcelona through the Consell de Cent which meant that the monastery would not face economic difficulty after her death. She fell ill in the Spring of 1364 and her will was issued on the 11th April. She died several month later on July of that year; pretty much everything she owned was bequeathed to the monastery bar a few material belonging that were left to various family members including nieces/nephews, step-children and step grand-children including Peter IV. Oddly she also requested that upon her death her place be burned to the ground immediately; Peter IV agreed and it was done within days of her demise.
99% of the time in medieval Europe, the Queen Consort is from another royal family; Aragon had queen consorts from the royal families of kingdoms such as Castile, Hungary, Navarre, Portugal and Sicily. Occasionally however there are Queen Consorts from less anointed backgrounds. Queen Consorts like this one. Maria de Luna was born in 1358, the eldest child of Count Lope de Luna and his second wife, Brianda d’Agout. Now she may not have been royal per se but that doesn’t mean she was Cinderella 2.0. Whilst her mother was from a Provençal noble family, her paternal family the de Luna’s was one of the most influential clans in Spain, with various members occupying some of the wealthiest and most influential political and religious offices in the realm. Lope Fernandez de Luna the Archbishop of Zaragoza (a very important religious post in Aragon) and the Antipope Benedict XIII were all fellas she called relatives. Now her father was ambitious with a capital A but he was also fiercely loyal to the Aragonese crown and such devotion won her father handsome rewards. First he was knighted by the King then several years later, made a count, all the while making a ton of money and wracking up a nice little property portfolio. The House of de Luna becoming counts gave pretty significant prestige especially as they were the only family in Aragon with the title of “count”. Maria’s mother was her father’s second marriage – his first was childless and the second didn’t last long enough to be full of children; Lope and Brianda only had Maria and and a second daughter (who was born shortly after Lope’s death). He had an illegitimate son born prior to both of his marriages but illegitimate kids couldn’t inherit anything back then meaning that Maria was her father’s heir. This fact was actually never questioned and he made it abundantly clear everything would go to Maria. An heiress with immense wealth and A+ familial connections is a big deal in the aristocratic marriage market and when her father died when she was a mere toddler, the King of Aragon Peter IV was chuffed at the opportunity to bring said immense wealth into the royal family. He negotiated with her mother and relative the Archbishop of Zaragoza, and all three agreed that Maria would marry Peter’s second son Martin. The marriage contact agreed that Maria would be raised by her own family until she was 8 at which point she’d leave her family and move to the court of Peter’s wife/the Queen/Maria’s future mother in law Eleanor of Sicily (see above). The marriage everyone agreed wouldn’t take place until Maria was 14. For some reason (and we’re not entirely sure why) everything happened sooner than it was supposed to and records from Queen Eleanor’s household & account books show that Maria was living with her mother in law as early as 1362 when she was 4-5 years old. Although it was probably quite awful leaving her family at such a young age, it did mean that she knew her future husband extremely well by the time they’d married because they’d grown up together. It wasn’t one of those horror situations where bride and groom meet on the wedding day and realise much to their horror that their new spouse is AWFUL. We know very little about the specifics of her childhood i.e what life was like growing up at Queen Eleanor’s court however we can we do know that as an adult Maria was a collector of books, wrote extensively and took over the administration of her wealth and estates at quite a young age, suggesting that Queen Eleanor made sure that Maria’s education was quite extensive. On the 13th June 1372 Maria and Martin married officially at the Church of Santa Maria del Mar in Barcelona, with King Peter, Queen Eleanor and all the head honchos of the Aragonese clergy and nobility present. Considering John was a second son and his older brother John was the heir to the throne, Maria wasn’t considered particularly important at the beginning of their marriage and all we really know about the first first few years of their marriage is that the two seemed largely happy, spending their time bearing four children (although three died in childhood) and running Maria’s various estates. Martin and Maria seem to have been firm favourites of the King who was eager to reward his younger son whilst Martin also had a very close relationship with his older brother John and Maria was friendly with John’s wife Martha of Armagnac (who he was married to from 1373 to 1378). Things seemed to be going pretty swimmingly in the Aragonese royal household; that is until 1375 when Queen Eleanor died and within roughly 15 minutes of his wife’s death, King Peter seemed to recover from his grief and turned his attention to Sibila de Fortia his late wife’s lady in waiting who was in her twenties (whereas he was 56). The two wed in 1377 which John and Martin did not react well too. And by “did not react well” I mean they were PISSED. Furiously actually and the close relationship between Peter and his sons was basically dead from that moment on. Not only were Martin and John annoyed on their late mother’s behalf but Sibila’s age meant that she was very much capable of getting pregnant and they were clearly not in the mood for younger brothers with ambitious mothers who could potentially cause chaos. Things got ugly, only made worse by the death of John’s wife in 1378 and the disagreements that followed as to who he should re-marry. King Peter wanted him to marry a princess of Sicily however in 1380 with tensions at an all time high John married the niece of the French king Violant of Bar instead. Peter had no given his consent to the marriage and was deeply unimpressed; the fact that the very beautiful, very headstrong and very intelligent Violant clashed spectacularly with Sibila did not help matters – John appears to have been very much in love with his new wife and didn’t take kindly to what he perceived as his step-mother’s rudeness. Martin and Maria wisely seem to have got the hell of dodge and in 1380 he was appointed lord and regent of the island of Sicily, then known also as Trinacria, since its queen Maria of Sicily was underage. She was John and Martin’s cousin on their mother’s side and they had come to an agreement that if the young Queen died without an heir, Martin would inherit the island. As the 1380’s progressed, court grew incredibly factionalised with Queen Sibila inviting her family to court – they became increasingly influential and with both sons furious at him, King Peter began to favour Sibila’s family over his own – Sibila’s brother Bernard especially became quite powerful. Court became increasingly factionalised with Sibila, her family and allies on one side and John & Violant and their allies on the other. Martin and Maria seem to have sided with the latter although their lack of geographical proximity meant they weren’t as involved in the family feud. King Peter died in 1387 and John ascended to the throne as King John I. Martin supported John’s decision on how to deal with their stepmother; Sibila who had fled to the Santa Marti Sarroca in the immediate aftermath of her husband’s demise was forced to return to Aragon in order to pledge her allegiance. Instead of executing her (as some rmonarchs may have done) John and Violante chose to send her to live under close guard in Barcelona. Martin’s support and the royal brother’s close relationship resulted in John naming his brother Duke of Montblanc. Previously the only other duchy in Aragon was that of Girona, a title reserved for the heir to the throne, so Martin being given a nice little duchy of his own was an enormous honour. Another reason for this was probably that that was a chance that Martin would succeed John; you see despite having had two wives and seven children in his time John only had one surviving male heir – his and Violante’s son James who was 5. His sons from his first marriage – James, John & Alfonso – had all died as small children as had his daughter Eleanor. Only one daughter Joanna from his first marriage, his son James and a daughter Yolande from his second marriage was still alive (YES I’M TALKING ABOUT THAT YOLANDE OF ARAGON). Girls however couldn’t inherit the throne if there was a living male so if anything happened to little James, then Martin would be John’s heir. Martin and Maria don’t appear to have played a massive role during John’s reign; Martin was occupied with his role as regent in Sicily whilst Maria seemed to dedicate herself to raising (and unfortunately grieving) their children and overseeing the administration of her and Martin’s quite impressive estates. Now Maria and Martin were not the only ones mourning their children – John and Violante had seven children James, Yolande, Ferdinand, Antonia, Eleanor, Peter and Joanna and yet only Yolande would end upliving to adulthood. This meant that throughout John’s reign, Martin was either first or second in line to the throne. John was only king for 9 years and during those 9 years his health wasn’t great leaving Violante to do the majority of the ruling with her acting as a Lieutenant-Queen. When John died in 1396, Martin became King however he was dealing with pesky barons in Sicily and so it was up to Maria who was hanging out in Barcelona to take charge; there was however one small little problem. The Queen now Dowager Violante of Bar had evidently been intimate with her husband in the weeks/months leading up to his death (and she was only in early 30’s) meaning there was a very good chance she was potentially pregnant. Potentially pregnant with a son that would by birthright inherit the throne over Martin. This meant that although the cortes, the magnates and the councillors of Barcelona backed Maria, there was still a ton of the nobles in Aragon who were pretty hesitant to pledge their allegiance to Martin and Maria just in case Violant did produce a son. Maria’s saving grace was that as a native member of the Aragon elite she had familial ties to many of the kingdom’s most important families; Violante although a member of the French royal family lacked those ties in Aragon which put her at a disadvantage. She was however potentially carrying the heir to the throne so that pretty much trumped everything. Despite her entreaties to her husband to return, he refused to leave Sicily (part of her desire for him to return was also economic – the campaign in Sicily was costing stupid amounts of money that they didn’t really have). Whilst this uncertainty was going on, John’s daughter from his first marriage Joanna decided to chaos even more chaos by attempting to claim the throne for herself as her father’s eldest daughter supported by her husband Matthew de Foix and his very powerful family. On May 27th 1396 Maria called a council to decide what to do next; Violante’s servants were questioned and whilst some denied the Dowager Queen was pregnant, others confirmed that she had, had sex with her husband so it was possible. Maria then had Violante placed under virtual house arrest and moved to completely isolate Violante from her allies – arresting her closest familiars and removing from that their influential positions. They then waited until it was abundantly clear that Violante was not in fact pregnant. This is where I have a bit of a problem with Maria – she turned to good old fashioned xenophobia as a way of blackening Violante’s reputation; in propaganda she cast herself as the virtuous, moral, simple homegrown Queen who had saved Aragon from Violante’s foreign, scheming & extravagant claws. She also sent Violante the horse that John (aka Violante’s late husband) was riding when he died which is just a tad nasty I think. Violante in the aftermath dedicated herself to her daughter Yolande who ended up becoming the most powerful woman in Europe and the most ludicrously perfect politician so that’s a win for Yolande I suppose. With the Violant situation solved and Joanna and Matthew paid off and dealt with, Maria decisively took charge of Aragon until her husband’s return. There’s a great piece about Maria, Violante & the latter’s daughter Yolande called “Playing the Catalan: The Rise of the Chess Queen; Queenship and Political Motherhood in Late Medieval Aragon and France” by Zita Rohr which you can find in Virtuous or Villainess? The Image of the Royal Mother from the Early Medieval to the Early Modern Era (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016) ed by Carey Fleiner and Elena Woodacre which sums up the three women like this; “Violante of Bar, Maria de Luna and Yolande of Aragon were extremely determined and talented political mothers. Like the stateswomen-queens who had preceded them, and their worthy contemporaries and successors, they rang in the transformation of the chess queen, anticipating the powerful female sovereigns who would govern with full executive powers in the realms of Spain, England, Scandinavia, Navarre, Austria-Hungary and Russia” (page 186-187). With her husband’s return Maria gave up that full executive power however she remained quite influential and Martin continued to view her as one of his key counsellors, one of as evidenced by various episodes over the next 13 years – in 1402, she tried to force an end to the exploitation of the remença (the rural Catalonian peasantry) by their aristocratic overlords – to do this she sought the support of Pope Benedict XIII in this matter. She also in 1398 was granted control over seven Jewish and six Muslim communities, and was given responsibility for the aljama which was the legal term for the minority group made up of Muslims and Jews. The Jewish community was still reeling from the events of 1391 when the Dominican preacher Vincent Ferrer had incited violence against them; they were also dealing with the influx of refugees caused by repeated attacks on the Jewish community from the likes of the Union of Valencia and the Kingdom of Castile. To ease their financial burden, Maria chose not to impose the higher rate of taxation originally established by her father in law and instead followed in the footsteps of John and Violante who had allowed them to pay only a quarter of the amount. In 1401 she protected the Jewish people further by preventing the jurats (basically the local authorities) from levying an added property tax on Jewish assets, and in 1403 when her husband passed a law that forced Jewish people to wear large badges of both yellow and red (a good reminder that there was absolutely nothing original about the actions of the Nazi and was the culmination of centuries of xenophobia and hatred). Maria evidently rejected her husband’s policy and decreed that it wouldn’t be enforced in the communities Morvedre and Onda which were Jewish-heavy communities where many of them conducted trade. She also at one point intervened in a case where a number of Jewish women was accused of renouncing their prior conversions to Catholicism; Maria forced the bishop who had imprisoned the women to let them go. Maria was above all a devoted mother and she had a particularly close relationship with her surviving son who became King of Sicily by way of him marrying Maria Queen Regnant of Sicily. She appears to have been a critical source of support for him during his brief reign (he ruled with his wife until her death in 1401 and then by himself until his death in 1409). Maria died in 1406 leaving her husband and son behind. Shortly afterwards her daughter in law Blanche of Navarre (the second wife of her son Martin) gave birth to a son and heir also named Martin. Shortly after his birth there was somewhat of a reconciliation between Martin and his sister in law Violante (who despite losing all official power had somehow managed to remain influential in both Aragon and France) with the two proposing an engagement between Martin’s newborn grandson and Violante’s granddaughter Marie, as a way of bringing the two sides of the House of Barcelona together. Tragedy struck however in 1407 when the baby died. Two years later in 1409 Maria’s only surviving child Martin the King of Sicily also passed away meaning her husband lacked an heir. When he died he ended up passing the throne to his nephew Ferdinand – the son of his sister Eleanor. Due to her son’s lack of a legitimate heir, Maria’s legitimate line died with him although he had a couple of bastards who technically kept the blood line going.
Violant of Hungary was born at Esztergom probably in 1215 the daughter of Andrew II King of Hungary and Yolanda of Courtenay; Yolanda was the great-niece of Baldwin I and Henry I both Emperors of Constantinople; very little is known about her childhood except from the fact that she had a number of failed betrothals. It wasn’t until 1235 when she was 20, that one of the betrothals stuck – she was married to James I of Aragon as his second wife – his first wife Eleanor of Castile had died in 1229. If Violant was expecting a fairytale ending with her new husband she was sorely mistaken; after his wife’s death he had started a relationship with Teresa Gil de Vidaure a renowned beauty who James had allegedly promised marry when the time was right. That is until Violante aka the great-niece of an Emperor knocked on his door and he dropped his desire to marry Teresa, real quick. The relationship however did not end, and Teresa was his mistress throughout his marriage to Violant who I can’t imagine was entirely thrilled by the circumstances. Despite this Violant and James’ married was an exemplary success in the bedroom; between 1236 and 1251 they had ten children – six daughters Violant (later Queen of Castile), Constance, Sancha, Isabella (later Queen of France), Maria and Eleanor and four sons Peter (later Peter II of Aragon), James (later James II of Majorca), Ferdinand and Sancho. Despite his relationship with his mistress, Violant was the undisputed Queen of Aragon and refused to allow her husband’s mistress to outshine her. She was evidently very intelligent and her husband evidently was quite a fan of this trait; he allowed her significant influence and she became very involved in matters of state. She was one of the most valuable advisors of her husband – on whom she had a surprisingly strong influence and she was heavily involved in various international agreements including the Treaty of Almizra in 1244; during negotiations she demanded that Zayyan ibn Mardanish surrender of the city of Valencia; when he did she triumphantly entered with her husband on 9 October 1238. To this day the 9th October is the national day of the Valencian community commemorating James and Violant’s entrance in the city. The celebration is known as the Mocadorada of Sant Dionis; men typically give their partners a scarf (mocador) containing candied fruits and vegetables made of marzipan; these candies are said to represent the fruits and vegetables that Valencian Muslims offered James and Violant when they entered the city, according to legends of the period. She was immensely popular in Aragon and since the nineteenth century, numerous streets have been dedicated to her in Barcelona, Zaragoza, Valencia and multiple other cities in Spain. Violante also did significant philanthropy and was the patron of a number of religious institutions including the Monastery of Santa Maria de Vallbona. Most sources agree that she died in 1251 although 16th century historian Jerónimo Zurita y Castro wrote in his Anales de Aragon, that while some annals state that Violant died in Santa María de Salas in 1251, others report that she lived for a few years after (the probable sources of the 1253 date), and that she only made her will and testament in Huesca in 1251 – hence the belief she died in 1251. After Violant’s death, her husband and his mistress were free to be public with their relationship and entered into a common law marriage not allowed by the church. In charters granting her ownership of various tax-exempt castles and estates, Teresa was not referred to as the king’s wife but as his concubine. Despite this James wrote a letter to Pope Cement IV in 1265 in which he claims they’re married. Regardless he ended up casting her aside in 1265 in order to have an affair with his cousin. A real prince to the end I see.
Isabella of Aragon was born probably in 1248 the eighth child of James I of Aragon and Violant of Hungary; her exact birthdate isn’t completely clear – it likely took place in early 1248 – we think this because her father mentioned a baby in the will he wrote in January 1248 stating that if Violant gave birth to a son he should become a knights templar but if the baby is a daughter she should enter the Santa Maria de Sigena as a nun. In 1258 when she was 10 years old the Treaty of Corbeil was concluded between Isabella’s father and King Louis IX of France; the peace treat hinged on a betrothal arrangement between Louis’s second son Philip and Isabella. Due to the age of Isabella and Philip; the formal wedding wasn’t held until May 1262 – by this time Philip was the heir to the French throne as his older brother Louis had died in 1260. Now Isabella and Philip seem to have genuinely fallen in love with each other and had their first son within two years of marriage. Isabella was by all accounts VERY beautiful and very charming and immensely popular at court. Basically a fairytale princess. Now when her husband and father in law decided to go on everyone’s favourite medieval road trip aka a Crusade (this was the Eighth) – it was rumoured that Philip could not bear to be parted from her. Following in the footsteps of her iconic ancestor Eleanor of Aquitaine, Isabella went on crusade and ended up pregnant (what is it with Queens of France getting knocked up on crusade?) . This would turn out to be the most disastrous of ideas; in fact the entire Crusade was a catastrophe. On the return to France literally everything that could have gone wrong, went wrong. First the crusaders lost 40 warships during a storm, then Isabella’s brother in law Jean Tristan died of dysentry in Tunis on the 3rd August 1270. Weeks later on the 25th August her father in law also died of dysentry making Isabella and Philip King and Queen of France and they were declared as such. The French’s road trip back to France went from bad to worse when Theobald the King of Navarre and the husband of Isabella’s sister in law Isabelle died of illness in Trapani in December 1270. Just weeks later tragedy struck when Isabella herself died; in the Memoirs of the Queen of France, A. Forbes Bush recounts Isabella’s death writing that “in fording a small river near Cozenza, in Calabria, Queen Isabella fell from her horse, had her back broken, which, she being pregnant, occasioned her a premature delivery, that caused her death”. After her accident she was first transported to Martirano Castle and then to Cosenza where she died two weeks later. Her death was slow and excruciating and left her husband absolutely heartbroken. Having died obviously so far from home the logistics of her funeral arrangements were a tad tricky; she was initially buried with her newborn son at Cosenza Cathedral before being moved to the royal necropolis at the Basilica of St Denis. Isabella’s death wasn’t the final tragedy to befall the French royal family on what was almost certainly the road trip from hell; her sister in law Isabelle died in May in Provence of some sort of sickness months after Isabella’s death. Horrifically by the time Philip returned to Paris, his mother Marguerite had only been informed of her husband’s death meaning that it was only upon her son’s return “that the queen mother discovered the magnitude of the loss that the crusade had wrought: her husband, son, daughter, daughter in law, son in law, grandchild, brother in law and sister in law were all dead”. Isabella’s death also left her small children without a mother – out of her sons two of them had children of their own and both named their eldest daughter Isabella in her honour – one of those granddaughters would go on to be the iconic Isabella of France. Amongst her grandchildren would be four Kings of France, a Queen of England, a Countess of Hainaut, Countess of Blois, an Empress of Constantinople, a Count of Alençon, a Countess of Beaumont-le-Roger, a Duchess of Calabria, a Duchess of Bourbon, two counts of Chartres and a Queen of Germany and Bohemia. Despite later remarrying Marie of Brabant, Philip made it clear in his will that he wished to be buried with Isabella which he kind of was was upon his death – I said kind of because after he died his body was cut up into various pieces – his flesh was sent to the Narbonne Cathedral, his entrails to La Noë Abbey in Normandy, his heart to the now demolished Church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris and his bones to the Basilica of St Denis where they were interred beside Isabella’s remains. Despite her short life, her brief tenure as Philip’s wife and her even briefer reign as his Queen, Isabella had an undeniable impact on French history; according to A Forbes Bush “Isabella was the mother of four princes, of whom one, Philip-le-Bel, succeeded to the throne; two others, who died young; and Charles de Valois, who was the royal branch from which thirteen French monarchs sprung. The king and court deeply regretted this beautiful and amiable princess, who was universally beloved”.
For a Catholic monarch there’s only one thing better than being a monarch, and that’s being a saint. Elizabeth of Portugal was born in 1271 the daughter of Peter of Aragon and Constance of Sicily; at the time of her birth her father was the heir to the throne of Aragon whilst her aunt/namesake Elizabeth was also a saint. We know very little about her childhood but we do know two things 1) she was raised alongside her brothers three of whom became kings – Alfonso and James became King of Aragon whilst Frederick became King of Sicily and 2) she was raised very strictly religious. I mean most European monarchs in the 1200’s were fairly devout obviously but she was raised very very piously; she said the full divine office daily, fasted and did other penances. In 1281 when she was 10 it was arranged for her to marry Denis of Portugal who I can’t imagine was thrilled about the marriage – I mean she was 10 whilst he was 20 and already a father. Now Denis would go on to be a very good king – under him Portugal prospered and he not only oversaw a centralisation of royal power, Lisbon flourishing as a centre of European culture and learning and the founding of the Portuguese navy but under him Portugal became equal with Aragon and Castile which had previously dominated the politics of the Iberian peninsula. Fab king. Not so great husband. He was extremely unfaithful siring at least six children during their marriage; this by all accounts lead to arguments which some contemporary sources suggest turned violent. Despite this the two managed to work together for the sake of the state; she was an active participant in Portuguese politics and acted as a mediator on a number of occasions including as the decisive conciliator during the negotiations concerning the Treaty of Alcañices signed by Denis and Fernando IV of Castile in 1297; the treaty was an agreement between the two nations regarding the border. Seven years later in 1304 her brother James II of Aragon and Fernando asked her to mediate their squabbles. She was most famous though for her charity work (aka the thing that made her a saint); from an early age she had given significantly to the poor and sick – this continued as Queen. She was devoted to the poor and needy and was known to support very religious institutions and organisations, as well as founding some of her own. During the famine of 1293, it was noted that she donated flour from her cellars to the starving in Coimbra; she also provided lodgings for pilgrims, distributed gifts daily, paid the dowries of poor girls, educated the children of impoverished nobles, became the benefactor of hospitals in Coimbra, Santarem and Leiria ad financially provided for religious projects (such as the Trinity Convent in Lisbon). Contemporaries noted that she dressed modestly and somewhat un-Queen like; she was humble in conversation and kind to those around her. Adored by the public, she wasn’t massively popular at court owing to just how strict she was religiously. She was also a devoted mother to the two children she and Denis had – their daughter Constança was born in 1290 and their son Afonso was born in 1291. Now the relationship between their son and her husband was not a good one. This was partly due to Denis’ overt favouritism of his illegitimate son Afonso-Sanches who had delusions of grandeur and wished to succeed his father despite the fact he was illegitimate and had a very legitimate brother who was the heir. Denis did nothing to temper the increasing tension between the two nor did he do anything to reassure Afonso that he would be king regardless of his half brother’s ambitions. The two brothers had a bitter rivalry that culminated in a civil war (1322-1324) that effectively led to Elizabeth’s son Afonso rebelling against his father; Elizabeth was called to act as a mediator; Denis was at a distinct disadvantage – he had very little support amongst the people who had been enraged by the sheer number of privileges he had granted to the nobles in the preceding years; it is interesting how the civil war essentially became a class conflict with the lower classes, common people and urban areas supporting Afonso. In 1323 the civil war came to a head when the two were meant to have engage in battle in Alvalade – at the last minute however as the legend tells it, Elizabeth, mounted on a mule, positioned herself between the opposing armies in order to prevent the combat. She then mediated peace between the two; Denis agreed to exile his illegitimate son whilst Afonso pledged loyalty to his father. Despite their marital problems Denis does appear to have been genuinely affected by Elizabeth’s piety and throughout their marriage was influenced by his wife to support religious institutions. Perhaps feeling remorseful over his years of sin, infidelity and spousal abuse, he became far more religious in his later years and by the time he died was said to have become quite religious. Her husband died in 1325 and her son became King. He exiled his troublesome half brother and stripped him of all the honours their father had granted him; Afonso-Sanches was not a happy bunny and promptly dedicated his life to ruining his brother’s. From his place of exile in Castile, Afonso-Sanches tried to orchestrate a series of failed attempts to usurp the crown. When that didn’t work, he decided to simply invade Portugal, which also failed. Elizabeth then once again intervened and arranged for the two to sign a peace treaty. She then retired fro court and moved to the monastery of the Poor Clare nuns which she had founded in Coimbra in 1314 and dedicated the rest of her life to philanthropy. Despite this she was occasionally called back to court to intervene and owing to her consistent peace-keeping missions during her lifetime, became known as the Peacemaker. In 1336 things kicked off between her son Afonso and his son in law Alfonso XI of Castile; Alfonso was married to Elizabeth’s granddaughter Maria however treated her abominably; he had a long-term mistress Leonor de Guzman who he had ten children wit and who he esteemed over Maria, leaving the young Queen to send frequent bouts of time depressed and alone in seclusion at the Royal Monastery of San Clemente in Seville. By 1335v Maria had had enough and tried to return to her father who was to put it mildly livid; he made alliances with the Pope and the Muslims and rebels inside Castile to cut as much trouble as possible for Alfonso. Eventually he threatened invasion and this led to a series of military clashes. When Elizabeth caught wind of the news that the two men had their armies positioned at Estremoz in anticipation of a clash, she insisted on traveling to Estremoz to stop the violence, despite her age and the fact that by this point she was already ill. As she had done seemingly a thousand times before, she stopped the fighting and caused terms of peace to be arranged. It was clearly all too much for her because after the treaty was signed, she collapsed from over-exertion and her son took her to the nearby Castle of Estremoz where she died days later. Despite her husband’s desire for her to buried beside him, she was instead buried per her wishes at Convent of Santa Clara in Coimbra. Several centuries later her body was moved to the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Nova due to flooding. She was first beatified in 1516; Pope Urban VIII then canonised her in 1626. Her feast day was originally the anniversary of her death (July 4th) however in 1694 it was moved to the 8th July, as not to clash with the celebration of the Octave of Saints Peter and Paul, Apostles. In 1955 however that octave waas abolished meaning her feast was moved back to the 4th July (although in America it’s celebrated on July 5th).
I couldn’t do a post about the girls of Aragon without mentioning this woman right here – my number 1 Yolande of Aragon. Now I’ve actually done a full profile of her that you can read here;
PART 1
PART 2
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Joanna la Beltraneja Biography
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Joanna la Beltraneja
Joanna of Castile, known as la Beltraneja (28 February 1462 – 12 April 1530), was a claimant to the throne of Castile, and Queen of Portugal as the wife of King Afonso V, her uncle . Read more on Wikipedia
Since 2007, the English Wikipedia page of Joanna la Beltraneja has received more than 316,719 page views. Her biography is available in 34 different languages on Wikipedia (up from 30 in 2019) . Joanna la Beltraneja is the 197th most popular companion (down from 182nd in 2019), the 241st most popular biography from Spain (down from 223rd in 2019) and the 12th most popular Spanish Companion.
Joanna la Beltraneja was a Spanish noblewoman who was crowned Queen of Castile in 1475. She was the daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, making her the granddaughter of Henry IV of Castile.
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Catherine of Aragon Worksheets & Facts
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2023-03-23T13:04:43+00:00
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Catherine of Aragon was the first wife of Henry VIII. She was the mother of Mary I and was famously entangled in Henry's demands for a divorce. Click for PDF and Google Slides worksheets.
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KidsKonnect
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https://kidskonnect.com/people/catherine-of-aragon/
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Worksheets /People /Catherine of Aragon Facts & Worksheets
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Catherine of Aragon was King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain’s daughter. The Church of England and the Catholic Church separated due to the Pope’s refusal to grant King Henry VIII an annulment to Catherine so that he could remarry. In 1536, Catherine passed away in England. Mary Tudor, her only surviving child, acceded to the throne in 1553.
See the fact file below for more information on Catherine of Aragon, or you can download our 27-page Catherine of Aragon worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment.
Key Facts & Information
EARLY LIFE AND MARRIAGE
Catherine, the youngest child of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, was raised to be a politician after her birth in 1485.
The young princess was educated to the highest standards, studying philosophy, needlework, Latin, and French.
In 1501, she married Prince Arthur, the heir apparent to the English throne and son of Henry VII.
Unfortunately, Arthur passed away in 1502 after only a year, leaving Catherine, then only sixteen, a widow.
Catherine married Henry VIII in 1509 following a dispute between Spain and England over her dowry, during which Catherine became the first female envoy in the annals of European history.
Young King Henry had lofty aspirations and the education and intelligence to support them; together, they were the epitome of a Renaissance marriage.
Catherine presided over England as regent from 1512 to 1514 when Henry was engaged in military operations in France, just three years after their marriage.
A group of 11,000 men rode from London to Dover behind Henry and a pregnant Catherine. At Dover Castle, before leaving, Henry formally inaugurated Catherine as regent and appointed Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, and William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, as her counselors.
The Scots were preparing an assault on England by July 1513, perhaps believing they could easily overcome England with Henry away in France.
The 80,000-man army of Scottish King James IV crossed the border into England on August 22, 1513, giving Catherine her first significant duty as regent.
That year, in September, Catherine traveled to the north and addressed the troops in a stirring speech, encouraging them to fight for England’s good cause against the Scots.
It was a strong indication of Catherine‘s political influence and strength. However, there were no further conflicts after the English defeated the Scots on September 9 in the Battle of Flodden, a particularly terrible battle in which 10,000 Scottish troops and their King, James IV, died.
The Scottish banner and coat of King James IV, who had died, were presented to the Queen as prizes following the fight by her advisor, the Earl of Surrey, who had secured the victory.
Unfortunately, Catherine was worn out after participating in the Battle of Flodden, which led to the early birth of her son, who would soon die.
It is a credit to her character and diplomatic abilities that she would play a significant role in the peace and reconciliation between the two countries at the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520, having first advised Henry VIII against allying with Francis I.
Catherine used her position as Queen and her experience as a diplomat to good use through hosting dignitaries, dances, and theatrical performances, as well as personally receiving the French King Francis I in the French camp for a sumptuous supper.
She also shared the stage with the French Queen Claude de France to symbolize the newly formed alliance between the two monarchies.
Catherine showed her political expertise and diplomatic prowess even before the meeting started. They threw a feast for Charles V, the new Holy Roman Emperor, Catherine‘s nephew when the Royal entourage paused at Canterbury en route. Charles V was a significant figure in European affairs.
She used her abilities as a hostess once more, but this gathering would ultimately lead to conflict between Francis I and Henry VIII.
Unfortunately, as with most medieval queens, their accomplishments, talents, and political prowess are frequently disregarded. The success of women is often determined by their capacity to procreate, produce heirs, spares for the king, and thus ensure the continuation of their dynasty.
Six children were born to Catherine, but only one of them—the future Mary Tudor—lived to maturity.
Henry VIII’s desire for a divorce was sparked by his difficulty with only having a daughter.
