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wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
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FactBench
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2
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https://iovine-young.usc.edu/
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en
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USC Jimmy Iovine and Andre Young Academy
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[
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Fusing technology, arts, and entrepreneurship to celebrate the enduring qualities of the human spirit.
|
en
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/favicon/favicon.ico
| null |
We teach for a world where human experience fuels purpose-driven technology and business innovation.
We teach for a world where human experience fuels purpose-driven technology and business innovation.
|
|||
wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
|
FactBench
|
1
| 2
|
https://www.artnews.com/art-news/sponsored-content/knight-foundation-3-how-technology-enables-arts-institutions-reach-new-audiences-expand-access-1234708962/
|
en
|
How Technology Enables Arts Institutions to Reach New Audiences and Expand Access to the Arts
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2024-07-16T08:00:00+00:00
|
Knight Foundation is expanding access to the arts.
|
en
|
ARTnews.com
|
https://www.artnews.com/art-news/sponsored-content/knight-foundation-3-how-technology-enables-arts-institutions-reach-new-audiences-expand-access-1234708962/
|
When COVID-19 forced institutions worldwide to close, arts organizations quickly developed digital programs to stay connected with their audiences. New World Symphony in Miami Beach, equipped with state-of-the-art technology, was particularly well-prepared for this transition.
During the pandemic, locals gathered in SoundScape Park for socially distanced live-streamed performances projected on the venue’s wall, while hundreds watched from their homes. Even three years later, the concert venue continues to prioritize a digital-first approach. “We are never going back,” said Howard Herring, New World Symphony president and CEO, at Knight Foundation’s forum Catalyst: Digital Transformation in the Arts, during Miami Art Week. “It’s about this place and it’s about the rest of the world—at the same time.”
Across the country, arts organizations are discovering that digital programs can increase access to the arts and attract new audiences. For example, Bearded Ladies, an experimental queer cabaret group in Philadelphia, uses technology to make their in-person programming accessible to people outside urban centers. “We’re trying to reach all the little queer-dos in the Midwest that may not have the same resources and community that are in Philly,” said founder John Jarboe. “[Digital can] do that work, to be an extension, a lubricant for connection.”
As the world becomes increasingly online, digitizing collections is crucial for institutions to engage their audiences. Makayla Bailey, co-director of Rhizome, is at the forefront of preserving digital culture. Rhizome’s online archives document digital culture by preserving interactive copies of websites. “We can preserve an interactive copy of a website and the content that’s revealed by interacting with the website itself,” Bailey said. “Not just the things that are tangible, but the more ephemeral things.”
Technology has also opened new revenue streams for established institutions like the Barnes in Philadelphia. They have digitized their collection, which includes more Paul Cézanne paintings than all the museums in France combined. Their online education programs generate more than $1 million annually. “The impact is many multiples greater in the digital realm,” said Thom Collins, the Barnes’s executive director and president.
Knight Foundation funds the application of technology in the arts to enhance how art is created, shared, and experienced. “Art has an incredible ability to connect people to each other and to the places they live,” said Victoria Rogers, vice president of arts at Knight. “Institutions that embrace technology are forging strong bonds within their communities and unveiling new opportunities for connection.”
ABOUT THE KNIGHT FOUNDATION
We are social investors who support a more effective democracy by funding free expression and journalism, arts and culture in community, research in areas of media and democracy, and American cities and towns where the Knight brothers once published newspapers. Find more information at KF.org.
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
|
FactBench
|
2
| 9
|
https://www.dorisduke.org/funding-areas/performing-arts/technologies-lab/
|
en
|
Performing Arts Technologies Lab
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en
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Applications for the 2024 Performing Arts Technologies Lab are now closed.
The Performing Arts Technologies Lab is both a grant and a support system designed to expand access to and nurture new methods for creating, sharing and experiencing the performing arts. The Doris Duke Foundation (DDF) is looking for innovative ideas in jazz, contemporary dance and theater that make use of new digital tools and production methods.
Whether you are just starting to explore these ideas or have been working with emerging stage technologies and new digital tools for a long time, we’re interested in your unique artistic and technical proposals. DDF welcomes all performing arts perspectives and technical approaches from individuals, partnerships and organizations.
Selected projects will proceed through a series of development phases, beginning with the articulation of a basic concept and culminating, for some proposals, in a fully funded implementation. Support will combine financial resources with technical assistance. Participants will be expected to participate in a series of virtual and in-person meetings that will be programmed to facilitate shared learning and exchange.
Background
The history of the performing arts is also a history of technology. From theater design, lighting, rigging and sound to the integration of digital processes on stage, these innovations continually provide artists with new forms of expression and audiences with new forms of experience.
COVID-19 fundamentally accelerated the role of digital technology in the arts. In forcing the closure of in-person venues and experiences, many artists and presenting organizations developed creative ways to reconceive their craft and engage audiences from their homes. Some of these improvisations powerfully and compellingly opened new, previously unexplored pathways to reach and move audiences. In other cases, the dizzying pace of change led to unprepared or poorly implemented projects due to lack of access and resources. For some, the options for remote engagement were altogether impossible.
DDF hopes that support from the Performing Arts Technologies Lab will help to generate the conditions necessary for the fields of theater, contemporary dance and jazz to sustainably and effectively leverage the complete capabilities of digital technology in instances where it is artistically beneficial and creatively productive.
Opportunity
At the Doris Duke Foundation, we are dedicated to supporting the growth of performing artists and innovators, whether working independently, within institutions and nonprofits, or through partnerships and collaborations. We believe that advancements in digital technology and production methods can greatly enhance creativity in the performing arts and deepen audience experience.
In the realm of performing arts and technology, there are many questions to explore. Some are technical:
What new tools are emerging in the performing arts, and how are artists using them?
What skills and support do artists and arts professionals need to effectively use these tools?
What kind of setup is needed to integrate new digital and production technologies with performances, whether in-person, online or in hybrid settings?
How is digital technology changing the roles and requirements of those supporting arts production and administration?
Are the resources needed for the integration of new production technologies in the performing arts different from traditional methods, and how can we learn from one another’s experiences to enhance the creative process?
On a more fundamental level:
What creative possibilities does emerging digital technology unlock, and what are the limitations?
How can technology alter the dynamic between artists and their audiences, and what are the implications of such alterations?
Does technology align with or compete with the ways in which artists pursue their work and engage with the communities that assemble around it?
What does digital technology mean for the accessibility of performing arts for both artists and audiences?
To explore these questions, the Doris Duke Foundation is establishing the Performing Arts Technologies Lab. This initiative aims to support and nurture expansive ideas that seek to experiment with the potential of digital tools in the creation, presentation and distribution of performing arts. The lab is a space for individuals and organizations at all levels of technical expertise who seek to experiment at the intersection of technology and the performing arts.
Recognizing that emerging technologies can reshape the ways in which the performing arts are produced and presented, we welcome a broad range of approaches. This includes projects led by artists, organizations or creative partnerships, but also seeks to extend to those beyond the typical boundaries of the performing arts sector, and we encourage those who see new possibilities for technological advancements in the field to apply. DDF is eager to explore the power and potential of a diverse grantee cohort.
Finalists
The 40 artists and organizations whose proposals have been selected for the second-round external review by an independent panel are:
Alaska Native Heritage Center, Anchorage, AK – Dance
Alley Theatre, Houston, TX – Theater
Ananya Dance Theatre, St. Paul, MN – Dance
Andrew Schneider, Brooklyn, NY – Theater
Ballet Hispánico of New York, New York, NY – Dance
Center for the Arts, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT – Multi-disciplinary
ChromaDiverse, Inc., San Francisco, CA – Dance
Contemporary Performing Arts of Chattanooga Inc., Chattanooga, TN – Multi-disciplinary
CultureHub, New York, NY – Multi-disciplinary
d. Sabela grimes, Los Angeles, CA – Dance
Electric Root, Torrance, CA – Jazz
ArtsEmerson and HowlRound Theatre Commons at Emerson College, Boston, MA – Multi-disciplinary
futurePerfect lab + Q Dance Company, Gainesville, FL – Dance
grisha coleman, Cambridge, MA – Dance
Guillermo E. Brown, Los Angeles, CA – Multi-disciplinary
HBarts Collective, Inc., New York, NY – Multi-disciplinary
HiiiWAV, Oakland, CA – Jazz
Indigenous Performance Productions, Olympia, WA – Theater
Junebug Productions Inc., New Orleans, LA – Theater
Kinetic Light, New York, NY – Dance
KKA Advisors, New York, NY – Multi-disciplinary
kosoko performance studio, Brooklyn, NY / Philadelphia, PA – Multi-disciplinary
Marcus Roberts, West Roxbury, MA – Jazz
Momentum Stage, Inc., Plantation, FL – Dance
National Performance Network, New Orleans, LA – Multi-disciplinary
Native Art & Cultures Foundation, Inc., Portland, OR – Multi-disciplinary
Non-Op, Inc., Chicago, IL – Multi-disciplinary
Open Circle Theatre. Inc., Rockville, MD – Theater
Paul Rucker, Richmond, VA – Jazz
Performance Space New York, New York, NY – Multi-disciplinary
San Francisco Jazz Organization, San Francisco, CA - Jazz
Scott Oshiro, Mountain View, CA – Jazz
Sélébéyone, Altadena, CA – Jazz
Sozo Impact, Oakland, CA – Multi-disciplinary
The Healing Project, New York, NY – Jazz
Toni Dove, New York, NY – Multi-disciplinary
University of Illinois at Springfield, Springfield, IL – Theater
Vision Into Arts Presents, Inc., Brooklyn, NY – Multi-disciplinary
Wexner Center Foundation, Colombus, OH – Theater
Wideman Davis Dance, Columbia, SC – Dance
The Doris Duke Foundation will announce its list of Lab grantees in September 2024.
Questions
For questions by email, please use artsRFP@dorisduke.org with “2024 Phase 1 Lab – [your last name]” as the subject line. Your questions will be answered within two business days.
Key Dates
March to November 2024 (all times in ET)
Program Launch - March 13
Application Deadline - May 6
Finalists Announced - July 10
Phase 1 Grantees Notified - by Sept. 1
Phase 1 Convening - Nov. 18-19
*Fall 2024 to spring 2025 dates to be determined.
|
||||||
wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
|
FactBench
|
1
| 56
|
https://gatech.edu/node/1
|
en
|
Georgia Institute of Technology
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[] | null |
Explore Georgia Tech, a top public research university developing leaders in technology and improving lives, with diverse programs and global reach.
|
en
|
/sites/default/files/favicon.ico
|
Georgia Institute of Technology
|
https://gatech.edu/node/1
|
Emotion AI is increasingly in the spotlight for its potential applications — as well as its problems and pitfalls. Georgia Tech’s Noura Howell is researching how we might reimagine the future of emotion AI, thanks to a prestigious Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) award from the National Science Foundation.
|
||
wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
|
FactBench
|
2
| 8
|
https://www.cognizant.com/us/en/services/enterprise-platform-services/salesforce/revenue-management-solutions
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en
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Salesforce Revenue Management Solutions
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Combine the power of modern revenue management solutions with the expertise and innovation of Cognizant. Learn more.
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en
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/content/dam/cognizant-dot-com/favicon/favicon.ico
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www.cognizant.com
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https://www.cognizant.com/us/en/services/enterprise-platform-services/salesforce/revenue-management-solutions
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Let Cognizant evaluate your current state revenue management processes and technology. With decades of experience in revenue management, we can optimize your revenue management technology stack with an assessment of your organization’s use and configuration and guide you through the vendor RFP and selection process.
We have a host of revenue management health checks available from the following vendor offerings designed to identify potential deficiencies in previously implemented solutions:
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wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
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FactBench
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1
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https://www.oit.edu/
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en
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Oregon Institute of Technology
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https://www.oit.edu/themes/custom/oregontech/favicon.ico
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https://www.oit.edu/themes/custom/oregontech/favicon.ico
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Oregon Tech offers bachelor and masters degree programs in engineering, health technology, information technology, management, communications, applied sciences and more.
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Embark on your journey with confidence, knowing that our institution offers a range of financial aid options, scholarships, and innovative programs designed to ease the financial strain of college expenses. Start your career, explore new horizons, or delve into cutting-edge research, we're here to support you every step of the way.
All Locations
Trustee Mark Neupert Two new trustees joined the Board of Trustees of Oregon…
All Locations
The following students have been named to the 2023-2024 Spring Term president's and dean's list at Oregon Institute of Technology. Only full-time…
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wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
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FactBench
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1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_Foundation
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en
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Barnes Foundation
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2005-04-27T16:12:01+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_Foundation
|
Art museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The Barnes Foundation is an art collection and educational institution promoting the appreciation of art and horticulture. Originally in Merion, the art collection moved in 2012 to a new building on Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The arboretum of the Barnes Foundation remains in Merion, where it has been proposed that it be maintained under a long-term educational affiliation agreement with Saint Joseph's University.[3]
The Barnes was founded in 1922 by Albert C. Barnes, who made his fortune by co-developing Argyrol, an antiseptic silver compound that was used to combat gonorrhea and inflammations of the eye, ear, nose, and throat. He sold his business, the A.C. Barnes Company, just months before the stock market crash of 1929.
Today, the foundation owns more than 4,000 objects, including over 900 paintings, estimated to be worth about $25 billion.[4] These are primarily works by Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, and Modernist masters, but the collection also includes many other paintings by leading European and American artists, as well as African art, antiquities from China, Egypt, and Greece, and Native American art.[5]
In the 1990s, the Foundation's declining finances led its leaders to various controversial moves, including sending artworks on a world tour and proposing to move the collection to Philadelphia. After numerous court challenges, the new Barnes building opened on Benjamin Franklin Parkway on May 19, 2012.[6] The foundation's current president and executive director, Thomas "Thom" Collins, was appointed on January 7, 2015.
Albert C. Barnes began collecting art as early as 1902, but became a serious collector in 1912. He was assisted at first by painter William Glackens, an old schoolmate from Central High School in Philadelphia. On an art buying trip to Paris, France, Barnes visited the home of Gertrude and Leo Stein where he purchased his first two paintings by Henri Matisse.[7] In the 1920s, Barnes became acquainted with the work of other modern artists such as Pablo Picasso, Amedeo Modigliani and Giorgio de Chirico through his Paris art dealer Paul Guillaume.
On December 4, 1922, Barnes received a charter from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania establishing the Barnes Foundation as an educational institution dedicated to promoting the appreciation of fine art and arboriculture. He purchased property in Merion from the American Civil War veteran and horticulturist Captain Joseph Lapsley Wilson, who had established an arboretum there in around 1880. He commissioned architect Paul Philippe Cret to design a complex of buildings, including a gallery, an administration building, and a service building.[8] The Barnes Foundation officially opened on March 19, 1925.[7]
The main building features several unusual Cubist bas-reliefs commissioned by Barnes from the sculptor Jacques Lipchitz. Elements of African art decorate the exterior wrought iron and the tile work created by the Enfield Pottery and Tile Works on the front portico of the building. Barnes built his home next to the gallery, which now serves as the administration building of the Foundation. His wife, Laura Leggett Barnes, developed the Arboretum of the Barnes Foundation and its horticultural education program in 1940.[9]
In 1908, Barnes organized his business, the A.C. Barnes Company, as a cooperative, devoting two hours of the work day to seminars for his workers. They read philosophers William James, Georges Santayana, and John Dewey.[10] Barnes also brought some of his art collection into the laboratory for the workers to consider and discuss. This kind of direct experience with art was inspired by the education philosophy of John Dewey and planted the seed that eventually grew into the establishment of the Barnes Foundation. The two met at a Columbia University seminar in 1917 becoming close friends and collaborators spanning more than three decades.[7]
Barnes's conception of his foundation as a school rather than a typical museum was shaped through his collaboration with John Dewey (1859–1952). Like Dewey, Barnes believed that learning should be experiential.[11] The Foundation classes included experiencing original art works, participating in class discussion, reading about philosophy and the traditions of art, as well as looking objectively at the artists' use of light, line, color, and space. Barnes believed that students would not only learn about art from these experiences but that they would also develop their own critical thinking skills enabling them to become more productive members of a democratic society.[12]
The early education programs at the Barnes Foundation were taught in partnership with the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University. The courses at Penn were first taught by Laurence Buermeyer (1889–1970), who held a philosophy PhD from Princeton, and later by Thomas Munro (1897–1974), a philosophy professor and one of Dewey's students.[12] Each served as the associate director of Education, while Dewey served in the largely honorary position of Director of Education.[12]
Another collaborator was Violette de Mazia (1896–1988), who was born in Paris and educated in Belgium and England.[13] Originally hired to teach French to the Foundation staff in 1925, de Mazia became a close associate of Barnes, teaching and co-authoring four Foundation publications.[7] After Barnes' death, she became a trustee and the Director of Education of the Art Department, continuing to express Barnes' philosophy in her teaching. The Violette de Mazia Foundation was then established after her death, and in 2011 the Barnes Foundation came to an agreement with them to allow the de Mazia Foundation student access to the collection for art education after its move to the Parkway.[14] In 2015 however, the de Mazia Foundation ceased its operations and was absorbed by the Barnes Foundation.[15]
Barnes created detailed terms of operation in an indenture of trust to be honored in perpetuity after his death. These included limiting public admission to two days a week, so the school could use the art collection primarily for student study, and prohibiting the loan of works in the collection, colored reproductions of its works, touring the collection, and presenting touring exhibitions of other art.[16] Matisse is said to have hailed the school as the only sane place in America to view art.[17]
External audio How Philadelphia’s Barnes Foundation Is Leveraging Analytics, 25:28, May 23, 2019, Knowledge@Wharton[18]
After a decade of legal challenges, the public was allowed regular access to the collection in 1961. Public access was expanded to two and a half days a week, with a limit of 500 visitors per week; reservations were required by telephone at least two weeks in advance.[19] Harold J. Weigand, an editor of The Philadelphia Inquirer, with the consent of, but not directly on behalf of, the Pennsylvania Attorney General, had filed an earlier suit for access but had been unsuccessful.[20]
In 1992, Richard H. Glanton, president of the foundation, said the museum needed extensive repairs to upgrade its mechanical systems, provide for maintenance and preservation of artworks, and improve security. The old Philadelphia firm J.S. Cornell & Son was the contractor of choice. In order to raise the money, Glanton decided to break some terms of the indenture. From 1993 to 1995, 83 of the collection's Impressionist and post-Impressionist paintings were sent on a world tour, attracting large crowds in numerous cities, including Washington, D.C.; Fort Worth, Texas; Paris; Tokyo; Toronto; and Philadelphia at the Philadelphia Museum of Art.[21][22]
The revenue earned from the tour of paintings was still not enough to ensure its endowment. By fall 1998, Glanton and fellow board member Niara Sudarkasa were suing each other. Lincoln University, which according to the Barnes Foundation's indenture, controlled four of the five seats on the board of trustees, began an investigation into the Foundation's finances. The Foundation's board believed that a similar investigation was warranted for activities during Glanton's tenure as president. In 1998 the board of directors began a forensic audit conducted by Deloitte, which was kept private for three years, eventually released, and criticized Glanton's expenses and management.[23]
In 1998, Kimberly Camp was hired as the foundation's CEO and first arts professional to run the Barnes. During her seven-year tenure, she turned the struggling foundation around and provided necessary support to the petition to move the Barnes to Philadelphia.
On September 24, 2002, the foundation announced that it would petition the Montgomery County Orphans' Court (which oversees its operations) to allow the art collection to be moved to Philadelphia (which offered a site on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway) and to triple the number of trustees to 15. The foundation's indenture of trust stipulates that the paintings in the collection be kept "in exactly the places they are".[22]
The foundation argued that it needed to expand the board of trustees from five (four of which were held by persons appointed by Lincoln University) to 15 to increase fundraising. For the same reason, it needed to move the gallery from Merion to a site in Center City, Philadelphia, which would provide greater public access. In its brief to the court, the foundation said that donors were reluctant to commit continuing financial resources to the Barnes unless the gallery were to become more accessible to the public.[24]
On December 15, 2004, after a two-year legal battle that included an examination of the foundation's financial situation, Judge Stanley Ott ruled that the foundation could move.[24][25] Three charitable foundations, The Pew Charitable Trusts, the Lenfest Foundation and the Annenberg Foundation, had agreed to help the Barnes raise $150 million for a new building and endowment on the condition that the move be approved.[26]
On June 13, 2005, the Foundation's president, Kimberly Camp, announced her resignation, to take effect no later than January 1, 2006. Camp had been appointed in 1998 with the goal of stabilizing and restoring the foundation to its original mission. During her tenure, she began the Collection Assessment Project, the first full-scale effort to catalog and stabilize the artworks; brought in exemplary professional staff; created the fundraising program; restored Ker-feal and the Barnes Arboretum; and worked with the board to approve policies and procedures to make the foundation viable. In 2002, Dr. Bernard C. Watson began the proposal to move the Barnes.[27][28]
The foundation pledged to reproduce Barnes's artistic arrangement of the artworks and other furniture within the new gallery to maintain the experience as he intended.[29]
In August 2006, the Barnes Foundation announced that it was beginning a planning analysis for the new gallery. The board selected Derek Gillman (formerly of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts) as the new director and president.[30] In June 2011, the foundation announced that it had surpassed its $200 million fund-raising goal, of which $150 million would go toward construction of the Philadelphia building and associated costs, and $50 million to the foundation's endowment.[31]
The foundation proceeded with plans to build a new facility in the 2000 block of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, near the Rodin Museum and the Philadelphia Museum of Art.[32] Tod Williams & Billie Tsien Architects of New York were lead architects of the building project. The building team also consisted of the Philadelphia-based firm, Ballinger, as associate architect; OLIN as landscape architect; and Fisher Marantz Stone as lighting designers. Aegis Property Group served as external project managers, with L. F. Driscoll as construction managers. Project executive Bill McDowell supervised and coordinated the project for the foundation.[33]
Construction for the new building began in fall, 2009 and the building opened in May, 2012. The new galleries were designed to replicate the scale, proportion and configuration of the original galleries in Merion. Reviews have praised the new facility, claiming the additional natural light has improved the viewing experience. The new site contains more space for the foundation's art education program and conservation department, a retail shop, and cafe.[34] The building was designated LEED Platinum and received the 2013 AIA Institute Honor Award for Architecture, the 2013 Building Stone Institute Tucker Award, and the 2012 Apollo Award for Museum Opening of the Year.[35]
After Judge Ott's decision in 2004,[25][36] The Friends of the Barnes Foundation and Montgomery County filed briefs in Montgomery County Orphan's Court to reopen the hearings that allowed the move. They hoped to persuade Ott to reopen the case because of the changed circumstances in the county. On May 15, 2008, Ott published an opinion dismissing the request of both the Friends of the Barnes Foundation and the Montgomery County Commissioners to reopen the case due to lack of standing. Congressman Jim Gerlach strongly supported keeping the Barnes in Merion.[37][38]
On May 20, 2009, Friends of the Barnes Foundation appeared before the Commissioners of the Delaware River Port Authority (DRPA) in Camden, New Jersey, to request that they reconsider their 2003 authorization of a grant of $500,000 toward the plan to move the foundation. They contended there was insufficient evidence of substantial economic benefit to Philadelphia, and that DRPA had not undertaken necessary economic evaluation assessing the impact at both locations. They introduced a study by economist Matityahu Marcus that challenged the claimed benefits.[39] The DRPA said that it would consider the Friends' request but did not change its decision.[40] The history is chronicled in the HBO documentary The Collector.[41]
In late February 2011, The Friends of the Barnes Foundation filed a petition to reopen the case. A new hearing, set for March 18, was postponed until August 3, 2011. The court ordered the foundation and the Attorney General's office, who argued in favor of the move, to explain why the case should not be reopened. The opposition group, Friends of the Barnes Foundation, says The Art of the Steal revealed that Ott did not have all the evidence in 2006, when he approved the art collection's move.[42] On October 6, 2011, Judge Ott ruled that the Friends of the Barnes Foundation had no legal standing and that there was no new information in the movie.[43][44]
After the move, the Barnes Foundation retained its ownership of the building in Merion, using it as a storage space. In 2018, Saint Joseph's University took a 30-year lease on the building and its adjoining arboretum at a cost of $100 a year, with Saint Joseph's University undertaking to pay the maintenance and security costs for the property. The lease allows the university to hang its own artworks in the gallery space.[45] The museum facility, which was modernized and rebranded as the Frances M. Maguire Art Museum at St. Joseph’s University[46] opened in 2023.[47] Its collection includes one of the largest collections of Latin American Colonial art in the region, as well as the refurbished plaster casts from the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[48]
The collection includes:
181 paintings by Pierre-Auguste Renoir
69 by Paul Cézanne
59 by Henri Matisse
46 by Pablo Picasso
21 by Chaïm Soutine
18 by Henri Rousseau
16 by Amedeo Modigliani
11 by Edgar Degas
11 by Giorgio de Chirico
7 by Vincent van Gogh
6 by Georges Seurat
Other European and American masters in the collection include Peter Paul Rubens, Titian, Paul Gauguin, El Greco, Francisco Goya, Édouard Manet, Camille Pissarro, Jean Hugo, Claude Monet, Paul Klee, Maurice Utrillo, William Glackens, Charles Demuth, Roger de La Fresnaye, Horace Pippin, Jules Pascin, and Maurice Prendergast. It also holds a variety of African artworks; ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman art; Native American works, American and European furniture, decorative arts and metalwork. The museum also holds several significant works by cubist sculptor Jacques Lipchitz.
The collection displays different types of artworks according to Barnes' methodology in "wall ensembles", often alongside hand-wrought iron, antique furniture, jewelry and sculpture, which allow comparison and study of works from various time periods, geographic areas, and styles.[49][50]
After Barnes met Matisse in the United States, he commissioned The Dance II, a 45-by-15-foot triptych that was placed above Palladian windows in the main gallery space.[51][52]
Gustave Courbet, Les Bas Blancs, (Woman with White Stockings) (c. 1861)
Claude Monet, Camille au métier (1875)
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Jeune garçon sur la plage d'Yport (1883)
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, A Montrouge – Rosa la Rouge (1886–87)
Paul Cézanne, Portrait of Madame Cézanne (1885–1887)
Georges Seurat, Models (Les Poseuses) (1886–1888)
Vincent van Gogh, Nude Woman on a Bed (1887)
Vincent van Gogh, The Smoker (1888)
Vincent van Gogh, Still Life (1888)
Vincent van Gogh, The Postman (Joseph-Étienne Roulin) (1889)
Vincent van Gogh, Thatched Cottages in the Sunshine (1890)
Paul Cézanne, Pots en terre cuite et fleurs (1891–92)
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Noirmoutier (1892)
Paul Gauguin, Haere Pape (1892)
Paul Cézanne, Nature morte au crane (1896–1898)
Paul Cézanne, Portrait of a Woman (c. 1898)
Henri Rousseau, Scout attacked by a Tiger (1904)
Pablo Picasso, 1906, Seated Male Nude (1906)
Henri Matisse, Nature morte bleue (Blue Still Life) (1907)
Henri Matisse, Still Life with Gourds (Nature morte aux coloquintes) (1916)
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Les baigneuses (1918)
The original Barnes Foundation campus in Merion, Pennsylvania, is now a 12-acre arboretum open to the public for tours. The plant collection features favorite plants assembled by Mrs. Barnes for teaching purposes, and includes stewartia, aesculus, phellodendron, clethra, magnolia, viburnums, lilacs, roses, peonies, hostas, medicinal plants, and hardy ferns.[53] A herbarium and horticulture library is available to the Foundation's horticulture students and other scholars by appointment. Classes are offered in horticulture topics for the general public.
Glenn Holsten: The Barnes Collection (2012)
Jeff Folmsbee: The Collector (2010)
Don Argott: The Art of the Steal (2009)
Alain Jaubert: Citizen Barnes: An American Dream (1993)
Philadelphia portal
Visual arts portal
Ker-Feal
List of sites of interest in Philadelphia
List of museums in Pennsylvania
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20 years building communities’ capacity to tackle the challenges created by technology
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Twenty years ago, Tactical Tech was formed with the goal of enabling communities around the world to face the challenges and changes brought by new digital technologies. This year, we celebrate two decades of innovation and co-creation with our partners, collaborators and funders.
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/favicon.ico
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Tactical Tech
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https://tacticaltech.org/
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The Glass Room: experiences that invite people to examine their digital lives
This public intervention and interactive experience invites visitors to reflect on how technology impacts their lives and society. Available in multiple formats, from large-scale exhibitions to low-cost self-print formats, it is easily used and adapted. It features printed and digital poster exhibitions, animations, apps, workshop curricula, and other assets in around 30 languages.
Read more →
Data Detox Kit: Practical steps and tool to improve your online life
The Data Detox Kit, available in over 45 languages, offers tips, tools, and concrete steps to improve your online life, enabling informed choices and personalized digital habits. It includes over 30 guides, workshop outlines for educators, an alternative App Centre, and a resources page on digital privacy, security, environmental impact, wellbeing, and tackling misinformation.
Read more →
What The Future Wants: Educational resources to empower young people
This youth initiative from Tactical Tech aims to empower young people to take control of their digital futures through education, co-creation, and capacity building. It features playful, youth-focused exhibitions, interactive activities, learning resources, and tools and methodologies for educators to engage young people in conversations about AI, technology, and their impacts.
Read more →
Digital Enquirer Kit: An E-learning platform to navigate the internet safely
This e-learning interactive course advances and disseminates knowledge on media literacy, verification, and safe Internet navigation. The course contains simple explanations and real-world examples illustrating secure research and information-gathering methods. The modules feature engaging and creative formats, such as tutorials, quizzes, and interactive games.
Read more →
Everything Will Be Fine: An intervention exploring the intersection of technology and crises
How do you respond in a crisis? Everything Will Be Fine is a public intervention and interactive experience that explores how people understand and respond to global crises like climate change and pandemics through the lens of technology. This hybrid intervention includes the work of more than 60 artists, technologists, researchers and investigators.
Read more →
Exposing The Invisible: Advancing the investigative community's capacity
The project offers comprehensive resources, workshops, and institutes on investigative tools and methodologies for civil society actors such as media organizations, experts, researchers, academics, investigators, and journalists. It fosters spaces for collaboration and exchange to enhance the capacity of today’s global community of digital and OSINT investigators.
Read more →
The Influence Industry Project: Understanding the industry behind our opinions
This project produces research, resources and masterclasses on digital influence, focusing on its impact on public opinion, particularly in politics. It examines the global industry companies that use digital technologies and personal data to shape opinions. The project offers an accessible database of industry actors, case studies, and research methodologies.
Read more →
Impact Stories
Centre for Innovation & Technology - CITE: empowering citizen journalists and civil society organisations to safely tell stories that matter
Through a series of knowledge-exchange workshops conducted by our partner CITE in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 45 participants, including citizen journalists and civil society organisations, were equipped with skills in identifying information disorders, encryption methods, and secure communication channels.
Read more →
Information Literacy for Societal Resilience: A new creative intervention about the effects of AI on our online lives
A new creative intervention produced by Tactical Tech and DensityDesign Lab at Politecnico di Milano, in collaboration with the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), will address how AI is impacting the ways that media and information are produced, distributed and perceived.
Read more →
What the Future Wants: Digital Literacy for Youth Workshop Series
Tactical Tech welcomes you to join the What The Future Wants: Digital Literacy for Youth Workshop Series. This series—brought to you by experts from Tactical Tech and organisations worldwide—aims to build the capacity of educators and anyone working with youth on critical digital and media literacy.
Read more →
Impact Stories
Centre for Innovation & Technology - CITE: empowering citizen journalists and civil society organisations to safely tell stories that matter
Through a series of knowledge-exchange workshops conducted by our partner CITE in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 45 participants, including citizen journalists and civil society organisations, were equipped with skills in identifying information disorders, encryption methods, and secure communication channels.
Read more →
Impact Stories
International Young Catholic Students Africa: igniting digital transformation in Zimbabwe, Rwanda and Zambia
Our partners International Young Catholic Students (IYCS) Africa are a non-profit organisation that, since 1937, have been empowering students across African countries to work for solidarity, freedom, justice and peace in the world.
Read more →
Impact Stories
Fundación Internet Bolivia.org: equipping decision-makers and citizens to advance personal data protection in Bolivia
Our partners Fundación Internet Bolivia.org work to raise public consciousness and stimulate discourse through learning platforms, both in the digital and the physical world, to enhance digital inclusion and data protection at the local level
Read more →
Impact Stories
Development Three Sixty: engaging policy makers and communities to protect citizens' digital rights in Zambia
Our partners Development Three Sixty are a vibrant NGO on a mission to address issues of misinformation, digital safety disinformation and hate speech in Zambia.
Read more →
Technology & Society Insights
There Is Plastic In The Clouds
Understanding the real scale and scope and consequences of the environmental crisis depends on how digital technology influences our thinking about it in terms of scale and depth and short and long term consequences, as well as what solutions we can imagine to create and deploy against all this chaos. Text by Marek Tuszynski
Read more →
Technology & Society Insights
An Assessment of the Needs of Educators and Youth in Europe for a Digital and Media Literacy Education Intervention
Using an interdisciplinary approach that combines educator scoping sessions, research, literature review and youth input sessions, Tactical Tech identified insights and recommendations about topics, formats and facilitation methodologies crucial to creating effective Digital and Media Literacy Educational resources.
Read more →
Technology & Society Insights
Data Scavengers
This guide will provide some examples of how to deal with such data sets and how to work through them in order to yield interesting results and stories.
Read more →
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https://hhstechgroup.com/about/
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en
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About – HHS Tech Group
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Brett Furst
President
Brett Furst is a senior executive with over 32 years of experience in selling and managing technology solutions within the manufacturing, CPG, and healthcare industries. As the founder and CEO of Foresight Ventures, he provides strategic guidance and leadership to emerging health IT companies. Most recently, Mr. Furst was co-founder of Payformance Solutions, where he served as chief strategy officer. In 2012, he became the CEO of ArborMetrix, an industry-leading analytics vendor focused on measuring clinical outcomes in specialty and acute care. Mr. Furst also started and operated the Covisint Healthcare division of Compuware, leading it for eight years as one of the largest and most successful health information exchanges in the industry. Mr. Furst served as a strategic advisor to the Center of Healthcare Transformation with Newt Gingrich and is currently a board member of the Michigan Health and Hospital Association Service Corporation.
Faiyaz Shikari
CTO
With more than 25 years of senior-level system development and solution architecture experience, Faiyaz Shikari is a recognized leader in the Health and Human Service industry and the lead technical professional within HHS Technology Group. As a corporate officer and author of HHS Technology Group’s industry-leading software solutions, he is responsible for establishing product vision and development. Throughout his career, he has developed state-of-the art system and product design and technical specifications and created innovative solutions for the health and human services sector across local, state, and federal agencies. Earlier in his career, Mr. Shikari served as vice president, CTO, and chief architect at Xerox Government Services, and chief architect at Unisys Health and Human Services.
Thomas Swider
EVP Professional Services
As executive vice president of Professional Services, Thomas “Tommy” Swider is responsible for building and leading a world-class professional services team focused on successful implementations of comprehensive healthcare solutions at the federal, state, and local levels. With 16 years of experience in professional services leadership and 24 years in the software industry, Mr. Swider has the unique ability to exceed professional services growth and profitability targets while enabling the expansion of an enterprise’s core products and solutions business. Mr. Swider has held professional services leadership positions in several software industry companies, including Astea International, CA Technologies, InfoVista Corporation, and Hyperion Solutions.
Gerald A. Maccioli
Chief Medical Officer
Dr. Maccioli is the Chief Medical Officer at HHS Tech Group. A highly accomplished physician with a distinguished career spanning 27 years, Dr. Jerry practiced Critical Care Medicine and Anesthesiology in Raleigh, NC, during which time he held several significant positions, including Director for North Carolina at the American Society of Anesthesiologists, President of the Society of Critical Care Anesthesiologists, and Chair of the ASA Section on Education and Research. He also served as Chair of the American Medical Association Committee of Innovators.
Dr. Maccioli’s educational background includes fellowship training in Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine at Duke University, a residency in Anesthesiology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and an Internal Medicine internship at the University of Oklahoma. He has authored numerous clinical papers, abstracts, editorials, and book chapters, and has been a featured speaker at various state and national meetings on topics ranging from resuscitation to public policy. In 2016, Dr. Maccioli furthered his education by earning an MBA from Auburn University’s Raymond J. Harbert College of Business. He served as the Chief Quality Officer for Envision Healthcare from 2015 to 2020, where he oversaw approximately 35 million patient visits across multiple specialties.
|
|||||||
wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
|
FactBench
|
2
| 80
|
https://www.blackbaud.com/who-we-serve/arts-and-cultural-organizations
|
en
|
Performing Arts and Culture Management Software
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2023-06-07T20:02:40+00:00
|
Bolster your impact with the leading management software for zoos, museums, aquariums & performance arts organizations. Explore Blackbaud solutions today!
|
en
|
Blackbaud
|
https://www.blackbaud.com/who-we-serve/arts-and-cultural-organizations
|
Cultural Foundations and other Arts Groups
Accomplish the mission of your cultural foundation or other arts group with the tools you need to engage your community, secure funding, steward it effectively and grant it strategically.
Grants Management
Fundraising & Relationship Management
Donor Acquisition & Stewardship
Financial Management
Analytics & Data Health
Marketing
Event Management
30+ years
driving impact for arts and cultural organizations
Hundreds
of Blackbaud experts dedicated to arts and cultural organizations
$500M+
in revenue processed for arts and cultural customers in 2017
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
|
FactBench
|
2
| 38
|
https://www.hstat.org/
|
en
|
High School of Telecommunication Arts & Technology
|
https://echalk-slate-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/private/schools/81339/site/settings/203ec9a1-2628-457c-b7fb-0e7096fb19da?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJSZKIBPXGFLSZTYQ&Expires=1934375522&response-cache-control=private%2C%20max-age%3D31536000&response-content-disposition=attachment%3Bfilename%3D%22favicon%281%29.ico%22&response-content-type=image%2Fx-icon&Signature=SLXkmEwuo4LoX8kenFIolem%2FrZo%3D
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[] |
[] |
[
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] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
https://echalk-slate-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/private/schools/81339/site/settings/203ec9a1-2628-457c-b7fb-0e7096fb19da?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJSZKIBPXGFLSZTYQ&Expires=1934375522&response-cache-control=private%2C%20max-age%3D31536000&response-content-disposition=attachment%3Bfilename%3D%22favicon%281%29.ico%22&response-content-type=image%2Fx-icon&Signature=SLXkmEwuo4LoX8kenFIolem%2FrZo%3D
| null |
At the High School of Telecommunication Arts and Technology we adhere to a few core values: students are encouraged to continually challenge themselves; all members of our community work collaboratively to model a growth mindset and to be accountable for fostering genuine respect, confidence, and the ongoing pursuit of knowledge; we are lifelong learners who build communities and encourage each other to be our personal best; our work is to prepare students to be curious, independent learners and critical thinkers who question and investigate so that they are equipped to address both local and global challenges; and to always be kind, be kind, be kind.
These principles guide us to work together to create a school that will help our diverse community grow into adults who care about their world. The HSTAT magic lies in our regular reflection and commitment to adjusting what we do to meet the needs of our young people by searching for new ways to become a better school. Our commitment to equity, and a culture of self-reflection has led us to strengthen and further develop our programs, curriculum, and systems for support. Our 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th grade Small Learning Communities (Initiatives) promote academic and social growth through global-minded coursework and high expectations. Early community building programs for our incoming 9th grade ensure that each of our students starts high school surefooted. Through the work of extraordinary staff and peer-to-peer support, we differentiate for our diverse population by meeting our students’ individual needs and focusing on college and career access for all. We support students on the road to college and beyond by addressing the needs of the whole child: an unbeatable teaching, guidance, and administrative team; dedicated support staff; committed families; three College Advisors; staff assigned to grade-level Academic Advisement; exciting academic programs; an array of extracurricular activities; senior mentors; and a community-minded ethic ensure that our many initiatives thrive. At HSTAT, we all do our part to enrich our students’ lives by prioritizing student voice, student choice, and student collaboration..
Our school began its life as the Bay Ridge High School for Girls in 1915. In 1985, after 70 years as the preeminent high school for young women in Brooklyn, we became a coeducational school and our name changed to the High School of Telecommunication Arts and Technology. We are proud of our long history– our history, institutional knowledge, and steady foundation give us the freedom and flexibility to be creative and to build.. In this spirit, we continue to grow and change so our students will always have options, and the knowledge and confidence to make good choices.
|
||||
wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
|
FactBench
|
1
| 82
|
https://www.southampton.ac.uk/about/faculties-schools-departments/winchester-school-of-art
|
en
|
Winchester School of Art
|
https://www.southampton.ac.uk/themes/custom/drupal_endeavour/favicon.ico
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https://www.southampton.ac.uk/themes/custom/drupal_endeavour/favicon.ico
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Find out about more our Winchester School of Art that is one of the UK’s leading art and design institutions and part of the University of Southampton.
|
en
|
/themes/custom/drupal_endeavour/favicon.ico
|
University of Southampton
|
https://www.southampton.ac.uk/about/faculties-schools-departments/winchester-school-of-art
|
We champion the vital role of the arts in all their manifestations: the playful, speculative and experimental; the progressive, interrogative and radical. We are dedicated to the exploration of both traditional and contemporary modes of making and material enquiry. Our research examines the profound impact creative practices have upon our lives, our means to think and act critically, and to affect change in society.
The curiosity and ingenuity of our students enable us to embrace an innovative and interdisciplinary portfolio of education and research, spanning art, media and technology, design and fashion and textiles. We work across a full range of high-spec studios, workshops, technology suites,and research labs. We foster a learning experience and an exchange of ideas that emphasises industry partnerships, project-led enquiry and high level research and making.
Among our many notable alumni are Turner Prize-nominated artist Darren Almond, composer and musician Brian Eno, the painter Katie Pratt and fashion designer Stella Tennant.
The various equipment and making processes available range from the manual and analogue to the digital, networked, and programmable.
Our facilities enable pioneering work by students and research by colleagues in areas such as:
e-textiles innovation
immersive service design
augmented and virtual reality explorations
ludic technologies, ubiquitous computing and expanded games making work
We support whole garment digital knit machines, weave technologies from the hand operated to the computer aided, and the capacity to print pretty much anything on pretty much anything. We’re one of relatively few schools at which an object can be metal cast in a foundry, scanned, 3-printed, scanned again and digitally remodelled, before being scanned and printed (or cast) again or rendered in virtual space.
Our comprehensively stocked media store supports all our students with photographic, video, projection, and audio resources, and our photographic studios, and workshops in mould making, wood, metal and plastic, and painting, ensure practice is broad and exploratory.
|
||
wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
|
FactBench
|
2
| 79
|
https://www.banffcentre.ca/history
|
en
|
History of Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity
|
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A globally respected arts, cultural, and educational institution and conference facility, Banff Centre began with a single course in drama.
|
en
|
/themes/custom/tbc_custom/favicon.ico
|
https://www.banffcentre.ca/history
|
Dateline
1933 The University of Alberta's Department of Extension, under the helm of Ned Corbett, establishes the Banff School of Drama. 190 students enrol in the two-week course.
1935 Creative writing and playwriting are added to the drama program, and A.C. Leighton moves his summer painting school from Seebe to Banff. The School is renamed The Banff School of Fine Arts.
1936 The School holds its first course in music. Director Ned Corbett resigns to become director of the Canadian Association of Adult Education, and is succeeded by Donald Cameron.
1941 The Carnegie Foundation awards the School a $4,000 grant to create programming in applied arts. Courses begin in weaving, leather craft, and ceramics. Albert Cru establishes a French immersion program (continuing to 1977).
1945 National Film Board makes a movie of The Banff School of Fine Arts.
1946 The present St-Julien site is acquired with a 42-year lease for the annual rate of one dollar. Students and faculty attend a picnic on the undeveloped site to discuss plans. The evening becomes known as the “birth night of The Banff School.”
1947 The School builds its first structure on the St-Julien site. Initially known as first chalet, the building is re-named Vinci Hall in 1975.
1948 Gweneth Lloyd and Betty Farrally set up the Dance program. Two additional chalets are added (named Farrally Hall and Smith Hall in 1975).
1950 Opera and photography programs are added. The first Arts Festival week (previously there had been performances and exhibitions of students' work, but not referred to as a festival) takes place.
1952 Banff School of Advanced Management (BSAM) is founded. The school offered two six-week programs, annually, of advanced management training for senior executives, and was co-sponsored by the universities of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan in affiliation with The Banff Centre. Although The Banff Centre opened its own school of management a few years later, BSAM remained affiliated with the Centre, which became a formal co-owner in 1999, until BSAMs closure in December 2001.
1953 Administration building (later renamed Donald Cameron Hall) opens. The School holds its first conference.
1954 Introduction of new management programs lead to the beginning of the School of Management.
1966 The University of Calgary becomes trustee of The Banff School of Fine Arts.
1967 The Eric Harvie Theatre opens.
1969 Donald Cameron retires, and Don Becker becomes interim acting director. Dr. Roby Kidd is appointed by the provincial government to conduct a five-week study of the School. His report recommends a name change to The Banff Centre for Continuing Education (The Banff Centre, for short), and suggests the Centre recruit nationally; reaffirm its arts programming; promote continuing education in a variety of fields; and become a centre for experimentation and innovation.
1970 An act of the Alberta Government officially changes the School's name to The Banff Centre for Continuing Education (The Banff Centre), and establishes it under the trustee of the University of Calgary. At the time the Centre comprised the following divisions: School of Fine Arts, School of Management, and a Conference division. David Leighton is appointed director of the Centre. Laszlo Funtek formalizes the program in theatre crafts and design.
1971 The Centre introduces winter programming in visual arts, and summer programs are expanded into May and June. Academy of Chamber Music is started.
1974 Oscar Peterson and Phil Nimmons set up the Jazz Workshop. The Canadian Association of Youth Orchestras is founded as an affiliated organization to enhance the development of youth orchestras in Canada.
1976 Aaron Copland and Agnes de Mille take part in the Banff Festival of the Arts. Glyde Hall and the Walter Phillips Gallery open. The Banff Festival of Mountain Films is launched.
1978 Alberta government legislation grants The Banff Centre full autonomy as a non-degree granting institution under the governance of an appointed Board. The first Board of Governors is appointed, and the first staff association is registered.
1979 President David Leighton unveils a new document, Turning Point, which outlines the Centre's plan to become a year-round advanced conservatory for the arts. The first winter music program begins. A fire destroys Crich Hall and puts the photography program on hold. The library is established (prior to this there was a reading resource room); and the first annual Banff Television Festival (see Affiliated Organizations) takes place.
1980 The Max Bell building opens. A renewed lease with Parks Canada acknowledges the broader continuing education role of The Banff Centre. The first annual Banff Centre School of Fine Arts Award is presented to W. O. Mitchell, and the Banff Festival of the Arts is expanded to a summer-long festival, June through August.
1981 Three new programs are introduced in winter cycle: Music Theatre Studio Ensemble, Electronic and Film Media, and Theatre Production Internship. The Banff Publishing Workshop begins.
1982 President David Leighton retires, and Paul D. Fleck is appointed president.
The Walter Phillips Gallery presents an exhibition of works by Robert Rauschenberg.
1983 The Banff Centre celebrates its 50th anniversary. The first Banff International String Quartet Competition is held (ten quartets from around the world compete). The School of Management appoints a National Advisory Committee, and the Sally Borden Building recreational facility opens to staff, students, and the Banff community.
1984 Leighton Artist Colony (now the Leighton Artists' Colony) opens. David Suzuki speaks at the Centre for Management's national conference on resource management.
1986 The second Banff International String Quartet Competition is held. Construction begins on the Jeanne and Peter Lougheed Building.
1987 The School of Management holds its first international workshop in Kingston, Jamaica. The Screenwriters' Workshop is introduced.
1988 The Jeanne and Peter Lougheed Building opens. The Media Arts program is introduced. The School of Management introduces three new courses: Management Development, Management Communications, and Senior Executive Summit. The Board of Governors is increased from 12 to 15 members.
1989 The divisions of The Banff Centre for Continuing Education are renamed: the Centre for the Arts, the Centre for Conferences, and the Centre for Management. The third Banff International String Quartet Competition is held. The MacLean Hunter Arts Journalism Program is introduced.
1991 The Media Arts program receives $500,000 in federal funding to explore virtual reality as an art form. The TransCanada PipeLines Pavilion opens. Tornrak, an opera by Music Theatre's composer-in-residence John Metcalf, wins the National Opera Association's Production Award. Multi-award winning Anishinaabe interdisciplinary artist Rebecca Belmore creates her iconic work Ayum-ee-aawach Oomama-mowan: Speaking to Their Mother at Banff Centre; it goes on tour across Canada and then returns to Banff Centre as part of our permanent public art collection.
1992 President Paul D. Fleck passes away. The fourth Banff International String Quartet Competition is held; members of the St. Lawrence String Quartet, all Banff Centre Music program alumni, become the first Canadians to win the competition.
1993 Graeme McDonald is appointed president and chief executive officer.
1994 The Creative Edge capital campaign is launched with the goal of raising funds for upgrading the conference facilities, renovating other outdated facilities, and adding a Music & Sound complex.
1996 Official openings of the Professional Development Centre, Dining Room and Music & Sound building. Conference revenues increase by 30 percent as a result of the capital improvements. The program Women in the Director's Chair is established to encourage the careers of Canadian women in film and television. A fourth division, the Centre for Mountain Culture, is established.
1997 Official opening of the Paul D. Fleck Library & Archives.
1998 The Banff Centre celebrates its 65th Anniversary with celebrations across the country. The sixth annual Banff International String Quartet Competition is held. The Banff Centre hosts the first Canadian government Diplomatic Forum, and the 30th International Horn Summit.
1999 The Centre for the Arts is designated a National Arts Training Institution by the Department of Canadian Heritage. Under this designation, the Centre receives $1 million a year, for three years, for arts programming.
2000 The Banff Mountain Summit, opened by Sir Edmund Hillary, presented 30 of the world's most renowned mountaineers for a stimulating summit on global mountain issues. Voices from the Summit, published by National Geographic Adventure Press in association with The Banff Centre, is launched.
2001 Mary E. Hofstetter is appointed president and chief executive officer. The Banff Centre undertakes a strategic review of its programming and moves toward greater convergence of Arts, Mountain Culture, and Leadership Development programming. As a result, the Centre moves away from divisional titles and begins branding all programs and conferences under the umbrella of The Banff Centre. The seventh Banff International String Quartet Competition is held.
2003 The Banff International Research Station for Mathematical Innovation and Discovery (BIRS) is launched. Filumena, a new Canadian opera by composer John Estacio and librettist John Murrell, artistic director of Theatre Arts, premieres to critical acclaim and sold-out audiences. The Banff International Literary Translation Centre (BILTC) is founded by Linda Gaboriau. Authors who have had their works translated through the BILTC program include Margaret Atwood, Yann Martel, Ann-Marie MacDonald, Lawrence Hill, Madeleine Thien, and Rawi Hage.
2004 The Province of Alberta announces it will provide $20 million dollars to fund a major redevelopment and revitalization of The Banff Centre campus. The Centre establishes a department of research responsible for developing research initiatives, and for leading collaborations with the Banff International Research Station (BIRS). The Centre honours the 40-year legacy of Music & Sound directors Isobel and Tom Rolston. The eighth Banff International String Quartet Competition is held. For the fifth consecutive year, The Banff Centre is named one Canada's best workplaces in Canada's Top 100 Employers.
2005 Filumena opens the National Arts Centre's two-week festival of Alberta culture, Alberta Scene. The Banff Centre/Alberta Ballet co-production of Romeo and Juliet debuts to sold-out houses in Edmonton and Calgary. Mountain Culture presents its fourth Summit, Cultures at Risk, attracting musicians, dancers, artists, photographers and writers from mountain communities around the world. The Banff New Media Institute celebrates its tenth anniversary with Refresh!, the first international conference on the histories of media arts, science, and technology.
2006 Works begins on the first phase of Banff Centre Revitalization. The Alberta Government announces a $27 million contribution to the project, bringing the Province's total support for Revitalization to $50 million. Mountain Culture is awarded a 2006 King Albert Mountain Award for its "exceptional achievements in the mountain world.' The Centre launches a Science Communications program, and partners with the NFB and Inuit Broadcasting Corporation to support the Nunavut Animation Lab. The fifth biennial Rosenberg International Forum on Water Policy is held at the Centre.
2007 Frobisher, the second new Canadian opera co-commissioned by The Banff Centre and Calgary Opera, premieres to sold-out audiences in Calgary, and is remounted for the Banff Summer Arts Festival. The new Dining Centre opens. The Campaign for The Banff Centre is publicly launched with a $10 million dollar donation by James S. Kinnear and Friends.
2008 The Banff Centre celebrates its 75th anniversary with reinvigorated programming in dance, drama, music composition, and visual arts. The Centre commissions a 75th anniversary public art work with the Alberta Foundation for the Art, a 75th anniversary National Play Competition, a new violin for The Banff Centre instrument bank by one of the world's most respected luthiers, Samuel Zygmontovich, and a new work by American composer John Adams. Watch 75th anniversary video.
2009 The Campaign for The Banff Centre exceeds its original goal, raising $128 million in support of Banff Centre Revitalization capital projects, programming, and scholarship endowments. New commissioned and co-commissioned works include John Adam's String Quartet, John Luther Adams' Inuksuit, Aszure Barton's Busk, the anthology Cabin Fever: The Best New Canadian Non-fiction, and Mark Clintberg's sculpture Meet me in the woods, commissioned in partnership with the Alberta Foundation for the Arts.
2010 The Kinnear Centre for Creativity & Innovation opens in the presence of HRH the Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, KG, KCVO. The Kinnear Centre is designed by renowned Canadian architect Jack Diamond to meet LEED® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Green Building System silver status. New creative works projects commissioned and co-commissioned include: Lillian Alling, co-produced with Vancouver Opera, choreographer Kevin O'Day's Face to Face, Melanie Gilligan's Popular Unrest, 2010; and Geoffrey Farmer's 'sculpture play' exhibition God's Dice. Canada's Cecilia Quartet wins the tenth Banff International String Quartet Competition.
2011 The iconic Brian Jungen sculpture The ghosts of top of my head, is unveiled. The Shaw Amphitheatre opens, marking the completion of the Banff Centre Revitalization project. Mary E. Hofstetter retires as president and CEO on December 31.
2015 Janice Price is appointed president and chief executive officer. The internationally renowned choreographer and dancer Crystal Pite co-creates Betroffenheit at Banff Centre, which premiered at the Pan Am Games in Toronto and went on to win Best Original Dance Production at the UK’s Olivier Awards, one of the most prestigious prizes in the world. Pite has been training and creating at Banff Centre for over 20 years.
2016 The Banff Centre becomes Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity.
2018 Orphée+, a contemporary re-imagining of the Gluck baroque opera, opens at Banff Centre. This co-production between Banff Centre, Against the Grain Theatre, and Opera Columbus will later win 5 Dora Awards, including Outstanding Production.
2022 Banff Centre celebrates the opening of the revitalized Jenny Belzberg Theatre. Thanks to a transformational gift from the Belzberg family in honour of Calgary-born community builder and philanthropist, Mrs. Jenny Belzberg, Banff Centre’s most important training and performing arts venue, the Eric Harvie Theatre, got a major revitalization. The renewal of the 52-year-old Theatre permits an improved audience experience, and ensures that Banff Centre is able to meet the needs of artists who use it for education, creation, and presentation of their work. Banff Centre celebrates 50 years of Indigenous Leadership programs.
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wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
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FactBench
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2
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https://www.neh.gov/about/history/national-foundation-arts-and-humanities-act-1965-pl-89-209
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en
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National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965 (P.L. 89-209)
|
[
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"https://www.neh.gov/themes/gesso/images/logo-header.svg"
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[] |
[] |
[
""
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[] | null |
en
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/sites/default/files/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png
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The National Endowment for the Humanities
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https://www.neh.gov/about/history/national-foundation-arts-and-humanities-act-1965-pl-89-209
|
AN ACT To provide for the establishment of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities to promote progress and scholarship in the humanities and the arts in the United States, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SHORT TITLE
Section 1. This Act may be cited as the "National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act of 1965".
(20 U.S.C. 951, note) Enacted Sept. 29, 1965. P.L. 89-202, sec. 1, 79 Stat. 845; amended May 31 1984, P.L. 98-306, sec. 2, 98 Stat. 223; amended Dec. 20, 1985, P.L. 99-194, sec. 101, 99 Stat. 1332.
DECLARATION OF FINDINGS AND PURPOSES
SEC. 2. The Congress finds and declares the following:
(1) The arts and the humanities belong to all the people of the United States.
(2) The encouragement and support of national progress and scholarship in the humanities and the arts, while primarily a matter for private and local initiative, are also appropriate matters of concern to the Federal Government.
(3) An advanced civilization must not limit its efforts to science and technology alone, but must give full value and support to the other great branches of scholarly and cultural activity in order to achieve a better understanding of the past, a better analysis of the present, and a better view of the future.
(4) Democracy demands wisdom and vision in its citizens. It must therefore foster and support a form of education, and access to the arts and the humanities, designed to make people of all backgrounds and wherever located masters of their technology and not its unthinking servants.
(5) It is necessary and appropriate for the Federal Government to complement, assist, and add to programs for the advancement of the humanities and the arts by local, State, regional, and private agencies and their organizations. In doing so, the Government must be sensitive to the nature of public sponsorship. Public funding of the arts and humanities is subject to the conditions that traditionally govern the use of public money. Such funding should contribute to public support and confidence in the use of taxpayer funds. Public funds provided by the Federal Government must ultimately serve public purposes the Congress defines.
(6) The arts and the humanities reflect the high place accorded by the American people to the nation's[1] rich cultural heritage and to the fostering of mutual respect for the diverse beliefs and values of all persons and groups.
(7) The practice of art and the study of the humanities require constant dedication and devotion. While no government can call a great artist or scholar into existence, it is necessary and appropriate for the Federal Government to help create and sustain not only a climate encouraging freedom of thought, imagination, and inquiry but also the material conditions facilitating the release of this creative talent.
(8) The world leadership which has come to the United States cannot rest solely upon superior power, wealth, and technology, but must be solidly founded upon worldwide respect and admiration for the Nation's high qualities as a leader in the realm of ideas and of the spirit.
(9) Americans should receive in school, background and preparation in the arts and humanities to enable them to recognize and appreciate the aesthetic dimensions of our lives, the diversity of excellence that comprises our cultural heritage, and artistic and scholarly expression.
(10) It is vital to democracy to honor and preserve its multicultural artistic heritage as well as support new ideas, and therefore it is essential to provide financial assistance to its artists and the organizations that support their work.
(11) To fulfill its educational mission, achieve an orderly continuation of free society, and provide models of excellence to the American people, the Federal Government must transmit the achievement and values of civilization from the past via the present to the future, and make widely available the greatest achievements of art.
(12) In order to implement these findings and purposes, it is desirable to Establish a National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities.
(20 U.S.C. 951) Enacted Nov. 5, 1990, P.L. 101-512, sec. 101, 104 Stat. 1961.
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wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
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FactBench
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0
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https://nwmissouri.scholarships.ngwebsolutions.com/scholarx_donordetails.aspx
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en
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Donor Details
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Aaron L & Sylvia (McConkey) Thompson
Scholarships associated with Aaron L & Sylvia (McConkey) Thompson
Aaron L & Sylvia (McConkey) Thompson Scholarship
Abby Leigh Cockrill
Abby Cockrill, 22, was majoring in early childhood elementary education and student teaching in Platte City in addition to serving as a youth minister. She was on track to graduate with honors from Northwest when her life tragically ended when she was killed by a drunken driver on August 2010.
Her parents, Pat and Diana Cockrill of Platte City, created the Abby Leigh Cockrill Memorial Foundation Scholarship through the Northwest Foundation in her memory. The scholarship recipients must be juniors or seniors at Northwest majoring in elementary education, with priority given to students involved in Greek life.
“Abby’s spirit and enthusiasm were a joyous inspiration to everyone who knew her,” said Dr. Barbara Crossland, former associate professor of curriculum and instruction. “It’s wonderful that this scholarship will honor her memory.”
“Abby was a perfect model of our enthusiastic, committed future teachers,” said Dr. Margaret Drew, former professor of curriculum and instruction.
Cockrill was a member of Alpha Sigma Alpha sorority where she had served as parliamentarian, was in charge of their overall Homecoming for two years and served as a Gamma Chi for two years, helping mentor and guide ladies going through recruitment. She also was selected to the Order of Omega, a Greek honor society.
Cockrill participated in the annual BRUSH (Beautifying Residences Using Student Help) projects on campus and in the community, contributed to the Ministry Center Food Drive Campaign, raised funds for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, assisted with residential life programming and facilitated residential spirituality nights.
In addition, she was on the President’s Honor Roll, was a member of Tower Choir her freshman year and was a member of the Cardinal Key National Honor Society, where she helped in events to raise money for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. She volunteered and supported Special Olympics, participated in Kids Corner, where she read books to children and those in hospitals, and read to children at Northwest’s Horace Mann Laboratory School.
“Abby was a true leader who had the ability to inspire others to be better people and to give back to their community,” said her mother, Diana Cockrill. “Ever since she was a young girl, she wanted to teach and make a difference in the lives of children. She had a passion for working with children and youth and the enthusiasm to be a wonderful teacher. Abby truly loved to live and lived to love.”
Scholarships associated with Abby Leigh Cockrill
Abby Leigh Cockrill Memorial Scholarship
A-C Lightning
Scholarships associated with A-C Lightning
A-C Lightning Scholarship
Accounting Faculty
Scholarships associated with Accounting Faculty
Accounting Faculty Award
Ada M Royston
This award is given in honor of Mrs. Ada M. Royston, a pioneer music business woman of northwest Missouri.
Scholarships associated with Ada M Royston
Ada M Royston Memorial Instrumental Music Scholarship
AgriVision Equipment
With roots dating back to 1899, the AgriVision Equipment, with 10 locations across Southwest Iowa, our community focus still remains. As a locally owned and operated company, and one of the largest Ag employers in Iowa, we think that it is our responsibility to give back to the area that has made us successful and assist in the continued support of our communities for years to come.
Scholarships associated with AgriVision Equipment
AgriVision Equipment Scholarship
Agronomy Club
Membership in Agronomy Club is open to all students interested in crops and soils. The group sponsors speakers, field trips, and scholarships.
Scholarships associated with Agronomy Club
Agronomy Club Scholarship
Albert & Virginia Winemiller
Albert Edward Winemiller, Sr., son of Jacob and Lucretia Cooper Winemiller, was born August 14, 1916 near Sheridan, MO. He was also the nephew of Albert H. Cooper. He was a graduate of Sheridan High School and Northwest Missouri State Teacher’s College in Maryville, MO. In 1937, while students in college, Albert and Virginia were married. Albert graduated in 1940 with a teaching degree in Business and Agriculture. He taught 3 years in a one room school and was Superintendent of the Grandview, McFall and Dearborn, MO Schools before entering the U.S. Navy in World War II. He served in the South Pacific as a Lieutenant Jr. Grade. After the war, Albert and Virginia moved to Kansas City, Missouri and Albert worked for the Veterans Administration and the Federal Aviation Administration where he was a Division Chief 24 of his 31 years in government.
Virginia Ina Needels, daughter of William and Minnie Wall Needels, was born October 21, 1915 at the family homestead near Parnell, Mo. She graduated from Ravenwood High School and Northwest Missouri State Teacher’s College. Virginia graduated in 1940 with a teaching degree in Home Economics, English and Social Studies. She taught in one room schools in McFall and Dearborn, Missouri, and in Kansas City. She was an active member of the Daughters of the American Revolution.
Albert and Virginia loved caring for family and volunteering in Scouts and Broadway Methodist Church where they were members for 58 years. They were loving caring religious hard working patriots and examples of God's very best.
Scholarships associated with Albert & Virginia Winemiller
Albert & Virginia Winemiller Scholarship
Albert H & Eula Cooper
Albert Henry "Bert" Cooper was born July 3, 1880 in Mercer County Illinois. His family moved to Taylor County, Iowa when he was two years old. They came to Nodaway County the next year to a farm four miles southwest of Sheridan, Missouri. Albert was the oldest of nine children. He attended the Lone Star Rural School northeast of Gaynor, Missouri. He also attended the Maryville Normal School where he was a member of the 1907 class, Chicago University, and Harvard University, where he received his Master's Degree in Education in 1925.
Albert taught in a Nodaway County school and was Superintendent of Schools at Barnard and Grant City. He was the Nodaway County Superintendent of Schools from 1916 to 1921. During this time the four-year high schools were established in the county. He was an expert in rural education and was brought on the Northwest staff by President Uel Lamkin as director of extension and correspondence work from 1921 to 1947. He served in the State Legislature as a representative from Nodaway County from 1935 to 1941. From 1941 until his death in 1957, he was Director of the Department of Business and Administration of the State of Missouri. In 1963 Cooper Hall was added to the residence hall complex and named to honor Albert's contribution to Northwest.
On July 18, 1920, he married another school teacher, Eula Snowberger of Graham, Missouri. The two together were always interested in the young people with whom they were associated. They encouraged and supported the education of nieces and nephews and many other young people. Of the thirteen Cooper nieces and nephews, eleven became teachers.
Albert E. Winemiller, a nephew, and his wife, Virginia, established this scholarship to honor both Albert "Bert" and his wife, Eula. The scholarship is designed to assist students showing promise as teachers.
Scholarships associated with Albert H & Eula Cooper
Albert & Eula Cooper Memorial Scholarship
Aldrich Family
The Aldrich Family Memorial Scholarship was established with a gift from Dr. Anita Aldrich, Northwest Foundation board director, in the fall of 1976. Dr. Anita Aldrich was a 1936 graduate of Northwest Missouri State Teachers College and a dedicated health, physical education and recreation professional, teacher, advocate, volunteer and leader.
During a career spanning 47 years, she served as a teacher and administrator of physical education programs in King City, St. Joseph and Kansas City, Mo., and at Indiana University. She was appointed in 1961 as an advisor to President John F. Kennedy’s Fitness Council and served as president during 1962-1963 of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation to which she was later named an honor fellow.
Scholarships associated with Aldrich Family
Aldrich Family Memorial Scholarship
Aleta and Dean Hubbard
Decades before becoming Northwest’s ninth president, Dr. Dean Hubbard was a first-generation college student working to realize his aspirations of attaining a college degree and doing it with little financial support.
As he neared the completion of his bachelor’s degree at Andrews University in Berrien Springs, Mich., Hubbard was the beneficiary of one farmer’s financial gift to the institution.
As Northwest’s president from 1984 until his retirement in 2009, Hubbard, with his wife, Aleta, helped shape the University as a leader in Missouri higher education and worked to make it affordable for people lacking the financial means to work toward a college degree.
Today the Hubbards continue to fulfill that mission and recently pledged to assist deserving scholars through their namesake scholarship and the Dr. Joe Willey & Dr. Barbara J. Orr-Willey Fund. The Aleta & Dean Hubbard Scholarship was established in 2003 through a cash gift by the Willeys, who are longtime friends of the Hubbards, and multiple scholarships are awarded annually to entering Northwest freshmen.
As Northwest president, Hubbard led the University to national recognition for its “Culture of Quality” initiative, which fostered continuous improvement in all aspects of the institution’s operations. Northwest won the Missouri Quality Award four consecutive times – in 1997, 2001, 2005 and 2008 – and is the only educational institution in the state to have done so.
Hubbard’s presidency also involved making Northwest the first comprehensive electronic campus in the United States in 1987, and he supported the expansion of Northwest’s pioneering alternative fuels program. The alternative fuels program transforms recycled cardboard, paper and agricultural wastes into energy to heat and cool the campus, and it saved the University more than $10 million dollars during Hubbard’s tenure compared to the cost of purchasing natural gas.