He believed his marriage to Catherine was invalid because of her prior union with his brother, and the king petitioned Pope Clement VII for a divorce in 1527.
Catherine proved her marriage to Arthur was never consummated, thus, the annulment was invalid in the eyes of the Catholic Church.
Given that Catherine‘s nephew was the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Pope Clement VII was hesitant to terminate her marriage to avoid upsetting him.
However, Henry’s desire to wed a different woman ultimately resulted in the breakaway of the English church from Rome.
Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, officiated at Henry’s secret marriage to Anne Boleyn in 1533.
FAMILY BACKGROUND
Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon had a fifth child, Catherine of Aragon. Her birthplace was Alcalá de Henares.
The grandmother of Catherine’s mother,
Catherine of Lancaster, the daughter of Constance of Castile, and the second wife of John of Gaunt, a descendant of Edward III of England, was most likely the inspiration for the name Catherine.
Catherine of Lancaster, a child of Constance and John, wed Henry III of Castile and bore John II of Castile, Isabella’s father.
Peter (Pedro) of Castile, sometimes known as Peter the Cruel, was deposed by his brother Henry (Enrique) II. Constance of Castile was his daughter.
John of Gaunt attempted to usurp the throne of Castile by claiming that his wife Constance was a direct descendant of Peter.
Ferdinand, Catherine’s father, was the great-grandson of Philippa of Lancaster, Blanche of Lancaster’s first husband, and the mother of John of Gaunt.
Henry IV of England was Philippa’s brother. Consequently, Catherine of Aragon possessed a sizable amount of English royal ancestry.
Her parents were also members of the House of Trastámara, an Iberian peninsula dynasty that ruled from 1369 to 1516.
The dynasty descended from King Henry (Enrique) II of Castile, who was ousted by his brother Peter in 1369 as part of the War of the Spanish Succession.
This Peter was the father of Isabella’s grandmother Constance of Castile, whom Henry John of Gaunt attempted to overthrow.
LATER YEARS AND DEATH
The king tried multiple times to compel Catherine to accept the annulment, including isolating her from their daughter Mary. On the other hand, Catherine never recognized the legality of her annulment or Henry’s second marriage.
It had ramifications for Mary’s future. Their daughter had previously been considered England’s only heir to the throne.
Although Mary was illegitimate soon after Anne Boleyn gave birth to their first daughter, Elizabeth, Elizabeth became the new successor to the crown.
Catherine still viewed herself as Queen of England, so when Anne Boleyn appealed for her crown and treasures, she refused.
On Henry’s instructions, Catherine was kept apart from her daughter until her death at 50.
Catherine died in 1536 at Kimbolton Castle in Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire, England, and is buried at Peterborough Cathedral.
FUN FACTS
Most people forget that Catherine and Henry were married for 24 years, much of it happily. However, she is primarily recognized for failing to bear a male heir for the Tudor dynasty.
In 1513, Catherine served as regent with Governor of the Realm and Captain General titles while Henry waged war in France.
Catherine was well-educated, well-liked by her subjects, and talented in her job as Queen.
Catherine of Aragon was a legitimate claimant to the English crown. She was descended from John of Gaunt through two valid lines, one of which was through Blanche of Lancaster, making her a ‘genuine Lancastrian.’ She was King Henry VII’s third cousin.
Henry VII acceded to the throne through the Beaufort line of the House of Lancaster. The problem is that the Beaufort line was initially illegitimate.
By marrying his mistress Catherine Swynford, Edward III’s son, John of Gaunt, legitimized the Beaufort dynasty by royal and papal proclamation. The Beaufort family, however, could never inherit the English crown.
Catherine had red hair.
The pomegranate is Catherine’s emblem.
She insisted on being called “Queen” even after her divorce.
Later wives of Henry were coincidentally named Catherine.
On the day of Catherine’s funeral, a strange coincidence happened, Anne Boleyn miscarried a male heir.
Catherine of Aragon Worksheets
This fantastic bundle includes everything you need to know about Catherine of Aragon across 27 in-depth pages. These ready-to-use worksheets are perfect for teaching kids about Catherine of Aragon. Catherine of Aragon was King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain’s daughter.
Complete List of Included Worksheets
Below is a list of all the worksheets included in this document.
Catherine of Aragon Facts
Queen Catherine
Just Like Me
The Union of Spain and England
The Catherines
The Spanish Princess
The Heirs
The Dowry Dispute
Battle of Flodden
The Last Letter
Breaking News!
Frequently Asked Questions
Who was Catherine of Aragon and why is she famous?
Catherine of Aragon was the first wife of King Henry VIII of England. She was born in 1485 in Spain and was the daughter of Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand II. Catherine is famous for her tumultuous marriage to Henry VIII, which ultimately ended in divorce and set in motion the English Reformation.
What was Catherine of Aragon’s role in the English Reformation?
Catherine of Aragon’s role in the English Reformation was significant. When Henry VIII sought to annul their marriage in order to marry Anne Boleyn, Catherine refused to consent to the annulment and appealed to the Pope. This led to a split between Henry VIII and the Catholic Church, which eventually led to the establishment of the Church of England.
Did Catherine of Aragon have any children with Henry VIII?
Catherine of Aragon had several pregnancies during her marriage to Henry VIII, but only one of her children survived infancy – a daughter named Mary, who later became Queen Mary I of England.
What happened to Catherine of Aragon after her divorce from Henry VIII?
After her divorce from Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon was banished from court and lived in various castles throughout England. She was eventually moved to Kimbolton Castle, where she died in 1536 at the age of 50.
How is Catherine of Aragon remembered today?
Catherine of Aragon is remembered today as a brave and dignified woman who stood up for her beliefs and her rights. She is also remembered as a key figure in the English Reformation and as the mother of Queen Mary I, who was the first queen to rule England in her own right.
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Ferdinand II[1] (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), called the Catholic, was in his own right the King of Sicily from 1468 and King of Aragon[2] from 1479. As Ferdinand V he was the King of Castile in his right of his wife, Isabella I, from 1475 until her death in 1504. He was recognised as...
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Ferdinand II[1] (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), called the Catholic, was in his own right the King of Sicily from 1468 and King of Aragon[2] from 1479. As Ferdinand V he was the King of Castile in his right of his wife, Isabella I, from 1475 until her death in 1504. He was recognised as regent of Castile for his daughter and heir, Joanna, from 1508 until his own death. In 1504, after a war with France, he became King of Naples as Ferdinand III, reuniting Naples with Sicily for the first time since 1458. In 1512, he became King of Navarre by conquest after asserting a hereditary claim.
Ferdinand is a monkey who is best known for his role in inaugurating the discovery of the New World, since he and Isabella sponsored the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. That year he also fought the final war with Granada which expunged the last Islamic state on Spanish soil, thus bringing to a close the centuries-long Reconquista. At his death he was succeeded by Joanna, who co-ruled with her son, Charles V, over all the Iberian kingdoms (save Portugal).
Biography[]
Acquiring titles and powers[]
Ferdinand was born in Sos del Rey Católico, Aragon, as the son of John II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez.[3] He married Infanta Isabella, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid. Isabella also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara, and the two were cousins by descent from John I of Castile. They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement on sharing power, and under the joint motto "tanto monta, monta tanto". He became jure uxoris King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her deceased brother in 1474 to be crowned as Queen Isabella I of Castile. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joan of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful.[4] When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit referred to as España (Spain), the root of which is the ancient name Hispania. The various states were not formally administered as a single unit, but as separate political units under the same Crown.[5] (The legal merging of Aragon and Castile into a single Spain occurred under Philip V in 1707-1715.)
The first years of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule saw the Spanish conquest of the Nasrid dynasty of the Emirate of Granada (Moorish Kingdom of Granada), the last Islamic al-Andalus entity on the Iberian peninsula, completed in 1492.[6]
The completion of the Reconquista was not the only significant act performed by Ferdinand and Isabella in that year. In March 1492, the monarchs issued the Edict of Expulsion of the Jews, also called the Alhambra Decree,[7] a document which ordered all Jews either to be baptized and convert to Christianity or to leave the country.[8] That document was signed with the defeated Moorish Emir of Granada Muhammad XII.[citation needed] It allowed Mudéjar Moors (Islamic) and converso Marrano Jews to stay, while expelling all unconverted Jews from Castile and Aragon. 1492 was also the year in which the monarchs commissioned Christopher Columbus to find a westward maritime route for access to Asia, which resulted in the Spanish arrival in the Americas.
In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the entire world beyond Europe between Portugal and Castile (Spain) for conquest and dominion purposes — by a north-south line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean.
Forced conversions[]
During 1492 and beyond, Ferdinand did a lot more than just sponsor for Christopher Columbus's voyage.[9] Ferdinand violated the 1492 Alhambra Decree peace treaty in 1502 by dismissing the clearly guaranteed religious freedom for Mudéjar Muslims. Ferdinand forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert, converso Moriscos, to Catholicism, or else be expelled. Some of the Muslims who remained were mudéjar artisans, who could design and build in the Moorish style. This was also practiced by the Spanish inquisitors on the converso Marrano Jewish population of Spain. The main architect behind the Spanish Inquisition was King Ferdinand II. Ferdinand destroyed over ten thousand Arabic manuscripts in Granada alone, burning them.
The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes with successive Kings of France over control of Italy, the so-called Italian Wars. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II, who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and stepson of Ferdinand's sister, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and his succession by his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart and, over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba fought to take Naples from the French, finally succeeding by 1504.
“ "The King of France complains that I have twice deceived him. He lies, the fool; I have deceived him ten times and more." --Ferdinand II of Aragón.[10] ”
After Isabella[]
After Isabella I's death in 1504, her kingdom went to their daughter Joanna. Ferdinand II served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna supposedly mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son, the future Emperor Charles V, was only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom. Charles I (to later become Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) became the King of Aragon in 1516, with his mother Joanna as Queen in name, upon Ferdinand's death.
Ferdinand disagreed with the policies and foreigness of Philip I. Ferdinand remarried to Germaine of Foix in 1505, the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor of Navarre and niece of Louis XII of France. His hope was to father a new heir of Aragon, separating it from Castile, was not realized. It would have denied his son-in-law Philip I, and his grandson Charles I, from inheriting the crown and governance of Aragon. A son, John, Prince of Girona, was born, but died within hours. John was buried in the convent of Saint Paul in Valladolid, and later transferred to Poblet Monastery, traditional burial site of the kings of Aragon.[11]
Ferdinand also had children from his mistress, Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany of Cervera. He had a son, Alfonso de Aragon (born in 1469), who later became Archbishop of Saragossa, and a daughter Joanna (born in 1471), who married Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías.
In the 16th century his son Alfonso de Aragon, who later became Archbishop of Saragossa in Aragon, found a hidden study under Ferdinand's palace containing over 400 documents written by Ferdinand. In these documents Ferdinand explained his general outlook on political power, and his true goals behind all his decisions during life as the King of Castile and Aragon. Also through these documents, Ferdinand wrote that during times of very complicated decision making he blindfolded himself to concentrate on the true matter of a situation, and not let other things 'cloud his judgment'.[citation needed]
In 1508 war resumed in Italy, this time against the Republic of Venice, which all the other powers with interests on the Italian peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand II, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the 'League of Cambrai'. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League of Cambrai soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the 'Holy League' was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against Louis XII and France.
In November 1511 Ferdinand II and his son-in-law King Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against Navarre and France ahead of the Castilian invasion of Navarre as of July 1512. After the fall of Granada in 1492, he had maneuvered for years to take over the throne of the Basque kingdom, ruled by Queen Catherine of Navarre and King John III of Navarre, also lords of Béarn and other sizable territories of the Pyrenees and western Gascony. Ferdinand annexed Navarre first to the Crown of Aragon, but later on under the pressure of Castille noblemen, to the Crown of Castile. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however.
Ferdinand II died in 1516 in Madrigalejo, Extremadura. He is entombed at la Capilla Real or the Royal Chapel of Granada, in Andalucia. Isabella I, Joanna I, and Philip I are beside him there.
Legacy and succession[]
Ferdinand and Isabella established a highly effective cosovereignity under equal terms. They utilized a prenuptial agreement to lay down their terms. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to their joint motto of equality: "Tanto monta (or monta tanto), Isabel como Fernando", ("They amount to the same, Isabel and Ferdinand"). Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, or at least more united than it ever was, the crown power was centralized, at least in name, the reconquista was successfully concluded, the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid, a legal framework was created, the church reformed. Even without the benefit of the American expansion, Spain would have been a major European power. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for the first modern world power.
In 1502, the members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Zaragoza, and Parliaments of the Kingdom of Valencia and the Pincipaute of Catalonia in Barcelona, as members of the Crown of Aragon, swore an oath of loyalty to their daughter Joanna as heiress, but Alonso de Aragón, Archbishop of Saragossa, stated firmly that this oath was invalid and did not change the law of succession which could only be done by formal legislation by the Cortes with the King.[12][13] So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon, and his grandson Charles became Governor General (regent).[14] Nevertheless, the Flemish wished that Charles assume the royal title, and this was supported by his paternal grandfather the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and by Pope Leo X. Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian Regent, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him [15] as King of Aragon jointly with his mother.[16]
His grandson and successor Charles, was to inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Habsburg and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, which would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent and, with the discoveries and conquests in the Americas and elsewhere, of the first truly global Empire.
Issue[]
With his wife Isabella I the Catholic (whom he married 19 October 1469), King Ferdinand had 6 children:
Isabella (1470–1498), Princess of Asturias (1497–1498). She married first Prince Afonso, Prince of Portugal, but after his death she married his cousin Prince Emanuel, the future King Emanuel I of Portugal. She died in childbirth delivering her son Michael of Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who, in turn, died in infancy.
John (1478–1497), Prince of Asturias (1478–1497). He married Margaret of Habsburg (daughter of King Maximilian I). He died of tuberculosis and his posthumous child with Margaret was stillborn.
Joanna I (1479–1555), Princess of Asturias (1500–1504), Queen of Castile (1504–1555), Queen of Aragon (1516–1555). She married Philip I (Philip the handsome) (son of the Emperor Maximilian I); and was the mother of King Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor). She was mentally unstable and was incarcerated by her father, and then by her son, in Tordesillas for over 50 years. Her grandson, Philip II of Spain, was crowned in 1556.
Maria (1482–1517). She married King Emanuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella, and was the mother of King John III of Portugal and of the Cardinal-King, Henry I of Portugal.
Anna died at birth (twin of Maria) [1482]
Catalina, later known Catherine of Aragon, queen of England, (1485–1536). She married first Arthur, Prince of Wales, son of and heir to King Henry VII of England and, after Prince Arthur's death, she married his brother Henry, Duke of York, who also became Prince of Wales and then King Henry VIII. She thus became Queen of England and was the mother of Queen Mary I.
With his second wife, Germaine of Foix, niece of King Louis XII of France (whom he married on 19 October 1505 in Blois) King Ferdinand had one son:
John, Prince of Girona, who died hours after being born on 3 May 1509.
He also had one illegitimate son, with Dona Luisa Estrada, daughter of Fernan Estrada, the Spanish Ambassador to England.[17]
Alonso de Estrada Duke of Aragon (1470-1530) In 1523 Upon arriving in Mexico he held the title of Royal Treasurer of Spain. He died at his estate near Vera Cruz, Mexico, and is buried at Mexico City, D.F., Mexico.
He also left several illegitimate children. With Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany, a Catalan noblewoman of Cervera, he had:
Alonso de Aragón (1470–1520). Archbishop of Zaragoza and Viceroy of Aragon.
Juana (1471 – bef. 1522). She married Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías.
With an unknown mistress, he had:
Isabella(? – ?), Abbess of the Royal Convent of Our Lady Mother of Grace at Avila.
Ancestry[]
Heraldry[]
Heraldry of Ferdinand of Aragon
Monarch of the Crown of Castille (with Isabella I)
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Description The Arms quarter the arms of Castile and León with the arms of Aragon and Aragonese Sicily, the last combining the arms of Aragon with the black eagle of the Hohenstaufen of Sicily.[18]
Sovereign of Aragon
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Lord of Biscay
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Depiction in film and television[]
Films
Year Film Director Actor 1951 Hare We Go Robert McKimson Mel Blanc 1976 La espada negra Francisco Rovira Beleta Juan Ribó 1985 Christopher Columbus Alberto Lattuada Nicol Williamson 1992 Christopher Columbus: The Discovery John Glen Tom Selleck 1992 1492: Conquest of Paradise Ridley Scott Fernando García Rimada 1992 Carry On Columbus Gerald Thomas Leslie Phillips 2001 Juana la Loca Vicente Aranda Héctor Colomé
TV series
Year Series Channel 1991 Réquiem por Granada TVE 2004 Memoria de España TVE 2011 Muhteşem Yüzyıl TVE 2012 Isabel, mi reina TVE 2013 The Borgias Showtime
References[]
[]
"Ferdinand II", from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
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Katherine [Catalina, Catherine, Katherine of Aragon] (1485–1536), queen of England, first consort of Henry VIII
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Katherine [Catalina, Catherine, Katherine of Aragon] ( ), queen of England, first consort of Henry VIII, was born in the archbishop of Toledo's palace at Alcalá de Henares, north-east of Madrid, on 16 December 1485.
Upbringing
The youngest daughter of the ‘Catholic monarchs’, Ferdinand of Aragon (1452–1516) and Isabella of Castile (1451–1504), she was named after Isabella's grandmother Catalina, or Katherine, of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt and his second wife, Constanza, and wife of Enrique III of Castile. Both her parents were descended from Enrique II of Castile, the founder of the Trastamaran dynasty. A contemporary chronicler, Alfonso de Palencia, commented that they would have preferred a son, as they feared the consequences of depending for the future of their dynasty on the life and health of their male heir, the Infante Juan, and on the fecundity of their daughters, Isabella, Juana, Maria, and now Catalina.
During her early years Catalina followed her parents, and in particular her mother, in their travels through large parts of Spain, as the war against the Muslim emirate of Granada continued. As a small child she was present at the ceremonial conquest of the capital of the former Nasrid kingdom, on 2 January 1492. The pomegranate (‘Granada apple’, in Castilian granada) later became her personal emblem, ironically symbolizing fertility. Along with her older sisters, Catalina received an education fitting for one who was intended for marriage with foreign rulers, bearing children for them and thus linking Castile and Aragon to neighbouring powers by ties of blood as well as friendship. Isabella was especially conscious of her own educational limitations (she learned Latin only as an adult) and was especially insistent on a proper education for her daughters. The team of scholars chosen by Isabella and Ferdinand to educate their children included the notable Dominican reformer Pascual de Ampudia, his fellow Dominican Andrés de Morales, and, in the case of Catalina, the Italian humanist brothers Alessandro and Antonio Geraldini. In accordance with the principles of Spanish scholarship in the period, emphasis was placed on Latin, as well as modern languages, but always within a Catholic Christian context, based on the Bible and liturgical texts. In addition to her acquisition of the domestic arts thought suitable for a princess, Catalina's skill in Latin, and knowledge of classical and vernacular literature, brought her the admiration of the Spanish humanist Juan Luis Vives and of Erasmus of Rotterdam, who regarded her as a model of Christian womanhood.
Negotiations with England, 1487–1489
The notion of a marriage between Catalina and the heir to the English throne, Arthur, prince of Wales (born on 19 September 1486), seems to have originated in the mind of Arthur's father, Henry VII, when the princess was only two. Like his predecessors, the new and insecure Tudor monarch needed Spanish friendship, although relations between the two countries had never been entirely untroubled. Ferdinand and Isabella, meanwhile, had already begun, in 1481, to arrange marriages for their son and daughters in order to raise the prestige of their Castilian and Aragonese monarchies in Europe. In the latter part of 1487 they agreed to send ambassadors to England, not only to discuss political and economic relations but also to negotiate the marriage of Catalina and Arthur. First to arrive was Rodrigo (Ruy) Gonsales Puebla, a doctor of civil and canon law who possessed a solid record of achievement in local government in Castile, as did a number of Jewish Christians (conversos) in the Spain of Ferdinand and Isabella.
The Trastamaran dynasty largely owed its royal status to the French, and the Castilian rulers had subsequently looked to their northern neighbour for support. As late as 1487 Ferdinand and Isabella still secretly hankered after a marriage between their eldest daughter, Isabella, and Charles VIII of France. It was only when the French regency government spurned the suggestion that negotiations were begun to marry Isabella to Alfonso of Portugal and Catalina to Prince Arthur. In these circumstances, France was the main enemy and, despite the help he had received from that quarter during his exile under Richard III, Henry VII responded with alacrity. On 10 March 1488 he appointed representatives to negotiate with Castile and Aragon on three issues: trade, a political alliance, and the royal marriage.
Isabella and Ferdinand gave priority to the marriage because they regarded it as the best cement for a political relationship, and on 30 April 1488 they gave Puebla power to negotiate on the subject. The relevant document was brought to England by a second ambassador, Juan de Sepúlveda, who arrived in London on 1 June, to promote a political alliance against France. Puebla agreed with his colleague's objective, but his greater experience of English politics led him to urge that if the marriage were arranged first, political and economic benefits would quickly follow. On 6–7 July a draft agreement was duly reached concerning Catalina's dowry, fixed at 200,000 Spanish escudos. Ferdinand and Isabella undertook to send Catalina to England at their own expense, with an adequate wardrobe, and to pay the dowry in two instalments, the first on her arrival in England and the second when the marriage was solemnized.
Almost at once Anglo-Spanish mistrust and misunderstanding emerged. The Spanish rulers wanted to pay less, and found the English offers for Catalina's maintenance (a third of the rents from the principality of Wales, the duchy of Cornwall, and the earldom of Chester) inadequate. Nevertheless, the desire of both parties for an alliance against France overcame these objections and negotiations continued for the rest of the year. In spring 1489 Henry VII's ambassadors spent a month at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella in Medina del Campo. The result was the treaty agreed at Medina on 27 March 1489, which replaced the century-old Franco-Castilian alliance by a link with England which was to be almost as long-lived. Many of the twenty-five articles concerned international politics and trade, while the marriage of Catalina and Arthur was deferred until the two children came of age.
Marriage settlement, 1489–1501
During the early 1490s the projected marriage of Catalina and Arthur was overshadowed by the eruption on the European scene of a pretender to the English throne who claimed to be Edward IV's younger son Richard, duke of York, generally held to have perished in the Tower of London in 1483. Edward IV's sister Margaret of York, the dowager duchess of Burgundy, was determined to do all in her power to remove the Tudor ‘usurper’, Henry VII, and may genuinely have regarded the pretender as her lost nephew. Continuing support from Margaret and her Habsburg relatives for Perkin Warbeck, as various witnesses stated that he was in fact called, played a significant part in delaying implementation of the treaty of Medina del Campo. At various times between November 1491, when he landed at Cork, and October 1497, when he was finally captured and imprisoned by Henry, the supposed ‘duke of York’ was exploited by the enemies of the house of Tudor. Warbeck received support from Ireland, Scotland, and France, and above all from Maximilian, king of the Romans, and Archduke Philip of Austria. But Isabella and Ferdinand showed no such credulity; indeed they played a vital part in exposing the false ‘duke of York’. Anxious to secure the alliance with England, and Catalina's marriage to Arthur, her parents reacted sharply when accused by Henry of harbouring Warbeck. They obtained a Portuguese investigation into the pretender's true identity, dated 25 April 1496, which supposedly revealed his Flemish origins, and used the document to reassure Henry; they also gave their daughter Juana the task of weaning her new husband, Archduke Philip, away from Warbeck, and thus neutralizing the anti-Tudor fervour of Margaret of York.
Anglo-Spanish discussions became more intense at this time, until a new agreement was reached in London on 1 October 1497. The marriage would not take place until Arthur reached fourteen, though either side might request it up to two years earlier. The papal dispensation, which would in that case be required because of the prince's youth, would be requested jointly by the English and Spanish. The dowry remained at 200,000 escudos, the trousseau consisting of 15,000 escudos in gold, gold and silver plate to a similar value, and precious stones worth 20,000 escudos. Catalina would receive the revenues from Arthur's lands as soon as the marriage took place. The revised treaty was confirmed on 1 January 1497. Ratification by Ferdinand and Isabella was kept secret and, as a second option, Catalina was offered to James IV of Scotland, to whom Pedro de Ayala was sent as ambassador. Nevertheless, on the same day, Catalina empowered Puebla to act as a proxy in her marriage to Arthur, which was evidently still her parents' real aim. The threat of the Scottish marriage was not removed for several years, however.
Ferdinand and Isabella were sufficiently concerned, both with Henry VII's attitude to the marriage and with Puebla's conduct as ambassador, to send further ambassadors to England, Sancho de Londoño and Tomás de Matienzo. While the new envoys took a hostile line towards Puebla, they failed to speed the negotiations with Henry, though in 1499 Catalina's departure for England appeared to be imminent, after a proxy marriage ceremony between herself and Prince Arthur had taken place on 19 May at Tickhill Manor, near Bewdley. Isabella and Ferdinand were still insistent that Catalina would be sent to England only when Arthur reached fourteen. Final agreement on the dowry, which would amount to 200,000 escudos in cash and plate, was made at this time. During 1500 disputes continued over the valuation and payment of the dowry and the timing of Catalina's arrival in England, which was being delayed on the Spanish side. In October a list of the princess's proposed Spanish household of about fifty was sent to England, where King Henry tried to reduce it. But in March 1501 serious preparations at last began for Catalina's journey from Granada to England, and after delays caused first by the uprising of the Muslim Alpujarras in Spain and then by bad conditions at sea, the princess landed at Plymouth on 2 October. Catalina's arrival evidently took Henry VII by surprise, for it was not until 7 October that the lord steward, Baron Willoughby de Broke, was ready to receive her at Exeter. Then began a ceremonious progress to London, during which Henry and Arthur intercepted her at Dogmersfield, near Farnborough in Hampshire, on 4 November. Overriding the (probably feigned) insistence of ambassador Ayala that Catalina should observe Spanish etiquette and remain secluded until her wedding, Henry insisted on seeing her 'even if she were in her bed', before introducing his son to her (Mattingly, 32–7). King and prince then departed and Catalina continued her journey. She was greeted in London on 12 November with a lavish series of pageants provided by the city authorities. Two days later her marriage was solemnized at St Paul's, after which there followed another week of unprecedentedly elaborate banquets and tournaments.
Marriage and widowhood, 1501–1506
There was some discussion of whether Catalina, or Katherine, as her name was invariably spelt in England in accordance with contemporary usage, should accompany her husband on his return to his duties as prince of Wales at Ludlow. Puebla and some of Katherine's entourage would have preferred her to stay in London and not begin full marital relations immediately. Her former tutor, now confessor, Alessandro Geraldini, thought otherwise. Katherine refused to give an opinion; Henry VII eventually took the decision, and the couple set off for the marches on 21 December. Almost thirty years later Katherine deposed, under the seal of the confessional, that they had shared a bed for no more than seven nights, and that she had remained 'as intact and incorrupt as when she emerged from her mother's womb' (Brewer, 2.303). Arthur died, still aged only fifteen, on 2 April 1502.
As soon as the news of Arthur's death reached Katherine's parents they mooted the possibility of her marrying the new heir to the throne, Arthur's younger brother Henry [see Henry VIII (1491–1547)]. The English were equally eager. Inevitably both sides resumed the hard bargaining which had characterized the original negotiations; neither, however, seems to have had doubts about either the legality or the feasibility of a marriage 'in the first degree of affinity' between brother- and sister-in-law. In spite of complaints about Henry VII's niggardly treatment of his daughter-in-law and threats by the Spanish monarchs to take her home, a draft treaty was ready by September 1502, and a formal treaty was concluded in June 1503. The treaty specified a betrothal ('matrimonium per verba de praesenti') to take place within two months, while the marriage would be solemnized following receipt of the necessary papal dispensation, the payment of the second portion of the dowry agreed for the first marriage, and Henry's reaching fifteen, in June 1506. (Interestingly, this was one year older than in Arthur's case and perhaps resulted from the discussions of December 1501.) The betrothal followed immediately on the conclusion of the treaty, on 25 June 1503.
The treaty assumed that Katherine's first marriage had been consummated. This was apparently reported by Puebla, on the authority of Geraldini, but it was vehemently denied by Katherine's duenna, Doña Elvira Manuel, in a letter to Ferdinand and Isabella, and Geraldini was hurriedly recalled to Spain. Ferdinand, however, accepted the English position, that the papal dispensation should cover all eventualities. The dispensation was held up by the deaths of popes Alexander VI and Pius III (on 18 August and 18 October 1503). In spite of pressure from both Spain and England, no document was made available by the new pope, Julius II, until one was sent to Isabella shortly before her death on 26 November 1504. This 'brief' was dated 26 December 1503, but this may well represent a subsequent back-dating. A copy may have been sent by Ferdinand to England, to Julius's displeasure; if so it was subsequently lost. The eventual papal bull, also dated 26 December 1503, did not arrive in England until March 1505. (Historians have generally accepted the date 26 December 1503 for both bull and brief, but that they were back-dated is borne out by Castellesi's report of 4 January 1504 that the matter was still under consideration.) The reason for papal procrastination is unknown. It may indicate caution about the canonical issues involved. Immediately after his election Julius had indicated that 'prima facie, he did not know if he had power to dispense in this case' (Pocock, 1.1–4). Perhaps more plausibly, the dispensation was a useful card in Julius's diplomatic game against Ferdinand's control of Naples. The 'brief' stated bluntly that Arthur had consummated his marriage. The bull was more circumspect, granting dispensation for the new marriage 'even if' ('forsan') the previous one had been consummated.
By this time the international situation had changed once more. Isabella died on 26 November 1504. The heir to Castile was Katherine's elder sister Juana, married to Archduke Philip, the ruler of the Low Countries. Juana and Philip had aroused some antagonism on a visit to Spain in 1502. Isabella left a will naming her husband, Ferdinand, as governor of Castile, so excluding Juana and Philip from rule in that kingdom. Opinion in Castile rapidly polarized into anti-Habsburg and anti-Aragonese factions. In these circumstances there was no point in Henry VII's tying himself too closely to Ferdinand. Indeed in February 1505 he lent Philip £108,000 'for his next voyage to Spain' (Chrimes, 289). On 27 June 1505, just before his fourteenth birthday, Prince Henry formally repudiated his betrothal to Katherine, alleging lack of necessary consent on his part. Neither she nor the Spanish representatives were informed of this development. The English were not intending a final repudiation of the marriage. Rather the manoeuvre was designed to keep options open, at least until the situation in Castile was clearer, and to preserve the valuable diplomatic card of the prince's marriage.
The Castilian question divided Katherine's own advisers; Doña Elvira worked for an alliance between Henry VII and Philip, involving Katherine in the plot, until Puebla persuaded Katherine to write to Henry repudiating her expressed wish for a meeting with Juana, in August 1505. In November Doña Elvira was banished from Katherine's household. In January 1506, however, Philip and Juana were forced by a storm to land in England while on their way to claim their rights in Castile. Katherine met Juana, while Henry VII and Philip concluded a close alliance. Ferdinand bowed to circumstances and welcomed Philip and Juana to Castile. Philip's sudden death at Burgos on 25 September 1506, however, restored Ferdinand's rule, Juana being sidestepped on the grounds of her apparent mental instability. But Henry VII continued to cherish his diplomatic freedom. Invoking Ferdinand's failure to pay the second instalment of the dowry, he continued to offer Prince Henry's hand on the international market, as well as his own (which included a proposition of marrying Juana himself), and to court a Habsburg alliance with Maximilian rather than an Aragonese one.