Additionally, Hubbard’s vision to provide unparalleled learning and research opportunities for Northwest students and faculty in a wide range of disciplines translated into the development of the Dean L. Hubbard Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, which was renamed in his honor in 2014.
Scholarships associated with Aleta and Dean Hubbard
Aleta and Dean Hubbard Scholarship
Alfred E Sergel III
The Alfred E Sergel III Band Alumni Scholarship was established by the Northwest Band Alumni Chapter in honor of Mr. Sergel for his 23 years as Director of Bands at Northwest.
Scholarships associated with Alfred E Sergel III
Alfred E Sergel III Band Alumni Scholarship
Alice Corley
Scholarships associated with Alice Corley
Alice Corley Scholarship
Alice M Oliver
Alice was born on a farm east of Guilford, Missouri in 1911 where she lived much of her life with her husband Wesley H. Oliver. Living through the Great Depression of the early 20th century, she learned the value of practicality and saving money.
Although she had no children of her own, she doted on nieces and nephews and followed their growth and activities and education.
In her last few years of her life, Alice lived in an assisted living facility where she grew to love and respect those who provided her with care. She heard their stories of working hard while furthering their education and very much wanted to provide this scholarship with a nursing focus at Northwest.
After her death in 2010, portions of her estate were given to numerous charities that were near and dear to her heart, including Children’s Mercy Hospital, American Heart Association and the American Cancer Association. Another scholarship is endowed at South Nodaway R-IV Schools for high school students pursuing higher education.
Scholarships associated with Alice M Oliver
Alice M Oliver Nursing Scholarship
Allen A. & Helen Doak
When Cheryl Clark was looking for a way to memorialize her parents after their deaths, she decided a gift to Northwest Missouri State University in support of education was a fitting tribute.
Clark, with her husband, Steve, is honoring her parents with the creation of the Allen A. and Helen Doak Family Scholarship for math education majors who demonstrate potential for success as a teacher.
The scholarship is a tribute to Allen’s career as a math teacher, principal, superintendent and basketball coach as well as Helen’s contributions to her husband's endeavors as a full-time homemaker and assistance with their farming operation. Allen was a 1930 Northwest graduate and passed away in 2000; Helen died in 2010.
“His life was fulfilled,” Clark said of her father. “He lived his life doing what he enjoyed, which was teaching and farming.”
Allen was the second of four children. After graduating high school, he joined his sister at Northwest, and his brothers followed for a period of time.
He had a passion for learning. Rather than taking advantage of summer breaks, he remained enrolled in classes and graduated with his sister, who started college a year prior to him.
While at Northwest, Allen was the treasurer of his graduating class. He also worked his way through college as an employee in the kitchen of one of the women’s dormitories.
“To this day, we still have one of the recipes used in the kitchen,” Clark said. “I call it ‘Allen A’s French Salad Dressing.”
He served in the Navy during World War II and was honorably discharged as lieutenant commander. His teaching career included three years at Turney, Missouri, seven years at Lawson, Missouri, as a math teacher, basketball coach and superintendent, and 15 years at Osborn, Missouri, where he was a math teacher and principal. He finished his career as a teacher and assistant basketball coach in Cameron, Missouri.
“He would also say that although grades are important, the experiences you have and the people you meet in your college years will be with you forever, and the lives you touch in your teaching career will span generations,” Clark said.
Scholarships associated with Allen A. & Helen Doak
Allen A & Helen Doak Family Scholarship
Alpha Chi
Alpha Chi is a coeducational academic honor society. Since 1922 its purpose has been to promote academic excellence and exemplary character among college and university students and to honor those who achieve such distinction.
Scholarships associated with Alpha Chi
Alpha Chi Scholarship
Alpha Phi Omega
Alpha Phi Omega Scholarship Fund was established in May, 1976.
Scholarships associated with Alpha Phi Omega
Alpha Phi Omega Scholarship
Alpha Tau Alpha
Alpha Tau Alpha (ATA) is an honorary organization for Agriculture Education majors. It enables members to develop professional and leadership skills.
Scholarships associated with Alpha Tau Alpha
Alpha Tau Alpha Scholarship
Alsbury-Leopard Family
The Alsbury-Leopard Music Scholarship has been established in memory of Marsha Alsbury Leopard’s father, James Alsbury, an instrumental music major and in honor of his grandchildren who were involved in the music program at Northwest. Grandson Nathan Leopard was a member of Northwest Celebration and granddaughter Hayley Leopard was a member of Tower Choir and the flag corp of the Bearcat Marching Band. Hayley is married to Tom Brockman, also a Bearcat and the current Director of Bands in the Smithville School District. The family connection to both the instrumental and vocal music programs at Northwest has been a strong one through the years. The family is pleased to be able to support the music program by providing this scholarship for a deserving student.
Scholarships associated with Alsbury-Leopard Family
Alsbury-Leopard Family Music Scholarship
Alyce L Cummins
Alyce L. Cummins (the family matriarch) recognized the importance of education. As a young woman, she went to college to become an educator, but the Great Depression interrupted her path. In her 40s, as a non-traditional student, she fulfilled her dream as a second-grade school teacher. The approach of caring about the student AND child made her a favorite by many.
Scholarships associated with Alyce L Cummins
Alyce L Cummins Future Educator Scholarship
Amy Munro-Kounovsky
Bob and Jan FitzSimmons, of Lincoln, Nebraska, recently honored 2008 Northwest alumna Amy Munro-Kounovsky by establishing the Amy Munro-Kounovsky Scholarship. Beginning with 2017-2018, a $500 scholarship will be awarded to a Northwest junior or senior majoring in corporate recreation and wellness and enrolled in a recreation internship.
Munro-Kounovsky graduated from Northwest with degrees in corporate recreation and wellness and therapeutic recreation, and she became American College of Sport Medicine certified in 2008. After graduation, she accepted a position Prairie Life Fitness in Lincoln and works as a personal trainer.
The FitzSimmons value a healthy lifestyle, and Jan is a member at Prairie Life Fitness. Six years ago, she was looking for a new personal trainer. Amy and Jan began working together, and Jan is thankful of Amy’s knowledge and experience in the fitness world.
“Amy is very good to work with,” Jan said. “She developed a great approach for working with senior citizens with multiple medical issues.”
When Munro-Kounovsky got married in 2016, Jan wanted to do something to honor her for a wedding gift. The FitzSimmons endowed a scholarship in her name not only as a tribute to her but because of their belief in education.
“The scholarship that Bob and Jan put in my name is one of the most generous things anyone has ever done for me,” Munro-Kounovsky said. “I feel extremely lucky and thankful to be a part of something that will help students fulfill their dreams of helping others through health and wellness.”
Bob graduated from high school in 1958 and received a four-year scholarship to attend Kansas University, and Jan received a scholarship as a student at South Dakota State University. Because of the financial support they received in college, they understand the impact scholarships have on students’ lives.
“Sometimes the students who don’t qualify for the large scholarships believe it is because they did not earn a 4.0 grade-point average,” Jan said. “People have to understand there are a lot of different things that come into play like the amount of time a student works after school or extra-curricular activities. This does not mean they don’t value their education. It’s just that other things were pulling them in different directions.”
The FitzSimmons view endowed scholarships as an opportunity to leave a legacy to the communities that have paved the way for their careers and lives. With the number of people applying for college, they encourage students to be timely and diligent in researching scholarship opportunities.
“I think there is a lot of deserving young students who haven’t been able to attend the college they wanted to because of the cost,” Bob said. “Scholarships are out there. I encourage them to do a lot of research and apply for as many as they can.”
As a student, Munro-Kounovsky took advantage of networks and connections with Northwest faculty. She worked at a ropes course in New Hampshire for a summer, worked at the former Northwest fitness center and interned at Prairie Life Fitness, where she is currently employed.
“I am very grateful for the connections and all of the hands-on experiences that aided me in choosing the right career path,” Munro-Kounovsky said.
Scholarships associated with Amy Munro-Kounovsky
Amy Munro-Kounovsky Scholarship
Amy P Elifrits
In 1989, C. Dale Elifrits and his father established the Amy P. Elifrits Scholarship in loving memory of his mother. Mrs. Elifrits was a 1960 graduate of Northwest with a degree in elementary education. Her son, Dale, is also a gradute of Northwest with a math degree.
Scholarships associated with Amy P Elifrits
Amy P Elifrits Scholarship
Andy & Anne Jones
Scholarships associated with Andy & Anne Jones
Andy & Anne Jones Scholarship
Ann Allen Brekke
Assistant professor of dance Ann Brekke and Dr. Jerry Brekke, political science professor, share much in common. In fact, the husband and wife duo have shared many memories through the years at Northwest.
Both from different backgrounds and with different goals, somehow they ended up at Northwest and spent a combined 69 years teaching on campus. Jerry came to Northwest from Minnesota in 1964 to teach, while Ann was in Jefferson City earning her master's degree. The couple met during registration in Lamkin Gym in 1965 and were married in 1966.
The couple continued to teach in their respective departments, Jerry focusing primarily on constitutional law and Ann on modern, social, aerobic and recreational dance.
Scholarships associated with Ann Allen Brekke
Ann Allen Brekke Scholarship
Anna M Painter
In October of 1947, the Maryville Branch of the American Association of University Women started raising money for a graduate loan fund, the purpose being to encourage graduate study among women. Most of the original funds were from donations by women alumni of Northwest. Money was also left to the branch by the will of Dr. Anna M. Painter (professor of English at Northwest for many years) after the fund had been named in her honor. The first loan was made in 1951. The fund was replenished and available for addtional loans as previous loans were repaid. In 1981, because of the increase in interest rates and an additional contribution from the Branch, the loan was changed to a graduate scholarship for women.
Scholarships associated with Anna M Painter
Anna M Painter Graduate Scholarship
Anne (Morgan) Sapp
Denny Sapp, a 1968 Northwest graduate who became a Naval aviator and served as a Blue Angels solo demonstration pilot for two seasons, established the Anne Morgan Sapp Dream Team Scholarship through the Northwest Foundation.
“She was just always there to do something for somebody else,” Denny said. “The empathy that she had was unreal. I just never knew anybody like her. I guess that’s why I wanted to be part of her life.”
The scholarship will assist students who qualify for the Northwest Promise, previously known as the American Dream Grant. The inaugural scholarship of $1,000 was awarded for the 2023-24 academic year.
Denny told Anne about the scholarship’s creation on her birthday, July 29, just weeks before she died on Aug. 14, after a three-year battle with multiple myeloma.
“She was incredibly tickled about it, knowing that it was going to be a scholarship for people who were in need,” Denny said.
Anne was born and raised in Elliott, Iowa, and graduated from Northwest in 1969 with a bachelor’s degree in English. She was an active member of Sigma Sigma Sigma sorority and served as its president. She also was voted Northwest’s Tower Queen.
Denny was born and raised in Red Oak, Iowa, and graduated from Northwest with a bachelor’s degree in secondary education with an emphasis in industrial arts. He was active in the Phi Sigma Epsilon fraternity and met Anne while he was serving as the Phi Sig house manager.
As a member of the U.S. Navy, he made three deployments to Vietnam, recording 367 combat missions and receiving numerous decorations. He then was assigned duties as a test and evaluation pilot at the Naval Weapons Center in China Lake, California. From there, Denny was selected to join the Blue Angels in Pensacola, Florida, where he flew as a solo demonstration pilot in 1975 and 1976.
Sapp retired from the Navy after 23 years of service with the rank of captain. He then flew for Western Airlines, Alaska Airlines and Delta Air Lines.
Due to Denny’s Naval service, the couple moved frequently and Anne carried her passion for education with them. Anne’s first teaching position was in a north Florida high school with more than 4,000 students on the heels of racial integration, which sparked her advocacy for social justice.
When the couple moved to Thousand Oaks, California, in the early 1980s, Anne started a learning assistance program at California Lutheran University. She finished her career teaching at Gig Harbor High School in Washington, where she taught for five years and was voted favorite teacher three times by the senior class.
“She was an educator at the top of the board,” Denny said. “She was always concerned about students not having funds to go to college.”
Once retired, the couple traveled extensively, including multiple trips to Cambodia, where they worked with a non-government organization (NGO) to help rescue trafficked children and open a school.
“I wanted people to understand what kind of a person she had been and the accolades that she had received her entire life,” Denny said. “She was always willing to step to the background and not be in the limelight. She liked to sit in the front row of class, but she never wanted to be in the limelight.”
Scholarships associated with Anne (Morgan) Sapp
Anne (Morgan) Sapp Dream Team Scholarship
Annelle Z Weymuth
Scholarships associated with Annelle Z Weymuth
Annelle Z Weymuth Scholarship
Anonymous
Established to assist graduate students pursuing a degree in English.
Scholarships associated with Anonymous
Graduate English Fellowship
Anonymous PCMC
Scholarships associated with Anonymous PCMC
Anonymous PCMC Scholarship
Arne & Mary Le Johnson
Northwest Missouri State University alumnus Arne Johnson and his wife, Mary Le, want students to earn an education at a campus that is inviting to all.
With that in mind, the Johnsons’established the the Arne and Mary Le Johnson Scholarship, which focus on students’ academic and financial needs.
While Mary Le is an architect in Houston, Arne, a 1977 graduate of Northwest, is the senior vice president of general counsel and secretary for Noble Energy, an independent oil and gas company there. He heads the corporate affairs legal department, the company’s corporate compliance department, and global security and government relations.
“To us, philanthropy in general is a way to make a real difference in the world,” Arne said. “In this context, philanthropy is really about creating opportunities for others that in a lot of cases we have been fortunate to have ourselves.”
Arne attributes his career success to the high values and principles he developed at Northwest.
“I studied political science and public administration at Northwest, and I think that was what sparked my interest to go to law school,” he said. “I believe more than anything else, just learning the importance of solid values are things that have been helpful.”
Growing up in Shenandoah, Iowa, Arne never thought he would attend college.
“Looking back, I’m not sure there was a time I thought I could or would go to college, let alone graduate,” he said. “I think, in a lot of ways, I am probably the prototypical Northwest student with somewhat of a modest, rural background and the first in the family to attend and finish college. It’s a role the school has continued to play today.”
Northwest proved to be a comfortable way to bridge the gap between his small town roots and the career path he wanted to pursue.
“It’s funny because it was really only later on in my life that I came to appreciate how much of a difference Northwest made in my life,” Arne said. “What I love most about Northwest is it’s a harvesting ground for diamonds in the rough. You realize, if you work hard, you can make something of it.”
After learning more about the TRIO program at Northwest and scholarship opportunities, Arne and Mary Le wanted to assist people interested in attending the University but who may not have the financial resources to do so. Launched at Northwest in 1986, TRIO is a federally recognized educational outreach program designed for students with disadvantaged backgrounds.
“We like the idea that the TRIO program kind of created a bridge of programs to help students make the transition to the college degree environment,” Arne said. “From our perspective, we have always been committed to the idea of scholarships and the opportunities that scholarships can create.”
The Johnsons believe students who face and overcome the greatest challenges are often the University’s greatest success stories.
“We found that supporting scholarships helps people get the education they need,” Arne said. “Quite simply, Northwest is an excellent value proposition in providing a good education. The academic excellence the school provides is at a very reasonable price. We also feel like our support at Northwest makes a difference.”
Arne fosters his passion for Northwest as president of the Northwest Foundation Board of Directors. As he returns to Northwest for Board meetings, he is always impressed with the examples of successful graduates and the high-caliber faculty.
“When I think back about the time I was there and look more recently at some of my work as a Board member, I really feel blessed to have the opportunity to meet with a number of the faculty,” Arne said. “What has also impressed me about the faculty at Northwest is the degree of commitment that each and every one of them seem to have enriching their students’ lives. I don’t believe this is something you can fake. The faculty at Northwest are truly genuine in their interest of student success.”
Arne, & Mary Le Johnson
Scholarships associated with Arne, & Mary Le Johnson
Arne & Mary Le Johnson Powering Dreams Scholarship
Art & Bettie Beckner
The Art & Bettie Beckner Memorial Scholarship was established by their children, Michael Beckner and Cindy Beckner McManis, in honor and memory of their parents. The Beckners believed in the value of higher education and received much joy from the Celebration performances at Northwest.
Scholarships associated with Art & Bettie Beckner
Art & Bettie Beckner Memorial Scholarship
Art Education
Scholarships associated with Art Education
Art Education Scholarship
Arthur "Doc" Yates and Maxine Gooden Yates
Beginning his teaching and coaching career in Bridgewater, Iowa, Arthur "Doc" Yates subsequently moved to Atlantic, Iowa, where he enjoyed many successful years of coaching football, basketball and track, and motivated numerous Atlantic High School conference champions. Following his retirement from teaching, Mr. Yates entered the animal feed business in Iowa City, Iowa. This scholarship was established in his honor by "Doc's" friends and former athletes of Atlantic High School.
Scholarships associated with Arthur "Doc" Yates and Maxine Gooden Yates
Arthur "Doc" Yates and Maxine Gooden Yates Scholarship
Arthur McGehee
Arthur McGehee Memorial Scholarship was established at the time of the death of the psychology department member it honors in November, 1974. Born in Mississippi, Dr. McGehee was a graduate of Louisana Tech University, and later received his master's and doctorate from Louisana State University. Dr. McGehee began teaching at Northwest in 1968.
Scholarships associated with Arthur McGehee
Arthur McGehee Memorial Scholarship
Association of Black Employees
August Stelter
Recognizing his grandfather's business sense and persistence, Robert Stelter, of Hopkins, has chosen to honor his grandfather's memory by giving Northwest Missouri State University freshman agriculture students financial help. Stelter's grandfather, August, came to America from Germany with his parents in 1855. On the voyage, August's father became ill and died, leaving his mother and five younger siblings alone in a foreign country, and none of them could speak English. They settled in Burlington, Iowa, where August, at only 13 years old, got a job laying tile lines. August and his wife, Henrietta, successfully expanded their farming operation and were able to give a farm to each of their three daughters and three sons.
The August Stelter Scholarship fund was created in 2002 by Stelter's cousin, Bea Lemon Hansen. The fund provides assistance to entering freshmen majoring in agriculture. The late Robert Stelter and his wife, Ruth, provided additional funding to boost the fund for qualified Northwest students.
Scholarships associated with August Stelter
August Stelter Scholarship
Awalt G Steffen
A family tragedy and an unexpected move brought Helen Steffen from Ohio to Missouri where she eventually met her husband, and now she has established a memorial scholarship in his name at Northwest Missouri State University. Helen was 5 years old when her parents died within hours of each other from complications of the bubonic plague, leaving her and three siblings behind. The children were split up. Her older brother stayed with family in Ohio, Helen and her 3-year-old sister moved to St. Joseph with an uncle and his family, and neighbors adopted her 6-week-old sister. Despite being hundreds of miles apart and being raised by three different families, the siblings remained in close contact throughout their lives.
If not for that move to St. Joseph with her uncle, Helen would not have met her late husband, Awalt, whom she married in 1941. Together they built a life focused on education and serving others. Awalt served 19 years as a YMCA secretary in St. Joseph, Grand Junction, Colo., and Muskogee, Okla. In 1948, they found themselves back in St. Joseph where they owned and operated Steffen's Bookstore for 13 years. It was during this time that they decided they wanted to continue their education and become teachers. Awalt commuted to Maryville and graduated in 1957, at the age of 47, with a bachelor's in elementary education, and later earned a master's in educational leadership, also from Northwest. Helen continued to run the bookstore until Awalt started his first teaching job at Spring Garden School, at which time she commuted to Maryville and graduated in 1964, at the age of 51, with a bachelor's in elementary education.
The Steffens went on to enjoy careers in education where Awalt retired in 1974 as principal in King City, and Helen retired the following year from Hawthorne Elementary, now Coleman Elementary, in St. Joseph, while always striving to serve their community through church initiatives and programs such as Sertoma International. One project in particular that Helen is proud of is one that spanned an eight-year period and took place in the basement of their home. The Steffens, along with the help of a few others, made more than 880 sleeping bags that they donated to the local food bank.
Awalt died in 2008 at the age of 97. In memory of her late husband, Helen established the Awalt G. Steffen Memorial Scholarship through the Northwest Foundation.
Scholarships associated with Awalt G Steffen
Awalt G Steffen Memorial Scholarship
B D & Janet Scott
Camellia Scott Barmann '85 and Maryville High School sweetheart-turned-husband Rob Barmann '84 thought it would be nice to create a scholarship to honor Camellia's parents, B.D. and Janet Scott, and their Northwest connection while her parents were still living.
In 1960, B.D. Scott accepted a teaching position at Northwest and moved his family to Maryville. Camellia enjoyed her days at Horace Mann with her brother, David Scott '79, and sister, Karen Scott Pfost (attd. '78-'79), and said she always knew she would attend Northwest.
Scholarships associated with B D & Janet Scott
B D and Janet Scott Biology Scholarship
B D & Sue Wright Owens
Dr. B.D. '59 and Sue Wright '57 Owens met while attending Northwest, so the phrase "coming home" always held a special meaning for the couple when B.C. became Northwest's eighth president from 1977 to 1984. Owens is the only Northwest alumnus claiming this honor. Thanks to Owens' tireless efforts following the devastating Administration Building fire of 1979, the University was able to obtain $13.8 million of emergency state funding to restore the University's signature building. Additionally, funds were secured to build a new performing arts center and a library, which is named for Owens. An avid environmentalist, B.D. also took the first steps toward developing an alternative fuels program, which has saved the University millions of dollars in energy costs. Sue's belief in educating tomorrow's future leaders also was demonstrated throughout her music teaching career in public schools.
The couple established the B.D. and Sue Wright Owens Scholarship at Northwest as a permanent endowment in 2003 to provide critical financial assistance for the University's incoming freshmen.
Scholarships associated with B D & Sue Wright Owens
B D & Sue Wright Owens Scholarship
Bart & Emma Maxwell Utterback
When sisters Roberta Utterback '39 and Lois Utterback Beal '37 decided to establish scholarships that would perpetuate their parents' names as well as their own, pleasant memories of their alma mater led them to establish charitable gift annuities with the Northwest Foundation.
Lois and Roberta's parents had always encouraged education for their six children. The sisters, whose mother was a teacher, taught in rural Missouri schools during the winter and attended Northwest during the summer months to complete their degrees in education. Lois, who retired in 1977, lived in Greenville, Mich., where she last served as principal of the Baldwin Heights Elementary School. Roberta was an associate professor of education for 35 years at Ohio State University in Columbus before retiring in 1979.
Scholarships associated with Bart & Emma Maxwell Utterback
Bart & Emma Maxwell Utterback Scholarship in Elementary Education
Benjamin & Mercedes Ramirez
Mercedes Ramirez Johnson is one of only four survivors of American Airlines Flight 965, which crased into the Andes Mountains near Cali, Colombia in December 1995. Her story of the crash, and her recovery agains the odds, completing her education and achieving a hightly successful career in healthcare software and pharmaceutical sales has inspired thousands. In addition to her career, Mercedes aims to make a difference in her community. She is a former board member of the Northwest Foundation. Since 1993, Mercedes has been active with the minority career development firm INROADS, Inc. She received her bachelor of science degree in international business in 1997 from Northwest. Mercedes and her family live in the Dallas area.
Scholarships associated with Benjamin & Mercedes Ramirez
Benjamin & Mercedes Ramirez Scholarship
Bert Hanson
Scholarships associated with Bert Hanson
Bert Hanson Athletics Scholarship
Betty Jean Lambert Pope
Scholarships associated with Betty Jean Lambert Pope
Betty Jean Lambert Pope Memorial Music Scholarship
Betty Schieber
The fund has been established with memorial gifts by the Donor, family, friends and colleagues of Betty L. (Shelton) Schieber who received her BS degree in Education in 1980 from Northwest Missouri State University, followed by a Master's degree in Reading in 1984, and an Education Specialist degree in Elementary Principalship in 1993. The fund honors Betty, a mother and educator, who began her teaching career as a first grade teacher at Nodaway-Holt and retired from the North Andrew school system as an elementary principal. Whether she was being a teacher, a parent, or just a bystander, Betty constantly looked out for children and their best interests. Betty's passion for life, learning, teaching and for being a dedicated educator was apparent to all as was her love of family, especially for her husband Martin and their children Steve, Tim, Julie and Marla and their spouses, and, of course, their grandchildren.
Scholarships associated with Betty Schieber
Betty Schieber Scholarship
Beverly J & Edward J Shelton
The Beverly J & Edward J Shelton Scholarship was established with a donation from Beverly Holt Shelton '46 in memory of her late husband, Edward Shelton '42. The Sheltons, who grew up close to Maryville on adjoining farms near Quitman, attended Northwest with the desire to become teachers. Beverly majored in music education and taught music several years in public schools and also gave private piano lessons. Ed majored in business education and was a teacher, coach, and principal before retiring in 1982 as an assistant superintendent of the Independence Public School District.
Scholarships associated with Beverly J & Edward J Shelton
Beverly J & Edward J Shelton Scholarship
Bill & Betty Lou (Egger) Owens Family
Bill '52 and Betty Lou Egger (attd. '46-'48) Owens created the Bill & Betty Lou (Egger) Owens Family Scholarship to honor friends who made a special impact on their lives, and to impact Northwest students from the Hopkins region where they were raised.
After serving in the Army and graduating from Northwest with a teaching degree, Bill began his teaching career in Graham, Mo., and Atchison, Kan. By 1958, he had earned his master's degree in school administration, retiring from the Wheaton, Ill., school system in 1984. Much of Bill's career was spent as an elementary school principal n sixth-grade teacher.
Betty taught in five one-room school throughout Nodaway County, raised her daughters, Brenda and Beth, and later earned her teaching degree in 1970. She then taught fourth grade in Bensenville, Ill., and retired from teaching in 1989. The couple now lives in Beverly Hills, Fla.
The Owens's pursuit of educating others has never wavered, even after retirement. Establishing The Bill & Betty Lou (Eggers) Owens Family Scholarship in memory of Albert Owens, Vance Geiger, Larry Melvin and Paul Gates is their way of honoring mentors and making a lasting, educational impact on today's students.
Scholarships associated with Bill & Betty Lou (Egger) Owens Family
Bill & Betty Lou (Egger) Owens Family Scholarship
Bill & Jodie Mackintosh
Bill ’76 and Jodie Hamilton ’77 Mackintosh met while attending Northwest. Bill was from Gallatin, MO and Jodie was a first-generation college student from Kansas City, MO. Bill and Jodie always felt thankful for the education they received while students at Northwest. Also, they were grateful for the many lifelong friendships they made during college. Bill was a member of Phi Sigma Epsilon and Jodie was an Alpha Sigma Alpha.
After graduation from Northwest they moved to Omaha, NE. Bill co-founded Financial Products Corporation in 1981, a computer maintenance company, and was also a partner in P&L Companies, a local leasing and technology company. One of Bill’s greatest joys in life was working alongside his children, Mike and Ashley, in their family business, American Title Inc., which they purchased in 2004. The company grew through Bill’s vision and leadership and was recognized as one of Omaha’s Best Places to Work in 2011 and 2014.
Jodie was a teacher for Omaha Public Schools and Millard Public Schools before having children. Most of her life she has been a homemaker and community volunteer. She has been a member of many boards for non-profits in the Omaha community which focus on children and families. Jodie and Bill were both board members of the Northwest Foundation.
Bill was an avid reader of the Wall Street Journal. One day there was an article that discussed the availability of scholarships for students as freshman but not many for students to help them graduate college. Before Bill passed away in 2016, he and Jodie decided to establish the Powering Dreams Scholarship to help students that are Northwest seniors. They knew what a difference a college degree made in their lives and they wanted to make sure other Northwest students could become a college graduate and have the same opportunities.
Scholarships associated with Bill & Jodie Mackintosh
Bill & Jodie Mackintosh Powering Dreams Scholarship
Bill Fields
The Bill Fields Memorial Scholarship was established in memory of William Victor Fields who passed away in 1974 following a brief illness. Mr. Fields was a junior at Northwest pursuing a Bachelor of Fine Arts at the time of his death. The scholarship was lovingly established by his family.
Scholarships associated with Bill Fields
Bill Fields Memorial Scholarship
Bill Winters
Bill was born at home in Nevada, MO on Oct. 27, 1923. Bill or Billy (as his family often referred to him) was the first-born son to Paul and Zelma (Rider) Winters. The family then moved several times in Bill’s life residing in Metz, Rich Hill, and then in Raytown, MO. Bill was a fantastic athlete from a very young age. As a thirteen-year-old freshman, he beat out a junior to start quarterback. As a fourteen-year-old freshman, he beat out the senior pitcher on the baseball team. Bill started and lettered all four years in Football, Baseball and Track. Bill graduated from Raytown High School in 1941. Upon graduating, Bill was awarded a Full Ride Scholarship for Football to Northwest Missouri State Teachers College located in Maryville, Missouri.
The summer before college, Bill (a seventeen-year-old) tried out and made the roster of the St. Louis Cardinals minor league baseball team. He played pitcher/1st base. After a summer of baseball, Bill packed up and headed to NW Missouri State in the fall 1941. Although Bill may have been a better baseball player, he opted to play football in college, Bill claims that it was more fun. Bill played for nearly two seasons. The positions that he played in college were Right Halfback and Left Cornerback. The team earned the title of Conference Co-Champs Bill’s freshmen year. Bill’s sophomore year the team won the conference again.
Bill enlisted in the Navy Jan. 14, 1943. Bill said once, “Join the Navy and see the world, thousands of dollars wouldn’t pay for all the places I’ve been.” Bill was assigned to the #48 USS Dobler, a brand-new ship whose purpose was to be a Destroyer Escort. Bill traveled across and back over the Atlantic Ocean twenty times. Bill’s job was on a deck gun, he was the 1st loader. There were four shells at a time, the job required a tall person, and Bill stood at 6ft 1 and a half. Bill finished his service with the title, Boatman’s Mate 1st Class. When the war ended with Germany, Bill still had four years left to serve.
Bill was then sent to US Navy Camp 815 located in Terceira, Azores, a Providence of Portugal. Bill and four others were to replace eighty sailors that had been running the docks. Bill was in charge of it all, the four other sailors and the Portuguese hired to help. It was here that Bill met his bride, Maria Gorgita through her dad who was a Port Captain. During their courtship, they would sight see and go to the beach a lot. They would often be found spending a whole day tooling a cabin boat around the island.
The base was shut down in December of 1946, but, because Bill still had two years left to serve, he was to fly to Exeter, England, to get new orders. This became a very long adventure where Bill saw a lot of Europe. During this time, word came around that the Navy would let you out on request if you served four of a six-year contract. Bill was discharged in February of 1947.
Bill and Maria returned to KC and had a courthouse wedding June 12, 1947. Bill and Maria had five children which they resided with in the Kansas City, Hickman Mills and Grandview areas. After returning from the service, Bill worked as a Union Commercial Carpenter at the Sugar Creek Oil Refinery. Bill also did carpentry work with his father on and off. Next, Bill worked doing light commercial construction as a superintendent. While employed there he put footings in for the Western Auto sign downtown. Bill eventually gave up commercial construction and decided to go into residential housing. Bill worked in this capacity for forty years as a superintendent building houses. Finally working for his son, Bill Jr. for two years before retiring in 1990.
Maria suffered from poor health the majority of her life in the US. She lived to celebrate their 56th wedding anniversary and then died in Sept. of 2003. After Maria’s death, Bill busied himself at Bill Jr’s farm, where Bill cared for the cattle, helped with the haying and did farm maintenance. Bill loved listening/watching baseball and football. He was a sports nut and a KC fan to the core. He liked to travel, always the driver. In his later years, he spent time reconnecting with family and researching his roots. Bill loved his family, he traveled countless miles to visit with many of them.
Bill passed away February 21, 2022.
Scholarships associated with Bill Winters
Bill Winters Scholarship
Bob & Mary Bohlken
Dr. Bob & Mary Bohlken were married in 1958. They have two children, Katy Gumm & Dan Bohlken and four grandchildren: Bobby & Brandon Gumm & Faith & Alex Bohlken. Katy, Dan & Bobby are all Northwest graduates.
Professor Bohlken, Ph.D. University of Kansas in 1969, retired from Northwest in 2000 after serving thirty years as an administrator and full professor of communication. His areas of interest & research are listening, semantics, interpersonal trust and teaching communication. He was inducted into the International Listening Association Hall of Fame in 2006 and received Northwest’s Alumni Distinguished Emeritus Professor Award in 2010.
Dr. Bohlken has published a Listening textbook, a regional folksaying/idioms book, two children’s books, three regional history books and two humorous human-interest books. He, assisted by Mary, has served as a human-interest columnist for the weekly Nodaway News Leader for twenty years.
Mary, who received an M.S. in Education from Northwest in 1974, served as a learning disabilities/reading resource teacher for twenty years in the Maryville RII School District as well as an adjunct reading specialist at Northwest.
Scholarships associated with Bob & Mary Bohlken
Bob & Mary Bohlken Scholarship
Bobby & Shirley Kelley
The Bobby and Shirley Kelley Excellence in Education Scholarship was established in 1988 by their children, NWMSU graduates Janet Kelley Epperson, Roger Kelley, and Keith Kelley, to honor their parents six decades of combined service to education, during which they encouraged both students and teachers to reach higher, farther, and deeper in the joint quests of educating and being educated. Born to mothers who were both teachers, Bobby and Shirley graduated in 1953 and 1952, respectively. They served in teaching and administrative capacities in the northwest Missouri communities of Gallatin, Hamilton, Stanberry, Graham, Maitland, Skidmore, Maysville, Clarksdale, Hopkins, and Pickering. As a school administrator for 34 years, Bobby took time to get to know the unique needs of the students, faculty, and community members. He was always willing to go the “extra mile” in helping people start or continue their careers, referring many of them to NWMSU, confident they would receive a quality education. His belief in the educational quality of his alma mater was demonstrated by the number of NWMSU graduates he hired to teach in school districts under his direction. Shirley touched the lives of several hundred students during six years teaching home economics and 21 years teaching various elementary grades. She served as a mentor for numerous student teachers from NWMSU and welcomed hundreds of observation students into her classroom. In honoring their parents with the scholarship, the Kelley’s children also honored Northwest Missouri State University, which during the late 1940s and early 1950s became Bobby’s and Shirley’s “home away from home” and helped them form the foundation of their professional lives.
Scholarships associated with Bobby & Shirley Kelley
Bobby & Shirley Kelley Excellence in Education Award
Bohlken
Scholarships associated with Bohlken
Bohlken English Education Scholarship
Bonnie Magill
The Bonnie Magill Scholarship honors former women’s physical education department chairman Bonnie Magill. Bonnie began women's sport at Northwest. She was a disciplined, hard working, organized and diligent leader for the HPERD department and served with distinction.
The Bonnie Magill Scholarship was established with contributions received in March of 1978.
Scholarships associated with Bonnie Magill
Bonnie Magill Scholarship
Brenda Wilson Andrews
Scholarships associated with Brenda Wilson Andrews
Brenda Wilson Andrews Memorial Scholarship
Brian and Jennie (Otto) Williamson
Brian (attd. '91-'93) and Jennie Otto '96 Williamson have established a scholarship for deserving vocal music students.
When Jennie began her studies at Northwest, she joined the Steppers dance team and Alpha Sigma Alpha sorority. By her sophomore year, she declared her major in vocal music and became involved with Celebration, Tower Choir, Sigma Alpha Iota, theatre and musicals. The education and activities Jennie participated in at Northwest provided a solid foundation for furthering her music studies in graduate school.
Brian came to Northwest in 1991 to compete in track and cross country, but he was sidelined by injuries he sustained during his sophomore year. He later finished his studies at the University of Iowa and graduated in 1995 with a bachelor's in sports and recreation administration.
Brian and Jennie have been touched by the life of former Northwest student Tatia Goodman Williamson. Together, Taita and Jennie participated in Northwest music classes, choirs and Sigma Alpha Iota. Brian and Tatia dated while they were students at Northwest and were eventually married. However, Tatia died in a car accident in 1998 at the age of 25. Brian and Jennie were reacquainted while pursuing their careers in Nashville, Tenn., and were married in 2000.
Brian and a business partner have started a Christian record label, Takestone Music, and Jennie is involved with Takestone's CD series, Songs for the Masses. Jennie has been one of the artists who presents this music in concert, and she was a featured artist for its national television marketing campaign.
Scholarships associated with Brian and Jennie (Otto) Williamson
Brian and Jennie (Otto) Williamson Scholarship
Brian Hesse
Scholarships associated with Brian Hesse
Brian Hesse Business Scholarship
Bruce Litte
Scholarships associated with Bruce Litte
Bruce Litte Memorial English Scholarship
Bruce M. Thezan
The Bruce M. Thezan Memorial Scholarship fund was established to honor the memory of Bruce Michael Thezan, a 1972 graduate and proud alumni of the Bearcat football team.
Born and raised in Chicago, Illinois, Thezan attended NWMSU on scholarship and played nose guard on the defensive line. After graduating with his Bachelor’s in Education, he went on to pursue his Master’s in School Administration.
Ever the enthusiastic Bearcat fan, Thezan valued education and dedicated his life to improving the lives of others—in his career as a coach, teacher, and high school principal, and as a Staff Sergeant in the Army Reserves during the Persian Gulf War.
Thezan’s children, loved ones, former teammates, and fellow alums established this scholarship to honor his passion for education and collegiate athletics.
Scholarships associated with Bruce M. Thezan
Bruce M Thezan Memorial Scholarship
Burley Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association
Scholarships associated with Burley Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association
Burley Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association Scholarship
Burton L Richey
Dr. Burton L. Richey, at the time of his death was the chairman of the Division of Health, Physical Education and Recreation at Northwest Missouri State University. Dr. Richey died February 10, 1981 from cancer.
Dr. Richey was named Division Chairman of the combined men and women's departments in 1977. His first position at Northwest was a teacher and coach at Horace Mann High School, from 1953 to 1960. In 1960, he became an instructor in the men's Physical Education Department and later became chairman in 1965. Dr. Richey received his undergraduate degree from Northwest in 1951, his master's degree in 1956 from the University of Colorado, and his doctorate in Education also from the University of Colorado in 1963.
Born in Dallas, Texas, November 29, 1928, Richey graduated from public schools in Corning, Iowa, in 1946. He was an outstanding all-around high school athlete. While attending Northwest he lettered three years in football and was co-captain his senior year. His coaching career at Horace Mann High School produced some outstanding teams. Two teams entered state play in basketball. The 1955 team having a 33-1 record after losing the final game in state play. Dr. Richey was also a baseball coach at Northwest from 1962 to 1969, for which he was inducted into the M-Club Hall of Fame in 1988.
In August 1952, he was married to Roberta Walker of Gentry, Mo. Roberta was also a 1951 graduate of Northwest. The family included two children, Julee K. (Richey) Sherman and Scott L. Richey.
He was active in community life in Maryville, a member of the Lions International and had served several years on the Maryville Parks and Recreation Board. Richey was also a member of the United Methodist Church and an active board member of the Wesley Foundation.
Scholarships associated with Burton L Richey
Burton L Richey Memorial Scholarship
Burton Lyle
Scholarships associated with Burton Lyle
Burton Lyle Scholarship
BWM-Opal Eckert
Scholarships associated with BWM-Opal Eckert
BWM-Opal Eckert Scholarship
Byron Mitchell
Scholarships associated with Byron Mitchell
Byron Mitchell Memorial Vocal Music Scholarship
C E Cook
Scholarships associated with C E Cook
C E Cook Drama Scholarship
C F Gray
Scholarships associated with C F Gray
C F Gray Physical Science Scholarship
C Lee Butler
Scholarships associated with C Lee Butler
C Lee Butler Scholarship
C M & M Saville Student Services
C M & M Saville Scholarship was established on March 20, 1980 by the former Normal School student, Mr. Saville. It is intended for students who experience financial difficulty in the pursuit of higher education at Northwest. Mr. Saville provided an “essay” concerning his experience while a student at the “Normal” in the spring of 1917 which prompted his providing funds for future students. At that time he put forth a great deal of effort to repay a $15.00 loan, making a 75 mile round trip to work a week digging fence post holes in order to pay his debt. His comment in establishing the fund: “Surely there must be a simpler and easier solution for such student problems.”
C Russell Blom
Calvin & Marilyn Goeders
Scholarships associated with Calvin & Marilyn Goeders
Calvin & Marilyn Goeders Chemistry Scholarship
Calvin Widger
Scholarships associated with Calvin Widger
Calvin Widger Memorial Scholarship
Captain Harold L Field
Captain Harold L. Field served in the Army during World War II. He was the commander of the 78th Chemical Smoke Generating Company from September 1944 to June 1945, serving in France and Germany. He received the Bronze Star for meritorious duty in aiding the crossing of the Saar and Rhine rivers in March 1945.
Scholarships associated with Captain Harold L Field
Captain Harold L Field Memorial Scholarship
Carolyn Houts
Northwest Missouri State University alumna Carolyn Houts has always had a passion for teaching and music and a sturdy faith in God. Now, after that passion led her on a life-changing music mission to Africa, Houts hopes her monetary gift will enable international students to receive the education they need to make a difference in their home countries.
Through the Northwest Foundation, Houts recently established The Carolyn Houts International Student Scholarship. The scholarship will be awarded to international students attending Northwest, with first preference given to students from Africa. The scholarship will be awarded to a student who exemplifies positive contributions to Northwest, through campus involvement, solid academic performance and leadership.
A 1964 Northwest graduate, Houts grew up in northwest Missouri and attended Northwest to major in music education. As a student, she was involved in several music and Christian organizations, including the Baptist Student Union where she was a pianist for the choir, the student branch of the Music Educators National Conference, the Student Christian Association and Tower Choir.
After graduating from Northwest, Houts went on to receive her master’s in music education and taught for several years before attending the Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Kansas City, where she earned her master’s of religious education and master’s of church music.
Upon leaving the seminary, Houts accepted an opportunity to go to Ghana in western Africa, through the Foreign Mission Board. That opportunity became a 35-year career for Houts.
“I felt God calling me to overseas service, and I first had those impressions when I was in school at Northwest,” Houts said. “So I taught school, gained experiences and reached a point where I was willing to go.”
Her first assignment in Ghana was to study the language of Twi, the county’s principal native language. After becoming fluent, she edited a Twi hymnal, and more recently she worked with interpreters to help church members make scripture songs in seven other African languages.
In 2006, Houts worked with a committee to develop a diploma in church music program through Ghana Baptist University. She led the choir, gave music lessons and taught classes.
Houts also enlisted the help of her former band director and mentor at Northwest, Ward Rounds, who maintained an instrument repair shop at his home. During her return trips to the United States, Houts often brought donated instruments for Rounds to repair and then took the refurbished instruments back to Ghana.
Although Houts returned to the United States from time to time to speak at churches about her experiences, she returned to Missouri as a full-time resident in July 2010 and lived in Grant City in northwest Missouri.
Ms. Carolyn Houts passed away in April of 2019.
Scholarships associated with Carolyn Houts
Carolyn Houts International Student Scholarship
Carrick-Lee
Life experiences have helped shape Don and Stacy Carrick’s interests in education, and so has their strong connection to Northwest. Because of those experiences, the couple has established a scholarship to assist future students who are interested in furthering their education at Northwest.
The Carrick-Lee Scholarship provides assistance to Northwest students who are considered “caught in the middle.” Recipients must be enrolled full-time and will be chosen based on Northwest admissions and financial assistance policies and standards, with academic achievement and financial need as leading criteria. It is named in honor of the Carricks as well as Stacy’s mother, Joyce Lee, and in memory of her father, Wayne Lee.
Stacy, a 1988 Northwest graduate, earned her bachelor’s degree in accounting while minoring in computer science. Her husband, Don, was employed by Energizer Battery and transferred to its Maryville plant from Cleveland in 1974. While Don did not attend Northwest, he, too, feels a strong connection to the University, and both of his children, Don and Kim, are Northwest graduates.
Stacy’s parents impressed upon her the importance of education while she was in her youth. While the Lee family lived in Maryville, Stacy’s mother began pursuing her elementary education degree at Northwest. Later, the family moved to Bethany, and Stacy watched her mother commute to Northwest to finish her degree. Stacy’s father enlisted in the military and was unable to attend college but encouraged her to earn a college degree. He instilled the importance of a dedicated work ethic, which Stacy saw him model as vice president of operations for the P.M. Place Company.
As a student at Northwest, Stacy was involved in Cardinal Key and Fellowship of Christian Athletes. She also worked in the president’s office, was an Alpha Kappa Lambda “little sis” and volunteered to assist individuals with their income taxes through the University VITA program. She worked with former Northwest administrator Dr. Bob Bush, and she was the student selected to give then-Governor John Ashcroft a demonstration of Northwest’s computer network when the University switched on the Electronic Campus in 1987.
After graduating from Northwest, Stacy accepted her first job at KPMG Peat Marwick in Florida. She later served in a variety of capacities for Heartland Health in St. Joseph before returning to Northwest in 2010 to become the University’s vice president of finance.
Based on their own experiences, the Carricks established the Carrick-Lee Scholarship with “caught-in-the-middle” students in mind.
Scholarships associated with Carrick-Lee
Carrick-Lee Scholarship
Catherine Masters Soroptimist
Scholarships associated with Catherine Masters Soroptimist
Catherine Masters Soroptimist Venture Memorial Scholarship
Cathran Cushman
Cathran Cushman Scholarship was established in December, 1975, by KXCV-KDLX.
Scholarships associated with Cathran Cushman
Cathran Cushman Scholarship
CBIZ
Scholarships associated with CBIZ
CBIZ Bearcat Builder Scholarship
Celebrate Ag Day
Scholarships associated with Celebrate Ag Day
Celebrate Ag Day Scholarship
Central Iowa Alumni Chapter
Scholarships associated with Central Iowa Alumni Chapter
Central Iowa Alumni Chapter Scholarship
CenturyLink
Scholarships associated with CenturyLink
CenturyLink Scholarship
Charles B & Venita Jean Green
Northwest Missouri State University received a $525,000 gift from the estate of Charles and Jean Green. The couple's gift through the Northwest Foundation created the Charles B. and Venita Jean Green Scholarship.
Through their bequest, the Greens have ensured that Northwest students can follow a path similar to the one that connected each of them during their college years in northeast Missouri. Charles was born on a farm near Downing, Mo., and farmed most of his life in Scotland and Schuyler counties. In addition, he was a distinguished World War II veteran, serving in the U.S. Army from 1942 to 1945 and receiving many honors, including the Bronze Star Medal. After the couple married in 1970, the Greens lived near Downing before moving to the Memphis area. Jean, who grew up on a farm near Memphis, Mo., was an elementary school teacher in Keokuk and a farmer's wife. Jean died in 2004, and Charles died five years later.
The couple's strong ties to northeast Missouri are reflected in their scholarship, which is designed to benefit students who graduate from public schools in Scotland and Schuyler counties and choose to attend Northwest. In addition, the Charles B. and Venita Jean Green Scholarship aims to help serious students who might not otherwise be able to afford the opportunity to pursue their education at Northwest.
Scholarships associated with Charles B & Venita Jean Green
Charles B & Venita Jean Green Scholarship
Charles Hawkins
Dr. Charles Ernest Hawkins was born July 25, 1933, in Cochran, Ga. to Minor and Amanda (Shedd) Hawkins. A veteran, he was retired from the United States Navy.
Charles married Jacqueline Margaret Barrington on Sept. 21, 1956, in Christchurch, New Zealand.
He received his BS in accounting and MS in business administration from Memphis State University and his PhD in business from the University of Nebraska. He was a professor of Accounting at Northwest Missouri State University and retired in 1993. A member of the Community of Christ Church in Maryville, he was also a volunteer for many groups.
Scholarships associated with Charles Hawkins
Charles Hawkins Scholarship
Charles I Frye
Scholarships associated with Charles I Frye
Charles I Frye Geology Scholarship
Charles M Place
Keeping alive the spirit of a loyal and enthusiastic Bearcat and celebrating his values is the premise behind the scholarship created in memory of 1972 Northwest Missouri State University alumnus Chuck Place.
Place passed away in 2009 after a battle with cancer. He was an astute businessman and in retirement dedicated his life to philanthropy, including serving as the former president of the Northwest Foundation.
Place, the 2003 recipient of the Northwest Alumni Association Turret Award, was president of Place’s Discount Stores until his retirement in 2000. Previously, he was a CPA with McGladrey and Pullen. In addition to his service to the Northwest Foundation Board of Directors, he served on numerous boards, including the Northwest Medical Center, Friends of the Carnegie Public Library, The Abbot’s Financial Council of Conception Abbey, Hundley-Whaley Research Farm Advisers, Printery House Advisory Group, Northwest Missouri Enterprise Facilitation and Sparks of Hope.
To preserve his legacy and to continue to give back to their alma mater, Place’s family established the Charles M. Place Memorial Scholarship through the Northwest Foundation. Place was an accounting major at Northwest, so his family thought it was fitting to establish the scholarship for Northwest students majoring in accounting, economics or finance. Preference will be given to students from Place’s hometown of Albany. Applicants must also demonstrate leadership in campus organizations as well as financial need.
Scholarships associated with Charles M Place
Charles M Place Memorial Scholarship
Charles R Derstler
The Charles R. Derstler Scholarship funds up to 30 credit hours per academic year. Eligible students must be a sophomore, junior or senior at Northwest and must have graduated from a Missouri high school in Caldwell or Ray counties, with first preference given to students pursuing an agricultural field of study.
Charles began attending Northwest in 1941 on the National Youth Administration program, and in 1942 he entered the U.S. Navy. After his military service, he returned to Northwest and completed a degree in business and industrial arts in 1949.
Charles began purchasing and selling farm property during the early 1950s, and farmed and raised cattle in rural Cameron; he died in 2011. LaVon earned an associate degree at Maple Woods Community College in Kansas City. Now retired, LaVon had been employed by the Amoco Oil Company for 28 years.
The Charles R. Derstler Scholarship was made possible through gift annuities the Derstlers purchased from the Northwest Foundation as well as proceeds they gifted from the sales of their properties.
Scholarships associated with Charles R Derstler
Charles R Derstler Scholarship
Chauncey M Saville
C M & M Saville Scholarship, named after siblings Chauncey, Mayhew and Mahala Saville, was established on March 20, 1980 by the former Normal School student, Mr. Chauncey Saville. It is intended for students who experience financial difficulty in the pursuit of higher education at Northwest. Mr. Saville provided an “essay” concerning his experience while a student at the “Normal” in the spring of 1917 which prompted his providing funds for future students. At that time he put forth a great deal of effort to repay a $15.00 loan, making a 75 mile round trip to work a week digging fence post holes in order to pay his debt. His comment in establishing the fund: “Surely there must be a simpler and easier solution for such student problems.”
Scholarships associated with Chauncey M Saville
C M & M Saville Scholarship
C M & M Saville Student Services Scholarship
Chemistry Alumni
Four Northwest alumni working at Conoco in the 1980's wanted to establish this scholarship for our fellow science majors. We were all recent grads and knew first-hand how tight finances could be in school. Our employer provided 2:1 matching funds so we started off with a better initial fund than we could have done individually. The four scholarship founders were Timothy Ely, Jana (Florea) Krottinger, Mark Huff and Kevin Carpenter.
Scholarships associated with Chemistry Alumni
Chemistry Alumni Scholarship
Chimbel Family
The Chimbel Family Scholarship honors Joseph and LaVonne (Long) Chimbel, who met at Northwest Missouri State University in the late 1960s, married in 1971 and both graduated in the early 1970s before embarking on careers in sales and human resources, respectively. They were both first-generation college students who studied psychology and sociology. LaVonne Chimbel died in 2010. The gift was established by their son, Aaron, and daughter-in-law, Bethanne, in 2021.
Scholarships associated with Chimbel Family
Chimbel Family Scholarship
Chip Strong
As a fan of Bearcat athletics, the late Frank "Chip" Strong, Jr. '73 loved watching and supporting the men's basketball team. But even more important to Strong than how many conference championships the Bearcats had was how many young men walked across the stage at graduation. Strong's main concern was that once student-athletes completed their eligibility, they stay in school and earn a degree.
Strong's family and friends have taken action to help this vision become a reality for former student-athletes when it otherwise may not be an option. Upon Strong's death in October 2006, his daughter Allison Strong Hoffman '01, '03, and long-time friend and business partner, Dr. John Baker, established the Chip Strong Memorial Scholarship to assist men's basketball players who have not yet completed their degrees but have used all of their athletic eligibility.
Strong's affiliation with Northwest ran much deeper than being an avid sports fan. His first encounter with Northwest came when he was a student at Horace Mann Laboratory School, which he attended through seventh grade. After graduating from Maryville High School in 1969, he spent a year at the University of Missouri - Columbia before transferring to Northwest, earning a bachelor's degree with honors in 1973. He became an attorney in Maryville and served Northwest in several capacities, including being president of the Bearcat Booster Club, vice president of the Northwest's Board of Regents and a member of the Northwest Foundation Board of Directors.
Scholarships associated with Chip Strong
Chip Strong Memorial Scholarship
Chloe Millikan
Miss Chloe Millikan was a member of the faculty in Childhood Education at Northwest Missouri State for 33 years prior to her retirement in 1961.
Miss Millikan came to Northwest in 1928 after several years of teaching and supervision in the public schools of Missouri and two years as director of early childhood education at the Teachers College, Kansas City, Mo. She received her BS at Central Missouri State College, Warrensburg, and her masters degree from Columbia University in New York. She also did graduate work at Columbia, the University of Chicago and Stanford University.
While at Northwest, Miss Millikan, helped organize a professional organization for students planning to teach in the area of early childhood education. This organization, originally called the Primary Council, evolved into the Association of Childhood Education International in 1931.
Miss Millikan served as a state president of the American Association of University Women and was on numerous national committees in her field. She was also a member of Kappa Delta Pi, national education fraternity, and was one of the original Missouri state members of Delta Kappa Gamma, national sorority for outstanding women.
Scholarships associated with Chloe Millikan
Chloe Millikan Memorial Scholarship
Cindy Wolfe
Cindy Wolfe, a 1988 graduate of Northwest, established this endowed scholarship, the Cindy Wolfe Education Scholarship, which is open to sophomores, juniors and seniors who are enrolled full-time at Northwest and have declared a major in education. Recipients also must be from Iowa, Kansas or Nebraska and have a GPA between 2.75 and 3.5.
This scholarship will assist students who have a passion for entering the education field and may not benefit from the financial assistance awarded to first-year students, particularly those who come from surrounding states.
“I wanted to give back to Northwest because I felt like I got an excellent education there and, being from a small town in Kansas, I wanted to find something for students in states around Missouri to encourage them,” Wolfe said.
A native of Hiawatha, Kansas, Wolfe was attracted to Northwest for its education programming, which prepares students to become effective teachers and leaders in pre-kindergarten through grade 12. The Northwest School of Education’s nationally-accredited programs are founded on innovative, profession-based clinical experiences in diverse school settings.
In addition to playing with the Bearcat softball team for three years, Wolfe focused on preparing herself to become a secondary education teacher with specializations in physical education and mathematics.
After completing her bachelor’s degree at Northwest, Wolfe taught a variety of age groups during a career of nearly 20 years in Missouri and Texas. Her career spanned teaching elementary physical education to teaching senior citizens while she coordinated a college intramural program, in addition to substitute teaching.
“It totally prepared me,” she said as she reflected on the education she received at Northwest. “Even before we did student teaching, we were out in the classroom quite a bit. It prepared you for what was going to go on in the classroom.”
Now retired from teaching, Wolfe’s advice for students entering the field is to stick with what they enjoy doing.
Scholarships associated with Cindy Wolfe
Cindy Wolfe Education Scholarship
Clara B Chick
Scholarships associated with Clara B Chick
Clara B Chick Scholarship
Clarence & Dorothy A Bush
Scholarships associated with Clarence & Dorothy A Bush
Clarence & Dorothy A Bush Scholarship
Clarence Henderson
Clarence Henderson Scholarship was funded at the time of the death of the former history department member. Members of the history faculty have provided major support of fund since the initial contributions were received.
Scholarships associated with Clarence Henderson
Clarence Henderson Scholarship
Claude & Celeste Taylor
Scholarships associated with Claude & Celeste Taylor
C & C Taylor Scholarship
C & C Taylor Scholarship - Pi Omega Pi
Claudean Daniel
Claudean V. Daniel (an amazing mother) exemplifies a beacon of hope in overcoming adversity. She raised her five children to be self-sufficient while supporting each other. She was a trailblazer in her career as a self-taught accountant and revered supervisor/leader in the workplace. May of her coworkers became extended members of the family.
Scholarships associated with Claudean Daniel
Claudean V Daniel Trailblazer Scholarship
Claudene Brewer
Scholarships associated with Claudene Brewer
Claudene Brewer Scholarship
Clear & Cayhoga Muddy Creeks
Scholarships associated with Clear & Cayhoga Muddy Creeks
Clear & Cayhoga Muddy Creeks Scholarship
Clearmont Community Club
Clearmont Community Club was established in March, 1974.
Scholarships associated with Clearmont Community Club
Clearmont Community Club
Clint Johnson
The scholarship was established in 2009 by Clint's parents, Robert Johnson and Jennifer Holt. Clint was a first generation Bearcat and attended Northwest from 2004 to 2006.
A scholarship will be awarded each year with preference to graduates of Lexington R-V High School who are going to college at Northwest to pursue a degree in agriculture.
Scholarships associated with Clint Johnson
Clint Johnson Memorial Scholarship
Computer Science Academic Achievement
Scholarships associated with Computer Science Academic Achievement
Computer Science Academic Achievement Scholarship
Computer Science/Information Systems
Scholarships associated with Computer Science/Information Systems
Computer Science/Information Systems Graduate Scholarship
Congresswoman Pat Danner
The Pat Danner Scholarship on behalf of Congresswoman Danner was established in 2002 when health issues forced Congresswoman Danner to retire from Congress. At that time, she still had funds remaining in her campaign account. Federal law permitted Congresswoman Danner to use the funds in any way that she chose other than for personal expenses. Northwest Missouri State University was one of multiple beneiciaries of the Danner for Congress fund.
Scholarships associated with Congresswoman Pat Danner
Congresswoman Pat Danner Scholarship
Cook/Imes Distinguished Scholarship
The Cook-Imes Distinguished Scholarship Fund was originally created in 1981 by a gift from Johnie Imes, former chairman of the department of finance after her retirement in 1980. At that time, the funds were used for a distinguished lecture series designed to bring speakers of national and international reputations to the Northwest campus to discuss important current and future issues concerning finance. The funds were eventually transferred to a scholarship fund that is awarded to Northwest students annually.
Scholarships associated with Cook/Imes Distinguished Scholarship
Cook/Imes Distinguished Scholarship
Craig L Bassett
The Craig L. Bassett Scholarship was established by Craig L. Bassett, a graduate of Adair-Casey High School in west central Iowa. Craig graduated from Northwest in 1974 with BS degree in Finance and Insurance. Craig went on to work for the Principal Financial Group in Des Moines, Iowa for nearly 37 years. Craig retired in 2011 then holding the position of Vice President and Treasurer.
The Craig L. Bassett Scholarship is to be awarded to a full time student who shall have declared a major in the Melvin D and Valorie G Booth School of Business and will maintain a 3.0 GPA. First preference will be given to a student who graduated high school from one of the following counties: Adair, Adams, Audubon, Cass, Clarke, Dallas, Decatur, Fremont, Guthrie, Harrison, Madison, Mills, Montgomery, Page, Polk, Pottawattamie, Ringgold, Shelby, Taylor, Union or Warren.
These counties represent the southwest and south central counties in Iowa, the areas most representative of the donor's home.
Scholarships associated with Craig L Bassett
Craig L Bassett Scholarship
Cullen Geist
Cullen K. Geist graduated from Mount Ayr Community high school and Northwest Missouri State University. He played football in high school, college and was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys.
On June 19, 2004, Cullen married Becky Shoemaker and enjoyed a marriage filled with joy, laughter, sports, singing and dancing. He managed several businesses before becoming president of Geist Distributing in Des Moines.
Scholarships associated with Cullen Geist
Cullen Geist Memorial Scholarship
Dale Gorsuch
This scholarship was established in loving memory of Dale Francis Gorsuch, son of Mr. & Mrs. Patrick (Amy) Gorsuch of Maryville, Missouri. Dale’s family and friends felt that a scholarship at Northwest Missouri State University to financially help worthy students seeking a teaching degree in the area of English, Journalism or Philosophy was an appropriate way to remember Dale and his interest for acquiring and sharing knowledge through his studying and teaching in those particular areas.
Dale was a native Missourian who lived in Maryville and obtained most of his schooling in Maryville. He was born at St. Francis Hospital in Maryville on March 29, 1947 and continued to live in Maryville until after completing his undergraduate degree at NWMSC (now NWMSU) in May, 1969. He had a keen interest in many areas during his school years but showed special interest in the areas of English, Journalism and Philosophy while attending high school and college. Dale graduated in 1969 with a Bachelor of Arts degree majoring in English and minoring in Philosophy. Upon completion of his undergraduate work at Northwest, Dale accepted an assistantship at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, Wyoming so he could work on his master’s degree. Through his assistantship teaching experience, Dale discovered his gift and interest in being a teacher so he applied for and accepted a teaching position in the English department at Southeastern Iowa Community College in Burlington, Iowa in 1970. Since Dale did not have a teaching degree, he was required to go back to school and take some education courses so he could teach, but he decided that he really enjoyed teaching and wanted to pursue that profession so he took further classes to be certified for teaching in Iowa. He became head of the English department during his 11 ½ years at the junior college where he taught until his death from a massive heart attack in February 1982.
Scholarships associated with Dale Gorsuch
Dale Gorsuch Memorial Scholarship
Dallas Alumni Chapter
Scholarships associated with Dallas Alumni Chapter
Dallas Alumni Chapter Scholarship
Dan Smith
This scholarship was established to honor the service of Dan Smith to Northwest. Dr. Smith joined the Northwest faculty in 1999 and served at the ran of assistant professor of political science in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences. Through his emphasis in law and civil liberties, Dan was passionate about preparing Northwest students for future careers in the law field and shared his expertise with countless students as the coach of Northwest's Mock Trial Team and as an advisor for the pre-law program, Pre-Law Society and Student Senate. He also oversaw the legislative internship program that places students in the offices of Missouri lawmakers each spring.
Scholarships associated with Dan Smith
Dan Smith Memorial Scholarship
Daniel Bowles
The Daniel Bowles Memorial Scholarship was established in 2012 by Daniel's wife, Brooke, as a way to keep his memory alive after losing him in a car accident in 2006. Daniel graduated from Northwest in 2002 with a degree in Agricultural Science. Because of Daniel's background and love for agriculture, the scholarship is available to any agriculture major.
Scholarships associated with Daniel Bowles
Daniel Bowles Memorial Scholarship
Dave Conklin Delta Chi
Scholarships associated with Dave Conklin Delta Chi
Dave Conklin Delta Chi Memorial Scholarship
David T Slater
Scholarships associated with David T Slater
David T Slater Excellence in English Award
Dawson Nicholson Family
One of the longest running scholarships in the history of Northwest, the W.M.C. Dawson Scholarship, was funded August, 1976, by former regent W. M. C. Dawson and his wife, Inez. Close friends with Robert and Virginia Foster, the Dawsons realized the importance of helping Northwest students finance their education.
Dawson, owner and president of the Citizens Bank of Grant City, which was started by his father in 1881, passed away in 1987, but his legacy lives on today through the Scholarship. Because he began working in the family bank at age 16, Dawson was never able to attend college, and throughout his life he stressed the importance of higher education.
Today, the University works with Jennifer Dawson-Nicholson '71, owner of Nicholson Meyer Capital Management in Kansas City, whose contributions built up the original scholarship fund in honor of her grandfather, W. M. C. Dawson, and his service to the University as a member of the Board of Regents from 1951 to 1975. The fund will be renamed the Dawson Nicholson Family Scholarship in tribute to the Dawson family’s longtime connection with the University as well as Jennifer D. Nicholson’s contributions as a member of the Northwest Foundation Board of Directors from 2011 to 2022, including her term as Board Chair from 2018-2020.
Recipients of the Dawson Nicholson Family Scholarship shall have graduated from Worth County High School in Grant City, Missouri and shall maintain enrollment to be considered as full-time students by the University. Financial need and academic achievement shall be the leading criteria in awarding the scholarship.
Scholarships associated with Dawson Nicholson Family
Dawson Nicholson Family Scholarship
Dean E. Gingrich & Jean D. Gingrich
Dean Gingrich lived his life to serve, and, despite his death, his legacy continues to serve others. Gingrich left a provision in his will to establish a scholarship at Northwest Missouri State University in his and his wife's names upon their death that benefits agriculture students, primarily in northwest Missouri.
Gingrich lived his entire life in northwest Missouri's Nodaway County along with his wife, Jean, and his daughter, Barbara. He was a lifelong farmer, except for four years when he served in the U.S. Army. In fact, he was among the first group drafted into the Army from Nodaway County following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. Although he never attended college, it was well known that he cherished education, hard work and family.
Scholarships associated with Dean E. Gingrich & Jean D. Gingrich
Dean E. Gingrich & Jean D. Gingrich Memorial Scholarship
Debbie Scanlon
This scholarship is in honor of Debbie Scanlon, a 1989 accounting graduate from Northwest Missouri State University who passed away unexpectedly in July 2023. Debbie was a recognized national leader in the accounting profession, serving as audit partner and regional industry leader for Forvis Mazars' Financial Services Practice. Debbie was a mentor, role model and cherished friend to many. Her free spirit, bold ideas and unwavering optimism, left an incredible impact on countless lives.
Scholarships associated with Debbie Scanlon
Debbie Scanlon Forvis Mazars Legacy Scholarship
Deluxe
Scholarships associated with Deluxe
NEBS 4-Year Scholastic Award
Dennis Dau
Dennis Dau retired from teaching in 1999 and established the Dennis Dau Scholarship to show his support for graduates of Maryville High School who continue their music education at Northwest.
Dau recieved his Bachelor of Science and Education in Secondary and Elementary teaching with a music major in 1970 and received his Master of Science and Education degree with a music major from Northwest in 1971. From there he taught in Farragut, IA before transferring to Maryville High School to serve as the Band Director for 20 years.
Scholarships associated with Dennis Dau
Dennis Dau Scholarship
DESE
Dolores A. Albertini
Former student-athletes have endorsed a scholarship in honor of Dolores A. Albertini, a former reference and periodicals librarian at Northwest and an avid runner. She also was an outstanding master’s distance runner and enjoyed a competitive running career on the local, regional, and national scenes. One of her greatest pleasures in distance running was training with the Bearcat women’s cross country team at the coach’s invitation.
The scholarship is awarded annually to a female cross country student-athlete at Northwest.
Albertini and her husband, Virgil Albertini, who now live in Kansas City, co-authored Towers in the Northwest, a history of the University from 1956 to 1980. She sponsored Gamma Sigma Sigma, and the two sponsored several student organizations. They cherish their connection with Northwest.
Dolores earned a bachelor’s degree in English from Pittsburg State University and a master’s degree in library science from Columbia University, New York City.
Scholarships associated with Dolores A. Albertini
Dolores A Albertini Scholarship
Don & Jody Athen
Scholarships associated with Don & Jody Athen
Don & Jody Athen Scholarship
Don & Stacy Carrick
Scholarships associated with Don & Stacy Carrick
Don & Stacy Carrick Scholarship
Don Carlile
Scholarships associated with Don Carlile
Don Carlile Memorial Scholarship
Don Hagan
Scholarships associated with Don Hagan
Don Hagan Geography Scholarship
Donald & Dorothy (Myers) Rice
Dorothy Myers Rice and her husband, Donald established this scholarship. Dorothy, who received her degree in art with a minor in music from Northwest in 1949, is originally from the Bethany area. As a Northwest student, she received a one-year art scholarship in addition to a music scholarship. The Rices were married in 1959 and both taught at Rolla High School before transferring to Normandy High School in the St. Louis area, where Dorothy retired from teaching art.