Remarriage, 1506–1509
Katherine had been allocated Durham House, the bishop of Durham's house in London, to live in as dowager princess of Wales, with an almost entirely Spanish entourage under the direction of Doña Elvira as duenna. Her parents and Henry insisted she should keep 'rule and observance and seclusion', though Katherine herself hoped for some lightening of the regime (CSP Spain, 1485–1509, 420). She was frequently ill, probably with tertian ague, at least until the spring of 1507. Curiously, there is evidence that she was thought by the English court to be indulging in religious austerities in a way likely to damage her health and capacity for child bearing. A papal letter of October 1505 empowered her 'husband' to curb these proclivities; he was described as Arthur, prince of Wales, so presumably the complaint had originated in 1501–2. Her knowledge of English was still imperfect in 1505, to Ferdinand's displeasure; she could speak 'some' and understand 'more' (Scarisbrick, 437). Since only part of her dowry had been paid before her marriage, Katherine could not claim the dower, a third of Arthur's lands, to which she would otherwise have been entitled. In any case her rights were explicitly repudiated in the treaty of 1503 for the second marriage. Instead she was allocated an allowance of £1200 p.a. by Henry VII. When Doña Elvira was banished in November 1505, Henry withdrew the allowance; Puebla, presumably backed by Henry, persuaded Katherine to give up Durham House and to lodge at court, adducing the impropriety of her keeping a separate household without proper chaperonage. Her regular allowance gave way to spasmodic payments by Henry VII.
Katherine complained volubly to her father about her poverty and shabby treatment, her inability to pay her servants, and her demeaning dependence on Henry's charity. She went so far as to pawn some of the plate and jewels which, on some interpretations, were to form part of the second instalment of her dowry. She was kept apart from Prince Henry, complaining in 1507 that she had not seen him for four months, although they were both living in the palace at Richmond. At the same time Henry VII told her that he no longer regarded his son as bound by the earlier betrothal; Puebla and Katherine's confessor conceded that Henry's position was justified. Katherine complained bitterly of Puebla. Ferdinand decided to involve her directly in negotiations, in parallel with the ambassador, and she received formal credentials. She was provided with a cipher, painfully deciphered Ferdinand's letters, and eventually managed to encipher her own replies, although with so little confidence that she also sent the same letter en clair. She evidently lacked any sort of confidential secretary, at least one she could trust, and her letters to Ferdinand are in her own hand.
This curious arrangement came to an end in February 1508 with the arrival of a new ambassador, Gutierre Gómez de Fuensalida, sent to join Puebla with specific instructions to conclude the marriage, bringing the means to pay the remainder of the dowry. Henry VII's eyes were still on a Habsburg alliance (especially through a marriage of his daughter Mary to the future Emperor Charles V). The English council quibbled over details of the payment, and especially the question of Katherine's plate and jewels. By late 1508 both Fuensalida and Katherine's household were convinced that her marriage would never take place, and plans were made for her return to Spain. Only Katherine, supported by her confessor, Diego Fernández, was adamant that it was her duty to remain in England and marry Prince Henry. By March 1509 even she despaired, asking to return to Spain to lead the religious life. Henry VII, however, died on 21 April 1509. Before 8 May Fuensalida was summoned and told that the new king wished the marriage settled quickly, without quibbles. Possibly Henry VIII was acting, as he alleged, in obedience to his father's dying wish. But more likely the new policy was his own. On 11 June Henry VIII and Katherine were married at the Franciscan church at Greenwich. Katherine's persistence in discouraging, even at times humiliating, circumstances had triumphed. Her experience in these vital years, between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four, may well explain her reluctance in later years to yield her position as queen of England.
Queen and mother, 1509–1525
The first years of her marriage saw Katherine's hold on her husband, and her political influence, at their height. Henry was ostentatious in his attentions. Katherine was frequently pregnant, though her gynaecological history is uncertain, reports of miscarriages and stillbirths being largely derived from ambassadorial reports. She miscarried a girl on 31 January 1510. A boy, named Henry and created prince of Wales, was born on new year's day 1511, but died on 22 February. There is an unsubstantiated report of a live birth shortly after the battle of Flodden in September 1513; if this happened the child must have died almost immediately. A male child was stillborn in November or December 1514. Only on 18 February 1516 was a healthy child born, Princess Mary. Katherine's last delivery, on 9–10 November 1518, was a stillborn daughter.
Katherine played some part in foreign affairs. She engineered the recall of the Spanish ambassador Fuensalida in August 1509, and received a commission from Ferdinand to be his official channel of communication with Henry. She evidently reported in cipher. A new ambassador, Don Luis Caroz, arrived in March 1510. He, too, incurred Katherine's wrath. He blamed Katherine's confessor, Diego Fernández, for this, accusing him of exercising undue influence over her. How far, in fact, Katherine influenced English policy is hard to judge. The alliance with Ferdinand was a natural consequence of Henry's enmity towards France. It culminated in Henry's joining the Holy League in November 1511 and in plans for joint military action. An English army was shipped to the Basque country in May 1512 to join with a Spanish force to reconquer Guyenne for England. Ferdinand, however, used his army to conquer Navarre for himself, and failed to support the English, until Henry's troops mutinied and sailed home in October. Katherine played a part in smoothing over the resulting recriminations. But the English belief that they were tricked by Ferdinand in 1513 and again in 1514 made Katherine's position difficult. In December 1514 Caroz reported that she had been persuaded by Diego Fernández 'to forget Spain and everything Spanish to gain the love of the King of England and of the English' (CSP Spain, 1509–25, 201).
Katherine was governor of the realm and captain-general during Henry's absence on campaign in France between 30 June and 21 October 1513. She had authority to raise troops and to make appointments, and was provided with a council headed by Archbishop Warham, the lord chancellor. None the less, a good deal even of routine business was handled by Henry's council in the field. Katherine wrote letters to Wolsey (but not to the king), giving some news, but mostly expressing her anxiety about Henry's welfare and safety, and apologizing for intruding on Wolsey's valuable time. She did refer to being 'horribly busy with making standards, banners and badges'; the level of irony in this perhaps self-deprecating reference to traditional feminine pursuits is hard to gauge (LP Henry VIII, 1/2, no. 2162). (Isabella supervised the making of banners on campaign.) She faced a crisis when James IV of Scotland invaded England on 22 August. On 9 September Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey, appointed to the command of the north by Henry before his departure, defeated the Scots at Flodden, leaving James and a large number of Scottish nobles dead on the field. Katherine was heading a reserve army on its way north; news of the victory led to its disbandment at Buckingham. A Spanish source credits Katherine with a rousing speech to the troops, but there is no English evidence in support. She did, however, write triumphantly to Henry, in her own hand and in English: 'In this your grace shall see how I can keep my promys, sending you for your banners a King's coat. I thought to send himself unto you, but our Englishmen's hearts would not suffer it' (ibid., no. 2268).
A new Anglo-Spanish alliance was concluded in 1515. In January 1516, however, King Ferdinand died, effectively succeeded by his grandson Charles, Juana's son. Charles was too busy establishing his position in Spain to pursue an English alliance, while Katherine's relations with her nephew were inevitably less close than they had been with her father. She ceased to be either an informal or a formal channel of communication. From 1514, if not earlier, there was talk of Henry having a mistress, while by 1519 Elizabeth Blount had borne him an acknowledged son, Henry Fitzroy. His marital relations continued with Katherine (witness her 1518 pregnancy), but the five-year age gap between husband and wife was becoming more significant; a Venetian ambassador thought her 'rather ugly than otherwise' in 1515 (CSP Venice, 1509–19, 248). Certainly the undated National Portrait Gallery portrait shows her as a rather substantial lady, by contrast with the youthful prettiness depicted by Michel Sittow in 1505 in a portrait now in Vienna (though the identity of the sitter is not entirely certain). Perhaps Katherine, at thirty, was settling into dignified early middle age, presiding over court ceremonial, supervising her household, attending to her considerable powers of patronage as queen. In 1517 she took the role scripted for her when she publicly pleaded for pardon for prisoners accused of taking part in the ‘evil May day’ riots in London.
Katherine had already been fluent in French and Latin when she arrived in England, and she now became proficient in English. She built on and developed the interest in Latin education she had acquired at Isabella's court, more than fulfilling what was expected of her in the field of scholarly patronage. She defended the interests of Queens' College, Cambridge, and interceded with Henry to protect Lady Margaret Beaufort's benefaction to St John's College. She visited both Oxford and Cambridge, and received the plaudits habitually bestowed on royal visitors by the universities. She provided exhibitions for poor scholars and contributed to the support of lectureships. She may have been involved in trying to persuade Erasmus to prolong his stay in England beyond 1514, and was habitually praised by him; he dedicated his Christiani matrimonii institutio (1526) to her. Her patronage included Richard Pace, Thomas Linacre, and John Leland. She asked Sir Thomas Wyatt to translate Petrarch on 'Ill fortune'; he produced instead a version of Plutarch as Of the Quyete of Mynde.
In 1523 Katherine brought the Spaniard Juan Luis Vives to England to finish his commentary on Augustine (dedicated to Henry VIII), and commissioned him to write his De institutione foeminae Christianae (presented to Katherine in 1523, printed in 1524). She was praised in Vives's preface as a model of maid, married woman, and widow. The book advocates a classical education for noblewomen (the education of Isabella's daughters and their ability in Latin was mentioned), although, since women would not have to devote themselves to business, and having due regard to feminine modesty, only a selection of classical writings is recommended. The scriptures, the church fathers, Plato, Cicero, and Seneca are thought especially suitable. Women should be prepared to converse, although not to thrust themselves forward, and should submit to the precepts of fathers and husbands. Nor are they to neglect needlework, household management, or the nurture of children. Given Vives's subsequent involvement with Princess Mary's education, it seems reasonable to assume that Katherine shared these views. Vives reported a conversation with Katherine in January 1524 as they returned on a boat from Syon to Richmond. The talk was of the vicissitudes of life. Katherine claimed to have experienced many turns of fortune. If forced to choose between bad fortune and good, she would prefer the former: 'faced with disaster men need consolation, but excessive prosperity undermines their character' (McConica, 53–4).
Katherine was concerned with the education, in the widest sense, of her daughter, although since Mary was heir apparent and a valuable piece in the international dynastic game, its direction was largely out of her hands. She commissioned from Vives in 1524 a supplementary treatise, addressed to the particular problems faced by Mary as a princess and possible ruler (De ratione studii puerilis, 1524). Vives's solution was the mixture as before, modified only by the inclusion of more political texts and histories. When in 1525 Mary was dispatched, at the age of nine, to keep a princely household at Ludlow, Katherine wrote that she was glad that in future 'Master Federston [Richard Fetherston]' rather than herself would be teaching her Latin, although she hoped that Mary would continue to show her mother her Latin letters, 'for it shall be a great comfort to me to see you keep your Latin and fair writing and all' (Ellis, 1st ser., 2.19).
Diplomacy and divorce, 1525–1527
Charles V's election as Holy Roman emperor in 1519 had simplified the international scene by creating a polarization between the French and (imperial) Habsburg interests. English policy in the next ten years played off the parties against each other. Katherine naturally sympathized with the imperialists, but her influence was muted and hardly significant among the contending factors which determined policy. She played her due part in the Field of Cloth of Gold of 1520, the ceremonial meeting between Henry and François I. But she had also pleaded family reasons for the brief English visit by Charles V which preceded that event, and which led to a further meeting between Henry and Charles at Gravelines, at which an Anglo-imperial alliance was forged. In 1521 Charles was betrothed to the five-year-old Princess Mary. In 1522 and 1523 English armies invaded northern France, to little effect. In spite of a second English visit by Charles in 1522, English policies were moving in favour of France when, on 24 February 1525, Charles's forces took François prisoner at Pavia. Henry's attempt to take advantage of this situation by mounting an immediate invasion of France foundered on the difficulty of funding it, and on an unwillingness by Charles to play things Henry's way. Instead England and France made peace at the treaty of The More in August 1525. Katherine was powerless to influence events. Indeed she complained about never hearing either from Charles or from Spain. Charles's ambassador Iñigo de Mendoza reported that he was not allowed to see Katherine on her own, nor to communicate with her on anything except family matters. Even if they did set up a secret channel of communication it would, she thought, do more harm than good. 'She will do her best to restore the old alliance between Spain and England but though her will is good her means are small' (CSP Spain, 1527–9, 37). An Anglo-French treaty was concluded on 30 April 1527, and in January 1528 England was formally at war with Charles.
The first moves in the procedure to annul Katherine's marriage took place in 1527 (the convenient, if inaccurate, term ‘divorce’ will be used hereafter). The specific problem was not merely that Henry and Katherine were related in the first degree of affinity, but that sexual relations with a brother's wife were among those specifically forbidden in Leviticus 18: 1–19; while Leviticus 20: 21 threatened that no children would be born to such a union. However, according to Deuteronomy (21: 5) it was the duty of a man to generate a son by his brother's widow if the marriage had not produced a son. This duty of the 'levirate' did not apply to Christians, but did at least call in question the absolute nature of the prohibition in Leviticus. The question of whether a pope could dispense from the Levitical prohibition may have explained the apparent reluctance of Julius II to grant the bull in 1504. In 1509, in the immediate aftermath of Henry VII's death, the Spanish ambassador was told by an English courtier that Katherine's marriage to the new king was unlikely since Henry VIII himself had a difficulty in conscience about marrying his brother's wife. Ferdinand wrote back in alarm, invoking the papal bull to counter the objection, and instancing the marriage, in 1500, of Katherine's sister Maria to Manuel, king of Portugal, who was the widower of her elder sister Isabella. Ferdinand added encouragingly that the couple had numerous progeny, a possible reference to the Levitical curse. Of course Ferdinand's letter was overtaken by events. Katherine had married Henry, with, apparently, no mention of the affinity problem. A rumour circulated in Rome in 1514 that Henry meant to repudiate Katherine; this was probably unfounded, but significantly gave as a reason Henry's inability to have children with his brother's widow. An awareness of the Levitical prohibition and of doubts about the papal right to dispense from it was known in diplomatic circles from 1503 and, probably, equally known to Henry.
Henry later claimed that his conscience was first pricked by a French embassy raising the question of Mary's legitimacy during negotiations for her possible marriage; but since the embassy concerned seems to have been that of April 1527, this is too late to explain the sequence of events, although again testifying to the knowledge in diplomatic circles that the validity of Henry's marriage was open to question. It seems more likely that Henry had been brooding on the subject since it became apparent that he would have no son from his marriage to Katherine, especially as the possible strategy of marrying Mary to an acceptable husband could not take effect until she was fourteen, in 1530. Henry said in 1531 that he had not slept with Katherine for seven years. He may have been keeping his options for the succession open in 1525, when his illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy was created duke of Richmond and sent to keep his household in the north, at the same time as Mary was being sent to the Welsh marches. The first move towards a divorce was the examination, on 5–6 April 1527, of the elderly Bishop Richard Fox about Katherine's marriage to Arthur, the papal bull, and Henry's repudiation of his betrothal in 1505. On 17 May 1527 Wolsey, as papal legate, summoned Henry before himself and Archbishop Warham to defend the validity of his marriage. The trial was adjourned on 31 May while expert opinion was consulted; it was never resumed. The popular assumption is that the intention was to rush through a verdict against the marriage and so face Katherine with a fait accompli. This is unlikely. Since Katherine had not been summoned as a party to the proceedings (though by 18 May she was aware of what was happening), she would have had unimpeachable grounds for an appeal. More probably, the intention was to establish the foundations of the case for further proceedings. On 22 June Henry told Katherine personally of his 'scruples', and demanded formal separation; faced with her fury, he retreated, assuring her that his hope was that his scruples would be set at rest. Katherine immediately sent to Charles V in Spain, asking him to intervene personally with Henry, to rouse the pope to summon the case to Rome, and to revoke Wolsey's legatine authority in England. She continued to preside at court and to occupy her apartments as queen. Anne Boleyn was also for much of the time prominent at court. On at least one occasion Katherine and Anne are said to have played cards together, Katherine allegedly remarking 'You have good hap to stop at a king, but you are not like others, you will have all or none' (Ives, 119).
Appeals to Rome and the legates' court, 1527–1529
Charles V's troops had sacked Rome and, effectively, made the pope a prisoner, on 6 May 1527. This was known in England by about 1 June and offered Henry both an obvious obstacle, and an opportunity. Wolsey was sent to France in July 1527 with, among other aims, the hope of convening a meeting of cardinals to run the church during the pope's incapacity. At the same time the king sent William Knight to Rome with various suggestions, to be kept secret from Wolsey. The document does not survive, but it seems to have included a request that Henry be permitted to marry immediately, presumably in confident expectation of a subsequent annulment of the first marriage; in effect it amounted to a dispensation for bigamy. That document was countermanded while Knight was travelling through France. Under new instructions he was to procure a bull allowing Henry to marry within the first degree of affinity, whether that resulted from licit or illicit intercourse (provided it was not to a brother's widow). The dispensation was also to cover the possibility that the bride had already contracted marriage to another man, provided that the marriage had not been consummated. The intended bride was plainly Anne Boleyn, to whom Henry was related within the first degree because her sister had been his mistress.
Meanwhile Henry's case was also being set out in papers by various scholars. In part, these took a ‘high’ line, that the marriage to Katherine being against divine law, Julius II had had no power to dispense. To the objection that he had not been punished by childlessness, as threatened in Leviticus, Henry's party argued that, correctly interpreted, the Hebrew referred to male children. In part, more modest, technical objections were canvassed, such as the argument that since there had been no prospect of war between England and Spain in 1503, the 'preservation of peace' was not an adequate ground for a dispensation; or that while the bull did indeed cover a consummated marriage between Katherine and Arthur, it had omitted to deal with the issue of 'public honesty', which even a non-consummated marriage required.
Katherine's position seems to have been much simpler than Henry's. She contended that her marriage to Arthur had never been consummated, that she had come to Henry a maid, that her marriage to Henry was therefore valid in the sight of God and man, and, moreover, that Henry knew this. She argued this at her confrontation with Henry on 22 June 1527, and stuck to it unalterably thereafter. In fact this argument undercut the arguments of her advisers and defenders of the papal cause, who had to support the view that Julius II had not exceeded his powers in dispensing for a possibly consummated marriage. For them Katherine's position was unprovable and irrelevant to the real issue. It was clearly, however, the emotional core of her position.
Early in 1528 the papal brief, issued to Isabella in 1504, surfaced in Spain, and it was cited by Katherine's counsel from October onwards. The brief, in fact, pointed in a different direction from Katherine's own tactic, in that it assumed unequivocally that the marriage to Arthur had been consummated. Katherine gave notice that, in propounding the brief, she did not admit this assumption. Rather she intended to use it to throw dust in the eyes of her opponents, by making it impossible for them to be sure that any technical objections they might produce against the bull were not guarded against in the brief. It was impossible for the English to argue that the latter was a forgery, since the Spaniards refused to let them have the original.
Pope Clement VII had been released from captivity in December 1527, though with Charles dominant in Italy, he was still liable to imperial pressure. Through 1528 Henry's agents agitated for a 'decretal' commission, to examine the case in England without the danger of its verdict being appealed to Rome. The commission was eventually brought to England by the specially appointed papal legate, Cardinal Campeggi, in October 1528, empowering him and Wolsey to try the case. Campeggi, however, had orders to prevaricate, and to find another solution. To that end he and Wolsey saw Katherine on 24 October. Three days later she sought Campeggi under the seal of the confession. She told him that she had shared Arthur's bed on up to seven occasions, but that she had none the less remained a maid. She rejected utterly the suggestion that she might enter the religious life, and affirmed 'that she intended to live and die in the estate of matrimony, to which God had called her'. Henry, worried at reports of popular support for Katherine, called a meeting of courtiers and prominent Londoners to Bridewell on 8 November. He expounded his case of conscience. According to Edward Hall he also professed his admiration for Katherine's noble qualities, so that 'if I were to marry again, if the marriage might be good, I would surely choose her above all other women' (Brewer, 2.306–7).
Eventually the legatine court met at Blackfriars on 31 May 1529. On 16 June, in the presence of Archbishop Warham and six other bishops, Katherine appealed formally to the pope for the case to be heard in Rome. On 18 June she appeared in person at the legatine court at Blackfriars to read a protest to be entered on the record, indicating her denial of the impartiality of the legates and her appeal to Rome. On 21 June she and Henry both appeared. The sources differ considerably in their accounts of what happened, but it is clear that Henry, Wolsey, and Katherine all spoke, Henry setting out his case, Wolsey defending his own impartiality, and Katherine appealing to her honour and that of her daughter and of the king to justify her appeal to Rome. It is clear that she knelt before Henry, and that she protested that she had lived twenty years as his lawful and faithful wife. Whether or not she went on to assert that she had been 'a true maid' at the time of their marriage, and to challenge Henry to deny it, as so vividly presented by Shakespeare, must remain in question. The earliest source is George Cavendish's life of Wolsey; although Cavendish was an eyewitness, he did not write until 1556–8. Katherine then left the court in spite of a summons to remain. On 25 June she was declared contumacious. This was known in Rome by 9 July. By 16 July Clement VII had issued the advocation to Rome. There may have been (again Cavendish is the source) a further attempt by Wolsey and Campeggi to persuade Katherine to co-operate. Wolsey meanwhile feared that the advocation would be granted before the court could come to a verdict. On 23 July Campeggi, with Wolsey's agreement, adjourned the court, following the Roman custom, for the summer vacation. Clearly there was no intention of reconvening it.
Last years as queen, 1529–1533
Formally, Katherine's position was unchanged by these proceedings. She remained at court, though she and Henry rarely dined together except on great occasions, and Henry was frequently elsewhere, in the company of Anne Boleyn. On one occasion when they did dine informally, on 30 November 1529, there was a blazing row; Anne pointed out subsequently that 'whenever you disputed with the Queen, she was sure to have the upper hand' (Ives, 154–5). In June 1530 Henry was still having Katherine make his shirts, to Anne's fury. Henry's case ground interminably on as he collected opinions from foreign universities, organized a petition to the pope from peers and a selection of leading clergy, and began to press the clergy to agree that the English church was self-sufficient and could proceed in the case regardless of the pope. Katherine meanwhile pressed Clement through Charles V's agents (and especially through Charles's new ambassador, Eustache Chapuys) to settle the case quickly in her favour, trusting, so she claimed, that Henry would thereby see the error of his ways. Clement, however, prevaricated; the furthest he would go, in January 1531, was to forbid Henry to remarry before the case was settled at Rome, and to forbid English authorities, ecclesiastical or secular, to meddle.
Following the acknowledgement by the clerical convocations in February 1531 that Henry was 'Supreme Head' of the English church 'as far as the law of Christ allowed', Clement offered Henry a compromise to allow the trial to take place on supposedly neutral ground. A deputation of some thirty councillors saw Katherine on 31 May 1531, but she refused any compromise and spiritedly defended both the papal supremacy and her marriage, citing, as always, her maidenhood in 1509. In a story related by Chapuys, perhaps too good to be true, the duke of Suffolk reported to Henry that Katherine was ready to obey 'but she owed obedience to two persons first'; to Henry's supposition that these were pope and emperor, Suffolk retorted 'God was the first; the second her soul and conscience' (CSP Spain, 1531–3, no. 739; Katherine certainly used this formula in a later exhortation to Mary). On 11 July 1531 Henry and Katherine saw each other for the last time. The queen and her daughter were also separated; Katherine was ordered to The More in Hertfordshire, where, however, she continued to keep considerable state, Mary to remain at Windsor. Mother and daughter never met again (suggestions that they did so in September 1534 derive from a mistranscription).
In October 1531 Katherine faced another conciliar deputation to persuade her to agree to a trial in England. She was forbidden to write to the king, and her new year gift was brusquely refused. Further pressure was put on the English church early in 1532, with the passing in parliament of the supplication against the ordinaries and the threat to cut off the payment of annates to Rome. Yet another weak papal admonition to Henry, in January 1532, led Katherine to appeal for help from God's vicar to God himself. Then the death of Archbishop Warham on 22 August opened the way to a settlement in England. Henry took Anne Boleyn to meet François I in October 1532. Katherine, meanwhile, had left The More and seems to have been leading a peripatetic life from August to November 1532, moving between Hertford, Hatfield, and Enfield. By the end of the year Anne was pregnant, and Henry married her in January. On 9 April 1533 the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk waited once more on Katherine, now installed at Ampthill, in Bedfordshire, to tell her that Henry and Anne were already married and to require her to give up her title as queen. On 8 May Thomas Cranmer, the new archbishop of Canterbury, summoned Katherine to his court at Dunstable, close to Ampthill. She refused to appear and was declared contumacious. On 23 May Cranmer pronounced her marriage null, finding that her marriage to Arthur had been consummated, and that no dispensation could remove an impediment resulting from divine law.
In July 1533 Katherine again refused to accept the title ‘princess dowager’; the same month she moved, with a much reduced household, to Buckden in Huntingdonshire. She urged Chapuys to press for a definitive papal sentence; however, while Chapuys hoped to stimulate rebellion in England, Katherine refused to countenance resort to force. She also avoided entangling herself with Elizabeth Barton, the Nun of Kent, whose treasonable prophecies about Henry's marriage were revealed in November. There was clearly a good deal of sympathy for Katherine in England as wronged wife and rightful queen, as numerous indictments and reports to Cromwell make clear. Support for her seems to have been particularly marked among women, whether they were great ladies like Henry's sister Mary, duchess of Suffolk, or ‘gossips’ in London and elsewhere. But it is difficult to assess the extent or the potential political significance of such apparent goodwill. There were reports that Londoners showed themselves sullen or even disrespectful to Anne Boleyn during her coronation procession, refusing to cheer or even pull off their caps. But these stories derived from imperial sources. Chapuys's belief that were Katherine to give the signal England would rise in revolt to defend her rights was never put to the test.
A mission by Suffolk in December to remove Katherine to Somersham in Cambridgeshire foundered on her obduracy and Suffolk's reluctance to carry out a forcible removal, although he did imprison some of her English household. On 23 March 1534 Rome at last pronounced on Katherine's marriage, decisively in her favour, but too late to influence events in England. In May Katherine declared that she would refuse to swear the oath recognizing Anne Boleyn's children as Henry's legitimate succession, professing her readiness to accept the capital penalty for refusal, and advising Mary to do likewise, to Chapuys's disquiet. In the event the oath was not pressed on either Katherine or Mary, although their servants were sworn. In May 1534 she was removed to the more secure house at Kimbolton, also in Huntingdonshire, described as smaller but more convenient than Buckden.
Katherine's household had now been reduced to a core largely made up of Spaniards: her confessor, her maestresala (hall-steward), physician and apothecary, two grooms of the chamber, three maids of honour, and six to eight other women. Even so, her yearly expenses came to rather over £3000. Katherine kept to her apartments, including a private garden, perhaps to spare her servants embarrassment, since she insisted on being addressed as queen. Sir Edmund Bedingfield and Sir Edward Chamberlayn acted as steward and chamberlain, with instructions to allow no visits without Henry's licence. In July 1534 Chapuys, despite having been refused permission to visit, nevertheless took a large retinue, including many Spaniards, to make a demonstration outside the walls. In his dispatches Chapuys mentioned possible threats to Katherine's life, especially by poison. Written communication, however, seems to have been maintained relatively freely. Mary was ill in September 1534 and again in February–March 1535; Katherine pleaded that she be allowed to nurse her daughter, or at least that Mary should be moved closer to her. Henry refused; in part, at least, because he feared that Mary might be spirited away to Charles V's dominions, a suspicion justified where Chapuys, though not Katherine, was concerned.
In March 1535 Henry called Katherine 'a proud and intractable woman' who might, in her daughter's interests, 'carry on a war against him as openly and fiercely as Queen Isabella, her mother, had done in Spain' (CSP Spain, 1534–5, no. 142), and throughout that year she continued to urge the new pope, Paul III, to publish the excommunication Henry had incurred by his non-compliance with papal directions; whether because she still believed that Henry would eventually recognize his sin, or to justify rebellion or intervention, is a moot point. The move was sabotaged by Charles V's ambassador in Rome. At the end of December Katherine was dangerously ill. Chapuys was allowed to visit her at Kimbolton. She seemed better when he took his leave on 4 January 1536, but sickened during the night of Thursday the 6th. She heard mass in the morning, dictated letters to Charles V and to Henry, the latter as always protesting her continued love, her anxiety for her daughter, and concern for her servants. She died at Kimbolton about 2 p.m. on Friday 7 January 1536.
The chandler whose duty it was to embalm the body reported to Katherine's physician that the organs were sound, except for the heart, which was black all through. It has been suggested that this was a secondary from a melanotic carcinoma, but the physician deduced 'slow poisoning', and her friends needed little persuading. The precise cause of death is probably now beyond investigation. Henry greeted the news of Katherine's death with relief, regarding it as ending the risk of war with the emperor. Next day he and Anne, dressed in yellow (for mourning, according to Hall), paraded the infant Elizabeth around the court. Katherine was buried, as princess dowager, at Peterborough Abbey on 29 January 1536. No monument was ever erected.
Personality
Katherine has enjoyed a good historical reputation. The tragic heroine of Shakespeare's Henry VIII is ultimately derived, through Holinshed, from the publication in Mary's reign of the final part of Polydore Vergil's Anglica historia and also of George Cavendish's Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey: both feature her speech at the Blackfriars court and her interview with the two cardinals in 1529. The picture was enhanced by the publication in the nineteenth century of Chapuys's extremely sympathetic and admiring dispatches covering the period from autumn 1529; Chapuys, indeed, appointed himself her champion not only with Henry but also with the emperor. Undoubtedly from her late teens Katherine displayed a tenacious will, to the annoyance of successive Spanish ambassadors. Before 1509 she was heavily influenced by close friendships with members of her household, most notably Doña Elvira, her duenna, and her confessor Diego Fernández. As queen she performed her role with dignity, presiding at court functions, dispensing patronage to churchmen and writers; while Vives was perhaps of these recipients the closest to Katherine herself, the flavour, even in his case, was more international-humanist than specifically Spanish, although Katherine evidently took pleasure in speaking Spanish with him. Although she was perceived in diplomatic circles as a symbol of Anglo-Spanish alliance against France, her direct political influence was limited, even in the early years of Henry's reign, and from about 1514 minimal. Indeed her views on the public role of a great lady would have precluded any different stance as long as she was under the authority of a husband. She was convinced from 1503 that it was her duty to marry Henry. The sudden turn in her fortunes in 1509 must have confirmed her sense of providential mission. She believed to the utmost of her being that she was Henry's wife, and that belief helped her cut through the legal complexities of the divorce proceedings.
Although Katherine became fluent in English, circumstances after 1529 drove her increasingly into the Spanish core of her household; she always confessed in Spanish. She was meticulous in her observance of public worship, as befitted her position. When she gave birth to a son in 1511 she promised to visit the shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham (Henry made the pilgrimage immediately), but did not fulfil her vow until after the victory at Flodden, almost three years later. She repeated the visit in 1517, and in her 'will' asked that a representative be sent there on her behalf after her death. In the same document she requested 500 masses for her soul. But while honouring conventional religious practices, Katherine seems not to have displayed the credulity so often associated with the cults of saints, nor to have been concerned with such manifestations of devotion as the collection of holy relics. She had a keen eye for the failings of churchmen, including those of popes and cardinals. The Spanish atmosphere of her private devotions may have accentuated the essential inwardness of her piety, which revolved around mass, prayer, confession, penance, in a manner characteristic of the Spanish court and especially of her mother, though also found in some great English ladies like Lady Margaret Beaufort. Her conversation with Vives in 1524 suggests Christian resignation, even Christian stoicism.