Scholarships associated with Donald & Dorothy (Myers) Rice
Donald & Dorothy (Myers) Rice Scholarship
Donald D & Ann Beeson
Scholarships associated with Donald D & Ann Beeson
Donald D & Ann Beeson Scholarship
Donald N Valk
Scholarships associated with Donald N Valk
Donald N Valk Scholarship
Doris Walker Appleman
Doris Walker Appleman was born in 1910 and grew up on a farm near Burlington Jct., Missouri. Her father believed in a college education for women, and Doris’s three younger sisters were able to graduate from Northwest Missouri State University – then titled Northwest Missouri State Teachers College. Although she had received a scholarship to attend Maryville High School, finances did not allow Doris to go to college. She was particularly interested in commercial activity and was known by all for a lifetime of hard work and wise investing. She continued to read business publications until her death at age 93. Doris maintained a deep interest in young people and conveyed to her grandchildren the importance of integrity and honesty in all walks of life. “Be kind,” she said, “and to thine own self be true.”
Scholarships associated with Doris Walker Appleman
Doris Walker Appleman Scholarship
Doug & Lisa Foster
Scholarships associated with Doug & Lisa Foster
Doug & Lisa Foster Scholarship
Dr & Mrs Donald Sandford
Scholarships associated with Dr & Mrs Donald Sandford
Dr & Mrs Donald Sandford Scholarship
Dr Ann Rowlette
During her 33-year tenure at Northwest, Dr. Ann Rowlette served as faculty advisor to the family and consumer sciences student professional organization for 20 years, director of Freshman Seminar for seven years, and faculty advisor to students within her area of specialization – the interiors component of merchandising majors. Dr. Rowlette retired in 2004 as an associate professor of family and consumer sciences. Her association with Alpha Sigma Alpha sorority began as a collegian, serving as president for two years, and continued as the faculty advisor for 28 years. She was awarded Outstanding Greek Advisor eight times. Dr. Rowlette was a very humble person who easily endeared herself to those she met. It was not unusual for her to learn someone’s life story after spending just a short amount of time with them. She was known for her grace, wit, and love of sports. Her counsel and wisdom were sought throughout her life by countless students, her many friends and her family. She was, and will continue to be, an inspiration to many through the lives she touched.
Scholarships associated with Dr Ann Rowlette
Dr Ann Rowlette Scholarship
Dr Beulah Wilkinson Summers
The Dr. Beulah Wilkinson Summers Scholarship was established through the living trust of Dr. Beulah Wilkinson Summers '42. Beulah grew up in Allendale in northwest Missouri and remains grateful for Northwest's proximity to her hometown, as she would have otherwise been unable to attend college. She also completed her master's and Ph.D. It was on the Northwest campus where she first met her late husband, James Summers Jr., who was studying industrial arts. After World War II, Mehorney's furniture Company opened a store in Maryville, which James managed for about five years. The couple then moved to Topeka, Kan., where James started his own furniture business and they raised their family. For more than 30 years, Beulah enjoyed teaching home economics at Topeka High School during the school year and typing classes during the summer. The couple was blessed with two children, Dr. James Stephen Summers who is a retired periodontist living near Houston, and Shirley Sue Summers Chamberlain, who taught in Long Island, N.Y., before passing away after a battle with cancer.
Scholarships associated with Dr Beulah Wilkinson Summers
Dr Beulah Wilkinson Summers Scholarship
Dr Carol Spradling
Dr. Carol Spradling retired in 2020 as a professor of computer science and information systems in the School of Computer Science and Information Systems after 32 years as a faculty member at Northwest. Hired as an instructor in 1988, she advanced her faculty ranking to assistant professor in 1999, associate professor in 2009 and professor in 2016. She also served as a provost fellow in 2014 and was named director of the School of Computer Science Information Systems in 2016.
In addition to her numerous publications, Spradling received the Booth College of Professional and Applied Studies’ Research Award in 2009 and 2010. She received the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Special Interest Group on Computers and Society Outstanding Service Award in 2011 as well as Google Grants in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 and a National Science Foundation C-Stem Grant in 2011. She also co-founded the Missouri Iowa Nebraska Kansas Women in Computing Conference and served at the highest levels with the Consortium for Computer Science in Colleges and ACM’s Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education.
Her accolades include receiving the 2012 Governor’s Award for Excellence in Education and the Northwest Alumni Association’s Distinguished Faculty Award in 2015. In 2018, she was honored by Central Exchange with a STEMMy award, a recognition of trailblazing, innovating women who set trends and break barriers in science, technology, engineering, mathematics or medicine. In 2023, the Northwest Alumni Association recognized Spradling with the Distinguished Faculty Emeritus Award.
Spradling completed her master’s degree in school computer studies at Northwest in 1988 and holds a Ph.D. in instructional technology from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. She also served as a member of the Northwest Foundation’s Board of Directors from 2016 until 2021.
Scholarships associated with Dr Carol Spradling
Women in Computing Scholarship
Diversity in Computing Scholarship
Dr Dale J & Rheva A Blackwell
A newly established scholarship at Northwest Missouri State University honors the memory of a former faculty member who dedicated his life to teaching and his wife who was active in the Maryville community.
The Dr. Dale J. and Rheva A. Blackwell Business Scholarship is funded by their son, Dr. Roger Blackwell, with a gift of $100,000 to the Northwest Foundation and an additional amount bequeathed from the Roger D. Blackwell Trust.
“The dedication of my dad to his students and the friendship of my mother to everyone and everything at Northwest Missouri State was typical of many academic families that made Northwest the leadership institution that it is today,” Roger said. “My parents are both gone and increasingly there won’t be any students who had my dad in class, so I wanted his legacy to be passed on, partly to inspire other teachers to put students first in their career.”
Dale Blackwell taught accounting and statistics and other business courses at Northwest from 1948 to 1962. Rheva was active in Faculty Wives and the Maryville business community, working at several retail firms, including Montgomery Ward.
Both were members of First Baptist Church and they were among the original incorporators of Maryville’s KNIM radio station, with Dale serving as treasurer during the early 1950s.
Dale began teaching students in all eight grades in a one-room school in Hickory County, Missouri when he was just 18. Later, after 13 years of summer school at Southwest Missouri State, known now as Missouri State, he completed his bachelor’s degree and became a high school business teacher in King City, Missouri.
“My dad was a teacher at heart. He got his first contract to teach at age
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Factum Foundation
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2023-08-21T18:49:04+00:00
|
en
|
Factum Foundation
|
https://factumfoundation.org/
|
Factum Foundation, in collaboration with ARCHiVe Online Academy, is inviting university students of architecture, archaeology, and heritage conservation to an online workshop on Photogrammetry in Heritage Documentation. This workshop is exclusively for universities in Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The aim of the workshop is to train students in the photogrammetric recording of heritage structures and the production of digital 3D models and CAD drawings.
The workshop will be conducted online and will run for one month, with theoretical classes held every Saturday. During the week, students are expected to carry out the recording work. All students from the participating countries will attend the online classes simultaneously.
The workshop will accommodate a maximum of 20 students, with 2 students per group. Registrations opened on 15th July 2024 and will close on 9th August 2024. The selected students for the workshop will be finalised on 16th August 2024. Selection will be based on a first-come, first-served basis and a statement of intent, which should be no more than 300 words (half a page). There is no fee for the workshop.
Students are required to submit the names of 2 participants per group by 23rd August 2024. Due to the variety of subjects these students study, they are free to select any object or building in their vicinity for recording.
For online registration, please visit this page.
To review the workshop’s summary, please click here.
In May 2024, alongside a visit to the National Museum by a delegation from the Igbo-Ukwu community, a team from Factum Foundation carried out a training programme for a group of young Igbo-Ukwu community members, using photogrammetry to 3D scan a select number of bronzes from the National Museum in Lagos, Nigeria.
Following attempts by the Igbo Ukwu community to request access to the originals from the National Museum in Lagos, which were rejected on account of security concerns, Factum Foundation London was connected to the Igbo-Ukwu community, Dr Pamela Smith, and Dr Kingsley Daraojimba by Julie Hudson, curator in the Africa department at the British Museum. During the training, some bronzes were recorded using photogrammetry techniques taught by Factum Foundation’s Imran Khan and Ferdinand Saumarez Smith.
Pending further funding, the 3D models created by Factum Foundation and the trainees will be 3D printed and cast in bronze using the ceramic shell centrifugal casting method; essential for an accurate rendering of the fine surface details. These will then be displayed in the Shaw Institute of Cultural Art (SICA).
For the exhibition ‘Kafka. Making of an Icon’ (May 30 – October 27, 2024), celebrating the 100th anniversary of Franz Kafka’s death, the Bodleian Libraries partnered with Factum Foundation to recreate a lost concept model of Ricardo Bofill’s building known as ‘Kafka’s Castle’. This iconic apartment complex, overlooking the Sitges bay in Sant Pere de Ribes, Spain, since 1968, pays homage to Kafka’s 1926 novel with its name. Since then, it has undergone a drastic colour change from its original bluish-purple.
In collaboration with the archivists at Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura (RBTA), Factum Foundation meticulously reconstructed Ricardo Bofill’s concept model. Characterised by the innovative use of aluminium rods, the original model was unfortunately lost over time. The recreation pays homage to Bofill’s architectural vision and intricate design process. Using the original architectural plans of the 90 modular unit apartments, the Factum team crafted and 3D printed in resin a 1:125 scale model of the original building.
It is with great sadness and deep admiration that we remember Manuel Franquelo, a genuine artist and someone who understood the nature of representation as a painter, photographer, engineer, poet and thinker. He was a key figure in the creation of Factum Arte in 2001. His contributions have been and will always be part of Factum’s identity. His interdisciplinary approach and visionary ideas will continue to inspire our work.
Manuel’s originality and brilliance are captured in this film made while he was developing the Lucida 3D Scanner. The data that has been recorded with this system and its elegant algorithms that drive the operating system, have transformed the understanding of the surface of paintings and are having a profound impact on heritage management. The Lucida really is a work of art as much as a recording system – it reflects the true meaning of ‘techne’.
Manolo represents everything that is great about Spain and Spanish art. Illusion fused with mimetic resonance, all the senses working together, respect for tradition and an anarchic love of disruption, directness and complexity.
Our thoughts are with Manuel’s family and all those who were touched by him.
With gratitude and love from everyone at Factum Arte and Factum Foundation; we are committed to carrying on his legacy.
|
||||||
wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
|
FactBench
|
1
| 61
|
https://www.sohnconference.org/
|
en
|
The Sohn Conference Foundation
|
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5fa9fa4d0285141974867937/t/5fee00ed5abd827cad17bad0/1610731364382/Sohn_1+color.png?format=1500w
|
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5fa9fa4d0285141974867937/t/5fee00ed5abd827cad17bad0/1610731364382/Sohn_1+color.png?format=1500w
|
[
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fa9fa4d0285141974867937/1605032250160-5TT8XT7Q95X46QVWY3HJ/favicon.ico?format=50w
|
The Sohn Conference Foundation
|
https://www.sohnconference.org
|
Where Wall Street Unites
To Fight Childhood Cancer
Our Mission
The Sohn Conference Foundation is dedicated to supporting innovative initiatives to cure and treat today’s public health priorities. Identifying specific areas of need, The Foundation funds groundbreaking research, state-of-the-art technology, and programs to target cures and improve patient care.
⭢ Learn more about The Foundation
Sohn’s COVID-19 Response
In an effort to help fight the global pandemic, all proceeds from both the 2020 and 2021 Sohn Investment Conferences supported Rockefeller University’s research into novel therapy for COVID-19.
The Sohn Conference Foundation takes a unique, selective investor’s approach to grant making. The Foundation supports cutting-edge research, innovative technologies, and bold initiatives that will have the greatest impact in treating and curing today’s public health priorities.
The Foundation designed its four-pronged approach in response to the challenges faced by the scientific and medical community.
Inspire.
Inspire cutting-edge scientific research collaborations in New York City and beyond.
The Foundation emboldens the best researchers to collaborate and discover, leveraging their resources and talent for maximum results.
Invest.
Invest in state-of-the-art technology.
New technologies—microscopes, cell sorters, DNA sequencers—will lead scientists to medical breakthroughs, but these technologies are expensive and government funds do not support such purchases. Sohn aims to supplement where other sources of funding are lacking.
Develop.
Develop the next generation of physician scientists.
The Foundation seeds a fellowship program to award funding to innovative, new scientists who are being overseen by the current leaders in the field.
Promote.
Promote quality of care for patients.
Insurance does not support comprehensive quality-of-life initiatives in hospitals. The Foundation funds cutting-edge diagnostic precision medicine and the renovation of dilapidated spaces to improve the quality of the treatment experience.
A Global Network
The Foundation calls the world’s most successful investors to give their time and inspire large audiences and followers in the name of The Foundation’s cause. The Foundation has expanded its investment forums to include Australia, Brazil, Canada, Geneva, Hong Kong, India, London, Monaco, San Francisco, and Tel Aviv.
$95 million+
raised over 25 years
|
|||
wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
|
FactBench
|
3
| 97
|
https://storeleads.app/reports/atg
|
en
|
The State of Oracle Commerce in 2024
|
[
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[] |
[] |
[
"Stores using Oracle Commerce",
"List of Oracle Commerce Customers",
"Oracle Commerce stores",
"Websites using Oracle Commerce",
"sites using Oracle Commerce",
"Oracle Commerce websites",
"live sites using Oracle Commerce"
] | null |
[
"Store Leads"
] |
2024-07-19T00:00:00
|
Get essential insights on 5,219 stores using Oracle Commerce. Register for free.
|
en
|
/img/favicon.png
|
https://storeleads.app/reports/atg
|
Updated Jul 19 2024
Oracle Commerce is an ecommerce platform that Oracle acquired when it bought ATG (Art Technology Group) in 2011.
Oracle Commerce is also known as ATG.
In this report, we'll cover the following essential statistics on Oracle Commerce usage.
Oracle Commerce growth
Social media usage on Oracle Commerce stores
Contact information on Oracle Commerce stores
Top categories for Oracle Commerce stores
Top countries for Oracle Commerce stores
Number of employees for Oracle Commerce stores
Number of products sold for Oracle Commerce stores
Top Oracle Commerce technologies
Top Shipping Carriers used by Oracle Commerce stores
Oracle Commerce store top-level domain distribution
Top Oracle Commerce stores
New Oracle Commerce stores
Stores switching to Oracle Commerce from other platforms
Stores switching from Oracle Commerce to other platforms
Oracle Commerce Growth
At present, there are 5,219 live stores running on the Oracle Commerce platform.
Here is the historical growth of stores running Oracle Commerce.
Oracle Commerce stores increased 7.2% quarter-over-quarter in 2024 Q2.
Oracle Commerce stores increased 43% year-over-year in 2024 Q2.
Note: the store counts displayed in this section are based on actual historical store counts.
It's hard to know exactly when a Oracle Commerce store was first created but we use a heuristic that includes historical DNS data which provides a reasonable approximation.
Social Media Usage On Oracle Commerce Stores
Ecommerce brands use social media sites to engage with millions of consumers. Instagram and Facebook are the dominant social media sites for ecommerce stores, by far, with Twitter, Pinterest and YouTube also having notable usage.
Facebook is used by 32.7% of Oracle Commerce stores.
Instagram is used by 22.1% of Oracle Commerce stores.
Yelp is used by 11.2% of Oracle Commerce stores.
Email remains an extremely popular communication channel for merchants. Many merchants also provide a phone number so that their customers can reach them instantly.
94% of Oracle Commerce stores provide a phone number on their website
51% of Oracle Commerce stores have an email on their website
Top Categories For Oracle Commerce Stores
Here is the breakdown of industry verticals for stores on Oracle Commerce.
95.7% of Oracle Commerce stores sell Gifts & Special Events products.
0.9% of Oracle Commerce stores sell Science products.
0.4% of Oracle Commerce stores sell Home & Garden products.
Top Countries For Oracle Commerce Stores
Here are the top countries for stores using Oracle Commerce.
71.4% of Oracle Commerce stores are in United States
15.0% of Oracle Commerce stores are in Australia
9.2% of Oracle Commerce stores are in Canada
2.4% of Oracle Commerce stores are in New Zealand
With a paid account, stores can also be segmented by region and city.
Number Of Employees For Oracle Commerce Stores
Here is the breakdown of Oracle Commerce stores by the number of employees.
96.8% of Oracle Commerce stores have Unknown employees.
1.9% of Oracle Commerce stores have 1000 - 4999 employees.
0.7% of Oracle Commerce stores have 250 - 999 employees.
Number Of Products Sold For Oracle Commerce Stores
Here is the breakdown of Oracle Commerce stores by the number of products that they sell.
38.1% of Oracle Commerce stores sell 100 - 249 different products.
24.0% of Oracle Commerce stores sell 25 - 49 different products.
11.2% of Oracle Commerce stores sell 10 - 24 different products.
Top Technologies on Oracle Commerce Stores
We're tracking 101 different technologies that have 53,449 collective installs on Oracle Commerce stores.
reCAPTCHA is used by 97.9% of Oracle Commerce stores.
Google Tag Manager is used by 97.9% of Oracle Commerce stores.
Google Adsense is used by 97.8% of Oracle Commerce stores.
Here are the top 10 third-party technologies, ordered by number of installs, across all Oracle Commerce stores.
Top Shipping Carriers Used By Oracle Commerce Stores
UPS is used by 0.2% of Oracle Commerce stores.
Fedex is used by 0.1% of Oracle Commerce stores.
USPS is used by 0.1% of Oracle Commerce stores.
Here are the top 4 shipping carriers across all Oracle Commerce stores.
Oracle Commerce Store Top-level Domain Distribution
.com is the most popular top-level domain for Oracle Commerce stores. This is not surprising since alternate top-level domains have only been introduced somewhat recently and there is still a certain cachet associated with .com domains.
That said, you'll find stark regional differences in certain countries. In Australia, .com.au is the most common top-level domain with .com a close second. This is the exception however as .com domains dominate in virtually all other countries.
69.2% of Oracle Commerce stores have a .com domain.
14.3% of Oracle Commerce stores have a .com.au domain.
8.3% of Oracle Commerce stores have a .net domain.
Top Oracle Commerce Stores
Here are the top stores, powered by Oracle Commerce, ordered by store rank.
New Oracle Commerce Stores
Here are the 0 highest-ranked stores added most recently.
Stores Switching to Oracle Commerce From Other Platforms
Over the last 90 days, Oracle Commerce has taken 189 merchants from competitive ecommerce platforms.
Here are the top stores that have switched to Oracle Commerce from competitive ecommerce platforms.
Stores Switching from Oracle Commerce To Other Platforms
Over the last 90 days, Oracle Commerce has lost 319 merchants to competitive platforms.
Here are the top Oracle Commerce stores that have recently changed to a competitive platform.
Get more insights on Oracle Commerce stores
Our search interface is easy to use and helps you find the Oracle Commerce stores that are relevant to you.
For more insights on Oracle Commerce stores, create a free account and have a look for yourself.
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
|
FactBench
|
2
| 34
|
https://www.fordfoundation.org/about/about-ford/a-history-of-social-justice/
|
en
|
A history of social justice
|
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"https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/a_legacy_of_social_impact_1996.jpg",
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"https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/a_legacy_of_social_impact_2015.jpg",
"https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/a_legacy_of_social_impact_2017.jpg",
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"https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/a_legacy_of_social_impact_2021_1.jpg",
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"https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Ford-Foundation.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2016-08-03T23:20:44+00:00
|
Across eight decades, the Ford Foundation has invested in innovative ideas, visionary individuals, and frontline institutions advancing human dignity around the world.
|
en
|
Ford Foundation
|
https://www.fordfoundation.org/about/about-ford/a-history-of-social-justice/
|
Across eight decades, the Ford Foundation has invested in innovative ideas, visionary individuals, and frontline institutions advancing human dignity around the world.
Learn more about our work in civil rights, education, arts and culture, human rights, poverty reduction and urban development and see some of our key foundation milestones below.
2000
Global South scholars
With $280 million to the International Fellowships Program, the foundation’s largest grant supports thousands of graduate and postgraduate scholars from Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. The foundation also commits an additional $150 million for the Partnership for Higher Education in Africa.
2013
Bard Prison Initiative
The foundation supports an innovative program that enables incarcerated people to earn a college degree while serving their sentences. In 2017, Ford began its Bard Associates program to hire graduates of the Bard Prison Initiative and provide them with professional development opportunities.
2022
Rural America
With more than $130 million in new funding, the foundation increases its support to communities in the rural Midwest and South. Grantees include Heartland Forward, a nonpartisan “think and do” tank and Appalachian Community Capital, which raises money for small businesses in 13 states across the Appalachian region.
|
|||||
wrong_mix_domain_foundationPlace_00042
|
FactBench
|
2
| 22
|
https://www.newmuseum.org/history
|
en
|
History
|
[
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
The New Museum began as an idea in the mind of founding Director Marcia Tucker. As a curator at the Whitney Museum of American Art from 1967 through 1976, Tucker observed firsthand that new work by living artists was not easily assimilated into the conventional exhibition and collection structure of the traditional art museum.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico?1704831461
|
http://www.newmuseum.org/history
|
The New Museum began as an idea in the mind of founding Director Marcia Tucker. As a curator at the Whitney Museum of American Art from 1967 through 1976, Tucker observed firsthand that new work by living artists was not easily assimilated into the conventional exhibition and collection structure of the traditional art museum.
The care and attention that these venerable institutions lavished on older, established artists and artworks was not yet being extended to art being made in the present. Interested in bringing the scholarly practices of these older institutions to younger artists and their work, Tucker imagined an institution devoted to presenting, studying, and interpreting contemporary art.
When Tucker officially founded the New Museum on January 1, 1977, it was the first museum devoted to contemporary art established in New York City since the Second World War. Positioned between a traditional museum and an alternative space, the New Museum’s stated mission was to be a catalyst for a broad dialogue between artists and the public by establishing “an exhibition, information, and documentation center for contemporary art made within a period of approximately ten years prior to the present.” The Museum presented the work of living artists who did not yet have wide public exposure or critical acceptance to a broader public.
The first New Museum exhibition was organized by Tucker at C Space, an alternative space not far from the Museum’s temporary offices on Hudson Street in Tribeca. Entitled “Memory,” the exhibition reflected on connections between personal and collective memory, a meditation on the function of the museum and the making of cultural history. This show—like every New Museum exhibition that has followed—was accompanied by a catalogue, documenting the exhibition for present and future audiences.
In July 1977, the New Museum moved to a small gallery and office located at the New School for Social Research at 65 Fifth Avenue at 14th Street. The space was donated to the Museum by Trustee Vera List to provide a temporary home until the New Museum could find a more permanent space. Early exhibitions were organized by curators Allan Schwartzman, Susan Logan, and Marcia Tucker. In 1983, Board President Henry (Hank) Luce III negotiated a long-term lease for the New Museum in the Astor Building in SoHo at 583 Broadway, between Houston and Prince Streets, where the New Museum had a much larger gallery space and offices, and, after a major renovation in 1997, a bookstore with an international selection of publications on art, theory, and culture at large.
Throughout the 1980s, the exhibition program encompassed monographic exhibitions of emerging artists and group shows organized around important social and political issues by curators Lynn Gumpert, Ned Rifkin, and Brian Wallis. Examples of the first type included early solo presentations by Joan Jonas (1984), Martin Puryear (1984), Leon Golub (1984), Linda Montano (1984), Allen Ruppersberg (1985), Kim Jones (1986), Hans Haacke (1987), Bruce Nauman (1987), Christian Boltanski (1988), Ana Mendieta (1988), Nancy Spero (1989), and Mary Kelly (1990), while the multi-artist exhibitions “Art and Ideology” (1984), “Difference: On Representation and Sexuality” (1984), and “Damaged Goods: Desire and the Economy of the Object” (1986) established the Museum’s reputation for engaging with postmodernism and critical theory. This was supported by an expanded publication program, particularly the series Documentary Sources in Contemporary Art. The first volume in this series Art After Modernism: Rethinking Representation (1984) is an interdisciplinary collection of texts on contemporary art criticism, initially edited by Brian Wallis, which has become a touchstone of postmodernist scholarship.
Beginning in the late 1980s, with exhibitions organized by curators William Olander and Laura Trippi, the New Museum placed increasing emphasis on areas other than painting and sculpture, and presented film, video, television, photography, and performance works as a regular part of the exhibition program. When Dan Cameron and Gerardo Mosquera joined the curatorial department in 1996, the exhibition program began to focus increasingly on solo exhibitions by significant international artists who had not yet received attention in the US, including Mona Hatoum (1998), Doris Salcedo (1998), Xu Bing (1998), Cildo Meireles (2000), William Kentridge (2001), Marlene Dumas (2002), and Hélio Oiticica (2002). The program also continued to include influential older artists who were not yet widely recognized, such as Carolee Schneemann (1996), Martha Rosler (2000), Paul McCarthy (2001), and Carroll Dunham (2003). The Museum’s mission to show only living artists was also officially amended so that work by recently deceased artists—particularly in the wake of the AIDS crisis—could be displayed and memorialized.
By 1999, when Lisa Phillips was appointed Director, the Museum’s program had far outstripped the limited gallery spaces of 583 Broadway, and in 2002, the New Museum announced plans to construct a new building designed to accommodate the dynamic scale of public events, exhibitions, and educational activities. After an international competition, Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa/SANAA Ltd. were selected to design the New Museum’s first dedicated building to be located in a former parking lot on the Bowery.
On December 1, 2007, the New Museum re-opened at 235 Bowery with facilities including a theater, five floors of gallery spaces, and a distinctive Sky Room with panoramic views of lower Manhattan. The inaugural exhibition, curated by Richard Flood, Chief Curator, Laura Hoptman, Senior Curator, and Massimiliano Gioni, Director of Special Exhibitions, was “Unmonumental,” an international group show in four parts that examined the medium of sculpture in contemporary art practices. Today, the New Museum serves diverse and expanding audiences, including artists, students, and residents of the Lower East Side, as well as a growing international audience through new initiatives, such as the Museum as Hub and 2011’s Festival of Ideas for a New City, which continue to foster dialogues between artists and their public.
Timeline
1977
Marcia Tucker founds the New Museum on January 1 with support from founding Trustee Allen Goldring. A small staff of four occupies an office in New York’s Fine Arts Building at 105 Hudson Street in Tribeca and the first exhibitions are presented off-site.
In July, the New Museum moves into office quarters and an exhibition space at the Graduate Center of the New School for Social Research at 65 Fifth Avenue at 14th Street with the help of Trustee Vera List. In November, the New Museum presents its first exhibition at the New School space, “Early Works by Five Contemporary Artists,” examining previously unexhibited works by Ron Gorchov, Elizabeth Murray, Dennis Oppenheim, Dorothea Rockburne, and Joel Shapiro, organized by curators Susan Logan, Allan Schwartzman, and Marcia Tucker.
1978
In January, the New Museum mounts the controversial exhibition “‘Bad’ Painting,” curated by Marcia Tucker, which questions the concept of taste. In her catalogue essay, Tucker argues that ideas of good and bad are flexible and subject to both the immediate and the larger context in which the work is seen. The exhibition is part of a larger critical debate then crystallizing around theories of postmodernism.
1979
The New Museum inaugurates the Windows series in which artists are invited to create installations in the street-level windows along 5th Avenue. Invited artists in the first two years include Mary Lemley (1979), John Ahearn (1979), Laurie Hawkinson (1980), Jeff Koons (1980), David Hammons (1980), and Richard Prince (1980). The Windows series continues when the Museum moves to 583 Broadway and becomes one of the most distinctive features of the program in that building.
1980
The New Museum launches the High School Art Program (HSAP), one of the first museum education programs in the country to engage at-risk teenagers in contemporary art. It pairs high school students with high school teachers on a semester-long basis with the goal of integrating contemporary art with social studies, language arts, and studio art curricula. The initiative also expands these curricula through a multicultural and interdisciplinary approach that encourages students to explore connections between contemporary art practices and broader cultural and social issues.
1982
“Extended Sensibilities: Homosexual Presence in Contemporary Art” is the first exhibition to consider the aesthetics of artists who identify as gay and lesbian. The show is organized by guest curator Dan Cameron, who is later appointed Senior Curator in 1996.
1983
With help from Trustee and Counsel Herman Schwartzman, Board President Henry (Hank) Luce III negotiates a major donation of ground floor space to the New Museum in the Astor Building in SoHo. On September 1, 1983, the New Museum moves into 583 Broadway, a historic building between Houston and Prince Streets.
1984
The High School Art Program is renamed the Visible Knowledge Program (VKP) and continues the New Museum’s commitment to educational and professional development for public high schools. In 2005, VKP evolves into G:Class, the Global Classroom.
The Museum’s curatorial staff—Lynn Gumpert and Ned Rifkin, along with Marcia Tucker—organize “Paradise Lost/Paradise Regained: American Visions of the New Decade” for the American Pavilion at the 41st Venice Biennale.
The New Museum begins commissioning and producing exclusive Limited Editions by prominent American and international artists to support the Museum. Claes Oldenburg’s Tipsy Tilting Neon Cocktail is the first in the series. Bruce Nauman, Jenny Holzer, Louise Bourgeois, William Kentridge, Ai Weiwei, and Julie Mehretu, among many others, have participated.
The New Museum launches the publications series “Documentary Sources in Contemporary Art,” funded by the Henry Luce Fund for Scholarship in American Art. The first volume, Art After Modernism: Rethinking Representation, edited by Brian Wallis, includes seminal texts by critics including Benjamin Buchloh, Jonathan Crary, Hal Foster, Rosalind Krauss, Lucy Lippard, and Abigail Solomon-Godeau, along with historical documents and artists’ writings. The series continues with Blasted Allegories: An Anthology of Writings by Contemporary Artists (1987), and Discourses: Conversations in Postmodern Art and Culture (1990). In the ’90s, publications take on the politics of internationalization in Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures (1990), edited by Russell Ferguson, Martha Geever, Trinh T. Minh-ha, and Cornel West, Talking Visions: Multicultural Feminism in a Transnational Age (1998), edited by Ella Shohat, and Over Here: International Perspectives on Art and Culture (2004), edited by Gerardo Mosquera and Jean Fisher.
1985
Arts patron Larry Aldrich donates the SoHo Center for the Visual Arts Library to the New Museum. More than 48,000 volumes, including artist’s monographs and books, works of art history and theory, catalogues from national and international exhibitions, and current art periodicals are included. In 2006, the Museum re-gifts this library to NYU Libraries, where it currently resides under the name New Museum Library.
1987
“Let the Record Show…,” one of the first major art world responses to the AIDS crisis, is organized by Curator William Olander with ACT-UP, sparking the organization of Gran Fury, an activist artists collective that used graphic design strategies to raise awareness about AIDS. The show takes the form of an installation in the window on Broadway that includes the iconic graphic SILENCE=DEATH as a neon sign.
1989
Senior Curator William Olander dies of AIDS at the age of thirty-eight in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Originally trained as an art historian focusing on the nineteenth-century, Olander curated numerous exhibitions exploring how contemporary art engages social and political conditions, including “The Art of Memory/The Loss of History” (1985) and “Fake” (1987).
1990
“The Decade Show: Frameworks of Identity in the 1980s” is co-organized by and co-presented by New Museum curators Laura Trippi and Gary Sangster with the Museum of Contemporary Hispanic Art and the Studio Museum in Harlem. The exhibition is conceived and realized by three institutions with different racial and cultural constituencies, and contributes to the emerging debate on multiculturalism in the art world.
1994
The Astor Building at 583 Broadway is purchased and developed into luxury condominiums. The building is renamed the New Museum Building. Trustee Saul Dennison, who becomes President of the Board in 1998, negotiates the acquisition of the second floor as part of a plan to increase the Museum’s exhibition and office space.
1996
The New Museum, in collaboration with Routledge, publishes _Contemporary Art and Multicultural Education_—also known as the CAME guide—by New Museum Deputy Director and Curator of Education Susan Cahan and art historian Zoya Kocur. The book connects everyday experience, social critique, and creative expression with classroom learning, and includes color reproductions of artworks; statements in English and Spanish from more than fifty contemporary artists; lesson plans for using art to explore subjects such as American identity, changing definitions of the family, AIDS, discrimination, racism, homophobia, mass media, and public art; and resources, including annotated bibliographies for further study.
In November, the New Museum launches its first capital campaign. Within a year, it raises $3.79 million, enough to pay for the first phase of the renovation and expansion on Broadway, almost doubling the size of its exhibition space and providing offices above ground.
1997
Following a renovation by Kiss and Cathcart, the New Museum reopens with increased gallery space. The New Museum Store opens in the renovated basement level. Guided by a team of curators and book buyers, the Store stocks monographs, critical texts, and visual reference volumes from galleries, museums, small presses, artists, and commercial publishers from around the world.
1998
The New Museum concentrates on expanding its global scope by presenting a series of one-person exhibitions of contemporary artists from outside of the US and Europe under the curatorial leadership of Senior Curator Dan Cameron and Curator-at-large Gerardo Mosquera. The exhibitions organized under this new mandate include Mona Hatoum (1998), Doris Salcedo (1998), Cildo Meireles (2000), William Kentridge (2001), Marlene Dumas (2002), and Hélio Oiticica (2002).
1999
Lisa Phillips becomes Director of the New Museum, succeeding Marcia Tucker. Prior to joining the New Museum, Phillips, like Tucker, was a curator at the Whitney Museum of American Art. Phillips begins to formulate an expanded vision for the institution—one that includes collaborative partnerships, platforms for digital art, and the construction of the Museum’s first dedicated building. She also co-curates major surveys of Paul McCarthy (2001), Carroll Dunham (2002), and John Waters (2004).
2000
On November 16, the New Museum launches the Media Lounge, New York’s only museum space dedicated to new-media exhibitions. Designed by LOT-EK, the Z-Media Lounge integrates art, technology, and architecture and is a unique space to experience artworks engaged with the forms and practices of new media.
2002
In December, the New Museum announces it will construct its own freestanding building on a parking lot at 235 Bowery. An international architectural search is conducted, and by the year’s end, five firms are selected as finalists from an initial pool of thirty for a design competition: Abalos & Herreros (Spain), Adjaye Associates (England), Gigon/Guyer (Switzerland), Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa/SANAA Ltd. (Japan), and Reiser + Umemoto RUR Architecture P.C. (US).
2003
On May 15, the New Museum announces that Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa/SANAA Ltd. have been selected to design its new building, and a capital campaign is launched. The design—consisting of stacked boxes shifting off a central core—is unveiled in November.
Phillips brings on Rhizome.org as an affiliate of the New Museum. Rhizome, a leading online platform for the emerging new-media art community, operates its programs in accordance with its mission and core principles, and retains its identity as a separate organizational entity. The New Museum provides office space and administrative support for Rhizome, and some programs are produced collaboratively by both organizations.
2004
The New Museum inaugurates 3M, in collaboration with the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, and the UCLA Hammer Museum in Los Angeles. Working cooperatively, the three museums combine their resources to commission and exhibit major projects from leading contemporary artists. Patty Chang, Fiona Tan, and Aernout Mik are awarded the first cycle of commissions; their subsequent individual exhibitions at all three venues represent the first major museum exhibitions in the US for each of these artists.
The New Museum sells 583 Broadway and moves to temporary quarters at the Chelsea Art Museum.
2005
In fall, the Museum breaks ground for its new building at 235 Bowery. The New Museum at 235 Bowery is the first new art museum ever constructed from the ground up below 14th Street in Manhattan.
The Global Classroom (G:Class) is founded as an innovative interdisciplinary museum education program that encourages visual literacy and critical thinking skills in high school students by integrating contemporary art into the core curriculum. It emphasizes inquiry-based education, problem solving, and self-expression by connecting the New Museum’s mission, resources, and programs with students’ personal, political, and cultural realities. G:Class expands and replaces the Visible Knowledge Program, which ends after twenty-one years when the museum moves out of 583 Broadway.
2006
New Museum Founding Director Marcia Tucker dies at the age of sixty-six at her home in Santa Barbara, California.
2007
In July, the New Museum announces the launch of Museum as Hub, a major new initiative exploring art and ideas through an international partnership with Insa Art Space, (Seoul, South Korea), Museo Tamayo Arte Contemporáneo (Mexico City, Mexico), Townhouse Gallery of Contemporary Art (Cairo, Egypt), and Van Abbemuseum (Eindhoven, the Netherlands). With a dedicated space in the New Museum’s Bowery building as well as a dedicated website, Museum as Hub is a twenty-first-century cultural laboratory, an educational/curatorial hybrid and a platform for global dialogue through institutional collaboration.
The 3M initiative embarks on its second (and final) cycle of commissions/exhibitions, and features Mathias Poledna, Daria Martin, and Urban China.
On December 1, the New Museum opens its first freestanding, dedicated building, with the inaugural exhibition “Unmonumental,” an international group show in four parts, curated by Richard Flood, Chief Curator, Laura Hoptman, Senior Curator, and Massimiliano Gioni, Director of Special Exhibitions. Also on view are special projects by YOUNG-HAE CHANG HEAVY INDUSTRIES, Ugo Rondinone, Jeffrey Inaba, and Sharon Hayes.
2008
Solo shows devoted to international artists continue with major exhibitions by Urs Fischer (2010), Rivane Neuenschwander (2010), Carsten Höller (2011), and Rosemarie Trockel (2012). Surveys of American artists Paul Chan (2008), Mary Heilmann (2008), Elizabeth Peyton (2008), Lynda Benglis (2011), and George Condo (2011) are also mounted.
2009
The first edition of the New Museum’s signature Generational Triennial, “Younger Than Jesus,” is organized by Massimiliano Gioni, Director of Exhibitions, Laura Hoptman, Senior Curator, and Lauren Cornell, Director of Rhizome and adjunct curator, and includes fifty artists from twenty-five countries all born after 1976.
2010
Seven on Seven is founded by Lauren Cornell, Executive Director of Rhizome. It is an annual conference that pairs leaders in art with visionary technologists and challenges them to make something new. The inaugural conference features Tauba Auerbach, Ayah Bdeir, Kristin Lucas, Andrew Kortina, Ryan Trecartin, and David Karp among others.
2011
Art and Multicultural Education is revised and reissued as Rethinking Art and Multicultural Education by a new generation of artists and writers, and edited by Eungie Joo, Keith Haring Director and Curator of Education and Public Programs.
IdeasCity Festival New York is the inaugural edition of the civic engagement initiative cofounded by Lisa Phillips and Karen Wong. This five day event features a cross-section of visionary leaders from the fields of art, architecture, technology, and government.
Studio 231 was a two-year temporary project focused on the creation of new works. The New Museum inaugurated the series of commissioned projects in October 2011 in the Museum’s adjacent, ground-floor space at 231 Bowery with a new installation and performances by Spartacus Chetwynd. This was followed by exhibitions by Enrico David, Nathalie Djurberg and Hans Berg, Haroon Mirza, Nari Ward, and other artists and collectives, such as Adhocracy.
2012
The second New Museum Triennial “The Ungovernables” is organized by Eungie Joo, Keith Haring Director and Curator of Education and Public Programs. The exhibition features thirty-four artists, artist groups, and temporary collectives—totaling over fifty participants—born between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s, many of whom have never before exhibited in the US.
Massimiliano Gioni is appointed Director of the Visual Arts sector of the 55th Venice Biennale scheduled for summer 2013. As Associate Director and Director of Exhibitions of the New Museum, Gioni focuses on the presentation of international artists who have not previously shown in American museums, including Apichatpong Weerasethakul (2011), Gustav Metzger (2011), Tacita Dean (2012), and Klara Lidén (2012), as well as innovative group exhibitions, including “After Nature” (2008), “Ostalgia” (2011), and “Ghosts in the Machine” (2012).
First Look, an ongoing series of digital projects presented on the New Museum’s website, is launched by Lauren Cornell. Image Atlas by Taryn Simon and Aaron Swartz is the inaugural exhibition. In 2014 Rhizome begins to co-curate and co-present the series with the Museum.
2013
“Chris Burden: Extreme Measures” opens October 2, occupying all five floors of the Museum and featuring an ambitious installation on the exterior of the Museum.
2014
Solo shows devoted to international artists continue with major exhibitions by Paweł Althamer, Camille Henrot, and Ragnar Kjartansson.
In September 2014, NEW INC is cofounded by Lisa Phillips and Karen Wong. It is the first museum-led cultural incubator dedicated to supporting innovation, collaboration, and entrepreneurship across art, design, and technology. The incubator occupies eight thousand square feet of dedicated office, workshop, social, and presentation space at 231 Bowery.
2015
The third New Museum Triennial “Surround Audience” is co-curated by New Museum Curator Lauren Cornell and artist Ryan Trecartin. Featuring fifty-one artists from over twenty-five countries, “Surround Audience” explores the effects of an increasingly connected world both on our sense of self and identity as well as on art’s form and larger social role.
New Museum and Rhizome inaugurate Open Score: Art and Technology, an annual conference that explores the state of art and technology today, convening luminary artists, curators, researchers, and writer to discuss how technology is transforming culture. Participants in the first conference include Simone Browne, Adrian Chen, Jacob Ciocci, Kimberly Drew, Juliana Huxtable, Cathy Park Hong, and Colin Self, among others.
2016
“Pipilotti Rist: Pixel Forest,” the most comprehensive presentation of the artist’s work in New York to date, opens on October 26, featuring work spanning the artist’s entire career, from her early single-channel videos of the 1980s, which explore the representation of the female body in popular culture, to her recent expansive video installations, which transform architectural spaces into massive dreamlike environments enhanced by hypnotic musical scores. It goes on to become the most popular exhibition in the New Museum’s history.
2017
The New Museum celebrates its fortieth anniversary the weekend of December 2 and 3 with free admission, extended hours, and a selection of public conversations with artists whose exhibitions, works, and interventions have shaped and transformed the identity and history of the New Museum. Participating artists include George Condo, Joan Jonas, Jeff Koons, Paul McCarthy, Elizabeth Peyton, Faith Ringgold, Allen Ruppersberg, and Carolee Schneemann, among many others. The Museum also reinstalls Bruce Nauman’s iconic video No, No New Museum (Clown Torture Series) (1987) in the Museum’s window, just as the work was originally presented during Nauman’s solo exhibition at the Museum in 1987.
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https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/jobs/
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Work with us – Wikimedia Foundation
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Make the internet a better place for free knowledge.
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Wikimedia Foundation
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https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/jobs/
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Advancement
Lead Direct Response Specialist (Fundraising)
Remote
The Wikimedia Foundation is the non-profit organization that operates Wikipedia – one of the most popular websites in the world, serving nearly half a billion users every month. It is the only non-profit in the top 50 websites, supported by a community of millions of individual donors around the world.
The Wikimedia Foundation is expanding its team and seeking an experienced direct response fundraiser to contribute to our audience-based fundraising strategy while overseeing new avenues of growth, including direct mail. Succeeding in this role will require a creative, data-driven mindset to help us get to the next level of innovation to drive the continued growth of Wikimedia’s fundraising program.
Senior Digital Fundraising Specialist
Remote
The Wikimedia Foundation seeks an experienced and creative digital marketer to join our Online Fundraising team as our Senior Digital Fundraising Specialist, reporting to the Senior Manager of Fundraising Growth. The Wikimedia Foundation raises tens of millions of dollars annually from fundraising banner campaigns which appear on Wikipedia.org to readers around the world. Inside these campaigns, we run “a/b tests” to optimize conversion and donor experience.
Affiliate Fundraising Training Consultant (Part-Time)
Remote
The Wikimedia Foundation seeks a Fundraising Training Consultant to work with Wikimedia affiliates to grow and develop their fundraising processes and capacity. In this one-year, 30 hour/week contract role (with potential option for renewal) you will be responsible for working with affiliates to understand their fundraising needs and challenges, and to provide them strategic guidance and support as they put in place necessary structures and processes that will aid their fundraising efforts. This role will focus on building the capacity of affiliates to raise funds from a variety of new-to-the-movement donors, including government, multinational and multilateral funding opportunities, and local high networth individuals, as well as advising on systems and structures (e.g. Board composition) for strategic fundraising.
Communications
Communications Manager
Remote
The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking a Communications Manager to help lead the communications for our advocacy and public policy work, and a number of other initiatives that aim to advance and protect the reputation of the Foundation, Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects, and the global Wikimedia community of volunteers.
Finance and Administration
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Legal
Committee Support Specialist
Remote
This role, housed in the Committee Support Team, is dedicated to supporting multiple key governance and safety committees and makes meaningful contributions to their growth, diversity, inclusiveness, strength, and capacity by supporting their governance, health, and sustainability. This role blends strategic support with operational support, in the service of helping these groups to reach their best potential in a framework that supports the time and energies of the volunteers involved.
Senior Community Safety Specialist – Arabic Speaking
Remote
The Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) is seeking to hire a Senior Community Safety Specialist to help advance the Wikimedia movement’s vision of every human being able to freely share in the sum of all knowledge; as well as its strategic direction – that by 2030, Wikimedia will become the essential infrastructure of the ecosystem of free knowledge, and anyone who shares our vision will be able to join us. This role will be cross functional with the Trust and Safety Team and Human Rights Team.
People Department
Check back soon!
Product & Technology
Staff Software Security Engineer (PHP)
Remote
The Wikimedia Foundation is looking for a Staff Security Software Engineer to join the Product Security team to build new security technologies to protect Wikipedia and our other projects. This is a very hands-on engineering role working alongside our other security team members to design and code new features to protect and reassure our users and to ensure the platform remains resilient against attacks.
Senior Software Engineer, Future Audiences
Remote
The Wikimedia Foundation is looking for a software engineer to join our Future Audiences effort, reporting to product engineering management. Future Audiences is the Wikimedia Foundation’s effort to investigate opportunities for spreading and sustaining free knowledge in a rapidly changing Internet (e.g., AI assistants, social video apps, and more). A recent experiment is the Wikipedia plugin for ChatGPT, which allows ChatGPT users to access the latest content from the encyclopedia in the ChatGPT interface, complete with attribution and opportunities to engage with Wikipedia. Another is our Citation Needed browser plugin, which uses generative AI to verify information as they browse the web. As a Future Audiences engineer, you will be responsible for collaborating with product managers, data analysts, and machine learning engineers to deploy these types of software experiments across a variety of platforms.
Product Manager, Future Audiences
Remote
The Wikimedia Foundation is looking for an enterprising product manager to join our Future Audiences effort. This is the small, fast-moving team that experiments with new ways to reach young audiences on the platforms they use. Our organizational vision is a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge – and that includes reaching new generations where they are – on search, AI, video, and social experiences.
Senior Software Engineer (Contract)
Remote
The Wikimedia Foundation is looking for a software engineering contractor to join our Future Audiences effort, reporting to product engineering management. Future Audiences is the Wikimedia Foundation’s effort to investigate opportunities for spreading and sustaining free knowledge in a rapidly changing Internet (e.g., AI assistants, social video apps, and more). A recent experiment is the Wikipedia plugin for ChatGPT, which allows ChatGPT users to access the latest content from the encyclopedia in the ChatGPT interface, complete with attribution and opportunities to engage with Wikipedia. Another is our Citation Needed browser plugin, which uses generative AI to verify information as they browse the web. As a Future Audiences engineer, you will be responsible for collaborating with product managers, data analysts, and machine learning engineers to deploy these types of software experiments across a variety of platforms.
Lead Software Engineer (6-Month Contract)
Remote
The Community Tech Team at Wikimedia Foundation is looking for a Software Engineer to work with us to build features and tools requested by the Wikimedia community. Therefore our team mission states: “We surface the movement’s technical platform needs and build and support needed tools with engaged contributors.”
Software Engineer, Android
Remote
Come build the premier mobile Wikipedia experience! The Wikimedia Foundation is looking for an Android Software Engineer to join our team, reporting to the Mobile Apps Engineering Manager. You will work closely with the rest of our small, collaborative group to iterate on new ideas for the Wikipedia Android app. In this role, you will create new features, fix bugs, and define the future of Wikipedia on mobile devices.
Senior Software Security Engineer (PHP)
Remote
The Wikimedia Foundation is looking for a Senior Software Security Engineer (PHP) to join the Product Security team to build new security technologies to protect Wikipedia and our other projects. This is a very hands-on engineering role working alongside our other security team members to design and code new features to protect and reassure our users and to ensure the platform remains resilient against attacks.
Software Engineer, Trust and Safety Product
Remote
The Wikimedia Foundation is looking for a software engineer to join the Trust and Safety Product team. As a software engineer, you will be responsible for building features to keep our communities safe from abuse, harassment, vandalism, and harmful or illicit content. In this role, you will work in a fully-remote, geographically-distributed environment, where we value teamwork and a consensus-oriented approach. You will be writing open source code for collaborative experiences supporting over a billion users at a place that believes we’re all more successful when everyone has a good work-life balance.
Values
We are in this mission together
We do great work and improve
We welcome everyone who shares our Vision and Values
We listen and share with curiosity
Read more about our values.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Commitment
We trust our personal and organizational accountability
We envision a world in which every single person can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. We believe knowledge belongs to everyone, and in order to empower people from diverse backgrounds to participate in the collaborative creation of knowledge, we need to build diverse teams that reflect the communities we support and an inclusive culture of belonging that embraces the potential of our diversity.
We believe in co-creating safe, respectful and collaborative work spaces. We aspire to generate a sense of belonging by understanding each and everyone’s differences, contexts and experiences. Through our actions, we ensure that the staff at the Foundation has a healthy work environment where they can flourish.
We acknowledge diversity as a core value that is essential to fulfilling our mission.
We are an equal opportunity employer and do not tolerate any form of discrimination. This enables us to attract, develop, and retain amazing talent.
We are committed to cherishing our differences, and putting people first. We seek to foster a creative environment that unleashes innovative solutions toward building a more inclusive and equitable hiring and retention process. This commitment starts at the top of our organization and moves through every level of hiring from managers to individual contributors. We strive to ensure excellence in our work by building this path together.
We have released two Diversity and Inclusion Reports (2018, 2019) to hold ourselves accountable for our actions towards creating a more diverse and inclusive workplace. This practice helps us to make visible not only our progress, but also the areas where we know we should and will improve.
Equal Employment Opportunity Statement
As an equal opportunity employer, the Wikimedia Foundation values having a diverse workforce and continuously strives to maintain an inclusive and equitable workplace. We encourage people with a diverse range of backgrounds to apply. We do not discriminate against any person based upon their race, traits historically associated with race, religion, color, national origin, sex, pregnancy or related medical conditions, parental status, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, age, status as a protected veteran, status as an individual with a disability, genetic information, or any other legally protected characteristics.
If you are a qualified applicant requiring assistance or an accommodation to complete any step of the application process due to a disability, you may contact us at recruiting@wikimedia.org or +1 (415) 839-6885.
United States Benefits and Perks
Health Care Benefits
Fully paid medical, dental, and vision insurance premiums for employees and their eligible families.
New Parent Leave
We provide a total of 16 weeks of paid new parent leave, plus an additional 8 weeks of paid pregnancy leave.
Wellness Reimbursement Program
We provide $450 per quarter up to $1,800.00 a year for reimbursement for staff wellness expenses, such as gym fees, educational expenses, and more!
Professional Development Program
We offer reimbursement of conferences, college/university classes, online programs, and books related to work that supports the Wikimedia Foundation.
401(k) Retirement Plan
401(k) retirement plan with matched contributions up to 4% of annual salary.
Time Off
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Juana I, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon
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by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2022 Juana I, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon was born on November 6, 1479, in Toledo, Kingdom of Castile, now in Spain. She was the third of th…
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Unofficial Royalty
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https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/juana-i-queen-of-castile-and-leon-and-queen-of-aragon/
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by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2022
Juana I, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon was born on November 6, 1479, in Toledo, Kingdom of Castile, now in Spain. She was the third of the five children and the second of the four daughters of Ferdinand II, King of Aragon and Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León. Juana’s paternal grandparents were Juan II, King of Aragon and his second wife Juana Enriquez, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. Her maternal grandparents were Juan II, King of Castile and León and his second wife Isabel of Portugal.
Juana had four siblings:
Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias from 1497–1498 (1470 – 1498), married (1) Prince Afonso of Portugal, no children (2) Prince Manuel, the future King Manuel I of Portugal, had one son Miguel da Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who died before his second birthday; Isabella died giving birth to Miguel
Juan of Aragon, Prince of Asturias (1478 – 1497), married Margaret of Austria, no children
Maria of Aragon (1482 – 1517), married King Manuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella; had ten children including King João III of Portugal and Cardinal-King Henrique I of Portugal
Catalina (Catherine) of Aragon (1485 – 1536), married (1) Arthur, Prince of Wales, no children (2) Arthur’s younger brother King Henry VIII of England, had one surviving child Queen Mary I of England
Like her mother Isabella, Queen of Castile and León and her youngest sister Catalina (Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of King Henry VIII of England), Juana had a fair complexion and golden-red hair which had come from her mother’s descent from the English House of Plantagenet. Isabella’s paternal grandmother was Catherine of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster who was the son of King Edward III of England. As an infanta (princess), Juana was not expected to inherit either of her parent’s thrones although, through deaths, she inherited both. Her education reflected the fact that she was an unlikely heir. Juana had a general education, studying church and civil law, genealogy and heraldry, grammar, history, languages, and mathematics.
In 1496, 16-year-old Juana was betrothed to 18-year-old Philip of Austria, often called Philip of Habsburg or Philip the Handsome. He was the only son of Mary, Duchess of Burgundy in her own right, the ruler of a collection of states known as the Burgundian State, and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria. When Philip was four years old, his mother died in a riding accident, and Philip succeeded her as ruler of the Burgundian State which consisted of parts of the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Germany.
Philip’s father Maximilian I made an alliance with the husband and with Juana’s parents King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile and León, for a double marriage between their children. Juan, Prince of Asturias, the only son and heir of Ferdinand and Isabella, would marry Maximilian’s only daughter Margaret of Austria, and Ferdinand and Isabella’s second daughter Infanta Juana of Castile would marry Maximilian’s only son Philip. These marriages were part of the foreign policy of Ferdinand and Isabella to build a network of alliances through the marriages of their children to strengthen their kingdoms, destined to be inherited by their son Juan, against France, their major rival at that time. The double marriages were never intended to allow the Spanish kingdoms to fall under the control of the House of Habsburg, which they eventually did. Juana was third in line to the thrones of Aragon, Castile, and León after her elder brother Juan and her elder sister Isabella, and would fall further down the line of succession when her elder siblings had children, as was expected.
Juana and Philip were married by proxy at the Palacio de los Vivero in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile. On August 22, 1496, Juana began her journey to her new home. The wedding was formally celebrated on October 20, 1496, at the Collegiate Church of Saint Gummarus in the small town of Lier, now in Belgium, near the city of Antwerp.
Juana and Philip had six children, all of whom were kings or queen consorts:
Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Portugal, Queen of France (1498 – 1558), married (1) Manuel I, King of Portugal (his third wife), had two children (2) François I, King of France (his second wife), no children
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, also Carlos I, King of Spain (1500 – 1558), married Isabella of Portugal, had five children including Felipe II, King of Spain
Isabella of Austria, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (1501 – 1526), married Christian II, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, had five children, only two daughters survived childhood
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, (1503 – 1564), married Anna of Bohemia and Hungary, had fifteen children
Mary of Austria, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (1505 – 1558), married Louis II, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, no children
Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal (1507 – 1578), married João III, King of Portugal, had nine children
Within four years of her marriage to Philip, Juana became the heir to her parents’ kingdoms after the death of her childless only brother Juan, Prince of Asturias in 1497, the death of her eldest sister Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias, Princess of Portugal in childbirth in 1498, and the death of her sister Isabella’s only child Prince Miguel da Paz of Portugal in 1500, shortly before his second birthday.
Although Juana was deeply in love with Philip, their married life was unhappy. Philip was unfaithful and politically insecure. He constantly attempted to usurp Juana’s legal birthrights. This led to the rumors of Juana’s insanity because those rumors benefited Philip politically. Most historians now agree Juana was clinically depressed and not insane as commonly believed.
On November 26, 1504, Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León died at the age of 53. Juana became Queen of Castile and León but her father Ferdinand II, King of Aragon proclaimed himself Governor and Administrator of Castile and León. In 1506, Juana’s husband Philip of Austria became King of Castile and León jure uxoris (by the right of his wife) as Philip I, initiating the rule of the Habsburgs in the Spanish kingdoms which would last until 1700. However, Philip’s rule lasted only from July 12, 1506 to September 25, 1506, when he died suddenly, apparently of typhoid fever, although an assassination by poisoning was rumored at the time.
There were also rumors circulating about the supposed madness of Juana. Unfortunately, Juana’s husband Philip had spread rumors about her madness when he was still alive and her behavior after his death may have reinforced these rumors. Juana decided to transfer Philip’s remains from Burgos in the north of present-day Spain, where he had died and had already been buried, to Granada in the south of present-day Spain. Apparently, Philip wanted to be buried in Granada. The distance from Burgos to Granada is 423 miles/681 kilometers, a 6 1/2 hour car ride today, but an extraordinary distance in 1506. Pregnant with her last child, Juana traveled with her husband’s body from Burgos to Granada. The trip would take eight months. During the trip, Juana gave birth to her last child named Catherine after her youngest sister, Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of King Henry VIII of England.
In 1509, Juana’s father Ferdinand convinced the parliament that Juana was too mentally ill to govern, and was appointed her guardian and regent of Castile and León. Juana was confined in the Royal Convent of Santa Clara in Tordesillas, Kingdom of Castile, under the orders of her father. Juana’s youngest child Catherine stayed with her mother at the convent until 1525, when she was released from the custody that her mother was to endure until her death in 1555.
Was Juana mad or was she manipulated by her father, husband, and son? Juana’s father Ferdinand, her husband Philip, and her son Carlos had a lot to gain from Juana being declared unfit to rule. Juana did show excessive grief as she traveled through Castile with Philip’s coffin. What is overlooked is that her 28-year-old husband died suddenly after a five-day illness and that she was fulfilling Philip’s wish to be buried in Granada. In addition, her father deliberately blocked Philip’s burial in Granada causing delays in Juana’s journey.
On January 23, 1516, Ferdinand II, King of Aragon died. In his will, Ferdinand named his daughter Juana and her eldest son Carlos (also known as Charles in history) as the co-heirs of the Kingdom of Aragon. However, Juana would never reign as she would not be released from her confinement until her death.
It would be her son Carlos who would reign. Carlos would inherit the dominions of his mother Juana (Castile, León, and Aragon), the dominions of his father Philip (the Burgundian State which were parts of the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Germany), and also the dominions of his paternal grandfather Maximilian I, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, and Holy Roman Emperor who died after his father Philip’s death. When Juana died in 1555, it resulted in the personal union of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, as her son Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, among many other titles, also became King of Castile and León, and Aragon, effectively creating the Kingdom of Spain. Carlos I was not only the first King of a united Spain and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, but he was also Charles I, Archduke of Austria, and Charles II, Lord of the Netherlands, among many other titles.
Juana spent forty-six years basically imprisoned. Decades of internment, isolation, and sometimes inhumane treatment by her guards had serious negative effects on her. Juana, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon died on April 12, 1555, aged 75, at the Royal Convent of Santa Clara in Tordesillas, Castile, now in Spain. She was buried with her parents and husband at the Royal Chapel of Granada, now in Spain.
This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.
Works Cited
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Ferdinand II | Biography, Facts, Accomplishments, & Isabella I
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Ferdinand II, king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and began Spain’s entry into the modern period of imperial expansion. Read and learn more about Ferdinand II here.
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-II-king-of-Spain
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Ferdinand II
king of Spain
Quick Facts
Byname:
Ferdinand the Catholic
Spanish:
Fernando el Católico
Born:
March 10, 1452, Sos, Aragon [Spain]
Died:
January 23, 1516, Madrigalejo, Spain (aged 63)
Top Questions
Who was King Ferdinand II?
Ferdinand II was the king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. As Spanish ruler of southern Italy, he was also known as Ferdinand III of Naples and Ferdinand II of Sicily. He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain.
What were King Ferdinand II’s parents’ names?
King Ferdinand II’s parents’ names were John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez.
What was King Ferdinand II like?
In portraits, King Ferdinand II appears with soft, well-proportioned features, a small, sensual mouth, and pensive eyes. His literary descriptions are more complicated, although they agree in presenting him as good-looking, of medium height, and a good rider, devoted to games and to the hunt. He had a clear, strong voice.
What is King Ferdinand II best known for?
King Ferdinand II is known for uniting the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain, supporting the Spanish Inquisition (1478–1834), sponsoring Christopher Columbus’s voyages of exploration across the Atlantic Ocean, and commencing Spain’s entry into the modern period of imperial expansion.
Ferdinand II (born March 10, 1452, Sos, Aragon [Spain]—died January 23, 1516, Madrigalejo, Spain) was the king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. (As Spanish ruler of southern Italy, he was also known as Ferdinand III of Naples and Ferdinand II of Sicily.) He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and began Spain’s entry into the modern period of imperial expansion.
Early life
Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, both of Castilian origin. In 1461, in the midst of a bitterly contested succession, John II named him heir apparent and governor of all his kingdoms and lands. Ferdinand’s future was assured when he came of age, in 1466, and when he was named king of Sicily, in 1468, in order to impress the court of Castile, where his father ultimately wished to place him. In addition to participating in court life, the young prince saw battle during the Catalonian wars.
Britannica Quiz
Kings and Emperors (Part III) Quiz
John II was careful about Ferdinand’s education and took personal charge of it, making sure that Ferdinand learned as much as possible from experience. He also provided him with teachers who taught him humanistic attitudes and wrote him treatises on the art of government. Ferdinand had no apparent bent for formal studies, but he was a patron of the arts and a devotee of vocal and instrumental music.
Ferdinand had an imposing personality but was never very genial. From his father he acquired sagacity, integrity, courage, and a calculated reserve; from his mother, an impulsive emotionality, which he generally repressed. Under the responsibility of kingship he had to conceal his stronger passions and adopt a cold, impenetrable mask.
Marriage to Isabella and unification of Spain
He married the princess Isabella of Castile in Valladolid in October 1469. This was a marriage of political opportunism, not romance. The court of Aragon dreamed of a return to Castile, and Isabella needed help to gain succession to the throne. The marriage initiated a dark and troubled life, in which Ferdinand fought on the Castilian and Aragonese fronts in order to impose his authority over the noble oligarchies, shifting his basis of support from one kingdom to the other according to the intensity of the danger. Despite the political nature of the union, he loved Isabella sincerely. She quickly bore him children: the infanta Isabella was born in 1470; the heir apparent, Juan, in 1478; and the infantas Juana (called Juana la Loca—Joan the Mad), Catalina (later called—as the first wife of Henry VIII of England—Catherine of Aragon), and María followed. The marriage began, however, with almost continual separation. Ferdinand, often away in the Castilian towns or on journeys to Aragon, reproached his wife for the comfort of her life. At the same time, the restlessness of his 20 years drove him into other women’s arms, by whom he sired at least two female children, whose birth dates are not recorded. His extramarital affairs caused Isabella jealousy for several years.
Between the ages of 20 and 30, Ferdinand performed a series of heroic deeds. These began when Henry IV of Castile died on December 11, 1474, leaving his succession in dispute. Ferdinand rushed from Zaragoza to Segovia, where Isabella had herself proclaimed queen of Castile on December 13. Ferdinand remained there as king consort, an uneasy, marginal figure, until Isabella’s war of succession against Afonso V of Portugal gained his acceptance in 1479 as king in every sense of the word. That same year John II died, and Ferdinand succeeded to the Aragonese throne. This initiated a confederation of kingdoms, which was the institutional basis for modern Spain.
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The events of this period bring out the young king’s character more clearly. In portraits he appears with soft, well-proportioned features, a small, sensual mouth, and pensive eyes. His literary descriptions are more complicated, although they agree in presenting him as good-looking, of medium height, and a good rider, devoted to games and to the hunt. He had a clear, strong voice.
The Spanish Inquisition, conquest of Granada, and voyages of Columbus
From 1475 to 1479 Ferdinand struggled to take a firm seat in Castile with his young wife and to transform the kingdom politically, using new institutional molds partly inspired by those of Aragon. This policy of modernization included a ban against all religions other than Roman Catholicism. The establishment of the Spanish Inquisition (1478) to enforce religious uniformity and the expulsion of the Jews (1492) were both part of a deliberate policy designed to strengthen the church, which would in turn support the crown.
The years 1482–92 were frantic for Ferdinand. In the spring months he directed the campaign against the kingdom of Granada, showing his military talent to good effect, and he conquered the kingdom inch by inch, winning its final capitulation on January 2, 1492. During the months of rest from war, he visited his kingdoms, learning their geography and problems firsthand.
The conquest of Granada made it possible to support Christopher Columbus’ voyages of exploration across the Atlantic. It is not known what Ferdinand thought of Columbus or how he judged his plans, nor can it be stated that the first trip was financed from Aragon; the sum of 1,157,000 maravedis came from the funds of the Santa Hermandad (“Holy Brotherhood”). Nevertheless, Ferdinand was present in the development of plans for the enterprise, in the negotiations to obtain the pope’s backing for it, and in the organization of the resulting American colonies.
At the age of 50 Ferdinand was an incarnation of royalty, and fortune smiled on him. For various reasons, particularly for his intervention in Italy, Pope Alexander VI gave him the honorary title of “the Catholic” on December 2, 1496. But he also suffered a succession of tragedies: the heir apparent and his eldest daughter both died, and the first symptoms of insanity appeared in his daughter Juana. He was wounded in Barcelona in 1493, but this was unimportant compared with the family injuries he suffered, which culminated in the death of Isabella in 1504, “the best and most excellent wife king ever had.”
In 1505, to secure his position in Castile, Ferdinand signed a contract to marry Germaine de Foix, niece of the king of France. This, too, was a political marriage, although he always showed her the highest regard. A stay in Italy (1506–07) demonstrated how badly he was needed by the Spanish kingdoms. Once more in Castile, he managed his European policy so as to obtain a hegemony that would serve his expansionary ends in the Mediterranean and in Africa. In 1512, immediately after the schism in the church in which the kings of Navarre participated, he occupied their kingdom and incorporated it into Castile—one of the most controversial acts of his reign.
Death and legacy
In 1513 Ferdinand’s health began to decay, although he was still able to direct his international policy and to prepare the succession of his grandson, the future emperor Charles V. In early 1516 he began a trip to Granada; he stopped in Madrigalejo, the little site of the sanctuary of Guadalupe, where he died. The day before his death, he had signed his last will and testament, an excellent picture of the monarch and of the political situation at his death.
Many considered Ferdinand the saviour of his kingdoms, a bringer of unity. Others despised him for having oppressed them. Machiavelli attributed to him the objectionable qualities of the Renaissance prince. The German traveler Thomas Müntzer and the Italian diplomat Francesco Guicciardini, who knew him personally, compared him with Charlemagne. His will indicates that he died with a clear conscience, ordering that his body be moved to Granada and buried next to that of his wife Isabella, so that they might be reunited for eternity. He died convinced that the crown of Spain had not been so powerful for 700 years, “and all, after God, because of my work and my labour.”
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Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516)
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https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/15744
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Ferdinand II king of Aragon (1479–1516). He was the fourth king of the Trastámara dynasty, which had first come to power after the Compromise of Caspe, reached after Martin I died with no living descendants in 1410. Although in terms of artistic patronage Ferdinand II was not as active as his wife Elisabeth I, he was still aware that the wise use of artistic commissions in reinforcing ideas and concepts favourable to the institution of the monarchy. He is a highly important figure in the history of Spain because, along with Elisabeth, he was one of the Catholic Monarchs and thus represents a new conception of power based on their joint governance, a fact that is reflected in the iconography found in his artistic commissions across all genres. All of the images are evidence of how King Ferdinand, at the end of the Middle Ages, wanted to be recognised by his subjects, who also used his image for legitimising and propagandistic purposes. Nobody else in the history of the Hispanic kingdoms had their image represented so many times and on such diverse occasions as did the Catholic Monarchs.