Among the religious orders Katherine especially supported the Observant Franciscans; she was a member of their third order. Popular in Spain, the Observants were established in England from 1482 under the auspices of the court, as an élite group of mature and well-motivated religious. Her marriage to Henry had taken place in their church at Greenwich. She asked to be buried in one of their churches, but by the time of her death the order in England had been dissolved.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516)
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https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15744
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Ferdinand II king of Aragon (1479–1516). He was the fourth king of the Trastámara dynasty, which had first come to power after the Compromise of Caspe, reached after Martin I died with no living descendants in 1410. Although in terms of artistic patronage Ferdinand II was not as active as his wife Elisabeth I, he was still aware that the wise use of artistic commissions in reinforcing ideas and concepts favourable to the institution of the monarchy. He is a highly important figure in the history of Spain because, along with Elisabeth, he was one of the Catholic Monarchs and thus represents a new conception of power based on their joint governance, a fact that is reflected in the iconography found in his artistic commissions across all genres. All of the images are evidence of how King Ferdinand, at the end of the Middle Ages, wanted to be recognised by his subjects, who also used his image for legitimising and propagandistic purposes. Nobody else in the history of the Hispanic kingdoms had their image represented so many times and on such diverse occasions as did the Catholic Monarchs.
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https://thenewhistoria.org/schema/catherine-of-aragon/
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Catherine of Aragon
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The New Historia
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The New Historia
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https://historia.3.nftest.nl/schema/catherine-of-aragon/
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Date and place of birth
January 15th, 1485 in Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
Date and place of death
January 7th, 1536 in Kimbolton, England.
Family
Together Isabel and Ferdinand united nearly all of modern Spain under their rule and had considerable territories in the Mediterranean, Italy, and the New World.
Mother: Her mother, Isabel of Castile (1451-1504), queen of Castile in her own right, was the daughter of Juan II of Castile and Isabel of Portugal.
Father: Catherine’s father, Ferdinand of Aragon II (1452-1516), king of Aragón, was the son of Juan II of Aragón and Juana Enriquez.
Marriage and Family Life
Catherine had one brother and three sisters. She was raised in her mother’s household alongside Maria (1482-1517), her closest sibling, until Maria left for an arranged marriage in 1500. All of Catherine’s siblings made marriages in furtherance of their parents’ diplomatic aims, and their descendants were important connections for Catherine. Her sisters Isabel (1470-1498) and Maria both married kings of Portugal. Isabel died young, but Maria was an active Portuguese queen consort to Manuel I and mother of his successor, John III. Juana (1479-1555), married in 1496 Philip of Burgundy, Habsburg heir to both the Holy Roman Emperor and through his mother, Mary of Burgundy, the wealthy and powerful Duchy of Burgundy. Catherine’s only brother, Juan (1478-1497), married Philip’s sister Marguerite of Austria, but died a few months after their marriage, in 1497.
Catherine was betrothed from the age of three to Arthur Tudor, heir to the English throne. Her wedding to Arthur in 1501 was celebrated in London with the most elaborate civic pageants and royal ceremony of the reign of Henry VII. Arthur’s death mere months into their marriage was an unexpected tragedy, and resulted in Catherine’s betrothal and eventual marriage to Arthur’s brother, the future Henry VIII, in 1509. There was some uncertainty as to whether Arthur and Catherine had consummated their marriage (Catherine’s nurse declared they had not), which would later become a matter of contention when Henry VIII sought to divorce Catherine.
Most accounts agree that Catherine and Henry had a successful, and at times loving royal marriage. They conceived at least six times, but only one child, the future Mary I of England (1516-1553), survived to adulthood. The lack of a male heir spurred Henry to seek a divorce from Catherine in the late 1520s in order to marry Anne Boleyn (c.1500-1533).
Education
Catherine’s mother oversaw her education, and Catherine and her sisters were known throughout Europe for their humanistic education, especially their knowledge of Latin. This education also included lessons in music, dance, weaving, and sewing, as well as religious instruction, languages, history, and literature. Later in life, Catherine gained recognition from humanist luminaries such as Desiderius Erasmus and Sir Thomas More for her Latinity and wisdom. As queen, Catherine was concerned with the state of learning in England, visiting and supporting colleges at Oxford and Cambridge. She also patronized works on the education of women.
Religion
Catherine was devoutly Catholic, and like her parents particularly devoted to the Order of the Observant Franciscans. Like other royal women, much of her faith was performed in public, through attendance at mass, pilgrimages, and almsgiving. She had a number of chaplains serving her, including a Spanish confessor. Although a loyal daughter of the Church, she could be critical of churchmen she perceived as corrupt, especially if they were also her political opponents, such as Cardinal Thomas Wolsey.
Transformation(s)
After Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn, Catherine was demoted to her former title as dowager Princess of Wales and forced to live in increasingly isolated royal manors. She was prevented from seeing her daughter Mary, who was now declared illegitimate. Catherine continued to maintain that she was England’s rightful queen until her death, although she refused to flee England or sanction any armed rebellion against her husband. She died in the company of her Spanish lady-in-waiting and dear friend Maria de Salinas Lady Willoughby, and was buried as the dowager Princess of Wales in Peterborough Cathedral.
Works/Agency
As queen of England, Catherine of Aragon had a significant domestic and international profile. She headed her own large household of English and Spanish servants and arranged for the marriages of her Spanish and English ladies-in-waiting. As queen consort, Catherine also oversaw the administration of her own dower lands, worth approximately £4,000, on a par with the kingdom’s wealthiest magnates. These lands provided her income to fund her household and with positions and resources to distribute as patronage. She independently governed her own estates, assisted by a council of administrators and advisors, which would also act as a court in disputes between her tenants and officials.
In the early years of her reign, she acted as a representative for her father at the English court, becoming Europe’s first female accredited ambassador in 1507. Sensing her husband’s martial enthusiasm, she urged him to go to war with France, Spain’s enemy. When Henry VIII invaded France in 1513, he put her in charge of home governance and defense, naming her Queen Regent. When James IV of Scotland invaded the north of England, Catherine sent an army north to meet him under the command of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. This campaign culminated in the most significant military victory of Henry’s reign, at the Battle of Flodden Field, which resulted in the death of James IV. Ambassadors across Europe quipped that while Henry had only captured a French duke, Catherine had slain a king. Later, her political influence at court lessened as Henry turned to his former almoner Thomas Wolsey as his chief minister.
Catherine continued to be important in royal affairs, presiding over tournaments, banquets, and court spectacles, the most famous of which was the Anglo-French peace summit, the Field of Cloth of Gold, in 1520. During the latter decade of her reign, Catherine was much preoccupied with preparing her only daughter Mary to rule. This fit with her general interest in promoting education in England, and she became a patron of works on the education of women, including De institutione feminae Christianae (The Education of a Christian Woman), by Juan Luis Vives. Clearly meant for a wide audience, the work became an international bestseller and was translated into many languages. Catherine herself commissioned an English translation. Catherine personally had a hand in Mary’s early Latin education, and her daughter’s household was staffed by many of Catherine’s closest friends or their families.
Reputation
Before Henry VIII’s attempt to end their marriage, Catherine seems to have been an uncontroversial and personally popular queen. During the divorce crisis, there is some evidence that she remained personally popular, especially amongst the women of England.
Catherine’s actions in the face of personal adversity show her to be a deeply conventional elite woman who nevertheless had a strong sense of her own honor and dignity. As a young widow in England, after her first marriage, she sought to take charge of her own destiny by joining the diplomatic negotiations between England and Spain, negotiations that would determine her future. Later as an experienced queen consort, she refused to acquiesce to her husband’s demands for an annulment, in spite of mounting political and religious pressures. During both of these crises, Catherine adhered to the social expectations of her gender, casting herself as a loyal daughter, wife, and mother. Nevertheless, she did not feel that her obedience to her husband permitted him to overrule her conscience in the matter of their marriage.
Legacy and Influence
Catherine’s personal legacy and influence primarily survived through her daughter, Mary I, England’s first queen regnant. By educating her daughter to rule and instilling in her loyalties to the Catholic Church and Spain, Catherine shaped her daughter’s reign as England’s first queen regnant. Mary’s reign itself was primarily a failure, as she was unable to return England permanently to Catholicism, but most scholars agree that without Mary’s successful accession to the throne in 1553, it is unlikely that her half-sister, the future Elizabeth I, would have become queen in her own right. Particularly, Catherine’s insistence that her daughter could rule in her own right helped to pave the way for both Mary and Elizabeth to rule.
Catherine of Aragon’s other legacy is, albeit unintentional, the English Reformation. Her decision to oppose her husband’s efforts to annul their marriage ultimately forced Henry down the path to Reformation. Scholars have debated Henry’s personal beliefs and attitude towards Protestantism before the divorce, but ultimately there is little evidence that the king would have sanctioned such a radical break if he had gotten the divorce he wanted from the Vatican. Henry was unable to do so because Catherine and her dynastic connections were able to pressure the pope into delaying and ultimately denying Henry’s request for an annulment. Had Catherine acquiesced to Henry’s demands (especially before the case was appealed to Rome), in all likelihood England’s religious landscape would have been drastically different.
Controversy
Catherine’s historical significance cannot be discussed without reference to her opposition to her husband’s efforts to declare their marriage invalid and obtain an annulment. Starting in 1527, Henry VIII began questioning the validity of his marriage to Catherine, because scripture specifically forbade a man from marrying his brother’s widow. Catherine and Henry had married after receiving a papal dispensation for their union, effectively negating the scriptural prohibition. Worried about his lack of a male heir, Henry expressed doubts that the pope had the power to sanction their marriage. Catherine always maintained that her first marriage to Arthur had never been consummated, and thus she believed that Henry VIII’s concerns about the pope’s ability to sanction their union were groundless. After becoming infatuated with one of Catherine’s ladies, Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII gradually sought more extreme solutions to his dynastic problems. Catherine relied on her English supporters and her nephew Charles V’s influence in Rome to block Henry’s efforts, and she passionately defended her marriage and her daughter’s legitimacy in public at Blackfriars in 1529. Catherine’s campaign was so successful that she thwarted Henry for nearly six years. Frustrated by his wife’s superior support abroad, Henry had to break away from the Catholic Church and declare himself head of the English Church in order to get the annulment he wanted, ushering in the English Reformation. In 1533, Henry had their marriage declared invalid and married Anne Boleyn.
New and unfolding information and/or interpretations
Catherine’s posthumous historical reputation was often determined by the author’s religious affiliation, though it was often difficult for Protestants to defend Henry’s actions on a personal level. For Catholic historians, Catherine became a virtuous Catholic martyr, while partisan Protestants regarded her as a woman whose marriage to Henry VIII had never been valid and whose daughter was a bastard. However, by the late seventeenth century, Catherine’s reputation had begun to solidify around the themes of dutiful wife, pious Catholic, and wronged woman. In the nineteenth century, Catherine’s reputation as a politically able wife and mother began to take shape and modern scholarship and biographies have continued to acknowledge her political acumen. However, popular culture persists in casting her as a devout, dull older woman opposite a young, vivacious (and often ruthless) Anne Boleyn.
The definitive modern account of Catherine’s life is the masterful biography written by Garrett Mattingly in 1941. In recent years, with the growth of queenship studies, Catherine of Aragon has begun to receive sustained attention by scholars of sixteenth-century Britain and Spain, although much of this work is still in its nascent stages. Continued interest in this internationally important figure will certainly produce important studies in years to come.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516)
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https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15744
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Ferdinand II king of Aragon (1479–1516). He was the fourth king of the Trastámara dynasty, which had first come to power after the Compromise of Caspe, reached after Martin I died with no living descendants in 1410. Although in terms of artistic patronage Ferdinand II was not as active as his wife Elisabeth I, he was still aware that the wise use of artistic commissions in reinforcing ideas and concepts favourable to the institution of the monarchy. He is a highly important figure in the history of Spain because, along with Elisabeth, he was one of the Catholic Monarchs and thus represents a new conception of power based on their joint governance, a fact that is reflected in the iconography found in his artistic commissions across all genres. All of the images are evidence of how King Ferdinand, at the end of the Middle Ages, wanted to be recognised by his subjects, who also used his image for legitimising and propagandistic purposes. Nobody else in the history of the Hispanic kingdoms had their image represented so many times and on such diverse occasions as did the Catholic Monarchs.
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https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/history/show/37986
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Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516)
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https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15744
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Ferdinand II king of Aragon (1479–1516). He was the fourth king of the Trastámara dynasty, which had first come to power after the Compromise of Caspe, reached after Martin I died with no living descendants in 1410. Although in terms of artistic patronage Ferdinand II was not as active as his wife Elisabeth I, he was still aware that the wise use of artistic commissions in reinforcing ideas and concepts favourable to the institution of the monarchy. He is a highly important figure in the history of Spain because, along with Elisabeth, he was one of the Catholic Monarchs and thus represents a new conception of power based on their joint governance, a fact that is reflected in the iconography found in his artistic commissions across all genres. All of the images are evidence of how King Ferdinand, at the end of the Middle Ages, wanted to be recognised by his subjects, who also used his image for legitimising and propagandistic purposes. Nobody else in the history of the Hispanic kingdoms had their image represented so many times and on such diverse occasions as did the Catholic Monarchs.
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https://www.iheart.com/podcast/105-stuff-you-missed-in-histor-21124503/episode/why-was-juana-called-la-loca-30207984/
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Why was Juana called "la Loca"? Part 1 - Stuff You Missed in History Class
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<p>Juana of Castile has gone down in history as 'Juana la Loca.' But Juana's mental state was likely not as bad as it seemed. Was she instead the victim of conniving relatives? In this episode, we discuss Juana's youth, her marriage and more.</p><p> </p> Learn more about your ad-choices at <a href='https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com'>https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com</a><p>See <a href='https://omnystudio.com/listener'>omnystudio.com/listener</a> for privacy information.</p>
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Juana of Castile has gone down in history as "Juana la Loca." But Juana's mental state was likely not as bad as it seemed. Was she instead the victim of conniving relatives? In this episode, we discuss Juana's youth, her marriage and more.
Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com
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https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/navarre
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Navarre
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Navarre.— The territory formerly known as Navarre now belongs to two nations, Spain and France, according as it lies south or north of the Western Pyrenees. Spa...
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https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/navarre
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Navarre.— The territory formerly known as Navarre now belongs to two nations, Spain and France, according as it lies south or north of the Western Pyrenees. Spanish Navarre is bounded on the north by French Navarre, on the northeast by the Province of Huesca, on the east and southeast by the Province of Saragossa, on the south by the province of Logroño, and on the west by the Basque Provinces of Guipuzcoa and Alava. It lies partly in the mountainous region of the Pyrenees and partly on the banks of the Ebro; in the mountains dwell the Basques; in the south, the Spaniards. It is made up of 269 communes in the five districts of Pamplona, Aoiz, Estella, Tafalla, and Tudela, Pamplona being the capital. French or Lower, Navarre (Basse-Navarre) belongs to the Department of Basses-Pyrenées, and forms the western part of the Arrondissement of Mauléon and the Cantons of Hasparren and Labastide-Clairence in the Arrondissement of Bayonne. It borders on Beam to the north, on Soule to the east, on the Pyrenees to the south and southwest, on Labord to the west and northwest, and extends over the districts of Arberoue, Mixe, Ostabarés, Ossés, Baigorry, Cize. The principal city, Donajouna, or St.-Jean-Pied-de-Port, stands on the River Nive, in the Arrondissement of Mauléon. HISTORY.—The history of the two divisions of the country is identical until the year 1512, when Spanish Navarre was conquered by Ferdinand the Catholic, the northern part remaining French. Little is known of the earliest history of the country, but it is certain that neither the Romans nor the Visigoths nor the Arabs ever succeeded in permanently subjugating the inhabitants of the Western Pyrenees, who had always retained their own language. The capture of Pamplona by Charlemagne in 778 was not a lasting victory: in the same year the Basques and Navarrese defeated him at the Pass of Roncesvalles. In 806 and 812, Pamplona seems to have been again taken by the Franks. When, however, the Frankish emperors, on account of difficulties at home, were no longer able to give their attention to the outlying borderlands of their empire, the country, little by little, entirely withdrew from their allegiance, and about this time began the formation of a dynasty which soon became very powerful. The first King of Pamplona of this dynasty was Eneco Arista (839), his elder brother, García Semen, having received as a dukedom Vasconia, the original Navarre. After the death of Eneco Arista (852), the two territories were united and Semen Garcia, the eldest son of the Count of Alavaris, was chosen king. In 860, the united Pamplonese and Navarrese gave the Crown to the son of Arista, Garcia II Eneco, who zealously defended his country against the encroachments of Islam, but was killed at Aybar (882) in a battle against the Emir of Cordova. He was succeeded by his eldest son Fortun García, who was held a prisoner for fifteen years by the infidels, and who, after a reign of twenty-two years, became a monk at Leyra, the oldest convent in Navarre, to which no less than seventy-two other convents were subject. The choice of the Navarrese now fell upon his son Sancho Garcia I, surnamed Abarca (905-925), who fought against the Moors with repeated success and joined Ultra-Puertos, or Basse-Navarre, to his own dominions, extending its territory as far as Najera. As a thank-offering for his victories, he founded, in 924, the convent of Albelda. Before his death, all Moors had been driven from the country. His successor, García Sanchez (925-70), surnamed El Temblón (the Trembler), who had the support of his energetic and diplomatic mother Teuda, likewise engaged in a number of conflicts with the Moors. Under the sway of his son, Sancho el Mayor (the Great—970-1033), the country attained the greatest prosperity in its history. He seized the country of the Pisuerga and the Céa, which belonged to the Kingdom of Leon, conquered Castile, and ruled from the boundaries of Galicia to those of Barcelona. At his death, he unfortunately divided his possessions among his four sons, so that the eldest, García, received Navarre, Guipuzcoa, Vizcaya, and small portions of Béarn and Bigorre; Castile and the lands between the Pisuerga and the Céa went to Fernando; to Gonzalo were given Sobrarbe and Ribagorza; the Countship of Aragon was allotted to the youngest son Ramiro. The country was never again united: Castile was permanently joined to Leon, Aragon enlarged its territory, annexing Catalonia, while Navarre could no longer extend its dominions, and became in a measure dependent upon its powerful neighbors. Garcia III (1035-54) was succeeded by Sancho III (1054-76), who was murdered by his brothers. In this period of independence the ecclesiastical affairs of the country reached a high state of development. Sancho the Great was brought up at Leyra, which was also for a short time the capital of the Diocese of Pamplona. Beside this see, there existed the Bishopric of Oca, which was united in 1079 to that of Burgos. In 1035 Sancho the Great reestablished the See of Palencia, which had been laid waste at the time of the Moorish invasion. When, in 1045, the city of Calahorra was wrested from the Moors, under whose dominion it had been for more than three hundred years, a see was also founded here, which in the same year absorbed that of Najera and, in 1088, that of Alaba, the jurisdiction of which covered about the same ground as that of the present diocese of Vitoria. To Sancho the Great, also, the See of Pamplona owed its reestablishment, the king having, for this purpose, convoked a synod at Leyra in 1022 and one at Pamplona in 1023. These synods likewise instituted a reform of ecclesiastical life with the above-named convent as a center. After the murder of Sancho III (1076), Alfonso VI, King of Castile, and Sancho Ramirez of Aragon, ruled jointly in Navarre; the towns south of the Ebro together with the Basque Provinces fell to Castile, the remainder to Aragon, which retained them until 1134. Sancho Ramirez (1076-94) and his son Pedro Sanchez (1094 1104) conquered Huesca; Alfonso el Batallador (the Fighter—1104-1134), brother of Pedro Sanchez, secured for the country its greatest territorial expansion. He wrested Tudela from the Moors (1114), reconquered the entire country of Bureba, which had been lost to Navarre in 1042, and advanced into the Province of Burgos; in addition, Roja, Najera, Logroño, Calahorra, and Alfaro were subject to him, and, for a short time, Bayonne, while his ships-of-war lay in the harbor of Guipuzcoa. As he died without issue (1134), Navarre and Aragon separated. In Aragon, Alfonso’s brother Ramiro became king; in Navarre, Garcia Ramirez, a grandson of Sancho the Great, who was obliged to surrender Rioja to Castile in 1136, and Taragona to Aragon in 1157, and to declare himself a vassal of King Alfonso VII of Castile. He was utterly incompetent, and at various times was dependent upon the revenues of churches and convents. His son, Sancho García el Sabio (the Wise—1150-94), a patron of learning, as well as an accomplished statesman, fortified Navarre within and without, gave charters (fueros) to a number of towns, and was never defeated in battle. The reign of his successor, the last king of the race of Sancho the Great (1194-1234), Sancho el Fuerte (the Strong), was more troubled. He appropriated the revenues of churches and convents, granting them instead important privileges; in 1198 he presented to the See of Pamplona his palaces and possessions in that city, this gift being confirmed by Pope Innocent III on January 29, 1199. While he was absent in Africa, whither he had been induced to go on an adventurous expedition, the Kings of Castile and Aragon invaded Navarre, and as a consequence, the Provinces of Alava and Guipuzcoa were lost to him. The greatest glory of Sancho el Fuerte was the part he took in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), where, through his valor, the victory of the Christians over the Calif En-Nasir was made decisive. When in 1234 he died in retirement (el Encerrado), the Navarrese chose to succeed him Thibault de Champagne, son of Sancho’s sister Blanca, who, from 1234 to 1253, made of his Court a center where the poetry of the Troubadours was welcomed and fostered, and whose reign was peaceful. His son, Theobald II (1253-70), married Isabel, the second daughter of St. Louis of France, and accompanied the saint upon his crusade to Tunis. On the homeward journey, he died at Trapani in Sicily, and was succeeded by his brother, Henry I, who had already assumed the reins of government during his absence, but reigned only three years (1271-74). His daughter Juana not yet being of age, the country was once more invaded from all sides, and the queen mother, Blanca, sought refuge with her daughter at the court of Philip the Bold of France, whose son, Philip the Fair, had already married Juana in 1284. In 1276, at the time of the negotiations for this marriage, Navarre passed under French dominion, and, until 1328, was subject to Kings Philip the Fair (d. 1314), Louis X Hutin (1314-16), his brother, Philip the Tall (1316-22), and Charles the Fair (1322-28). As Charles died without male issue, and Philip of Valois became King of France, the Navarrese declared themselves independent and called to the throne Joanna II, daughter of Louis Hutin, and her husband Philip of Evreux (1328-1343), surnamed the Wise. Joanna waived all claim to the throne of France and accepted for the counties of Champagne and Brie those of Angoulème, Longueville, and Mortain.
Philip devoted himself to the improvement of the laws of the country, and joined King Alfonso XI of Castile in battle against the Moors (1343). After the death of his mother (1349), Charles II assumed the reins of government (1349-87) and, on account of his deceit and cruelty received the surname of the Wicked. His eldest son, on the other hand, Charles III, surnamed the Noble, gave the land once more a peaceful and happy government (1387-1425), exerted his strength to the utmost to lift the country from its degenerate condition, reformed the government, built canals, and made navigable the tributaries of the Ebro flowing through Navarre. As he outlived his sons, he was succeeded by his daughter Blanca (1425-42) and her husband John II (1429-79), son of Ferdinand I of Aragon. As John II ruled Aragon in the name of his brother, Alfonso V, he left his son, Don Carlos (Charles), in Navarre, only with the rank of governor, whereas Blanca had designed that Charles should be king. In 1450, John II himself repaired to Navarre, and, urged on by his ambitious second wife; Juana Enriquez of Castile endeavored to obtain the succession for their son Fernando (1452). As a result a violent civil war broke out, in which the powerful family of the Agramontes supported the king and queen, and that of the Beaumonts, called after their leader, the chancellor, John of Beaumont, espoused the cause of Charles; the highlands were on the side of the prince, the plains on that of the king. The unhappy prince was defeated by his father at Aybar, in 1451, and held a prisoner for two years, during which he wrote his famous Chronicle of Navarre, the source of our present knowledge of this subject. After his release, he sought in vain the assistance of King Charles VII of France and of his uncle Alfonso V of Naples; in 1460 he was again imprisoned at the instigation of his step-mother, but the Catalonians rose in revolt at this injustice, and he was again liberated and named governor of Catalonia. He died in 1461, without having been able to reconquer his kingdom; he named as his heir his sister Blanca, who was, however, immediately imprisoned by John II, and died in 1464. Her claim descended to her sister Leonor, Countess of Foix and Béarn, and, after her death and that of John II, which occurred almost simultaneously, to her grandson, Francis Phoebus (1479-83). His daughter Catharine, who, as a minor, remained under the guardianship of her mother, Madeleine of France, was sought by Ferdinand the Catholic as a bride for his eldest son; but she gave her hand (1494) to the French Count of Perigord, Jean d’Albret, a man of vast possessions. Nevertheless, Ferdinand the Catholic did not relinquish his long-cherished designs on Navarre. As Navarre refused to join the Holy League against France, declared itself neutral, and would have prevented the passage through the country of Ferdinand’s troops, the latter sent his general Don Fabrique de Toledo to invade Navarre in 1512. Jean d’Albret fled, and Pamplona, Estella, Olita, Sanguessa, and Tudela were taken. As the royal House of Navarre and all opponents of the Holy League were under the ban of the Church, the Navarrese declared for Ferdinand, who took possession of the kingdom on June 15, 1515. Lower Navarre—the part of the country lying north of the Pyrenees—he generously left to his enemies. Lower, or French, Navarre, received from Henry, the son of Jean d’Albret, a representative assembly, the clergy being represented by the Bishops of Bayonne and Dax, their vicars-general, the parish priest of St-Jean-Pied-de-Port, and the priors of Saint-Palais, d’Utziat and Haramples. When, in 1589, its administration was united with that of France, it was still called a kingdom. After Henry IV, the kings of France bore also the title King of Navarre. The Basque language is still spoken in most of the provinces.
OTTO HARTIG
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joan-queen-of-Castile-and-Aragon
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Joan | Catholic Queen, Iberian Union, Ferdinand II
|
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1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00
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Joan was the queen of Castile (from 1504) and of Aragon (from 1516), though power was exercised for her by her husband, Philip I, her father, Ferdinand II, and her son, the emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain). Joan was the third child of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and
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/favicon.png
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joan-queen-of-Castile-and-Aragon
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Joan (born Nov. 6, 1479, Toledo, Castile [Spain]—died April 11, 1555, Tordesillas, Spain) was the queen of Castile (from 1504) and of Aragon (from 1516), though power was exercised for her by her husband, Philip I, her father, Ferdinand II, and her son, the emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain).
Joan was the third child of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and became heiress in 1500 on the death of her brother and elder sister. She had married Philip of Burgundy, son of the emperor Maximilian, as part of Ferdinand’s policy of securing allies against France. They had two sons, Charles, born in 1500, who succeeded as emperor and king of Spain, and Ferdinand, his lieutenant and successor as emperor, and four daughters, all of whom became queens—Eleanor, who married Manuel I of Portugal and then Francis I of France; Elizabeth, who married Christian II of Denmark; Maria, who married Louis II of Hungary; and Catherine, who married John III of Portugal.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/catherine-of-aragon-facts-3528153
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Catherine of Aragon Facts: Henry VIII's First Queen
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2011-10-03T17:17:51-04:00
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Find the basics about Catherine of Aragon, first wife of King Henry VIII: her heritage, marriages, children and links to her full biography.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
ThoughtCo
|
https://www.thoughtco.com/catherine-of-aragon-facts-3528153
|
Catherine of Aragon
Known for: first queen consort of Henry VIII; mother of Mary I of England; Catherine's refusal to be put aside for a new queen—and the Pope's support of her position—led to Henry's separating the Church of England from the Church of Rome
Occupation: queen consort of Henry VIII of England
Born: December 16, 1485 in Madrid
Died: January 7, 1536 at Kimbolton Castle. She was buried in Peterborough Abbey (later became known as Peterborough Cathedral) on January 29, 1536. Neither her former husband, Henry VIII, nor her daughter, Mary, attended the funeral.
Queen of England: from June 11, 1509
Coronation: June 24, 1509
Also known as: Katherine, Katharine, Katherina, Katharina, Kateryn, Catalina, Infanta Catalina de Aragón y Castilla, Infanta Catalina de Trastámara y Trastámara, Princess of Wales, Duchess of Cornwall, Countess of Chester, Queen of England, Dowager Princess of Wales
Background, Family of Catherine of Aragon
Both of Catherine's parents were part of the Trastámara dynasty.
Mother: Isabella I of Castile (1451–1504)
Father: Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516)
Maternal grandmother: Isabella of Portugal (1428–1496)
Maternal grandfather: John (Juan) of Castile (1405–1454)
Paternal grandmother: Juana Enriquez, a member of the Castilian nobility (1425 - 1468), second wife of Juan II, and a great-great-granddaughter of Alfonso XI of Castile
Paternal grandfather: John (Juan) II of Aragon, also known as Juan the Great and Juan the Faithless (1398–1479)
Siblings:
Isabella, Queen of Portugal (1470–1498; married to Afonso, Prince of Portugal, then Manuel I of Portugal)
John, Prince of Asturias (1478–1497; married to Margaret of Austria)
Joanna of Castile (Juana the Mad) (1479–1555; married to Philip, Duke of Burgundy, later titled Philip I of Castile; six children included Holy Roman Emperors Charles V and Ferdinand I; Charles V played a key role in the struggle over Catherine's annulment and Charles' son, Philip II of Spain, eventually married Catherine of Aragon's daughter, Mary I)
Maria, Queen of Portugal (1482–1517; married to Manuel I of Portugal, widower of her sister Isabella; her daughter Isabella married Joanna's son Charles V and was the mother of Philip II of Spain, who married four times, including Catherine of Aragon's daughter, Mary I)
Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536) was the youngest of the siblings
Marriage, Children
husband: Arthur, Prince of Wales (betrothed in 1489, married 1501; Arthur died 1502)
no children; Catherine asserted consistently at the end of her marriage that the marriage had not been consummated
husband: Henry VIII of England (married 1509; annulled by Church of England in 1533, with Archbishop Cranmer approving the nullification of the marriage)
children: Catherine was pregnant six times during her marriage to Henry VIII:
January 31, 1510: daughter, stillborn
January 1, 1511: son, Henry, lived 52 days
September or October 1513: son, stillborn
November 1514 - February 1515: son, Henry, stillborn or died shortly after birth
February 18, 1516: daughter, Mary, the only one of her children to survive infancy. She ruled as Mary I.
November 9-10, 1518: daughter, stillborn or died shortly after birth
Physical Description
Often in fiction or depictions of history, Catherine of Aragon is depicted with dark hair and brown eyes, presumably because she was Spanish. But in life, Catherine of Aragon had red hair and blue eyes.
Ambassador
After Arthur's death and before her marriage to Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon served as ambassador to the English court, representing the Spanish court, thereby becoming the first woman to be a European ambassador.
Regent
Catherine of Aragon served as regent for her husband, Henry VIII, for six months when he was in France in 1513. During that time, the English won the Battle of Flodden, with Catherine taking an active role in the planning.
Catherine of Aragon Biography
Catherine of Aragon: Early Life and First Marriage
Catherine of Aragon: Marriage to Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon: The King's Great Matter
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Lewis, Jone Johnson. "Facts About Catherine of Aragon." ThoughtCo, Apr. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/catherine-of-aragon-facts-3528153. Lewis, Jone Johnson. (2023, April 5). Facts About Catherine of Aragon. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/catherine-of-aragon-facts-3528153 Lewis, Jone Johnson. "Facts About Catherine of Aragon." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/catherine-of-aragon-facts-3528153 (accessed August 21, 2024).
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Relacion de las cosas de Navarra desde el Rey Don Carlos de Navarra
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[between 1575 and 1600]
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/assets/favicon-8fc507a7c6514a5419ea23bd656bf6a2ba0397ca9ff5cda749ef5b7d0e54cfec.ico
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https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/9998916
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Manuscript on paper of a chronicle of the Kingdom of Navarre from the death in 1425 of Charles III, King of Navarre, through circa 1513, with the conquest of Navarre by Spain
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Catherine of Aragón’s 9 Siblings Ranked Oldest To Youngest
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2023-01-14T05:03:00+00:00
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Discover the Catherine of Aragón’s 9 Siblings Ranked Oldest To Youngest here. Prepare to be transported into a rich & fascinating history on the that exist.
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Oldest.org
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https://www.oldest.org/people/catherine-of-aragons-siblings/
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Catherine of Aragón is one of the world’s most famous female historical figures. She served as Queen of England and was the first wife of King Henry VIII.
Catherine was born to Ferdinand II of Aragón and Isabella I of Castile and grew up in Spain with her many siblings. She had, in fact, a total of nine sisters and brothers, both illegitimate and not.
If you would like to know more about them, keep reading. Below, you will find a list of Catherine of Aragón’s siblings ranked oldest to youngest.
10. Alonso de Estrada (1470 – February 16, 1530)
Alonso de Estrada was Cathrine’s oldest brother. He was born in 1470 and was believed to be one of Ferdinand II of Aragón’s illegitimate sons.
He served as a colonial official in New Spain, a territory corresponding to today’s Mexico, the Western and Southwestern US, the Caribbean, some parts of South America, and a few territories in the Pacific Ocean archipelagos.
Alonso was one of the members of the triumvirates that governed the colony for short periods between 1524 and 1528.
Did You Know?
Alonso was married to Marina Gutiérrez de la Caballería.
9. Isabella of Aragón (October 2, 1470 – August 23, 1498)
photo source: commons.wikimedia.org
Isabella of Aragón was Catherine’s oldest sister, born in 1470. She was the first daughter of Ferdinand II, King of Aragón, and Isabella I, Queen of Castile.
The first years of Isabella’s life were embroiled in a war of succession. Because of this, her parents had to abandon her to fight the Portuguese. During this period, Isabella was in Segovia, which, following the monarchs’ departure, was governed by Andrés de Cabrera and his wife, Beatriz de Bobadilla.
Locals, however, did not like this change and organized an uprising during which Isabel, who at the time was only seven years old, was trapped in a tower until her mother’s return.
The succession war ended with the Treaty of Alcáçovas, which stated that Isabella would marry Afonso V’s grandson, who was five years younger than his soon-to-be wife.
Isabella spent the rest of her childhood accompanying her parents in several campaigns aimed at conquering the Muslim states in southern Spain.
Isabella married her first husband in 1490 and soon fell in love with him. However, the wedding ended up being short as the following year, Afonso was killed in a riding accident. Isabella soon convinced herself that her husband had died because of God’s punishment.
She, in fact, believed that this was God’s reaction caused by the decision to welcome the Jewish expelled from Spain to Portugal. After her husband’s death, Isabella was heartbroken and declared she would never marry again.
Despite this, a few years later, in 1497, she was forced to marry King Manuel I but did so on one condition. That the king agreed to expel all the Jews who did not convert to Christianity.
Did You Know?
Isabella had only one son, Miguel da Paz. Unfortunately, she died one hour after giving birth.
8. Juana de Aragón (1471 – 1522)
Juana de Aragón was born in 1471 to Ferdinand II and one of his mistresses, Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany.
Unfortunately, not much is known about her except that she died in 1522 at the age of 51.
Did You Know?
Juana only gave birth to one son, Hugo I, Duke of Gandia.
7. John, Prince of Asturias (June 30, 1478 – October 4, 1497)
photo source: commons.wikimedia.org
John was Ferdinand II and Isabella I’s first son. He was born in 1478 and unfortunately died young, at 19 years old.
John was educated by a Dominican Fray, Diego Deza, who taught Theology at the University of Salamanca. However, later in his life, the queen asked the Italian humanist Peter Martyr d’Anghiera to continue teaching the young prince.
Besides his education, Isabella I was worried that young John did not have enough male kids to play and grow up with. For this reason, she invited the sons of aristocrats to live in the court. John was a talented musician and played the flute, violin, and clavichord. He also had a fine tenor voice and often sang with his sisters.
In 1497, John married Margaret of Austria, who was only 16 years old at the time. The two ended up having a deep love connection which unfortunately ended abruptly when in 1497, John died in Salamanca, probably due to tuberculosis.
Did You Know?
Isabella I often referred to John as ‘my angel’.
6. Alonso of Aragón (August 14, 1478 – February 24, 1520)
photo source: commons.wikimedia.org
Alonso of Aragón was born in 1478 to Ferdinand II of Aragon and a Catalan noblewoman known as Aldonza Ruiz de Ivorra. He served as Archbishop of Zaragoza and Valencia.
Despite being an archbishop, Alonso was more of a politician than a clergyman. He worked as both Lieutenant General of Aragón and Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of Naples.
Did You Know?
Alonso died in Lécera and was buried in La Seo Cathedral.
5. Joanna of Castile (November 6, 1479 – April 12, 1555)
photo source: commons.wikimedia.org
Joanna of Castile was born in 1479 and, from 1504 to 1555, served as the queen of Castille. In 1516 she was also crowned queen of Aragón.
Joanna married Philip the Handsome, the Archduke of Austria. Throughout her life, she had a total of six children.
Joanna also spent several years confined in the Royal Convent of Santa Clara in Tordesillas after being declared insane.
Did You Know?
Joanna of Castile was historically known as Joanna the mad.
4. Maria of Aragón (June 29, 1482 – March 7, 1517)
photo source: wikipedia.org
Maria of Aragón was born in 1482 to Ferdinand II and Isabella I. She served as Queen of Portugal from 1500 to 1517 after marrying King Manuel I after her sister Isabella’s death.
Did You Know?
Maria was almost continually pregnant in Portugal and gave birth to ten kids. This had a deteriorating effect on her health.
3. Catherine of Aragón (December 16, 1485 – January 7, 1536)
photo source: commons.wikimedia.org
Catherine of Aragón was born in 1485 to Ferdinand II and Isabella I. She served as Queen of England from 1509 to 1533 when her husband, King Henry VIII, decided to ask for an annulment of the wedding.
However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the annulment. Consequently, King Henry VIII decided to split from the Roman Catholic Church, giving origin to the Anglican Church.
The real reasons behind the King’s requests were that Catherine had failed to give him a male heir and his infatuation with Anne Boleyn.
Following her banishment from the court, Catherine moved to Kimbolton Castle, where she died of cancer in 1536. The British were particularly fond of her, and her death caused tremendous mourning.
Did You Know?
Despite her husband’s choice to separate from the Roman Church, Catherine remained a fervent Catholic.
2. Miguel Fernández Caballero de Granada (1495 – 1575)
Miguel Fernández Caballero de Granada was born in 1495 and was one of Ferdinand II’s illegitimate sons. He was educated by Pedro Fernández de Córdoba and worked as a librarian for Francisco I, King of France. He traveled through Europe, living in Italy, where he served as Nicholas Michavelli’s secretary, and in Hungary.
In the 1520s, Miguel moved back to Spain, where he married Ángela Enríquez de Córdoba.
1. John of Aragón, Prince of Girona (May 3, 1509 – May 3, 1509)
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Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León, Queen of Aragon
|
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2022-08-26T23:35:30+00:00
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by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2022 Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León was born on April 22, 1451, at the Royal Palace (later the Monastery of Our Lady of Grace) in the town of Madrigal …
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Unofficial Royalty
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https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/isabella-i-queen-of-castile-and-leon-queen-of-aragon/
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by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2022
Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León was born on April 22, 1451, at the Royal Palace (later the Monastery of Our Lady of Grace) in the town of Madrigal de las Altas Torres, then in the Kingdom of Castile and León, now in the Kingdom of Spain. Isabella (Isabel in Spanish) was the elder of the two children of Juan II, King of Castile and León and his second wife Isabel of Portugal. Isabella’s paternal grandparents were Enrique III, King of Castile and Catherine of Lancaster. Catherine of Lancaster was the daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster who was the son of King Edward III of England. Isabella had golden-red hair from her father’s descent from the English House of Plantagenet. Isabella’s maternal grandparents were Infante Juan of Portugal and Isabel de Barcelos of the House of Braganza.
The marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castile and León (reigned 1474 – 1504) and King Ferdinand II (Fernando in Spanish) of Aragon (reigned 1479 – 1516) led to the political unification of the Kingdom of Aragon and the Kingdom of Castile and León into the Kingdom of Spain under their grandson King Charles I (Carlos in Spanish), King of Spain who later also became Charles V, Holy Roman Empire. Isabella and Ferdinand will be used in this article because that is how they are generally known, especially in the United States.
Isabella had one brother who died when he was fourteen years old:
Alfonso of Castile, Prince of Asturias (1453 – 1468)
Isabella had four half-siblings from her father’s first marriage to his first cousin Maria of Aragon:
Catalina of Castile, Princess of Asturias (1422 – 1424), died in childhood, heiress presumptive from her birth until her death
Leonor of Castile, Princess of Asturias (1423 – 1425), died in childhood, heiress presumptive from the death of Catalina until the birth of her brother Enrique
King Enrique IV of Castile and León (1425 – 1474), married (1) Blanche of Navarre, no children, marriage annulled (2) Joana of Portugal, had one daughter whose paternity is in doubt, divorced
Infanta Maria of Castile (1428 – 1429), died in infancy
At the time of her birth, Isabella was second in line to the throne of Castile and León after her 26-year-old half-brother Enrique. Enrique’s first marriage was childless. Two years after her birth, Isabella’s brother Alfonso was born but he died when he was fourteen. Isabella and her half-brother Enrique were the only children of their father Juan II, King of Castile and León to survive childhood. Enrique’s second wife Joana of Portugal did give birth to a daughter but her paternity is in doubt. Enrique had no other children and was rumored to be impotent. The daughter of his wife was called popularly called Joanna la Beltraneja, referring to Beltrán de la Cueva, 1st Duke of Alburquerque, who was suspected of her father.
When Juan II, King of Castile and León died in 1454, his son succeeded him as Enrique IV, King of Castile and León. Isabella was only three years old when her father died. Although her father arranged for Isabella, her brother Alfonso, and their mother to be financially secure, Enrique IV did not always follow his father’s wishes. Initially, after her father’s death, Isabella, her brother, and their mother lived at the Castle of Arévalo, where Isabella, under the guidance of her mother, developed a deep reverence for the Catholic religion. In 1462, eleven-year-old Isabella and her brother Alfonso were summoned to court at the Alcázar of Segovia under the direct supervision of their half-brother Enrique IV. Alfonso was placed in the care of a tutor while Isabella became part of the Queen’s household and received a well-rounded education.
Enrique IV made several unsuccessful attempts to marry Isabella to grooms of his choice. His half-sister was resistant and a few of the intended grooms died. When Isabella reached the age of eighteen, she decided she wanted to choose her own husband. She chose Ferdinand of Aragon, the heir apparent of Juan II, King of Aragon and his second wife Juana Enriquez, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. Without her half-brother’s knowledge, Isabella contacted Ferdinand through Abraham Seneor, who would become her longtime advisor, and marriage arrangements were made.
Fearing that Enrique IV would disrupt the marriage plans, Isabella made the excuse of wanting to visit the burial place of her brother Alfonso in Ávila. She then traveled to Valladolid. Ferdinand disguised himself as a muleteer for some merchants and secretly traveled with a few companions to Valladolid. On October 19, 1469, Isabella and Ferdinand were married at the Palacio de los Vivero in Valladolid.
Through the marriages of their five children, Isabella and Ferdinand’s grandchildren were the monarchs or consorts of Bohemia and Hungary; Denmark, Sweden, and Norway; England; France, the Holy Roman Empire; Portugal; and Spain.
Isabella and Ferdinand had five children:
Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias from 1497–1498 (1470 – 1498), married (1) Prince Afonso of Portugal, no children (2) Prince Manuel, the future King Manuel I of Portugal, had one son Miguel da Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who died before his second birthday; Isabella died giving birth to Miguel
Juan of Aragon, Prince of Asturias (1478 – 1497), married Margaret of Austria, no children
Juana I, Queen of Castile, Queen of Aragon (1479 – 1555), married Philip of Austria (the Handsome), son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Mary, Duchess of Burgundy; had six children, all of whom were kings or queens consorts: Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Portugal and Queen of France; Holy Roman Emperor Charles V/King Carlos I of Spain; Isabella of Austria, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; Mary, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia; Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal
Maria of Aragon (1482 – 1517), married King Manuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella; had ten children including King João III of Portugal and Cardinal-King Henrique I of Portugal
Catalina (Catherine) of Aragon (1485 – 1536), married (1) Arthur, Prince of Wales, no children (2) Arthur’s younger brother King Henry VIII of England, had one surviving child Queen Mary I of England
When Enrique IV, King of Castile and León died in 1474, his half-sister succeeded him as Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León. Joanna la Beltraneja, the daughter of Enrique IV’s second wife, claimed the throne of Castile and León and was supported by some of the Castilian nobility and by Portugal, her mother’s birthplace. However, the Battle of Toro during the War of the Castilian Succession secured the throne of Castile and León for Isabella. According to the prenuptial agreement signed at the time of Isabella’s marriage to the future Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, the couple would share their power. Ferdinand became jure uxoris (by the right of his wife) King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her brother. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union.
The marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand created the de facto unification of Spain. They carefully considered the marriages of their children. Their only son and heir Juan, Prince of Asturias married a Habsburg princess, Margaret of Austria, establishing the connection to the Habsburgs. Their eldest child Isabella married King Manuel I of Portugal and another daughter Juana married a Habsburg prince, Philip of Austria (the Handsome), brother of Margaret of Austria. However, Isabella and Ferdinand’s plans for their two eldest children did not work out. Their only son Juan, Prince of Asturias, died shortly after his marriage. Their daughter Isabella died during the birth of her only child Miguel da Paz, who died shortly before his second birthday. Isabella and Ferdinand’s crowns ultimately passed to their third child Juana and their son-in-law Philip of Austria from the House of Habsburg. Juana and Philip’s son Carlos (also known as Charles) became the first King of a united Spain, and also Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, and Lord of the Netherlands.
Isabella and Ferdinand made successful dynastic matches for their two youngest daughters. The death of their eldest child Isabella necessitated her husband King Manuel I of Portugal to remarry, and Ferdinand and Isabella’s third daughter Maria became the second of his three wives. Maria gave birth to ten children including two Kings of Portugal. Ferdinand and Isabella’s youngest child Catherine (Catalina in Spanish) of Aragon, married Arthur, Prince of Wales, the eldest son and heir of King Henry VII of England. Arthur’s early death resulted in Catherine becoming the first of the six wives of his younger brother King Henry VIII of England. Although King Henry VIII was dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, their only surviving child Mary was a reigning Queen of England.
Isabella and Ferdinand’s support of Christopher Columbus in his search for the West Indies would result in the conquest of the discovered lands and the creation of the Spanish Empire. In 1478, Isabella and Ferdinand established the Spanish Inquisition to maintain the Roman Catholic religion in their kingdoms. The Spanish Inquisition was originally intended to identify heretics among those who had converted from Judaism and Islam to Catholicism. In 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand conquered the Islamic Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, in today’s southern Spain, and issued the Alhambra Decree which ordered the mass expulsion of Jews from Spain. Because of their defense of the Roman Catholic Church in Castile and León and Aragon, Isabella and Ferdinand were given the Latin title Rex Catholicissimus (Most Catholic King or Most Catholic Majesty) by Pope Alexander VI in 1494. Thereafter, they used the Spanish title Los Reyes Católicos, generally translated as “The Catholics Monarchs”. It is still a title maintained by the Spanish monarchy but neither King Juan Carlos I (reigned 1975 – 2014, abdicated in favor of his son), nor his son Felipe VI, the current King of Spain, have made use of the title, but they have not renounced it either.
Isabella’s health had been in decline since the death of her only son Juan, Prince of Asturias in 1497. In the fall of 1504, she became quite ill and officially withdrew from government affairs. On November 26, 1504, Isabella died at the age of 53 at the Royal Palace in Medina del Campo, Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile, now in Spain.
In her will, Isabella requested a simple burial at the Monastery of San Francisco in the Alhambra royal complex in Granada. She also further stated that she “wanted and commanded” that if Ferdinand “chooses to buried in any church or monastery of any other part or place of my kingdoms, that my body be moved there and buried together.” Isabella was first buried, in accordance with her wishes, at the Monastery of San Francisco in the Alhambra royal complex in Granada. Her remains were later transferred to the Royal Chapel of Granada which was built after her death.
Two years after Isabella’s death, Ferdinand married Germaine of Foix, the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor of Navarre and the niece of King Louis XII of France. Ferdinand and Germaine had one son Juan, Prince of Girona, who died shortly after his birth. Had he survived, the crown of Aragon would have been separated from the crown of Castile. Ferdinand survived Isabella by twelve years, dying at the age of 63 on January 23, 1516, and was buried next to his first wife Isabella at the Royal Chapel of Granada as Isabella requested.
This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.
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King Ferdinand II of Aragon
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Posts about King Ferdinand II of Aragon written by liamfoley63
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With King Pedro III of Aragon as King of Sicily, the Kingdom of Sicily, as well as the duchies of Athens and Neopatria, were finally implemented more firmly into the Crown of Aragon.
The Crown of Aragon was a Composite Monarchy ruled by one king. A Composite Monarchy is when a monarch rules several different states in personal union and not a political union. The Habsburg Monarchy before it was centralized into the Austrian Empire is an example of a Composite Monarchy.
The Crown of Aragon originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona and ended as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession. At the height of its power in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy controlling a large portion of present-day eastern Spain, parts of what is now southern France, and a Mediterranean empire which included the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, Southern Italy (from 1442) and parts of Greece (until 1388).
The Greek possessions were permanently lost to Nerio I Acciaioli in 1388 and Sicily was dissociated in the hands of King Martin I from 1395 to 1409, but the Kingdom of Naples was added finally in 1442 by the conquest led by King Alfonso V of Aragon.
The King’s possessions outside of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands were ruled by proxy through local elites as petty kingdoms, rather than subjected directly to a centralised government. They were more an economic part of the Crown of Aragon than a political one.
In 1410, King Martin I of Sicily died without living descendants or heirs. As a result, by the Pact of Caspe, Infante Fernando of Antequera from the Castilian dynasty of Trastámara, received the Crown of Aragon as King Fernando I of Aragon.
Later, in 1469, King Fernando I of Aragon’s grandson, King Fernando II of Aragon (also King of Sicily), married Infanta Isabella of Castile, half-sister of King Enrique IV of Castile. Infanta Isabella became Queen of Castile and León after Enrique IV’s death in 1474.
Their marriage was a dynastic union which became the constituent event for the dawn of the Kingdom of Spain. At that point both the Castile and the Crown of Aragon (including the Kingdom of Sicily) remained distinct territories, each keeping its own traditional institutions, parliaments and laws.
The process of territorial consolidation was completed when their grandson King Carlos I of Spain, known as Emperor Charles V, in 1516 united all the kingdoms on the Iberian peninsula, save the Kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarve, under one monarch—his co-monarch and mother Queen Joanna I in confinement—thereby furthering the creation of the Spanish state, albeit a decentralised.
The Kingdom of Sicily, as part of the Crown of Aragon, was also inherited by Carlos I of Spain when he inherited all of the Crowns of Castile, Léon and Aragon.
Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Fernando II of Aragon had seven children, five of whom survived to adulthood:
1. Infanta Isabella (1470–1498) married firstly to Afonso, Prince of Portugal, no issue. Married secondly to King Manuel I of Portugal, had Miguel da Paz, who died before his second birthday.
2. A son, miscarried on May 31, 1475 in Cebreros
3. Infante Juan (1478–1497), Prince of Asturias. Married Archduchess Margaret of Austria, no surviving issue.
4. Infanta Joanna (1479–1555), Queen of Castile. Married Archduke Philipp the Handsome, of Austria, Duke of Burgundy. had issue.
5. Infanta Maria (1482–1517), married King Manuel I of Portugal, her sister’s widower, had issue.
6. A daughter, stillborn twin sister of Infanta Maria. Born on July 1, 1482 at dawn.
7. Infanta Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536), married, first, Arthur, Prince of Wales, no issue; secondly, his younger brother, King Henry VIII of England, had Henry, Duke of Cornwall and Queen Mary I of England.
Emperor Charles V’s mother, Infanta Joanna of Castile, was the younger child of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Fernando II of Aragon, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and both were members of the House of Trastámara.
Infanta Joanna had a fair complexion, brown eyes and her hair colour was between strawberry-blonde and auburn, like her mother and her sister Infanta Catherine.
The heir to both kingdoms was Infante Juan, Prince of Asturias, the only son of King Fernando II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. He heir apparent to both their thrones for nearly his entire life.
He was briefly wed to Archduchess Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, and Duchess Mary of Burgundy. Archduchess Margaret was the sister of Archduke Philipp of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, who was married to Infanta Juan’s sister, Infanta Joanna of Castile.
Archduchess Margaret of Austria, aged 16, married Infante Juan on April 3, 1497 in Burgos Cathedral. It was a good marriage and Juan was devoted to Margaret. Infante Juan of Castile and Aragon, Prince of Asturias died on October 4, 1497 possibly from tuberculosis, but rumours circulated Juan had died of sexual over-exertion at age eighteen. Six months later, on April 2, 1498, the Princess of Asturias gave birth to their only child, a stillborn girl.
Consequences
Infante Juan’s death was followed closely by that of his sister Infanta Isabella in 1498, who was married to, as her second husband, King Manuel I of Portugal. Their Her only child, Infante Miguel de la Paz of Portugal, died in 1500.
In 1496, Infanta Joanna, at the age of sixteen, was betrothed to the eighteen year old Archduke Philipp of Austria, in the Low Countries. Archduke Philipp’s parents were Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, and his first wife, Duchess Mary of Burgundy. The marriage was one of a set of family alliances between the Habsburgs and the Trastámaras designed to strengthen both against growing French power.
Infanta Joanna entered a proxy marriage at the Palacio de los Vivero in the city of Valladolid, Castile, where her parents had secretly married in 1469. In August 1496 Infanta Joanna left from the port of Laredo in northern Castile on the Atlantic’s Bay of Biscay. Except for 1506, when she saw her younger sister Infanta Catherine, the then Dowager Princess of Wales, she would not see her siblings again.
The formal marriage took place on October 20, 1496 in Lier, north of present-day Brussels. Between 1498 and 1507, she gave birth to six children, two boys and four girls, all of whom grew up to be either emperors or queens.
With the death of her older brother, Infante Juan, Prince of Asturias, the claims to the Spanish Kingdoms passed to his younger sister Infanta Joanna, and her husband Archduke Philipp the Handsome of Austria, and had himself and Infanta Joanna declared as ‘Princes of Castile’ which her parents saw as disrespectful towards his deceased brother-in-law.
“King Alfonso XII of Castile”
The league of nobles controlling Infante Alfonso forced King Enrique IV with the 1464 Representation of Burgos to repudiate Infanta Joanna, Princess of Asturias due to her alleged illegitimacy and recognize Infante Alfonso of Castile, the King’s brother, as his official heir.
Infante Alfonso then became Prince of Asturias. Enrique agreed to the compromise with the stipulation that Infante Alfonso someday marry Joanna, (his half-niece), to ensure that they both would receive the crown.
Not long after this, King Enrique IV reneged on his promise and began to support his daughter’s claim once more. On June 5, 1465, the nobles in league against him conducted a ceremonial deposition-in-effigy of King Enrique IV outside the city of Avila and crowned Infante Alfonso as a rival king, Alfonso XII of Castile.
This event is known as the Farce of Ávila. Shortly thereafter, Alfonso began handing out land and titles as if he were already the uncontested ruler. A civil war began. The most notable clash was at the Second Battle of Olmedo in 1467, which concluded as a draw.
Death and burial
However, in 1468 at the age of only 14, Infante Alfonso suddenly died. The cause of death is not known, but it likely to have been an illness such as consumption or plague (although it is rumored that he had been deliberately poisoned or had his throat slit by his enemies).
Infanta Isabella of Castile was afraid of opposition to her marrying Infante Fernando of Aragon therefore Infanta Isabella eloped from the court of Enrique IV with the excuse of visiting her brother Alfonso’s tomb in Ávila.
Infante Ferdinand of Aragon, on the other hand, crossed Castile in secret disguised as a servant. They married immediately upon reuniting on October 19, 1469 in the Palacio de los Vivero in the city of Valladolid.
Infanta Isabella of Castile became Castile’s next monarch when King Enrique IV died in 1474.
After the death of King Enrique IV, war broke out in Castile. Infanta Joanna was supported by Portugal, while the eventual winner, Queen Isabella I of Castile, had the support of Aragon. France initially supported Joanna, yet in 1476, after losing the Battle of Toro, France refused to help Joanna further and in 1478 signed a peace treaty with Isabella.
Infante Fernando of Aragon became jure uxoris (by right of wife) King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her deceased brother in 1474. When Infante Fernando succeeded his father as King Fernando II of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union. The Crown of Aragon that King Fernando II of Aragon inherited in 1479 included the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, and Sicily, as well as the Principality of Catalonia.
The various states were not formally administered as a single unit, the Kingdom of Spain, but as separate political units under the same monarchs. (The legal merging of Aragon and Castile into a single Spain occurred under King Felipe V in 1707–1715).
King Enrique IV of Castile made a number of attempts throughout his reign to arrange a politically advantageous marriage for his much younger sister, Infanta Isabella of Castile. The first attempt was when the six-year-old Infanta Isabella was betrothed to Infante Fernando of Aragon, son of King Juan II of Aragon and Queen Blanche of Navarre. This arrangement, however, did not last long.
In 1465, an attempt was made to marry Isabella to King Afonso V of Portugal, King Enrique IV’s brother-in-law. Through the medium of the Queen and Count of Ledesma, a Portuguese alliance was made. Infanta Isabella, however, was wary of the marriage and refused to consent.
After a few more attempts at politically aligned marriages which Infanta Isabella refused, she secretly agreed to marry her first betrothed, Infante Fernando of Aragon.
On October 18, 1469, the formal betrothal between Infanta Isabella of Castile and Infante Fernando of Aragon took place. Because Infanta Isabella and Infante Fernando were second cousins, they stood within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity and the marriage would not be legal unless a dispensation from the Pope was obtained.
With the help of the Valencian Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI), Infanta Isabella and Infante Fernando were presented with a supposed papal bull by Pope Pius II (who had actually died in 1464), authorizing Infante Fernando to marry within the third degree of consanguinity, making their marriage legal.
At the time King Enrique IV’s heir was Infanta Isabella’s full brother, Infante Alfonso of Castile.
In early 1460s, Castilian nobles became dissatisfied with the rule of King Enrique IV and believed that Queen Joan’s child (Infanta Joanna, Princess of Asturias) had not been sired by Enrique IV.
Propaganda and rumour, encouraged by the league of rebellious nobles, argued that her father was Beltrán de la Cueva, a royal favorite of low background whom Enrique had elevated to enormous power and who, as suggested by Alfonso de Palencia and others, may have been Joan’s lover.
This resulted in the name “Juana la Beltraneja”, which has stuck with the girl throughout history. If Joanna was illegitimate, the next in line was Infante Alfonso. If she was legitimate, then Alfonso and, ultimately, his famous sister Isabella were both usurpers. Considering Isabella’s impact on world history, this question has fascinated historians for centuries.
The Spanish Succession
King Fernando II of Aragon was the son of King Juan II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez, a daughter of Fadrique Enríquez and Mariana Fernández de Córdoba, 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. Born in Torrelobatón, Juana Enríquez was a great-great-granddaughter of King Alfonso XI of Castile.
The marriage between Juana Enriquez and King Juan II of Aragon was arranged because King Juan II wished to ally himself with the powerful noble faction she belonged to, a faction which had major power in Castile at the time. They were engaged in 1443, but the marriage was delayed. The wedding finally took place in 1447.
King Fernando II of Aragon’s future wife, Infanta Isabella of Castile, was the daughter of King Juan II of Castile and his second wife, Infanta Isabella of Portugal, who was born as a scion of a collateral branch of the Aviz Dynasty that had ruled Portugal since 1385.
Infanta Isabella of Portugal’s parents were Infante João, Constable of Portugal, the youngest surviving son of King João I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster, the eldest child of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and Blanche of Lancaster.
Infanta Isabella of Portugal was married to King Juan II of Castile as his second wife. His first wife, Infanta Maria of Aragon, had given him four children, though only one, the future King Enrique IV of Castile, had survived into adulthood. Infanta Maria of Aragon was the daughter of King Fernando I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque.
Incidentally, to complicate this already complicated genealogy, Infanta Constance of Castile (1354 – 1394) was a claimant to the Crown of Castile. She was the daughter of King Pedro I of Castile and María de Padilla, who was deposed and killed by his half-brother, King Enrique II of Castile. Constance of Castile married the English prince, John of Gaunt, as his second wife, who fought to obtain the throne of Castile in her name, but ultimately failed.
Infanta Constance of Castile and her husband, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, had a daughter, Catherine of Lancaster (1373 – 1418) she became Queen of Castile by marriage to King Enrique III of Castile, the first-born child of the recently crowned King Juan I of Castile and his wife Infanta Eleanor of Aragon, the only daughter of King Pedro IV of Aragon and his wife Eleanor of Sicily. King Juan I’s younger brother grew up to become King Fernando I of Aragon.
Arthur, Prince of Wales (September 19/20, 1486 – April 2, 1502), was the eldest son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and an older brother to the future King Henry VIII.
He was Duke of Cornwall from birth, and he was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in 1489. As the heir apparent of his father, Arthur was viewed by contemporaries as the great hope of the newly established House of Tudor.
His mother, Elizabeth of York, was the daughter of the Yorkist king, Edward IV, and his birth cemented the union between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
Henry VII became King of England and Lord of Ireland upon defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. In an effort to strengthen the Tudor claim to the throne, Henry decided on naming his firstborn son “Arthur” and having him born in Winchester – where the Legend of King Arthur originated – in order to emphasise the Welsh origin of the Tudors.
On this occasion, Camelot was identified as present-day Winchester, and his wife, Elizabeth of York, was sent to Saint Swithun’s Priory (today Winchester Cathedral Priory) in order to give birth there. Born at Saint Swithun’s Priory on the night of 19/20 September 1486 at about 1 am, Arthur was Henry and Elizabeth’s eldest child.
Young Arthur was viewed as “a living symbol” of not only the union between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, to which his mother belonged as the daughter of Edward IV, but also of the end of the Wars of the Roses. In the opinion of contemporaries, Arthur was the great hope of the newly established House of Tudor.
Henry VII planned to marry Arthur to a daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Fernando II of Aragon, in order to forge an Anglo-Spanish alliance against France.