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The early years of King Ferdinand II of Aragon
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The future King Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on 10 March 1452 as the son of King John II of Aragon and Navarre and his second wife, Juana Enríquez. At the time of his birth, he had an elder half-brother and two elder half-sisters from his father's first marriage to Blanche I, Queen of Navarre in her own right.
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https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/the-year-of-isabella-i-of-castile-2024/the-year-of-isabella-i-of-castile-the-early-years-of-king-ferdinand-ii-of-aragon/
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The future King Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on 10 March 1452 as the son of King John II of Aragon and Navarre and his second wife, Juana Enríquez. At the time of his birth, he had an elder half-brother and two elder half-sisters from his father’s first marriage to Blanche I, Queen of Navarre in her own right.
Although upon Blanche’s death, the throne of Navarre technically passed to Ferdinand’s brother Charles, his father John had kept the power in his own hands. Charles would die in 1461 without ever having held power. The throne then passed firstly to Ferdinand’s elder half-sister, Queen Blanche II, who had returned home after a disastrous marriage and was promptly imprisoned. She died in 1464. Ferdinand’s second half-sister, Eleanor, perhaps knew better than to oppose him, and she only briefly succeeded officially as Queen of Navarre after Ferdinand’s death. The throne of Navarre would pass through Eleanor’s line.
John and Juana had another child after Ferdinand, a daughter named Joanna, who ended up marrying King Ferdinand I of Naples. Ferdinand himself was born in the town of Sos del Rey Católico, then just called Sos, and he too belonged to the House of Trastámara, to which his future wife also belonged. They were second cousins through a common descent from King John I of Castile and Eleanor of Aragon. As a younger son, he was not born to be a King, and he grew up in a politically difficult climate.
Following the death of Ferdinand’s brother Charles on 23 September 1461, the nine-year-old Ferdinand was sworn in as heir apparent of Aragon on 6 October 1461. He was then “conducted by his mother into Catalonia, in order to receive the more doubtful homage of that province.” He was later described as having “chivalrous valour, combined with maturity of judgment far above his years. Indeed, he was decidedly superior to his rivals in personal merit and attractions.”
About his education, Ferdinand would later say that he had “seen much but read little.” He still had the basis of a classical education, and he was taught Latin by Francisco Vidal de Noya. However, he had his own horse from the age of eight and spent more time in the saddle than in the classroom. As his father became increasingly blind over the years, Ferdinand soon joined him on the battlefield.
The marriage between Ferdinand and Isabella had been on the cards when they were just children, but it had not happened then. Isabella, who was recognised as heiress by her half-brother in 1468, knew that Ferdinand was the right choice. Several suitors had already been considered for her, or rather yet, forced upon her. It thus took some secret manoeuvring for the marriage between Isabella and Ferdinand to take place.
The 17-year-old Ferdinand had already fathered a son, Alfonso, who was born in 1469. He had also been ceded the Kingdom of Sicily by his father in 1468. Yet, he took a chance on a Princess whose road to Queenship was not set in stone.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516)
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Introduction to the Reign of Ferdinand II
1. Introduction to the Reign of Ferdinand II
Ferdinand II was not destined to be king, he was born after the second marriage of Johan II of Aragon (1458–1479) to Juana Enriquez, and was the king’s second son. The crown should have gone to Charles, Prince of Viana and son of Blanche of Navarra. However, the clashes and hostilities convulsing the kingdom meant that the Aragonese Cortes of 1461 decided that the second son should succeed to the throne. The climate remained convulsive until the death of Johan II, when Ferdinand was unanimously accepted. All of his subjects, including the Catalans, pinned their hopes on him.
On 5 March 1469 Elisabeth, who had been proclaimed heir to the crown of Castile in the Treaty of Toros de Guisando, signed the Capitulations of Cervera, which meant she entered into a marriage agreement with the heir of Aragon, Ferdinand. Together and as equals their reign was to be one of the most important in the history of Spain and would mark the future of the peninsular kingdoms. Ferdinand’s concern for the defence of Christianity was internationally recognised; he was commemorated as “Ferdinand, the Catholic King, propagator of the Christian empire”, in the inscription accompanying his wreathed portrayal in the Vatican stanzas painted by the famous Rafael.
Under the Catholic Monarchs Spanish national unity was still de facto rather than de jure; nevertheless, their reign was central to the history of Spain and the creation of the modern nation (on just the subject of his kingdom, see [1][2][3][4][5][6]). The death of Ferdinand II ushered in a new era in the history of the kingdom of Aragon with the accession of Charles I of Spain and V of Germany, a member of the Habsburg dynasty who assumed the government of Castile, Navarre and Aragon and came to personify one of the most powerful kingdoms in modern times.
Ferdinand II was not destined to be king, he was born after the second marriage of Johan II of Aragon (1458–1479) to Juana Enriquez, and was the king’s second son. The crown should have gone to Charles, Prince of Viana and son of Blanche of Navarra. However, the clashes and hostilities convulsing the kingdom meant that the Aragonese Cortes of 1461 decided that the second son should succeed to the throne. The climate remained convulsive until the death of Johan II, when Ferdinand was unanimously accepted. All of his subjects, including the Catalans, pinned their hopes on him.
2. Character, Appearance and Artistic Patronage
We do not have in-depth knowledge of the king’s character and appearance despite the information provided by chroniclers and travellers who alluded to him. Perhaps Hernando del Pulgar’s physical description is the most accurate: “he was a man of medium height, well-proportioned in his limbs, in the features of his well-composed face, his eyes smiling, his hair tight and smooth [.]. His speech was even, neither hurried nor too slow. He was of good understanding and very temperate in eating and drinking, and in the movements of his person [.] neither anger nor pleasure altered him [.]. He was a great hunter of birds, and a man of good effort and a hard worker in war [.]. And he had a singular grace that anyone who spoke with him immediately esteemed him and wished to serve him [.]” [7].
He was seduced by pieces of jewellery, especially if they had diamonds and rubies. Some of these pieces were made by famous silversmiths, the records showing that there were as many as eight in his service, one of whom was Jewish [8]. He enjoyed showing off his jewellery and on one occasion he even survived an attack in Barcelona on 7 December 1492 because the width of his necklace prevented the knife of his would-be assassin, Joan de Canyamàs, from penetrating deep enough to kill him. The episode was recorded in the margin of two pages of the Dietari del Consell de la Ciutat de Barcelona (Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat, Barcelona. Ms. A-359), perhaps by the scribe Marc Bosquets, who details the event and the punishment suffered by the attacker [9] (authorship proposed by [10]; analysis of drawings in [11]). It is surprising to learn that he was illiterate, although as a Renaissance prince he did much to promote culture, as did his wife Elisabeth. It is said that he inspired Machiavelli’s work “The Prince” (among others, [12]).
Both Ferdinand and Elisabeth exploited the royal image and increased its prestige through court ceremonials, panegyrics, and iconography, for which they used novel, rich and varied artistic forms which were open to Renaissance trends, although without excluding the late Gothic, Islamic and Mudejar styles, which persisted in architecture, objects and everyday settings. Their image proliferated in various media, accompanied by extensive inscriptions, heraldry, and the use of devices such as the yoke and arrows to allude to the names of the monarchs, and the Gordian knot, related to the motto of tanto monta that summed up the equality between them as heads of government. Ferdinand II was aware that art was the most visible sign of his power and he always commissioned works in conjunction with his wife, to the extent that once he was widowed, he continued with the works they had planned or begun. He should be considered one of the great patrons of the Hispanic Middle Ages, and although he was served by artists of lesser status than those who worked for his wife, one can still find renowned names such as the painters Tomás Giner, Miguel Ximénez and Hernando del Rincón, the silversmith Jaume Aymerich, the miniaturist Alonso Ximènez and the sculptors Gil Morlanes and Domenico Fancelli (the following studies by Joaquín Yarza are essential reading [13][14][15][16][17]).
On 5 March 1469 Elisabeth, who had been proclaimed heir to the crown of Castile in the Treaty of Toros de Guisando, signed the Capitulations of Cervera, which meant she entered into a marriage agreement with the heir of Aragon, Ferdinand. Together and as equals their reign was to be one of the most important in the history of Spain and would mark the future of the peninsular kingdoms. Ferdinand’s concern for the defence of Christianity was internationally recognised; he was commemorated as “Ferdinand, the Catholic King, propagator of the Christian empire”, in the inscription accompanying his wreathed portrayal in the Vatican stanzas painted by the famous Rafael.
Under the Catholic Monarchs Spanish national unity was still de facto rather than de jure; nevertheless, their reign was central to the history of Spain and the creation of the modern nation (on just the subject of his kingdom, see [1–6]). The death of Ferdinand II ushered in a new era in the history of the kingdom of Aragon with the accession of Charles I of Spain and V of Germany, a member of the Habsburg dynasty who assumed the government of Castile, Navarre and Aragon and came to personify one of the most powerful kingdoms in modern times.
Character, Appearance and Artistic Patronage
We do not have in-depth knowledge of the king’s character and appearance despite the information provided by chroniclers and travellers who alluded to him. Perhaps Hernando del Pulgar’s physical description is the most accurate: “he was a man of medium height, well-proportioned in his limbs, in the features of his well-composed face, his eyes smiling, his hair tight and smooth [.]. His speech was even, neither hurried nor too slow. He was of good understanding and very temperate in eating and drinking, and in the movements of his person [.] neither anger nor pleasure altered him [.]. He was a great hunter of birds, and a man of good effort and a hard worker in war [.]. And he had a singular grace that anyone who spoke with him immediately esteemed him and wished to serve him [.]” [7].
He was seduced by pieces of jewellery, especially if they had diamonds and rubies. Some of these pieces were made by famous silversmiths, the records showing that there were as many as eight in his service, one of whom was Jewish [8]. He enjoyed showing off his jewellery and on one occasion he even survived an attack in Barcelona on 7 December 1492 because the width of his necklace prevented the knife of his would-be assassin, Joan de Canyamàs, from penetrating deep enough to kill him. The episode was recorded in the margin of two pages of the Dietari del Consell de la Ciutat de Barcelona (Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat, Barcelona. Ms. A-359), perhaps by the scribe Marc Bosquets, who details the event and the punishment suffered by the attacker [9] (authorship proposed by [10]; analysis of drawings in [11]). It is surprising to learn that he was illiterate, although as a Renaissance prince he did much to promote culture, as did his wife Elisabeth. It is said that he inspired Machiavelli’s work “The Prince” (among others, [12]).
Both Ferdinand and Elisabeth exploited the royal image and increased its prestige through court ceremonials, panegyrics, and iconography, for which they used novel, rich and varied artistic forms which were open to Renaissance trends, although without excluding the late Gothic, Islamic and Mudejar styles, which persisted in architecture, objects and everyday settings. Their image proliferated in various media, accompanied by extensive inscriptions, heraldry, and the use of devices such as the yoke and arrows to allude to the names of the monarchs, and the Gordian knot, related to the motto of tanto monta that summed up the equality between them as heads of government. Ferdinand II was aware that art was the most visible sign of his power and he always commissioned works in conjunction with his wife, to the extent that once he was widowed, he continued with the works they had planned or begun. He should be considered one of the great patrons of the Hispanic Middle Ages, and although he was served by artists of lesser status than those who worked for his wife, one can still find renowned names such as the painters Tomás Giner, Miguel Ximénez and Hernando del Rincón, the silversmith Jaume Aymerich, the miniaturist Alonso Ximènez and the sculptors Gil Morlanes and Domenico Fancelli (the following studies by Joaquín Yarza are essential reading [13–17]).
Elements of a Legal Nature: Coins and Seals
3.1. Coins
Fernando II continued with the previous coins types, although he also opened a new period that led to new types and iconography. The result of the new artistic experiences was the integration of his portrait into his dies, something unusual in the numismatic trajectory of the kings of Aragon.
Continuing the policy of his predecessors, he unified the values of the traditional coins in all his territories. He generalised the use of the ducat or ducat d’or, also called the excelente in the Valencian mint [18] (Figure 1). With a diversity of dies according to their denominations and places of issue, the hitherto consecrated profile of bust/shield contrasts with the introduction of the new typology F or F and Y crowned/shield and, above all, with the original representation of the busts facing each other/shield.
The crowned initials, perhaps originating from the miniature [19], had precedents in Castile and Leon (see variants in [20]), although they can also be seen in the coinage of Johan II, father of Ferdinand, king consort of Navarra (in his blancas and medias blancas of made of copper and silver alloy. The Prince of Viana also minted gruesos with his crowned initial. See [21]). The iconography of the images facing each other: “with the face of us and of the most honourable queen our wife”, ordered by Ferdinand in his commission to García Gomis, regent of the mint of Valencia in 1488 [22], also had more immediate precedents in Castile. It arose from the reform generated by the Ordinance of 1475, which established this gold coin and stipulated that it had to display the frontal busts of the kings, their names, and the titles of their kingdoms, while silver coins were introduced featuring the coat of arms of the yoke and arrows and the aforementioned crowned initials. For the first time, both monarchs were depicted together on the coinage of Seville, thus reflecting the new governmental model (on the monetary reforms of 1475 and 1497, which confirm the concept of two-headed government, see [23,24]). After Elisabeth's death in 1504, this coin underwent modifications; the effigy of the queen on the obverse and the arms of Castile and Leon on the reverse would disappear. The new coins would advertise Ferdinand’s new status, with the Castilians referring to him disparagingly as catalanote and insisting that he was only king of Aragon. They would feature the traditional bust of the king on the obverse and a crowned lozenge with the arms of Aragon on the reverse [25]. It was a brief minting; with the death of Philip I, Ferdinand II regained control of Castile, meaning that his coins also returned to their previous imagery.
3. Elements of a Legal Nature: Coins and Seals
3.1. Coins
Fernando II continued with the previous coins types, although he also opened a new period that led to new types and iconography. The result of the new artistic experiences was the integration of his portrait into his dies, something unusual in the numismatic trajectory of the kings of Aragon.
Continuing the policy of his predecessors, he unified the values of the traditional coins in all his territories. He generalised the use of the ducat or ducat d’or, also called the excelente in the Valencian mint [18] (Figure 1). With a diversity of dies according to their denominations and places of issue, the hitherto consecrated profile of bust/shield contrasts with the introduction of the new typology F or F and Y crowned/shield and, above all, with the original representation of the busts facing each other/shield.
Figure 1.Coins of Fernando I. (
Coins of Fernando I. (
a). Ducat of Valencia, with F, obverse; (
). Ducat of Valencia, with F, obverse; (
b). Ducat of Valencia, with F and Y crowned, obverse and reverse; (
). Ducat of Valencia, with F and Y crowned, obverse and reverse; (
c). Doble ducat or Excelente of Valencia, obverse and reverse. All from https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=sale&sid=359&cid=10127; (
). Doble ducat or Excelente of Valencia, obverse and reverse. All from https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=sale&sid=359&cid=10127 (accessed on 20 October 2021); (
d). Doble ducat, obverse and reverse. From https://www.numismaticodigital.com/noticia/5525/ultima-hora/hoy-seleccion-500-de-aureo&calico-en-barcelona.html; (
). Doble ducat, obverse and reverse. From https://www.numismaticodigital.com/noticia/5525/ultima-hora/hoy-seleccion-500-de-aureo&calico-en-barcelona.html (accessed on 20 October 2021); (e). Doble castellano or dineral, obverse. From https://aureocalico.bidinside.com/es/lot/2010/reyes-catlicos-sevilla-doble-castellano-/ (accessed on 20 October 2021).
The crowned initials, perhaps originating from the miniature [19], had precedents in Castile and Leon (see variants in [20]), although they can also be seen in the coinage of Johan II, father of Ferdinand, king consort of Navarra (in his blancas and medias blancas of made of copper and silver alloy. The Prince of Viana also minted gruesos with his crowned initial. See [21]). The iconography of the images facing each other: “with the face of us and of the most honourable queen our wife”, ordered by Ferdinand in his commission to García Gomis, regent of the mint of Valencia in 1488 [22], also had more immediate precedents in Castile. It arose from the reform generated by the Ordinance of 1475, which established this gold coin and stipulated that it had to display the frontal busts of the kings, their names, and the titles of their kingdoms, while silver coins were introduced featuring the coat of arms of the yoke and arrows and the aforementioned crowned initials. For the first time, both monarchs were depicted together on the coinage of Seville, thus reflecting the new governmental model (on the monetary reforms of 1475 and 1497, which confirm the concept of two-headed government, see [23][24]). After Elisabeth’s death in 1504, this coin underwent modifications; the effigy of the queen on the obverse and the arms of Castile and Leon on the reverse would disappear. The new coins would advertise Ferdinand’s new status, with the Castilians referring to him disparagingly as catalanote and insisting that he was only king of Aragon. They would feature the traditional bust of the king on the obverse and a crowned lozenge with the arms of Aragon on the reverse [25]. It was a brief minting; with the death of Philip I, Ferdinand II regained control of Castile, meaning that his coins also returned to their previous imagery.
The doble castellano or dineral, which features the enthroned sovereigns on the obverse, was a new introduction in the Iberian Peninsula. Its iconography had been established in the Royal Decree of 1475 [26][27][28] and was new in the Hispanic territories. Undoubtedly, the collecting ancient coins and medals by the high dignitaries of the court led to knowledge of this typology, typical of Byzantine coinage until the 13th century, and which also reflected the political reality of the joint-government established by the two monarchs (details on the iconography on the coinage of Ferdinand II, also outside the peninsular kingdoms, see [11], pp. 19–32).
3.2. Seals
Ferdinand II continued to use certain earlier typologies, as is evidenced by his main seals, which are almost identical to those of John II except for details and legends [29]. Leaving aside his minor seals, all of which are heraldic, his bulls are particularly interesting, these being two types of metallic stamp of varying dimensions. The first is the traditional one: equestrian/heraldic, although on the reverse the Saracen heads are face-on and crowned. The second has a new feature: the obverse depicts the equestrian sovereign and the reverse the enthroned queen (Figure
). Doble castellano or dineral, obverse. From https://aureocalico.bidinside.com/es/lot/2010/reyes-catlicos-sevilla-doble-castellano-/.
The doble castellano or dineral, which features the enthroned sovereigns on the obverse, was a new introduction in the Iberian Peninsula. Its iconography had been established in the Royal Decree of 1475 [26–28] and was new in the Hispanic territories. Undoubtedly, the collecting ancient coins and medals by the high dignitaries of the court led to knowledge of this typology, typical of Byzantine coinage until the 13th century, and which also reflected the political reality of the joint-government established by the two monarchs (details on the iconography on the coinage of Ferdinand II, also outside the peninsular kingdoms, see [11], pp. 19-32).
3.2. Seals
Ferdinand II continued to use certain earlier typologies, as is evidenced by his main seals, which are almost identical to those of John II except for details and legends [29]. Leaving aside his minor seals, all of which are heraldic, his bulls are particularly interesting, these being two types of metallic stamp of varying dimensions. The first is the traditional one: equestrian/heraldic, although on the reverse the Saracen heads are face-on and crowned. The second has a new feature: the obverse depicts the equestrian sovereign and the reverse the enthroned queen (Figure 2).
2).
Figure 2.
Lead Bulls of the Catholic Monarchs. Undated. Published by [29], nums. 112, 131.
On the obverse, surrounded by + FERDINANDVS: DEI: GRACIA: REX: CASTELE: LEGIONIS : ARAGONVM : ET SEC, we can see the king mounted on his horse, which is facing either right or left and appears less light of foot than its predecessors because its protective coverings are more rigid. Perhaps this is because of the need to incorporate the complex arms of the Catholics Monarchs and would also explain why the rider’s shield is unemblazoned. On the reverse, encircled by + HELISABET: DEI GRA: REGINA: CASTELLE: LEGIONIS ARAGONVM: ET SECILIE, the queen is enthroned and accompanied by a shield displaying an emblem identical to that of the rider’s coat of arms. There are numerous pieces, and with slight variations; some of them betray elements of the new trends in monumental sculpture at the time, referred to by some as plateresco because of its connections with works in precious metals.
Although they invert the iconographic order (equestrian/ enthroned), the traditionalism of these pieces, in accordance with the models of the Crown of Aragon, should not deceive: these bulls represent the first appearance of the royal couple on the same seal, thus providing a visual depiction, as seen on their coins, of their joint governance.
4. Instrumental Character of Art
4.1. Government Images
It is striking to note the virtual absence of any images of Ferdinand showing him exercising his ministry, in sede maiestatis, a pose so common among his predecessors. During his reign, emblems became so prominent that they pervaded coins and seals, and came to occupy the place of the effigies of the sovereign who, alone or in the company of notaries, scribes or members of the court, in initials or in separate vignettes, attested or validated the document they headed. The transposition of numismatic and sigillographic models to miniatures continued to be common, as is illustrated on fol. 2r of the Privilegios de la Santa Cruz de Valladolid, from 1484 (preserved in the Biblioteca de la Universidad, Valladolid, doc. 9), which derives from the excelentes or medio excelentes (see [14], p. 454 and [11], pp. 43–44), to cite one example.
4.2. The King as Caput Milicie
King Ferdinand was the object of adulation by patrons, private individuals or members of secular and religious institutions. This can be seen, for example, in the most outstanding artistic project undertaken by Cardinal Mendoza, namely, the lower stalls of Toledo Cathedral. In this work, the cardinal exalted Ferdinand and Elisabeth in a remarkable manner (Figure
Lead Bulls of the Catholic Monarchs. Undated. Published by [29], nums. 112, 131
On the obverse, surrounded by + FERDINANDVS : DEI : GRACIA : REX : CASTELE : LEGIONIS : ARAGONVM : ET SEC, we can see the king mounted on his horse, which is facing either right or left and appears less light of foot than its predecessors because its protective coverings are more rigid. Perhaps this is because of the need to incorporate the complex arms of the Catholics Monarchs and would also explain why the rider's shield is unemblazoned. On the reverse, encircled by + HELISABET : DEI GRA : REGINA : CASTELLE : LEGIONIS ARAGONVM : ET SECILIE, the queen is enthroned and accompanied by a shield displaying an emblem identical to that of the rider’s coat of arms. There are numerous pieces, and with slight variations; some of them betray elements of the new trends in monumental sculpture at the time, referred to by some as plateresco because of its connections with works in precious metals.
Although they invert the iconographic order (equestrian/ enthroned), the traditionalism of these pieces, in accordance with the models of the Crown of Aragon, should not deceive: these bulls represent the first appearance of the royal couple on the same seal, thus providing a visual depiction, as seen on their coins, of their joint governance.
Instrumental Character of Art
4.1. Government Images
It is striking to note the virtual absence of any images of Ferdinand showing him exercising his ministry, in sede maiestatis, a pose so common among his predecessors. During his reign, emblems became so prominent that they pervaded coins and seals, and came to occupy the place of the effigies of the sovereign who, alone or in the company of notaries, scribes or members of the court, in initials or in separate vignettes, attested or validated the document they headed. The transposition of numismatic and sigillographic models to miniatures continued to be common, as is illustrated on fol. 2r of the Privilegios de la Santa Cruz de Valladolid, from 1484 (preserved in the Biblioteca de la Universidad, Valladolid, doc. 9), which derives from the excelentes or medio excelentes (see [14], p. 454 and [11], pp. 43-44), to cite one example.
4.2. The King as Caput Milicie
King Ferdinand was the object of adulation by patrons, private individuals or members of secular and religious institutions. This can be seen, for example, in the most outstanding artistic project undertaken by Cardinal Mendoza, namely, the lower stalls of Toledo Cathedral. In this work, the cardinal exalted Ferdinand and Elisabeth in a remarkable manner (Figure 3) by also extolling himself for his close collaboration with them in the war against Granada. Chiseled by Rodrigo Aleman between 1489–1495, it was begun before the conclusion of the campaign, which demonstrates its patron’s conviction that this holy war would have a successful outcome [30–32]. The fact that the cardinal is depicted seven times, six times with the king and once with both monarchs, is evidence of the benefit to be gained from appearing in effigy alongside the Catholic Monarchs (see, [11], p. 56).
Having become analogous with the Reconquista as noted Müntzer (according to [30], p. 16), Ferdinand and Elisabeth are depicted in triumphal scenes, mostly showing city authorities surrendering and handing over their keys, or the entry of the sovereign into subjugated towns, although sometimes other anecdotal episodes are sculpted, which the sculptor may have learnt about as the war progressed. The presence of this military chronicle in a cathedral setting can be explained by the fact that the war with Granada was not only a political act but was also a crusade blessed by God [33] (see, also, [14], p. 456 and [11], pp. 54-93).
3) by also extolling himself for his close collaboration with them in the war against Granada. Chiseled by Rodrigo Aleman between 1489–1495, it was begun before the conclusion of the campaign, which demonstrates its patron’s conviction that this holy war would have a successful outcome [30][31][32]. The fact that the cardinal is depicted seven times, six times with the king and once with both monarchs, is evidence of the benefit to be gained from appearing in effigy alongside the Catholic Monarchs (see, [11], p. 56).
Figure 3.
Diagram of the sillería with its protagonists. 1489–1495. Detail of the stalls: 17. Attempt against the Monarchs in Malaga; 36. Surrender of Vera; 27. Handing over the keys of Granada. Published by [30].
Having become analogous with the Reconquista as noted Müntzer (according to [30], p. 16), Ferdinand and Elisabeth are depicted in triumphal scenes, mostly showing city authorities surrendering and handing over their keys, or the entry of the sovereign into subjugated towns, although sometimes other anecdotal episodes are sculpted, which the sculptor may have learnt about as the war progressed. The presence of this military chronicle in a cathedral setting can be explained by the fact that the war with Granada was not only a political act but was also a crusade blessed by God [33] (see, also, [14], p. 456 and [11], pp. 54–93).
4.3. Devotional Images
During the reign of Ferdinand II, the use of devotional objects as vehicles for political propaganda continued. Although there are precedents, the use of iconography as a pretext or structure under which complex symbolic programmes were concealed became systematised and generalised.
Exemplary in this respect are the Plasencia stalls by master craftsman Rodrigo Aleman, who was contracted by the representatives of the cathedral chapter on 7 June 1497 (Figure
Diagram of the sillería with its protagonists. 1489–1495. Detail of the stalls: 17. Attempt against the Monarchs in Malaga; 36. Surrender of Vera; 27. Handing over the keys of Granada. Published by [30].
4.3. Devotional Images
During the reign of Ferdinand II, the use of devotional objects as vehicles for political propaganda continued. Although there are precedents, the use of iconography as a pretext or structure under which complex symbolic programmes were concealed became systematised and generalised.
Exemplary in this respect are the Plasencia stalls by master craftsman Rodrigo Aleman, who was contracted by the representatives of the cathedral chapter on 7 June 1497 (Figure 4). The two chairs at the ends of the stalls, together with the central one for St Peter, are the largest and stand on a special base that gives their occupants a commanding view and, at the same time, allows them to be easily seen (see [33], p. 104 and [34]). Both present inlays of the Catholic Monarchs, who had the prerogative of accessing the choir as honorary canons and collecting the corresponding ratione -prebend or benefice-, a custom that spread in the late Middle Ages probably due to the more direct intervention of kings in ecclesiastical affairs (see [35,36]. The chairs’ dimensions and position on high, similar to that of the venerable Peter, place the monarchs in a glorious spatial environment, a new visual sign of their supposed sacredness that the monarchs so longed for (see [14], p. 467).
The monarchy's desire to make its presence felt in the religious sphere was manifested in other developments, as is illustrated by the portals of the monastery of Santa Cruz in Segovia, the church of El Paular, the most problematic portal of the cloister of Segovia Cathedral (descriptions and problems in [11], pp. 118-124), and the well-known portal of Santa Engracia in Saragossa (Figure 4). The latter was commenced by Ferdinand II’s father, Johan II, who, after entrusting himself to the saint, had his sight restored after a cataract operation in 1468 [37–39]. When John II realized that he would not be able to complete it, he commissioned Ferdinand to do so, given that he “liked to see the designs, because he had a taste for architecture” [40]. To this end, Ferdinand II wrote, on 8 May 1493, that “the work on the Aljafería should cease and everything that was to be spent there should be redirected to the work on Santa Engracia” [41]. Catalogued as one of the earliest examples of a Renaissance doorway in Spain, and executed by the Morlanes family, its iconography features several elements, including the monarchs, the ancient cults of the sanctuary, symbols of the order that took over the monastery, and the connotations underlying the form and ornamentation of the triumphal arch that constituted the doorway. It was a showcase of intentions at a time when the king sought to dignify his image, which had deteriorated in Catalonia due to the civil war against his father, and in Castile, where his power was questioned by the nobility (see [8], p. 64). Some believe the effigy of the king is a portrait, either because of a sculpture that was kept in the sacristy of the monastery or because Gil Morlanes the Elder maintained a close personal relationship with the monarchs [42] (see, also [37], p. 13).
4). The two chairs at the ends of the stalls, together with the central one for St Peter, are the largest and stand on a special base that gives their occupants a commanding view and, at the same time, allows them to be easily seen (see [33], p. 104 and [34]). Both present inlays of the Catholic Monarchs, who had the prerogative of accessing the choir as honorary canons and collecting the corresponding ratione -prebend or benefice-, a custom that spread in the late Middle Ages probably due to the more direct intervention of kings in ecclesiastical affairs (see [35][36]. The chairs’ dimensions and position on high, similar to that of the venerable Peter, place the monarchs in a glorious spatial environment, a new visual sign of their supposed sacredness that the monarchs so longed for (see [14], p. 467).
Figure 4.
The Catholic Monarchs in the Plasencia cathedral stalls. 1497–1503. Published by [35] vol. II, p. 138; Santa Engracia monastery. 1514–1516. General view and detail of the Reyes Católicos. Published by [8], p. 239.
The monarchy’s desire to make its presence felt in the religious sphere was manifested in other developments, as is illustrated by the portals of the monastery of Santa Cruz in Segovia, the church of El Paular, the most problematic portal of the cloister of Segovia Cathedral (descriptions and problems in [11], pp. 118–124), and the well-known portal of Santa Engracia in Saragossa (Figure
The Catholic Monarchs in the Plasencia cathedral stalls. 1497–1503. Published by [35] vol. II, p. 138; Santa Engracia monastery. 1514–1516. General view and detail of the Reyes Católicos. Published by [8], p. 239
The images depicting the king as protector and restorer of the Church, and as an exemplary and just devotee, mostly together with his wife, are very common. This can be seen in the doorway of the collegiate church of Daroca, which dates to around 1482–1488, proof of his predilection for important sanctuaries, in this case dedicated to the Sagrados Corporales, to which he allocated resources for their restoration and embellishment [43,44] (see, also, [8], p. 79). Another example is the anonymous Piedad de los Reyes Católicos in the cathedral of Granada, perhaps an ex-voto donated by the monarchs on their second entry into the city on 5 January 1492 [45], or the Mater Omnium of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, from around 1485 by Diego de la Cruz and his workshop, the result of the imposition of Leonor Mendoza as abbess, despite the opposition of the community. In a context of tension, the abbess or her uncle, the famous cardinal, endowed the monastery with a work that showed the union within the community and its links with the royalty, who had extended such favours towards it [46] (and [14], p. 465).
Other religiously and politically significant representations are those that allude to religious orthodoxy and spiritual renewal. One of the most illustrative works is the famous panel of the Virgen de los Reyes Católicos of Saint Thomas of Avila (nowadays in Museo del Prado, Madrid), from around 1490 and closely related to the Holy Inquisition [47] (Figure 5). The institution was lauded by the monarchy because, in addition to looking after the interests of the Church, it enabled the monarchs to wield unquestioned power in each of their kingdoms (see [4], pp. 134-135). The attention to detail and the coincidence with the descriptions of these monarchs leads us to think that their portraits were painted in their presence or from sketches of them taken during their lives [48] (see, also, [42], p. 51). What is certain is that this panel is an indication that the Inquisition had royal and divine approval [49]: not only do the two patron saints of the convent appear, but alongside the kings are two other Dominican inquisitors, Pedro de Arbués, martyred in Saragossa by opponents of the Inquisition, and Tomás de Torquemada, who was prior of the monastery (according to [8], pp. 35-38; [48], planche LVIII and [50]). This panel, an early court portrait that is predominantly devotional in character, is propaganda in defence of the Court of the Holy Office, a fact that is corroborated by the presence of its most prominent members (one of whom was martyred for its cause) and of the sovereigns (who worked so hard for its reinstatement).
4). The latter was commenced by Ferdinand II’s father, Johan II, who, after entrusting himself to the saint, had his sight restored after a cataract operation in 1468 [37][38][39]. When John II realized that he would not be able to complete it, he commissioned Ferdinand to do so, given that he “liked to see the designs, because he had a taste for architecture” [40]. To this end, Ferdinand II wrote, on 8 May 1493, that “the work on the Aljafería should cease and everything that was to be spent there should be redirected to the work on Santa Engracia” [41]. Catalogued as one of the earliest examples of a Renaissance doorway in Spain, and executed by the Morlanes family, its iconography features several elements, including the monarchs, the ancient cults of the sanctuary, symbols of the order that took over the monastery, and the connotations underlying the form and ornamentation of the triumphal arch that constituted the doorway. It was a showcase of intentions at a time when the king sought to dignify his image, which had deteriorated in Catalonia due to the civil war against his father, and in Castile, where his power was questioned by the nobility (see [8], p. 64). Some believe the effigy of the king is a portrait, either because of a sculpture that was kept in the sacristy of the monastery or because Gil Morlanes the Elder maintained a close personal relationship with the monarchs [42] (see, also [37], p. 13).
The images depicting the king as protector and restorer of the Church, and as an exemplary and just devotee, mostly together with his wife, are very common. This can be seen in the doorway of the collegiate church of Daroca, which dates to around 1482–1488, proof of his predilection for important sanctuaries, in this case dedicated to the Sagrados Corporales, to which he allocated resources for their restoration and embellishment [43][44] (see, also, [8], p. 79). Another example is the anonymous Piedad de los Reyes Católicos in the cathedral of Granada, perhaps an ex-voto donated by the monarchs on their second entry into the city on 5 January 1492 [45], or the Mater Omnium of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, from around 1485 by Diego de la Cruz and his workshop, the result of the imposition of Leonor Mendoza as abbess, despite the opposition of the community. In a context of tension, the abbess or her uncle, the famous cardinal, endowed the monastery with a work that showed the union within the community and its links with the royalty, who had extended such favours towards it [46] (and [14], p. 465).
Other religiously and politically significant representations are those that allude to religious orthodoxy and spiritual renewal. One of the most illustrative works is the famous panel of the Virgen de los Reyes Católicos of Saint Thomas of Avila (nowadays in Museo del Prado, Madrid), from around 1490 and closely related to the Holy Inquisition [47] (Figure 5). The institution was lauded by the monarchy because, in addition to looking after the interests of the Church, it enabled the monarchs to wield unquestioned power in each of their kingdoms (see [4], pp. 134–135). The attention to detail and the coincidence with the descriptions of these monarchs leads us to think that their portraits were painted in their presence or from sketches of them taken during their lives [48] (see, also, [42], p. 51). What is certain is that this panel is an indication that the Inquisition had royal and divine approval [49]: not only do the two patron saints of the convent appear, but alongside the kings are two other Dominican inquisitors, Pedro de Arbués, martyred in Saragossa by opponents of the Inquisition, and Tomás de Torquemada, who was prior of the monastery (according to [8], pp. 35–38; [48], planche LVIII and [50]). This panel, an early court portrait that is predominantly devotional in character, is propaganda in defence of the Court of the Holy Office, a fact that is corroborated by the presence of its most prominent members (one of whom was martyred for its cause) and of the sovereigns (who worked so hard for its reinstatement).
Figure 5.
Virgen de los Reyes Católicos. c. 1490. Published by Bango, I. Dir.; Maravillas, vol. II, p. 184.
5. A New Artistic Genre at Court: Portraiture
Portraiture was introduced at court in the time of the Catholic Monarchs. In addition to the aforementioned early portraits in the Virgen de los Reyes, the Mater Omnium and, in sculpture, on the façade of Santa Engracia, there were other examples, such as the portrayals that appeared in some scenes of the Políptico de Isabel la Católica (this set contained 47 little panels), of which 28 panels have survived, two with effigies of Ferdinand II. Perhaps his painter, John of Flanders, used this work as a pretext to paint the kings from life [51][52].
This genre reflected, in image and likeness, the true portrait of the king [53]. The institutional framework in which the monarch wanted to be seen, with the insignia of his status, was no longer important; instead he wanted a faithful record of his appearance. Earlier attempts had been made: John I (1387–1396) in 1388 tried to hire Jacques Coene after learning of his skills in depicting particular faces [54]. Ferdinand II also lamented his attempt to secure the hand in marriage of the Neapolitan Infanta for his son John, which failed because he lacked a painter of sufficient quality to be able to send a suitable likeness of him (see [14], p. 444 and [55]).
The new genre was intended to be a mirror and record of individual features. There are 4 known examples of King Ferdinand II, practically identical and following the compositional formula of the Flemish portrait in the 15th century: the Windsor portrait, from around 1490–1500; the Vienna portrait, of the same date; the Berlin portrait, after 1492; and the Poitiers portrait, of the same date [56][57] (see, also, [11], chap. VI (Figure
Virgen de los Reyes Católicos. c. 1490. Published by Bango, I. Dir.; Maravillas, vol. II, p. 184
A new Artistic Genre at Court: Portraiture
Portraiture was introduced at court in the time of the Catholic Monarchs. In addition to the aforementioned early portraits in the Virgen de los Reyes, the Mater Omnium and, in sculpture, on the façade of Santa Engracia, there were other examples, such as the portrayals that appeared in some scenes of the Políptico de Isabel la Católica (this set contained 47 little panels), of which 28 panels have survived, two with effigies of Ferdinand II. Perhaps his painter, John of Flanders, used this work as a pretext to paint the kings from life [51,52].
This genre reflected, in image and likeness, the true portrait of the king [53]. The institutional framework in which the monarch wanted to be seen, with the insignia of his status, was no longer important; instead he wanted a faithful record of his appearance. Earlier attempts had been made: John I (1387–1396) in 1388 tried to hire Jacques Coene after learning of his skills in depicting particular faces [54]. Ferdinand II also lamented his attempt to secure the hand in marriage of the Neapolitan Infanta for his son John, which failed because he lacked a painter of sufficient quality to be able to send a suitable likeness of him (see [14], p. 444 and [55]).
The new genre was intended to be a mirror and record of individual features. There are 4 known examples of King Ferdinand II, practically identical and following the compositional formula of the Flemish portrait in the 15th century: the Windsor portrait, from around 1490–1500; the Vienna portrait, of the same date; the Berlin portrait, after 1492; and the Poitiers portrait, of the same date [56,57] (see, also, [11], chap. VI (Figure 6).
6).
Figure 6.Fernando II portraits: Palacio Real, Windsor Castle. c. 1490–1500. Published by [55], planche VI; Kunsthistorishes Museum, Viena. c. 1490–1500. Published by Schütz, K.; Vitale, A. Anonimo fiammingo. Rittrato di Ferdinando II di Aragona, detto il Cattolico. In: I Borgia. L’arte del potere. Electa: Roma, Italy, 2002, p. 10; Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin. Post. 1492. Published by Reyes y mecenas, p. 375; Museum of Poitiers. Published by Fernández, Fernando, p. 373
Fernando II portraits: Palacio Real, Windsor Castle. c. 1490–1500. Published by [55], planche VI; Kunsthistorishes Museum, Viena. c. 1490–1500. Published by Schütz, K.; Vitale, A. Anonimo fiammingo. Rittrato di Ferdinando II di Aragona, detto il Cattolico. In: I Borgia.L’arte del potere. Electa: Roma, Italy, 2002, p. 10; Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin. Post. 1492. Published by Reyes y mecenas, p. 375; Museum of Poitiers. Published by Fernández, Fernando, p. 373.
The greatest similarities are to be found between the Windsor and Vienna portraits (the other two being simpler), the differences being limited to the colour of the clothes and the necklaces on his chest. These similarities suggest that they were not painted from life; moreover, the precision of the details and features of the king’s adult face indicate that portraiture as an independent genre had become fully established in the Iberian Peninsula, an art form hitherto almost unknown in Spain.
The greatest similarities are to be found between the Windsor and Vienna portraits (the other two being simpler), the differences being limited to the colour of the clothes and the necklaces on his chest. These similarities suggest that they were not painted from life; moreover, the precision of the details and features of the king’s adult face indicate that portraiture as an independent genre had become fully established in the Iberian Peninsula, an art form hitherto almost unknown in Spain.
Conclusion
Ferdinand II is one of the great personalities related to the image of the king of Aragon. Firstly, a new conception of power based on joint government with Elisabeth was witnessed and reflected in the iconography in all artistic genres, with the most representative media being seals and coins, stamped at their behest and whose surfaces shared, for the first time, the effigies of both kings. Secondly, the Catholic Monarchs were the object of adulation on the part of the artistic patrons among their subjects, whether these were private individuals or members of secular or religious institutions, and they personified the exaltation of the monarchy to a hitherto unseen extent, although always in keeping with the clear instrumental nature of the artistic projects, including those promoted by the monarchs themselves. Regarded as caput milicie and true defenders of the faith, which earned them the nickname of the Catholic Monarchs, they continued the already established use of sacred works as true vehicles of political propaganda, and under their rule the use of iconography as a pretext or structure for concealing complex symbolic ideas became systematic and generalized.
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Free Essays from Bartleby | King Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on March 10, 1452. He was born in Madrigalejo, Spain. His father is John I of Aragon and his...
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King Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on March 10, 1452. He was born in Madrigalejo, Spain. His father is John I of Aragon and his mother is Joanna Henriquez. He has an older stepbrother, Charles IV of Viana. When Queen Blanche died in 1441, John I of Aragon dispossessed his son, Charles IV. Around the same year of Fernand’s birth, Charles attacked his father with french mercenaries at the Battle of Oibar. Charles and the French mercenaries were defeated and captured and then released. Charles fled
What was Spain like before the Golden Age? King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ruled the kingdoms that eventually became the country of Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella were intent on having a kingdom free of any faith other than Christianity. Many people were killed or even banished from the country. King Ferdinand and Isabella moved their kingdom into a great age for Spain, but did not achieve this in the best way. The marriage of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella joined their family’s two kingdoms
King Ferdinand of SpainBy: TJ GrayKing Ferdinand of Spain is one of the most well known kings of the fifteen century. At a very young age King Ferdinand made decisions which shaped the Spain and world we know today.Ferdinand was born March 10, 1452, in Sos, Aragon. He was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez of Castile. Ferdinand was not considered an intellectual, but was eager to learn. Ferdinand was tutored by humanist Francisco Vidal, he learned to read and write which was uncommon
Frank Colletta Mr. Hoffman Global 1-R 12/09/17 One King, one Queen, otherwise known as Ferdinand and Isabella. Ferdinand and Isabella were cousins. Later on in 1469 they became husband and wife. Isabella became the quartermaster and financier (isabellaqueenofspain.wordpress.com), while Ferdinand was the leader of the army. Together they expanded and ruled the Spanish Empire. (spainthenandnow.com). Isabella was born on April 27, 1451. She was born in a city of Madrigal and raised Catholic
religious faith, was a prerequisite for this discovery because she placed her trust and financed the trip, with the goal of opening a new route for commercial exchanges. Isabel was born on April 22nd of 1451 in Castile, Spain. Her parents were John II of Castile and Isabel of Portugal. She spent her first years in the company of her brother Alfonso, and her mother, a woman that had a passion for
prestige and significance go far beyond that single act. Also commonly known as Queen Isabella the Catholic, she reigned from 1474 to 1504 and together with her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragón, united the Spanish kingdoms and helped pave the way for Spain’s golden age. Yet despite the importance of her marriage to Ferdinand, Isabella was a sovereign queen in her own right, wielding immense power and accomplishing tasks
her empire as she decreased nobles’ power. Queen Isabella I of Castile formed the most powerful empire in Europe, ambitiously ruled her empire, and devoted herself to Christianity. Isabella I was born in April 22, 1451 into the royal family of John II of Castile and Isabella of Portugal in the town of Madgrigal de las Altas Torres. After Isabella I’s father died in 1454, her mother, Isabella of Portugal, raised her. She had blonde hair with auburn and chestnut hues and a light skin tone which was
Christians, Muslims and Jews. This lasted up until the Renaissance when the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon united their Kingdoms and took over the last Moorish Kingdom of Granada. In the ballad, Abenamar, Abenamar (author and original date unknown; translated by Robert Southey) we encounter a conversation between the King John II of Castile and a Moor, Abenamar. King John II, a Christian openly expresses his admiration for Abenamar, a Muslim when he says “O thou Moor of Moreria
commutative coin. Who is this very accomplished person? Queen Isabella. Bold and daring, Queen Isabella accomplished many things in her thirty years of rein as Queen of Castile and Aragon. Queen Isabella was born on April 22, 1451 in Madrigal, Old Castile. Her mother was Isabella of Portugal and her dad was John the II of Castile. Her mom and dad were King and Queen of Castile. She had two brothers, Alfonzo and Henry (“Isabella of Castile” par13). At the age of three Isabella’s father died.
by sailing west was rejected a number of times by the King of Portugal, James II – and at first was equally rejected by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. These rejections were decisions derived from recommendations made by royal “scientific” committees. Each of these committees deemed that Columbus had grossly underestimated the distance and time in voyaging west to reach the Asian continent. It was Ferdinand who recalled Columbus to the royal court of Spain, and upon “political” reconsideration
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Ferdinand II of Aragon, otherwise known as Ferdinand the Catholic, was born March 10, 1452 (and eventually died in the year of 1516, January 23). Ferdinand, although commonly known to have been the...
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2018-07-30T03:40:48+00:00
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Ferdinand was born in Sos del Rey Católico, the son of John II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, the Castilian noblewoman Juana Enríquez. He married Infanta Isabella, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid and became …
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https://familypedia.fandom.com/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon_(1397-1479)
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John II of Aragon (1397-1479)
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2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00
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John II Trastámara of Aragon, King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, King of Valencia, King of Sardinia, King of Majorca, Count of Roussillon, Count of Cerdagne, King of Sicily, was born 29 June 1397 in Medina del Campo to Fernando I of Aragon (1380-1416) and Eleanor de Alburquerque (1374-1435) and...
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Familypedia
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https://familypedia.fandom.com/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon_(1397-1479)
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Biography
John II Trastámara of Aragon, King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, King of Valencia, King of Sardinia, King of Majorca, Count of Roussillon, Count of Cerdagne, King of Sicily, was born 29 June 1397 in Medina del Campo to Fernando I of Aragon (1380-1416) and Eleanor de Alburquerque (1374-1435) and died 20 January 1479 Barcelona of unspecified causes. He married Blanche I of Navarre (1387-1441) 10 June 1420 JL . He married Juana Enriquez de Córdoba (1425-1468) 1444 JL in Torrelabaton.
Children
Offspring of John II of Aragon and Blanche I of Navarre (1387-1441) Name Birth Death Joined with Carlos of Viana (1421-1461) 29 May 1421 23 September 1461 Agnes von Kleve (1422-1446)Brianda de Vaca (?-?) Juana of Aragon (1423-1425) Blanca of Navarre (1424-1464) 9 June 1424 Olite 2 December 1464 Orthe Henry IV of Castile (1425-1474) Eleanor of Aragon (1426-1479) 2 February 1426 Olite, Navarre, Spain 12 February 1479 Tudela, Navarre, Spain Gaston IV de Foix (1423-1472)
Offspring of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez de Córdoba (1425-1468) Name Birth Death Joined with Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516) 10 March 1452 Sos del Rey Católico, Aragon 23 January 1516 Madrigalejo, Extremadura Isabella I of Castile (1451-1504)Germaine de Foix (1488-1536) Joanna of Aragon (1454-1517) 16 June 1454 9 January 1517 Ferdinand I of Naples (1423-1494)
‡ General
wikipedia:en:John_II_of_Aragon
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https://womenineuropeanhistory.wordpress.com/2017/05/04/isabel-of-castile-rough-draft/
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Isabel of Castile – Rough Draft
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2017-05-04T00:00:00
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Martavious Spicer March 21, 2017 First Draft Essay Prof. Palmer The Kween of Spain The role of women in society, specifically women of power, is a topic of much debate. However, the life and reign of Queen Isabella of Spain, more accurately known as Queen Isabel I of Castile and León is regarded as…
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Women in European History
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https://womenineuropeanhistory.wordpress.com/2017/05/04/isabel-of-castile-rough-draft/
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Martavious Spicer
March 21, 2017
First Draft Essay
Prof. Palmer
The Kween of Spain
The role of women in society, specifically women of power, is a topic of much debate. However, the life and reign of Queen Isabella of Spain, more accurately known as Queen Isabel I of Castile and León is regarded as one of the most extra-ordinary of anyone in Early Modern Europe. Notice I said, anyone, Queen Isabella was as remarkable a leader as any king in European history. Historians have long fought with the exact degree to which Isabel personified or transcended the gender norms of her time, as well as whether or not she ruled more through the joint monarchy beside her husband King Fernando of Aragón or as a sovereign-monarch in her own merit. The analysis of primary and secondary documents describing Isabel’s life, her fight for her position on the throne, use of propaganda, joint monarchy, and her more notable achievements reveal her resolute conviction in her own right to be queen and give insight to the intricacies of her power. Isabel was to the expectations of her time period, Isabel challenged gender norms and ruled independently as a sovereign queen. The strength of her independent power shows that even when faced with communal and political difficulty and backlash, women can effectively lead in powerful leadership positions. Female leaders today can learn important lessons from Isabel’s resiliency and forte.
As the lone daughter of the King of Castile and León, Isabel’s early life was strongly influenced by her proximity to ever-fluctuating royal power. She was born on April 22nd, 1451 in Madrigal de las Altas Torres to Juan II and Isabel of Portugal. Her father died when she was three and her older brother became King Henry IV. The Spanish nobles had become very powerful during the reign of John II. Henry did not go over with the public; They felt that he was not very smart and would not be a good leader. The public’s displeasure with Enrique’s rule was apparent by the end 1464, when his opponents united around Alfonso (Isabel’s brother) as rightful king. Shockingly, Alfonso died after battling an illness in 1468, the aristocrats then contacted Isabella bring peace between both the rebels and the crown; Enrique named her his heir under the circumstances that the then seventeen year old Isabel would need his consent to marry. In opposition, she went against his wishes and married Fernando of Aragón on October 19th, 1469; a ruler who was receptive to female sovereignty which clearly shows that Isabel had learned the importance of political support and leverage by the time Enrique’s health began to decline in the early 1470s. When he died on December 11th, 1474, she was able to prevail through a civil war to take the crown.
A beautiful woman, Isabel’s intellect and ethical personality are key to understanding her administration. Writing in 1601, reporter Juan de Mariana depicts her being “attractive in appearance… demonstrating a singular gravity, moderation, and modesty.” (Mariana) Her façade gained her acceptance by society and her intellect made her a polished politician. Researchers argue the precise nature of her schooling, but most agree that she knew Latin at the very least. (Griffiths, p. 19) Therefore, she had access to the intellectual movements sweeping across Europe and scholarly dissertations on sovereign power.
An ideal medieval woman was chaste, modest, and pious. (Weissberger, p.170) Although these traits were not always effective characteristics of royalty, Theresa Earenfight writes that “Isabel was always careful to follow those expectations for the sake of her own power.” She knew the importance of working within the patriarchal system. These two aspects of her character adhered exactly to how an ideal woman of the time should act. However, women in general were also seen as fundamentally flawed. In his fourteenth century work, Concerning Famous Women, the celebrated Renaissance humanist Giovanni Boccaccio makes clear that women are fundamentally weak. While describing the legendary Joan, who disguised herself as a man to become a female Pope, he affirms that it is unnatural for a woman to have an authoritative political position. A contemporary of Isabel, Martín de Córdoba, writes that “the female body is weak and soft, so is her soul malleable in its desire and will.” A good ruler needed to be able to make strong and logical decisions, something women were believed to be incapable of doing. Elizabeth Lehfeldt writes that to be an effective ruler, Isabel would have “to acknowledge her shortcomings as a woman and to transcend these characterizations whenever possible.”12 She could not ignore the gender norms of her time, but as a woman in power she could not completely embody the traits expected of the female sex. After careful examination, it seems that Isabel was far more likely to demonstrate behavior considered inappropriate for women than submit to men.
The influence of a joint monarchy on Isabel’s personal power is one of the most intense debates surrounding royalty in Early Modern Europe and women’s role in positions in power holistically. In terms of function, the creation of the joint monarchy was a practical political move by Isabel. It permitted her to make her position more profound to those uneasy with female sovereignty. (Weissberger, p. 34) Fernando was treated as a king within Isabel’s territories and anything official would come from them both, implying that decisions and procedures would be made together. Earenfight sees the joint monarchy as the most important factor of Isabel’s rule. On the other hand, researchers such as Barbara Weissberger view Isabel as a monarch independent of Fernando, and far more powerful. Her power came from the authority of the Castilian throne. Lehfeldt largely agrees with Weissberger and alludes to the fact that within Isabel’s sovereign domain of Castile, Fernando was a king-companion rather than an equal ruler. Although both arguments are excellently defended, research indicates that Isabel was far more autonomous than mutual as a monarch.
Legally, there was no ban to the rule of the female Isabel, only societal hesitancy. There was a established tradition of women in positions of power in Castile and Aragón, which gave Isabel vital historical credibility. (Earenfight, p. 4) In particular Urraca of Castile and León and Juana Enríquez of Aragon provided Isabel with exemplary models of queenship. Urraca reigned as a queen in her own right from 1109-1126 and it was her rule that “established a legal precedent for Isabel’s legitimate succession.” (Earenfight, p. 8) Urraca had shown that female rule was a practical possibility for the kingdom, regardless of negative social expectations.
Isabel’s royal lineage secured her faith that she was ordained to be the rightful and sole ruler of Castile. To have known this for so long created a resolute conviction within her. With her lineage, it was clear to her that she was meant to rule. However, although she was declared Enrique’s heir in 1468, her claim did not go uncontested. Despite significant doubts over her paternity Enrique’s daughter, Juana, fought Isabel for five years before Isabel managed to secure her throne. (Jansen, p. 12) Fernando also had a distant claim to the Castilian throne, but due to the fact that Isabel was a more direct descendant of the kings of Castile, her ancestry was superior. (Griffiths, p. 20) Her bloodline was purer than his and, consequently, ruled in her own right.
During her time as queen, Isabel independently passed significant reforms, particularly to the justice system in Castile. Tax system reform, the increased value of Castilian currency and the flourishing of printing presses due to tax exemption were all attributed to Isabel alone. Even as a woman, she received sole credit for these changes that enhanced the economic and intellectual life of the kingdom. In contrast to her foremothers, Isabel managed justice through judges and courts rather than the army and nobility. During a two-month period, she heard cases and pronounced rulings herself once a week. She made these decisions and resolutions independently of any other power; fairness was her prerogative as a ruler, regardless of her gender. Most notably she initiated permanent royal courts called “audiencias” in regional cities. Royal authority and justice was now available in every corner in Castile. (Weissberger, p. 136)
Researchers often group Isabel with Elizabeth I of England; the two great prototypes of female sovereignty in Early Modern European history. Although both women held brilliant levels of power and defy gender norms during their respective time eras, there are significant differences between them, best shown by their views on marriage as a political apparatus. Regardless your stance on joint monarchy, Isabel’s marriage to Fernando gave her important sustenance and validity. However, for Elizabeth “virginity seemed integral to her ability to get and maintain her position.” (Jansen, p. 153) She preferred to influence gender constructs for her own reasons while appearing to work within their bounds. She can still provide insight for contemporary women. Important lessons can still be learned from her willpower and fortitude. A woman of extraordinary political power who accomplished more than was ever expected of her even in the face of much adversity.
Queen Isabel I with her husband King Fernando II of Aragón by her side, united the Spanish kingdoms and oversaw a beautiful age in Spanish history. Isabel should be respected as a powerful sovereign in her own right. In spite of the substandard status of most women at the time, she became one the most powerful rulers in European history, regardless of gender. Although she did have some beliefs that were rooted in traditional gender roles and worked closely with Fernando, Isabel’s certainty in her right to the throne caused her to destabilize sexual gender norms delicately. She ruled as an independent sovereign; the importance of her own dominance and dominion surpasses everything else.
Bibliography:
Juan de Mariana, “The Conquest of Granada,” 1601, in Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History
Cristina Guardiola-Griffiths, Legitimizing the Queen: Propaganda and Ideology in the
Reign of Isabel I of Castile (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2011)
Barbara F. Weissberger, Isabel Rules: Constructing Queenship, Wielding Power (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2004); Lehfeldt, “Ruling Sexuality,”
Theresa Earenfight, “Two Bodies, One Spirit: Isabel and Fernando’s Construction of Monarchical Partnership,” in Queen Isabel I of Castile: Power, Patronage, Persona
Sharon L. Jansen, The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern
Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002)
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2014-03-01T19:01:31+00:00
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Discover (and save!) your own Pins on Pinterest.
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https://thehistorypress.co.uk/article/12-little-known-facts-about-catherine-of-aragon/
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known facts about Catherine of Aragon
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2016-10-19T12:24:57+00:00
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Fascinating facts about King Henry VIII's first wife, Catherine of Aragon
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en
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The History Press
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https://thehistorypress.co.uk/article/12-little-known-facts-about-catherine-of-aragon/
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Castles of Northumberland: a gazetteer and history of the county’s castles.
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The Last Women of the Durham Coalfield – Hannah’s grand-daughter
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Remembering Patricia Rorke: A remarkable woman who lived through World War II
Author of Remarkable Women of the Second World War, Victoria Panton Bacon, remembers Pat Rorke. Pat died on 9th December 2023, aged 100 years and five weeks. ‘After the war, you have to learn to live together, remember that you are all human … behind all the bare recounted facts…
Solving the mystery of the Princes in the Tower
Following seven years of investigation and intelligence gathering, including archival searches around the world, Phase One of The Missing Princes Project is complete. The evidence uncovered suggests that both sons of Edward IV survived to fight for the English throne against Henr…
Charades for Christmas
In 1895 there appeared an anonymous private booklet of the charades and theatrical conundrums written by the Austen family for their own entertainment. This offers yet another glimpse of the delightful Christmases the Austens enjoyed in their home, particularly at Steventon. Char…
The forgotten Boleyn
Shortly after the midsummer festivities of 1458 a more sombre procession wound its way towards the parish church of St Andrew’s in the Norfolk village of Blickling. Amongst the mourners was borne the body of Cecily Boleyn, whose soul had departed to God on 26 June and whose morta…
Meeting the mothers: The women who shaped iconic female authors
For an author, writing a biography is rather like a love affair; there is a brief encounter, a rapport and then over the next few years you develop an intimate relationship with your subject. My latest book Mothers of the Mind about the remarkable women who shaped Virginia Woolf,…
Siege warfare in the Middle Ages
In the medieval era, pitched battles were risky affairs; the work of years could be undone in a single day thanks to the vagaries of weather, terrain or simple bad luck. C.B. Hanley author of the Mediaeval Mystery series, including the latest addition Blessed…
Cats in the Roman world: The big and the small of it
Feles: a cat, a mouser, but also a thief. The eyes of nocturnal animals like cats gleam and shine in the dark. Pliny, Natural History IX.55 Excavated cat bones and cat images on vases and coins are proof that cats were padding about southern Italy at the end of the fifth century…
Walking you through ‘Private Inquiries’: The secret history of female sleuths
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Parliament’s working women: ‘Jane’ and the last days of Bellamy’s Refreshment Rooms
Necessary Women: the Untold Story of Parliament’s Working Women by Mari Takayanagi and Elizabeth Hallam Smith is the first book to tell the stories of women who worked in Parliament, from housekeepers and kitchen staff in the nineteenth century through to the first women Clerks a…
Five things you may not know about Lady Katherine Grey
Learn more about the life and reign of Lady Katherine Grey, great-granddaughter of the first Tudor king, Henry VII, and sister of the ill-fated Lady Jane. 1. Although James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I upon her death in 1603, he was not the rightful successor according to…
Wealth, poverty, and childbirth in Victorian Britain
What was it like to give birth in Victorian Britain? Much depended, of course, on individual circumstances: health, wealth, social – including marital – status, and access to medical care. For the Queen for whom the period is named, childbirth was a painful, in some respects unwe…
Ask the Author: Caitlin Davies on Queens of the Underworld – A history of female crooks
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Long Live the King! Coronations throughout history
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A royal flush: Coronation gift guide
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The Butcher of the Balkans: Andrija Artuković
Fate called Andrija Artuković out of exile, back to his homeland. It was time to start building the Croatia that he’d been fighting for his entire adult life. At the age of 41, Artuković was assigned an important post in Ante Pavelić’s new cabinet: Minister of the Interior, taske…
Hawkhurst: The story of smuggling in the 18th Century
In his book Hawkhurst: Murder, Corruption, and Britain’s Most Notorious Smuggling Gang author Joseph Dragovich covers a fascinating era that is underrepresented in non-fiction historical true crime… 18 December 1744 John Bolton sat in the King’s Head Inn in Shoreham in Kent. Wi…
Behind Mabel’s War: Beyond the Blitz
All wars devastate the lives of ordinary people. Death and glory linger on the battlefields while many millions at home suffer the pain of fear, anxiety and dread. As a war reporter, I have witnessed a great deal of anguish in the aftermath of conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq and L…
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BURIAL PLACES OF ARAGONESE SOVEREIGNS FROM A TO Z
BARCELONA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE CATHEDRAL OF THE HOLY CROSS
(Barcelona, Catedral de la Santa Creu, Plà de la Seu):
01. Queen PETRONILA OF ARAGON (+1173)
The tomb has not been preserved.
02. King ALFONSO III (+1291)
03. Queen CONSTANCE OF SICILY (+1302), consort of King Peter III the Great
04. Queen MARY OF CYPRUS (+1322), consort of King James II of Aragon
05. Queen SYBILLA DE FORTIÃ (+1406), consort of King Peter IV of Aragon
BARCELONA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN PEDRALBES MONASTERY
(Barcelona, Monestir de Pedralbes, Baixada del Monestir):
Queen ELISENDA DE MONCADA (+1364), consort of King James II of Aragon
BILLIERS (FRANCE)
BURIED IN THE ABBEY OF NOTRE DAME DE PRIÃRES
(Billiers, l'abbaye de Notre-Dame de Prières):
Queen ISABELA OF CASTILE (+1328), consort of King James II of Aragon
The abbey church had been demolished in the early 18th c. and a new church was constructed on its site in 1726. It had been demolished in the 19th c. and the remains of Queen Isabella were buried in 1842 in a chapel constructed nearby.
BURGOS (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE CISTERCIAN MONASTERY OF LAS HUELGAS (Burgos, Monasterio de Santa Maria la Real de las Huelgas, Calle de Compases de Huelgas):
Queen ELEANOR OF CASTILE (+1244), consort of King James I of Aragon
GRANADA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE ROYAL CHAPEL
(Granada, Capilla Real, Calle Oficios):
01. Queen ISABELLA I THE CATHOLIC (+1504), consort of King Ferdinand II the Catholic
02. King FERDINAND II THE CATHOLIC (+1516)
HUESCA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE CHURCH OF SAN PEDRO EL VIEJO
(Huesca, Monasterio de San Pedro el Viejo, Plaza de San Pedro):
01. King ALFONSO I (+1134)
02. King RAMIRO II THE MONK (+1157)
LEÃN (SPAIN)
BURIED IN ST ISIDORE’S BASILICA
(León, Basilica de S. Isidoro el Real, Plaza de San Isidoro):
Queen URRACA OF CASTILE (+1126), consort of King Alfonso I
The tomb has not been preserved.
LÃRIDA/LLEIDA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE OLD CATHEDRAL
(Lleida, Seu Vella, Plaça de Guiffré I):
01. King ALFONSO IV (+1336)
02. Queen ELEANOR OF CASTILE (+1359), consort of King Alfonso IV
MEDINA DEL CAMPO (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE CONVENT OF SANTA MARIA LA REAL (Medina del Campo, Convento de Santa Maria la Real, Plaza de las Reales):
Queen ELEANOR OF CASTILE (+1435), consort of King Ferdinand I of Sicily
The tomb has not been preserved.
POBLET (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE ROYAL ABBEY OF ST MARY
(El Reial Monestir de Santa Maria de Poblet):
01. King ALFONSO II (+1196)
02. King JAMES I (+1276)
03. King PETER IV THE CEREMONIOUS (+1387)
04. Queen MARY OF NAVARRE (+1347), consort of King Peter IV
05. Queen ELEANOR OF PORTUGAL (+1348), consort of King Peter IV
06. Queen ELEANOR OF SICILY (+1375), consort of King Peter IV
07. King JOHN I (+1396)
08. Queen YOLANDE OF BAR (+1431), consort of King John I
09. King MARTIN (+1410)
10. Queen MARIA DE LUNA (+1406), consort of King Martin I
The tomb has not been preserved.
11. King FERDINAND I (+1416)
12. King ALFONSO V THE MAGNANIMOUS (+1458)
13. King JOHN II (+1479)
14. Queen JOANNA ENRIQUEZ (+1468), consort of King John II
RIPOLL (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF ST MARY
(Monestir de Santa Maria de Ripoll, Plaça Abat Oliba):
Prince RAYMOND BERENGAR IV OF BARCELONA (+1162), consort of Queen Petronila of Aragon
ROME (THE VATICAN)
BURIED IN ST PETER'S BASILICA
(Roma, Basilica San Pietro, Piazza San Pietro):
Queen MARY OF MONTPELLIER (+1213), consort of King Peter II of Aragon
The tomb has not been preserved.
SAN JUAN DE LA PEÃA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE OLD ROYAL MONASTERY (Real Monasterio de San Juan de la Peña, Monasterio Viejo-Panteón Real):
01. King RAMIRO I (+1063)
02. Queen ERMESINDA OF BIGORRE (c. +1049), consort of King Ramiro I
03. King SANCHO I (+1094)
04. Queen FELICIA OF ROUCY (+1123), consort of King Sancho I
05. King PETER I (+1104)
06. Queen BERTHA (+before 1111), consort of King Peter I
SANTES CREUS (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE ROYAL MONASTERY
(Reial Monestir de Santes Creus, Plaça Jaume el Just):
01. King PETER III THE GREAT (+1285)
02. King JAMES II (+1327)
03. Queen BLANCHE OF ANJOU (+1310), consort of King James II
04. Queen MARGARET DE PRADES (+1429), consort of King Martin I of Aragon
VALENCIA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF SAN MIGUEL DE LOS REYES (Valencia, Monasterio de San Miguel de los Reyes, Avenida de la Constitución):
Queen GERMAINE OF FOIX (+1538), consort of King Ferdinand II the Catholic
VALENCIA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF THE HOLY TRINITY
(Valencia, Monasterio de la Trinidad, Calle de la Trinidad):
Queen MARY OF CASTILE (+1458), consort of King Alfonso V of Aragon
VALLBONA DE LES MONGES (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE MONASTERY OF ST MARY (Monestir de Santa Maria de Vallbona de les Monges, Carrer Major):
Queen YOLANDE OF HUNGARY (c. +1251), consort of King James I
VILANUEVA DE SIGENA/VILANOVA DE SIXENA (SPAIN)
BURIED IN THE CONVENT OF SIGENA
(Vilanova de Sixena, Monestir de Santa Maria de Sixena):
01. Queen SANCHA OF CASTILE (+1208), consort of King Alfonso II
02. King PETER II (+1213)
LIST OF ARAGONESE SOVEREIGNS 1035-1516
KINGDOM OF ARAGON 1035-1516:
HOUSE OF NAVARRA (Casa de Navarra)
1035-1063: RAMIRO I
Born before 1007.