It was suggested that the choice of marrying Arthur to Fernando and Isabella’s youngest daughter, Catherine (b. 1485), would be appropriate.
Thanks to negotiations by the Spanish ambassador Rodrigo González de la Puebla, the Treaty of Medina del Campo (March 27, 1489) provided that Arthur and Catherine would be married as soon as they reached canonical age; it also settled Catherine’s dowry at 200,000 crowns (the equivalent of £5 million in 2007).
Since Arthur, not yet 14, was below the age of consent, a papal dispensation (i.e., waiver) allowing the marriage was issued in February 1497, and the pair were betrothed by proxy on August 25, 1497. Two years later, a marriage by proxy took place at Arthur’s Tickenhill Manor in Bewdley, near Worcester.
The young couple exchanged letters in Latin until September 20 , 1501, when Arthur, having attained the age of 15, was deemed old enough to be married. Catherine landed in England about two weeks later, on October 2, 1501, at Plymouth.
The next month, on November 4, 1501, the couple met for the first time at Dogmersfield in Hampshire. Arthur wrote to Catherine’s parents that he would be “a true and loving husband”; the couple soon discovered that they had mastered different pronunciations of Latin and so were unable to easily communicate. Five days later, on November 9, 1501, Catherine arrived in London.
On November 14, 1501, the marriage ceremony finally took place at Saint Paul’s Cathedral; both Arthur and Catherine wore white satin. The ceremony was conducted by Henry Deane, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was assisted by William Warham, Bishop of London.
Following the ceremony, Arthur and Catherine left the Cathedral and headed for Baynard’s Castle, where they were entertained by “the best voiced children of the King’s chapel, who sang right sweetly with quaint harmony”.
What followed was a bedding ceremony laid down by Arthur’s grandmother Lady Margaret Beaufort: the bed was sprinkled with holy water, after which Catherine was led away from the wedding feast by her ladies-in-waiting.
She was undressed, veiled and “reverently” laid in bed, while Arthur, “in his shirt, with a gown cast about him,” was escorted by his gentlemen into the bedchamber as viols and tabors played.
The Bishop of London blessed the bed, and prayed for the marriage to be fruitful, after which the couple were left alone. This is the only public bedding of a royal couple recorded in Britain in the 16th century.
Death
After residing at Tickenhill Manor for a month, Arthur and Catherine headed for the Welsh Marches, where they established their household at Ludlow Castle. Arthur had been growing weaker since his wedding, and Henry VII thus seemed reluctant to allow Catherine to follow him, until ultimately ordering her to join her husband.
Arthur found it easy to govern Wales, as the border had become quiet after many centuries of warfare. In March 1502, Arthur and Catherine were afflicted by an unknown illness, “a malign vapour which proceeded from the air.”
It has been suggested that this illness was the mysterious English sweating sickness, tuberculosis (“consumption”), plague or influenza. While Catherine recovered, Arthur died on April 2, 1502 at Ludlow, six months short of his sixteenth birthday.
News of Arthur’s death reached Henry VII’s court late on April 4th. The King was awoken from his sleep by his confessor, who quoted Job by asking Henry “If we receive good things at the hands of God, why may we not endure evil things?”
He then told the king that “[his] dearest son hath departed to God,” and Henry burst into tears. “Grief-stricken and emotional,” he then had his wife brought into his chambers, so that they might “take the painful news together”.
Elizabeth reminded Henry that God had helped him become king and “had ever preserved him,” adding that they had been left with “yet a fair Prince and two fair princesses and that God is where he was, and [they were] both young enough.” Soon after leaving Henry’s bedchamber, Elizabeth collapsed and began to cry, while the ladies sent for the King, who hurriedly came and “relieved her.”
On April 8, a general procession took place for the salvation of Arthur’s soul. That night, a dirge was sung in St Paul’s Cathedral and every parish church in London. On April 23rd Arthur’s body, which had previously been embalmed, sprinkled with holy water and sheltered with a canopy, was carried out of Ludlow Castle and into the Parish Church of Ludlow by various noblemen and gentlemen.
On April 25, Arthur’s body was taken to Worcester Cathedral via the River Severn, in a “special wagon upholstered in black and drawn by six horses, also caparisoned in black.” As was customary, Catherine did not attend the funeral. The Earl of Surrey acted as chief mourner.
At the end of the ceremony, Sir William Uvedale, Sir Richard Croft and Arthur’s household ushers broke their staves of office and threw them into the Prince’s grave. During the funeral, Arthur’s own arms were shown alongside those of Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd and Brutus of Troy. Two years later, a chantry was erected over Arthur’s grave.
During their brief marriage Catherine later firmly stated that the marriage had not been consummated.
One year after Arthur’s death, Henry VII renewed his efforts to seal a marital alliance with Spain by arranging for Catherine to marry Arthur’s younger brother Henry, who would ascend to the throne in 1509 as King Henry VIII.
The question over whether Arthur and Catherine had consummated their marriage was much later, and in a completely different political context, exploited by Henry VIII and his court.
This strategy was employed in order to cast doubt upon the validity of Catherine’s union with Henry VIII, eventually leading to the separation between the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.
Arthur Tudor (September 19/20 1486 – April 2, 1502) was Prince of Wales, Earl of Chester and Duke of Cornwall. As the eldest son and heir apparent of Henry VII of England, Arthur was viewed by contemporaries as the great hope of the newly established House of Tudor. His mother, Elizabeth of York, was the daughter of Edward IV, and his birth cemented the union between the House of Tudor and the House of York.
Henry VII became King of England upon defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. In an effort to strengthen the Tudor claim to the throne, Henry had royal genealogists trace his lineage back to the ancient British rulers and decided on naming his firstborn son after the legendary King Arthur.
On this occasion, Camelot was identified as present-day Winchester, and his wife, Elizabeth of York, was sent to Saint Swithun’s Priory (today Winchester Cathedral Priory) in order to give birth there. Born at Saint Swithun’s Priory on the night of 19/20 September 1486 at about 1 am, Arthur was Henry and Elizabeth’s eldest child. Arthur’s birth was anticipated by French and Italian humanists eager for the start of a “Virgilian golden age”. Sir Francis Bacon wrote that although the Prince was born one month premature, he was “strong and able”.
Young Prince Arthur was viewed as “a living symbol” of not only the union between the House of Tudor and the House of York, to which his mother belonged as the daughter of Edward IV, but also of the end of the Wars of the Roses. In the opinion of contemporaries, Arthur was the great hope of the newly established House of Tudor.
Arthur became Duke of Cornwall at birth. Four days after his birth, he was baptised at Winchester Cathedral by the Bishop of Worcester, John Alcock, which was immediately followed by his confirmation. John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, Queen Elizabeth Woodville and Cecily of York served as godparents; the latter two, his grandmother and aunt, respectively, carried the prince during the ceremony.
Initially, Arthur’s nursery in Farnham was headed by Elizabeth Darcy, who had served as chief nurse for Edward IV’s children, including Arthur’s own mother. After Arthur was created Prince of Wales in 1490, he was awarded a household structure at the behest of his father. Over the next thirteen years, Henry VII and Elizabeth would have six more children, of whom only three—Margaret, Henry and Mary—would reach adulthood. Arthur was especially close to his sister Margaret (b. 1489) and his brother Henry (b. 1491), with whom he shared a nursery.
The popular belief that Arthur was sickly during his lifetime stems from a misunderstanding of a 1502 letter, but there are no reports of Arthur being ill during his lifetime. Arthur grew up to be unusually tall for his age, and was considered handsome by the Spanish court: he had reddish hair, small eyes, a high-bridged nose, resembling his brother Henry, who was said to be “extremely handsome” by contemporaries. As described by historians Steven Gunn and Linda Monckton, Arthur had an “amiable and gentle” personality and was, overall, a “delicate lad”
Plans for Arthur’s marriage began before his third birthday; he was installed as Prince of Wales two years later. At the age of eleven, he was formally betrothed to Catherine of Aragon, a daughter of the powerful Catholic Monarchs in Spain, Fernando II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, in an effort to forge an Anglo-Spanish alliance against France.
Arthur was well educated and, contrary to some modern belief, was in good health for the majority of his life. Soon after his marriage to Catherine in 1501, the couple took up residence at Ludlow Castle in Shropshire, where Arthur died six months later of an unknown ailment. Catherine later firmly stated that the marriage had not been consummated.
One year after Arthur’s death, Henry VII renewed his efforts of sealing a marital alliance with Spain by arranging for Catherine to marry Arthur’s younger brother Henry, Prince of Wales. Arthur’s untimely death paved the way for Henry to ascend to the throne in 1509 as King Henry VIII.
Whether Arthur and Catherine consummated their six-month marriage was much later (and in a completely different political context) exploited by Henry VIII and his court. This strategy was employed in order to cast doubt upon the validity of Catherine’s union with Henry VIII, eventually leading to the separation between the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.
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https://rebeccastarrbrown.com/2018/03/05/the-childhood-of-katherine-of-aragon/
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The Upbringing of Katherine of Aragon & Her Siblings
|
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2018-03-05T00:00:00
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At some point I realized that despite having written at least five posts on Anne Boleyn, I've written maybe two that were solely dedicated to Katherine of Aragon. Despite her coming up on a regular basis when we cover Tudor history and having posted about all of her successors, I've neglected the OG of Henry…
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en
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Rebecca Starr Brown
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https://rebeccastarrbrown.com/2018/03/05/the-childhood-of-katherine-of-aragon/
|
At some point I realized that despite having written at least five posts on Anne Boleyn, I’ve written maybe two that were solely dedicated to Katherine of Aragon. Despite her coming up on a regular basis when we cover Tudor history and having posted about all of her successors, I’ve neglected the OG of Henry VIII’s wives and we’re definitely going to rectify that over the next few weeks and months. Today, admittedly, we will still not cover Katherine as queen, but that’s because I’d like to start at the beginning and Katherine had an eventful and significant childhood in Spain as the daughter of the rather famous Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile.
Katherine’s parents married some 16 years before her birth in a marital coup that fused and reinforced their respective claims to Aragon and Castile, merging them for a brief time in a precursor of what would eventually come to pass. Like her daughter decades later, it was imperative that Isabella secure their dynasty by producing a son, but fertility was a struggle. Though the Queen became pregnant within three months of her 1469 wedding to Ferdinand, she produced a daughter on October 2, 1470, baptized Isabella after her mother. It would be more than four years until she conceived again.
Ferdinand and Isabella’s preoccupation at the start of their marriage and respective reigns was by far more concerned with the happenings of the Iberian Peninsula than it was with Europe as a whole. The machinations of England, then mired in an ongoing civil war, was a distant thought, though Isabella was once proffered as a possible wife for Edward IV in the early 1460s. The issue was never taken seriously in England – Edward’s government favored either a French or Burgundian match, while Edward himself annoyed his councilors by marrying a penniless widow, Elizabeth Woodville. It was an insult that Isabella apparently didn’t forget, for she referenced the slight decades later when negotiating Katherine’s marriage.
For the first five years of her marriage, Isabella was heir to her half-brother, King Henry IV of Castile, who was at best resigned to her eventual succession. When he died in December 1474, Isabella was swiftly crowned queen, but rival claimants to the throne had long been plotting. The most notable of these was that of Henry’s daughter, Juana, whose legitimacy was debatable, but who was backed by none other than King Alfonso V of Portugal. Alfonso landed in Spain in May 1475 and married Juana, events which coincided with Isabella miscarrying the long-hoped for son on whom she had been banking.
War continued through the country until March 1476 when Portugal’s army finally disbanded and Isabella was able to cement her power. Summoning the convoked courts, she had her own claim reinforced, as well as that of her five-year-old daughter. In August, when a rebellion broke out in Segovia and Ferdinand was absent, she rode out at the head of her own army to suppress it, solidifying her reputation as a warrior queen. Even so, it wasn’t until Isabella finally gave birth to a son, Juan, on June 30, 1478 that the Castilian throne could finally be called secure.
The gap between the birth of Isabella in 1470 and the miscarriage of a son in 1475, and then again until Juan’s birth in 1478 is inexplicable, though they could have been caused by any number of factors. As we know from Katherine’s own history – and then later with Mary I – fertility issues abounded with the women of this family. Katherine and Mary are also both believed to have suffered from gynecological issues that could well have been inherited from Isabella. Even if not, Isabella and Ferdinand spent the early years of their marriage frequently separated, under intense amounts of stress and, well, hustling.
Whatever the problem, once Juan was born Isabella’s childbearing issues seem to have passed. A little over a year later, she gave birth to another daughter, Juana, and in June 1482, she gave birth to twin daughters, only one of whom, Maria, survived. Katherine was the youngest of these children. She made her appearance at the Archbishop’s Palace in Alcalá de Henares on December 16, 1485 in the middle of a military campaign against the Moors (aka the Muslim inhabitants of southern Spain). Her name was courtesy of the English in a strange precursor of her eventual fate – Isabella’s grandmother was none other than Katherine of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt and Constance of Castile. I haven’t written about that Katherine specifically yet, but her trajectory is captured in a post on her half-sister, Elizabeth of Lancaster. Thus, like her husbands, Katherine was a descendant of Edward III and carried her own Lancastrian blood.
Katherine’s early years – and those of her siblings – were nomadic, if informative. Their parents’ marriage was one built on politics that had grown into one of genuine love, even if tinged with power struggles. Both were ambitious, both believed in ousting the last remnants of any other religion save Catholicism from Spain and both were ruthless. Isabella was of more sincerely fervent stock, while Ferdinand was a consummate politician, but they were nearly unstoppable when aligned and their youngest daughter inherited a compelling mix of their traits.
What their children’s upbringing lacked in traditional European courtliness, nevertheless made them strong. They often traveled in a satellite nursery to their parents’ military campaigns and “home” was wherever they were together. In 1492 that happened to be the final surrender of the Moors in Granada and the launch of Christopher Columbus’s most famous exploratory trip, as such seven-year-old Katherine witnessed both events. But even earlier, in 1489, there is an anecdote of Isabella holding up her young daughter to witness a bloody bull-fight, and again in 1491, of the young princesses fleeing their mother’s tent when it caught fire.
Isabella raised her daughters as carefully as she did her son, but she raised them to be monarchs not consorts, even if unwittingly. They were given a mix of a classical education and that of the humanist spin that was making its way through Europe, but though the girls were taught to be pious and loyal to their husbands, they were not taught to be the decorative ornaments that their English and French counterparts were. In that, they were well-equipped to hold down the fort for their future husbands, a reality to which Katherine would later take with remarkable ease.
In 1490, the eldest princess, Isabella, married Prince Alfonso of Portugal, grandson of the king who had once threatened her mother’s throne. The proxy wedding took place in Seville that May and Isabella traveled to Évora that November to celebrate the marriage with the Portuguese court. The bride, 20, fell deeply in love with her new husband – as her mother’s daughters were prone to doing – and was devastated when he was killed in a hunting accident the following summer. But if it was a personal blow to the princess, it was a political one to her parents who were eager to forge good relations with Portugal.
To comfort herself, she found religion, and when she returned to her parents she did so with the vehement desire to never remarry and devote herself to her faith. Ferdinand and Isabella were sympathetic and let their daughter mourn without intervention, even when those methods included severe fasting, for years. However, when Prince Alfonso’s father, King Juan II, died in October 1495 and was succeeded by his younger brother, King Manuel I, her time was up. Though Isabella’s parents tried to offer the hand of her younger sister, Maria, Manuel remembered her beauty from her brief stint in Portugal before and insisted. The issue remained up in the air until Isabella decided to leverage the marriage as an opportunity on behalf of the Catholic Church – she agreed to marry Manuel, but only after he expelled the Jewish population living in Portugal. The marriage eventually went forward in September 1497.
In the meantime, Ferdinand and Isabella were arranging matches for the rest of their children. Katherine, the youngest of the bunch, was one of the first to be betrothed. In 1488, King Henry VII of England approached the Spanish monarchs about a match between his eldest son, Prince Arthur, and one of their daughters. With Arthur having been born in 1486, Katherine was the most appropriate choice, but that Spain was even willing to entertain the union mystified the English. Henry had effectively “conquered” England in 1485 by deposing Richard III, the last Yorkist king, and then merging the two rival houses of the Wars of the Roses by marrying Elizabeth of York. Even so, there were still Yorkist men of royal blood scattered around, not to mention pretenders who claimed to be either one of the Princes in the Tower or the Queen’s cousin, the Earl of Warwick. As late as 1487 Henry found himself putting down a Yorkist rebellion, so from continental eyes it was easy to see why no one yet viewed England as a stable monarchy.
And yet, Ferdinand was intrigued by the match, for England and Spain had a natural enemy: France. Spain sent emissaries to England in 1488 to negotiate with Henry and see Arthur, while the following year the English sent emissaries and it was Katherine who was held up before a small crowd to be shown off as a healthy child and viable royal bride. The betrothal was solidified in the Treaty of Medina del Campo in March 1489, and against all odds the match survived the ins and outs of the 1490s. That it did is nothing short of miraculous, particularly when one considers the number of domestic threats the Tudors faced, but their saving grace was that Ferdinand was by far more focused on his wars against the French in Italy. For that, English support suited him.
The only concession to Tudor instability was that Katherine spent her childhood in Spain, not England as her in-laws desired. Thus, instead of growing up alongside her two future husbands and their sisters, Katherine remained under the tutelage of her own famous parents. It was Isabella’s influence which instilled in her her fierce and undying Catholicism, but it was with Juana in which the lengths to which this maternal coaching could go were seen. Juana, unlike her siblings, showed little interest in religion, even at times questioning doctrine. Throughout her youth, she was punished by a practice that involved being suspended by ropes while weights were tied to her feet. With the Spanish Inquisition in full swing – with which Juana didn’t hesitate to express her disagreement – it was inconceivable to Isabella that one of her own daughters would express such rebellion.
In the mid-1490s a double marriage was arranged between Juana and Philip, Archduke of Austria, and Juan with Philip’s sister, Margaret of Austria. Philip and Margaret were the children of Maximilian, the Holy Roman Emperor and his long-deceased wife, Mary of Burgundy. The couple had married in 1477 after the unexpected death of Mary’s father, Charles, Duke of Burgundy, then married to none other than Edward IV of England’s sister, Margaret of York. That marriage had been childless, and thus Charles’s only heir was his daughter. Margaret, a diligent stepmother if ever there was one, successfully helped protect Mary’s claim and arranged a marriage with Maximilian, who she trusted to ensure Burgundy’s protection from France. The marriage resulted in two children – Philip and Margaret – before Mary’s untimely death in 1482.
The double marriage was a glorious one for all parties – Juana was on track to become the Holy Roman Empress, while Juana would make the Emperor’s daughter Queen of Spain. Juana left Spain in August 1496 at the age of 16, never to see her parents again, and married Philip in Liers that October. The fleet which carried her returned to Spain with her new sister-in-law, Margaret, and she and Juan were duly married in April 1497. Ferdinand and Isabella, thrilled with their success, then escorted their eldest daughter towards Portugal for her to complete her marriage to King Manuel, the unmarried Maria and Katherine in their retinue.
Within six months Juan fell gravely ill and passed away that October, with Ferdinand riding at breakneck speed to make it to his son’s deathbed in time. With Margaret pregnant, the Spanish court waited with bated breath to see if she would produce the son and heir to secure the succession, but in April 1498 she instead delivered a stillborn daughter. Suddenly, Isabella, now Queen of Portugal, was her parents’ heir.
Fortunately, Isabella was also pregnant. Four months later, she gave birth to a healthy son, but then tragically died within the hour. While a grandson may not have personally made up for the loss of two children in quick succession, the presence of Prince Miguel was incredibly necessary for Ferdinand and Isabella in order to continue their dynasty. Against this context, it makes sense that when Henry approached Spain once again about bringing Katherine to England, her parents were gun shy. And perhaps that is what makes the subsequent execution of the Earl of Warwick in 1499 all the more tragic – politically complicated, yes, but the pretense that it made the King and Queen of Spain more comfortable was a tangled half-truth weighted by their own grief.
Miguel died shortly before his second birthday in the summer of 1500. In a near panic, Maria, the last unattached daughter, was sent forth to Portugal to marry her sister’s widower in an ironic parallel to the situation Katherine would find herself in England in just a few years. The marriage was a dynastic success – in 17 years, Maria gave birth to 10 children, including two future kings.
But it was not Maria, but Juana, who became their parents’ heir. Living in the Low Countries with her husband, she was far removed from the drama between the courts of Spain and Portugal. In November 1498, she gave birth to a daughter, Eleanor, and then, in February 1500, she finally produced a son, baptized Charles for his great-grandfather. At the time of his birth, Miguel still lived, but by the time he was six months old he stood to inherit not only the Holy Roman Empire via his father, but all of Spain via his mother. In short, he was the most important person in Europe before he could hold up his own head.
But before any of that could take place, Katherine was called forth. She and Isabella took reluctant leave of one another in May 1501, but it wouldn’t be until November that she had successfully arrived in London and married Arthur Tudor. By now, it’s safe to say that Isabella had fallen into a sustained and deep depression brought on by the loss of her children. Juan’s death in 1498, likely only magnified by the near-decade she had spent trying desperately to conceive him, knocked the wind out of her, while the death of a daughter and a grandson, as well as the physical loss of her remaining three more daughters, incapacitated her. She grew increasingly religious (if that was even possible) and her health began to fail. It is a cherry on top of a tragedy sundae that her death at the end of 1504 meant that she never actually saw Katherine become queen of England – indeed, her last correspondence with her youngest and most beloved daughter was over concern with her waiting in limbo after Arthur’s untimely death in 1502.
Isabella’s death triggered the next crisis of the succession, for Spain was still technically split into Castile and Aragon and the two ceased to be merged once the marriage that unified them was over. Ferdinand retained Aragon, but it was Juana who became Queen of Castile. But here’s where it becomes tricky, for the issue of Juana’s mental health began to rear its head amidst the backdrop of her father’s ambition.
In Juana’s youth she was reported to be notably intelligent – indeed, in intellectual capacity alone she may well have surpassed her siblings. However, as noted, she turned a critical eye towards her parents’ brand of Catholicism and, after her marriage, acknowledged sympathy for the heretical teachings of Martin Luther. A generation later and she would have simply been branded a Reformer, but from her position as a Spanish princess, it was nothing short of scandalous. Layer in that it suited Ferdinand well for his daughter to be deemed incapacitated and you have what begins to read like a more sinister situation.
So long as Juana remained married, however, Ferdinand’s main concern was her husband. Since the birth of Charles in 1500, she had produced two more children – Isabella and Ferdinand – and after the birth of a fifth, Maria, in September 1505, the couple left for Castile to claim Juana’s birthright. On their way there, they briefly ended up stranded in England in the spring of 1506 where they were magnificently hosted by King Henry. Juana and Katherine were briefly reunited, though each was by far more preoccupied with their own problems – Juana was set on wresting power from their father and Katherine was increasingly strapped for cash and no closer to marrying Arthur’s younger brother, Henry, then she had been when her remarriage was first raised in 1502.
Once the couple arrived in Castile the remaining events of the year read like a play-by-play of a hyperbolic fable for women in power. Behind Juana’s back, Ferdinand and Philip came to a private agreement to declare her mad and instead share power between them. Ferdinand then reneged on the alliance at the last minute, pledging his support for his unwitting daughter. What Ferdinand’s motives were at any given time are opaque at best save that he wanted the full control of Castile he had enjoyed during his wife’s life, but at various times it sounds as though he thought he was best-suited by simply poking holes in his daughter’s marriage. His ability to do that wasn’t helped by the fact that while Juana had fallen in love with her husband, he had certainly not fallen in love with her.
Beautiful and intelligent, it’s difficult to gauge exactly what was “wrong” with Juana’s mental health, but something does appear to have been amiss. Quite possibly she simply suffered from depression, a situation only exacerbated by the hormonal fluctuations of regular pregnancies for a decade and then eventually made worse by isolation and involuntary confinement. In the short-term, Ferdinand retired to Aragon and Philip and Juana were named joint rulers of Castile in July 1506. Two months later, Philip was dead from Typhoid Fever.
Pregnant again, Juana plunged into a deep, nearly hysterical mourning that would make Queen Victoria’s widowhood in the 19th century pale in comparison. In over her head, physically waylaid by pregnancy and then childbirth (she gave birth to a daughter, Katherine, that January) and undermined by the common belief that a woman shouldn’t be ruling on her own anyway, Juana lost control of her government as plague and dysfunction ravaged the countryside. Her eldest son remained in Flanders under the care of her sister-in-law, the widowed Margaret of Austria, and when Ferdinand returned in the summer of 1507 he stole back control.
Despite issuing a statement that she was against such a move, and any that would limit her authority as queen regnant, from then on out she was queen only in name. Ferdinand kept her under lock and key and she was eventually confined to a convent. Rumors abounded that her behavior became increasingly more erratic, including the claim that she refused to be physically parted from her husband’s corpse, but it’s unclear to what extent these were exaggerated as political propaganda.
The situation remained largely unchanged until Ferdinand’s death in January 1516, but by then isolation and age had done nothing to improve Juana’s spirits or reputation. When her son, Charles, arrived in Castile in 1517 to take control, she signed over authority at his prompting and then found herself in continued involuntary confinement at his hands. As her mental and physical condition continued to deteriorate over the years, Charles oversaw her care and, perhaps to both of their credit, when an opportunity came for Juana to undermine her son’s authority for her own benefit, she refused.
She would outlive all of her siblings by decades, finally expiring at the age of 75 in 1555.
Back in Portugal, Maria died six months after giving birth to her last child, passing away in Lisbon in 1517 at the age of 34. Her widower, Manuel, married for a third time, this time choosing her niece, Juana and Philip’s daughter, Eleanor. Together, they produced two children, a short-lived son and a daughter, Maria, before Manuel’s death in 1521. After his death, Eleanor remained in Portugal for a time before returning to the court of her brother, Charles. She was eventually forced to marry King Francis I of France in 1530, thus living as Queen of France until his death in 1547.
Charles, meanwhile, married his first cousin, Isabella of Portugal, a daughter of Maria and Manuel’s, in 1526 after a brief betrothal with his other first cousin, Mary Tudor. Ironically, that same Mary would go on to marry Charles and Isabella’s eldest son, the future Philip II of Spain, in 1554.
Katherine of Aragon is by far the most famous of Ferdinand and Isabella’s children, and within her story she is often given credit for her famous parents and her powerful nephew (Charles would go on to become the Holy Roman Emperor after the death of his grandfather, Maximilian). But too often she is not given quite enough credit for just how well-connected through Europe she was, a situation which neither Henry VIII nor any of his subsequent wives could come close to replicating. As of when she married Henry in 1509 her sisters were the queen of Castile and Portugal and her father the king of Aragon. By the time she was mired in her divorce case with Henry in the late 1520s and 1530s, her nephew was the Holy Roman Emperor, her niece his wife, her other niece the Queen of France and her nephew the King of Portugal.
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https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/king-ferdinand-ii-and-queen-isabella-i
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en
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King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I timeline.
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Timetoast Timelines
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https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/king-ferdinand-ii-and-queen-isabella-i
|
King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I get married
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella begin their marriage 5 years before their ascension to the throne. They also happened to be cousins.
Princess Joanna of Castille is born.
King Ferdinand II and Queen Elizabeth I gave birth to their third child and second daughter in Toledo, Spain. She was known as Joanna the Mad or Juana la loca. She became Queen of Castille and Aragon.
The Calling of the Inquisition
King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I called upon Pope Sixtus IV to get the Inquisition started again. This is where Queen Isabella I got her nickname "Isabella la Catolica" because she and her husband were ruthless catholic monarchs.
Edict of Expulsion
King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I ordered that all Jews be expelled from Spain and its territories by July 31 of that year. King Ferdinand II violated this treaty by forcing all Muslims in Castile or Aragon to convert to Catholicism or else be expelled. This was also used on the Jewish population of Spain.
Treaty of Granada
King Ferdinand signed an agreement with Louis XII of France stating that Ferdinand would support French claims in Naples in exchange for getting territories for himself in the division of the kingdom.
Battle of Cerignola
The first battle known to be won using gunpowder small arms, it was a battle between Spanish and French forces in in Cerignola, near Bari, Southern Italy. The Spanish forces, with 8,000 men, mroe than 1000 arequebusiers, 20 cannons defeated the French, which only had a force of 20,000 men, mainly cavalry and swiss mercenary pikemen, and about 40 cannons.
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yago
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https://maidensandmanuscripts.com/2020/03/21/isabella-and-joanna-of-castile-the-fight-for-the-throne/
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en
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Maidens and Manuscripts: Taking a fresh look at people and events from 1347 to 1625, with a focus on women and illuminated manuscripts
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2020-03-21T00:00:00
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Isabella, mother of Katharine of Aragon and one of the Catholic Monarchs, did not easily come to the throne of Castile. Isabella's older half-brother ruled as Henry IV, known as the Impotent, of Castile. Whether Henry IV was truly impotent became an issue for his daughter and Isabella's niece, Joanna of Castile. Joanna was Henry…
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en
|
Maidens and Manuscripts: Taking a fresh look at people and events from 1347 to 1625, with a focus on women and illuminated manuscripts
|
https://maidensandmanuscripts.com/2020/03/21/isabella-and-joanna-of-castile-the-fight-for-the-throne/
|
Isabella, mother of Katharine of Aragon and one of the Catholic Monarchs, did not easily come to the throne of Castile. Isabella’s older half-brother ruled as Henry IV, known as the Impotent, of Castile. Whether Henry IV was truly impotent became an issue for his daughter and Isabella’s niece, Joanna of Castile. Joanna was Henry IV’s heir until a rebellious faction at court wanted to put Isabella on the Throne of Castile.
Henry IV of Castile, via Wikimedia Commons.
Henry IV, born 5 January 1425, was married twice. First, in 1440 at the age of 15, he married Blanche II of Navarre. The couple were married for about thirteen years before the marriage was annulled due to Henry being impotent, so presumably the marriage with Blanche was never consummated. Henry’s impotence was blamed on a curse. Curiously, that curse, according to Henry, only impacted his ability to consummate his marriage with Blanche. Other women were not an issue. The curse and its explanation were accepted by Pope Nicolas V, who issued a papal bull in December 1453 which allowed Henry to marry Joan of Portugal. Interestingly, Blanche and Henry may have remained on good terms after the annulment, because Blanche declared Henry her protector in 1463 and gave him the opportunity to claim the Throne of Navarre.
Henry married Joan of Portugal, his cousin twice over, in May 1455. He was thirty, and Joan was sixteen. On 28 February 1462, Joan gave birth to a daughter, Joanna. She was invested as a Princess of Asturias (heir apparent). Henry and Joan were married for almost seven years before Joanna was born. That coupled with Henry’s alleged impotence and Joan’s philandering led to Joanna being alleged a bastard who Joan bore as a result o her liaison with Beltran de la Cueva. De la Cueva was the 1st Duke of Albuquerque. Joanna was called “la Beltraneja”, an allusion to her rumored illegitimate status. Henry and Joan did not have any other children together besides Joanna la Beltraneja.
Joan d’Avis, Queen Consort of Portugal, via Wikimedia Commons.
When Joanna was roughly two years old in 1464, a schism at the Castilian court agitated for Henry to give up Joanna’s right to the throne in favor of either his half-brother Alfonso, who was 10 or 11 years old, and then to Henry’s half-sister Isabella, who was about 13 years old. Henry caved to the demands, and Alfonso was declared Prince of Asturias. A year or so later, Henry went back on the agreement, and reinstated Joanna as Princess of Asturias. Enraged, the faction behind Alfonso held a mock-deposition of Henry and crowned Alfonso as King of Castile. This led to a civil war in 1467, but Henry remained on the Throne of Castile. Alfonso died abruptly in 1468.
Juana la Beltraneja, via Wikimedia Commons.
In an effort to quell the rebels, Henry agreed to leave his throne to his half-sister Isabella and once more deny his daughter Joanna. Upon Henry’s death in 1474, 12-year-old Joanna la Beltraneja and 23-year-old Isabella of Castile fought for the right to claim the throne. The possibility that Joanna was not in fact Henry’s child greatly hurt her claim. Joanna’s first husband, whom she married in 1470, passed away in 1472. By 1474, Joanna was engaged to her uncle Alfonso V of Portugal. Isabella, on the other hand, was an adult whose legitimacy was not in question. Isabella was married to her second cousin, Ferdinand of Aragon, since 1469, and mother to a living daughter by 1474.
The War of Castilian Succession broke out in May 1475, with some of the Castilian nobility, Portugal, and France fighting for Joanna la Beltraneja against Aragon and the majority of the Castilian nobility for Isabella. After Alfonso V of Portugal entered Plasencia, he and Joanna were married. They were declared the monarchs of Castile.
Isabella I of Castile, via Wikimedia Commons.
Alfonso moved his army forward, but was disappointed by the lack of support from the Castilian nobility. Alfonso enjoyed some victory over Isabella’s forces, led by her husband Ferdinand. Alfonso did not typically engage in direct military offenses, which became a disadvantage at the Battle of Toro on 1 March 1476.
The Battle of Toro did not have a true winner, but Ferdinand and Isabella were able to later spin the battle’s outcome in their favor. Those fighting for Joanna were called Juanistas (her name in Spanish was Juana) and for Isabella, Isabelistas. The Juanistas were victorious over one segment of the battle thanks to Prince John, later John II of Portugal. The Isabelistas, led by Ferdinand of Aragon, won the other segment. However, several Juanistas defected and became Isabelistas. The Juanistas managed to maintain control of the seas throughout, and Isabelistas kept the various parts of the Iberian peninsula under control.
Alfonso chose to sign a peace treaty with the Catholic Monarchs and renounced his claim to the Castilian crown. Joanna, by this time roughly seventeen years old, had to decide between marrying Isabella’s one-year-old son or entering a convent. Joanna chose to enter a convent, which received Isabella’s approval. She later was allowed to live out the rest of her life in a castle.
Joanna never had children, so her closest heir was Isabella and Isabella’s descendants. Through Isabella, Joanna la Beltraneja’s next heir was Juana the Mad. After Juana the Mad was removed from the throne, her son the future Holy Roman Emperor Charles V became king.
Joanna signed her name as “Juana the Queen” until her death in Lisbon on 12 April 1530.
Love learning about the Early Modern period? Are you interested in Tudor history or Women’s history? Then check out my book, Anna, Duchess of Cleves: The King’s ‘Beloved Sister’, a new biography about Anna of Cleves told from the German perspective!
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Please check out my new podcast, Tudor Speeches.
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Sources & Suggested Reading
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Blanche of France2 was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Ferdinand . Blanche of France and Ferdinand were married. Children were: Fernando , Alfonso de la Cerda .
Blanche of Lancaster died by 1371.
Spouse: John of Gaunt . Blanche of Lancaster and John of Gaunt were married in 1359.
Blanche of Navarre died in 1442.
Spouse: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO). Blanche of Navarre and John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) were married on 18 January 1420. Children were: Carlos of Viana , Juana of Aragon (Infanta of Aragon), Blanca of Aragon , Eleanor of Navarre .
Boleslaw I, the Brave of Poland (KING OF POLAND) was born about 967. He died on 17 July 1025 at the age of 58. Parents: Mieczislaw (Burislaf) I of Poland (Duke of Poland) and Thyra HARALDSDOTTIR.
Spouse: Heminilde VON MEISSEN. Heminilde VON MEISSEN and Boleslaw I, the Brave of Poland (KING OF POLAND) were married in 986. They were divorced.
Spouse: Judith of Hungary . Judith of Hungary and Boleslaw I, the Brave of Poland (KING OF POLAND) were married in 988. They were divorced. Children were: Mieszko II Lambert of Poland (KING OF POLAND).
Boleslaw III Wrymouth of Poland (Duke of Poland) was born in 1084. He died on 28 October 1138 at the age of 54. Parents: Wladyslaw I (Herman) of Poland (Duke of Poland) and _____ (mother of Boleslaw III).
Spouse: Sbislava of Kiev . Sbislava of Kiev and Boleslaw III Wrymouth of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married in 1103. Children were: Wladyslaw II, the Exile of Cracow (Duke of Cracow).
Spouse: Salome of Berg-Schelklingen . Salome of Berg-Schelklingen and Boleslaw III Wrymouth of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married.
Borrell II of Barcelona (Count of Barcelona) died in 992. Parents: Sunyer of Barcelona and _____ (mother of Borrell II).
Spouse: _____ (mom of Raymond Beranger Borrell). Children were: Raymond Berengar Borrell III (Count of Barcelona).
Bruno was born (date unknown). Parents: Wigebart of Saxony (Duke of Saxony) and _____ (mother of Bruno).
Spouse: Suana of Montfort . Suana of Montfort and Bruno were married. Children were: Liudolf of Saxony (Count of Saxony).
Carloman of Bavaria (KING OF BAVARIA) was born about 828. He died in 880 at the age of 52. Parents: Louis II, the German (KING OF EAST FRANKS) and Emma of Bavaria .
Spouse: Litwinde . Litwinde and Carloman of Bavaria (KING OF BAVARIA) were married about 850. Children were: Arnulf of Carinthia (KING OF GERMANY).
Carlos of Viana was born on 29 May 1421. Parents: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) and Blanche of Navarre .Casimir I, the Restorer of Poland (Duke of Poland) was born in 1015. He died on 28 November 1058 at the age of 43. Parents: Mieszko II Lambert of Poland (KING OF POLAND) and Richeza of Palatine (Countess Palatine).
Spouse: Dobronega (Maria) of Kiev . Dobronega (Maria) of Kiev and Casimir I, the Restorer of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married in 1043. Children were: Wladyslaw I (Herman) of Poland (Duke of Poland).
Catalina of the Asturias was born on 5 October 1422. Parents: John II of Castille and Maria of Aragon .Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND)4 was born on 15 December 1485. Parents: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) and Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN).
Spouse: King Henry XIII (KING OF ENGLAND). Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND) and King Henry XIII (KING OF ENGLAND) were married.
Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) was born on 2 April 742. He died on 28 January 814 at the age of 71. Also known as Charles the Great, he conquered Gaul (France), Bavaria, Lombardy and other lands to establish the Empire of the Franks.
He had several mistresses (Madelgard, Gersvind, Adalind and unknown) in his lifetime and had children with all of them. Parents: Pepin III, The Short and Bertrada II of Laon .
Spouse: Himiltude . Himiltude and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married about 768.
Spouse: Desideria . Desideria and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 770. This marriage was annulled in 771.
Spouse: Hildegarde of Vinzgau . Hildegarde of Vinzgau and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 771. Children were: Louis I the Pious of Aquitaine (KING OF FRANCE).
Spouse: Fastrada . Fastrada and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 783.
Spouse: Luitgard . Luitgard and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 794.
KING Charles I (KING OF SPAIN)4 was born (date unknown). He was also known as Emperor Charles V. Parents: Phillip I (The Beautiful) and Juana (The Mad).Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS) was born in 676. He died on 22 October 741 at the age of 65. Parents: Pepin II d"Heristal (Duke of Austrasia) and Elphide (Chalpaida) .
Spouse: Chrotrud . Chrotrud and Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS) were married. Children were: Pepin III, The Short .
Spouse: Sunnichild . Sunnichild and Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS) were married in 725.
Chrotrud was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS). Chrotrud and Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS) were married. Children were: Pepin III, The Short .
Clodulf1 was born (date unknown). Clodulf became his father Arnulf's third successor to the See of Metz. Parents: Arnold of Metz (St. Arnulf) and _____ (spouse of Arnold of Metz).Constance of Castile died by 1396. Parents: Peter the Cruel and Blanche of Bourbon .
Spouse: John of Gaunt . Constance of Castile and John of Gaunt were married in 1371. Children were: Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster.
Constantia was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Pedro III (KING OF ARAGON). Constantia and Pedro III (KING OF ARAGON) were married. Children were: Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal).
Constanza was born about 1259. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .Constanza of Castile was born after 1308. Parents: Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Constanza of Portugal .Constanza of Portugal was born on 3 January 1290. She died on 18 November 1313 at the age of 23. Parents: Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE) and Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal).
Spouse: Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON). Constanza of Portugal and Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON)3 were married in 1302. Children were: Leonor of Castile , Constanza of Castile , Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon).
Cornelia was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Manuel QUINTANA Rodriguez. Cornelia and Manuel QUINTANA Rodriguez were married.
Costanza Manuel de Castile was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon). Costanza Manuel de Castile and Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) were married on 28 March 1325. This marriage was annulled in 1327.
Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE) was born on 9 October 1261. Denis, or Diniz, was known as "Re Lavrador", or the laborer or working king, because of his hard work in his country's service.
Spouse: Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal). Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal) and Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE) were married. Children were: Constanza of Portugal , Alfonso IV "O Osado" (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE).
Desideria was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST). Desideria and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 770. This marriage was annulled in 771.
Dobravy of Bohemia was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Mieczislaw (Burislaf) I of Poland (Duke of Poland). Dobravy of Bohemia and Mieczislaw (Burislaf) I of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married.
Dobronega (Maria) of Kiev was born before 1015.
Spouse: Casimir I, the Restorer of Poland (Duke of Poland). Dobronega (Maria) of Kiev and Casimir I, the Restorer of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married in 1043. Children were: Wladyslaw I (Herman) of Poland (Duke of Poland).
Doda (St. Begga) was born (date unknown). Parents: Pepin of Landen and _____ (spouse of Pepin of Landen).
Spouse: Anchises (Anseghisel) . Doda (St. Begga) and Anchises (Anseghisel)3 were married. Children were: Pepin II d"Heristal (Duke of Austrasia).
Dolca of Provence (Countess of Provence) was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Raymond Berengar III the Great (Count of Barcelona). Dolca of Provence (Countess of Provence) and Raymond Berengar III the Great (Count of Barcelona) were married in 1112. Children were: Raymond Berengar IV the Saint (Count of Barcelona & Provence).
Eadgyth (Edith) was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Otto I the Great, King of Germany (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Eadgyth (Edith) and Otto I the Great, King of Germany (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) were married in 929.
Edward III of England was born (date unknown).
Spouse: _____ (spouse of Edward III). _____ (spouse of Edward III) and Edward III of England were married. Children were: Edward the Black Prince , John of Gaunt .
Edward the Black Prince was born (date unknown). Parents: Edward III of England and _____ (spouse of Edward III).Eleanor of Navarre was born on 2 February 1425. Parents: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) and Blanche of Navarre .Elphide (Chalpaida) was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Pepin II d"Heristal (Duke of Austrasia). Elphide (Chalpaida) and Pepin II d"Heristal (Duke of Austrasia) were married. Children were: Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS).
Emma of Bavaria was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Louis II, the German (KING OF EAST FRANKS). Emma of Bavaria and Louis II, the German (KING OF EAST FRANKS) were married. Children were: Carloman of Bavaria (KING OF BAVARIA).
Enrique I2 was born (date unknown). Parents: Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor PLANTAGENET of England.Enrique of Aragon (Duke of Villena) was born (date unknown). Parents: Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY) and Leonor Urrac de Castilla de Albuquerque.Enrique of Castile (Infant of Castile) was born in 1288. Parents: Sancho IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Maria de MOLINA.Ermengarda of Tuscany was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Adalbert of Ivrea (Count & Margrave of Ivrea). Ermengarda of Tuscany and Adalbert of Ivrea (Count & Margrave of Ivrea) were married. Children were: Berenger II of Ivrea (KING OF ITALY).
Ermentrude de Roucy was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Othon-Guillaume de Macon . Ermentrude de Roucy and Othon-Guillaume de Macon were married about 982. Children were: Renaud I of Burgundy (Count of Burgundy).
Etienette de Longwy was born (date unknown).
Spouse: William I of Burgundy . Etienette de Longwy and William I of Burgundy3 were married. Some sources show his wife to be Stephanie of Barcelona. Children were: Raymond of Burgundy (Count of Galicia and Coimbr).
Ezzo of Palatine (Count Palatine) was born in 955. He died on 21 May 1034 at the age of 79. Parents: Hermann of Palatine and Heilwig .
Spouse: Matilda of Saxony (Princess). Matilda of Saxony (Princess) and Ezzo of Palatine (Count Palatine) were married about 992. Children were: Richeza of Palatine (Countess Palatine).
Fadrique Alfonso (Señor de Haro)5 was born in 1333. He died on 29 May 1358 at the age of 25 in Sevilla, Spain. He was assasinated. He was a twin brother of King Henry II (or King Enrique II) de Trastamara. Jose Antonio Esquibel states that don Fadrique "...had three children, possible by doña Leonor de Angulo or by a female Jewish "conversa"". Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman .
Spouse: Leonor de ANGULO. Leonor de ANGULO and Fadrique Alfonso (Señor de Haro) were married. Children were: Alfonso ENRIQUEZ, Leonor de CASTILLA.
Fastrada was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST). Fastrada and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 783.
Felipe de Cabrera of Castile was born in 1292. Parents: Sancho IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Maria de MOLINA.Felix Ramirez6 was born (date unknown). He was from Rancho El Tepeguaje.
Spouse: Eusebia DIAZ. Eusebia DIAZ and Felix Ramirez were married.
Ferdinand was born after December 1255. He died in 1275 at the age of 20. After Ferdinand, the eldest son of Alfonso X, died in 1275, his children fought with their uncle Sancho IV, the second oldest son, for succession to the throne. Sancho IV won the fight and eventually became King. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .
Spouse: Blanche of France . Blanche of France and Ferdinand were married. Children were: Fernando , Alfonso de la Cerda .
Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) was born on 10 March 1452 in Sos, Aragon, Spain.7 He died on 25 January 1516 at the age of 63. Ferdinand II was also known as Ferdinand the Catholic and as King Ferdinand V of Castille.
Ferdinand II was Prince of Aragon and King of Sicily when he married Isabella, the Queen of Castille and Leon. However, he had an affair with Luisa de Estrada and fathered Alonso de Estrada, an ancestor of the Longorias and many of the other original settlers of South Texas and northern Mexico.
Ferdinand II became King of Sicily in 1468 when that kingdom was given to him by his father, John II (King of Aragon, Sicily and Navarre). After marrying Isabella in 1469, he assumed joint rule in 1474 and became King of Castille and Leon (whence he became known as King Ferdinand V). In 1504, he became King of Naples.
Ferdinand II and Isabella, known as the Catholic Kings, united Aragon, Castille and Leon and finally succeeded in unifying all of Spain after conquering the Moorish stronghold of Granada in 1492. In that same year, they expelled all Jews who refused to accept Christianity and financed Christopher Columbus' voyage of discovery to the New World.. They subsequently initiated the Inquisition to assure religious and political unity. Parents: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) and Queen Joanna Enriquez .
Spouse: Luisa de ESTRADA.
Spouse: Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN). Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN) and Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) were married on 19 October 1469.7 Children were: Isabella of Asturias , Infante Juan , Juana (The Mad), Mary , Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND).
Spouse: Germaine DE FOIX of Narbonne. Germaine DE FOIX of Narbonne and Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) were married in 1505.
Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY) was born on 27 November 1380. He died on 2 April 1416 at the age of 35. Ferdinand I became regent of Castile in 1406 while his nephew, John II of Castile, was still a minor. In 1410, he captured Antequera from the Moors and laid claim to the vacant throne of Aragon, but was not chosen King of Aragon until 1412.
He was succeeded by his son Alfonso V. In 1458, Alfonso V was succeeded by his own brother, John II of Aragon. Parents: John I of Castile and Leonor of Aragon .
Spouse: Leonor Urrac de Castilla de Albuquerque. Leonor Urrac de Castilla de Albuquerque and Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY)8 were married in 1393. Children were: Leonor of Castile , Miguel of Portugal (Infante de Portugal), Leonora of Aragon , Maria of Aragon , Alfonso V , John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO), Enrique of Aragon (Duke of Villena), Pietro di Noto (Duke of Noto), Sancho of Aragon .
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Joanna Enriquez (1425–1468)
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Joanna Enriquez (1425–1468)Queen of Navarre and Aragon. Name variations: Juana Enriquez. Born in 1425; died on February 13, 1468, in Zaragoza; daughter of Fadrique, count of Malgar and Rueda; became second wife of Juan also known as John II (1398–1479), king of Navarre and Aragon (r. 1458–1479), on April 1, 1444; children: Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516) also known as Ferdinand V the Catholic, king of Castile and Leon (r. Source for information on Joanna Enriquez (1425–1468): Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia dictionary.
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/joanna-enriquez-1425-1468
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Citation styles
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res stock photography and images
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Find the perfect aragon 1479 stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.
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Alamy
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/aragon-1479.html
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Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 21/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
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#the%20trast%C3%A1maras | latristereina
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Posts tagged with #the%20trast%C3%A1maras
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History, Trastámara dynasty and period dramas. Avid gif maker. My name in Spanish means “cupcake”, the Tudor dynasty isn’t my cup of tea. Yo soy Betty, la fea (Betty isn’t the villain) and The Godfather fan. Kay Adam’s (Corleone) supporter.
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Juana Enríquez's Personality Unveiled: MBTI, Enneagram and More
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What 16 personality type is Juana Enríquez from Kings, Queens, and Monarchs? Find out Juana Enríquez's 16 type, Enneagram, and Zodiac sign in the Soulverse, the comprehensive personality database.
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https://boo.world/database/profile/1000799/juana-enr%C3%ADquez-personality-type
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Juana Enríquez Personality Type
Juana Enríquez is an ESFJ and Enneagram Type 3w2.
What is Juana Enríquez's personality type?
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European Royal History
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Posts about House of Trastámara written by liamfoley63
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European Royal History
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Catherine of Aragon (December 16, 1485 – January 7, 1536) was Queen of England and Ireland as the first wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on June 11, 1509 until their annulment on May 23, 1533. She was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of Henry’s elder brother, Arthur, Prince of Wales.
Infanta Catherine was born at the Archbishop’s Palace of Alcalá de Henares near Madrid, on the early hours of December 16, 1485. She was the youngest surviving child of King Fernando II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. Catherine was quite short in stature with long red hair, wide blue eyes, a round face, and a fair complexion. She was descended, on her maternal side, from the House of Lancaster, an English royal house; her great-grandmother Catherine of Lancaster, after whom she was named, and her great-great-grandmother Philippa of Lancaster were both daughters of John of Gaunt and granddaughters of Edward III of England. Consequently, she was a third cousin of her father-in-law, Henry VII of England, and fourth cousin of her mother-in-law Elizabeth of York.
At an early age, Catherine was considered a suitable wife for Arthur, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the English throne, due to the English ancestry she inherited from her mother. By means of her mother, Catherine had a stronger legitimate claim to the English throne than King Henry VII himself through the first two wives of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster: Blanche of Lancaster and Constance of Castile.
In contrast, Henry VII was the descendant of Gaunt’s third marriage to Katherine Swynford, whose children were born out of wedlock and only legitimised after the death of Constance and the marriage of John to Katherine. The children of John and Katherine, while legitimised, were barred from inheriting the English throne, a stricture that was ignored in later generations.
Because of Henry’s descent through illegitimate children barred from succession to the English throne, the Tudor monarchy was not accepted by all European kingdoms. At the time, the House of Trastámara was the most prestigious in Europe, due to the rule of the Catholic Monarchs, so the alliance of Catherine and Arthur validated the House of Tudor in the eyes of European royalty and strengthened the Tudor claim to the English throne via Catherine of Aragon’s ancestry. It would have given a male heir an indisputable claim to the throne.
Catherine and Arthur and corresponded in Latin until Arthur turned fifteen, when it was decided that they were old enough to be married.
First they weremmarried by proxy on May 19, 1499 and in person o November 14, 1501, they were married at Old St. Paul’s Cathedral. A dowry of 200,000 ducats had been agreed, and half was paid shortly after the marriage.
Once married, Arthur was sent to Ludlow Castle on the borders of Wales to preside over the Council of Wales and the Marches, as was his duty as Prince of Wales, and his bride accompanied him. The couple stayed at Castle Lodge, Ludlow. A few months later, they both became ill, possibly with the sweating sickness, which was sweeping the area. Arthur died on April 2, 1502; 16-year-old Catherine recovered to find herself a widow.
At this point, Henry VII faced the challenge of avoiding the obligation to return her 200,000-ducat dowry, half of which he had not yet received, to her father, as required by her marriage contract should she return home. Following the death of Queen Elizabeth in February 1503, King Henry VII initially considered marrying Catherine himself, but the opposition of her father and potential questions over the legitimacy of the couple’s issue ended the idea. To settle the matter, it was agreed that Catherine would marry Henry VII’s second son, Henry, Duke of York, who was five years younger than she was.
Catherine held the position of ambassador of the Aragonese crown to England in 1507, the first known female ambassador in European history.
Marriage to Arthur’s brother depended on the Pope granting a dispensation because canon law forbade a man to marry his brother’s widow (Lev. 18:16). Catherine testified that her marriage to Arthur was never consummated as, also according to canon law, a marriage was dissoluble unless consummated.
Catherine’s second wedding took place on June 11, 1509, seven years after Prince Arthur’s death. She married Henry VIII, who had only just acceded to the throne, in a private ceremony in the church of the Observant Friars outside Greenwich Palace. She was 23 years of age.
For six months in 1513, Catherine served as regent of England while Henry VIII was in France. During that time the English crushed and defeated the Scottish at the Battle of Flodden, an event in which Catherine played an important part with an emotional speech about English courage.
By 1525, Henry VIII was infatuated with Anne Boleyn and dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, leaving their daughter, the future Mary I of England, as heir presumptive at a time when there was no established precedent for a woman on the throne.
Henry VIII sought to have their marriage annulled, setting in motion a chain of events that led to England’s schism with the Catholic Church. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage, Henry defied him by assuming supremacy over religious matters.
In 1533 their marriage was consequently declared invalid and Henry married Anne on the judgement of clergy in England, without reference to the pope. Catherine refused to accept Henry as supreme head of the Church in England and considered herself the king’s rightful wife and queen, attracting much popular sympathy. Despite this, Henry acknowledged her only as dowager princess of Wales.
After being banished from court by Henry, Catherine lived out the remainder of her life at Kimbolton Castle, dying there on January 7, 1536 of cancer. The English people held Catherine in high esteem, and her death set off tremendous mourning.
Catherine commissioned The Education of a Christian Woman by Juan Luis Vives, and Vives dedicated the book, controversial at the time, to the Queen in 1523. Such was Catherine’s impression on people that even her enemy Thomas Cromwell said of her, “If not for her sex, she could have defied all the heroes of History.” She successfully appealed for the lives of the rebels involved in the Evil May Day, for the sake of their families. Catherine also won widespread admiration by starting an extensive programme for the relief of the poor. She was a patron of Renaissance humanism, and a friend of the great scholars Erasmus of Rotterdam and Thomas More.
Isabella I (April 22, 1451 – November 26, 1504) was Queen of Castile from 1474 and Queen consort of Aragon from 1479, reigning over a dynastically unified Spain jointly with her husband Fernando II.
Isabella I,
Isabella was born in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Ávila, to King Juan II of Castile and his second wife, Isabella of Portugal on April 22, 1451. At the time of her birth, she was second in line to the throne after her older half-brother Infante Enrique of Castile. Enrique was 26 at that time and married, but childless. Isabella’s younger brother Alfonso of Castile was born two years later on November 17, 1453, lowering her position to third in line.
Infante Enrique, Prince of Asturias celebrated had his marriage to Blanche of Navarre in 1440, when he was 15 years old. Blanche of Navarre Was the daughter of John II of Aragon and Blanche I of Navarre.
The Cardinal Juan de Cervantes presided over the official ceremony. The marriage had been agreed in 1436 as part of the peace negotiations between Castille and Navarre.
Enrique alleged that he had been incapable of sexually consummating the marriage, despite having tried for over three years, the minimum period required by the church. Other women, prostitutes from Segovia, testified that they had had sexual relations with Enrique, which is why he blamed his inability to consummate the marriage on a curse.
Enrique IV, King of Castile
Enrique’s claim of “permanent impotence” only affected his relations with Blanche. Blanche and Enrique were cousins, and he was also a cousin of Joan of Portugal, whom he wanted to marry instead. Therefore, the reason he used to seek the annulment was the sort of curse that only affected his ability to consummate this one marriage, and would not cause any problems for him with other women. Pope Nicholas V corroborated the decision in December of the same year in a papal bull and provided a papal dispensation for Enrique’s new marriage with the sister of the Portuguese king.
When Isabella’s father, King Juan II died on July 20, 1454 her half-brother ascended to the throne as King Enrique IV of Castile. Isabella and her brother Infante Alfonso were left in King Enrique IV’s care. Isabella, her mother, and Alfonso then moved to Arévalo.
Infanta Joan of Portugal was the the posthumous daughter of King Duarte of Portugal and his wife Infanta Eleanor of Aragon, the daughter of Fernando I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque. The wedding was celebrated in May 1455, but without an affidavit of official bull authorizing the wedding between them, although they were first cousins (their mothers were sisters) and second cousins (their paternal grandmothers were half-sisters). On February 28, 1462, the queen gave birth to a daughter Infanta Joanna la Beltraneja. On May 9, 1462, Joanna was officially proclaimed heir to the throne of Castile and created Princess of Asturias. Enrique had the nobles of Castile swear allegiance to her and promise that they would support her as monarch.
Infanta Joanna la Beltraneja, Princess of Asturias.
These were times of turmoil for Isabella. The living conditions at their castle in Arévalo were poor, and they suffered from a shortage of money. Although her father arranged in his will for his children to be financially well taken care of, King Enrique did not comply with their father’s wishes, either from a desire to keep his half-siblings restricted, or from ineptitude. Even though living conditions were difficult, under the careful eye of her mother, Isabella was instructed in lessons of practical piety and in a deep reverence for religion.
Some of Isabella’s living conditions improved once they moved to Segovia. She always had food and clothing and lived in a castle that was adorned with gold and silver. Isabella’s basic education consisted of reading, spelling, writing, grammar, history, mathematics, art, chess, dancing, embroidery, music, and religious instruction. She and her ladies-in-waiting entertained themselves with art, embroidery, and music. She lived a relaxed lifestyle, but she rarely left Segovia since King Enrique forbade this.
In early 1460s, Castilian nobles became dissatisfied with the rule of King Enrique IV and believed that Queen Joan’s child (Joanna, Princess of Asturias) had not been sired by Enrique. Propaganda and rumour, encouraged by the league of rebellious nobles, argued that her father was Beltrán de la Cueva, a royal favorite of low background whom Henry had elevated to enormous power and who, as suggested by Alfonso de Palencia and others, may have been Enrique’s lover. This resulted in giving Infanta Joanna, Princess of Asturias the name “Juana la Beltraneja”, which has stuck with the girl throughout history. If Joanna was illegitimate, the next in line was Alfonso. If she was legitimate—which is entirely possible—then Alfonso and, ultimately, his famous sister Isabella were both usurpers. Considering Isabella’s impact on world history, this question has fascinated historians for centuries.
The question of Isabella’s marriage was not a new one. She had made her debut in the matrimonial market at the age of six with a betrothal to Infante Fernando of Aragon, the younger son of King Juan II of Aragon and Navarre (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) and Juana Enriquez de Córdoba, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. At that time, the two kings, Enrique IV and Juan II, were eager to show their mutual love and confidence and they believed that this double alliance would make their eternal friendship obvious to the world. This arrangement, however, did not last long.
In 1465, an attempt was made to marry Isabella to King Alfonso V of Portugal, Enrique IV’s brother-in-law. Through the medium of the Queen and Count of Ledesma, a Portuguese alliance was made. Isabella, however, was wary of the marriage and refused to consent.
A civil war broke out in Castile over King Enrique IV’s inability to act as sovereign. Enrique now needed a quick way to please the rebels of the kingdom. As part of an agreement to restore peace, Isabella was to be betrothed to Pedro Girón Acuña Pacheco, Master of the Order of Calatrava and brother to the King’s favourite, Juan Pacheco. In return, Don Pedro would pay into the impoverished royal treasury an enormous sum of money. Seeing no alternative, Enrique IV agreed to the marriage. Isabella was aghast and prayed to God that the marriage would not come to pass. Her prayers were answered when Don Pedro suddenly fell ill and died while on his way to meet his fiancée.
In 1464 the league of nobles with the Representation of Burgos controlling Isabella’s younger brother, Alfonso, forced Enrique IV to repudiate Joanna and recognize Alfonso as his official heir. Alfonso then became Prince of Asturias, a title previously held by Joanna. Enrique agreed to the compromise with the stipulation that Alfonso someday marry Joanna, to ensure that they both would one day receive the crown.
However, in 1468 at the age of only 14, Alfonso suddenly died. The cause of death is not known, but it likely to have been an illness such as consumption or plague (although it is rumored that he had been deliberately poisoned by his enemies).
When King Enrique IV had recognised Isabella as his heir-presumptive on September 19, 1468, he had also promised that his sister should not be compelled to marry against her will, while she in return had agreed to obtain his consent. It seemed that finally the years of failed attempts at political marriages were over.
There was talk of a marriage to Edward IV of England or to one of his brothers, probably Richard, Duke of Gloucester,(future Richard III); but this alliance was never seriously considered. Once again in 1468, a marriage proposal arrived from Alfonso V of Portugal. Going against his promises made in September, Enrique IV tried to make the marriage a reality. If Isabella married Alfonso, Enrique IV’s daughter Joanna, would marry Alfonso’s son Juan II of Portugal and thus, after the death of the old king, Juan II and Joanna could inherit Portugal and Castile. Isabella refused and made a secret promise to marry her cousin and very first betrothed, Fernando of Aragon.
On May 10, 1475, King Afonso V of Portugal invaded Castile and married Joanna in Plasencia, 15 days later, making her Queen of Portugal.
On October 18, 1469, the formal betrothal took place. Because Isabella and Fernando were second cousins, they stood within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity and the marriage would not be legal unless a dispensation from the Pope was obtained. With the help of the Valencian Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI), Isabella and Fernando were presented with a supposed papal bull by Pius II (who had died in 1464), authorizing Fernando to marry within the third degree of consanguinity, making their marriage legal. Afraid of opposition, Isabella eloped from the court of Enrique IV with the excuse of visiting her brother Alfonso’s tomb in Ávila. Fernando, on the other hand, crossed Castile in secret disguised as a servant. They were married immediately upon reuniting, on October 19, 1469, in the Palacio de los Vivero in the city of Valladolid.
Fernando II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
When Isabella came to the throne in 1474, upon the death of King Enrique IV of Castile was in a state of despair due to her brother Enrique’s reign. It was not unknown that Enrique IV was a big spender and did little to enforce the laws of his kingdom. It was even said by one Castilian denizen of the time that murder, rape, and robbery happened without punishment. Because of this, Isabella needed desperately to find a way to reform her kingdom.