Father: King Sancho III of Navarre. Mother: Sancha of Aybar.
Married firstly in 1036 at Jaca GISBERGA ERMESINDA of Bigorre (*c. 1015,+c. 1049).
Married secondly in 1049 AGNES.
His issue who reigned:
-SANCHO I (*1043,+1094; son of Ermesinda).
Died in 1063 at Graus.
Buried with his first consort Queen Ermesinda at the Royal Monastery of San Juan de la Peña.
1063-1094: SANCHO I (King of Navarre)
Born in 1043.
Father: King Ramiro I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Ermesinda.
Married firstly in c. 1064 Countess ISABELLA of Urgell (+c. 1071). Repudiated in 1070.
Married secondly in c. 1070 FELICIA of Roucy (+1123 Barcelona).
His issue who reigned:
-PETER I (*1068,+1104; son of Isabella),
-ALFONSO I (*1073,+1134; son of Felicia),
-RAMIRO II (*c. 1076,+1147; son of Felicia).
Died in 1094 at the Siege of Huesca.
Buried with his second consort Queen Felicia at the Royal Monastery of San Juan de la Peña.
1094-1104: PETER I (Pere I; King of Navarre)
Born in 1068.
Father: King Sancho I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Isabella of Urgell.
Married firstly in 1086 at Jaca AGNES of Aquitaine (+1097).
Married secondly in 1097 in Huesca BERTHA (+before 1111).
Died in 1104 at Valle de Arán.
Buried with his second consort Queen Bertha at the Royal Monastery of San Juan de la Peña.
1104-1134: ALFONSO I THE BATTLER (Alfons I el Bataller; King of Navarre)
Born in c. 1073.
Father: King Sancho I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Felicia of Roucy.
Married in 1109 at Muñó near Burgos Queen URRACA of Castile (*1081,+1126 Saldaña). Marriage was annulled in 1112 in León.
Died in 1134 at Poleñino.
Buried firstly in the Monastery of Montearagón near Huesca. Reburied in the Church of San Pedro el Viejo at Huesca in the 19th c.
His Queen Urraca was buried in St Isidore's Basilica in León (no tomb).
1134-1137: RAMIRO II THE MONK (Ramiro II el Monje)
Born in 1086.
Father: King Sancho I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Felicia of Roucy.
Married in 1135 at Jaca AGNES of Poitiers (+c. 1159 Fontevrault). Marriage was annulled in 1136/37.
His issue who reigned:
-PETRONILA (*1135,+1174).
Abdicated in 1137 and retired into a monastery.
Died in 1157 at Huesca.
Buried in the Church of San Pedro el Viejo at Huesca.
1137-1164: PETRONILA (Petronella)
Born in 1136 in Huesca.
Father: King Ramiro II of Aragon. Mother: Queen Agnes of Aquitaine.
Married in 1150 in Lérida Count RAYMOND BERENGAR IV (Ramon Berenguer IV) of Barcelona (1113,+1162 San Dalmazzo near Turin).
Her issue who reigned:
-ALFONSO II (*1157,+1196).
Abdicated in favour of her son Alfonso in 1164.
Died in 1173 in Barcelona.
Buried in the Cathedral of Barcelona (no tomb).
Her husband Prince Raymond Berengar IV was buried in St Mary's Monastery at Ripoll.
HOUSE OF BARCELONA (Casa de Barcelona)
1164-1196: ALFONSO II (Alfons II)
Born in 1157 at Huesca.
Father: Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona. Mother: Queen Petronila of Aragon.
Married in 1174 at Saragossa Princess SANCHA of Castile (*c. 1155,+1208).
His issue who reigned:
-PETER II (*c. 1178,+1213),
-Constance (*1179,+1222; Queen of Hungary, Sicily and Germany).
Died in 1196 at Perpignan.
Buried in the Abbey of Poblet.
His Queen Sancha of Castile was buried in the Convent of Santa MarÃa de Sigena at Vilanueva de Sigena.
1196-1213: PETER II THE CATHOLIC (Pere II el Católic)
Born in 1178 at Huesca.
Father: King Alfonso II of Aragon. Mother: Queen Sancha of Castile.
Married in 1204 at Montpellier MARY of Montpellier (*c. 1182,+1213 Rome).
He was crowned in 1204 in St Pancrace's Church in Rome.
His issue who reigned:
-JAMES I THE CONQUEROR (*1208,+1276).
Died in 1213 in the Battle of Muret.
Buried firstly in the Hôpital de Toulouse, in 1217 reburied in the Convent of Sigena at Vilanueva de Sigena.
His Queen Mary of Montpellier was buried in St Peter's Basilica in Rome (no tomb).
1213-1276: JAMES I THE CONQUEROR (Jaume I el Conqueridor)
Born in 1208 at Montpellier.
Father: King Peter II of Aragon. Mother: Queen Mary of Montpellier.
Married firstly in 1221 at Agreda Princess ELEANOR of Castile (*1202,+1244 Burgos). Marriage annulled in 1229 in Tarazona.
Married secondly in 1235 in Barcelona Princess YOLANDE of Hungary (*c. 1215 Esztergom,+c. 1251 Huesca).
He was crowned in 1214 in the Royal Castle in Lleida.
His issue who reigned:
-Yolande (*1236,+1301; Queen of Castile; daughter of Yolande),
-PETER III (*1240,+1285; son of Yolande),
-James II (*1243,+1311; King of Majorca; son of Yolande),
-Isabella (*1247,+1271; Queen of France; daughter of Yolande).
Died in 1276 in Alcira near Valencia.
Buried firstly in the Cathedral of Valencia, later reburied in the Abbey of Poblet.
His first consort Queen Eleanor of Castile was buried in the Monastery of Las Huelgas near Burgos.
His second consort Queen Yolande of Hungary was buried in St Mary's Monastery at Vallbona de les Monges.
1276-1285: PETER III THE GREAT (Pere III el Gran; King of Sicily as Peter I)
Born in 1240 in Valencia.
Father: King James I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Yolande of Hungary.
Married in 1262 at Montpellier Princess CONSTANCE of Sicily (*1248,+1302 Barcelona).
He was crowned with his consort Constance of Sicily in 1276 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa.
His issue who reigned:
-ALFONSO III (*1265,+1291),
-JAMES II (*1267,+1327),
-St Isabella (*c. 1270,+1336; Queen of Portugal),
-Frederick II (*1272,+1337; King of Sicily),
-Yolande (*1273,+1302; Queen of Naples).
Died in 1285 at Villafranca del Penedes.
Buried in the Monastery of Santes Creus.
His Queen Constance of Sicily was buried in Barcelona Cathedral.
1285-1291: ALFONSO III (Alfons III)
Born in 1265 in Valencia.
Father: King Peter III of Aragon. Mother: Queen Constance of Sicily.
Married in 1290 in London (by proxy only) Princess Eleanor of England (*1264 Windsor,+1298 Ghent, Flanders)
He was crowned in 1286 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa.
Died in 1291 in Barcelona.
Buried firstly in the Franciscan Convent in Barcelona, later reburied in the Cathedral of Barcelona.
Eleanor of England (who never married King Alfonso III in person) was buried in Westminster Abbey, London.
1291-1327: JAMES II THE JUST (Jaume II el Just; King of Sicily as James I)
Born in 1267 in Valencia.
Father: King Peter III of Aragon. Mother: Queen Constance of Sicily.
Married firstly in 1291 at Soria Princess ISABELLA of Castile (*1283 Toro,+1328). Marriage was annulled in 1295.
Married secondly in 1295 at Villabertran Princess BLANCHE of Naples-Anjou (*1280,+1310 Barcelona).
Married thirdly in 1315 in Girona Princess MARY of Cyprus (*1273,+1322 Tortosa).
Married fourthly in 1322 in Tarragona ELISENDA de Moncada (*1292,+1364 Pedralbes).
He was crowned in 1291 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa.
His issue who reigned:
-ALFONSO IV (*1299,+1336; son of Blanche),
-Isabella (*c. 1296,+1330; Queen of Germany, Duchess of Austria; daughter of Blanche).
Died in 1327 in Barcelona.
Buried firstly in the Franciscan Convent in Barcelona, in 1410 reburied with his second consort Queen Blanche of Naples-Anjou in Santes Creus Monastery.
His first consort Queen Isabella of Castile (+1328) was buried in the Abbey of Notre-Dame de Prières at Billiers, France.
His third consort Queen Mary of Cyprus was buried in Barcelona Cathedral.
His fourth consort Queen Elisenda was buried in Pedralbes Monastery, Barcelona.
1327-1336: ALFONSO IV THE KIND (Alfons IV el Benigno)
Born in 1299 in Naples.
Father: King James II of Aragon. Mother: Queen Blanche of Naples.
Married firstly in 1314 at Lerida Theresa of Urgell (*1300,+1327 Saragossa).
Married secondly in 1329 at Tarragona Princess ELEANOR of Castile (*1307,+1359 Castrojeriz).
He was crowned in 1328 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa.
His issue who reigned:
PETER IV (*1319,+1387; son of Theresa).
Died in 1336 in Barcelona.
Buried firstly in the Franciscan Convent in Barcelona. In 1369 he was reburied in the Franciscan Monastery at Lérida. In 1646 reburied in the Old Cathedral at Lérida, 1773-1781 in the Church of St Lawrence at Lérida and in 1781 in the New Cathedral of Lérida. In 1986 he was finally laid to rest in the Old Cathedral at Lérida together with his second consort Queen Eleanor of Castile.
His first consort Princess Theresa of Urgell was buried in the Monastery of St Francis in Saragossa.
1336-1387: PETER IV THE CEREMONIOUS (Pere IV el Cerimoniós)
Born in 1319 at Balaguer.
Father: King Alfonso IV of Aragon. Mother: Princess Theresa of Urgell.
Married firstly in 1338 at Alagon Princess MARY of Navarre (*c. 1322,+1347 Valencia).
Married secondly in 1347 in Barcelona Princess ELEANOR of Portugal (*1328,+1348 Exerica).
Married thirdly in 1349 in Valencia Princess ELEANOR of Sicily (*1325,+1375 Lerida).
Married fourthly in 1377 in Barcelona SYBILLA de Fortià (*1350,+1406 Barcelona).
He was crowned in 1336 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa.
His fourth consort Sybilla de Fortià was crowned in 1381 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa.
His issue who reigned:
-Constance (*1343,+1363; Queen of Sicily; daughter of Maria),
-JOHN I (*1350,+1396; son of Eleanor of Sicily),
-MARTIN I (*1356,+1410; son of Eleanor of Sicily),
-Eleanor (*1358,+1382; Queen of Castile; daughter of Eleanor of Sicily).
Died in 1387 in Barcelona.
Buried firstly in Barcelona. In 1391 reburied with his first three queens in the Abbey of Poblet. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona.
His fourth Queen Sybilla de Fortià was buried in the Cathedral of Barcelona.
1387-1396: JOHN I THE HUNTER (Joan I el Caçador)
Born in 1350 in Perpignan.
Father: King Peter IV of Aragon. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Sicily.
Married firstly in 1373 in Barcelona Martha of Armagnac (+1378 Saragossa).
Married secondly in 1380 in Montpellier YOLANDE of Bar (*1365,+1431 Barcelona).
His issue who reigned:
Joanna (*1375,+1407; married Count Matthew of Foix, Prince of Andorra).
He was crowned with his consort Yolande of Bar in 1388 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa.
Died in 1396 at Foixá.
Buried with his both consorts, Princess Martha and Queen Yolande in the Abbey of Poblet. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona.
1396-1410: MARTIN I (Marti I; King of Sicily)
Born in 1356 at Girona.
Father: King Peter IV of Aragon. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Sicily.
Married firstly in 1372 in Barcelona MARIA Lopez de Luna (+1406 Villareal).
Married secondly in c. 1407 at Bellresguard MARGARET de Prades (*1387,+1429 Riudoms).
He was crowned in 1399 in San Salvador's Cathedral in Saragossa.
His issue who reigned: Martin I (*1376,+1409; King of Sicily; son of Maria).
Died in 1410 in Barcelona.
Buried firstly in Barcelona. Translated with his first Queen Maria de Luna (no tomb) to the Abbey at Poblet in 1460. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona.
His second consort Queen Margaret had been buried in the Monastery of Bonrepòs and in 1475 translated to and reburied in Santes Creus Monastery.
1410-1412: INTERREGNUM
HOUSE OF TRASTAMARA (Casa de Trastámara)
1412-1416: FERDINAND I (Ferran I d’Antequera; King of Sicily)
Born in 1380 at Medina del Campo.
Father: King John I of Castile. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Aragon.
Married in 1393 Princess ELEANOR of Castile (*1374,+1435 Medina del Campo).
He was crowned with his consort Eleanor of Castile in 1414 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa.
His issue who reigned:
-ALFONSO V (*1396,+1458),
-JOHN II (*1398,+1479),
-Eleanor (*1402,+1445; Queen of Portugal),
-Maria (*1403,+1445; Queen of Castile).
Died in 1416 at Igualada.
Buried in the Abbey of Poblet, Spain. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona.
His Queen Eleanor of Castile was buried in the Convent of Santa Maria la Real at Medina del Campo (no tomb), although her cenotaph is next to her husband's tomb in Poblet.
1416-1458: ALFONSO V THE MAGNANIMOUS (Alfons V el Magnanim; King of Naples and Sicily)
Born in 1396 at Medina del Campo.
Father: King Ferdinand I of Aragon. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Castile.
Married in 1415 at Valencia Princess MARY of Castile (*1401 Segovia,+1458 Valencia).
He was enthroned in 1416 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa but never crowned.
Died in 1458 in Naples.
Buried firstly in the Convent of San Domenico in Naples. Reburied in the Abbey of Poblet in 1671. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona.
His Queen Mary of Castile was buried in the Monastery of the Holy Trinity at Valencia.
1458-1479: JOHN II (Joan II; King of Navarre and Sicily)
Born in 1398 at Medina del Campo.
Father: King Ferdinand I of Aragon and Sicily. Mother: Queen Eleanor of Castile.
Married firstly in 1420 in Pampeluna Queen Blanche II of Navarre (*1391,+1441 S. Maria de Nieva).
Married secondly in 1447 in Calataiud JOANNA (Juana) Enriquez (*c. 1425,+1468 Tarragona).
He was enthroned in 1458 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa but never crowned.
His issue who reigned:
-Eleanor (*1426,+1479; Queen of Navarre; daughter of Blanche).
-FERDINAND II (*1452,+1516; son of Joannna),
-Joanna (*1454,+1517; Queen of Naples; daughter of Joanna).
Died in 1479 in Barcelona.
Buried with his second consort Queen Joanna in the Abbey of Poblet. From 1843 to 1946 buried in the Cathedral of Tarragona.
His first consort Queen Blanche of Navarre was buried in the Convent of S. Maria la Real de Nieva.
1479-1516: FERDINAND II THE CATHOLIC (Ferran II el Católico; King of Castile, Naples and Sicily)
Born in 1452 at Sos.
Father: King John II of Aragon. Mother: Juana Enriquez.
Married firstly in 1469 at Valladolid Queen ISABELLA the Catholic of Castile (*1451 Madrigal de las Altas Torres,+1504 Medina del Campo).
Married secondly in 1505 at Blois GERMAINE of Foix (*1488 Narbonne,+1538 Liria).
He was enthroned in 1479 in San Salvador's Cathedral at Saragossa but never crowned.
His issue who reigned:
-Isabella (*1470,+1498; Queen of Portugal; daughter of Isabella),
-Joanna (*1479,+1555; Queen of Castile; daughter of Isabella),
-Maria (*1482,+1517; Queen of Portugal; daughter of Isabella),
-Catherine (*1485,+1536; Queen of England; daughter of Isabella).
Died in 1516 at Madrigalejo.
Buried with his first consort Queen Isabella the Catholic in the Royal Chapel in Granada.
His second consort Queen Germaine was buried in the Monastery of San Miguel de los Reyes in Valencia.
1516: ARAGON UNITED WITH CASTILE (KINGDOM OF SPAIN).
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Ferdinand II of Aragon
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https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/philippagregory/images/f/f0/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20190520190709
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"Contributors to Philippa Gregory Wiki"
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2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00
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Ferdinand II of Aragon was a warrior and campaigning king whose marriage to Isabella I of Castile unified Spain and lead to the expulsion of the last remaining Moors in Spain. Their devotion to the Catholic faith rid Spain of "heretic" Jews and Muslims while his patronage of explorer Christopher...
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Philippa Gregory Wiki
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https://philippagregory.fandom.com/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon
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Ferdinand II of Aragon was a warrior and campaigning king whose marriage to Isabella I of Castile unified Spain and lead to the expulsion of the last remaining Moors in Spain. Their devotion to the Catholic faith rid Spain of "heretic" Jews and Muslims while his patronage of explorer Christopher Columbus's voyage and subsequent gold mining in the New World saw Spain became one of the first global superpowers and became a powerful player in European politics for the next century.
Ferdinand is portrayed as a thoughtful but intelligent man who respects his wife's military instincts and holds his own council until the right moment. As a newly formed royal house, Ferdinand decided to betroth his three year old daughter Catalina to the equally new royal house of Tudor in England. As such, Ferdinand was responsible for the death of Teddy Plantagenet and Perkin Warback as one the conditions of Catalina and Arthur's marriage was there would be no rivals to threaten Catalina's union with Arthur or her claim to the English throne. Upon marrying Arthur, Ferdinand slowly and cautiously began playing Catalina's dowry. When Arthur suddenly died, Ferdinand had no obligation to pay Catalina's dowry leaving her trapped without secure income or assistance in a foreign land. Ferdinand used Catalina's dowry to force Henry VII of England to ensure she would still be queen of England by marrying her to Arthur's younger brother the soon to be Henry VIII of England. Ferdinand could be seen as callous for using his daughter's suffering and poverty to manipulate the English king but his efforts ultimately secure the English throne for Catalina.
The Constant Princess[]
The novel begins in 1491 Grenada as the Moors raid the military camp of Queen Isabella of Castile. The young infanta Catalina watches with adoration as her warrior mother gathers her army and puts out the flames caused by the night raid. Upon her mother’s return, Catalina assures her mother that she was not afraid as she is a Spanish Princess and Princess of Wales. Catalina’s parentage and titles are incredibly important to her, even as a young child, as she prepares for her destiny as Queen of England. The morning after the raid, the Spanish generals suggest retreating due to lack of supplies but Isabella pushes the army onwards to vanquish the Moors from their last foothold in Spain. Isabella resolves their lack of shelter by commanding they build a stone fortification using the natural resources of the barren countryside. Her king, Ferdinand of Aragon acquiesces and begins work on stone structure beneath the cliff were the Moors have held the Red Fort for two centuries. Isabella and Ferdinand keep building in the unrelenting heat and against all odds until they found the siege town of Sante Fe.
A short while later, Catalina comes upon one of the great Spanish lords, Don Hernando Perez del Pulgar, and convinces him to confined in her. Hernando tells her he will break into the Alhambra to worship his Catholicism in the mosque and leave an Ava Maria. Catalina promises not to sleep until he returns but when he doesn’t return it dawns on Catalina that people can fail and be killed even if she believes they have god’s blessing and it puts the first doubts about God’s favour in her mind. Fortunately, Hernando and his friends survived and regale the court with their tale of desecrating the mosque. While taking her children to see the fortifications at Zubia, Queen Isabella is informed that the full Moors army is riding out of the Red Fort in retaliation for Hernando’s desecration. Queen Isabella, unable to flee the oncoming army, takes her children to hide on a roof to see what the army intends to do. A Moor named Yarfe comes to challenge Hernado by throwing the Ava Maria back in prevocational insult. Queen Isabella leads her children in prayer that her greatest champion Garallosco de la Vega will appear to defend them and gives her blessing when he arrives to challenge Yarfe. A short battle ensues whereby Vega kills Yarfe and Yarfe’s death signals the soldiers to pour out from the Red fort. Queen Isabella once again commands her daughters to pray despite their rising panic. Queen Isabella’s composure when faced with the moor’s army is well calculated; Yarfe’s death would be the last battle against the Spanish as the Moors lose all appetite for war and gift the Red Fort, containing the beautiful palace of the Alhambra, to Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. With victory over the last of the expelled Moors, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand begin to persecute and banish anyone that won’t convert to the Catholic faith from Spain. Catalina begins sees herself as a princess of the battlefield and firmly believes that she and her mother are favoured by God. Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand make the Alhambra their home and royal court which delights Catalina as she marvels in her surroundings. The luxury and beauty of the Alhambra make a lasting impression on Catalina and the last remaining years of her childhood are happy and tranquil compared to her early life of military campaign.
The Spanish Princess[]
In 1511, Ferdinand visits England, having seized the throne of Spain for himself after the death of his wife Isabella, and having confined their daughter and heir Joanna to a convent after the death of her own husband, Philip. Ferdinand and his son-in-law King Henry VIII plan to invade France as part of the Holy League. He also seeks to strengthen the alliance by marrying his grandson and heir Charles of Burgundy to Princess Mary.
In England, Ferdinand is boastful, and reminds Catherine of her childhood where he would get her to reach for sugar-coated grapes before slamming down on her hand, mocking her. Ferdinand departs, and Catherine gets Henry to send his troops to Spain to attack France and seize the Duchy of Guyenne. However, Ferdinand betrays Henry and Catherine, instead using the English troops as a diversion to seize his own lands in Navarre. Catherine is disgusted by her father's deception and declares herself reborn, being truly English rather than Spanish.
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1468) » Pop Oswald Tree » Genealogy Online
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https://www.genealogieonline.nl/png/pop-oswald-tree/P26577.php
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https://www.genealogieonline.nl/png/pop-oswald-tree/P26577.php
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[
"pedigree research",
"genealogy",
"pedigree",
"ancestors",
"ancesteral tree making",
"prayer cards",
"gedcom"
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[
"Peter John Oswald"
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Juana Enríquez CASTILLE was born in the year 1425 in Torrelobatón, Valladolid, Castilla-Leon, Spain, daughter of Bernhard Frederik Enriquez MENDOZA and Mariana of TOLEDO., they gave birth to 1 child. She died on February 13, 1468 in Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. This information is part of Pop Oswald Tree by Peter John Oswald on Genealogy Online.
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Genealogy Online
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https://www.genealogieonline.nl/pop-oswald-tree/P26577.php
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Genealogical publications are copyright protected. Although data is often retrieved from public archives, the searching, interpreting, collecting, selecting and sorting of the data results in a unique product. Copyright protected work may not simply be copied or republished.
Please stick to the following rules
Request permission to copy data or at least inform the author, chances are that the author gives permission, often the contact also leads to more exchange of data.
Do not use this data until you have checked it, preferably at the source (the archives).
State from whom you have copied the data and ideally also his/her original source.
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1516) He was son of King John II of Aragon and his second wife, the Castilian... – @edwardslovelyelizabeth on Tumblr
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2016-06-19T21:27:42+00:00
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Spanish history:
Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516)
He was son of King John II of Aragon and his second wife, the Castilian noblewoman Juana Enríquez. In 1461, in the midst of a bitterly contested…
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https://assets.tumblr.com/pop/manifest/favicon-0e3d244a.ico
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Tumblr
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https://www.tumblr.com/edwardslovelyelizabeth/146173345073/spanish-history-ferdinand-ii-of-aragon
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Spanish history:
Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516)
He was son of King John II of Aragon and his second wife, the Castilian noblewoman Juana Enríquez. In 1461, in the midst of a bitterly contested succession, John II named him heir apparent and governor of all his kingdoms and lands. Ferdinand’s future was assured when he came of age, in 1466, and when he was named king of Sicily, in 1468, in order to impress the court of Castile, where his father ultimately wished to place him. In addition to participating in court life, the young prince saw battle during the Catalonian wars. John II had great plans for his son and to that end made certain that he was well educated in the humanities and in the art of government. Ferdinand was more interested in the arts and especially enjoyed music. In 1469 he married Isabella, heiress apparent to the Castilian crown. They became joint monarchs of Castile on the death of her brother Henry IV in 1474. Their first task was to wage war against the forces of Joanna of Trastámara, wife of Alfonso V of Portugal, the supposed daughter of Henry IV. Isabella and Ferdinand were the winners. In 1479 John II died, and his son Ferdinand became king of Aragon as well as of Castile (in whose government, however, he officially occupied second place).
Isabella and Ferdinand formed one of the most powerful rulers couples in History. They are known for the conquest of the kingdom of Granada (the last Muslim enclave in the peninsula) and the Canary Islands, for ordering conversion or exile of their Muslim and Jewish subjects, for the introduction of the Inquisition, and for supporting and financing Christopher Columbus’ 1492 voyage that led to the opening of the “New World”. During the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain pursued alliances with Portugal, the Habsburg Monarchy and England through the marriage of their five children. King Ferdinand also left several illegitimate children of his mistresses. The wily Ferdinand was one of the most skillful diplomats in an age of great diplomats.
Having succeeded in reuniting Spain, Ferdinand was now able to involve himself in the Italian Wars. In 1494, Alfonso II, Ferdinand’s cousin, had been forcibly removed from the throne of Naples when his kingdom was invaded by France’s King Charles VIII. Ferdinand took exception to this and allied himself with Emperor Maximilian I and assorted Italian princes and by 1496 had expelled the French and placed Alfonso’s son, Ferdinand on the throne of Naples. A second war of succession was successfully concluded in 1504 when Ferdinand’s general, Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba reconquered Naples. With the death of his wife Isabella in 1504 Ferdinand became regent, ruling while his daughter, Joanna, now Queen, was in the Low Countries with her husband Archduke Philip. King Ferdinand planned to retain his hold over the throne and become permanent regent but the Castilian nobles foiled his plan and backed Joanna’s husband as Philip I of Castile. Ferdinand bided his time and in 1506 Philip died, Joanna was declared mentally unstable and their son and heir, Charles of Ghent, was only six years old. Ferdinand resumed the regency.
He remarried in 1505 to Germaine of Foix, the granddaughter of Queen Eleanor of Navarre and niece of Louis XII of France. His hope to father a new heir of Aragon, separating it from Castile, was not realised. It would have denied his son-in-law Philip I, and his grandson Charles I, from inheriting the crown and governance of Aragon. A son, John, Prince of Girona, was born, but died within hours (x). Ferdinand went to war again in 1508, against Venice, with other monarchs in the League of Cambrai. Though at first successful, the League fell apart when the Pope and Ferdinand began to suspect the French had ulterior motives. In response the Holy League was formed with France as the new enemy. King Henry VIII of England, who had married Ferdinand’s daughter Catherine of Aragon, joined forces with the Holy League in 1511 under the Treaty of Westminster. Ferdinand conquered the kingdom of Navarre and annexed it to the Crown of Castile. Meanwhile, In Italy, the Holy League had driven the French from Milan and restoring the Dukes of Sforza to power. Ferdinand died in Madrigalejo at the age of sixty-four. He is entombed at the Royal Chapel of Granada. Isabella I, Joanna I, and Philip I are beside him there.(x)
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Leader de la généalogie en France et en Europe : publiez votre arbre généalogique et recherchez vos ancêtres dans la première base de données généalogique.
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John II of Aragon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon
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King of Aragon from 1458 to 1479
John II (Spanish: Juan II, Catalan: Joan II, Aragonese: Chuan II and Basque: Joanes II; 29 June 1398 – 20 January 1479), called the Great (el Gran) or the Faithless (el Sense Fe), was King of Aragon from 1458 until his death in 1479. As the husband of Queen Blanche I of Navarre, he was King of Navarre from 1425 to 1479. John was also King of Sicily from 1458 to 1468.
John was born at Medina del Campo (in the Crown of Castile), the son of King Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque. In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II of Castile. Until middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was preoccupied by incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella I of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile and which was to create the Monarchy of Spain. His troubles with his subjects were closely connected with tragic dissensions within his own family. In 1432, John II appointed the baron Don Juan Vélaz de Medrano, lord of Igúzquiza, Learza, etc., as his royal chamberlain in an attempt to manage the royal household.
John was first married to Blanche I of Navarre of the House of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But one son, Charles, given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard this son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, it grew into absolute hatred, being encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, however, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside.
There followed the long Navarrese Civil War, with alternations of success and defeat, ending only with the death of the prince of Viana, possibly by poison administered by his father in 1461. The institutions of the Principality of Catalonia, who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of their own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders in the ten year's Catalan Civil War. John spent his last years contending with them. He was forced to pawn Roussillon, his Catalan possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to King Louis XI of France, who refused to part with it.
In his old age John was blinded by cataracts, but recovered his eyesight with an operation (couching) conducted by his physician Abiathar Crescas, a Jew. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but until his death in 1479 John carried on a war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbor the French king. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already married to Isabella I of Castile. With his death and son's accession to the throne of Aragon, the unification of the realms of Spain under one royal house began in earnest.
From his first marriage to Blanche of Navarre, John had the following children:
Charles, Prince of Viana (1421–1461)
Joanna of Navarre (1423 – 22 August 1425)
Blanche II of Navarre (1424–1464)
Eleanor of Navarre (1426-1479)
From his second marriage to Juana Enríquez, John had the following children:
Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516). Married Isabella I of Castile.
Joanna of Aragon (1455–1517). Married Ferdinand I of Naples.
Illegitimate children:
Alfonso de Aragón y de Escobar (1417-1495), Duke of Villahermosa
Juan de Aragón (1440–1475), Archbishop of Zaragoza
Felipe de Carrayos del Radona (Phillipe del Radona)[citation needed]
Castilian Civil War of 1437–1445
Earenfight, Theresa (2015). "Trastamara Kings, Queens, and the Gender Dynamics of Monarchy". In Todesca, James (ed.). The Emergence of León-Castile c.1065-1500: Essays Presented to J.F. O'Callaghan. Ashgate. pp. 141–160.
Livermore, H. V. (1966). A New History of Portugal (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 120
Merriman, Roger Bigelow (1918). The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old and in the New. Vol. 2. The Macmillan Company.
Ruiz, Teófilo F. (2007). Spain's centuries of crisis: 1300–1474. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2789-9.
Scofield, Cora Louise (1923). The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, King of England and of France, and Ireland. Vol. 1. Longmans, Green, and Co.
Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274–1512. Palgrave Macmillan.
Rivadeneyra. "Cronicas de los reyes de Castilla," Biblioteca de autores espanoles, vols. Ixvi, Ixviii. Madrid, 1845.
Zurita, G. Anales de Aragon. Saragossa, 1610.[title incomplete][volume & issue needed]
Prescott W. H. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. 1854.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "John II.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 440.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon
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Ferdinand II of Aragon, otherwise known as Ferdinand the Catholic, was born March 10, 1452 (and eventually died in the year of 1516, January 23). Ferdinand, although commonly known to have been the...
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Juana la Loca (1479–1555)
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"who never actually ruled due to her own mental instability and the greed for power of her father",
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"and son. Name variations: Juana or Joanna the Mad; Juana of Castile; Juana of Spain; Joanna of Spain."
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Juana la Loca (1479–1555)Queen of Castile from 1504 to 1555, during which time Spain became a world power, who never actually ruled due to her own mental instability and the greed for power of her father, husband, and son. Name variations: Juana or Joanna the Mad; Juana of Castile; Juana of Spain; Joanna of Spain. Source for information on Juana la Loca (1479–1555): Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia dictionary.
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Queen of Castile from 1504 to 1555, during which time Spain became a world power, who never actually ruled due to her own mental instability and the greed for power of her father, husband, and son. Name variations: Juana or Joanna the Mad; Juana of Castile; Juana of Spain; Joanna of Spain. Born on November 6, 1479, in Toledo, Spain; died in Tordesillas on April 11 or 12, 1555; second daughter and third child of Isabella I (1451–1504), queen of Castile (r. 1474–1504), and Ferdinand II, king of Aragon (r. 1479–1516); sister of Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536); married Philip I the Fair also known as Philip the Handsome (1478–1506, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I), archduke of Austria, king of Castile and Leon (r. 1506), on October 19, 1496; children: Eleanor of Portugal (1498–1558); Carlos also known as Charles V (1500–1558), king of Spain (r. 1516–1556), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1519–1558);Elisabeth of Habsburg (1501–1526); Fernando also known as Ferdinand I (1502 or 1503–1564), king of Bohemia (r. 1526–1564), king of Hungary (r. 1526–1564), Holy Roman Emperor (1558–1564); Mary of Hungary (1505–1558); Catherine (1507–1578, who married John III, king of Portugal).
Marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon (1469); death of Juana's brother John of Spain (1497); death of Juana's elder sister Isabella of Asturias (1498); death of Miguel, Juana's nephew, making Juana heir to the throne (1500); Juana and Philip are acclaimed crown princess and prince (1501); Juana proclaimed queen of Castile upon the death of her mother (1504); Cortes of Toro recognized regency of Ferdinand (1505); Juana and Philip arrived in Spain from Flanders and were acclaimed monarchs of Castile (1506); Juana confined to palace in Tordesillas by Ferdinand, where she remained for rest of life (1509–1555); death of Ferdinand (1516); arrival of Charles in Spain to rule (1517); election of Charles as Holy Roman emperor (1519); Comunero Revolt temporarily frees Juana from seclusion (1520); abdication of Charles I (1555); death of Charles I (1558).
Early on the morning of November 6, 1479, Queen Isabella I of Castile gave birth to her third child, a daughter named Juana in honor of King Ferdinand II of Aragon's mother, Joanna Enriquez . Although Juana was a princess, destiny seemed to hold little of importance for the infant girl, whose brother John of Spain, born the preceding year, stood to inherit the Spanish kingdoms. Should he die, the monarchs' eldest child, Isabella of Asturias (1471–1498), would rule. Yet with ironic twists, destiny brought Juana to the throne of Castile and Aragon, although misfortune denied her the chance to rule in her own right. Instead, she spent most of her adult life under forced seclusion, isolated for more than four decades within the dreary walls of Tordesillas castle.
Little is known of Juana's childhood. She apparently bore a striking resemblance to Ferdinand's mother, so much so that Isabella I sometimes jokingly called the girl "mother-in-law." A slender brunette with an elongated face, Juana was "the beauty of the family," according to eminent historian Garrett Mattingly, who added that she also was "high-strung, ill-balanced, excessively responsive to affection or ill-treatment." Her parents trained Juana in more than the domestic arts and religious piety appropriate to a princess. They intended to marry her to one of Western Europe's royal families, creating a useful political alliance for Spain. Thus, Juana learned about politics and studied foreign languages. For the latter, she showed real talent, mastering both Latin and
French. Juana also displayed passion for music and was an accomplished musician, playing the clavichord, organ, and guitar.
As a youth, Juana observed her parents' maneuvers to build their combined kingdoms into a great power. In 1490, she bid farewell to her sister Isabella of Asturias, who departed to marry Prince Alphonso, heir to the Portuguese throne. When Alphonso died from a riding accident shortly after the marriage and Isabella of Asturias returned home, Juana learned how fleeting marital happiness could be. She was present for the siege of Granada, culminating in its formal capitulation to the Catholic kings on January 2, 1492. The Moors' surrender of their last stronghold on Iberian soil must have seemed far more important to the princess than her mother's support of Columbus' voyage later that year. Meanwhile, to enhance Aragon's interests in Italy and to strengthen Spain's position against France, Ferdinand and Isabella had opened negotiations with Maximilian I, the Austrian emperor, regarding marital alliances between the two families.
When concluded in 1495, the negotiations provided for two royal marriages: Juana's to Philip the Fair, Maximilian's heir; and the Spanish crown prince John's to Margaret of Austria (1480–1530), Maximilian's other child. These marriages joined Spanish geo-political interests to those of the Austrian Habsburgs and strengthened Spain's ties to Flanders, the principal market for Iberian wool. After months of preparation, a fleet of over 100 ships sailed from Laredo on August 22, 1496, to carry Juana to Flanders. Accompanying her was a large retinue of nobles and servants, intended by Isabella to guide the 16-year-old through the political shoals of continental politics. Beset by storms, the fleet arrived late and without forewarning. As a result, neither Maximilian nor the bridegroom was on hand to welcome Juana.
She is under guard in a fortress so that no one may see her or talk with her. She is the most unfortunate woman ever born and would be far better off as the wife of a laborer.
—Miguel Pérez de Almazán to the Castilian ambassador in Rome
Messengers relayed the news to Philip in Austria, while Juana's entourage made its way to Lierre, feted everywhere along the way by the Flemish. When Philip and Juana met for the first time on October 19, the wedding had been scheduled for the following day. Philip already had a reputation for philandering, and Juana was perhaps glad to be free of her mother's pious control. Driven by passion, the two ordered a priest in the entourage to marry them on the spot, whereupon they retired to a hastily prepared bedroom. Juana gave herself ardently to her husband, described by the Venetian ambassador as "handsome, skillful, and vigorous." For a while, he reciprocated her love and passion. Juana soon gave up her sober Spanish clothes in favor of more daring, luxurious Flemish dresses for the continual round of parties and dances in Brussels.
But the insecure girl, unprotected in a foreign land, soon discovered the vagaries of fortune. Rumors of her husband's affairs provoked Juana to "brief hysterical outbursts and of weeping or anger, alternating with long periods of silent melancholy." Philip failed to support his wife and her retinue as the marriage contract stipulated, causing her further chagrin. Back in Spain, her sickly brother John succumbed to fever on October 4, 1497, although rumor had him dying of sexual excess. His wife Margaret of Austria was pregnant but miscarried, leaving Juana's older sister Isabella of Asturias to inherit the crown. Again fate intervened. Married to Manuel I of Portugal, Isabella of Asturias died in childbirth in 1498. Her surviving infant son Miguel died two years later, and Juana became heir to the thrones of Castile and Aragon. Meanwhile, back in Flanders, Juana had given birth to Princess Eleanor of Portugal in 1498 and the future Charles V in 1500.
With the death of Prince Miguel, Ferdinand and Isabella insisted that Juana and Philip come to Spain to live. Isabella worried about reports of the skeptical Juana's irreligiosity and the public scandal of her marital disputes. Both Ferdinand and Isabella feared that Spaniards would not accept a foreign monarch. Philip was also heir to his father's realms and, from the viewpoint of his parents-in-law, acted too friendly to France. He tried to dominate his wife politically, although Juana refused to sanction anything without consulting first with her parents. Thus, it was important that Juana, along with her husband and children, return home to prepare for eventual ascension to power.
After many delays, the young couple left for Spain in 1501, journeying overland through France. His Flemish possessions made Philip a nominal vassal of the French monarch, and, to cement an alliance with France, he negotiated the marriage of their son Charles (V) to Louis XII's daughter, Renée of France . Juana refused to pay obeisance to her parents' French foe, however, and dismayed her husband and the French court with her air of independence. Lingering overlong, they traversed the Pyrenees in winter, and in early 1502 Juana was again in her homeland, following an absence of seven years. In Toledo, her parents convoked the cortes, an assembly representing the towns and nobility of Castile, which recognized Juana as Isabella's successor and Philip as her consort. A few months later, on August 4, 1502, she received the oath of the Aragonese cortes in Saragossa.
Thereupon, Philip determined to return to Flanders, despite Juana's "tenacious resistance" to his departure. Pregnant with her son Ferdinand (I), who was born two months later, Juana felt intensely Philip's lack of love. She tried to join him, but her mother refused to let her leave Spain. In response, the princess resorted to a tactic she had employed in Flanders against Philip's abuse: passive resistance. She refused to eat or sleep, and soon doctors began to worry about her health. In Flanders, Philip was anxious to wrest Juana from Isabella and Ferdinand's control. Using emotional blackmail, he had young Charles write a plaintive letter asking her to return home. Visited by her mother at La Mota castle in Medina del Campo, Juana berated Isabella, who later confided that her outburst "was in no way proper to her station." Although Isabella worried about her daughter's mental stability, the queen's chief concern was political: would xenophobic Castile allow Juana to wear the crown should she return to Flanders and try to rule from there?
Yet Juana's melancholy was so intense that Isabella finally relented and in 1504 allowed the princess to join Philip. Their separation had done nothing to make Philip more attentive or Juana less jealous. Her public rages scandalized Flanders. Philip openly berated and even struck her. In a desperate attempt to win his affection, she lavished care on her toilette, assisted by Moorish slaves. But the more extreme her emotions, the more disgusted Philip became. He finally locked her in her apartments. Historians have ascribed her affliction to "erotic obsession," echoing her contemporaries who concluded: "She only sees in the archduke the man and not the husband and governor." In reality, she suffered from manic depression.
Despite Philip's callous neglect, he needed Juana as his only claim to power south of the Pyrenees. A few months after she reached Flanders, on November 26, 1504, her mother Isabella died, making Juana and Philip monarchs of Castile. The great queen's will clearly stated that Juana was to exercise power and Philip was merely to act as her consort unless she proved unfit to rule. In that case, Ferdinand should govern as regent until young Charles was old enough to reign. Isabella had no intention of turning her kingdom over to the foreigner Philip. Thus, Juana was Philip's key to power in Castile, if he could dominate her completely. But he could not put her aside as incompetent because that would give power to Ferdinand as regent.
More dangerous to Juana's claim was the attitude of her father Ferdinand, who was, according to historian Townsend Miller, "quite as greedy and unprincipled as his son-in-law." As king of Aragon, Ferdinand had no right to rule Castile, and in fact many Castilian nobles hated him. But he needed the military might of Castile to back his forays into Italy. Thus, he could not permit his daughter to rule, out of fear that her francophile husband would thwart Aragon's Italian policies. Betraying Juana at the cortes of Toro, Ferdinand announced that he would rule as regent because of his daughter's "illness and passion." For political motives, he had declared her incompetent. Meanwhile, recognizing the threat Ferdinand posed, Philip became more attentive to Juana. In early 1506, Philip and Juana departed for Castile, where they hoped the anti-Ferdinand aristocrats would enable her to take the throne.
A storm beset the fleet on the voyage home and forced Juana's ship to put in at Weymouth, where they were received by Henry VII. Juana briefly met her widowed sister Catherine of Aragon , soon to be forced into her tragic marriage with the future Henry VIII. In Spain, Ferdinand married Germaine de Foix in the futile hope of begetting an heir rather than leaving Aragon to Philip and Juana. Departing England, they proceeded on to Castile, making landfall at La Coruña on April 26, 1506. Powerful nobles rallied to their cause, chiefly out of enmity for Ferdinand. In June, Ferdinand and Philip met secretly at Villafáfila without consulting Juana. Her father agreed to surrender Castile to them, in exchange for certain monetary concessions, but the two men also declared the queen unfit to rule. Ferdinand thus acknowledged Philip's right to rule, although it remained to be seen if Castile would submit to the foreigner. Though Philip intended to imprison her in a castle and rule in her name, visitors to Juana found her responsive and lucid. Philip needed to prepare carefully before casting her aside.
He never had the chance. In Burgos, he fell ill (probably of a fever, although some claimed poison). Juana set aside her anger at him and assiduously nursed him for six days to no avail. When he died on September 25, 1506, she shed no tears but "fell as though petrified. She passed days and nights there, disconcerted, melancholy, and defenseless." Chroniclers later reported that she constantly had his coffin reopened to gaze on Philip's decaying remains. But such stories of necrophilia are greatly exaggerated and reflect the political need of Ferdinand and later of Charles to discredit her. Juana made hesitating attempts to rule Castile, revoking concessions Philip had made to win aristocratic support and expelling his Flemish courtiers from positions of power. But she had no court or financial resources nor any real ambition to reign.
Ferdinand returned, and father and daughter met on August 29, 1507, in Tórtales, where she turned the government over to him. He brutally suppressed the dissident nobles, who called for a rising in Juana's name. To protect his hold on Castile, he sequestered her in Tordesillas castle in 1509. She rebelled by raging against her jailer, Luis Ferrer, or by refusing to eat or sleep. Manic depression afflicted her more frequently, and as months and years passed, she paid less attention to hygiene and clothing. Imprisoned with Juana was her youngest child Catherine , upon whom the queen lavished affection. In seven years, her father visited Juana only twice.
Then, on January 23, 1516, Ferdinand died, and the populace of Tordesillas rebelled against Ferrer's treatment of the queen. In Flanders, Charles claimed the throne, but Castilian authorities informed him that as long as Juana was alive, she was the monarch. When he arrived in Spain in September 1517 and went to Tordesillas, he had not seen his mother for 12 years. Out of compassion for Catherine, he secretly had the 11-year-old taken from her mother. But the queen rebelled, refusing to eat, drink or sleep, and Charles finally returned Catherine. He also improved his mother's physical conditions, but his grasp on power was too precarious to allow him to free her. Instead, he secluded her even more, even preventing her from going to mass at the convent of Santa Clara where Philip's remains were. She resorted to passive resistance again, including a refusal to attend mass which led to accusations of heresy. Her warden, Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas, marquis of Denia, even tried to isolate her servants from the outside world. On Charles' orders, no one told her Ferdinand had died, and they blamed him for her imprisonment. The marquis warned Charles: "It cannot be permitted that she speak with anybody because she would convince anyone." In other words, she suffered isolation because of the political threat she represented rather than disabling mental illness.
Juana had one last chance to escape her prison. In 1519, Charles was elected Holy Roman emperor and the following year departed for Central Europe. Tired of being ruled by a Flemish king, Castile erupted in the Comunero Revolt. The rebels besieged Tordesillas and freed Juana. Despite their appeals, however, she refused to sign decrees legitimizing the rebels. Instead, she told them: "Don't try to make me quarrel with my son, for I have nothing that is not his." She enjoyed eight months of relative freedom and showed a renewed interest in the outside world. But when Charles succeeded in defeating the rebels, he isolated her once again, with the detested marquis of Denia as her jailer. In 1525, Charles returned to Tordesillas and took her remaining jewels, to which she retorted: "It's not enough that I let you reign but you sack my house." Worse still for Juana, he took Catherine away from her, to marry the girl to the king of Portugal. As her daughter left, Juana reportedly watched stone-like and tearless from a window. She remained there motionless for two nights.
For the next 30 years, Juana's isolation shrouded the horrible mystery of her life. In such bleak conditions, her obsessive behavior and depression intensified, yet no one cared. Matters of state dictated that she remain imprisoned even though she had never shown interest in wielding power. When death approached, her grandson Philip wanted her to convert to Catholic orthodoxy. He sent Jesuit Francisco de Borja to minister to the queen, but she remained largely indifferent to religion. In February 1555, she suffered burns from a hot bath. These developed into gangrene which claimed her life on Good Friday, April 12, 1555.
Catherine (1507–1578)
Queen of Portugal. Name variations: Catalina; Katherine; Katherina Habsburg. Born on January 14, 1507, in Torquemada; died on February 12, 1578 (some sources cite 1577), in Lisbon; daughter of Philip I the Fair also known as Philip the Handsome, king of Castile and Leon (r. 1506), and Juana la Loca (1479–1555); sister of Eleanor of Portugal (1498–1558), Mary of Hungary (1505–1558), Charles V, Holy Roman emperor (r. 1519–1558), Ferdinand I, Holy Roman emperor (r. 1558–1564), and Elisabeth of Habsburg (1501–1526); married Joao also known as John III (b. 1502), king of Portugal (r. 1521–1557), in 1525; children: Alfonso (1526–1526); Mary of Portugal (1527–1545, first wife of Philip II of Spain); Isabella (1529–1530); Manuel (1531–1537); Filippe (1533–1539); Diniz (1535–1539); John of Portugal (1537–1554, who married Joanna of Austria [1535–1573]); Antonio (1539–1540); Isabella (1529–1530); Beatriz (1530–1530).
Queen Juana's life was a tragedy provoked by mental illness and others' greed for political power. Abusive treatment undoubtedly heightened her manic depression. Yet her illness probably would not have disqualified her from governing had she been a man. After all, Philip V suffered long and severe bouts of depression yet remained king of Spain for nearly half of the 18th century. On the other hand, Juana's father, husband, and son all brutally sacrificed her to their own ambition, despite the fact that Juana showed little inclination to reign.
sources:
Altayó, Isabel, and Paloma Nogués. Juana I: La reina cautiva. Madrid: Silex, 1985.
Dennis, Amarie. Seek the Darkness: The Story of Juana la Loca. Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1956.
Liss, Peggy K. Isabel the Queen: Life and Times. NY: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Mattingly, Garrett. Catherine of Aragon. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1941.
Miller, Townsend. The Castles and the Crown; Spain: 1451–1555. NY: Coward-McCann, 1963.
suggested reading:
Pfandal, Ludwig. Juana la Loca. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, S. A., 1969.
Prawdin, Michael. The Mad Queen of Spain. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1939.
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Biography of Juana the Mad of Castile (1479
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Juana I, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon
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by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2022 Juana I, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon was born on November 6, 1479, in Toledo, Kingdom of Castile, now in Spain. She was the third of th…
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Unofficial Royalty
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https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/juana-i-queen-of-castile-and-leon-and-queen-of-aragon/
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by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2022
Juana I, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon was born on November 6, 1479, in Toledo, Kingdom of Castile, now in Spain. She was the third of the five children and the second of the four daughters of Ferdinand II, King of Aragon and Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León. Juana’s paternal grandparents were Juan II, King of Aragon and his second wife Juana Enriquez, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. Her maternal grandparents were Juan II, King of Castile and León and his second wife Isabel of Portugal.
Juana had four siblings:
Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias from 1497–1498 (1470 – 1498), married (1) Prince Afonso of Portugal, no children (2) Prince Manuel, the future King Manuel I of Portugal, had one son Miguel da Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who died before his second birthday; Isabella died giving birth to Miguel
Juan of Aragon, Prince of Asturias (1478 – 1497), married Margaret of Austria, no children
Maria of Aragon (1482 – 1517), married King Manuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella; had ten children including King João III of Portugal and Cardinal-King Henrique I of Portugal
Catalina (Catherine) of Aragon (1485 – 1536), married (1) Arthur, Prince of Wales, no children (2) Arthur’s younger brother King Henry VIII of England, had one surviving child Queen Mary I of England
Like her mother Isabella, Queen of Castile and León and her youngest sister Catalina (Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of King Henry VIII of England), Juana had a fair complexion and golden-red hair which had come from her mother’s descent from the English House of Plantagenet. Isabella’s paternal grandmother was Catherine of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster who was the son of King Edward III of England. As an infanta (princess), Juana was not expected to inherit either of her parent’s thrones although, through deaths, she inherited both. Her education reflected the fact that she was an unlikely heir. Juana had a general education, studying church and civil law, genealogy and heraldry, grammar, history, languages, and mathematics.
In 1496, 16-year-old Juana was betrothed to 18-year-old Philip of Austria, often called Philip of Habsburg or Philip the Handsome. He was the only son of Mary, Duchess of Burgundy in her own right, the ruler of a collection of states known as the Burgundian State, and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria. When Philip was four years old, his mother died in a riding accident, and Philip succeeded her as ruler of the Burgundian State which consisted of parts of the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Germany.
Philip’s father Maximilian I made an alliance with the husband and with Juana’s parents King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile and León, for a double marriage between their children. Juan, Prince of Asturias, the only son and heir of Ferdinand and Isabella, would marry Maximilian’s only daughter Margaret of Austria, and Ferdinand and Isabella’s second daughter Infanta Juana of Castile would marry Maximilian’s only son Philip. These marriages were part of the foreign policy of Ferdinand and Isabella to build a network of alliances through the marriages of their children to strengthen their kingdoms, destined to be inherited by their son Juan, against France, their major rival at that time. The double marriages were never intended to allow the Spanish kingdoms to fall under the control of the House of Habsburg, which they eventually did. Juana was third in line to the thrones of Aragon, Castile, and León after her elder brother Juan and her elder sister Isabella, and would fall further down the line of succession when her elder siblings had children, as was expected.
Juana and Philip were married by proxy at the Palacio de los Vivero in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile. On August 22, 1496, Juana began her journey to her new home. The wedding was formally celebrated on October 20, 1496, at the Collegiate Church of Saint Gummarus in the small town of Lier, now in Belgium, near the city of Antwerp.
Juana and Philip had six children, all of whom were kings or queen consorts:
Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Portugal, Queen of France (1498 – 1558), married (1) Manuel I, King of Portugal (his third wife), had two children (2) François I, King of France (his second wife), no children
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, also Carlos I, King of Spain (1500 – 1558), married Isabella of Portugal, had five children including Felipe II, King of Spain
Isabella of Austria, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (1501 – 1526), married Christian II, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, had five children, only two daughters survived childhood
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, (1503 – 1564), married Anna of Bohemia and Hungary, had fifteen children
Mary of Austria, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (1505 – 1558), married Louis II, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, no children
Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal (1507 – 1578), married João III, King of Portugal, had nine children
Within four years of her marriage to Philip, Juana became the heir to her parents’ kingdoms after the death of her childless only brother Juan, Prince of Asturias in 1497, the death of her eldest sister Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias, Princess of Portugal in childbirth in 1498, and the death of her sister Isabella’s only child Prince Miguel da Paz of Portugal in 1500, shortly before his second birthday.
Although Juana was deeply in love with Philip, their married life was unhappy. Philip was unfaithful and politically insecure. He constantly attempted to usurp Juana’s legal birthrights. This led to the rumors of Juana’s insanity because those rumors benefited Philip politically. Most historians now agree Juana was clinically depressed and not insane as commonly believed.
On November 26, 1504, Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León died at the age of 53. Juana became Queen of Castile and León but her father Ferdinand II, King of Aragon proclaimed himself Governor and Administrator of Castile and León. In 1506, Juana’s husband Philip of Austria became King of Castile and León jure uxoris (by the right of his wife) as Philip I, initiating the rule of the Habsburgs in the Spanish kingdoms which would last until 1700. However, Philip’s rule lasted only from July 12, 1506 to September 25, 1506, when he died suddenly, apparently of typhoid fever, although an assassination by poisoning was rumored at the time.
There were also rumors circulating about the supposed madness of Juana. Unfortunately, Juana’s husband Philip had spread rumors about her madness when he was still alive and her behavior after his death may have reinforced these rumors. Juana decided to transfer Philip’s remains from Burgos in the north of present-day Spain, where he had died and had already been buried, to Granada in the south of present-day Spain. Apparently, Philip wanted to be buried in Granada. The distance from Burgos to Granada is 423 miles/681 kilometers, a 6 1/2 hour car ride today, but an extraordinary distance in 1506. Pregnant with her last child, Juana traveled with her husband’s body from Burgos to Granada. The trip would take eight months. During the trip, Juana gave birth to her last child named Catherine after her youngest sister, Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of King Henry VIII of England.
In 1509, Juana’s father Ferdinand convinced the parliament that Juana was too mentally ill to govern, and was appointed her guardian and regent of Castile and León. Juana was confined in the Royal Convent of Santa Clara in Tordesillas, Kingdom of Castile, under the orders of her father. Juana’s youngest child Catherine stayed with her mother at the convent until 1525, when she was released from the custody that her mother was to endure until her death in 1555.
Was Juana mad or was she manipulated by her father, husband, and son? Juana’s father Ferdinand, her husband Philip, and her son Carlos had a lot to gain from Juana being declared unfit to rule. Juana did show excessive grief as she traveled through Castile with Philip’s coffin. What is overlooked is that her 28-year-old husband died suddenly after a five-day illness and that she was fulfilling Philip’s wish to be buried in Granada. In addition, her father deliberately blocked Philip’s burial in Granada causing delays in Juana’s journey.
On January 23, 1516, Ferdinand II, King of Aragon died. In his will, Ferdinand named his daughter Juana and her eldest son Carlos (also known as Charles in history) as the co-heirs of the Kingdom of Aragon. However, Juana would never reign as she would not be released from her confinement until her death.
It would be her son Carlos who would reign. Carlos would inherit the dominions of his mother Juana (Castile, León, and Aragon), the dominions of his father Philip (the Burgundian State which were parts of the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Germany), and also the dominions of his paternal grandfather Maximilian I, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, and Holy Roman Emperor who died after his father Philip’s death. When Juana died in 1555, it resulted in the personal union of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, as her son Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, among many other titles, also became King of Castile and León, and Aragon, effectively creating the Kingdom of Spain. Carlos I was not only the first King of a united Spain and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, but he was also Charles I, Archduke of Austria, and Charles II, Lord of the Netherlands, among many other titles.
Juana spent forty-six years basically imprisoned. Decades of internment, isolation, and sometimes inhumane treatment by her guards had serious negative effects on her. Juana, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon died on April 12, 1555, aged 75, at the Royal Convent of Santa Clara in Tordesillas, Castile, now in Spain. She was buried with her parents and husband at the Royal Chapel of Granada, now in Spain.
This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.
Works Cited
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res stock photography and images
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Find the perfect aragon 1479 stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.
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Alamy
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/aragon-1479.html
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Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 21/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
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FamilySearch.org
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Discover your family history. Explore the world’s largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources.
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Ferdinand I of Naples
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2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00
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Ferdinand I of Naples should not be confused with Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, a later king of Naples. Ferdinand I (2 June 1423 – 25 January 1494), also called Ferrante, was the King of Naples from 1458 to 1494. He was the son of Alfonso V of Aragon and his mistress, Giraldona Carlino. His...
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Military Wiki
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https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples
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Ferdinand I of Naples should not be confused with Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, a later king of Naples.
Ferdinand I (2 June 1423 – 25 January 1494), also called Ferrante, was the King of Naples from 1458 to 1494. He was the son of Alfonso V of Aragon and his mistress, Giraldona Carlino.
Biography[]
His mother was Gueraldona Carlino. In order to arrange a good future for Ferdinand, King Alfonso had him married in 1444 to a feudal heiress, Isabella of Clermont, who besides being the elder daughter of Tristan di Chiaramonte (Tristan de Clermont-Lodeve), Count of Copertino, and Catherine of Baux Orsini, was the niece and heiress presumptive of childless prince Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini of Taranto. She was a granddaughter of Mary of Enghien, who had been queen consort of Naples between 1406 and 1414. Ferdinand's wife was the heiress presumptive of remarkable feudal possessions in Southern Italy.
He used the title Ferdinand I, King of Naples and Jerusalem. In accordance with his father's will, Ferdinand succeeded Alfonso on the throne of Naples in 1458, when he was 35 years old. Pope Calixtus III, however, declared the line of Aragon extinct and the kingdom a fief of the church. Calixtus died before he could make good his claim (August 1458), and the new Pope Pius II within the year publicly recognized Ferdinand's titles.
In 1459, Ferdinand's rule was threatened by a long revolt of the barons. Among the leaders of revolt were Giovanni Antonio Orsini, prince of Taranto and uncle of Ferdinand's wife. The rebels joined to offer the crown to John of Anjou, a son of the former king René. With the help of the Genoese, John brought a fleet and landed, slowly taking some towns including Nocera. On July 7, 1460, Ferdinand was defeated by John in the plain beside the mouth of the Sarno River south of Mount Vesuvius. Ferdinand was nearly captured and escaped with a guard of only twenty men. The pope and the duke of Milan sent reinforcements under the count of Urbino Federico da Montefeltro and condottiero Alessandro Sforza, but these arrived after the defeat and were themselves crushed by John's ally Piccinino at San Fabriano.[1]
Despite subsequently receiving the surrender of most of the strongholds in Campania, John did not immediately march on Naples and Ferdinand and his wife Isabella were able to hold it and slowly regain their position. Isabella appears to have been responsible for dissuading Orsini from supporting John and Genoa removed their assistance. The papacy, Milan, and the Albanian chief Skanderbeg—who came to the aid of the prince whose father had aided him—provided forces which decisively defeated John's land forces at Troia on August 18, 1462. His fleet was finally demolished by the combined forces of Ferdinand and King Juan II of Aragon off Ischia in July 1465.[2] By 1464, Ferdinand had re-established his authority in the kingdom, although some antipathy by the barons remained.
In 1478 he allied himself with Pope Sixtus IV against Lorenzo de' Medici, but the latter journeyed alone to Naples where he succeeded in negotiating an honorable peace with Ferdinand.
The original intent of making Taranto as his and his heirs' main principality was not any longer current, but still it was a strengthening of Ferdinand's resources and position that his wife in 1463 succeeded her uncle Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini as possessor of the rich Taranto, Lecce and other fiefs in Apulia. Isabella became also the holder of Brienne rights to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Ferdinand's wife Isabella's had died in 1465, and by 1476, Ferdinand had remarried Joanna of Aragon, his first cousin.
In 1480, forces of the Ottoman Empire under orders of Mehmed II captured Otranto, and massacred the majority of the inhabitants, but in the following year it was retaken by Ferdinand's son Alphonso, duke of Calabria. In 1482, abandoning his traditional position of paladin of the Papal States, he fought alongside Ferrara and Milan against the alliance of Sixtus IV and the Republic of Venice (see War of Ferrara).
Ferdinand's oppressive government led in 1485 to a reinvigorated rebellion of the aristocracy, known as the Conspiracy of the Barons, which included Francesco Coppola and Antonello Sanseverino of Salerno and supported by Pope Innocent VIII. Coppola and Antonello Petrucci were arrested during a wedding at Castel Nuovo, and subsequently executed. Ultimately this uprising was crushed, many of the nobles, notwithstanding Ferdinand's signing of a general amnesty, were afterwards jailed and executed at his command.
In December 1491 Ferdinand was visited by a group of pilgrims on their return from the Holy Land. This group was led by William I, Landgrave of Hesse.
Encouraged by Ludovico Sforza of Milan, in 1493 King Charles VIII of France was preparing to invade Italy for the conquest of Naples and starting the Italian Wars, and Ferdinand realized that this was a greater danger than any he had yet faced. With almost prophetic instinct he warned the Italian princes of the calamities in store for them, but his negotiations with Pope Alexander VI and Ludovico Sforza failed.
He died on 25 January 1494, worn out with anxiety; he was succeeded by his son, Alphonse, Duke of Calabria, who was soon deposed by the invasion of King Charles which his father had so feared. The cause of his death was determined, in 2006, to have been colorectal cancer (mucinous adenocarcinoma type with mutation in the KRas gene), by examination of his mummy. His remains show levels of carbon 13 and nitrogen 15 consistent with historical reports of considerable consumption of meat.[3]
Ferdinand's reputation[]
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "Ferdinand was gifted with great courage and real political ability, but his method of government was vicious and disastrous. His financial administration was based on oppressive and dishonest monopolies, and he was mercilessly severe and utterly treacherous towards his enemies."
Ferdinand had many enemies, especially considering his kingdom's importance to other rulers, and he was ruthless in response to any perceived slight. He even fiercely plotted against Pope Alexander VI, after he realized that the pontiff could not secure his position.[4]
As further testimony to the latter, Jacob Burckhardt described his recreational activities as follows: "Besides hunting, which he practiced regardless of all rights of property, his pleasures were of two kinds: he liked to have his opponents near him, either alive in well-guarded prisons, or dead and embalmed, dressed in the costume which they wore in their lifetime."[5] Fearing no one, he would take great pleasure in conducting his guests on a tour of his prized "museum of mummies".
Ancestors[]
Marriages and children[]
Ferdinand married twice.
First to Isabella of Clermont in 1444. Isabel was daughter to Tristan de Clermont, Count di Copertino and Caterina Orsini. She died in 1465. They had six children:
Alfonso II of Naples (4 November 1448 – 18 December 1495).
Eleanor of Naples (22 June 1450 – 11 October 1493). She was consort to Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara and mother to Isabella d'Este and Beatrice d'Este.
Frederick IV of Naples (19 April 1452 – 9 November 1504).
John of Naples (25 June 1456 – 17 October 1485). Later Archbishop of Taranto, then Cardinal, and Archbishop of Esztergom (1480–1485) until his death.
Beatrice of Naples (14 September/16 November 1457 – 23 September 1508). She was Queen consort to Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and later to Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary.
Francis of Naples, Duke of Sant Angelo (16 December 1461 – 26 October 1486).
Second to Joanna of Aragon (1454 – 9 January 1517). She was born to John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, his second wife. She was a full sister of King Ferdinand II of Aragon (died 1516) and a half sister of the unfortunate Prince Charles of Viana (1421–1461), John II's son by his first marriage. Joanna and Ferdinand I were married on 14 September 1476. They had two children:
Joanna of Naples (1478 –married 1496 - 27 August 1518). Queen consort to Ferdinand II of Naples (1469–1496), who, as the son of Ferdinand I's son Alfonso II of Naples (1458 - king 1494 - 1495 in Messina), was also her half-nephew. No issue.
Charles of Naples (1480–1486).
Ferdinand also had a number of illegitimate children:
By his mistress Diana Guardato, a member of the aristocratic Patriacian family of the Kingdom of Naples:
Ferdinando d' Aragona y Guardato, 1st Duke of Montalto, who married 1st, Anna Sanseverino, 2nd, Castellana de Cardona.
Maria d'Aragona, who married Antonio Todeschini Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi, a nephew of Pope Pius II and brother of Pope Pius III.
Giovanna d' Aragona, who married Leonardo della Rovere, Duke of Arce and Sora, a nephew of Pope Sixtus IV and brother of Pope Julius II.
By his mistress Eulalia Ravignano:
Maria d'Aragona, who married Gian Giordano Orsini.
By his mistress Giovanna Caracciolo:
Ferdinand d'Aragona, Count of Arsena.
Arrigo d'Aragona, Marquess of Gerace.
Cesare d'Aragona, Marquess of Santa Agata.
Leonor d'Aragona.
Alonso d'Aragona, bastard of Aragona (1460–1510), who married Charla of Lusignan (1468 – in prison in Padua, 1480), daughter of King James II of Cyprus.
Lucrezia d'Aragona, daughter of either Giovanna Caracciola or Eulalia Ravignano, was consort to Onorato III, Prince of Altamura.
Notes[]
References[]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. "[[Wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ferdinand I. of Naples|]]" Encyclopædia Britannica 10 Cambridge University Press pp. 263–264
[]
Marek, Miroslav. "His descent from Ferdinand IV of Castile". Genealogy.EU. http://genealogy.euweb.cz/ivrea/ivrea8.html#Fe2.
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King Juan II 'The Great' of Aragon and Queen Blanche I of Navarre
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Juan II ‘The Great’, King of Aragon, Sardinia and Sicily, King Consort of Navarre (Medina del Campo, 29 June 1397 – Barcelona, 20 January 1479); married...
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The Royal Forums
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https://www.theroyalforums.com/threads/king-juan-ii-the-great-of-aragon-and-queen-blanche-i-of-navarre.15819/
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Juan II ‘The Great’, King of Aragon, Sardinia and Sicily, King Consort of Navarre (Medina del Campo, 29 June 1397 – Barcelona, 20 January 1479); married 1stly in Olite on 6 November 1419 Blanche I, Queen of Navarre (?,? 1385 – Santa María la Real de Nieva, 3 April 1441); Juan married 2ndly in ? on 1 April 1444 Juana Enriquez y Fernández de Cordoba, Countess of Melba and Rueda(?,?, Torrelobation, 1425 - Tarragona, 13 February 1468); Blanche previously married by proxy in Cataniaon 21 May 1402 and in person on 26 December 1402, King Martin I of Sicily (?,?, 1374 — Cagliari, 25 July 1409)
Reign Juan: 1459 - 1479
Reign Blanche: 1425 - 1441
Dynasty Juan:Trastámara
Dynasty Blanche: Evreux
Predecessor Juan: King Alfonso V of Aragon
Predecessor Blanche: King Carlos III of Navarre
Successor Juan: King Fernando II of Aragon, King Consort of Castile
Successor Blanche: Queen Leonor I of Navarre (or Carlos IV, King of Navarre)
Children Juan & Blanche: Prince Carlos of Aragon & Navarre, Prince of Viana (or King Carlos IV of Navarre); Princess Juana of Aragon & Navarre; Queen Blanca of Castile and Queen Leonor I of Navarre
Children Juan & Juana: King Fernando II of Aragon and Queen Juana of Napels
Son Blanche & Martin: Prince Martin of Sicily
Parents Juan: King Fernando I of Aragon and Princess Leonor of Alburquerque (Castile)
Parents Blanche: King Carlos III of Navarre and Princess Leonor of Castile
Parents Juana: Fadrique Enríquez, Count of Melba and Marina Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala
Parents Martin: King Martin I of Aragon and Countess Maria of Luna
Siblings Juan: King Alfonso V of Aragon; Queen Maria of Castile; Prince Enrique of Aragon, Duke of Villena, Count of Alburquerque and Empuries; Queen Leonor of Portugal; Prince Pedro of Aragon, Count of Alburquerque and Duke of Noto and Prince Sancho of Aragon
Siblings Blanche: Countess Juana of Foix; Princess Marie and Princess Margarita of Navarre; Beatriz de Bourbon, Countess of La Marche; Countess Isabel of Armagnac; Prince Carlos of Navarre, Prince of Viana and Prince Luis of Navarre, Prince of Viana
Brother Juana:Alfonso Enríquez, Count of Melba
Siblings Martin: Prince Jaime, Prince Juan and Princess Margarita of Aragon
John II the Great (June 29, 1397 – January 20, 1479) was the King of Aragon (1458–1479) and a king consort of Navarre (1425–1479). He was the son of Ferdinand I and his wife Eleanor of Alburquerque. John is regarded as one of the most memorable and most unscrupulous kings of the 15th century.