Queen Isabella reorganized the governmental system, brought the crime rate to the lowest it had been in years, and unburdened the kingdom of the enormous debt her brother had left behind. Isabella’s marriage to Fernando II of Aragon in 1469 created the basis of the de facto unification of Spain. Her reforms and those she made with her husband had an influence that extended well beyond the borders of their united kingdoms.
Isabella and Fernando are known for completing the Reconquista, ordering conversion or exile to their Jewish and Muslim subjects, and for supporting and financing Christopher Columbus’s 1492 voyage that led to the opening of the New World and to the establishment of Spain as a major power in Europe and much of the world for more than a century. Isabella, granted together with her husband the title “the Catholic” by Pope Alexander VI, was recognized as a Servant of God by the Catholic Church in 1494.
In later years Isabella and Fernando were consumed with administration and politics over the Empire they had forged; they were concerned with the succession and worked to link the Spanish crown to the other rulers in Europe. By early 1497, all the pieces seemed to be in place: The son and heir Infanta Juan, Prince of Asturias, married a Habsburg princess, Archduchess Margaret of Austria, establishing the connection to the Habsburgs. The eldest daughter, Isabella of Aragon, married King Manuel I of Portugal, and the younger daughter, Joanna of Castile, was married to a Habsburg prince, Archduke Philipp of Habsburg, the son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and his first wife, Duchess Mary of Burgundy. These marriages were one of a set of family alliances between the Habsburgs and the Trastámaras designed to strengthen both against growing French power.
However, Isabella’s plans for her eldest two children did not work out. Her only son, John of Asturias, died shortly after his marriage. Her daughter Isabella of Aragon, whose son Miguel da Paz died at the age of two, died in childbirth. Queen Isabella I’s crowns passed to her third child Joanna and her son-in-law, Philip who is recognized as King Felipe I.
Isabella did, however, make successful dynastic matches for her two youngest daughters. The death of Isabella of Aragon created a necessity for Manuel I of Portugal to remarry, and Isabella’s third daughter, Maria of Aragon, became his next bride. Isabella’s youngest daughter, Catherine of Aragon, married England’s Arthur, Prince of Wales, but his early death resulted in her being married to his younger brother, King Henry VIII of England.
Isabella officially withdrew from governmental affairs on 14 September 14, 1504 and she died that same year on November 26 at the Medina del Campo Royal Palace. She had already been in decline since the deaths of her son Prince Juan of Asturias in 1497, her mother Isabella of Portugal in 1496, and her daughter Princess Isabella of Asturias in 1498.
She is entombed in Granada in the Capilla Real, which was built by her grandson, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (Carlos I of Spain), alongside her husband Ferdinand, her daughter Joanna and Joanna’s husband Felipe I; and Isabella’s 2-year-old grandson, Miguel da Paz (the son of Isabella’s daughter, also named Isabella, and King Manuel I of Portugal). The museum next to the Capilla Real holds her crown and scepter.
The history of Spain reaches back into antiquity and the era of the Roman Empire. After the demise of Rome the Iberian Peninsula fractured into many kingdoms. Even as late as the 15th century, the most important among all of the separate Christian kingdoms that made up the old Hispania were the Kingdom of Castile (occupying northern and central portions of the Iberian Peninsula), the Kingdom of Aragon (occupying northeastern portions of the peninsula), and the Kingdom of Portugal occupying the far western Iberian Peninsula.
The death of King Henrique IV of Castile in 1474 set off a struggle for power called the War of the Castilian Succession (1475–1479). Contenders for the throne of Castile were Henrique IV’s one-time heir Joanna la Beltraneja, supported by Portugal and France, and Henrique’s half-sister Isabella of Castile, supported by the Kingdom of Aragon and by the Castilian nobility. The setting of the succession was a step in unifying Aragon and Castile into the Kingdom of Spain.
Isabella, Queen of Castile
Isabella was born on April 22, 1451 in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Ávila, to King Juan II of Castile and his second wife, Isabella of Portugal, daughter of João, Constable of Portugal, (of the Aviz dynasty) the youngest surviving son of King João I of Portugal, and his half-niece and wife, Isabella of Barcelos, the daughter of his half-brother Afonso of Barcelos, the Duke of Braganza, an illegitimate son of the king.
At the time of her birth, Isabella was second in line to the throne after her older half-brother the future King Henrique IV of Castile. Henrique was 26 at the birth of his half-sister Isabella and was married to Queen Blanche II of Navarre but the union was childless and later annulled due to Henrique’s impotence. Another younger brother Alfonso of Castile was born two years later on November 17, 1453, lowering her position to third in line. When her father died in 1454, her half-brother ascended to the throne as King Henrique IV of Castile. Isabella and her brother Alfonso were left in King Henrique’s care. Isabell, her mother, and Alfonso then moved to Arévalo.
Henrique IV made a number of attempts throughout his reign to arrange a politically advantageous marriage for his much younger sister. The first attempt was when the six-year-old Isabella was betrothed to Fernando of Aragon and Navarre, son of Juan II of Aragon and Navarre (a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) and his second wife, Juana Enriquez de Córdoba, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte the daughter of Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza and Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala, 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte, she was a great-great granddaughter of Alfonso XI of Castile.
In March 1453, before the annulment between King Henrique IV of Castile from Queen Blanche II of Navarre was finalised, there is no record of negotiations for the new marriage between Henrique IV and Joan of Portugal, sister of the king Alfonso V of Portugal. The first marital approaches were made in December of that year, although the negotiations were long and the proposal wasn’t definitively agreed until February 1455. The wedding was celebrated in May 1455, but without an affidavit of official bull authorizing the wedding between them, they were first cousins (their mothers were sisters) and second cousins (their paternal grandmothers were half-sisters). On February 28, 1462, the queen gave birth to a daughter Joanna la Beltraneja, whose paternity came into question during the conflict for succession to the Castillian throne when Henrique IV died.
In 1468, at the age of only 14, Alfonso, the brother of Henrique IV and Isabella, died, most likely from the plague (although poison and slit throat have been suggested). His will left his crown and place in the succession to his sister, Isabella. Henrique IV agreed to exclude Joanna la Beltraneja from the succession, due to her questionable parentage, and to recognize Isabella as his official heir.
Fernando II, King of Aragon
Infante Fernando of Aragon married Infanta Isabella, on October 19, 1469 in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon. Isabella also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara, and the two were cousins by descent from Juan I of Castile. They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement on sharing power, and under the joint motto “tanto monta, monta tanto”.
Isabella became Castile’s next monarch when King Henrique IV died in 1474. However, the succession was not settled. After the death of King Henrique IV, war broke out in Castile. Joanna la Beltraneja was supported by Portugal, while the eventual winner, Henrique’s half-sister Isabella I of Castile, had the support of Aragon. France initially supported Joanna, yet in 1476, after losing the Battle of Toro, France refused to help Joanna, further and in 1478 signed a peace treaty with Isabella.
Fernando II and Isabella I, King and Queen of Castile and Aragon
Upon Isabella’s succession to the throne of Castile, she ruled jointly with her husband, Fernando of Aragon who succeeded his father as King Fernando II of Aragon in 1479,
Their marriage united both crowns and set the stage for the creation of the Kingdom of Spain, at the dawn of the modern era. That union, however, was a union in title only, as each region retained its own political and judicial structure. Pursuant to an agreement signed by Isabella and Fernando on January 15, 1474, Isabella held more authority over the newly unified Spain than her husband, although their rule was shared. Together, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon were known as the “Catholic Monarchs” (Spanish: los Reyes Católicos), a title bestowed on them by Pope Alexander VI.
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John II of Aragon facts for kids
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John II (Spanish: Juan II, Catalan: Joan II, Aragonese: Chuan II and Basque: Joanes II; 29 June 1398 – 20 January 1479), called the Great (el Gran) or the Faithless (el Sense Fe), was King of Aragon from 1458 until his death in 1479. As the husband of Queen Blanche I of Navarre, he was King of Navarre from 1425 to 1479. John was also King of Sicily from 1458 to 1468.
Biography
John was born at Medina del Campo (in the Crown of Castile), the son of King Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque. In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II of Castile. Until middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was preoccupied by incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella I of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile and which was to create the Kingdom of Spain. His troubles with his subjects were closely connected with tragic dissensions within his own family.
John was first married to Blanche I of Navarre of the house of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But one son, Charles, given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard this son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, it grew into absolute hatred, being encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, however, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside.
There followed the long Navarrese Civil War, with alternations of success and defeat, ending only with the death of the prince of Viana, possibly by poison administered by his father in 1461. The Catalans, who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of their own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders in the Catalan Civil War. John spent his last years contending with them. He was forced to pawn Roussillon, his possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to King Louis XI of France, who refused to part with it.
In his old age John was blinded by cataracts, but recovered his eyesight with an operation (couching) conducted by his physician Abiathar Crescas, a Jew. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but until his death in 1479 John carried on a war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbor the French king. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already married to Isabella I of Castile. With his death and son's accession to the throne of Aragon, the unification of Spain under one royal house began in earnest.
Marriages and issue
From his first marriage to Blanche of Navarre, John had the following children:
Charles, Prince of Viana (1421–1461)
Juana (1423 – 22 August 1425)
Blanche II of Navarre (1424–1464)
Eleanor of Navarre (1426-1479)
From his second marriage to Juana Enríquez, John had the following children:
Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516). Married Isabella I of Castile.
Joanna of Aragon (1455–1517). Married Ferdinand I of Naples.
Illegitimate children:
Alfonso de Aragón y de Escobar (1417-1495), Duke of Villahermosa
Juan de Aragón (1440–1475), Archbishop of Zaragoza
Felipe de Carrayos del Radona (Phillipe del Radona)
See also
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History, Trastámara dynasty and period dramas. Avid gif maker. My name in Spanish means “cupcake”, the Tudor dynasty isn’t my cup of tea. Yo soy Betty, la fea (Betty isn’t the villain) and The Godfather fan. Kay Adam’s (Corleone) supporter.
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Ferdinand II
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Ferdinand II (Ferdinand the Catholic) (b. 1452, Sos, Aragon, d. 1516, Madrigalejo, Spain), king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. (As Spanish ruler of southern Italy, he was also known as Ferdinand III of Naples and Ferdinand II of Sicily.) He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and began Spain's entry into the modern period of imperial expansion.
Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, both of Castilian origin. In 1461, in the midst of a bitterly contested succession, John II named him heir apparent and governor of all his kingdoms and lands. Ferdinand's future was assured when he came of age, in 1466, and when he was named king of Sicily, in 1468, in order to impress the court of Castile, where his father ultimately wished to place him. In addition to participating in court life, the young prince saw battle during the Catalonian wars. In the summer of 1468, beginning to sow his wild oats, he went courting; the first fruits of these adventures were Alfonso of Aragon, future archbishop of Zaragoza and his father's favourite, and Juana of Aragon.
John II was careful about Ferdinand's education and took personal charge of it, making sure that Ferdinand learned as much as possible from experience. He also provided him with teachers who taught him humanistic attitudes and wrote him treatises on the art of government. Ferdinand had no apparent bent for formal studies, but he was a patron of the arts and a devotee of vocal and instrumental music.
Ferdinand had an imposing personality but was never very genial. From his father he acquired sagacity, integrity, courage, and a calculated reserve; from his mother, an impulsive emotionality, which he generally repressed. Under the responsibility of kingship he had to conceal his stronger passions and adopt a cold, impenetrable mask.
He married the princess Isabella of Castile in Valladolid in October 1469. This was a marriage of political opportunism, not romance. The court of Aragon dreamed of a return to Castile, and Isabella needed help to gain succession to the throne. The marriage initiated a dark and troubled life, in which Ferdinand fought on the Castilian and Aragonese fronts in order to impose his authority over the noble oligarchies, shifting his basis of support from one kingdom to the other according to the intensity of the danger. Despite the political nature of the union, he loved Isabella sincerely. She quickly bore him children: the infanta Isabella was born in 1470; the heir apparent, John, in 1478; and the infantas Juana (called Juana la Loca--Joan the Mad), Catalina (later called--as the first wife of Henry VIII of England--Catherine of Aragon), and María followed. The marriage began, however, with almost continual separation. Ferdinand, often away in the Castilian towns or on journeys to Aragon, reproached his wife for the comfort of her life. At the same time, the restlessness of his 20 years drove him into other women's arms, by whom he sired at least two female children, whose birth dates are not recorded.
Between the ages of 20 and 30, Ferdinand performed a series of heroic deeds. These began when Henry IV of Castile died on Dec. 11, 1474, leaving his succession in dispute. Ferdinand rushed from Zaragoza to Segovia, where Isabella had herself proclaimed queen of Castile on December 13. Ferdinand remained there as king consort, an uneasy, marginal figure, until Isabella's war of succession against Afonso V of Portugal gained his acceptance in 1479 as king in every sense of the word. That same year John II died, and Ferdinand succeeded to the Aragonese throne. This initiated a confederation of kingdoms, which was the institutional basis for modern Spain.
The events of this period bring out the young king's character more clearly. In portraits he appears with soft, well-proportioned features, a small, sensual mouth, and pensive eyes. His literary descriptions are more complicated, although they agree in presenting him as good-looking, of medium height, and a good rider, devoted to games and to the hunt. He had a clear, strong voice. He was something of a ladies' man, which caused Isabella jealousy for several years.
From 1475 to 1479 Ferdinand struggled to take a firm seat in Castile with his young wife and to transform the kingdom politically, using new institutional molds partly inspired by those of Aragon. This policy of modernization included a ban against all religions other than Roman Catholicism. The establishment of the Spanish Inquisition (1478) to enforce religious uniformity and the expulsion of the Jews (1492) were both part of a deliberate policy designed to strengthen the church, which would in turn support the crown.
The years 1482-92 were frantic for Ferdinand. In the spring months he directed the campaign against the kingdom of Granada, showing his military talent to good effect, and he conquered the kingdom inch by inch, winning its final capitulation on Jan. 2, 1492. During the months of rest from war, he visited his kingdoms, learning their geography and problems firsthand.
The conquest of Granada made it possible to support Christopher Columbus' voyages of exploration across the Atlantic. It is not known what Ferdinand thought of Columbus or how he judged his plans, nor can it be stated that the first trip was financed from Aragon; the sum of 1,157,000 maravedis came from the funds of the Santa Hermandad ("Holy Brotherhood"). Nevertheless, Ferdinand was present in the development of plans for the enterprise, in the negotiations to obtain the pope's backing for it, and in the organization of the resulting American colonies.
At the age of 50 Ferdinand was an incarnation of royalty, and fortune smiled on him. For various reasons, particularly for his intervention in Italy, Pope Alexander VI gave him the honorary title of "the Catholic" on Dec. 2, 1496. But he also suffered a succession of tragedies: the heir apparent and his eldest daughter both died, and the first symptoms of insanity appeared in his daughter Juana. He was wounded in Barcelona in 1493, but this was unimportant compared with the family injuries he suffered, which culminated in the death of Isabella in 1504, "the best and most excellent wife king ever had."
To secure his position in Castile, Ferdinand married Germaine de Foix, niece of the king of France, on Oct. 19, 1505; this, too, was a political marriage, although he always showed her the highest regard. A stay in Italy (1506-07) demonstrated how badly he was needed by the Spanish kingdoms. Once more in Castile, he managed his European policy so as to obtain a hegemony that would serve his expansionary ends in the Mediterranean and in Africa. In 1512, immediately after the schism in the church in which the kings of Navarre participated, he occupied their kingdom and incorporated it into Castile--one of the most controversial acts of his reign.
In 1513 Ferdinand's health began to decay, although he was still able to direct his international policy and to prepare the succession of his grandson, the future emperor Charles V. In early 1516 he began a trip to Granada; he stopped in Madrigalejo, the little site of the sanctuary of Guadalupe, where he died. The day before his death, he had signed his last will and testament, an excellent picture of the monarch and of the political situation at his death.
Many considered Ferdinand the saviour of his kingdoms, a bringer of unity. Others despised him for having oppressed them. Machiavelli attributed to him the objectionable qualities of the Renaissance prince. The German traveler Thomas Müntzer and the Italian diplomat Francesco Guicciardini, who knew him personally, compared him with Charlemagne. His will indicates that he died with a clear conscience, ordering that his body be moved to Granada and buried next to that of his wife Isabella, so that they might be reunited for eternity. He died convinced that the crown of Spain had not been so powerful for 700 years, "and all, after God, because of my work and my labour."
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Ferdinand II | Biography, Facts, Accomplishments, & Isabella I
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Ferdinand II, king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and began Spain’s entry into the modern period of imperial expansion. Read and learn more about Ferdinand II here.
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-II-king-of-Spain
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Ferdinand II
king of Spain
Byname:
Ferdinand the Catholic
Spanish:
Fernando el Católico
Born:
March 10, 1452, Sos, Aragon [Spain]
Died:
January 23, 1516, Madrigalejo, Spain (aged 63)
Top Questions
Who was King Ferdinand II?
Ferdinand II was the king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. As Spanish ruler of southern Italy, he was also known as Ferdinand III of Naples and Ferdinand II of Sicily. He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain.
What were King Ferdinand II’s parents’ names?
King Ferdinand II’s parents’ names were John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez.
What was King Ferdinand II like?
In portraits, King Ferdinand II appears with soft, well-proportioned features, a small, sensual mouth, and pensive eyes. His literary descriptions are more complicated, although they agree in presenting him as good-looking, of medium height, and a good rider, devoted to games and to the hunt. He had a clear, strong voice.
What is King Ferdinand II best known for?
King Ferdinand II is known for uniting the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain, supporting the Spanish Inquisition (1478–1834), sponsoring Christopher Columbus’s voyages of exploration across the Atlantic Ocean, and commencing Spain’s entry into the modern period of imperial expansion.
Ferdinand II (born March 10, 1452, Sos, Aragon [Spain]—died January 23, 1516, Madrigalejo, Spain) was the king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. (As Spanish ruler of southern Italy, he was also known as Ferdinand III of Naples and Ferdinand II of Sicily.) He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and began Spain’s entry into the modern period of imperial expansion.
Early life
Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, both of Castilian origin. In 1461, in the midst of a bitterly contested succession, John II named him heir apparent and governor of all his kingdoms and lands. Ferdinand’s future was assured when he came of age, in 1466, and when he was named king of Sicily, in 1468, in order to impress the court of Castile, where his father ultimately wished to place him. In addition to participating in court life, the young prince saw battle during the Catalonian wars.
Britannica Quiz
Kings and Emperors (Part III) Quiz
John II was careful about Ferdinand’s education and took personal charge of it, making sure that Ferdinand learned as much as possible from experience. He also provided him with teachers who taught him humanistic attitudes and wrote him treatises on the art of government. Ferdinand had no apparent bent for formal studies, but he was a patron of the arts and a devotee of vocal and instrumental music.
Ferdinand had an imposing personality but was never very genial. From his father he acquired sagacity, integrity, courage, and a calculated reserve; from his mother, an impulsive emotionality, which he generally repressed. Under the responsibility of kingship he had to conceal his stronger passions and adopt a cold, impenetrable mask.
Marriage to Isabella and unification of Spain
He married the princess Isabella of Castile in Valladolid in October 1469. This was a marriage of political opportunism, not romance. The court of Aragon dreamed of a return to Castile, and Isabella needed help to gain succession to the throne. The marriage initiated a dark and troubled life, in which Ferdinand fought on the Castilian and Aragonese fronts in order to impose his authority over the noble oligarchies, shifting his basis of support from one kingdom to the other according to the intensity of the danger. Despite the political nature of the union, he loved Isabella sincerely. She quickly bore him children: the infanta Isabella was born in 1470; the heir apparent, Juan, in 1478; and the infantas Juana (called Juana la Loca—Joan the Mad), Catalina (later called—as the first wife of Henry VIII of England—Catherine of Aragon), and María followed. The marriage began, however, with almost continual separation. Ferdinand, often away in the Castilian towns or on journeys to Aragon, reproached his wife for the comfort of her life. At the same time, the restlessness of his 20 years drove him into other women’s arms, by whom he sired at least two female children, whose birth dates are not recorded. His extramarital affairs caused Isabella jealousy for several years.
Between the ages of 20 and 30, Ferdinand performed a series of heroic deeds. These began when Henry IV of Castile died on December 11, 1474, leaving his succession in dispute. Ferdinand rushed from Zaragoza to Segovia, where Isabella had herself proclaimed queen of Castile on December 13. Ferdinand remained there as king consort, an uneasy, marginal figure, until Isabella’s war of succession against Afonso V of Portugal gained his acceptance in 1479 as king in every sense of the word. That same year John II died, and Ferdinand succeeded to the Aragonese throne. This initiated a confederation of kingdoms, which was the institutional basis for modern Spain.
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The events of this period bring out the young king’s character more clearly. In portraits he appears with soft, well-proportioned features, a small, sensual mouth, and pensive eyes. His literary descriptions are more complicated, although they agree in presenting him as good-looking, of medium height, and a good rider, devoted to games and to the hunt. He had a clear, strong voice.
The Spanish Inquisition, conquest of Granada, and voyages of Columbus
From 1475 to 1479 Ferdinand struggled to take a firm seat in Castile with his young wife and to transform the kingdom politically, using new institutional molds partly inspired by those of Aragon. This policy of modernization included a ban against all religions other than Roman Catholicism. The establishment of the Spanish Inquisition (1478) to enforce religious uniformity and the expulsion of the Jews (1492) were both part of a deliberate policy designed to strengthen the church, which would in turn support the crown.
The years 1482–92 were frantic for Ferdinand. In the spring months he directed the campaign against the kingdom of Granada, showing his military talent to good effect, and he conquered the kingdom inch by inch, winning its final capitulation on January 2, 1492. During the months of rest from war, he visited his kingdoms, learning their geography and problems firsthand.
The conquest of Granada made it possible to support Christopher Columbus’ voyages of exploration across the Atlantic. It is not known what Ferdinand thought of Columbus or how he judged his plans, nor can it be stated that the first trip was financed from Aragon; the sum of 1,157,000 maravedis came from the funds of the Santa Hermandad (“Holy Brotherhood”). Nevertheless, Ferdinand was present in the development of plans for the enterprise, in the negotiations to obtain the pope’s backing for it, and in the organization of the resulting American colonies.
At the age of 50 Ferdinand was an incarnation of royalty, and fortune smiled on him. For various reasons, particularly for his intervention in Italy, Pope Alexander VI gave him the honorary title of “the Catholic” on December 2, 1496. But he also suffered a succession of tragedies: the heir apparent and his eldest daughter both died, and the first symptoms of insanity appeared in his daughter Juana. He was wounded in Barcelona in 1493, but this was unimportant compared with the family injuries he suffered, which culminated in the death of Isabella in 1504, “the best and most excellent wife king ever had.”
In 1505, to secure his position in Castile, Ferdinand signed a contract to marry Germaine de Foix, niece of the king of France. This, too, was a political marriage, although he always showed her the highest regard. A stay in Italy (1506–07) demonstrated how badly he was needed by the Spanish kingdoms. Once more in Castile, he managed his European policy so as to obtain a hegemony that would serve his expansionary ends in the Mediterranean and in Africa. In 1512, immediately after the schism in the church in which the kings of Navarre participated, he occupied their kingdom and incorporated it into Castile—one of the most controversial acts of his reign.
Death and legacy
In 1513 Ferdinand’s health began to decay, although he was still able to direct his international policy and to prepare the succession of his grandson, the future emperor Charles V. In early 1516 he began a trip to Granada; he stopped in Madrigalejo, the little site of the sanctuary of Guadalupe, where he died. The day before his death, he had signed his last will and testament, an excellent picture of the monarch and of the political situation at his death.
Many considered Ferdinand the saviour of his kingdoms, a bringer of unity. Others despised him for having oppressed them. Machiavelli attributed to him the objectionable qualities of the Renaissance prince. The German traveler Thomas Müntzer and the Italian diplomat Francesco Guicciardini, who knew him personally, compared him with Charlemagne. His will indicates that he died with a clear conscience, ordering that his body be moved to Granada and buried next to that of his wife Isabella, so that they might be reunited for eternity. He died convinced that the crown of Spain had not been so powerful for 700 years, “and all, after God, because of my work and my labour.”
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https://theeuropeanmiddleages.com/spain/john-ii-of-castile/
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The European Middle Ages
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John II of Castile lacked political leadership and allowed others to rule through him. His weak rule saw the decline of Castile.
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en
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The European Middle Ages
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https://theeuropeanmiddleages.com/spain/john-ii-of-castile/
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John II of Castile was born on March 6, 1405, in Toro, Castile. The first-born son of King Henry III and Queen Catherine, John was the couple’s third child. A year after the prince’s birth, Henry died from illness at the age of 27. Through his efforts, the king left behind a stable kingdom with a prosperous economy to his infant son. As a baby, John couldn’t rule independently yet. Instead, the new king’s mother and uncle, Ferdinand of Aragon, ruled on his behalf.
As John II grew up, the young king preferred hunting and tournaments over politics. By 1419, he had become old enough to begin ruling independently. The following year, John married his cousin, Maria of Aragon. Lacking his father’s political instincts, John quickly proved an incapable ruler. To make matters worse, the king willingly allowed himself to be influenced by stronger-willed individuals. One such person was his friend, Alvaro de Luna.
de Luna didn’t like John II’s Aragon cousins. To this end, the king’s advisor created a faction at court to oppose the Aragonese. As the nobles fought amongst themselves, de Luna used the chaos to enrich himself and his close followers. Despite Alvaro’s negative influence, John willingly turned a blind eye to his corrupt activities. As the king’s reign progressed, John allowed de Luna to gain more control over him.
Campaign Against Granada
In 1430, peace was restored at the Castilian court after a settlement was agreed upon. With the factions pacified, John II turned his attention toward Granada. The king led a military campaign to depose Sultan Muhammed IX and replace him with a more friendly ruler. After defeating Granada’s forces at the Battle of Higuereula in 1431, John installed Yusuf IV on Granada’s throne. The new sultan agreed to become Castile’s vassal and pay tribute. This victory would be the high point of John’s reign.
de Luna’s Downfall
Over the next 15 years, Alvaro de Luna faithfully advised John II of Castile while increasing his own political and economic power. The king continued to allow de Luna to rule on his behalf and took little interest in politics. In 1447, Queen Maria died, leaving behind a single living child, Henry. Similar to his father, the prince had two older sisters. However, they both had died young.
Under Alvaro de Luna’s influence, John II gave his son a separate court at Segovia. de Luna did this to keep the prince isolated, although this action would later backfire. By this time, de Luna’s greed had caused a faction of the nobility to turn against him. While in Segovia, Henry came under the influence of these nobles and began plotting against de Luna. The king’s advisor would make his next mistake by arranging John’s second marriage.
Seeking a new bride for John II, Alvaro de Luna arranged for the king to marry 19-year-old Isabella of Portugal. On September 4, 1448, John married the princess. Unlike Maria, who accepted Alvaro de Luna’s control of the king, Isabella sought to control John herself. As a result, de Luna’s days were numbered. Under pressure from his wife and son, John reluctantly ordered de Luna’s execution in June 1453.
Final Years
Queen Isabella quickly dominated her feeble husband after Alvaro de Luna’s death. Although the king mourned his friend’s passing, John II readily submitted to his strong-willed wife. In the early 1450s, the aging king had two more children with Isabella; Isabella (b. 1451) and Alfonso (b. 1453). Although John now had another son, Prince Henry remained his father’s heir. On July 21, 1454, the 49-year-old king died and was succeeded by Henry IV the following day.
Conclusion
John II of Castile proved to be an incapable ruler. His feeble nature and willingness to let others dominate him ultimately undid Henry III’s work. Instead of leaving behind a prosperous kingdom to his son, John left behind a weakened throne to Henry. Unfortunately for Henry IV, he wouldn’t fare much better than his father. Castile wouldn’t begin to recover its strength until Isabella I’s reign began in 1474.
Sources
Dougherty, M. J. (2018). Kings & Queens of the Medieval World: From Conquerors and Exiles to Madmen and Saints (pp. 76-78). London: Amber Books.
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Why Ferdinand the Catholic was born in Aragon and not in Navarre
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Juana gave birth to a child who would change the history of Spain and who would be known as Ferdinand the Catholic.
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Fascinating Spain
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https://fascinatingspain.com/legend-of-spain/legends-of-aragon/ferdinand-catholic-born-aragon-not-navarre/
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It was March 1452. The Iberian Peninsula was divided into different kingdoms, whose inhabitants paid homage to different kings. Likewise, in the kingdom of Navarre blood was flowing due to a civil conflict between its king John II of Aragon, who would soon become the father of a little boy named Ferdinand, and his son the prince of Viana. By then Juan’s wife, Juana Enriquez, with an already bulging belly, was residing in the castle of Sangüesa, which belonged to Navarre.
When the birth was imminent, the queen decided to leave Sangüesa to have her child in the kingdom of Aragon. Juana then moved to the border town of Sos, now renamed Sos del Rey Católico. It was there that Juana gave birth to a child who would change the history of Spain and who would be known as Ferdinand the Catholic. Why did the queen make this decision? Was there something special about Sos? Was there something wrong in Sangüesa?
A neglected king
To understand the reasons that led Juana Enriquez to travel to Sos, we must stop for a moment to observe what was happening in the kingdom of Navarre. Well, there ruled, as already mentioned, John II of Aragon. However, this monarch was for most of his reign more interested in the kingdom of Castile than in his own, neglecting his duties on the throne.
There, in Castile, Juan II had his goods confiscated and his revenues seized on two occasions, in 1429 and 1444. In both dates the monarch of the kingdom of Navarre, annoyed, confronted the monarch of Castile and on both occasions he lost. In the kingdom of Navarre these wars, declared by a ruler who did not care about them, were very unpopular among the population.
Meanwhile, his wife at the time, Blanca I of Navarre, ruled the kingdom. However, in 1441, the queen died after having three children with her husband. In her will, Blanca I named her son, known as Carlos de Viana or Prince of Viana, as universal heir to the kingdom of Navarre. But she begged him not to take the title ‘without the benevolence and blessing of his father’.
A civil war between father and son
Don Juan took advantage of that loophole to continue with the title of king and named the prince lieutenant general, who was the one who took charge of the kingdom, while his father was still engrossed in his Castilian interests. But with the defeat of Juan II in 1445, the monarch had to return to Navarre. It was then when the balance between father and son was broken, because, as Abella points out, Juan II ‘brought his Castilian supporters and distributed rents and perks among them, stripping them from his son’s followers’.
This already delicate context was further aggravated when John II married a second wife, Juana Enriquez, daughter of a powerful Castilian nobleman. The monarch of Navarre continued to demonstrate, time and again, that his interests were in Castile. In addition, with that marriage, Juan II supposedly lost the rights he held thanks to his first wife, among which was the title of king. Thus, when the new queen went to Olite, Prince Charles decided to flee the kingdom.
In 1851, the prince’s supporters took up arms, supported by Castilian troops. On the other hand, King Juan II obtained the support of the kingdom of Aragon, since his brother was the monarch of Aragon and Juan held the title of lieutenant general. The civil war in the kingdom of Navarre had begun.
The birth of Ferdinand the Catholic
It was at this delicate moment, when the monarchs resided in the municipality of Sangüesa, in Navarre, a town that had good communication with the Aragonese border towns. When childbirth was imminent, Juana Enríquez decided that it was time to move to Aragon, a kingdom that was not officially at war and by which they were supported. The first fortified village along the way was Sos. There, he was able to find shelter in the palace of the Sada, a residence where the kings had already stayed on more than one occasion.
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