In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II. Till middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was engaged in incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile, that was to create the Kingdom of Spain. His trouble with his subjects were closely connected with the tragic dissension in his own family.
John was first married to the Queen Blanche I of Navarre of the house of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king consort of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But a son, Charles, given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard his son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, this grew into absolute hatred and was encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside
Read the entire wikipeida article here.
Blanche I of Navarre (1385–April 3, 1441) was Queen regnant of Navarre from 1425 to 1441.
She was the daughter of King Charles III of Navarre and Eleanor, Infanta of Castile (died 1416).
Blanche married firstly Martin the Younger, King of Sicily and Crown Prince of Aragon. They were married by proxy on May 21, 1402 in Catania. Blanche travelled to meet her new husband and they were married in person on December 26, 1402. The bride was about eleven years old and the groom twenty-eight.
Martin had survived his previous wife and former co-ruler Mary of Sicily and their only son. He was in need of legitimate heirs. However Martin and Blanche only had one son:
Read the entire wikipedia article here.
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Isabella I (1451–1504)
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Isabella I (1451–1504)Queen of Castile, sponsor of Christopher Columbus' voyages of discovery, who is credited, along with her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragon, with the creation of modern unified Spain . Source for information on Isabella I (1451–1504): Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia dictionary.
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Queen of Castile, sponsor of Christopher Columbus' voyages of discovery, who is credited, along with her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragon, with the creation of modern unified Spain . Name variations: Isabel I; Isabella of Spain,; Isabella I of Castile; Isabella the Catholic or Isabel la Católica. Born on April 22, 1451, at Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Spain; died on November 26, 1504, at Medina del Campo, Spain; daughter of Juan also known as John II (1405–1454), king of Castile (r. 1406–1454), and his second wife Isabel of Portugal (1428–1496); married Fernando also known as Ferdinand II, king of Aragon (r. 1479–1516), on October 19, 1469, at Valladolid; children: Isabella of Asturias (1471–1498); Juana la Loca (1479–1555); Maria of Castile (1482–1517); Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536); Juan or John (1478–1497, who married Margaret of Austria [1480–1530]).
Recognized as heir to throne of Castile (1468); proclaimed queen (1474); established Spanish Inquisition (1480); conquered Granada, expelled Jews, and sponsored Columbus' first voyage (1492).
Born April 22, 1451, at Madrigal de las Altas Torres, near Avila, Isabella was the daughter of King John II of Castile and his second wife, Isabel of Portugal . At her birth, Isabella was second in line for the throne, behind her much older half-brother Henry, a son of John's by his earlier marriage to Maria of Aragon (1403–1445). The birth in 1453 of another male child, Alphonso, moved her a step further away, so it was not expected that she would ever be queen in her own right. When John died in 1454, the older son succeeded him as Henry IV (Enrique IV), and the widowed queen withdrew from court to Arévalo, where she took up residence with her two small children. Stories from the time cast doubt on Isabel of Portugal's emotional stability, but it appears that the royal children enjoyed a comfortable, secure childhood, largely isolated from the pressures of court life. Princess Isabella received little formal education. By all accounts, her schooling was limited to needlework and other domestic skills considered appropriate for high-born women destined only to serve as pawns in dynastic alliances. Intelligent, curious, and an enthusiastic reader, Isabella lamented the gaps in her learning and studied hard to remedy them in later years.
Under Henry IV, Castile experienced almost constant political turmoil. The king himself was known as Henry el Impotente (the Impotent), less because of his ineffectiveness as a ruler than because of his failure to father an heir. Considerable doubt remains regarding Henry's sexual preference, as well as emotional and physiological problems he is said to have had. What appears certain is that his relationships with women were dysfunctional. In 1453, shortly after dissolving his childless marriage to Blanche of Navarre , Henry wed Joanna of Portugal , but for several years this union also remained without issue. Public estimation of Henry's manhood was not high, and it did not help that Queen Joanna was known to have lovers on the side. When in 1461 a daughter was finally born to the royal couple, it was widely repeated that the child's real father was Joanna's favorite, Beltrán de la Cueva. Henry at first claimed the new infanta, or princess, whose name was Juana, as his own, but she soon came to be known as Juana la Beltraneja , a mocking reference to her supposed paternity. Doubts about the princess' legitimacy threatened to lead to a disputed succession, the most frightening kind of political crisis in a monarchical system.
During the ensuing decade, civil warfare plagued Castile. Powerful nobles who opposed Henry IV coalesced around his father's two other surviving children, Alphonso and Isabella. In 1465 at Avila, a group of rebels renounced their allegiance to Henry and proclaimed Alphonso as king, although he was only 11 years old. Three years later, the youthful pretender died and his supporters turned to Isabella, but the princess declined to cooperate. Instead, she remained loyal to Henry, demanding as the price of her adherence that he publicly acknowledge her as his legitimate heir. This requirement compelled the king to repudiate the infanta Juana la Beltraneja, which he obligingly did in 1468 at Toros de Guisando.
Nature has made no other woman like her.
—Pietro Martire d'Anghiera
Isabella herself was only 17, but her conduct suggests a political maturity, coupled with a shrewdness in judging men and circumstances. Legitimate or not, an unmarried woman by herself would find it difficult to bring Castile's factions under control and rule effectively. Already determined to restore public order and honest government, Isabella recognized her need for a strong husband who could command troops in the field and father children to ensure the succession. Isabella's decision to marry was not an acceptance of the limited procreative role traditionally assigned to royal women. Rather, in the way she went about it, she showed herself to be defiant and independent, a woman who had her own agenda and who knew her own mind. There was no shortage of eligible suitors, including Henry's personal favorite, his brother-in-law King Afonso V of Portugal, but Isabella rejected them all in favor of her own choice, young Ferdinand (II), king of Sicily and heir also to the throne of neighboring Aragon. "It must be he," she is reported to have said, "and no other."
On October 19, 1469, Isabella and Ferdinand were married quietly in a private residence at Valladolid. Although they were second cousins, the bride and groom met for the first time only a few days before the wedding. According to contemporaries, there was an immediate bond between them. Both were young, Ferdinand in fact a year younger than Isabella, and both were reasonably sturdy and attractive. Also, both were intelligent, tough-minded pragmatists. The alliance strengthened Isabella's position at home, but the Aragonese, who were feeling French expansionist pressure to the north, needed it more than she did, a circumstance which allowed her to impose upon Ferdinand a marriage contract limiting his prerogatives to his wife's advantage. Isabella's new husband agreed to reside in Castile and to provide military support to her cause, but he was granted no independent authority in her lands. Official declarations would be issued in both names, but nothing would be done without Isabella's consent, and Ferdinand's rights in Castile would expire upon her death.
Henry IV reacted angrily but indecisively to news of Isabella and Ferdinand's marriage, first reinstating as his heir the infanta Juana la Beltraneja, then repudiating her again in order to make peace with his half-sister. On December 11, 1474, Henry died. Isabella was immediately proclaimed queen at Segovia and adherence to her cause spread rapidly across the kingdom. A small group of nobles opposed to the Aragonese connection quickly adopted the cause of the infanta Juana and sought assistance from neighboring Portugal in exchange for betrothing the unfortunate nine-year-old to King Afonso V, several decades her senior. Another long period of civil warfare followed. Aided by a Portuguese force, Isabella's opponents enjoyed an early advantage, but in 1476 the tide turned in the queen's favor when Ferdinand defeated Afonso at Toro. In 1479, the Treaty of Alcaçovas brought an end to hostilities and opened the way for Isabella to consolidate her hold on the Castilian throne.
Modern historians differ as to the legality of Isabella's claim, which rested finally on the question of whether or not Juana la Beltraneja was really illegitimate, as contemporaries charged. In any case, the issue was decided not according to justice, but by force of arms, public opinion, and practical exigencies. To Juana's disadvantage was her youth, her dependence upon the Portuguese party, and the damage done by Henry's own repudiation of her. As for Isabella, by the time the war ended, she was 28, politically experienced, and married to a well-liked prince whose family was Castilian in origin, values, and affections. Most important, she had been able to guarantee the succession. The birth in 1471 of a daughter, Isabella of Asturias , and especially in 1478 of a son, Juan, promised political stability in the future. Another factor in Isabella's growing power base was Ferdinand's own accession as king of Aragon upon his father's death in 1479.
With her husband's active collaboration, Isabella took energetic steps to restore public order in Castile, at the same time seeking to consolidate and expand royal authority at the expense of the feudal nobility. In 1476 at the Cortes, or parliament, of Madrigal, the monarchs agreed with the leading municipalities to revive and restructure the old medieval hermandades, or town militias, which were now placed under the supervision of a national council dominated by the crown. This effective rural police force cleared the countryside of murderers, robbers, and other violent criminals. In addition, it increased Isabella's influence over the administration of justice at the local level, thereby weakening the traditional aristocracy.
In other measures adopted at Madrigal and later at the Cortes of Toledo (1480), Isabella and Ferdinand sought to curb the power of the great lords by reforming the kingdom's political and administrative structure. The Royal Council, known also as the Council of Castile, became the principal policy-making body for interior affairs. It was staffed largely by university-trained lawyers, whose expertise was necessary to the increasingly complex business of government. Unlike the grandes, or members of the high nobility, who had dominated politics in previous reigns, these so-called "new men" had no independent power base of their own. They owed their positions to the monarchs, and, therefore, their loyalty was assured.
Isabella profited from the support of the towns and the "new men," but she did not intend to transfer power to them. The administrative reforms enacted at Toledo also increased royal oversight over municipal affairs, especially through the appointment of corregidores, or royal governors, to reside in the kingdom's most important cities. To be able to act autonomously, without restraint or competition, Isabella and Ferdinand required reliable revenues of their own, so that they would not need to request new taxes from the Cortes. To this end, they worked to recover sources of royal income which had been improperly ceded to private parties during the struggle between Henry and Isabella's brother Alphonso. Also, in 1476 Isabella began the process of absorbing into the crown the masterships of the immensely wealthy, but largely independent, military orders of Santiago, Calatrava, and Alcántara. As increased trade and a reformed coinage led to economic expansion, more efficient collection of existing taxes brought even greater returns to the crown. It is estimated that, during the 30 years of Isabella's reign, revenues from taxes increased by 360%. Financial solvency
made consultation of the Cortes unnecessary, and between 1483 and 1497 the monarchs did not convene the parliamentary body at all.
Devoutly religious, Isabella believed that it was the duty of Christian rulers to implement God's will on earth. In 1453, when she was still a small child, the Turks had taken Constantinople, an event which reawakened the crusading spirit in Europe. War against infidels was particularly valued in Spain, where Christians had maintained a tense frontier with Islam since the year 711. During the Reconquest, a centuries-long process of southward migration punctuated by periodic outbreaks of warfare, the rulers of what had eventually become Castile and Aragon had gradually recaptured most of the Iberian peninsula. As late as Isabella's reign, however, there was one remaining Muslim stronghold, the kingdom of Granada in the extreme south on the Mediterranean.
With the fall in 1482 of Muslim-held Alhama, Isabella and Ferdinand inaugurated a decade-long campaign to conquer Granada. While her husband took command in the field, the queen mobilized men, arms, and supplies. By necessity and custom, Isabella's role in the struggle was limited to support, but she was frequently at the front with Ferdinand. Her presence is said to have inspired her own soldiers and, on occasion, to have disheartened the enemy, but it also exposed her to great risk. At least twice, she came close to being killed or seriously injured. Castilian forces gradually dismembered the Moorish kingdom, taking in turn such strategic centers as Loja, Málaga, and Baza, and, by the close of 1490, they had settled in outside the city of Granada itself. On January 2, 1492, following a lengthy siege, Granada surrendered, and four days later the king and queen entered the former Muslim capital in triumph.
The fall of Granada marked the recovery of what Isabella believed to be the original patrimony of her distant forebears, the Christian kings of Visigothic Spain, but it was not the limit of her expansionist program. Concerned by recent advances made by the Portuguese in Africa and the Atlantic, as early as 1478 Ferdinand and Isabella had sent an expedition to the Canary Islands to enforce Castilian claims there. Meanwhile, in a more ambitious undertaking, the queen agreed to finance an attempt by the Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus to reach the Indies, that is, the Far East, by sailing westward across the Atlantic. Columbus' October 12, 1492, landfall in the Bahamas opened the way for the establishment of a Castilian empire in the so-called New World.
Castilian ventures in the Atlantic were expected to facilitate access to the riches of Africa and the Orient, but wealth was not the only goal of Isabelline expansionism. Inspired by the Biblical book of the Apocalypse, or Revelations, Isabella shared a current millenarian belief in the imminence of the Second Coming, which must be preceded by the rise of a world emperor who would recover Jerusalem from infidel hands. Given the successful war for Granada, it was easy for Isabella to see herself and Ferdinand, or perhaps one of their descendants, in such a role.
Isabella's fusion of her political agenda with her sense of religious obligation was responsible for two of her most controversial policies, the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition and the expulsion from her realm of the Jews. Long a cultural frontier, Castile had a significant Jewish population, whose members enjoyed great influence, especially as physicians, bankers, and tax gatherers. In the 14th century, outbreaks of anti-Semitic violence led to many baptisms of convenience, and the so-called "new men" were often conversos, as Jewish converts to Christianity were called. Also, many noble houses had marriage ties with converso families; in fact, Isabella and Ferdinand themselves both had Jewish ancestors. Conversos were to be found among the most devout of Christians, but frequent reports of clandestine Judaism in the convert community troubled Isabella, who regarded conformity in matters of belief to be an essential component of the new order of monarchical centralization. To enforce orthodoxy, she and Ferdinand acquired papal authorization to establish Inquisition tribunals, with the provision that, contrary to practice elsewhere in Europe, these courts would be under royal, rather than papal or episcopal, control.
Established first at Seville in 1480, the Spanish Inquisition spread throughout Castile and into Aragon as well, becoming one of the earliest national institutions in Spain. The Inquisition's abuses were notorious. Questioned under torture, defendants were kept ignorant of their accusers' identities. Because the inquisitors were allowed to confiscate the property of convicted persons, corruption was common. Although many of the sentences handed out, such as public penance, were relatively mild, there is a contemporary estimate that, during the 1480s, some 2,000 persons were sentenced, often on flimsy evidence, to death by burning.
The campaign against judaizing conversos also brought Castile's remaining Jewish population under Isabella's scrutiny. Convinced that unconverted Jews provided an ever-present bad example to the "new Christians," the queen believed also that the prophecy of the Second Coming required that the Jews disappear as a people before the world empire could emerge. In 1492, shortly after the conquest of Granada, Isabella ordered all the Jews of Castile to accept baptism as Christians or depart the kingdom. Many Jews did convert, but many others chose permanent exile instead. Having been guaranteed religious toleration when Granada surrendered, Castile's Muslims were at first spared similar treatment. Their reprieve was short-lived, however; in 1501, unconverted Muslims were ordered out of Granada, and the following year they were expelled from the rest of Castile as well.
The Spanish Inquisition and the mass deportation of the Jews produced great human suffering, but Isabella's record in religious affairs was not entirely one of bigotry and persecution. Years before state-sponsored church reform became fashionable elsewhere in Christian Europe, the queen recognized the need to improve the quality of the clergy and the discipline of the monastic orders, and to encourage greater spirituality and observance on the part of the laity. Her collaborator in these efforts was her confessor, the ascetic archbishop of Toledo, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros (1436–1517). Largely thanks to Isabella and Cisneros, the Roman Catholic Church cleaned its house in Spain so effectively that, in the 16th century, the Protestant Reformation would have virtually no impact there. In recognition of their many services to the faith, in 1494 Pope Alexander IV awarded Isabella and Ferdinand the title of los Reyes Católicos, or the Catholic Monarchs, by which historians still refer to them.
The early 1490s saw Isabella's kingdom in much better shape than she had found it, but the last decade of her life would bring troubles. The Italian Wars (1494–1504), although fought to protect Aragonese dynastic interests against French intrusion, consumed Castilian resources and disheartened the queen, who lamented the expenditure of blood and treasure on war against other Christians, instead of infidels. Also during this period, Isabella experienced several personal tragedies, which had political consequences because stability in a monarchy depended upon the fortunes of the royal family. In Barcelona in December 1492, Ferdinand was almost killed in an assassination attempt, an incident which reminded Isabella of the fragility of the political order in Spain. A greater crisis came in 1497 with the sudden death of the infante Juan, the male heir under whom Ferdinand and Isabella had expected Castile and Aragon to be united once and for all. The monarchs' eldest daughter, Isabella of Asturias, now married to King Manuel I of Portugal, was designated as heir, but, while the Castilian Cortes immediately swore allegiance to her, the Aragonese parliament declined to do so, citing a traditional prohibition in that kingdom against female succession.
When Princess Isabella of Asturias herself died in childbirth in 1498, and was followed to the grave two years later by her infant son, the right to inherit in Castile passed to Ferdinand
and Isabella's second daughter, Juana. Isabella succeeded this time in extracting acceptance of a female heir from the Aragonese, but the problem of the succession continued to trouble her. Remembered in history as Juana la Loca, or the Insane, the new heir was emotionally unstable and was also dominated by her husband, Archduke Philip of Burgundy, known as Philip the Fair, whom Isabella did not trust. In 1503, as the queen herself fell seriously ill, possibly of cancer, she attempted in her will to guarantee the continuity of Ferdinand's authority in Castile, a reversal of the terms she had originally insisted upon in their marriage contract.
On November 26, 1504, Isabella died at Medina del Campo and, in compliance with her final wish, was carried to Granada for burial. Preceded in death by two of her children, she foresaw clearly the tragic life to which a third, the unfortunate Juana la Loca, was destined. Of the remaining two princesses, only one, Maria of Castile , who, following her sister Isabella of Asturias' death, was married to the widowed Portuguese king and gave birth to many children, enjoyed a relatively contented life. Both personal and political humiliations awaited the youngest daughter, known to history as Catherine of Aragon , who in 1509 became the first of the six wives of England's notorious King Henry VIII (1509–1547).
Although the union Isabella and Ferdinand created between Castile and Aragon was at first only a dynastic alliance, under them and their descendants Spain did come increasingly to be thought of as a single, unified power. In more recent times, during the Francisco Franco régime (1939–75), supporters of the dictatorship sought legitimacy in the historical example of the Catholic Monarchs. A movement even emerged proposing Isabella as a candidate for sainthood, but it made little progress because of persistent questions concerning the queen's responsibility for the excesses of the Inquisition and the sufferings of the native inhabitants of the New World.
Maria of Castile (1482–1517)
Queen of Portugal. Name variations: Maria of Castile or Marie of Castile; Mary Trastamara. Born on June 29, 1482, in Cordoba; died on March 7, 1517, in Lisbon; daughter of Ferdinand II, king of Aragon, and Isabella I (1451–1504), queen of Castile (r. 1468–1504); became second wife of Miguel also known as Manuel I the Fortunate (1469–1521), king of Portugal (r. 1495–1521), on October 30, 1500; children: Luiz (1506–1555), duke of Beja; Isabella of Portugal (1503–1539); Beatrice of Portugal (1504–1538, who married Charles II of Savoy); Fernando (1507–1534), duke of Guarda; Alfonso (1509–1540), archbishop of Lisbon; Enrique or Henry (1512–1580), cardinal of Portugal; Duarte (b. 1515, who married Isabella of Braganza ); Joao also known as John III, king of Portugal (r. 1521–1557, who married Catherine [1507–1578], sister of Charles V); Maria (1513–1513); Antonio (1516–1516).
Isabella the queen is so prominent a figure in history that it is not always easy to catch glimpses of Isabella the woman. By all accounts she was a devoted wife and mother, and, although Ferdinand, true to contemporary standards of princely conduct, was not always faithful to her, it is clear that they respected one another and that, on the whole, their marriage was a good one. United by bonds of genuine affection, as well as of dynastic interest, Isabella and Ferdinand enjoyed a remarkable partnership, successful both as a domestic arrangement and as a political alliance. Always sensitive to her subjects' skepticism regarding women rulers, Isabella deliberately kept Ferdinand on view, so that at times it is difficult for historians to distinguish what in their reign was hers, what was his, and what was theirs. From the beginning, however, Isabella was determined to implement her own vision of Castile's future. She was fiercely protective of her royal prerogatives, and it was she, not Ferdinand, who dictated the terms under which the partners shared authority at all.
sources:
Elliott, J.H. Imperial Spain, 1469–1716. NY: St. Martin's Press, 1964.
Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. Ferdinand and Isabella. NY: Taplinger, 1975.
Liss, Peggy K. Isabel the Queen: Life and Times. NY: Oxford University Press, 1992.
suggested reading:
Mariéjol, J.H. The Spain of Ferdinand and Isabella. Translated by Benjamin Keen. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1961.
Merriman, Roger Bigelow. The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New: The Catholic Kings. Vol. 2. NY: Macmillan, 1918.
Prescott, W.H. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. Abridged ed. NY: Heritage Press, 1967 (originally published in 1837).
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John II | Reformer, Reconquest, Patronage
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John II was the king of Castile from 1406 to 1454; his political weakness led him to rely on his favourite, Álvaro de Luna, whom he made constable. He was nevertheless considered a man of cultivated taste and a patron of poets. John succeeded his father, Henry III, as an infant of less than two
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-II-king-of-Castile
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John II (born March 6, 1405, Toro, Castile—died July 21, 1454, Valladolid) was the king of Castile from 1406 to 1454; his political weakness led him to rely on his favourite, Álvaro de Luna, whom he made constable. He was nevertheless considered a man of cultivated taste and a patron of poets.
John succeeded his father, Henry III, as an infant of less than two years of age, under the joint regency of his mother, Catherine of Lancaster, and his uncle, the infante Ferdinand, who became king of Aragon (as Ferdinand I) in 1412. John took the reins in 1419 but soon placed himself in the hands of his companion Luna, who contested the influence of Ferdinand’s sons in Castile. This led to factional struggles among the nobles, during which Luna enriched himself and his supporters. In 1430 a settlement was reached, and John II led a campaign against Granada, defeating the Muslims in the Battle of Higueruela (1431). John II sequestered his son, the future Henry IV, at Segovia, giving rise to fresh rivalries. He and Luna vanquished the dissidents at the Battle of Olmedo in 1445.
Britannica Quiz
Kings and Emperors (Part III) Quiz
In 1447 Luna persuaded John, now a widower, to marry Isabella of Portugal, who soon opposed him. After Luna had connived at a murder, the tide turned; and in 1453 John II was persuaded to arrest and execute his favourite. He proved unable to govern alone.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon
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Ferdinand II the Catholic was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Castile, Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre and Count of Barcelona. His marriage to Isabella of Castile brought together most of the Iberian Peninsula as Spain and started its move to become a great power.
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Ferdinand II the Catholic (Spanish: Fernando V de Castilla, 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Castile, Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre and Count of Barcelona. His marriage to Isabella of Castile brought together most of the Iberian Peninsula as Spain and started its move to become a great power.
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https://asu.pressbooks.pub/gender-in-the-premodern-mediterranean/chapter/chapter-7/
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7. Gender and Authority: The Particularities of Female Rule in the Premodern Mediterranean – Gender in the Premodern Mediterranean
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https://asu.pressbooks.pub/gender-in-the-premodern-mediterranean/chapter/chapter-7/
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7. Gender and Authority: The Particularities of Female Rule in the Premodern Mediterranean
Elena Woodacre
[print edition page number: 137]
In a period when the exercise of power by women was generally limited and fairly unusual, the Mediterranean offers a wealth of intriguing examples of female rule in the premodern era. It could even be argued that the Mediterranean offered a more amenable climate for female rule than northern Europe. Certainly it offered unique opportunities for women, enabled in part by the distinctive features of the political landscape in the Mediterranean. This essay will analyze the prospects for women to exercise power and authority in the Mediterranean sphere through a survey of case studies from the Byzantine empresses of late antiquity to Aragonese queen-lieutenants in the fifteenth century. It will examine women who ruled in their own right, including the Neapolitan queens Giovanna I and II and the queens of Jerusalem, whose reigns preserved dynastic continuity while the selection of their spouse maintained the Crusader kingdom’s tradition of elected or selected kings. It will also provide examples of women who rose to power in widowhood, as the consort of the previous ruler such as Sharjar al-Durr in thirteenth-century Egypt or as a regent for their son such as the Byzantine empresses Irene and Anna of Savoy. In addition to these more typical routes for women to access power, this survey will highlight more unusual positions of authority, including the office of queen-lieutenant, a role developed in large part to cope with the demands of ruling Aragón’s far-flung Mediterranean empire, which allowed the queen to rule on her husband’s behalf during his absence. Taken together, these regional case studies will highlight the distinctive environment with regard to gender and authority in the premodern Mediterranean and how this atmosphere created a singular climate for female rule.
The study of female rule and queenship in wider terms has been a thriving area of academic study in recent years. Examinations of queenship in the premodern period and in a European context has been a particular area of strength, however studies of female political agency in both modern and global contexts[138] are continuing to emerge. Although queenship studies arguably began with biographical studies of particular figures, comparative studies and collections that highlight regional histories of female power and agency have become a trend in the field. While these collections and studies have greatly increased our understanding of queenship in particular areas, such as medieval Iberia or early modern England, the Mediterranean basin is an area that is only just beginning to be examined in the context of female authority and political influence. Despite the fact that the Mediterranean region is incredibly diverse in terms of religious practice and political entities, these case studies of feminine agency, drawn from across seemingly disparate contexts, all highlight and reinforce key themes in queenship studies such as the importance of family connections, maternity, and marital relationships in framing female authority. These wide-ranging case studies also serve to increase our understanding of how women were able to access and wield political power in the premodern period both in the unique context of the Mediterranean world and beyond.
Empresses of Byzantium
The history of the ancient Mediterranean left a distinctive imprint with regard to female rule. Legendary female rulers such as Dido of Carthage, the biblical queen of Sheba, Nefertiti, Hatsheput, and Cleopatra VII of Egypt are still at the forefront of the modern imagination, providing impetus for popular culture and academic research. While prohibited from direct rule, empresses of Rome, such as Livia, Agrippina the Younger, and Julia Domna are excellent examples of female agency in the classical Mediterranean. This foundation built by the women of imperial Rome was later leveraged by the empresses of Byzantium. The power wielded by Byzantine empresses has not always been fully appreciated[139] in modern historiography; in order to do so, Liz James has argued that we need to step away from modern understandings of political agency and appreciate the significance of religious mediation during theological disputes and activities, such as church-building, as an expression of authority. Kathryn Ringrose has argued that it is also necessary to understand the unique gendered mechanisms of the Byzantine court and the importance of eunuchs as a mediator between the male and female spheres and as an interlocutor for imperial authority. Access to a team of eunuchs, experienced in court protocol and bureaucracy, was crucial, for they “acted as an extension of an empress’s power, allowing her to govern despite the constraints of her gender and the traditionalism of an elaborate court bureaucracy.”
While it is important to understand the nuanced exercise of power and the complex structure of the Byzantine court to fully contexualize the agency of imperial women, there are multiple examples of empresses who clearly wielded power. These women include consorts such as the infamous Theodora, who ruled alongside Emperor Justinian in the sixth century, and the “forceful power-broker” Eirene Doukaina, mother of the chronicler Anna Kommene. Women have also risen to power in the Byzantine empire as regents; seven women assumed the regency between 527–1204, and later examples include Anna of Savoy in the fourteenth century. The most famous of these regents was Irene, consort of Leo IV, first regent for their son Constantine VI then sole ruler (797–802) after Constantine’s death, who adopted the male and female titles of basileus and basilissa.
While royal mothers were often advantageously placed to assume a regency, serving as a key dynastic link as the widow of the last ruler and the mother of the next, women often struggled to be accepted in this role, particularly if they were considered to be a foreigner. This can be seen not only in the context of the Byzantine empire and the Mediterranean but also in cases of female regency across Europe in the premodern era. Blanche of Castile, the mother of and regent for Louis IX of France, was able to overcome initial opposition to her rule as a woman and a foreigner to create a successful regency that set an important precedent for a long line of French queens regent. However, while Irene is an excellent example of a successful empress regent in the Byzantine empire, Maria of Antioch, a near contemporary of Blanche of Castile, had a short and disastrous regency for her son, Alexios II, after the death of her husband Manuel[140] I Komnenos in September 1180. Maria, who came from the Crusader States, was unpopular due to the perception that she was a westerner and the rumor that she was engaged in an illicit affair with her late husband’s nephew, Alexios the protosebastos. Her decision to install her relatives in powerful positions and enact policies that were perceived to be “pro-Latin” also opened her up to criticism. Opponents of her regency included several key members of the imperial dynasty, headed by her step-daughter, Maria Porphyrogenita. Maria of Antioch was eventually unseated in a coup d’état in 1182 by Andronikos Komnenos that claimed the lives of the regent, her son Alexios II, and even her step-daughter and her husband who had opposed Maria’s regency.
However, women did not only come to power in the Byzantine empire through their husbands and sons. As Dion Smythe noted “the increasing significance attached to birth in the Porphyry Chamber of the imperial palace meant that the succession to the throne was not determined simply by primogeniture . . . [making] it possible for the supreme office to be filled by a woman.” A number of women were acknowledged as imperial heirs, including Anna Komnene and Maria Porphyrogenita, daughter of Manuel I. Maria was considered to be her father’s heir for the majority of her youth; her father used her as a high-stakes piece in a European-wide effort in matrimonial diplomacy. Maria was put forth as a prospective bride for Bela of Hungary, William II of Sicily, John Lackland of England, and Henry, heir of Fredrick Barbarossa, before she was finally wed to Ranier of Montferrat in 1180. Anna Komnene was keenly aware of the importance of her birth in the Porphry Chamber, which gave her the right to use the sobriquet “porphyrogenita,” and Smythe argues that “her goal in life [was] to ascend the imperial throne as empress-regnant.” While it has to be acknowledged that these women were later displaced in the line of succession by the birth of brothers, despite Anna Komnene’s vociferous attempts to prevent what she saw as the usurpation of her rightful place, the fact that women were accepted as potential heirs and viable claimants is important.
An excellent example of women who were able to rule in their own right are the sisters Zoe and Theodora, who were considered the rightful heirs of their father Constantine VIII. Zoe Porphyrogenita (r. 1028–1050) was married three times; her husbands became emperor through their marriage to her. Although her birthright as her father’s heir, born in the Porphry Chamber, was acknowledged, she had to combat men who sought to prevent her from fully exercising the imperial office. Zoe’s opponents included the powerful eunuch John the Orphanotrophos, who thwarted her attempt to appropriate her father’s experienced staff of eunuchs into her service and replaced them with women[141] from his own family. However, her position as empress was supported by her subjects, who rose up in violent opposition when Zoe’s adopted heir, Michael V, attempted to remove her from power by exiling her to a nunnery. According to the chronicler Michael Psellos, the mob, which included a considerable number of women and even children, cried out in indignation:
Where can she be, she who alone is free, the mistress of all the imperial family, the rightful heir to the Empire, whose father was emperor, whose grandfather was monarch before him-yes and great-grandfather too? How was it this low-born fellow dared to raise a hand against a woman of such lineage?
Michael was dethroned and Zoe restored to her position, ruling alongside her sister, Theodora. Garland notes that although Theodora was initially reluctant to leave the convent and embrace her imperial role, once installed as empress she was authoritative and far more determined than her sister Zoe to ensure that Michael and his supporters were adequately punished and removed from the center of political power. Zoe and Theodora minted coins during their joint rule with images of both sisters and performed all duties and functions that were considered part of the emperor’s prerogative. Although the chronicler Michael Psellos was often critical of their rule, he notes that “both the civilian population and the military caste were working in harmony under [the] empresses, and more obedient to them than to any proud overlord issuing arrogant orders.” Theodora was temporarily set aside after Zoe’s remarriage to Constantine IX Monomachos, but on Zoe’s death in 1050, Theodora ruled alongside her brother-in-law for five years and on her own until her own death in 1056.
Although, as Lynda Garland notes, the role of empress lacked a clear constitutional definition, the framework of the Byzantine empire allowed women to exercise power in a number of ways. While female rule was permitted, imperial women had to negotiate the complex court protocols and bureaucracy, leveraging the knowledge and position of their eunuchs and crafting alliances at court to support their authority and enable them to exercise power. Empresses consort were active rulers alongside their husbands, at times overtly engaged in the political arena, while at other moments expressing their agency by more subtle means through their patronage of the Church and connection to theological disputes. Empresses possessed even more authority as regents for their sons and were recognized[142] as imperial heiresses and rulers in their own right, as the examples of Irene, Zoe, and her sister Theodora aptly demonstrate. Thus, the empresses of Byzantium are a critical case study for female agency in the Mediterranean, providing a link to the classical heritage of the region and key examples of a legal and social framework that enabled women to exercise political authority as influential consorts, powerful regents, and as sovereigns in their own right.
The Queens of Jerusalem
The inception of the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem in the eastern Mediterranean created a truly unique environment for female rule. Although the new lords of the realm brought with them feudal ideals and legal traditions from their homes of origin across Europe, the laws of the new kingdom were arguably progressive in terms of female inheritance. It was completely permissible for a daughter to inherit property from her father, including a fief or even a throne, in the absence of a male heir. Joshua Prawer notes that the assise that allowed females to inherit their father’s holdings was an early one, possibly dating back to the time of Godfrey de Bouillon, immediately after the First Crusade, ca. 1100. Prawer remarks that this assise was not necessarily in line with current practices in Europe, and Sylvia Schein concurs, remarking that the inheritance laws of the kingdom were more favorable to women than those in the West. Prawer claims that female inheritance was permitted in order to reassure knights “that their family, even their distant family, might enjoy the fruits of their bravery.” This legislation paved the way for many heiresses in the kingdom of Jerusalem, such as Helvis of Ramle and Stephanie of Milly, who inherited important fiefs in their own right, and also made it possible for the kingdom itself to be inherited by a woman.
The succession to Baldwin II became the test case for female succession to the throne of the kingdom of Jerusalem in the twelfth century. Initially the Crusader kingdom was founded on the principle of an elected or selected ruler, but the first three kings of Jerusalem were all closely linked by blood, and a tendency toward dynastic continuity quickly set in. Baldwin II, in contrast to his uncles Godfrey and Baldwin, had several children with his wife Morphia of Melitene and hoped to place a child of his own on the throne. Morphia died in 1126 or 1127, leaving four surviving girls but no son. Baldwin had the option to marry again in the hopes of siring a son, but he may have decided that it was better to secure the succession through the marriages of his nearly grown daughters than risk lengthy regency for an infant son. The succession to Baldwin II would be a[143] new test of the principles of succession for the still fledgling kingdom. In theory there were three options: (1) the throne could go to Melisende as Baldwin’s eldest child; (2) the throne could go to Baldwin’s nearest male relative; or (3) it could go to another unrelated man who was chosen by the assembly. The end result was a hybrid of the first and third options; Baldwin decided to marry his eldest daughter to a man chosen by the assembly, and together they would succeed him on the throne. In this way both the elective and hereditary principles would be satisfied and a precedent for an heiress was created, providing the dynastic continuity that was critical for the fledgling and vulnerable kingdom.
Baldwin’s eldest daughter Melisende married Fulk, Count of Anjou, a man known to and approved by the barons of the kingdom in 1129. Melisende and Fulk came to the throne upon the death of Baldwin II in 1131 and initially struggled to rule together. Fulk appears to have conceived of himself as the sole ruler of the kingdom, while Melisende saw herself as the rightful heiress to the kingdom and a co-ruler, not a consort. Moreover, she had the support of both the Church and many of the barons who felt that Fulk was disregarding Melisende’s rights as set out in the will of Baldwin II and who resented his appointment of Angevins to key posts in the realm. In order to placate the barons who supported Melisende, Fulk had to acknowledge the rights of his wife as the rightful heiress to the kingdom, and, according to the chronicler William of Tyre, “not even in unimportant cases did he take any measures without her knowledge and assistance.”
After Fulk’s death in 1143, William of Tyre declared that “The royal power passed to Lady Melisend, a queen beloved of God, to whom it belonged by hereditary right” although her son Baldwin III was elevated to the throne on his father’s death as Melisende and Fulk’s mutual heir. Jaroslav Folda and Sarah Lambert have both analyzed images of Melisende in manuscript images and note two examples that give Melisende a key role her son’s coronation, demonstrating her position and authority. In one of these images, Melisende is clearly pictured being crowned again alongside her son Baldwin III at his coronation, perhaps to[144] emphasize that she was a queen regnant and co-ruler, not regent. In another example, Melisende, already wearing her own crown as queen, crowns her son in tandem with the bishop.
After nearly ten years on the throne of Jerusalem, Baldwin was firmly into his majority and he wanted his mother to step aside and leave him as sole ruler of the kingdom. Melisende refused to do so and had the support of a large faction of the nobility for her continued rule. However, Baldwin had the advantage of being able to lead the army and wisely pressed this advantage in his struggle for control. Ultimately, Melisende lost her struggle with her son and was forced to give up control of the kingdom and assume the place of Queen Mother. However, she set a precedent in the kingdom of Jerusalem for female succession and left the example of a strong queen who “ruled the kingdom and administered the government with such skillful care.”
This precedent enabled the succession of two of Melisende’s granddaughters, Sibylla and Isabella; however, while their right to the throne was accepted and acknowledged, both women struggled to rule the kingdom. The difficulty stemmed from both the extremely turbulent political situation within the kingdom and the aggressive expansion of Saladin, which culminated in the loss of Jerusalem after the Battle of Hattin in 1187. Both women were also hampered by husbands who did not have the support of the kingdom as their king consort, unlike Fulk of Anjou, whose selection had been ratified by an assembly of the barons. While Sibylla crowned her unpopular husband, Guy de Lusignan, at her own coronation, against the will of the majority of the barony, Isabella was forced to end her marriage to Humphrey of Toron, who was felt to be an inadequate king consort. Moreover, Isabella’s second husband, Conrad de Montferrat was assassinated and possibly her third husband, Henri de Champagne as well, given his untimely death in fall from a window. However, her marriage to her fourth husband, Amaury de Lusignan, King of Cyprus, did have the support of the majority of the barons as well as the influential Archbishop of Tyre. A contemporary chronicle noted that only with this more widely accepted fourth marriage[145] did she finally settle into her queenship, noting “Lors a primes fu ele royne”. These examples demonstrate that although female rule and inheritance may have been accepted in principle, it was nearly impossible for a queen to assert her right to the crown if her consort was not accepted by her subjects.
While the reigns of Melisende, Sibylla, and Isabella set an important precedent for queens regnant in the kingdom, the legal right of female successors to the throne of Jerusalem was firmly established by the Livre au Roi. This important piece of legislation, believed to have been drafted in the early thirteenth century during the reign of Isabella and her fourth husband Amaury de Lusignan, clearly sets out in writing the procedures for succession to the throne of Jerusalem. This legislation also ensured that Isabella’s daughter Maria of Montferrat had smooth ascent to the throne and also enabled the succession of Maria’s daughter Yolande (sometimes referred to as Isabella II).
The queens of Jerusalem are a controversial group of female rulers; both Sarah Lambert and Bernard Hamilton have argued for their diminishing power and influence, particularly after the fall of Jerusalem itself. While it cannot be contested that these women all struggled to fully implement their rule in an increasingly difficult political situation in the Latin East, the fact that female succession was permitted in the kingdom and their hereditary right as queen was acknowledged, makes their situation an important case study for female rule in the Mediterranean region. There is also a key link between these Crusader queens and the Byzantine empresses of the first case study with regard to female succession, as both realms allowed women to inherit the throne in their own right.
Women and Power in the Islamic Mediterranean
It is interesting to note that during eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, the same period that saw the creation and high point of the Crusader States, there were a number of women in positions of power in the Islamic Mediterranean, including areas in close proximity to the kingdom of Jerusalem. There is often a presumption that women had no access to political power in Muslim territories; this misunderstanding stems from a general omission of female political figures in western histories and a misconstruction of the workings and composition of the[146] harem. Another difficulty in recognizing female agency in the Islamic Mediterranean is the lack of an analogous term to the western counterpart of “queen” or, indeed, consistent terminology for a female ruler in the Maghreb and Levant. Fatima Mernissi explores the range of honorifics used in the Islamic world for women with high status and access to power, including sultana (the female equivalent of sultan), khatun (lady or noblewoman), malika (the closest equivalent word to “queen”), sitt (lady), and al-hurra — literally a free woman, although Mernissi argues that as an honorific it stresses that the woman was “a sovereign woman who obeyed no superior authority.” There were two key criteria for recognized sovereignty in the Islamic world: the ability to issue coinage in a ruler’s name and the inclusion of the ruler’s name in the khutba or Friday prayers. Mernissi cites fifteen female Muslim rulers who meet these criteria, in addition to numerous examples of politically influential women who visibly exercised authority in spite of failing to meet the criteria of sovereignty.
The eleventh century was a particularly active period for female agency in the Islamic Mediterranean, with women in powerful positions in Morocco, al-Andalus, Egypt, and Yemen. The first of these women to come to power was Sitt al-Mulk, the beloved daughter of the Fatimid sultan of Egypt al-Aziz (r. 975–996). On the death of her father, her brother al-Hakim (r. 996–1021) came to power and began an increasingly stormy reign during which his relationship with his sister deteriorated to such a degree that she feared for her safety. When al-Hakim disappeared in February 1021, Sitt al-Mulk took power, ruling alone for six weeks. While her aggressive actions after her brother’s death led some chroniclers, such as Hilal al-Sabi, to view her as the likely murderer, other chroniclers, such as Ibn al-Athir, argued that, given the widespread hatred al-Hakim had incurred through his violent rule, there were many potential assassins.
Sitt al-Mulk ensured a smooth transition of power to her nephew al-Zahir by eliminating any potential rivals. Yaacov Lev argued that her willingness to be completely ruthless in order to ensure her nephew’s accession gave her “a much-needed and much-appreciated quality in a ruler, that of hayba, i.e. she[147] who inspired awe, and was accordingly obeyed.” She remained as the linchpin in her nephew’s government for a further two years until her death; working to stabilize the finances of the state, which had been poorly managed under the rule of al-Hakim, and lifting an edict that confined women to the home. Although Sitt al-Mulk’s rise to power and political agency were certainly atypical, it is important to note that many women of the Fatimid dynasty played an important part in the family’s activities and were active patrons who possessed considerable wealth.
Sitt al-Mulk possessed undeniable political authority in Egypt during her lifetime as an important and influential member of the reigning dynasty, rather than ruling alone in her own right. In the mid-thirteenth century, Sharjar (also known as Sharajarat or Sharjara) al-Durr went one step further to become the acknowledged sole ruler of Egypt. Again, Sharjar’s rule was enabled by a period of crisis following the death of a sultan, Sharjar’s husband Aiyub. Sharjar worked to temporarily conceal the death of her husband while she built alliances with the leader of the army, Fakhr al-Din, and the chief eunuch, Jamal al-Din. The Crusaders, led by Louis IX of France, aimed to take advantage of the death of the sultan and killed Fakhr in a skirmish; however, Sharjar was able to rally the army under the command of her husband’s heir Turanshah, and they were able to secure victory over the Crusader army. Turanshah was later murdered by the Mamluks, who then appointed Sharjar as sultana, no longer to rule behind the scenes but alone as the official sovereign. The chronicler ibn Wasil commented:
From that time she became titular head of the whole state; a royal stamp was issued in her name with the formula “mother of Khatil” and the khutba was pronounced in her name as Sultana of Cairo and all Egypt. This was an event without precedent throughout the Muslim world: [although] that a woman should hold the effective power and govern a kingdom was indeed known . . .
Sharjar managed to achieve the key criteria of sovereignty mentioned by Mernissi: the ability to issue coins in her name and the proclamation of the khutba. The khutba for Sharjar was “May Allah protect the Beneficent One, Queen of the Muslims, the Blessed of the Earthly World and of the Faith, the Mother of Khalil[148] al-Mustasimiyya, the Companion of Sultan al-Malik al-Salih.” Although her khutba does emphasize her role as mother and wife, it is important that she was acknowledged as the ruler and that her own sovereign titles came before her familial and marital ties. She was forced to take a second husband by the caliph to legitimize her position but continued to reign and “maintained de facto control to the end.” However, her second husband proved to be her undoing; fearing that he meant to replace her with a more pliable wife, Sharjar arranged his murder. Her involvement with the crime led to her own execution, ironically ending her period in power.
Returning to the eleventh century, two important examples of women exercising power and authority can be found in nearby Yemen, which was also in the orbit and influence of the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt. The first of these women was Asma Bint Shihab al-Sulayhiyya, who ruled Yemen as an active queen consort and co-ruler with her husband Ali Ibn Muhammad al-Sulayhi from 1047 to 1067. Eva Chaves Hernández noted that Asma was already a distinguished woman of high rank before her marriage; this may have been a factor in why she was readily accepted as a co-ruler with her husband. Asma’s status as a co-ruler was affirmed by the inclusion of her name alongside her husband’s in the khutba, and Asma’s presence in councils of governance, unveiled, was recorded by contemporaries.
Asma’s co-rule with her husband was an enabling factor for her daughter-in-law, Arwa Bint Ahmad al-Sulayhiyya (also known as al-Sayyida al-Hurra or Sayyida Hurra), who ruled from 1091 to 1138, first alongside her husband al-Mukarram and later independently. During her period of sole rule, the khutba was proclaimed in her name: “May Allah prolong the days of al-Hurra the perfect, the sovereign who carefully manages the affairs of the faithful.” Arwa was an active ruler during her lengthy reign; she was a successful politician and military strategist as well as a prolific patron who renovated and constructed secular and religious buildings and improved the infrastructure of her realm with road building and agricultural projects. She made the decision to relocate the capital from San’a to Dhu Jibla and built a palace in the new capital. Another indication of her abilities as a ruler was her appointment as hujja or head of the da’wa or missionary unit that oversaw expansion of the faith into Oman and western India.
In the western end of the Islamic Mediterranean, several female contemporaries of Sitt al-Mulk and the Yemeni queens also wielded power, influence, and authority. These women included Zaynab al-Nafazawiyya, consort of a powerful Berber ruler, and Yusuf ibn Tashfin, whose domains were spread across North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. Zaynab was, like Asma Bint Shihab al-Sulayhiyya, an active co-ruler with her husband Tashfin between 1061 and his death in 1107. Again, during the eleventh century, other women were actively sharing power with husbands and sons in al-Andalus, including Subh, wife of al-Hakim II al-Mustansir bi-llah and mother of Hisam II al-Mu’ayyad, and I’timad al-Rumaykiyya, wife of Mu’tamid, king of Seville, and the mother of ‘Abd Allah, king of Grenada.
Subh’s rise to power was remarkable. Beginning as a Christian prisoner of war from the Basque country in Navarre, she built her influence until she dominated the caliph al-Hakim and his chief secretary Ibn ‘Amir; she later became effective regent for her son Hisam. However, though her power was undeniable, Mourtada-Sabbah and Gully argue that Subh’s period of influence had a detrimental effect on the authority of the caliph and the stability of the realm, leading to a period of civil war. Mernissi has noted that many medieval chronicles and modern historians have emphasized her non-Islamic origins in their critique of her reign, which evokes an interesting comparison to the Byzantine empress Maria of Antioch’s unpopularity as a foreign consort and regent. I’timad al-Rumaykiyya was another woman who entered the harem as a slave but was able to wield enormous influence as the favorite wife of the king of Seville, al Mu’tamid. Mernissi argues that women like Subh and Rumakiyya, who accessed power as the favorite of a caliph or sultan, cannot be considered true heads of state like Sharjar al-Durr or the Yemeni queen Arwa, as “they failed to cross the threshold that separated women’s territory from that of men.”
While these examples of female power and influence in the western half of the Islamic Mediterranean suggest a potential high-water mark in the eleventh[150] century, it is important to note that there were other women who exercised significant influence and agency in the premodern period. Examples include Tarub and Al-Zahra, the wives and favorites of ‘Abd al-Rahman II and III respectively in the ninth and tenth centuries; A’isha al-Hurra, the mother of the last Muslim king of Grenada in the fifteenth century, Boabdil; and Sayyida al-Hurra, who wielded extensive authority in North Africa in the sixteenth century as a “pirate queen” and the ally of the infamous Barbarossa of Algiers. Sayyida herself forms an interesting link between the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa, as she hailed from Andalucía and came to Morocco as a refugee from Granada after it fell to the Reyes Catolicos in 1492. Sayyida leveraged connections from her natal family and multiple advantageous marriages to wield power in the Tétouan region of Morocco, on the southern side of the strait of Gibraltar, for thirty years from approximately 1510 until 1542, when she was unseated by her son-in-law. She began by co-ruling the region with her first husband and after his death took on sole governance of this strategic area, using her fleet and her alliance with Barbarossa to harass Spanish and Portuguese shipping in the Mediterranean. Her power and talent for governance attracted the sultan of Morocco, who journeyed to Tétouan to wed her, but after their marriage he allowed her to continue her effective rule of the area.
These women are only a few examples of female authority in the Islamic world, but they demonstrate that, although the political systems of the Islamic Mediterranean differed from that of their northern neighbors, Muslim women could access power both as co-rulers with husbands and sons and as independent rulers, just as Christian queens and empresses did. Although the legal framework of the Islamic areas of the Mediterranean did not permit females to inherit the throne in their own right, as the women of Byzantium and the Crusader States could, this did not preclude Muslim women from becoming sole rulers, as the examples of Sharjar al-Durr and Arwa of Yemen demonstrate.[151]
Female Rulers (and Proxy Rulers) in Iberia
The Iberian Peninsula was once part of the Muslim hegemony of the southern and eastern Mediterranean; the Christian kingdoms that expanded south in the process of the Reconquista developed unique traditions with regard to female agency and rule. The Pyrenean kingdom of Navarre cemented the ability of women to inherit their family lands and recognized their place in the line of succession to the throne in their Fueros or code of law and custom. This enabled the accession of five women to rule the kingdom as regnant queens between 1274 and 1512. While this was the same number of female monarchs as seen in the kingdom of Jerusalem in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Navarrese queens were able to exercise power and authority as sovereign monarchs in a way that the beleaguered Jerusalemite queens struggled to do in their ever-threatened and fast disappearing realm. In addition to these female sovereigns, Navarre possessed powerful queens regent, queens consort, and female lieutenants, such as Leonor de Trastámara and Magdalena of France, who were either closely involved with or, in some cases, solely responsible for governing the realm.
Navarre was not the only Iberian realm that permitted female rule: indeed, all of the kingdoms of Iberia — including Navarre, Castile, Aragón, and Portugal —
experienced female rule at some point in the premodern era. Castile also permitted regnant queens, including Urraca of Leon-Castile (r. 1109–1126) and the famous Isabel la Católica (r. 1474–1504). Another often omitted example is Berenguela, who ruled in tandem with her son Ferdinand III from 1217 until her death in 1246. Janna Bianchini has argued firmly in her recent monograph that this was not an abdication or abjuration of Berenguela’s own right to the throne, as her position as the hereditary heiress was firmly acknowledged. Portugal also permitted female rule, although the accession of Beatriz in 1383 was contested and ultimately unsuccessful, primarily due to opposition to her mother, Leonor Teles as regent and to her husband, Juan I of Castile. However, in Aragón the reign of Petronilla (r. 1137–1164) proved to be an exception to succession practices that ultimately barred regnant queens, although succession through the female line continued to be permitted.
Although Aragón moved to bar reigning queens, royal women were enfranchised through the Aragónese tradition of lieutenancy, which was developed as a means of administering Aragón’s expanding Mediterranean empire. On the mainland, the Crown of Aragón consisted of three major realms: Aragón, Catalonia, and Valencia; while in the Mediterranean their empire included (at various points) the Balearic Isles, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, the kingdom of Naples, bases in North Africa, and part of the Grecian mainland. After the accession of Charles V, this empire continued to expand to include the greater part of Italy, the Holy Roman Empire, the Low Countries in Europe, and an emerging global empire as well.
The premise of the lieutenancy was to deputize a close family member with the responsibility to govern a particular region of Aragón’s Mediterranean empire, as it was impossible for the king to be everywhere at once, and it was crucial to maintain the physical presence of the dynasty in as many places as possible. This also fits with the premise of corporate monarchy, which was central to the Iberian practice of rule, drawing in the skill set of various members of the dynasty to administer and govern the realm as a unit represented by the ruler. The deputy or lieutenant could theoretically be any member of the family, but it was most often the heir or the queen consort. The heir needed to learn how to govern, and lieutenancy was an ideal opportunity to do so; as the next ruler, an heir could be theoretically relied upon to protect the best interests of the realm. The queen consort was also a logical choice, as the king’s helpmeet and partner and the guarantor of dynastic continuity, she too could be trusted to work in the best interests of the empire.
The Middle Ages saw a series of able queens lieutenant in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, including Maria de Luna (wife of Martín el Humano), Maria of Castile (wife of Alfonso V), and Juana Enríquez (second wife of Juan II). While these women all ruled mainland provinces in the heartland of Aragón, Blanca of Navarre became queen lieutenant for her husband Martí, king of Sicily and heir of Aragón, during his absences to visit his father in Iberia or fight rebels in Sardinia. When he died in 1409, Blanca continued to rule Sicily as viceroy for the king of Aragón, retaining Sicily for the Aragónese in spite of a rebellion on the island and a period of dynastic transition in Iberia between the death of Martín el Humano in 1410 and the Compromise of Caspe in 1412.
Spanish royal women continued to be deputized to rule portions of their expanding European and global empire in the early modern period. The Hapsburg rulers Charles V and Philip II continued the practice of female lieutenancy, relying on wives, sisters, aunts, and daughters to be their proxy rulers, particularly in Iberia and the Low Countries. However, Theresa Earenfight has noted that after Philip II’s succession in 1555, the increasing dominance of Castilian practices and the centralization of power led to the rise of male bureaucrats who served as viceroys across the empire, leading to the ultimate demise of the Aragonese tradition of queen lieutenancy.
Although the institution of queen lieutenancy and proxy rulers is somewhat unique to this region, in other ways female agency in the Iberian Peninsula demonstrates clear similarities to the previous case studies in the Mediterranean. The ability for women to inherit the throne in their own right, particularly in Castile and Navarre, mirrors that of the Crusader queens and the empresses of Byzantium. There is also a strong connection to both the Byzantine and Muslim territories in examples of women exercising authority on behalf of or alongside sons and husbands, such as the powerful regent Maria de Molina in Castile and the politically able consort Juana Enríquez, second wife of Juan II of Aragón and mother of Ferdinand II.
Female Power, Authority, and Influence in the Italian Peninsula
The Italian Peninsula, linked with Aragón through its Mediterranean and later pan-European empire, also possessed a tradition of formidable female rulers. In the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, women could inherit the crown, as did Constance and Maria of Sicily and the two Giovannas of Naples. Although both Giovanna I and II exercised sovereign power in the realm, they each struggled with difficult consorts who sought to completely usurp their position rather than rule alongside them. Giovanna I faced the most difficult challenge from the first of her four husbands, Andrew of Hungary, due to the fact that as a member of her own Angevin dynasty, he also possessed a viable claim to the throne. His murder in September 1345 removed the threat he posed in the short-term but[154] led to the invasion of Naples by Giovanna’s brother-in-law, Louis of Hungary, who blamed Giovanna for Andrew’s death. Giovanna’s rights were supported by the pope, who affirmed her as the rightful ruler of the kingdom and negotiated a peace settlement with Louis of Hungary. In the terms of this settlement, the pope also protected Giovanna’s authority against her ambitious second husband, Louis of Taranto; Machiavelli noted in his Italian chronicle that the pope “effected her (Giovanna’s) restoration to the sovereignty, on the condition that her husband, contenting himself with the title of prince of Tarento, should not be called king.” Giovanna remained on the throne until 1382, exercising sovereign authority in her realm and surviving all three of her children and three of her four husbands.
Her namesake Giovanna II also faced a challenge from her second husband, Jacques de Bourbon, who sought to rule as king rather than remain as a consort after their wedding in 1415. Machiavelli analyzed the couple’s relationship in his chronicle of Italian history; “between the husband and the wife wars ensued; and although they contended with varying success, the queen at length obtained the superiority.” The Giovannas of Naples represent the dichotomy of female rule; it may be permitted, but reigning queens often had to defend their right to rule from uncles, sons, and husbands who sought to usurp their authority and position. In a patriarchal society, where the understanding of marriage made man the dominant figure in the partnership, Jacques de Bourbon’s assumption that he would wield power in Naples was understandable. Indeed, the Aragonese chronicler Zurita felt it was entirely “improper . . . [that] the Giovannas of Naples . . . excluded some of their husbands from the title and regiment of the realm.”
In addition to these reigning queens in the South, the northern and central Italian peninsula saw a number of politically and culturally influential women across the courts of the Renaissance. While opportunities for women to rule in their own right were limited by the perception that “rulership was a specifically masculine activity,” women did exercise authority as regents for sons and absent husbands — particularly in times of political turbulence such as the “Italian Wars” of 1494–1559. Perhaps the most well known of these women was[155] Isabella d’Este, who was politically savvy, an able administrator of Mantua during the absences of her Gonzaga husband, and a collector par excellence whose impressive patronage has been intensively studied. Indeed, cultural patronage was a means through which many elite women in Renaissance Italy demonstrated considerable agency. Their wealth gave them the ability to control and mediate expressions of dynasty, emphasizing their own position, authority, and lineage, as McIver demonstrates in her study of Silvia Santivale and Laura Pallavicina. For example, in addition to her well-known military exploits, Caterina Sforza made her wealth and agency visible through her wide-ranging patronage supporting religious institutions, refurbishing palaces, and funding improvements in the territories that she governed as regent for her son. She also used the medium of portrait medals to communicate her authority; this medium was both appropriate and effective, as Joyce de Vries notes: “portraits were central to the Renaissance ruler’s strategy for maintaining power . . . [and] an especially potent method of this self-presentation.”
Although the Italian Peninsula was incredibly diverse in terms of the variety and number of political entities present in the premodern period, the key typologies of female agency are present here, just as in the earlier case studies. Once again there are female rulers who have inherited the throne in their own right, as the two queens regnant of Naples demonstrate. Politically active and culturally influential consorts and regents can be seen in the examples of Isabella d’Este and Caterina Sforza, among others, reflecting the experiences of their Muslim, Iberian, and Byzantine counterparts across the Mediterranean in exercising authority.
Conclusions: Connecting Threads
This study has highlighted many examples from across the premodern period and all sides of the Mediterranean basin. It has demonstrated that women were able to access authority and power in kingdoms, caliphates, empires, and marquisates — as Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims, Roman Catholics, and Greek Orthodox Christians. Regardless of whether these women were called by the title of Empress, Queen, Marquessa, Malika, or Sultana, they all demonstrated a high degree of agency and influence. Most frequently, these women came to power through marital and familial links, ruling beside or on behalf of a husband or a son.[156] While some of the examples in this study were elite women from noble and royal families whose standing was enhanced through the alliance that their marriage brought, other women successfully rose from slavery through the harem and into an impressive position of power and influence. However, many Mediterranean realms — such as the kingdoms of Castile, Navarre, Jerusalem, Naples, Sicily, and the Byzantine empire — allowed women to inherit the throne in their own right as legitimate successors. Even in territories that did not normally permit female rule, women such as Sitt al-Mulk and Arwa bint Ahmad successfully governed alone.
The political, ethnic, and religious diversity of the Mediterranean and its core function as a meeting point between cultures and religions and as a conduit of exchange throughout millennia has made it a fruitful area for the study of civilizations. In a similar way, it makes an excellent comparative study for female rule, due to the number and diversity of political systems and cultural norms. These case studies, which highlight only a sample of the women who wielded significant power, authority, and influence in the premodern era, raise the possibility that the Mediterranean area offered an enhanced climate for women to exercise power and authority. While some of the roles and positions of authority mirrored those in northern Europe and the wider Islamic world, many of these political systems were atypical and offered unique opportunities for women. The pan-Mediterranean empires of the Byzantines, Aragonese, and the Cordoba caliphate offered women the opportunity to rule as empress regnant or regent, as a queen lieutenant, or as the favored consort of a caliph or sultan. The Crusader States, with their unusual mix of elected and hereditary monarchy, gave rise to an impressive number of female sovereigns in a relatively short history. The wealthy courts of the Italian Renaissance gave women the opportunity to wield not only political authority but also cultural influence as important patrons.
Ultimately, all of the women in this study, no matter their religion, era, or domicile, lived in patriarchal societies where men were expected to wield political power and authority. However, this study has demonstrated that women were able to exploit either the possibility for female rule in the political framework of their society or opportunities for influence that arose through accidents of fate or personal relationships and were able to exercise power and authority. While some of these female monarchs struggled to assert their authority, such as the beleaguered queens of the kingdom of Jerusalem, others, such as Arwa bint Ahmad, Irene of Byzantium, and Isabel la Católica, enjoyed lengthy reigns and are excellent examples of successful female rulers, both in the Mediterranean and beyond.[157]
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———. “Blanca, Queen of Sicily and Queen of Navarre — Connecting the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean via an Aragónese Alliance.” In Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras, ed. Elena Woodacre, 207–28. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
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Blanche of France2 was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Ferdinand . Blanche of France and Ferdinand were married. Children were: Fernando , Alfonso de la Cerda .
Blanche of Lancaster died by 1371.
Spouse: John of Gaunt . Blanche of Lancaster and John of Gaunt were married in 1359.
Blanche of Navarre died in 1442.
Spouse: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO). Blanche of Navarre and John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) were married on 18 January 1420. Children were: Carlos of Viana , Juana of Aragon (Infanta of Aragon), Blanca of Aragon , Eleanor of Navarre .
Boleslaw I, the Brave of Poland (KING OF POLAND) was born about 967. He died on 17 July 1025 at the age of 58. Parents: Mieczislaw (Burislaf) I of Poland (Duke of Poland) and Thyra HARALDSDOTTIR.
Spouse: Heminilde VON MEISSEN. Heminilde VON MEISSEN and Boleslaw I, the Brave of Poland (KING OF POLAND) were married in 986. They were divorced.
Spouse: Judith of Hungary . Judith of Hungary and Boleslaw I, the Brave of Poland (KING OF POLAND) were married in 988. They were divorced. Children were: Mieszko II Lambert of Poland (KING OF POLAND).
Boleslaw III Wrymouth of Poland (Duke of Poland) was born in 1084. He died on 28 October 1138 at the age of 54. Parents: Wladyslaw I (Herman) of Poland (Duke of Poland) and _____ (mother of Boleslaw III).
Spouse: Sbislava of Kiev . Sbislava of Kiev and Boleslaw III Wrymouth of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married in 1103. Children were: Wladyslaw II, the Exile of Cracow (Duke of Cracow).
Spouse: Salome of Berg-Schelklingen . Salome of Berg-Schelklingen and Boleslaw III Wrymouth of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married.
Borrell II of Barcelona (Count of Barcelona) died in 992. Parents: Sunyer of Barcelona and _____ (mother of Borrell II).
Spouse: _____ (mom of Raymond Beranger Borrell). Children were: Raymond Berengar Borrell III (Count of Barcelona).
Bruno was born (date unknown). Parents: Wigebart of Saxony (Duke of Saxony) and _____ (mother of Bruno).
Spouse: Suana of Montfort . Suana of Montfort and Bruno were married. Children were: Liudolf of Saxony (Count of Saxony).
Carloman of Bavaria (KING OF BAVARIA) was born about 828. He died in 880 at the age of 52. Parents: Louis II, the German (KING OF EAST FRANKS) and Emma of Bavaria .
Spouse: Litwinde . Litwinde and Carloman of Bavaria (KING OF BAVARIA) were married about 850. Children were: Arnulf of Carinthia (KING OF GERMANY).
Carlos of Viana was born on 29 May 1421. Parents: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) and Blanche of Navarre .Casimir I, the Restorer of Poland (Duke of Poland) was born in 1015. He died on 28 November 1058 at the age of 43. Parents: Mieszko II Lambert of Poland (KING OF POLAND) and Richeza of Palatine (Countess Palatine).
Spouse: Dobronega (Maria) of Kiev . Dobronega (Maria) of Kiev and Casimir I, the Restorer of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married in 1043. Children were: Wladyslaw I (Herman) of Poland (Duke of Poland).
Catalina of the Asturias was born on 5 October 1422. Parents: John II of Castille and Maria of Aragon .Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND)4 was born on 15 December 1485. Parents: Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) and Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN).
Spouse: King Henry XIII (KING OF ENGLAND). Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND) and King Henry XIII (KING OF ENGLAND) were married.
Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) was born on 2 April 742. He died on 28 January 814 at the age of 71. Also known as Charles the Great, he conquered Gaul (France), Bavaria, Lombardy and other lands to establish the Empire of the Franks.
He had several mistresses (Madelgard, Gersvind, Adalind and unknown) in his lifetime and had children with all of them. Parents: Pepin III, The Short and Bertrada II of Laon .
Spouse: Himiltude . Himiltude and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married about 768.
Spouse: Desideria . Desideria and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 770. This marriage was annulled in 771.
Spouse: Hildegarde of Vinzgau . Hildegarde of Vinzgau and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 771. Children were: Louis I the Pious of Aquitaine (KING OF FRANCE).
Spouse: Fastrada . Fastrada and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 783.
Spouse: Luitgard . Luitgard and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 794.
KING Charles I (KING OF SPAIN)4 was born (date unknown). He was also known as Emperor Charles V. Parents: Phillip I (The Beautiful) and Juana (The Mad).Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS) was born in 676. He died on 22 October 741 at the age of 65. Parents: Pepin II d"Heristal (Duke of Austrasia) and Elphide (Chalpaida) .
Spouse: Chrotrud . Chrotrud and Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS) were married. Children were: Pepin III, The Short .
Spouse: Sunnichild . Sunnichild and Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS) were married in 725.
Chrotrud was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS). Chrotrud and Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS) were married. Children were: Pepin III, The Short .
Clodulf1 was born (date unknown). Clodulf became his father Arnulf's third successor to the See of Metz. Parents: Arnold of Metz (St. Arnulf) and _____ (spouse of Arnold of Metz).Constance of Castile died by 1396. Parents: Peter the Cruel and Blanche of Bourbon .
Spouse: John of Gaunt . Constance of Castile and John of Gaunt were married in 1371. Children were: Lady Katherine PLANTAGENET of Lancaster.
Constantia was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Pedro III (KING OF ARAGON). Constantia and Pedro III (KING OF ARAGON) were married. Children were: Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal).
Constanza was born about 1259. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .Constanza of Castile was born after 1308. Parents: Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Constanza of Portugal .Constanza of Portugal was born on 3 January 1290. She died on 18 November 1313 at the age of 23. Parents: Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE) and Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal).
Spouse: Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON). Constanza of Portugal and Ferdinand IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON)3 were married in 1302. Children were: Leonor of Castile , Constanza of Castile , Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon).
Cornelia was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Manuel QUINTANA Rodriguez. Cornelia and Manuel QUINTANA Rodriguez were married.
Costanza Manuel de Castile was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon). Costanza Manuel de Castile and Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) were married on 28 March 1325. This marriage was annulled in 1327.
Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE) was born on 9 October 1261. Denis, or Diniz, was known as "Re Lavrador", or the laborer or working king, because of his hard work in his country's service.
Spouse: Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal). Isabel of Aragon (St. Elizabeth of Portugal) and Denis the Laborer (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE) were married. Children were: Constanza of Portugal , Alfonso IV "O Osado" (KING OF PORTUGAL & ALGARVE).
Desideria was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST). Desideria and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 770. This marriage was annulled in 771.
Dobravy of Bohemia was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Mieczislaw (Burislaf) I of Poland (Duke of Poland). Dobravy of Bohemia and Mieczislaw (Burislaf) I of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married.
Dobronega (Maria) of Kiev was born before 1015.
Spouse: Casimir I, the Restorer of Poland (Duke of Poland). Dobronega (Maria) of Kiev and Casimir I, the Restorer of Poland (Duke of Poland) were married in 1043. Children were: Wladyslaw I (Herman) of Poland (Duke of Poland).
Doda (St. Begga) was born (date unknown). Parents: Pepin of Landen and _____ (spouse of Pepin of Landen).
Spouse: Anchises (Anseghisel) . Doda (St. Begga) and Anchises (Anseghisel)3 were married. Children were: Pepin II d"Heristal (Duke of Austrasia).
Dolca of Provence (Countess of Provence) was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Raymond Berengar III the Great (Count of Barcelona). Dolca of Provence (Countess of Provence) and Raymond Berengar III the Great (Count of Barcelona) were married in 1112. Children were: Raymond Berengar IV the Saint (Count of Barcelona & Provence).
Eadgyth (Edith) was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Otto I the Great, King of Germany (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR). Eadgyth (Edith) and Otto I the Great, King of Germany (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) were married in 929.
Edward III of England was born (date unknown).
Spouse: _____ (spouse of Edward III). _____ (spouse of Edward III) and Edward III of England were married. Children were: Edward the Black Prince , John of Gaunt .
Edward the Black Prince was born (date unknown). Parents: Edward III of England and _____ (spouse of Edward III).Eleanor of Navarre was born on 2 February 1425. Parents: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) and Blanche of Navarre .Elphide (Chalpaida) was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Pepin II d"Heristal (Duke of Austrasia). Elphide (Chalpaida) and Pepin II d"Heristal (Duke of Austrasia) were married. Children were: Charles Martel, "The Hammer" (KING OF THE FRANKS).
Emma of Bavaria was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Louis II, the German (KING OF EAST FRANKS). Emma of Bavaria and Louis II, the German (KING OF EAST FRANKS) were married. Children were: Carloman of Bavaria (KING OF BAVARIA).
Enrique I2 was born (date unknown). Parents: Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor PLANTAGENET of England.Enrique of Aragon (Duke of Villena) was born (date unknown). Parents: Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY) and Leonor Urrac de Castilla de Albuquerque.Enrique of Castile (Infant of Castile) was born in 1288. Parents: Sancho IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Maria de MOLINA.Ermengarda of Tuscany was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Adalbert of Ivrea (Count & Margrave of Ivrea). Ermengarda of Tuscany and Adalbert of Ivrea (Count & Margrave of Ivrea) were married. Children were: Berenger II of Ivrea (KING OF ITALY).
Ermentrude de Roucy was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Othon-Guillaume de Macon . Ermentrude de Roucy and Othon-Guillaume de Macon were married about 982. Children were: Renaud I of Burgundy (Count of Burgundy).
Etienette de Longwy was born (date unknown).
Spouse: William I of Burgundy . Etienette de Longwy and William I of Burgundy3 were married. Some sources show his wife to be Stephanie of Barcelona. Children were: Raymond of Burgundy (Count of Galicia and Coimbr).
Ezzo of Palatine (Count Palatine) was born in 955. He died on 21 May 1034 at the age of 79. Parents: Hermann of Palatine and Heilwig .
Spouse: Matilda of Saxony (Princess). Matilda of Saxony (Princess) and Ezzo of Palatine (Count Palatine) were married about 992. Children were: Richeza of Palatine (Countess Palatine).
Fadrique Alfonso (Señor de Haro)5 was born in 1333. He died on 29 May 1358 at the age of 25 in Sevilla, Spain. He was assasinated. He was a twin brother of King Henry II (or King Enrique II) de Trastamara. Jose Antonio Esquibel states that don Fadrique "...had three children, possible by doña Leonor de Angulo or by a female Jewish "conversa"". Parents: Alfonso XI (King of Castile and Leon) and Leonora de Guzman .
Spouse: Leonor de ANGULO. Leonor de ANGULO and Fadrique Alfonso (Señor de Haro) were married. Children were: Alfonso ENRIQUEZ, Leonor de CASTILLA.
Fastrada was born (date unknown).
Spouse: Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST). Fastrada and Charlemagne (EMPEROR OF THE WEST) were married in 783.
Felipe de Cabrera of Castile was born in 1292. Parents: Sancho IV (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Maria de MOLINA.Felix Ramirez6 was born (date unknown). He was from Rancho El Tepeguaje.
Spouse: Eusebia DIAZ. Eusebia DIAZ and Felix Ramirez were married.
Ferdinand was born after December 1255. He died in 1275 at the age of 20. After Ferdinand, the eldest son of Alfonso X, died in 1275, his children fought with their uncle Sancho IV, the second oldest son, for succession to the throne. Sancho IV won the fight and eventually became King. Parents: Alfonso X (KING OF CASTILE AND LEON) and Yolanda (Violante) of Aragon .
Spouse: Blanche of France . Blanche of France and Ferdinand were married. Children were: Fernando , Alfonso de la Cerda .
Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) was born on 10 March 1452 in Sos, Aragon, Spain.7 He died on 25 January 1516 at the age of 63. Ferdinand II was also known as Ferdinand the Catholic and as King Ferdinand V of Castille.
Ferdinand II was Prince of Aragon and King of Sicily when he married Isabella, the Queen of Castille and Leon. However, he had an affair with Luisa de Estrada and fathered Alonso de Estrada, an ancestor of the Longorias and many of the other original settlers of South Texas and northern Mexico.
Ferdinand II became King of Sicily in 1468 when that kingdom was given to him by his father, John II (King of Aragon, Sicily and Navarre). After marrying Isabella in 1469, he assumed joint rule in 1474 and became King of Castille and Leon (whence he became known as King Ferdinand V). In 1504, he became King of Naples.
Ferdinand II and Isabella, known as the Catholic Kings, united Aragon, Castille and Leon and finally succeeded in unifying all of Spain after conquering the Moorish stronghold of Granada in 1492. In that same year, they expelled all Jews who refused to accept Christianity and financed Christopher Columbus' voyage of discovery to the New World.. They subsequently initiated the Inquisition to assure religious and political unity. Parents: John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO) and Queen Joanna Enriquez .
Spouse: Luisa de ESTRADA.
Spouse: Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN). Isabella of Castille (QUEEN OF SPAIN) and Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) were married on 19 October 1469.7 Children were: Isabella of Asturias , Infante Juan , Juana (The Mad), Mary , Queen Catherine of Aragon (QUEEN OF ENGLAND).
Spouse: Germaine DE FOIX of Narbonne. Germaine DE FOIX of Narbonne and Ferdinand (KING OF SPAIN) were married in 1505.
Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY) was born on 27 November 1380. He died on 2 April 1416 at the age of 35. Ferdinand I became regent of Castile in 1406 while his nephew, John II of Castile, was still a minor. In 1410, he captured Antequera from the Moors and laid claim to the vacant throne of Aragon, but was not chosen King of Aragon until 1412.
He was succeeded by his son Alfonso V. In 1458, Alfonso V was succeeded by his own brother, John II of Aragon. Parents: John I of Castile and Leonor of Aragon .
Spouse: Leonor Urrac de Castilla de Albuquerque. Leonor Urrac de Castilla de Albuquerque and Ferdinand I (KING OF ARAGON & SICILY)8 were married in 1393. Children were: Leonor of Castile , Miguel of Portugal (Infante de Portugal), Leonora of Aragon , Maria of Aragon , Alfonso V , John II of Aragon (KING OF ARAGON & NAVARRO), Enrique of Aragon (Duke of Villena), Pietro di Noto (Duke of Noto), Sancho of Aragon .
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An important European marriage
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[] |
[] |
[
""
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[
"Claire Ridgway"
] |
2020-10-19T07:47:58+01:00
|
On this day in history, 19th October 1469, an event took place in Spain that was not only important in Spanish history, but which had an impact on Europe and which has links with the Tudors. The event was the marriage of an eighteen-year-old woman called Isabella and a seventeen-year-old man called Ferdinand. They'd become the famous Reyes Catolicos, the Catholic monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, and would bring together two powerful kingdoms, which comprised most of what is modern-day Spain. In today's talk, I tell you more about this powerful couple, their reigns and their legacy.
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en
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/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png
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The Tudor Society
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https://www.tudorsociety.com/19-october-an-important-european-marriage/
|
On this day in history, 19th October 1469, an event took place in Spain that was not only important in Spanish history, but which had an impact on Europe and which has links with the Tudors.
The event was the marriage of an eighteen-year-old woman called Isabella and a seventeen-year-old man called Ferdinand. They'd become the famous Reyes Catolicos, the Catholic monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, and would bring together two powerful kingdoms, which comprised most of what is modern-day Spain.
In today's talk, I tell you more about this powerful couple, their reigns and their legacy.
Also on this day in Tudor history, 19th October 1536, the Pilgrimage of Grace Rebellion in the north of England was well underway, and King Henry VIII had come to the decision that tough action was needed to put it down. The action he ordered wasn’t just tough, it was downright brutal, and you can find out more about it in last year’s video:
Also on this day in history:
1512 – Reformer Martin Luther was awarded his Doctorate of Theology from the University of Wittenberg.
1592 – Death of Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu, courtier and member of Parliament, at his manor of West Horsley, Surrey, He was buried at Midhurst. Montagu served Mary I as an ambassador and Privy Councillor, and Elizabeth I as Lord Lieutenant of Sussex.
Transcript:
On this day in history, an event took place in Spain that was not only important in Spanish history, but which had an impact on Europe and which has links with the Tudors.
For, on 19th October 1469, in the Palacio de los Vivero in Valladolid, in what is now Castile and Leon, in Spain, a couple who would become the famous Reyes Catolicos, the Catholic monarchs, got married.
The bride was eighteen-year-old Isabella, daughter of John II of Castile and Isabella of Portugal, and the groom was seventeen-year-old Ferdinand, son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez. The couple were second cousins, both being descended from John I of Castile.
Isabella wasn’t supposed to marry Ferdinand. Her half-brother, Henry IV of Castile, had negotiated several matches for her even after he had named her heir presumptive and promised that he wouldn’t force her to marry against her wishes. Most recently, in 1468, Henry had been arranging a match between Isabella and his brother-in-law Alfonso V of Portugal and then Charles, Duke of Berry, brother of King Louis XI of France. Isabella was against the idea, preferring Ferdinand, to whom she’d been betrothed when she was just six years old. Isabella corresponded with John II of Aragon and secretly promised to marry Ferdinand. Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia, the future Pope Alexander VI, helped the couple to obtain a dispensation from the Pope to cover the fact that they were related within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity, and then Isabella left court, pretending that she was going to visit her brother’s tomb in Ávila. Instead, she met up with Ferdinand, who had disguised himself as a servant. They married on this day in 1469.
Isabella became Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1474, following the death of her half-brother, and Ferdinand became King Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1479, following his father’s death. Their marriage was an important one, for it united the powerful kingdoms of Aragon and Castile, a vast territory which comprised most of what is modern-day Spain.
They didn’t have things easy though. Isabella had to deal with plots against her and war over the succession, but she remained queen and reigned until her death in November 1504. Ferdinand remarried in 1506, taking Germaine de Foix, niece of King Louis XII of France, as his wife. He died in January 1516.
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http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/06/ferdinand-v-and-isabella-i-of-spain.html
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en
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Epic World History: Ferdinand V and Isabella I of Spain
|
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Christopher Columbus presenting to Queen Isabella and king Ferdinand Ferdinand (1452–1516) and Isabella (1451–1504) united Castile and ...
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http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
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http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/06/ferdinand-v-and-isabella-i-of-spain.html
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Expanding the world into first global age
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/dissolving-royal-marriages/king-john-of-england-and-isabella-of-gloucester/1D236FAC606B05D39226F2FE1019795E
|
en
|
King John of England and Isabella of Gloucester (Chapter 5)
|
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"D. L. d'Avray",
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] | null |
Dissolving Royal Marriages - July 2014
|
en
|
/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico
|
Cambridge Core
|
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/dissolving-royal-marriages/king-john-of-england-and-isabella-of-gloucester/1D236FAC606B05D39226F2FE1019795E
|
To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
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https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Arag%25C3%25B3n-122
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en
|
WikiTree
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[
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|
/favicon.ico
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WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH
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© 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS.
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https://languageatlas.com/blog/isabella-and-ferdinand-of-aragon/
|
en
|
The Amazing Story Of Isabella And Ferdinand Of Aragon
|
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[
"Vanessa Rocha"
] | null |
If you've ever travelled to Spain, or read up on Spanish history, then you'll have come across Isabella and Ferdinand. They are said to be the unifying
|
en
|
Language Atlas
|
https://languageatlas.com/blog/isabella-and-ferdinand-of-aragon/
|
If you’ve ever travelled to Spain, or read up on Spanish history, then you’ll have come across Isabella and Ferdinand. They are said to be the unifying monarchs of Spain, but what exactly did they do? How did they unify Spain? What made them so iconic? And why are the known as one of the greatest power couple of all time? Well, it’s a long story, but we’ll try to make it as brief as possible. So, here is a brief history of what makes Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon so great.
Who Was Isabella of Castile
Before she became a queen, Isabella of Castile was the first born daughter of King John II of Castile, and as such, from an early age, she was already destined to expand her father’s kingdom. One of the ways in which she would help her father’s goal of unifying Spain was by being betrothed, at an early, to none other than her future husband, Ferdinand of Aragon. Of course, as she grew older, the agreement was forgotten and eventually broken, when she promised to marry a Portuguese king. But this sparked a civil war and it forced her to reconsider.
Later, after her father’s death in 1454, her half brother took the throne of Castile, and became King Henry IV of Castile. Initially, he brought her into his court, to keep an eye on her, but having shown she would not “play her role”, he eventually made an agreement with her, to name her his “heiress presumptive”. This means, that on his death, she would be the most likely candidate to take the throne. It also gave her the right to marry whomever she chose.
Who Was Ferdinand of Aragon
Ferdinand was a prince himself, but he was not initially in line to take his father’s throne. Not only that, but he also grew up in a conflicted kingdom, with many factions fighting to gain control of his father’s kingdom, one of which was created by his own brother. For his part, Ferdinand supported his father (who was also named John II), and this granted him significant military power, meaning he owed his leadership experience to the constant battles he’d had to fight, in order to secure his father’s throne and power.
Eventually, he too became the heir to his father’s throne, not least because he was his father’s favourite, but because his brother, Charles, Prince of Viana, died suddenly in 1461. From then on, the political burdens of the court became Ferdinand’s. And as such, he needed to gain the support of their neighbours, Castile. Of course, it was said that Ferdinand was a handsome man, who had great integrity and humility.
The Union Of Isabella And Ferdinand
It shouldn’t come as a shock that the marriage between Isabella and Ferdinand wasn’t a romantic one. It was initially simply for convenience. Ferdinand needed to expand the power of Aragon, to lift the region from Catalonian power, and Isabella needed a strong military presence, to secure her right to the throne of Castile. So, the pair married, against Henry’s wishes. Her half brother, it seems wanted her to marry the king of Portugal, King Afonso V, but ever the calculating princess, Isabella married Ferdinand, secretly. Thus, angering her half brother, which eventually led to him breaking the agreement he made to her.
This led to even more conflict, as Henry’s daughter, who many believed to actually be the daughter of a duke, called Beltrán, was then made heir apparent, and was backed by many anti-Aragonese groups at the time. After his death in 1474, all hell broke loose and Isabella and Ferdinand were at constant war with Joanna, who disputed Isabella’s claim to the throne. However, because Joanna’s military power proved ineffective, despite the support of her uncle, King Afonso of Portugal, who she married, the war, called the War of the Castilian Succession, ended with her stepping down and entering into a convent.
The Reign Of Isabella and Ferdinand
For many years, after the War of Castilian Succession, both Isabella and Ferdinand ruled Castile and Aragon, side by side. Meaning, they both had equal power, and they reigned as equals, which had been unheard of before. And in the aftermath, the pair were called the Catholic Monarchs, as both were firm believers in the Catholic faith. Not only that, but through their reign, they managed to unify Spain, by driving out the Muslim conquerors of the south, in the Andalusian area, by conquering the Granada region, the last stronghold of the Muslim empire, in Spain.
It was a long and hard battle, and it financially strained the Castilian coffers, but it eventually fell in 1492, and Isabella and Ferdinand finally settled Spain as a unified country, instead of individual kingdoms. Of course, the capture of Granada proved to be an even greater accomplishment, as the great explorer Christopher Columbus had to travel through the region, to eventually find America.
Forever The Iconic Power Couple – The Catholic Monarchs
It is needless to say that the union of Isabella and Ferdinand will always remain one of the most iconic moves in history. While at first, their marriage were merely for political gain, the pair remained loyal to one another, even proving every now and then that they both were in love with each other. After all, they did have three children together, and even on his deathbed, Ferdinand apologised to Isabella, who had already died more than 10 years before him, since he tried to break a promise with her, but failed.
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https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/eleanor-of-navarre/queens-regnant-eleanor-navarre/
|
en
|
History of Royal Women
|
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[
"Moniek Bloks",
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] |
2017-01-13T06:00:00+00:00
|
The future Queen Eleanor of Navarre was born in Olite as the third child of King John II of Aragon and Queen Blanche I of Navarre on 2 February 1426. Both her elder brother Charles and her elder sister Blanche preceded her as monarch of Navarre. Eleanor married Gaston IV, Count of Foix in 1441 [read more]
|
en
|
History of Royal Women
|
https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/eleanor-of-navarre/queens-regnant-eleanor-navarre/
|
The future Queen Eleanor of Navarre was born in Olite as the third child of King John II of Aragon and Queen Blanche I of Navarre on 2 February 1426. Both her elder brother Charles and her elder sister Blanche preceded her as monarch of Navarre.
Eleanor married Gaston IV, Count of Foix in 1441 and they went on to have 11 children, though not all would live to adulthood. Her mother died in 1441, and although she was officially succeeded by Charles, their father kept the government of Navarre in his own hands. Charles had married Agnes of Cleves in 1439, but she died childless just eight years later. John remarried to Juana Enriquez in 1447, which only increased the tensions between father and son. With Juana, he had the future Ferdinand II of Aragon, who married Isabella I of Castile. Charles was taken prisoner after a civil war and only reconciled with his father in 1459. Charles finally decided he was ready to remarry, but he died in 1461 under suspicious circumstances.
Although he was officially succeeded by their sister Blanche, now Blanche II of Navarre, she was already imprisoned by their father. She had married Henry IV of Castile in 1440, but that marriage was annulled in 1453. They had no children, and upon her return to Navarre, she was incarcerated by her own family. John wanted her to marry, but she refused. She was poisoned, supposedly by her own family, and died on 2 December 1464. Her claim to the throne was inherited by Eleanor, who was made lieutenant (regent) of Navarre by her father, but she was deposed by her own father in 1468. He attempted to give the regency to their son Gaston, to the great unhappiness of Eleanor and the elder Gaston. The situation was resolved with the death of the younger Gaston in 1470 in a tournament. Eleanor returned to the lieutenancy only after she signed the convention of Olite in which she recognised her father as King of Navarre until his death. She would have to wait patiently or suffer the same fate as her siblings. She had a great support in her husband, and together they worked for the same goal, the crown of Navarre. She lost him in 1472, and her grandson became Count of Foix. Her daughter-in-law Magdalena acted as regent for the three-year-old boy in Foix.
Her actual rule as the monarch of Navarre was less than a month. John died on 20 January 1479, and a hastily arranged coronation was held for Eleanor on 28 January. She died just two weeks later on 12 February 1479. Despite her short rule as the monarch, she was the effective ruler of Navarre as a lieutenant from 1455 to 1479, with some hiatuses. She was succeeded by her grandson, who now became Francis I of Navarre.
“Out of all the Kings and Queens of Navarre she was the one who reigned the shortest, although she may have been the one who desired [the crown] the most.”
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| 23
|
https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Aragon-And-Juana-Enr%25C3%25ADquez-The-King-Ferdinand-FCUNB24LRT
|
en
|
Aragon And Juana Enríquez: The King Ferdinand Of Spain
|
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Free Essay: Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, both of Castilian origin. His father named him apparent heir and governor of all...
|
https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Aragon-And-Juana-Enr%C3%ADquez-The-King-Ferdinand-FCUNB24LRT
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Any student of history has come to recognize the fact that history is written by the victor and in lieu of this, research becomes essential to uncover where the truth lies. The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, so ironically named, is a personal account for historical events leading up to the conquest of New Spain, formerly known as the City of Mexico. The author, Bernal Diaz, was a soldier of the conquering army who composed the document well after the events took place sometime between 1552 and 1557. Though the document did provide insight in regards to the victor’s perspective, it also served as a tool to rewrite the account of the conquered people.
Many people have heard of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. However, only some know of all the things they accomplished. They might be best known for funding the voyages of Christopher Columbus, but they also greatly contributed to the unity of Spain (“Isabella l”). Together, they brought many kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula together to form what Spain is today. Through Spain’s unification, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella strengthened Spain into an economic and dominant world power, enabling the spread of Christianity and the colonization of a New World.
Bernal Diaz del Castillo’s The History of the Conquest of New Spain provides an eyewitness account of the Spanish conquest over the indigenous Mayan empire. Diaz del Castillo’s recorded events serve as a way to “deepen our knowledge” and understand “the ways indigenous people struggled to maintain their sense of identity in the oppressive years of colonial society.” Indigenous women and colonial sexuality played a significant role in the imperialist conquest of New Spain. From the David Carrasco volume, Karen Vieira Powers’ “Colonial Sexuality” illustrates the adversity native women encounter against Spaniard men. In addition, the close reading of Bernal Diaz, The History of the Conquest of New Spain, explains how indigenous women were married
Soldier and conqueror Bernal Díaz del Castillo in his book The True History of the Conquest of New Spain labeled Hernán Cortés “a valiant, energetic, and daring captain” and compared him to the likes of Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Hannibal. Hernán Cortés was an ambitious conquistador and eventually defeated the mighty Mexican empire. A problem, however; emerges when distinguishing between the rational and romanticized versions of Cortés’ exploits. Bernal Díaz was present during the conquest, but his account was written much later and cannot be expected to be unbiased. Modern interpretations of Cortés can piece together all document and find that he stretched the truth to further his own gains. Cortés’ personality, goals, and actions have been interpreted differently since the days of the conquest, and have changed the way the conquest has been understood.
Victors and Vanquished, through excerpts of Bernal Diaz del Castillo, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, and indigenous testimonies from the Florentine Codex, shows the exchange of religious ideas between the Spanish and Nahuatl religions. During the Spanish conquest and exploration of Mesoamerica, religion became a focal point in Spanish observations of Nahuatl religions. Influenced by European biases and a colonial mindset, the Spanish criticized indigenous religion by condemning their practices and idols. Natives, on the other hand, hybridized elements of Christianity into their respective indigenous religions.
In Victors and the Vanquished, Schwartz poses the question of “How can we evaluate conflicting sources” (ix)? Through reading historical events such as the “Conquest of New Spain” there is an undeniably large amount of destruction of cultural material and bias testimonies of events recorded several years after they occurred. After analyzing the Spanish Conquest of Mesoamerica there is a debatable amount of evidence from the Mesoamericans and Spanish explanations of this event in history. The intentions of each explanation created a conflict to historians, art historians and anthropologists on which viewpoint holds to accuracy. There is also the issue of not only inaccuracies, but the motives behind each bias account. As many of these aspects are taken into consideration, interpreting each justification between both sides of history in Mesoamerica as a clash of ethnocentrism between two different cultures that causes an uncertainty of what actually happened in history.
Cortés came not to the New World to conquer by force, but by manipulation. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, in the "Conquest of New Spain," describes how Cortés and his soldiers manipulated the Aztec people and their king Montezuma from the time they traveled from Iztapalaopa to the time when Montezuma took Cortés to the top of the great Cue and showed him the whole of Mexico and its countryside, and the three causeways which led into Mexico. Castillo's purpose for recording the mission was to keep an account of the wealth of Montezuma and Mexico, the traditions, and the economic potential that could benefit Cortés' upcoming conquest. However, through these recordings, we are able to see and understand Cortés'
Since the first humans picked up rocks and killed each other, war has grown and changed, going from a way to solve small disputes to a massive enterprise involving all of a country’s resources. One example of such a war would have to be the one between Spain and England in the 1500’s. What started as a mere religious conflict soon became much more, with the full naval might of the two countries facing off. It culminated in a huge battle between the massive Spanish Armada and the much smaller English fleet. With superior strategy, ships, and confidence, the English managed to not only fend off the Spanish but handily defeat them, preventing what could have been a huge invasion and disaster. Queen Elizabeth herself came to rally the troops, giving them the confidence to triumph over the Spanish (Kallen, 2013). It is apparent that this battle was a major battle and turning point in history. If the Spanish had won, history would be completely different. It is for this reason that is can be considered a major turning point in history.
Over a thousand years ago, Europe experienced one of its greatest periods of cultural enlightenment.Islam in Spain has had a fundamental presence in the culture and history of the nation. The religion was present inmodern Spanish soil from 711 until 1492 under the rule of the Arabs and Moors of al-Andalus.Islamic Spain was a multi-cultural mix of the people of three great monotheistic religions: Muslims,Christians, and Jews.For more than three centuries in Medieval Spain, Muslims, Jews and Christians lived together and prospered in a thriving multicultural civilization. Here, remarkable individuals of different faiths made lasting contributions in such areas as poetry, art, architecture, music, dining etiquette, science, agriculture,
During the 15th century, many considered Spain insignificant. However, within a century it became a world-dominant power in Europe. Although Spain only took a brief time to rise, it was also short-lived. The rise of Spain was due to its flourishing culture, stable political system and successful voyages to the New World. On the other hand, its decline was due to religious control, resistance from other countries and inflation.
The fascinating and beautiful country of Spain is one of the largest countries in Europe. The history that Spain has had has left great stories to tell and remarkable landmarks to visit. Spain is located in the south west corner of Europe, with its neighboring countries, Portugal and France. It has a population of forty million plus people, but almost one-third of the nation’s population is foreigners that reside in its territory. One of the most important facts about Spain is that its economy is one of the largest in the world. Spain is currently in a recession, with low employment rates and poverty.
What were “New Monarchies”? The Middle Ages were the peak of the “New Monarchs.” These monarchies lasted from 1460 to 1550. The “Roman Law” was used by the “New Monarchs.” This law is “civil law.” They proclaimed themselves the rulers of countries, and had the power to create their own laws. In the years before the 17th century, the monarchs did not have autocracy. These monarchs increased taxes on the nobles, and seized their land when they were not cooperative. The monarchies power grew with the “military revolution,” which is when the military plan changed causing the government to also change. The Church’s power was decreased by the monarchs. Monarchs also took out loans which caused an increment in debt. There were three main monarchies: France, England, and Spain.
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https://www.bartleby.com/topics/ferdinand-ii-of-aragon
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Ferdinand II of Aragon
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Free Essays from Bartleby | King Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on March 10, 1452. He was born in Madrigalejo, Spain. His father is John I of Aragon and his...
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https://www.bartleby.com/topics/ferdinand-ii-of-aragon
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King Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on March 10, 1452. He was born in Madrigalejo, Spain. His father is John I of Aragon and his mother is Joanna Henriquez. He has an older stepbrother, Charles IV of Viana. When Queen Blanche died in 1441, John I of Aragon dispossessed his son, Charles IV. Around the same year of Fernand’s birth, Charles attacked his father with french mercenaries at the Battle of Oibar. Charles and the French mercenaries were defeated and captured and then released. Charles fled
What was Spain like before the Golden Age? King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ruled the kingdoms that eventually became the country of Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella were intent on having a kingdom free of any faith other than Christianity. Many people were killed or even banished from the country. King Ferdinand and Isabella moved their kingdom into a great age for Spain, but did not achieve this in the best way. The marriage of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella joined their family’s two kingdoms
King Ferdinand of SpainBy: TJ GrayKing Ferdinand of Spain is one of the most well known kings of the fifteen century. At a very young age King Ferdinand made decisions which shaped the Spain and world we know today.Ferdinand was born March 10, 1452, in Sos, Aragon. He was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez of Castile. Ferdinand was not considered an intellectual, but was eager to learn. Ferdinand was tutored by humanist Francisco Vidal, he learned to read and write which was uncommon
Frank Colletta Mr. Hoffman Global 1-R 12/09/17 One King, one Queen, otherwise known as Ferdinand and Isabella. Ferdinand and Isabella were cousins. Later on in 1469 they became husband and wife. Isabella became the quartermaster and financier (isabellaqueenofspain.wordpress.com), while Ferdinand was the leader of the army. Together they expanded and ruled the Spanish Empire. (spainthenandnow.com). Isabella was born on April 27, 1451. She was born in a city of Madrigal and raised Catholic
religious faith, was a prerequisite for this discovery because she placed her trust and financed the trip, with the goal of opening a new route for commercial exchanges. Isabel was born on April 22nd of 1451 in Castile, Spain. Her parents were John II of Castile and Isabel of Portugal. She spent her first years in the company of her brother Alfonso, and her mother, a woman that had a passion for
prestige and significance go far beyond that single act. Also commonly known as Queen Isabella the Catholic, she reigned from 1474 to 1504 and together with her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragón, united the Spanish kingdoms and helped pave the way for Spain’s golden age. Yet despite the importance of her marriage to Ferdinand, Isabella was a sovereign queen in her own right, wielding immense power and accomplishing tasks
her empire as she decreased nobles’ power. Queen Isabella I of Castile formed the most powerful empire in Europe, ambitiously ruled her empire, and devoted herself to Christianity. Isabella I was born in April 22, 1451 into the royal family of John II of Castile and Isabella of Portugal in the town of Madgrigal de las Altas Torres. After Isabella I’s father died in 1454, her mother, Isabella of Portugal, raised her. She had blonde hair with auburn and chestnut hues and a light skin tone which was
Christians, Muslims and Jews. This lasted up until the Renaissance when the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon united their Kingdoms and took over the last Moorish Kingdom of Granada. In the ballad, Abenamar, Abenamar (author and original date unknown; translated by Robert Southey) we encounter a conversation between the King John II of Castile and a Moor, Abenamar. King John II, a Christian openly expresses his admiration for Abenamar, a Muslim when he says “O thou Moor of Moreria
commutative coin. Who is this very accomplished person? Queen Isabella. Bold and daring, Queen Isabella accomplished many things in her thirty years of rein as Queen of Castile and Aragon. Queen Isabella was born on April 22, 1451 in Madrigal, Old Castile. Her mother was Isabella of Portugal and her dad was John the II of Castile. Her mom and dad were King and Queen of Castile. She had two brothers, Alfonzo and Henry (“Isabella of Castile” par13). At the age of three Isabella’s father died.
by sailing west was rejected a number of times by the King of Portugal, James II – and at first was equally rejected by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. These rejections were decisions derived from recommendations made by royal “scientific” committees. Each of these committees deemed that Columbus had grossly underestimated the distance and time in voyaging west to reach the Asian continent. It was Ferdinand who recalled Columbus to the royal court of Spain, and upon “political” reconsideration
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Catherine of Aragon Facts: Henry VIII's First Queen
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2011-10-03T17:17:51-04:00
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Find the basics about Catherine of Aragon, first wife of King Henry VIII: her heritage, marriages, children and links to her full biography.
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en
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/favicon.ico
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ThoughtCo
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https://www.thoughtco.com/catherine-of-aragon-facts-3528153
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Catherine of Aragon
Known for: first queen consort of Henry VIII; mother of Mary I of England; Catherine's refusal to be put aside for a new queen—and the Pope's support of her position—led to Henry's separating the Church of England from the Church of Rome
Occupation: queen consort of Henry VIII of England
Born: December 16, 1485 in Madrid
Died: January 7, 1536 at Kimbolton Castle. She was buried in Peterborough Abbey (later became known as Peterborough Cathedral) on January 29, 1536. Neither her former husband, Henry VIII, nor her daughter, Mary, attended the funeral.
Queen of England: from June 11, 1509
Coronation: June 24, 1509
Also known as: Katherine, Katharine, Katherina, Katharina, Kateryn, Catalina, Infanta Catalina de Aragón y Castilla, Infanta Catalina de Trastámara y Trastámara, Princess of Wales, Duchess of Cornwall, Countess of Chester, Queen of England, Dowager Princess of Wales
Background, Family of Catherine of Aragon
Both of Catherine's parents were part of the Trastámara dynasty.
Mother: Isabella I of Castile (1451–1504)
Father: Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516)
Maternal grandmother: Isabella of Portugal (1428–1496)
Maternal grandfather: John (Juan) of Castile (1405–1454)
Paternal grandmother: Juana Enriquez, a member of the Castilian nobility (1425 - 1468), second wife of Juan II, and a great-great-granddaughter of Alfonso XI of Castile
Paternal grandfather: John (Juan) II of Aragon, also known as Juan the Great and Juan the Faithless (1398–1479)
Siblings:
Isabella, Queen of Portugal (1470–1498; married to Afonso, Prince of Portugal, then Manuel I of Portugal)
John, Prince of Asturias (1478–1497; married to Margaret of Austria)
Joanna of Castile (Juana the Mad) (1479–1555; married to Philip, Duke of Burgundy, later titled Philip I of Castile; six children included Holy Roman Emperors Charles V and Ferdinand I; Charles V played a key role in the struggle over Catherine's annulment and Charles' son, Philip II of Spain, eventually married Catherine of Aragon's daughter, Mary I)
Maria, Queen of Portugal (1482–1517; married to Manuel I of Portugal, widower of her sister Isabella; her daughter Isabella married Joanna's son Charles V and was the mother of Philip II of Spain, who married four times, including Catherine of Aragon's daughter, Mary I)
Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536) was the youngest of the siblings
Marriage, Children
husband: Arthur, Prince of Wales (betrothed in 1489, married 1501; Arthur died 1502)
no children; Catherine asserted consistently at the end of her marriage that the marriage had not been consummated
husband: Henry VIII of England (married 1509; annulled by Church of England in 1533, with Archbishop Cranmer approving the nullification of the marriage)
children: Catherine was pregnant six times during her marriage to Henry VIII:
January 31, 1510: daughter, stillborn
January 1, 1511: son, Henry, lived 52 days
September or October 1513: son, stillborn
November 1514 - February 1515: son, Henry, stillborn or died shortly after birth
February 18, 1516: daughter, Mary, the only one of her children to survive infancy. She ruled as Mary I.
November 9-10, 1518: daughter, stillborn or died shortly after birth
Physical Description
Often in fiction or depictions of history, Catherine of Aragon is depicted with dark hair and brown eyes, presumably because she was Spanish. But in life, Catherine of Aragon had red hair and blue eyes.
Ambassador
After Arthur's death and before her marriage to Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon served as ambassador to the English court, representing the Spanish court, thereby becoming the first woman to be a European ambassador.
Regent
Catherine of Aragon served as regent for her husband, Henry VIII, for six months when he was in France in 1513. During that time, the English won the Battle of Flodden, with Catherine taking an active role in the planning.
Catherine of Aragon Biography
Catherine of Aragon: Early Life and First Marriage
Catherine of Aragon: Marriage to Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon: The King's Great Matter
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Lewis, Jone Johnson. "Facts About Catherine of Aragon." ThoughtCo, Apr. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/catherine-of-aragon-facts-3528153. Lewis, Jone Johnson. (2023, April 5). Facts About Catherine of Aragon. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/catherine-of-aragon-facts-3528153 Lewis, Jone Johnson. "Facts About Catherine of Aragon." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/catherine-of-aragon-facts-3528153 (accessed August 21, 2024).
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Navarre
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Navarre.— The territory formerly known as Navarre now belongs to two nations, Spain and France, according as it lies south or north of the Western Pyrenees. Spa...
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Catholic Answers
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https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/navarre
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Navarre.— The territory formerly known as Navarre now belongs to two nations, Spain and France, according as it lies south or north of the Western Pyrenees. Spanish Navarre is bounded on the north by French Navarre, on the northeast by the Province of Huesca, on the east and southeast by the Province of Saragossa, on the south by the province of Logroño, and on the west by the Basque Provinces of Guipuzcoa and Alava. It lies partly in the mountainous region of the Pyrenees and partly on the banks of the Ebro; in the mountains dwell the Basques; in the south, the Spaniards. It is made up of 269 communes in the five districts of Pamplona, Aoiz, Estella, Tafalla, and Tudela, Pamplona being the capital. French or Lower, Navarre (Basse-Navarre) belongs to the Department of Basses-Pyrenées, and forms the western part of the Arrondissement of Mauléon and the Cantons of Hasparren and Labastide-Clairence in the Arrondissement of Bayonne. It borders on Beam to the north, on Soule to the east, on the Pyrenees to the south and southwest, on Labord to the west and northwest, and extends over the districts of Arberoue, Mixe, Ostabarés, Ossés, Baigorry, Cize. The principal city, Donajouna, or St.-Jean-Pied-de-Port, stands on the River Nive, in the Arrondissement of Mauléon. HISTORY.—The history of the two divisions of the country is identical until the year 1512, when Spanish Navarre was conquered by Ferdinand the Catholic, the northern part remaining French. Little is known of the earliest history of the country, but it is certain that neither the Romans nor the Visigoths nor the Arabs ever succeeded in permanently subjugating the inhabitants of the Western Pyrenees, who had always retained their own language. The capture of Pamplona by Charlemagne in 778 was not a lasting victory: in the same year the Basques and Navarrese defeated him at the Pass of Roncesvalles. In 806 and 812, Pamplona seems to have been again taken by the Franks. When, however, the Frankish emperors, on account of difficulties at home, were no longer able to give their attention to the outlying borderlands of their empire, the country, little by little, entirely withdrew from their allegiance, and about this time began the formation of a dynasty which soon became very powerful. The first King of Pamplona of this dynasty was Eneco Arista (839), his elder brother, García Semen, having received as a dukedom Vasconia, the original Navarre. After the death of Eneco Arista (852), the two territories were united and Semen Garcia, the eldest son of the Count of Alavaris, was chosen king. In 860, the united Pamplonese and Navarrese gave the Crown to the son of Arista, Garcia II Eneco, who zealously defended his country against the encroachments of Islam, but was killed at Aybar (882) in a battle against the Emir of Cordova. He was succeeded by his eldest son Fortun García, who was held a prisoner for fifteen years by the infidels, and who, after a reign of twenty-two years, became a monk at Leyra, the oldest convent in Navarre, to which no less than seventy-two other convents were subject. The choice of the Navarrese now fell upon his son Sancho Garcia I, surnamed Abarca (905-925), who fought against the Moors with repeated success and joined Ultra-Puertos, or Basse-Navarre, to his own dominions, extending its territory as far as Najera. As a thank-offering for his victories, he founded, in 924, the convent of Albelda. Before his death, all Moors had been driven from the country. His successor, García Sanchez (925-70), surnamed El Temblón (the Trembler), who had the support of his energetic and diplomatic mother Teuda, likewise engaged in a number of conflicts with the Moors. Under the sway of his son, Sancho el Mayor (the Great—970-1033), the country attained the greatest prosperity in its history. He seized the country of the Pisuerga and the Céa, which belonged to the Kingdom of Leon, conquered Castile, and ruled from the boundaries of Galicia to those of Barcelona. At his death, he unfortunately divided his possessions among his four sons, so that the eldest, García, received Navarre, Guipuzcoa, Vizcaya, and small portions of Béarn and Bigorre; Castile and the lands between the Pisuerga and the Céa went to Fernando; to Gonzalo were given Sobrarbe and Ribagorza; the Countship of Aragon was allotted to the youngest son Ramiro. The country was never again united: Castile was permanently joined to Leon, Aragon enlarged its territory, annexing Catalonia, while Navarre could no longer extend its dominions, and became in a measure dependent upon its powerful neighbors. Garcia III (1035-54) was succeeded by Sancho III (1054-76), who was murdered by his brothers. In this period of independence the ecclesiastical affairs of the country reached a high state of development. Sancho the Great was brought up at Leyra, which was also for a short time the capital of the Diocese of Pamplona. Beside this see, there existed the Bishopric of Oca, which was united in 1079 to that of Burgos. In 1035 Sancho the Great reestablished the See of Palencia, which had been laid waste at the time of the Moorish invasion. When, in 1045, the city of Calahorra was wrested from the Moors, under whose dominion it had been for more than three hundred years, a see was also founded here, which in the same year absorbed that of Najera and, in 1088, that of Alaba, the jurisdiction of which covered about the same ground as that of the present diocese of Vitoria. To Sancho the Great, also, the See of Pamplona owed its reestablishment, the king having, for this purpose, convoked a synod at Leyra in 1022 and one at Pamplona in 1023. These synods likewise instituted a reform of ecclesiastical life with the above-named convent as a center. After the murder of Sancho III (1076), Alfonso VI, King of Castile, and Sancho Ramirez of Aragon, ruled jointly in Navarre; the towns south of the Ebro together with the Basque Provinces fell to Castile, the remainder to Aragon, which retained them until 1134. Sancho Ramirez (1076-94) and his son Pedro Sanchez (1094 1104) conquered Huesca; Alfonso el Batallador (the Fighter—1104-1134), brother of Pedro Sanchez, secured for the country its greatest territorial expansion. He wrested Tudela from the Moors (1114), reconquered the entire country of Bureba, which had been lost to Navarre in 1042, and advanced into the Province of Burgos; in addition, Roja, Najera, Logroño, Calahorra, and Alfaro were subject to him, and, for a short time, Bayonne, while his ships-of-war lay in the harbor of Guipuzcoa. As he died without issue (1134), Navarre and Aragon separated. In Aragon, Alfonso’s brother Ramiro became king; in Navarre, Garcia Ramirez, a grandson of Sancho the Great, who was obliged to surrender Rioja to Castile in 1136, and Taragona to Aragon in 1157, and to declare himself a vassal of King Alfonso VII of Castile. He was utterly incompetent, and at various times was dependent upon the revenues of churches and convents. His son, Sancho García el Sabio (the Wise—1150-94), a patron of learning, as well as an accomplished statesman, fortified Navarre within and without, gave charters (fueros) to a number of towns, and was never defeated in battle. The reign of his successor, the last king of the race of Sancho the Great (1194-1234), Sancho el Fuerte (the Strong), was more troubled. He appropriated the revenues of churches and convents, granting them instead important privileges; in 1198 he presented to the See of Pamplona his palaces and possessions in that city, this gift being confirmed by Pope Innocent III on January 29, 1199. While he was absent in Africa, whither he had been induced to go on an adventurous expedition, the Kings of Castile and Aragon invaded Navarre, and as a consequence, the Provinces of Alava and Guipuzcoa were lost to him. The greatest glory of Sancho el Fuerte was the part he took in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), where, through his valor, the victory of the Christians over the Calif En-Nasir was made decisive. When in 1234 he died in retirement (el Encerrado), the Navarrese chose to succeed him Thibault de Champagne, son of Sancho’s sister Blanca, who, from 1234 to 1253, made of his Court a center where the poetry of the Troubadours was welcomed and fostered, and whose reign was peaceful. His son, Theobald II (1253-70), married Isabel, the second daughter of St. Louis of France, and accompanied the saint upon his crusade to Tunis. On the homeward journey, he died at Trapani in Sicily, and was succeeded by his brother, Henry I, who had already assumed the reins of government during his absence, but reigned only three years (1271-74). His daughter Juana not yet being of age, the country was once more invaded from all sides, and the queen mother, Blanca, sought refuge with her daughter at the court of Philip the Bold of France, whose son, Philip the Fair, had already married Juana in 1284. In 1276, at the time of the negotiations for this marriage, Navarre passed under French dominion, and, until 1328, was subject to Kings Philip the Fair (d. 1314), Louis X Hutin (1314-16), his brother, Philip the Tall (1316-22), and Charles the Fair (1322-28). As Charles died without male issue, and Philip of Valois became King of France, the Navarrese declared themselves independent and called to the throne Joanna II, daughter of Louis Hutin, and her husband Philip of Evreux (1328-1343), surnamed the Wise. Joanna waived all claim to the throne of France and accepted for the counties of Champagne and Brie those of Angoulème, Longueville, and Mortain.
Philip devoted himself to the improvement of the laws of the country, and joined King Alfonso XI of Castile in battle against the Moors (1343). After the death of his mother (1349), Charles II assumed the reins of government (1349-87) and, on account of his deceit and cruelty received the surname of the Wicked. His eldest son, on the other hand, Charles III, surnamed the Noble, gave the land once more a peaceful and happy government (1387-1425), exerted his strength to the utmost to lift the country from its degenerate condition, reformed the government, built canals, and made navigable the tributaries of the Ebro flowing through Navarre. As he outlived his sons, he was succeeded by his daughter Blanca (1425-42) and her husband John II (1429-79), son of Ferdinand I of Aragon. As John II ruled Aragon in the name of his brother, Alfonso V, he left his son, Don Carlos (Charles), in Navarre, only with the rank of governor, whereas Blanca had designed that Charles should be king. In 1450, John II himself repaired to Navarre, and, urged on by his ambitious second wife; Juana Enriquez of Castile endeavored to obtain the succession for their son Fernando (1452). As a result a violent civil war broke out, in which the powerful family of the Agramontes supported the king and queen, and that of the Beaumonts, called after their leader, the chancellor, John of Beaumont, espoused the cause of Charles; the highlands were on the side of the prince, the plains on that of the king. The unhappy prince was defeated by his father at Aybar, in 1451, and held a prisoner for two years, during which he wrote his famous Chronicle of Navarre, the source of our present knowledge of this subject. After his release, he sought in vain the assistance of King Charles VII of France and of his uncle Alfonso V of Naples; in 1460 he was again imprisoned at the instigation of his step-mother, but the Catalonians rose in revolt at this injustice, and he was again liberated and named governor of Catalonia. He died in 1461, without having been able to reconquer his kingdom; he named as his heir his sister Blanca, who was, however, immediately imprisoned by John II, and died in 1464. Her claim descended to her sister Leonor, Countess of Foix and Béarn, and, after her death and that of John II, which occurred almost simultaneously, to her grandson, Francis Phoebus (1479-83). His daughter Catharine, who, as a minor, remained under the guardianship of her mother, Madeleine of France, was sought by Ferdinand the Catholic as a bride for his eldest son; but she gave her hand (1494) to the French Count of Perigord, Jean d’Albret, a man of vast possessions. Nevertheless, Ferdinand the Catholic did not relinquish his long-cherished designs on Navarre. As Navarre refused to join the Holy League against France, declared itself neutral, and would have prevented the passage through the country of Ferdinand’s troops, the latter sent his general Don Fabrique de Toledo to invade Navarre in 1512. Jean d’Albret fled, and Pamplona, Estella, Olita, Sanguessa, and Tudela were taken. As the royal House of Navarre and all opponents of the Holy League were under the ban of the Church, the Navarrese declared for Ferdinand, who took possession of the kingdom on June 15, 1515. Lower Navarre—the part of the country lying north of the Pyrenees—he generously left to his enemies. Lower, or French, Navarre, received from Henry, the son of Jean d’Albret, a representative assembly, the clergy being represented by the Bishops of Bayonne and Dax, their vicars-general, the parish priest of St-Jean-Pied-de-Port, and the priors of Saint-Palais, d’Utziat and Haramples. When, in 1589, its administration was united with that of France, it was still called a kingdom. After Henry IV, the kings of France bore also the title King of Navarre. The Basque language is still spoken in most of the provinces.
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About: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Juana
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خوانا إنريكيز دي كوردوبا ، سيدة كاساروبيوس ديل مونتي الخامسة (1425-13 فبراير 1468) كانت سيدة نبيلة من قشتالة وملكة أراغون بصفتها زوجة للملك خوان الثاني من عام 1458 حتى وفاتها . بعد زواجهما عام 1444 ، أصبحت بحكم الواقع ملكة نافارا. تزوجت خوانا من خوان الثاني ملك أراغون بعد ثلاث سنوات من وفاة زوجته الأولى الملكة بلانكا الأولى .
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Juana_Enr%C3%ADquez
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dbo:abstract
خوانا إنريكيز دي كوردوبا ، سيدة كاساروبيوس ديل مونتي الخامسة (1425-13 فبراير 1468) كانت سيدة نبيلة من قشتالة وملكة أراغون بصفتها زوجة للملك خوان الثاني من عام 1458 حتى وفاتها . بعد زواجهما عام 1444 ، أصبحت بحكم الواقع ملكة نافارا. تزوجت خوانا من خوان الثاني ملك أراغون بعد ثلاث سنوات من وفاة زوجته الأولى الملكة بلانكا الأولى . (ar)
Joana Enríquez i Fernández de Córdoba (Torrelobatón, 1425 - Tarragona, 13 de febrer de 1468) fou reina consort de Navarra (1444-1468) i d'Aragó (1458-1468). (ca)
Jana Enríquezová, 5. paní z Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13. února 1468 Tarragona), byla kastilská šlechtična, která se stala královnou zemí aragonské koruny. (cs)
Η Ιωάννα, ισπαν. Juana (1425 - 13 Φεβρουαρίου 1468) από τον Οίκο της Ιβρέας-Καστίλης-Ενρίκεθ ήταν κόρη του κόμη του Μελγάρ & της Ρουέντα και με τον γάμο της έγινε βασίλισσα της Αραγωνίας, Σικελίας & Ναβάρρας. (el)
Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba (* 1425 in Torrelobatón; † 13. Februar 1468 in Saragossa) war eine kastilische Adlige und durch ihre Ehe mit Johann von Aragón Königin der Königreiche der Krone Aragon. Über ihren Sohn Ferdinand II. von Aragón ist sie die Großmutter von Johanna der Wahnsinnigen und die Urgroßmutter von Kaiser Karl V. (de)
Juana Enríquez (1425-Tarragona, 13 de febrero de 1468), fue esposa de Juan II de Aragón, rey consorte de Navarra por su matrimonio con Blanca I de Navarra, y reina consorte de Aragón (1458-1468), V señora de Casarrubios del Monte, perteneció al importante linaje de los Enríquez, rama ilegítima de los reyes de Castilla. Mujer ambiciosa e imperante, era hija de Fadrique Enríquez, almirante de Castilla y de su primera esposa, Marina Fernández de Córdoba también llamada Marina de Ayala, muerta en 1431. (es)
Joana Enrikez Kordobakoa, (1425-1468ko otsailaren 13) Gaztelako Casarrubiosko andrea eta Joanes II.a Aragoikoaren bigarren emaztea zen. Aita , Melba eta Ruedako kondea, eta ama Mariana Kordobakoa zituen. (eu)
Jeanne Enríquez (en espagnol Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba), née à Torrelobatón en 1425 et décédée à Tarragone en 1468, est reine consort de Navarre et d'Aragon. (fr)
Juana Enriquez de Cordoba, Lady ke-5 Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13 Februari 1468, Tarragona), merupakan seorang bangsawati Kastila, ia telah ditata sebagai Ratu Navarra dari pernikahannya pada bulan April 1444 dengan Juan II dari Aragón dan permaisuri Kerajaan Aragon dari kematian saudara iparnya, Raja Alfons V dari Aragon, pada tahun 1458, sampai kematiannya sendiri. Ia menikah dengan Juan tiga tahun setelah kematian istri pertamanya, Ratu Blanca I dari Navarra. (in)
フアナ・エンリケス（Juana Enríquez, 1425年 - 1468年2月13日）は、アラゴン王フアン2世の王妃で2度目の妻。父はカスティーリャの貴族でエンリケ2世王の弟ファドリケ・アルフォンソの子孫であるメルバ伯およびルエダ伯ファドリケ・エンリケス、母はマリアナ・デ・コルドバである。 1444年にフアンと結婚し、1男1女をもうけた。 * フェルナンド2世（1452年 - 1516年） - アラゴン王 * フアナ（1454年 - 1517年） - ナポリ王フェルディナンド1世の妃 フアンは1441年に先妻であるナバラ女王ブランカ1世を亡くしていた。この最初の結婚によってフアンもナバラ王となっていたが、ブランカの死後に嫡子であるビアナ公カルロスが継ぐべき王位を譲ろうとせず、父子の対立からナバラでは内乱となった。後妻であるフアナ・エンリケスが新たな息子フェルナンドを生んだことで、対立はいっそう激しくなった。 1468年、夫に先立って死去した。 (ja)
Johanna Enríquez (Torrelobatón, 1425 — Tarragona, 13 februari 1468) was koningin-gemalin van Aragón en de landen van de Kroon van Aragon: Koningin-gemalin van Navarra, Majorca, Valencia, Sicilië en Sardinië. Johanna Enríquez was een dochter van admiraal Fadrique Enríquez en , waarschijnlijk van afkomst converso. Ze was de tweede vrouw van Johan II van Aragón met wie ze in 1447 in Calatayud trouwde. Fadrique Enriquez was destijds een van de belangrijkste en machtigste mannen in het koninkrijk Castilië. (nl)
Giovanna Enríquez detta Principessa di Melgar. Juana in spagnolo e asturiano, Chuana in aragonese, Joana in galiziano, in portoghese, in catalano e in basco, Jeanne in francese, Joan in inglese e Johanna in tedesco e in fiammingo (Medina de Rioseco, 1425 – Tarragona, 13 febbraio 1468) Signora di Casarrubios del Monte e Arroyojolinos, fu Regina consorte di Navarra, dal 1447 e poi Regina consorte di Aragona, di Valencia, di Sardegna, di Maiorca, di Sicilia, e titolare di Corsica, Contessa di Barcellona e delle contee catalane dal 1458 alla sua morte (1468). (it)
Joana Henriques e Fernandes de Córdoba (em espanhol: Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 de fevereiro de 1468) foi uma nobre castelhana, senhora de Casarrubios del Monte e rainha consorte de Navarra e de Aragão. Pertencia à importante Casa de Henriques, que descendia do rei Afonso XI de Castela. Exerceu o Vice-reinado da Catalunha. (pt)
Хуана Энрикес (Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 февраля 1468) — знатная кастильская дама из рода Энрикесов, ставшая королевой земель, входивших в состав Арагонской короны. (ru)
Juana Enriquez, född 1425, död 1468, var en drottning i Aragonien och Navarra, gift med kung Johan II av Aragonien och Navarra. Hon var mor till Ferdinand II av Aragonien. Juana Enríquez var regent i Navarra under sin makes frånvaro i kriget 1451-1452. Hon var sedan sin makes guvernör i Katalonien för sin minderåriga sons räkning år 1462, och slutligen regent i Aragonien under sin makes frånvaro under upproret i Katalonien 1465-1468. (sv)
Хуа́на Енрі́кес (ісп. Juana Enriquez; 1425 — 13 лютого 1468) — кастильська шляхтянка, королева Арагону (1458—1468), графиня Барселонська. Фактична королева Наварри (1444—1468). Сеньйора Касаррубіоська. Представниця кастильського роду . Народилася в Торрелобатоні, Кастилія. Донька мельгарського графа й . Успадкувала землеволодіння своєї матері з центром у Касаррубіосі (1431). Друга дружина наваррського короля Хуана II (з 1444), який згодом зайняв арагонський престол (1458). Народила йому наступника, арагонського короля Фернандо II, й неапольську королеву Хуану. Підтримувала чоловіка у протистоянні з його первістком від першого шлюбу Карлосом за наваррську корону. Через спалах і звинувачення в отруєнні Карлоса, втекла до Жирони під опіку місцевого єпископа (1461). Сприяла одруженню свого сина Фернандо ІІ із кастильською королевою Ізабелою. Померла від раку грудей в Таррагоні, Арагон, не дочекавшись шлюбу сина. (uk)
胡安娜·恩里奎茲（西班牙語：Juana Enríquez，1425年－1468年2月13日），和，1458年至1468年在位。 (zh)
خوانا إنريكيز دي كوردوبا ، سيدة كاساروبيوس ديل مونتي الخامسة (1425-13 فبراير 1468) كانت سيدة نبيلة من قشتالة وملكة أراغون بصفتها زوجة للملك خوان الثاني من عام 1458 حتى وفاتها . بعد زواجهما عام 1444 ، أصبحت بحكم الواقع ملكة نافارا. تزوجت خوانا من خوان الثاني ملك أراغون بعد ثلاث سنوات من وفاة زوجته الأولى الملكة بلانكا الأولى . (ar)
Joana Enríquez i Fernández de Córdoba (Torrelobatón, 1425 - Tarragona, 13 de febrer de 1468) fou reina consort de Navarra (1444-1468) i d'Aragó (1458-1468). (ca)
Jana Enríquezová, 5. paní z Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13. února 1468 Tarragona), byla kastilská šlechtična, která se stala královnou zemí aragonské koruny. (cs)
Η Ιωάννα, ισπαν. Juana (1425 - 13 Φεβρουαρίου 1468) από τον Οίκο της Ιβρέας-Καστίλης-Ενρίκεθ ήταν κόρη του κόμη του Μελγάρ & της Ρουέντα και με τον γάμο της έγινε βασίλισσα της Αραγωνίας, Σικελίας & Ναβάρρας. (el)
Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba (* 1425 in Torrelobatón; † 13. Februar 1468 in Saragossa) war eine kastilische Adlige und durch ihre Ehe mit Johann von Aragón Königin der Königreiche der Krone Aragon. Über ihren Sohn Ferdinand II. von Aragón ist sie die Großmutter von Johanna der Wahnsinnigen und die Urgroßmutter von Kaiser Karl V. (de)
Juana Enríquez (1425-Tarragona, 13 de febrero de 1468), fue esposa de Juan II de Aragón, rey consorte de Navarra por su matrimonio con Blanca I de Navarra, y reina consorte de Aragón (1458-1468), V señora de Casarrubios del Monte, perteneció al importante linaje de los Enríquez, rama ilegítima de los reyes de Castilla. Mujer ambiciosa e imperante, era hija de Fadrique Enríquez, almirante de Castilla y de su primera esposa, Marina Fernández de Córdoba también llamada Marina de Ayala, muerta en 1431. (es)
Joana Enrikez Kordobakoa, (1425-1468ko otsailaren 13) Gaztelako Casarrubiosko andrea eta Joanes II.a Aragoikoaren bigarren emaztea zen. Aita , Melba eta Ruedako kondea, eta ama Mariana Kordobakoa zituen. (eu)
Jeanne Enríquez (en espagnol Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba), née à Torrelobatón en 1425 et décédée à Tarragone en 1468, est reine consort de Navarre et d'Aragon. (fr)
Juana Enriquez de Cordoba, Lady ke-5 Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13 Februari 1468, Tarragona), merupakan seorang bangsawati Kastila, ia telah ditata sebagai Ratu Navarra dari pernikahannya pada bulan April 1444 dengan Juan II dari Aragón dan permaisuri Kerajaan Aragon dari kematian saudara iparnya, Raja Alfons V dari Aragon, pada tahun 1458, sampai kematiannya sendiri. Ia menikah dengan Juan tiga tahun setelah kematian istri pertamanya, Ratu Blanca I dari Navarra. (in)
フアナ・エンリケス（Juana Enríquez, 1425年 - 1468年2月13日）は、アラゴン王フアン2世の王妃で2度目の妻。父はカスティーリャの貴族でエンリケ2世王の弟ファドリケ・アルフォンソの子孫であるメルバ伯およびルエダ伯ファドリケ・エンリケス、母はマリアナ・デ・コルドバである。 1444年にフアンと結婚し、1男1女をもうけた。 * フェルナンド2世（1452年 - 1516年） - アラゴン王 * フアナ（1454年 - 1517年） - ナポリ王フェルディナンド1世の妃 フアンは1441年に先妻であるナバラ女王ブランカ1世を亡くしていた。この最初の結婚によってフアンもナバラ王となっていたが、ブランカの死後に嫡子であるビアナ公カルロスが継ぐべき王位を譲ろうとせず、父子の対立からナバラでは内乱となった。後妻であるフアナ・エンリケスが新たな息子フェルナンドを生んだことで、対立はいっそう激しくなった。 1468年、夫に先立って死去した。 (ja)
Johanna Enríquez (Torrelobatón, 1425 — Tarragona, 13 februari 1468) was koningin-gemalin van Aragón en de landen van de Kroon van Aragon: Koningin-gemalin van Navarra, Majorca, Valencia, Sicilië en Sardinië. Johanna Enríquez was een dochter van admiraal Fadrique Enríquez en , waarschijnlijk van afkomst converso. Ze was de tweede vrouw van Johan II van Aragón met wie ze in 1447 in Calatayud trouwde. Fadrique Enriquez was destijds een van de belangrijkste en machtigste mannen in het koninkrijk Castilië. (nl)
Giovanna Enríquez detta Principessa di Melgar. Juana in spagnolo e asturiano, Chuana in aragonese, Joana in galiziano, in portoghese, in catalano e in basco, Jeanne in francese, Joan in inglese e Johanna in tedesco e in fiammingo (Medina de Rioseco, 1425 – Tarragona, 13 febbraio 1468) Signora di Casarrubios del Monte e Arroyojolinos, fu Regina consorte di Navarra, dal 1447 e poi Regina consorte di Aragona, di Valencia, di Sardegna, di Maiorca, di Sicilia, e titolare di Corsica, Contessa di Barcellona e delle contee catalane dal 1458 alla sua morte (1468). (it)
Joana Henriques e Fernandes de Córdoba (em espanhol: Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 de fevereiro de 1468) foi uma nobre castelhana, senhora de Casarrubios del Monte e rainha consorte de Navarra e de Aragão. Pertencia à importante Casa de Henriques, que descendia do rei Afonso XI de Castela. Exerceu o Vice-reinado da Catalunha. (pt)
Хуана Энрикес (Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 февраля 1468) — знатная кастильская дама из рода Энрикесов, ставшая королевой земель, входивших в состав Арагонской короны. (ru)
Juana Enriquez, född 1425, död 1468, var en drottning i Aragonien och Navarra, gift med kung Johan II av Aragonien och Navarra. Hon var mor till Ferdinand II av Aragonien. Juana Enríquez var regent i Navarra under sin makes frånvaro i kriget 1451-1452. Hon var sedan sin makes guvernör i Katalonien för sin minderåriga sons räkning år 1462, och slutligen regent i Aragonien under sin makes frånvaro under upproret i Katalonien 1465-1468. (sv)
Хуа́на Енрі́кес (ісп. Juana Enriquez; 1425 — 13 лютого 1468) — кастильська шляхтянка, королева Арагону (1458—1468), графиня Барселонська. Фактична королева Наварри (1444—1468). Сеньйора Касаррубіоська. Представниця кастильського роду . Народилася в Торрелобатоні, Кастилія. Донька мельгарського графа й . Успадкувала землеволодіння своєї матері з центром у Касаррубіосі (1431). Друга дружина наваррського короля Хуана II (з 1444), який згодом зайняв арагонський престол (1458). Народила йому наступника, арагонського короля Фернандо II, й неапольську королеву Хуану. Підтримувала чоловіка у протистоянні з його первістком від першого шлюбу Карлосом за наваррську корону. Через спалах і звинувачення в отруєнні Карлоса, втекла до Жирони під опіку місцевого єпископа (1461). Сприяла одруженню свого сина Фернандо ІІ із кастильською королевою Ізабелою. Померла від раку грудей в Таррагоні, Арагон, не дочекавшись шлюбу сина. (uk)
胡安娜·恩里奎茲（西班牙語：Juana Enríquez，1425年－1468年2月13日），和，1458年至1468年在位。 (zh)
rdfs:comment
خوانا إنريكيز دي كوردوبا ، سيدة كاساروبيوس ديل مونتي الخامسة (1425-13 فبراير 1468) كانت سيدة نبيلة من قشتالة وملكة أراغون بصفتها زوجة للملك خوان الثاني من عام 1458 حتى وفاتها . بعد زواجهما عام 1444 ، أصبحت بحكم الواقع ملكة نافارا. تزوجت خوانا من خوان الثاني ملك أراغون بعد ثلاث سنوات من وفاة زوجته الأولى الملكة بلانكا الأولى . (ar)
Joana Enríquez i Fernández de Córdoba (Torrelobatón, 1425 - Tarragona, 13 de febrer de 1468) fou reina consort de Navarra (1444-1468) i d'Aragó (1458-1468). (ca)
Jana Enríquezová, 5. paní z Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13. února 1468 Tarragona), byla kastilská šlechtična, která se stala královnou zemí aragonské koruny. (cs)
Η Ιωάννα, ισπαν. Juana (1425 - 13 Φεβρουαρίου 1468) από τον Οίκο της Ιβρέας-Καστίλης-Ενρίκεθ ήταν κόρη του κόμη του Μελγάρ & της Ρουέντα και με τον γάμο της έγινε βασίλισσα της Αραγωνίας, Σικελίας & Ναβάρρας. (el)
Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba (* 1425 in Torrelobatón; † 13. Februar 1468 in Saragossa) war eine kastilische Adlige und durch ihre Ehe mit Johann von Aragón Königin der Königreiche der Krone Aragon. Über ihren Sohn Ferdinand II. von Aragón ist sie die Großmutter von Johanna der Wahnsinnigen und die Urgroßmutter von Kaiser Karl V. (de)
Juana Enríquez (1425-Tarragona, 13 de febrero de 1468), fue esposa de Juan II de Aragón, rey consorte de Navarra por su matrimonio con Blanca I de Navarra, y reina consorte de Aragón (1458-1468), V señora de Casarrubios del Monte, perteneció al importante linaje de los Enríquez, rama ilegítima de los reyes de Castilla. Mujer ambiciosa e imperante, era hija de Fadrique Enríquez, almirante de Castilla y de su primera esposa, Marina Fernández de Córdoba también llamada Marina de Ayala, muerta en 1431. (es)
Joana Enrikez Kordobakoa, (1425-1468ko otsailaren 13) Gaztelako Casarrubiosko andrea eta Joanes II.a Aragoikoaren bigarren emaztea zen. Aita , Melba eta Ruedako kondea, eta ama Mariana Kordobakoa zituen. (eu)
Jeanne Enríquez (en espagnol Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba), née à Torrelobatón en 1425 et décédée à Tarragone en 1468, est reine consort de Navarre et d'Aragon. (fr)
Juana Enriquez de Cordoba, Lady ke-5 Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13 Februari 1468, Tarragona), merupakan seorang bangsawati Kastila, ia telah ditata sebagai Ratu Navarra dari pernikahannya pada bulan April 1444 dengan Juan II dari Aragón dan permaisuri Kerajaan Aragon dari kematian saudara iparnya, Raja Alfons V dari Aragon, pada tahun 1458, sampai kematiannya sendiri. Ia menikah dengan Juan tiga tahun setelah kematian istri pertamanya, Ratu Blanca I dari Navarra. (in)
フアナ・エンリケス（Juana Enríquez, 1425年 - 1468年2月13日）は、アラゴン王フアン2世の王妃で2度目の妻。父はカスティーリャの貴族でエンリケ2世王の弟ファドリケ・アルフォンソの子孫であるメルバ伯およびルエダ伯ファドリケ・エンリケス、母はマリアナ・デ・コルドバである。 1444年にフアンと結婚し、1男1女をもうけた。 * フェルナンド2世（1452年 - 1516年） - アラゴン王 * フアナ（1454年 - 1517年） - ナポリ王フェルディナンド1世の妃 フアンは1441年に先妻であるナバラ女王ブランカ1世を亡くしていた。この最初の結婚によってフアンもナバラ王となっていたが、ブランカの死後に嫡子であるビアナ公カルロスが継ぐべき王位を譲ろうとせず、父子の対立からナバラでは内乱となった。後妻であるフアナ・エンリケスが新たな息子フェルナンドを生んだことで、対立はいっそう激しくなった。 1468年、夫に先立って死去した。 (ja)
Johanna Enríquez (Torrelobatón, 1425 — Tarragona, 13 februari 1468) was koningin-gemalin van Aragón en de landen van de Kroon van Aragon: Koningin-gemalin van Navarra, Majorca, Valencia, Sicilië en Sardinië. Johanna Enríquez was een dochter van admiraal Fadrique Enríquez en , waarschijnlijk van afkomst converso. Ze was de tweede vrouw van Johan II van Aragón met wie ze in 1447 in Calatayud trouwde. Fadrique Enriquez was destijds een van de belangrijkste en machtigste mannen in het koninkrijk Castilië. (nl)
Giovanna Enríquez detta Principessa di Melgar. Juana in spagnolo e asturiano, Chuana in aragonese, Joana in galiziano, in portoghese, in catalano e in basco, Jeanne in francese, Joan in inglese e Johanna in tedesco e in fiammingo (Medina de Rioseco, 1425 – Tarragona, 13 febbraio 1468) Signora di Casarrubios del Monte e Arroyojolinos, fu Regina consorte di Navarra, dal 1447 e poi Regina consorte di Aragona, di Valencia, di Sardegna, di Maiorca, di Sicilia, e titolare di Corsica, Contessa di Barcellona e delle contee catalane dal 1458 alla sua morte (1468). (it)
Joana Henriques e Fernandes de Córdoba (em espanhol: Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 de fevereiro de 1468) foi uma nobre castelhana, senhora de Casarrubios del Monte e rainha consorte de Navarra e de Aragão. Pertencia à importante Casa de Henriques, que descendia do rei Afonso XI de Castela. Exerceu o Vice-reinado da Catalunha. (pt)
Хуана Энрикес (Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 февраля 1468) — знатная кастильская дама из рода Энрикесов, ставшая королевой земель, входивших в состав Арагонской короны. (ru)
Juana Enriquez, född 1425, död 1468, var en drottning i Aragonien och Navarra, gift med kung Johan II av Aragonien och Navarra. Hon var mor till Ferdinand II av Aragonien. Juana Enríquez var regent i Navarra under sin makes frånvaro i kriget 1451-1452. Hon var sedan sin makes guvernör i Katalonien för sin minderåriga sons räkning år 1462, och slutligen regent i Aragonien under sin makes frånvaro under upproret i Katalonien 1465-1468. (sv)
胡安娜·恩里奎茲（西班牙語：Juana Enríquez，1425年－1468年2月13日），和，1458年至1468年在位。 (zh)
Хуа́на Енрі́кес (ісп. Juana Enriquez; 1425 — 13 лютого 1468) — кастильська шляхтянка, королева Арагону (1458—1468), графиня Барселонська. Фактична королева Наварри (1444—1468). Сеньйора Касаррубіоська. Представниця кастильського роду . Народилася в Торрелобатоні, Кастилія. Донька мельгарського графа й . Успадкувала землеволодіння своєї матері з центром у Касаррубіосі (1431). Друга дружина наваррського короля Хуана II (з 1444), який згодом зайняв арагонський престол (1458). Народила йому наступника, арагонського короля Фернандо II, й неапольську королеву Хуану. Підтримувала чоловіка у протистоянні з його первістком від першого шлюбу Карлосом за наваррську корону. Через спалах і звинувачення в отруєнні Карлоса, втекла до Жирони під опіку місцевого єпископа (1461). Сприяла одруженню свого с (uk)
خوانا إنريكيز دي كوردوبا ، سيدة كاساروبيوس ديل مونتي الخامسة (1425-13 فبراير 1468) كانت سيدة نبيلة من قشتالة وملكة أراغون بصفتها زوجة للملك خوان الثاني من عام 1458 حتى وفاتها . بعد زواجهما عام 1444 ، أصبحت بحكم الواقع ملكة نافارا. تزوجت خوانا من خوان الثاني ملك أراغون بعد ثلاث سنوات من وفاة زوجته الأولى الملكة بلانكا الأولى . (ar)
Joana Enríquez i Fernández de Córdoba (Torrelobatón, 1425 - Tarragona, 13 de febrer de 1468) fou reina consort de Navarra (1444-1468) i d'Aragó (1458-1468). (ca)
Jana Enríquezová, 5. paní z Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13. února 1468 Tarragona), byla kastilská šlechtična, která se stala královnou zemí aragonské koruny. (cs)
Η Ιωάννα, ισπαν. Juana (1425 - 13 Φεβρουαρίου 1468) από τον Οίκο της Ιβρέας-Καστίλης-Ενρίκεθ ήταν κόρη του κόμη του Μελγάρ & της Ρουέντα και με τον γάμο της έγινε βασίλισσα της Αραγωνίας, Σικελίας & Ναβάρρας. (el)
Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba (* 1425 in Torrelobatón; † 13. Februar 1468 in Saragossa) war eine kastilische Adlige und durch ihre Ehe mit Johann von Aragón Königin der Königreiche der Krone Aragon. Über ihren Sohn Ferdinand II. von Aragón ist sie die Großmutter von Johanna der Wahnsinnigen und die Urgroßmutter von Kaiser Karl V. (de)
Juana Enríquez (1425-Tarragona, 13 de febrero de 1468), fue esposa de Juan II de Aragón, rey consorte de Navarra por su matrimonio con Blanca I de Navarra, y reina consorte de Aragón (1458-1468), V señora de Casarrubios del Monte, perteneció al importante linaje de los Enríquez, rama ilegítima de los reyes de Castilla. Mujer ambiciosa e imperante, era hija de Fadrique Enríquez, almirante de Castilla y de su primera esposa, Marina Fernández de Córdoba también llamada Marina de Ayala, muerta en 1431. (es)
Joana Enrikez Kordobakoa, (1425-1468ko otsailaren 13) Gaztelako Casarrubiosko andrea eta Joanes II.a Aragoikoaren bigarren emaztea zen. Aita , Melba eta Ruedako kondea, eta ama Mariana Kordobakoa zituen. (eu)
Jeanne Enríquez (en espagnol Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba), née à Torrelobatón en 1425 et décédée à Tarragone en 1468, est reine consort de Navarre et d'Aragon. (fr)
Juana Enriquez de Cordoba, Lady ke-5 Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13 Februari 1468, Tarragona), merupakan seorang bangsawati Kastila, ia telah ditata sebagai Ratu Navarra dari pernikahannya pada bulan April 1444 dengan Juan II dari Aragón dan permaisuri Kerajaan Aragon dari kematian saudara iparnya, Raja Alfons V dari Aragon, pada tahun 1458, sampai kematiannya sendiri. Ia menikah dengan Juan tiga tahun setelah kematian istri pertamanya, Ratu Blanca I dari Navarra. (in)
フアナ・エンリケス（Juana Enríquez, 1425年 - 1468年2月13日）は、アラゴン王フアン2世の王妃で2度目の妻。父はカスティーリャの貴族でエンリケ2世王の弟ファドリケ・アルフォンソの子孫であるメルバ伯およびルエダ伯ファドリケ・エンリケス、母はマリアナ・デ・コルドバである。 1444年にフアンと結婚し、1男1女をもうけた。 * フェルナンド2世（1452年 - 1516年） - アラゴン王 * フアナ（1454年 - 1517年） - ナポリ王フェルディナンド1世の妃 フアンは1441年に先妻であるナバラ女王ブランカ1世を亡くしていた。この最初の結婚によってフアンもナバラ王となっていたが、ブランカの死後に嫡子であるビアナ公カルロスが継ぐべき王位を譲ろうとせず、父子の対立からナバラでは内乱となった。後妻であるフアナ・エンリケスが新たな息子フェルナンドを生んだことで、対立はいっそう激しくなった。 1468年、夫に先立って死去した。 (ja)
Johanna Enríquez (Torrelobatón, 1425 — Tarragona, 13 februari 1468) was koningin-gemalin van Aragón en de landen van de Kroon van Aragon: Koningin-gemalin van Navarra, Majorca, Valencia, Sicilië en Sardinië. Johanna Enríquez was een dochter van admiraal Fadrique Enríquez en , waarschijnlijk van afkomst converso. Ze was de tweede vrouw van Johan II van Aragón met wie ze in 1447 in Calatayud trouwde. Fadrique Enriquez was destijds een van de belangrijkste en machtigste mannen in het koninkrijk Castilië. (nl)
Giovanna Enríquez detta Principessa di Melgar. Juana in spagnolo e asturiano, Chuana in aragonese, Joana in galiziano, in portoghese, in catalano e in basco, Jeanne in francese, Joan in inglese e Johanna in tedesco e in fiammingo (Medina de Rioseco, 1425 – Tarragona, 13 febbraio 1468) Signora di Casarrubios del Monte e Arroyojolinos, fu Regina consorte di Navarra, dal 1447 e poi Regina consorte di Aragona, di Valencia, di Sardegna, di Maiorca, di Sicilia, e titolare di Corsica, Contessa di Barcellona e delle contee catalane dal 1458 alla sua morte (1468). (it)
Joana Henriques e Fernandes de Córdoba (em espanhol: Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 de fevereiro de 1468) foi uma nobre castelhana, senhora de Casarrubios del Monte e rainha consorte de Navarra e de Aragão. Pertencia à importante Casa de Henriques, que descendia do rei Afonso XI de Castela. Exerceu o Vice-reinado da Catalunha. (pt)
Хуана Энрикес (Juana Enríquez; 1425 — 13 февраля 1468) — знатная кастильская дама из рода Энрикесов, ставшая королевой земель, входивших в состав Арагонской короны. (ru)
Juana Enriquez, född 1425, död 1468, var en drottning i Aragonien och Navarra, gift med kung Johan II av Aragonien och Navarra. Hon var mor till Ferdinand II av Aragonien. Juana Enríquez var regent i Navarra under sin makes frånvaro i kriget 1451-1452. Hon var sedan sin makes guvernör i Katalonien för sin minderåriga sons räkning år 1462, och slutligen regent i Aragonien under sin makes frånvaro under upproret i Katalonien 1465-1468. (sv)
胡安娜·恩里奎茲（西班牙語：Juana Enríquez，1425年－1468年2月13日），和，1458年至1468年在位。 (zh)
Хуа́на Енрі́кес (ісп. Juana Enriquez; 1425 — 13 лютого 1468) — кастильська шляхтянка, королева Арагону (1458—1468), графиня Барселонська. Фактична королева Наварри (1444—1468). Сеньйора Касаррубіоська. Представниця кастильського роду . Народилася в Торрелобатоні, Кастилія. Донька мельгарського графа й . Успадкувала землеволодіння своєї матері з центром у Касаррубіосі (1431). Друга дружина наваррського короля Хуана II (з 1444), який згодом зайняв арагонський престол (1458). Народила йому наступника, арагонського короля Фернандо II, й неапольську королеву Хуану. Підтримувала чоловіка у протистоянні з його первістком від першого шлюбу Карлосом за наваррську корону. Через спалах і звинувачення в отруєнні Карлоса, втекла до Жирони під опіку місцевого єпископа (1461). Сприяла одруженню свого с (uk)
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Biography of Juana the Mad of Castile (1479
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[] |
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"insano",
"princesa",
"rainha",
"loucura",
"rei",
"dinastia",
"louco"
] | null |
[] | null |
Biography of Juana the Mad of Castile.
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https://www.twentytrees.co.uk/History/Spain/Person/Ferdinand-II-King-Aragon-1452-1516.html
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Biography of Ferdinand II King Aragon 1452
|
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[
"Ferdinand II King Aragon 1452-1516",
"Death of King Henry IV of Castile",
"Birth of Catherine of Aragon",
"Trial and Execution of Perkin Warbreck and Edward Earl of Warwick",
"Marriage of Arthur Tudor and Catherine of Aragon",
"Marriage of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon",
"Ferdinand II King Aragon Dies Joanna Queen Castile Succeeds"
] | null |
[] | null |
Biography of Ferdinand II King Aragon 1452-1516 including his birth, marriages, death and life events, life events of his siblings, and his ancestry to five generations, royal ancestors and royal descendants.
|
en
| null |
In 1497 [his son-in-law] Manuel "Fortunate" I King Portugal (age 27) and [his daughter] Isabella Trastámara Queen Consort Portugal (age 27) were married. She by marriage Queen Consort Portugal. He would, three years later, marry her younger sister [his daughter] Maria Trastámara Queen Consort Portugal (age 15); an example of Married to Two Siblings. She the daughter of Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 44) and Isabella Queen Castile (age 45). They were first cousin once removed. He a great x 3 grandson of King Edward III of England. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
In 1500 [his former son-in-law] Manuel "Fortunate" I King Portugal (age 30) and [his daughter] Maria Trastámara Queen Consort Portugal (age 18) were married. She by marriage Queen Consort Portugal. She the younger sister of his first wife [his daughter] Isabella Trastámara Queen Consort Portugal; an example of Married to Two Siblings. She the daughter of Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 47) and Isabella Queen Castile (age 48). They were first cousin once removed. He a great x 3 grandson of King Edward III of England. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
On 14 Nov 1501 [his son-in-law] Arthur Prince of Wales (age 15) and [his daughter] Catherine of Aragon (age 15) were married at St Paul's Cathedral [Map] by Archbishop Henry Deane assisted by William Warham Bishop of London (age 51) and a further eighteen bishops. She wore a white satin dress with a farthingale and over her head wore a veil of fine silk trimmed with gold and pearls. She would, eight years later, marry his younger brother [his future son-in-law] King Henry VIII of England and Ireland (age 10) - see Marriage of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. She the daughter of Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 49) and Isabella Queen Castile (age 50). He the son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland (age 44) and Elizabeth York Queen Consort England (age 35). They were half third cousin once removed. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
Prince Henry (age 10) who escorted her up the aisle and gave her away.
Cecily York Viscountess Welles (age 32) bore the train, Thomas Grey 2nd Marquess Dorset (age 24) was Chief Answerer.
Robert Radclyffe 1st Earl of Sussex (age 18) and Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham (age 23) attended.
Thomas Englefield was appointed Knight of the Bath.
Immediately after their marriage Arthur Prince of Wales (age 15) and Catherine of Aragon (age 15) resided at Tickenhill Manor, Bewdley [Map] for a month. Thereafter they travelled to Ludlow, Shropshire [Map].
On 11 Jun 1509, one month after the death of his father, [his son-in-law] Henry VIII (age 17) and [his daughter] Catherine of Aragon (age 23) were married at the Church of the Observant Friars, Greenwich [Map]. She had, eight years before, married his older brother Prince Arthur Tudor - see Marriage of Arthur Tudor and Catherine of Aragon. She the daughter of Ferdinand II King Aragon (age 57) and Isabella Queen Castile. He the son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland and Elizabeth York Queen Consort England. They were half third cousin once removed. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
Letters. 11 Jan 1513. Ferdinand King of Aragon (age 60) to Pedro De UREA, his Ambassador at the Imperial Court.
Shows that the treaty which the Cardinal of Gurk (age 45) has, with the consent of Urea and Vich, concluded at Rome, by excluding the Venetians, undoes all that has been done against France. Henceforth they must make no binding declaration without consulting Ferdinand. Had the English followed his plan they would now be masters of Guienne; and, like them, the Emperor has now hindered the accomplishment of his own wishes and made France stronger. Takes this as a command from God for Christian princes to unite in reforming the Church, and has therefore devised the measures explained in instructions sent by Beltrian. Gurk is to be shown the instructions, but not this letter. If the King of France (age 50) offers Madame Renée (age 2) as security, or offers to put fortresses in trust of third persons, Urea shall point out to the Emperor how little these offers are to be trusted. The marriage of Prince Charles (age 12) with the King of England's (age 21) sister (age 16) must not be broken off; or France will gain the King of England (age 21), to the detriment of Spain and the House of Burgundy. Another essential condition is that all acts of the schismatical Council be annulled. Is glad to hear of the meeting between the Emperor and the King of England, whose alliance is both the guarantee that France will keep peace if concluded and the most valuable support in case of war.
Hall's Chronicle 1492. Shortely after this Charles the French King concluded a league with Ferdinand King of Spain, and also being entreated and solicited with the orations of diverse princes, which, persuaded and mollified the stony heart of a frozen prince, caused him to come to communication and treaty with Maximilian King of Romans, and to conclude a peace with him for a season, to the intent that he might without disturbance of his neighbours adjoining, prosperously and safely make war on Ferdinand King of Naples, and on all Italy, as he before had minded and excogitated.
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https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8392/1/4/89
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Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516)
|
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[
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[
"Marta Serrano-Coll",
"Serrano-Coll"
] |
2021-11-05T00:00:00
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Ferdinand II king of Aragon (1479–1516). He was the fourth king of the Trastámara dynasty, which had first come to power after the Compromise of Caspe, reached after Martin I died with no living descendants in 1410. Although in terms of artistic patronage Ferdinand II was not as active as his wife Elisabeth I, he was still aware that the wise use of artistic commissions in reinforcing ideas and concepts favourable to the institution of the monarchy. He is a highly important figure in the history of Spain because, along with Elisabeth, he was one of the Catholic Monarchs and thus represents a new conception of power based on their joint governance, a fact that is reflected in the iconography found in his artistic commissions across all genres. All of the images are evidence of how King Ferdinand, at the end of the Middle Ages, wanted to be recognised by his subjects, who also used his image for legitimising and propagandistic purposes. Nobody else in the history of the Hispanic kingdoms had their image represented so many times and on such diverse occasions as did the Catholic Monarchs.
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https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8392/1/4/89
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Department of History and Art History, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Tarragona, Spain
Encyclopedia 2021, 1(4), 1182-1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040089
Submission received: 27 August 2021 / Revised: 12 October 2021 / Accepted: 21 October 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography)
Definition
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Ferdinand II king of Aragon (1479–1516). He was the fourth king of the Trastámara dynasty, which had first come to power after the Compromise of Caspe, reached after Martin I died with no living descendants in 1410. Although in terms of artistic patronage Ferdinand II was not as active as his wife Elisabeth I, he was still aware that the wise use of artistic commissions in reinforcing ideas and concepts favourable to the institution of the monarchy. He is a highly important figure in the history of Spain because, along with Elisabeth, he was one of the Catholic Monarchs and thus represents a new conception of power based on their joint governance, a fact that is reflected in the iconography found in his artistic commissions across all genres. All of the images are evidence of how King Ferdinand, at the end of the Middle Ages, wanted to be recognised by his subjects, who also used his image for legitimising and propagandistic purposes. Nobody else in the history of the Hispanic kingdoms had their image represented so many times and on such diverse occasions as did the Catholic Monarchs.
1. Introduction to the Reign of Ferdinand II
Ferdinand II was not destined to be king, he was born after the second marriage of Johan II of Aragon (1458–1479) to Juana Enriquez, and was the king’s second son. The crown should have gone to Charles, Prince of Viana and son of Blanche of Navarra. However, the clashes and hostilities convulsing the kingdom meant that the Aragonese Cortes of 1461 decided that the second son should succeed to the throne. The climate remained convulsive until the death of Johan II, when Ferdinand was unanimously accepted. All of his subjects, including the Catalans, pinned their hopes on him.
On 5 March 1469 Elisabeth, who had been proclaimed heir to the crown of Castile in the Treaty of Toros de Guisando, signed the Capitulations of Cervera, which meant she entered into a marriage agreement with the heir of Aragon, Ferdinand. Together and as equals their reign was to be one of the most important in the history of Spain and would mark the future of the peninsular kingdoms. Ferdinand’s concern for the defence of Christianity was internationally recognised; he was commemorated as “Ferdinand, the Catholic King, propagator of the Christian empire”, in the inscription accompanying his wreathed portrayal in the Vatican stanzas painted by the famous Rafael.
Under the Catholic Monarchs Spanish national unity was still de facto rather than de jure; nevertheless, their reign was central to the history of Spain and the creation of the modern nation (on just the subject of his kingdom, see [1,2,3,4,5,6]). The death of Ferdinand II ushered in a new era in the history of the kingdom of Aragon with the accession of Charles I of Spain and V of Germany, a member of the Habsburg dynasty who assumed the government of Castile, Navarre and Aragon and came to personify one of the most powerful kingdoms in modern times.
2. Character, Appearance and Artistic Patronage
We do not have in-depth knowledge of the king’s character and appearance despite the information provided by chroniclers and travellers who alluded to him. Perhaps Hernando del Pulgar’s physical description is the most accurate: “he was a man of medium height, well-proportioned in his limbs, in the features of his well-composed face, his eyes smiling, his hair tight and smooth [...]. His speech was even, neither hurried nor too slow. He was of good understanding and very temperate in eating and drinking, and in the movements of his person [...] neither anger nor pleasure altered him [...]. He was a great hunter of birds, and a man of good effort and a hard worker in war [...]. And he had a singular grace that anyone who spoke with him immediately esteemed him and wished to serve him [...]” [7].
He was seduced by pieces of jewellery, especially if they had diamonds and rubies. Some of these pieces were made by famous silversmiths, the records showing that there were as many as eight in his service, one of whom was Jewish [8]. He enjoyed showing off his jewellery and on one occasion he even survived an attack in Barcelona on 7 December 1492 because the width of his necklace prevented the knife of his would-be assassin, Joan de Canyamàs, from penetrating deep enough to kill him. The episode was recorded in the margin of two pages of the Dietari del Consell de la Ciutat de Barcelona (Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat, Barcelona. Ms. A-359), perhaps by the scribe Marc Bosquets, who details the event and the punishment suffered by the attacker [9] (authorship proposed by [10]; analysis of drawings in [11]). It is surprising to learn that he was illiterate, although as a Renaissance prince he did much to promote culture, as did his wife Elisabeth. It is said that he inspired Machiavelli’s work “The Prince” (among others, [12]).
Both Ferdinand and Elisabeth exploited the royal image and increased its prestige through court ceremonials, panegyrics, and iconography, for which they used novel, rich and varied artistic forms which were open to Renaissance trends, although without excluding the late Gothic, Islamic and Mudejar styles, which persisted in architecture, objects and everyday settings. Their image proliferated in various media, accompanied by extensive inscriptions, heraldry, and the use of devices such as the yoke and arrows to allude to the names of the monarchs, and the Gordian knot, related to the motto of tanto monta that summed up the equality between them as heads of government. Ferdinand II was aware that art was the most visible sign of his power and he always commissioned works in conjunction with his wife, to the extent that once he was widowed, he continued with the works they had planned or begun. He should be considered one of the great patrons of the Hispanic Middle Ages, and although he was served by artists of lesser status than those who worked for his wife, one can still find renowned names such as the painters Tomás Giner, Miguel Ximénez and Hernando del Rincón, the silversmith Jaume Aymerich, the miniaturist Alonso Ximènez and the sculptors Gil Morlanes and Domenico Fancelli (the following studies by Joaquín Yarza are essential reading [13,14,15,16,17]).
3. Elements of a Legal Nature: Coins and Seals
3.1. Coins
Fernando II continued with the previous coins types, although he also opened a new period that led to new types and iconography. The result of the new artistic experiences was the integration of his portrait into his dies, something unusual in the numismatic trajectory of the kings of Aragon.
Continuing the policy of his predecessors, he unified the values of the traditional coins in all his territories. He generalised the use of the ducat or ducat d’or, also called the excelente in the Valencian mint [18] (Figure 1). With a diversity of dies according to their denominations and places of issue, the hitherto consecrated profile of bust/shield contrasts with the introduction of the new typology F or F and Y crowned/shield and, above all, with the original representation of the busts facing each other/shield.
The crowned initials, perhaps originating from the miniature [19], had precedents in Castile and Leon (see variants in [20]), although they can also be seen in the coinage of Johan II, father of Ferdinand, king consort of Navarra (in his blancas and medias blancas of made of copper and silver alloy. The Prince of Viana also minted gruesos with his crowned initial. See [21]). The iconography of the images facing each other: “with the face of us and of the most honourable queen our wife”, ordered by Ferdinand in his commission to García Gomis, regent of the mint of Valencia in 1488 [22], also had more immediate precedents in Castile. It arose from the reform generated by the Ordinance of 1475, which established this gold coin and stipulated that it had to display the frontal busts of the kings, their names, and the titles of their kingdoms, while silver coins were introduced featuring the coat of arms of the yoke and arrows and the aforementioned crowned initials. For the first time, both monarchs were depicted together on the coinage of Seville, thus reflecting the new governmental model (on the monetary reforms of 1475 and 1497, which confirm the concept of two-headed government, see [23,24]). After Elisabeth’s death in 1504, this coin underwent modifications; the effigy of the queen on the obverse and the arms of Castile and Leon on the reverse would disappear. The new coins would advertise Ferdinand’s new status, with the Castilians referring to him disparagingly as catalanote and insisting that he was only king of Aragon. They would feature the traditional bust of the king on the obverse and a crowned lozenge with the arms of Aragon on the reverse [25]. It was a brief minting; with the death of Philip I, Ferdinand II regained control of Castile, meaning that his coins also returned to their previous imagery.
The doble castellano or dineral, which features the enthroned sovereigns on the obverse, was a new introduction in the Iberian Peninsula. Its iconography had been established in the Royal Decree of 1475 [26,27,28] and was new in the Hispanic territories. Undoubtedly, the collecting ancient coins and medals by the high dignitaries of the court led to knowledge of this typology, typical of Byzantine coinage until the 13th century, and which also reflected the political reality of the joint-government established by the two monarchs (details on the iconography on the coinage of Ferdinand II, also outside the peninsular kingdoms, see [11], pp. 19–32).
3.2. Seals
Ferdinand II continued to use certain earlier typologies, as is evidenced by his main seals, which are almost identical to those of John II except for details and legends [29]. Leaving aside his minor seals, all of which are heraldic, his bulls are particularly interesting, these being two types of metallic stamp of varying dimensions. The first is the traditional one: equestrian/heraldic, although on the reverse the Saracen heads are face-on and crowned. The second has a new feature: the obverse depicts the equestrian sovereign and the reverse the enthroned queen (Figure 2).
On the obverse, surrounded by + FERDINANDVS: DEI: GRACIA: REX: CASTELE: LEGIONIS : ARAGONVM : ET SEC, we can see the king mounted on his horse, which is facing either right or left and appears less light of foot than its predecessors because its protective coverings are more rigid. Perhaps this is because of the need to incorporate the complex arms of the Catholics Monarchs and would also explain why the rider’s shield is unemblazoned. On the reverse, encircled by + HELISABET: DEI GRA: REGINA: CASTELLE: LEGIONIS ARAGONVM: ET SECILIE, the queen is enthroned and accompanied by a shield displaying an emblem identical to that of the rider’s coat of arms. There are numerous pieces, and with slight variations; some of them betray elements of the new trends in monumental sculpture at the time, referred to by some as plateresco because of its connections with works in precious metals.
Although they invert the iconographic order (equestrian/ enthroned), the traditionalism of these pieces, in accordance with the models of the Crown of Aragon, should not deceive: these bulls represent the first appearance of the royal couple on the same seal, thus providing a visual depiction, as seen on their coins, of their joint governance.
4. Instrumental Character of Art
4.1. Government Images
It is striking to note the virtual absence of any images of Ferdinand showing him exercising his ministry, in sede maiestatis, a pose so common among his predecessors. During his reign, emblems became so prominent that they pervaded coins and seals, and came to occupy the place of the effigies of the sovereign who, alone or in the company of notaries, scribes or members of the court, in initials or in separate vignettes, attested or validated the document they headed. The transposition of numismatic and sigillographic models to miniatures continued to be common, as is illustrated on fol. 2r of the Privilegios de la Santa Cruz de Valladolid, from 1484 (preserved in the Biblioteca de la Universidad, Valladolid, doc. 9), which derives from the excelentes or medio excelentes (see [14], p. 454 and [11], pp. 43–44), to cite one example.
4.2. The King as Caput Milicie
King Ferdinand was the object of adulation by patrons, private individuals or members of secular and religious institutions. This can be seen, for example, in the most outstanding artistic project undertaken by Cardinal Mendoza, namely, the lower stalls of Toledo Cathedral. In this work, the cardinal exalted Ferdinand and Elisabeth in a remarkable manner (Figure 3) by also extolling himself for his close collaboration with them in the war against Granada. Chiseled by Rodrigo Aleman between 1489–1495, it was begun before the conclusion of the campaign, which demonstrates its patron’s conviction that this holy war would have a successful outcome [30,31,32]. The fact that the cardinal is depicted seven times, six times with the king and once with both monarchs, is evidence of the benefit to be gained from appearing in effigy alongside the Catholic Monarchs (see, [11], p. 56).
Having become analogous with the Reconquista as noted Müntzer (according to [30], p. 16), Ferdinand and Elisabeth are depicted in triumphal scenes, mostly showing city authorities surrendering and handing over their keys, or the entry of the sovereign into subjugated towns, although sometimes other anecdotal episodes are sculpted, which the sculptor may have learnt about as the war progressed. The presence of this military chronicle in a cathedral setting can be explained by the fact that the war with Granada was not only a political act but was also a crusade blessed by God [33] (see, also, [14], p. 456 and [11], pp. 54–93).
4.3. Devotional Images
During the reign of Ferdinand II, the use of devotional objects as vehicles for political propaganda continued. Although there are precedents, the use of iconography as a pretext or structure under which complex symbolic programmes were concealed became systematised and generalised.
Exemplary in this respect are the Plasencia stalls by master craftsman Rodrigo Aleman, who was contracted by the representatives of the cathedral chapter on 7 June 1497 (Figure 4). The two chairs at the ends of the stalls, together with the central one for St Peter, are the largest and stand on a special base that gives their occupants a commanding view and, at the same time, allows them to be easily seen (see [33], p. 104 and [34]). Both present inlays of the Catholic Monarchs, who had the prerogative of accessing the choir as honorary canons and collecting the corresponding ratione -prebend or benefice-, a custom that spread in the late Middle Ages probably due to the more direct intervention of kings in ecclesiastical affairs (see [35,36]. The chairs’ dimensions and position on high, similar to that of the venerable Peter, place the monarchs in a glorious spatial environment, a new visual sign of their supposed sacredness that the monarchs so longed for (see [14], p. 467).
The monarchy’s desire to make its presence felt in the religious sphere was manifested in other developments, as is illustrated by the portals of the monastery of Santa Cruz in Segovia, the church of El Paular, the most problematic portal of the cloister of Segovia Cathedral (descriptions and problems in [11], pp. 118–124), and the well-known portal of Santa Engracia in Saragossa (Figure 4). The latter was commenced by Ferdinand II’s father, Johan II, who, after entrusting himself to the saint, had his sight restored after a cataract operation in 1468 [37,38,39]. When John II realized that he would not be able to complete it, he commissioned Ferdinand to do so, given that he “liked to see the designs, because he had a taste for architecture” [40]. To this end, Ferdinand II wrote, on 8 May 1493, that “the work on the Aljafería should cease and everything that was to be spent there should be redirected to the work on Santa Engracia” [41]. Catalogued as one of the earliest examples of a Renaissance doorway in Spain, and executed by the Morlanes family, its iconography features several elements, including the monarchs, the ancient cults of the sanctuary, symbols of the order that took over the monastery, and the connotations underlying the form and ornamentation of the triumphal arch that constituted the doorway. It was a showcase of intentions at a time when the king sought to dignify his image, which had deteriorated in Catalonia due to the civil war against his father, and in Castile, where his power was questioned by the nobility (see [8], p. 64). Some believe the effigy of the king is a portrait, either because of a sculpture that was kept in the sacristy of the monastery or because Gil Morlanes the Elder maintained a close personal relationship with the monarchs [42] (see, also [37], p. 13).
The images depicting the king as protector and restorer of the Church, and as an exemplary and just devotee, mostly together with his wife, are very common. This can be seen in the doorway of the collegiate church of Daroca, which dates to around 1482–1488, proof of his predilection for important sanctuaries, in this case dedicated to the Sagrados Corporales, to which he allocated resources for their restoration and embellishment [43,44] (see, also, [8], p. 79). Another example is the anonymous Piedad de los Reyes Católicos in the cathedral of Granada, perhaps an ex-voto donated by the monarchs on their second entry into the city on 5 January 1492 [45], or the Mater Omnium of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, from around 1485 by Diego de la Cruz and his workshop, the result of the imposition of Leonor Mendoza as abbess, despite the opposition of the community. In a context of tension, the abbess or her uncle, the famous cardinal, endowed the monastery with a work that showed the union within the community and its links with the royalty, who had extended such favours towards it [46] (and [14], p. 465).
Other religiously and politically significant representations are those that allude to religious orthodoxy and spiritual renewal. One of the most illustrative works is the famous panel of the Virgen de los Reyes Católicos of Saint Thomas of Avila (nowadays in Museo del Prado, Madrid), from around 1490 and closely related to the Holy Inquisition [47] (Figure 5). The institution was lauded by the monarchy because, in addition to looking after the interests of the Church, it enabled the monarchs to wield unquestioned power in each of their kingdoms (see [4], pp. 134–135). The attention to detail and the coincidence with the descriptions of these monarchs leads us to think that their portraits were painted in their presence or from sketches of them taken during their lives [48] (see, also, [42], p. 51). What is certain is that this panel is an indication that the Inquisition had royal and divine approval [49]: not only do the two patron saints of the convent appear, but alongside the kings are two other Dominican inquisitors, Pedro de Arbués, martyred in Saragossa by opponents of the Inquisition, and Tomás de Torquemada, who was prior of the monastery (according to [8], pp. 35–38; [48], planche LVIII and [50]). This panel, an early court portrait that is predominantly devotional in character, is propaganda in defence of the Court of the Holy Office, a fact that is corroborated by the presence of its most prominent members (one of whom was martyred for its cause) and of the sovereigns (who worked so hard for its reinstatement).
5. A New Artistic Genre at Court: Portraiture
Portraiture was introduced at court in the time of the Catholic Monarchs. In addition to the aforementioned early portraits in the Virgen de los Reyes, the Mater Omnium and, in sculpture, on the façade of Santa Engracia, there were other examples, such as the portrayals that appeared in some scenes of the Políptico de Isabel la Católica (this set contained 47 little panels), of which 28 panels have survived, two with effigies of Ferdinand II. Perhaps his painter, John of Flanders, used this work as a pretext to paint the kings from life [51,52].
This genre reflected, in image and likeness, the true portrait of the king [53]. The institutional framework in which the monarch wanted to be seen, with the insignia of his status, was no longer important; instead he wanted a faithful record of his appearance. Earlier attempts had been made: John I (1387–1396) in 1388 tried to hire Jacques Coene after learning of his skills in depicting particular faces [54]. Ferdinand II also lamented his attempt to secure the hand in marriage of the Neapolitan Infanta for his son John, which failed because he lacked a painter of sufficient quality to be able to send a suitable likeness of him (see [14], p. 444 and [55]).
The new genre was intended to be a mirror and record of individual features. There are 4 known examples of King Ferdinand II, practically identical and following the compositional formula of the Flemish portrait in the 15th century: the Windsor portrait, from around 1490–1500; the Vienna portrait, of the same date; the Berlin portrait, after 1492; and the Poitiers portrait, of the same date [56,57] (see, also, [11], chap. VI (Figure 6).
The greatest similarities are to be found between the Windsor and Vienna portraits (the other two being simpler), the differences being limited to the colour of the clothes and the necklaces on his chest. These similarities suggest that they were not painted from life; moreover, the precision of the details and features of the king’s adult face indicate that portraiture as an independent genre had become fully established in the Iberian Peninsula, an art form hitherto almost unknown in Spain.
6. Conclusions
Ferdinand II is one of the great personalities related to the image of the king of Aragon. Firstly, a new conception of power based on joint government with Elisabeth was witnessed and reflected in the iconography in all artistic genres, with the most representative media being seals and coins, stamped at their behest and whose surfaces shared, for the first time, the effigies of both kings. Secondly, the Catholic Monarchs were the object of adulation on the part of the artistic patrons among their subjects, whether these were private individuals or members of secular or religious institutions, and they personified the exaltation of the monarchy to a hitherto unseen extent, although always in keeping with the clear instrumental nature of the artistic projects, including those promoted by the monarchs themselves. Regarded as caput milicie and true defenders of the faith, which earned them the nickname of the Catholic Monarchs, they continued the already established use of sacred works as true vehicles of political propaganda, and under their rule the use of iconography as a pretext or structure for concealing complex symbolic ideas became systematic and generalized.
Funding
This research was funded by Edificis i Escenaris religiosos medievals a la Corona d’Aragó, [2017 SGR 1724]. Generalitat de Catalunya-AGAUR.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Entry Link on the Encyclopedia Platform
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Figure 1. Coins of Fernando I. (a). Ducat of Valencia, with F, obverse; (b). Ducat of Valencia, with F and Y crowned, obverse and reverse; (c). Doble ducat or Excelente of Valencia, obverse and reverse. All from https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=sale&sid=359&cid=10127 (accessed on 20 October 2021); (d). Doble ducat, obverse and reverse. From https://www.numismaticodigital.com/noticia/5525/ultima-hora/hoy-seleccion-500-de-aureo&calico-en-barcelona.html (accessed on 20 October 2021); (e). Doble castellano or dineral, obverse. From https://aureocalico.bidinside.com/es/lot/2010/reyes-catlicos-sevilla-doble-castellano-/ (accessed on 20 October 2021).
Figure 2. Lead Bulls of the Catholic Monarchs. Undated. Published by [29], nums. 112, 131.
Figure 3. Diagram of the sillería with its protagonists. 1489–1495. Detail of the stalls: 17. Attempt against the Monarchs in Malaga; 36. Surrender of Vera; 27. Handing over the keys of Granada. Published by [30].
Figure 4. The Catholic Monarchs in the Plasencia cathedral stalls. 1497–1503. Published by [35] vol. II, p. 138; Santa Engracia monastery. 1514–1516. General view and detail of the Reyes Católicos. Published by [8], p. 239.
Figure 5. Virgen de los Reyes Católicos. c. 1490. Published by Bango, I. Dir.; Maravillas, vol. II, p. 184.
Figure 6. Fernando II portraits: Palacio Real, Windsor Castle. c. 1490–1500. Published by [55], planche VI; Kunsthistorishes Museum, Viena. c. 1490–1500. Published by Schütz, K.; Vitale, A. Anonimo fiammingo. Rittrato di Ferdinando II di Aragona, detto il Cattolico. In: I Borgia. L’arte del potere. Electa: Roma, Italy, 2002, p. 10; Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin. Post. 1492. Published by Reyes y mecenas, p. 375; Museum of Poitiers. Published by Fernández, Fernando, p. 373.
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Serrano-Coll, M. Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516). Encyclopedia 2021, 1, 1182-1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040089
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Serrano-Coll M. Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516). Encyclopedia. 2021; 1(4):1182-1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040089
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Serrano-Coll, Marta. 2021. "Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516)" Encyclopedia 1, no. 4: 1182-1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040089
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2019-10-07T23:45:39+00:00
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UNDERRATED RELATIONSHIP/PARTNERSHIP/FRIENDSHIP MEME 7/?: my pick: Juana Enríquez & Juan II of Aragon
The marriage of Juana Enríquez and don Juan of Aragon and Navarre was a political union, derived...
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The marriage of Juana Enríquez and don Juan of Aragon and Navarre was a political union, derived from a simple political expedience: the necessity to tight the bond between the adversaries of powerful don Álvaro de Luna (who, in fact, ruled in Castile), since he had gotten back in John II of Castile’s good graces. Don Diego Gómez de Sandoval, count of Castro, acted as a go-between between the admiral of Castile (Fadrique Enríquez) and the king of Navarre (Juan of Aragon). Having arranged the marriage and having obtained the consent of Alfonso V of Aragon (Juan’s older brother whom he would eventually succeed), the future spouses got betrothed – they took each other’s hands – at Torrelobatón, on 1 September 1444, in the presence of the king and queen of Castile and the prince of Asturias (future Henry IV). The bridegroom was 46, the bride 19 years old. The age difference emphasized the political nature of the union. The wedding did not take place until 1447. There were two reasons behind this delay: firstly, Rome had to be approached for the dispensation, for there existed the fourth degree of consanguinity between the betrothed, and then, the disaster of the Battle of Olmedo (1445) happened, forcing don Juan of Aragon and don Fadrique to run off to Navarre. The bride, who was already known as queen consort of Navarre, found herself in the custody of John II of Castile, who had taken over Medina de Rioseco. She recovered her liberty on 1 May 1446, thanks to the intercession of future Henry IV, but on an express condition that the wedding with her betrothed would not be celebrated without the consent of the king of Castile. The fire in the village of Atienza, which was supposed to be a part of doña Juana’s dowry, caused another delay of the admiral’s matchmaking plans. Finally, John II of Castile gave the desired permission, and the young Castilian woman could receive the wedding ring from the hands of her mature, Aragonese suitor, on 13 July 1447, at Calatayud. Then, the passionate affection stirred in the heart of the Aragonese infante that he bestowed upon his second wife during their married life. According to her contemporaries, doña Juana was a beautiful, intrepid and intelligent woman. She was “charming”, according to her adversary, don Pedro of Portugal, although in the pejorative sense of this word: not a charming woman but a deceitful one. It was enough to win the love of her husband. He also showed her paternal affection, for she well could be his daughter. For don Juan she always was his ‘little girl’, in the moments of intimate tenderness and in those of political drama.
Although he relied on his lieutenants—Carles, his wife Juana Enríquez, and later their son Fernando—he was discerning and cautious. A complex and contradictory man who was loathe to share power, Juan was infamous both for his reluctance to work with the Catalan ruling elites and his shabby treatment of his son. Carles and Juan had a deeply problematic relationship owing to the father’s unwillingness to relinquish his claim to Navarre in favor of his son, and then disinheriting him in favor of his daughter Leonor, wife of Gaston de Foix. Tensions between father and son worsened when Juan married Juana in 1444, and many of the later political problems in the Crown of Aragon can be traced to personal problems in the royal family. Juan’s miserly attitude toward the Catalans and his son did not, however, extend to his second wife. He endowed Juana with similar powers to those possessed by Maria of Castile, and in many ways she was truly co-ruler with Juan. Throughout her marriage to Juan she was one of his closest advisers and most valuable allies, traveling with him throughout Navarre and the Aragonese realms. Juan relied on her intelligence and discretion, her prodigious familial, financial, and political connections in Castile, and her tenacious and formidable negotiating skills. In 1451 he appointed her Governor of Navarre with Carles, and the next year she gave birth to Fernando, both of which further deteriorated an already troublesome relationship. In 1458 Juan appointed Carles, then thirty-three years old, as Lieutenant General in Catalunya, where he proved to be enormously popular. Juan imprisoned him on trumped up charges of treason, and when he died of tuberculosis in September 1461, accusations of foul play surfaced, accusing not only Juan but also Juana of plotting against Carles in favor of her son, Fernando (1452-1514, later Fernando II of Aragón). But Juana was nothing if not intrepid and, no newcomer to politics, she shrugged off the personal attacks and succeeded Carles as Lieutenant General. She maintained an extensive court with separate chancery and treasurer, but without the judicial and legislative offices that Maria of Castile possessed in parallel with Alfonso’s Neapolitan court. Amid the turbulence and widespread civil unrest that erupted in the wake of Carles’s death, she suppressed opposition in the towns and countryside and secured support for her husband and Fernando. In June 1461, she negotiated on behalf of the Crown to moderate the anti-royalist Capitulations of Vilafranca del Penedés. Like her sister-in-law before her, Juana sided with the remenees, a position that made her highly unpopular with the city magistrates of Barcelona and the landlords. Unlike the six Aragonese queen-lieutenants who preceded her, Juana is noted for her active involvement in military actions, notably the early campaigns of the ten-year civil war. In June 1462, she and Fernando fled from forces led by the rebellious Count of Pallars and took refuge in a royal castle in Girona only to find themselves besieged for a month. She organized the defense of the castle and held the rebels at bay until Juan and Louis XI of France arrived with military support. Although not personally at the head of an army, she was a tough negotiator who rallied and helped organize and provision an array of forces in defense of the Crown in the Ampurdán, accompanied forces to Barcelona and into Aragón. She was a key negotiator in the treaties of Sauveterre and Bayonne in May 1462 that settled the succession of Navarre and allowed the French to occupy the territories of Rousillon and Cerdanya to France in return for military support. She was virtually prisoner, with her daughter Juana, in the castle of Lárraga in 1463. Hostilities worsened, the French, Castilians, and Portuguese intervened, and periodically the Catalans ‘deposed’ (most notably in 1462) Juan, Fernando (occasionally), and Juana. Her inclusion in this list, although a dubious honor, is a clear indication of her power and importance in the political sphere. After her release from Lárraga and as the civil war intensified, she turned her attentions to governing Crown realms as Lieutenant General from 1464 until her death in 1468. With Fernando at her side, and seeking to pacify the warring factions, she presided over the Cortes of Aragón that met in Zaragoza from 1466 to 1468. During this period, she traveled extensively throughout the realms in the midst of civil war, gathering troops and supplies, negotiating with military leaders while personally attending to the business of governing—collecting taxes, holding courts of justice, dealing with the church, managing Crown lands and her own patrimony. The war outlived her by four years, but it is fitting that her indefatigable work as co-ruler with her husband and as tutor to her son mark her as the last queen-lieutenant of the Crown of Aragon.
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Camino de Santiago 2014: Appendix A
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Catholic Monarchs (Spanish Reyes Católicas ) is a joint title used for Queen Isabella I of Castile (Spanish: Isabel I de Castilla), (14...
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Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, King of Castile and León
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2022-09-02T23:35:38+00:00
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by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2022 Note: Ferdinand (Fernando in Spanish) and Isabella (Isabel in Spanish) will be used in this article because that is how they are generally known, especia…
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Unofficial Royalty
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https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/ferdinand-ii-king-of-aragon-king-of-castile-and-leon/
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by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2022
Note: Ferdinand (Fernando in Spanish) and Isabella (Isabel in Spanish) will be used in this article because that is how they are generally known, especially in the United States.
On March 10, 1452, Ferdinand II, King of Aragon was born at the Palacio de los Sada in Sos del Rey Católico, Kingdom of Aragon, now in Spain. He was the only son and the elder of the two children of the future Juan II, King of Aragon and his second wife Juana Enriquez, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. Ferdinand’s paternal grandparents were Fernando I, King of Aragon and Leonor Urraca, 3rd Countess of Alburquerque. His maternal grandparents were Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza, Admiral of Castile and Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala, 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte.
Ferdinand had one younger sister:
Juana of Aragon (1455 – 1517), married Ferdinando I, King of Naples (his second wife), had one daughter
Ferdinand had four half-siblings from his father’s first marriage to Blanche of Navarre:
Carlos, Prince of Viana (1421 – 1461), married Agnes of Cleves, no children
Juana of Aragon (1423 – 1425), died in childhood
Blanche II, (titular) Queen of Navarre (1424 – 1464), married King Enrique IV of Castile and León, no children, marriage was annulled
Leonor, Queen of Navarre (1426 – 1479), married Gaston IV, Count of Foix, had eleven children, Leonor and Gaston’s granddaughter Germaine of Foix was the second wife of Ferdinand King II of Aragon
Ferdinand’s paternal uncle Alfonso V, King of Aragon had no children, so upon his death in 1458, Ferdinand’s father became Juan II, King of Aragon. Ferdinand’s much older half-brother Carlos was, by primogeniture, heir to the throne of Aragon. However, Carlos and his father Juan II were always in conflict, and Juan II did not Carlos to succeed him. In 1461, 40-year-old Carlos suddenly died and nine-year-old Ferdinand was now his father’s undisputed heir. However, there were suspicions that Juana Enriquez, Carlos’ stepmother and Ferdinand’s mother had poisoned Carlos.
In the neighboring Kingdom of Castile and León, now part of Spain, Ferdinand’s first cousin Enrique IV was King of Castile and León. Because there were doubts about the paternity of Joanna la Beltraneja, the daughter of Enrique IV’s second wife (his first marriage had been childless), it seemed likely that Enrique IV’s much younger half-sister Isabella of Castile and León would succeed him. Ferdinand’s father Juan II, King of Aragon thought a marriage to Isabella, who was Ferdinand’s second cousin, would be a good idea.
Isabella’s half-brother Enrique IV, King of Castile and León, made several unsuccessful attempts to marry Isabella to grooms of his choice. His half-sister was resistant and a few of the intended grooms died. When Isabella reached the age of eighteen, she decided she wanted to choose her own husband. She chose Ferdinand of Aragon. Without her half-brother’s knowledge, Isabella contacted Ferdinand through Abraham Seneor, who would become her longtime advisor, and marriage arrangements were made.
Fearing that Enrique IV would disrupt the marriage plans, Isabella made the excuse of wanting to visit the burial place of her brother in Ávila. She then traveled to Valladolid. Ferdinand disguised himself as a muleteer for some merchants and secretly traveled with a few companions to Valladolid. On October 19, 1469, Isabella and Ferdinand were married at the Palacio de los Vivero in Valladolid.
Through the marriages of their five children, Isabella and Ferdinand’s grandchildren were the monarchs or consorts of Bohemia and Hungary; Denmark, Sweden, and Norway; England; France, the Holy Roman Empire; Portugal; and Spain.
Ferdinand and Isabella had five children:
Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias from 1497–1498 (1470 – 1498), married (1) Prince Afonso of Portugal, no children (2) Prince Manuel, the future King Manuel I of Portugal, had one son Miguel da Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who died before his second birthday; Isabella died giving birth to Miguel
Juan of Aragon, Prince of Asturias (1478 – 1497), married Margaret of Austria, no children
Juana I, Queen of Castile, Queen of Aragon (1479 – 1555), married Philip of Austria (the Handsome), Duke of Burgundy, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Mary, Duchess of Burgundy; had six children, all of whom were kings or queens consorts: Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Portugal and Queen of France; Holy Roman Emperor Charles V/King Carlos I of Spain; Isabella of Austria, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; Mary, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia; Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal
Maria of Aragon (1482 – 1517), married King Manuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella; had ten children including King João III of Portugal and Cardinal-King Henrique I of Portugal
Catalina (Catherine) of Aragon (1485 – 1536), married (1) Arthur, Prince of Wales, no children (2) Arthur’s younger brother King Henry VIII of England, had one surviving child Queen Mary I of England
When Enrique IV, King of Castile and León died in 1474, his half-sister succeeded him as Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León. According to the prenuptial agreement signed at the time of Isabella’s marriage to the future Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, the couple would share their power. Ferdinand became jure uxoris (by the right of his wife) King of Castile and León when Isabella succeeded her brother. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union.
Ferdinand and Isabella carefully considered the marriages of their children. Their only son and heir Juan, Prince of Asturias married a Habsburg princess, Margaret of Austria, establishing the connection to the Habsburgs. Their eldest child Isabella married King Manuel I of Portugal and another daughter Juana married a Habsburg prince, Philip of Austria (the Handsome), brother of Margaret of Austria. However, Isabella and Ferdinand’s plans for their two eldest children did not work out. Their only son Juan, Prince of Asturias, died shortly after his marriage. Their daughter Isabella died during the birth of her only child Miguel da Paz, who died shortly before his second birthday. Isabella and Ferdinand’s crowns ultimately passed to their third child Juana and their son-in-law Philip of Austria from the House of Habsburg. Juana and Philip’s son Carlos (also known as Charles) became the first King of a united Spain, and also Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, and Lord of the Netherlands, and held many other titles.
Ferdinand and Isabella made successful dynastic matches for their two youngest daughters. The death of their eldest child Isabella necessitated her husband King Manuel I of Portugal to remarry, and Ferdinand and Isabella’s third daughter Maria became the second of his three wives. Maria gave birth to ten children including two Kings of Portugal. Ferdinand and Isabella’s youngest child Catherine (Catalina in Spanish) of Aragon, married Arthur, Prince of Wales, the eldest son and heir of King Henry VII of England. Arthur’s early death resulted in Catherine becoming the first of the six wives of his younger brother King Henry VIII of England. Although King Henry VIII was dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, their only surviving child Mary was a reigning Queen of England.
Isabella and Ferdinand’s support of Christopher Columbus in his search for the West Indies would result in the conquest of the discovered lands and the creation of the Spanish Empire. In 1478, Isabella and Ferdinand established the Spanish Inquisition to maintain the Roman Catholic religion in their kingdoms. The Spanish Inquisition was originally intended to identify heretics among those who had converted from Judaism and Islam to Catholicism. In 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand conquered the Islamic Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, in today’s southern Spain, and issued the Alhambra Decree which ordered the mass expulsion of Jews from Spain. Because of their defense of the Roman Catholic Church in Castile and León and Aragon, Isabella and Ferdinand were given the Latin title Rex Catholicissimus (Most Catholic King or Most Catholic Majesty) by Pope Alexander VI in 1494. Thereafter, they used the Spanish title Los Reyes Católicos, generally translated as “The Catholics Monarchs”. It is still a title maintained by the Spanish monarchy but neither King Juan Carlos I (reigned 1975 – 2014, abdicated in favor of his son), nor his son Felipe VI, the current King of Spain, have made use of the title, but they have not renounced it either.
In the fall of 1504, Isabella became quite ill and officially withdrew from government affairs. On November 26, 1504, Isabella died at the age of 53. In her will, Isabella requested a simple burial at the Monastery of San Francisco in the Alhambra royal complex in Granada. She also further stated that she “wanted and commanded” that if Ferdinand “chooses to buried in any church or monastery of any other part or place of my kingdoms, that my body be moved there and buried together.” Isabella’s remains were later transferred to the Royal Chapel of Granada which was built after her death.
After the death of Isabella, her daughter Juana became Queen of Castile and León but Ferdinand II, King of Aragon proclaimed himself Governor and Administrator of Castile and León. In 1506, Juana’s husband Philip of Habsburg became King of Castile and León jure uxoris (by the right of his wife) as Philip I, initiating the rule of the Habsburgs in the Spanish kingdoms which would last until 1700. However, Philip’s rule lasted only from July 12, 1506 to September 25, 1506, when he died suddenly, apparently of typhoid fever. Despite being the ruling Queen of Castile, Juana had no real role during her reign. After Philip’s death, Ferdinand convinced the parliament that Juana was too mentally ill to govern, and was appointed her guardian and regent of Castile and León. Juana was confined in the Royal Convent of Santa Clara in Tordesillas under the orders of her father.
After his death, Ferdinand was concerned that his Kingdom of Aragon would pass into the hands of the House of Habsburg. This could be prevented by the birth of a male heir to Ferdinand, who would displace his half-sister Juana in the order of succession to the throne of Aragon. As part of an alignment with the Kingdom of France, Ferdinand agreed to marry Germaine of Foix, a daughter of Jean de Foix, Count of Étampes, Viscount of Narbonne and Marie of Orléans, and a niece of King Louis XII of France and hoped that Germaine would give birth to a son.
On October 19, 1506, 18-year-old Germaine married 54-year-old Ferdinand by proxy in Blois, Kingdom of France. Six months later, Germaine traveled to Dueñas in the Kingdom of Castile and León, where she met her husband Ferdinand for the first time, amid great celebrations. The marriage was accepted in Ferdinand’s Kingdom of Aragon but it was poorly received by the people of the Kingdom of Castile and León who saw Ferdinand’s marriage to Germaine as a betrayal of their late queen, his first wife Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León. On May 3, 1509, Germaine gave birth to a son, Infante Juan of Aragon, Prince of Girona, who died shortly after his birth. Had he survived, the crown of Aragon would have been separated from the crown of Castile and León. There were no further children from the marriage.
On January 23, 1516, Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, died at the age of 63 and was buried next to his first wife Isabella at the Royal Chapel of Granada as Isabella requested. In his will, Ferdinand named his daughter Juana and her eldest son Carlos (also known as Charles in history) as his co-heirs.
However, Juana would never really reign as she would not be released from her confinement until her death on April 12, 1555, aged 75. It would be 16-year-old Carlos who would reign. Ferdinand even stated in his will that Carlos should be considered of legal age, despite being a minor, with the express purpose of Carlos reigning immediately. When Juana died in 1555, it resulted in the personal union of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, as her son Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, among many other titles, also became King of Castile and León, and Aragon, effectively creating the Kingdom of Spain. Carlos I was not only the first King of a united Spain and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, he was also Charles I, Archduke of Austria, and Charles II, Lord of the Netherlands, among many other titles.
This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.
Works Cited
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Ferdinand II of Aragon
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King of Aragon, Sicily, Naples, and Valencia
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/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12860
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King of Aragon, Sicily, Naples, and Valencia
Ferdinand the Catholic
King of Spain Fernandus V
King of Spain Fernando V
King of Spain Ferdinand V
King of Spain Ferdinandus V
King of Naples Ferdinand
King of Castile Ferdinand V
King of Aragon Ferran II
King of Aragon and Sicily Ferdinand II
King of Aragon Fernando II
Ferrando II
King Ferdinand
King Ferdinand of Spain
Ferdinand II
Language Label Description Also known as
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https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/alfonso-v-of-aragon-has-legitimate-issue.469471/
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Alfonso V of Aragon has legitimate issue
|
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"Jan Olbracht"
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2019-06-15T17:16:57+00:00
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King Alfonso V of Aragon had no children with his wife, Maria of Castile. Upon his death he was succeeded by younger brother in Aragon and by illegitimate...
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alternatehistory.com
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https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/alfonso-v-of-aragon-has-legitimate-issue.469471/
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King Alfonso V of Aragon had no children with his wife, Maria of Castile. Upon his death he was succeeded by younger brother in Aragon and by illegitimate son in Naples. Say that ATL Maria of Castile is not childless-she has 3 surviving kids with Alfonso (Ferdinand b. 1422, Alfonso Jr b. 1426, Eleanor b. 1433). What impact would legitimate offspring of Alfonso have?
I think he would still divide Naples and Aragon-younger son would inherit Naples while older would rule Aragon. That means John, brother of Alfonso V, is only King of Navarre iure uxoris in this TL (and he can't disinherit his son by Blanche in favour of son from second marriage, if he ever remarries ITTL and has any sons by second wife) and would lost even that position after death of Blanche. Thus Kingdom of Navarre could have its own Trastamara line.
Meanwhile daughter of Alfonso V could became Holy Roman Empress instead of her Portuguese cousin and namesake-Alfonso IOTL was in favour of a match between HRE Frederick and his Portuguese niece. If he had his own legitimate daughter it seems obvious he'd preffer said daughter as Empress. For Pope and Emperor match with daughter of King of Naples also should be more desirable than match with Portuguese infanta.
Some toughts about Navarre: if Charles of Viana still looks for support of his uncle Alfonsi in Naples against father, perhaps he befriends his cousins there and new King of Aragon (Ferdinand II, son of Alfonso V) helps him if John illegally refuses him rights to Navarrese throne? John, not having Aragon, is in worse position than IOTL, especially if his nephew is against him.
With not being king of Aragon here, can Juan block Carlos' succession? I mean, would he have a powerbase in Navarre that could allow this?
Any suggestions for ITTL alternate marriages @Kellan Sullivan @isabella
I'm thinking about something like that:
-Eleanor of Portugal (OTL Holy Roman Empress) and Ferdinand II of Aragon
-Catherine of Portugal and Charles IV of Navarre
Meanwhile Alfonso Jr, King of Naples (and perhaps also od Sicily) would need wife of higher birth than OTL bastard son of Alfonso V.
Well marrying on the high nobility of the land he rule would not be without precedent (see Juan II of Aragon’s OTL second wedding) and Isabella’s family was pretty high (she was the heiress of her maternal uncle, the prince of Taranto) and her maternal grandmother was also once Queen Consort of Naples (she had her children from the first wedding and became Queen Consort through her second).
About the other two weddings they can work but John would still most likely be able to continue to rule over Navarre until his death (as I think improbable who either Ferdinand II of Aragon or Henry IV of Castile would have any interest in helping Carlos against Juan) so I would still let succession in Castile go through Eleanor and her children unless she has married differently than OTL.
I'd make OT in my own thread, but I'm thinking about daughter of John II of Castile from first marriage (Catherine or Eleanor) surviving. Would we see double Navarrese-Castilian marriage in such case with Charles of Viana married to Castilian infanta before death of his mother? Such marriage would strenght position of Charles.
I suspect it would also mean that Juan of Aragon, King of Navarre, wouldn't remarry to Juana Enriquez. She was a scion of the Castilian royal family. AIUI he married Juana because she was beautiful but also because it was in Castilian interests to allow the marriage. If Carlos has a Castilian bride I don't see the Castilian king backing one of his nobles' daughters' candidacy. Especially if the relationship between Juan and Carlos is as fraught as OTL
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Joanna_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Naples
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Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples facts for kids
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Learn Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples facts for kids
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/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Joanna_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Naples
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Joanna of Aragon (Spanish: Juana, Italian: Giovanna; 16 June 1455 – 9 January 1517) was Queen of Naples as the second wife of King Ferdinand I. She served as regent (General Lieuntenant) of Naples between the abdication and flight of king Alfonso II 22 February 1495 until the formal succession of Ferdinand II of Naples.
Born in Barcelona, Joanna was the second child of King John II of Aragon by his second wife, Juana Enríquez de Córdoba, and his youngest legitimate child.
Queenship
King Ferdinand I of Naples, an illegitimate son of her uncle Alfonso V of Aragon, asked Joanna's hand in marriage from John II and he accepted. After the wedding on 14 September the contract was signed in Navarre, on 5 October 1476 and the agreement was ratified on 25 November. John II gave his daughter a dowry of 100,000 gold florins and Ferdinand gave his new wife many duchies and/or cities, such as Sorrento, Theano, Isernia, Teramo, Sulmona, Francavilla and Nocera.
He also gave her more than 20,000 ducats annually. Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, eldest son of the king from his first marriage, sailed to Spain on 11 June 1477 in order to bring Joanna to Naples. She arrived on 1 September 1477. The formal wedding, with both the bride and groom present, took place on 14 September 1477 and was officiated by Rodrigo Borgia, the future Pope Alexander VI. Their first child was born in 1479 and another child arrived in 1480.
Joanna showed a tendency to resolve political affairs. In August 1485, she started to randomly journey through Italy, probably to ensure loyalty to her husband in the wake of rebellions led by Baron Antonello Sanseverino and supported by Pope Innocent VIII and Cardinal Giulio della Rovere. A few years later, after the conspiracy was suppressed, Joanna returned to Abruzzo, accompanied by her daughter Joanna. They visited most of the monasteries in L'Aquila that year.
Queen Dowager
See also: Italian Wars
On 25 January 1494, Ferdinand I died aged 71. He was succeeded by his eldest son Alfonso, and step-son of Joanna, who became queen dowager. From this point on, Joanna signed every letter with the phrase the sad queen (Old Italian: la triste reyna). Because of the grief, she did not even attend her step-son's coronation on 8 May 1494. In return, Alfonso gave his step-mother the position of Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of Naples.
Meanwhile, King Charles VIII of France was about to conquer Naples. Doing the last desperate thing he could, Alfonso II abdicated in favour of his son, who became Ferdinand II of Naples. However, before he left, he advised his son to take the advice of the queen dowager in consideration and never do anything to upset her. She was formally appointed to the post of regent with the title general lieuntenant.
When Charles VIII was about to enter Sicily, Ferdinand II took Joanna and her daughter Joanna (who was also to be his wife) and left. After their return on 13 October 1495, Joanna arranged a marriage between her daughter Joanna and King Ferdinand II. They were married on 28 February 1496. However Ferdinand II died of malaria in October of the same year and Joanna was left a childless widow aged seventeen. By now, the young Joanna also signed every letter with the sad queen.
Joanna tried to suggest her brother, King Ferdinand II of Aragon as the rightful King of Naples, but a younger step-son from Ferdinand I's first marriage, Prince Frederick, was chosen. Initially, the new king's relationship with Joanna was quite cold. In fact, when Frederick's reign began, Joanna resigned her position as lieutenant general and expressed her desire to move to Aversa. After a year of absence, she returned from Aversa and regained her position as lieutenant general. But, she once again found differences, this time with Isabella del Balzo, Frederick's wife. She did not attend Frederick's coronation.
After they were once again banished from the kingdom, Joanna and her daughter Joanna returned to Naples, where Joanna died following a short illness on 9 January 1517. Her daughter Joanna died the following year from the same illness.
Issue
With her husband, Joanna had two children, one of whom survived childhood:
Joanna of Naples (20 April 1479 – 27 August 1518), who married her half-nephew, King Ferdinand II of Naples but had no children.
Charles of Naples (Italian: Carlo, Spanish: Carlos; 1480 – 26 October 1486), died aged six of typhus.
Succession
Joanna of Aragon
Cadet branch of the Anscarids
Born: 16 June 1454 Died: 9 January 1517 Italian royalty Preceded by
Isabella of Clermont Queen consort of Naples
14 September 1476 – 25 January 1494 Succeeded by
Joanna of Naples
See also
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Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain — Rulers Who Changed the World
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[
"H. Wayne Smith",
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2024-03-07T22:47:51.557000+00:00
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When royal cousins Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile married, they ushered in an era of sweeping change — not only for Spain, but also for the entire globe. They brought an end to the…
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Medium
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https://long.sweet.pub/isabella-and-ferdinand-of-spain-rulers-who-changed-the-world-3ccd5065df46
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RECONQUISTA, INQUISITION, AND CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
When royal cousins Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile married, they ushered in an era of sweeping change — not only for Spain, but also for the entire globe.
They brought an end to the bloody and centuries-old struggle between Christians and Muslims for power on the Iberian Peninsula. Moreover, in an age of intense turmoil over religion, they forced a measure of uniformity on the most ecumenically and socially diverse country in Europe.
For good measure, they sent Christopher Columbus on his momentous voyage to the New World and opened the way for European colonization.
Unification of Spain
Isabella
Isabella, born in 1451, was the daughter of King John II of Castile and his second wife, Isabella of Portugal. She was second in line for the throne, behind her half-brother, Henry. In her early years, she was beset by unending political turmoil, royal intrigues, and power struggles. In this atmosphere of turbulence and uncertainty, she grew up to be deeply religious.
Upon the death of Isabella’s father, her older half-brother took the throne as King Henry IV of Castile. Civil war soon erupted over the issue of succession. Under pressure from his nobles, Henry named Isabella as his presumptive heir to bring the war to an end.
The issue of her marriage was ongoing and complicated. When she was six years old, her father arranged a betrothal with Ferdinand, son of King John II of Aragon. Then, adrift in the shifting tides of royal politics, she was later betrothed to several additional suitors and sought after by many others.
Among those who wooed Isabella were:
Charles, nephew of John II of Aragon
Alfonso V of Portugal
Pedro Giron Acuna Pacheco, master of the military Order of Calatrava
Edward IV of England
Richard, Duke of Gloucester
Charles, Duke of Berry
Rejecting them all, Isabella married her very first suitor, Ferdinand, in 1649.
Isabella and Ferdinand were second cousins by descent from John I of Castile.
In 1474, upon the death of her brother, Henry IV, she proclaimed herself Queen of Castile.
The War of Succession followed when Henry’s daughter Joanna (known as Beltraneja), challenged Isabella’s right to rule. Supported by Portugal, Joanna continued the fight until 1749 when, with the assistance of Ferdinand’s Aragon, Isabella emerged victorious.
Ferdinand
Ferdinand was born in 1452 to John II of Aragon and Navarre and his second wife, Juana Enriquez. He was John’s youngest and favorite legitimate son. Upon his father’s death in 1479, Ferdinand inherited the crown of Aragon, which also made him ruler of the kingdoms of Majorca, Valencia, Sicily, and Sardinia, as well as the Principality of Catalonia.
When he married Isabella, he became the first de facto king of Spain.
Marriage between second cousins was prohibited by the church under the principle of consanguinity. Therefore, Valencian Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI) helped fabricate a papal bull from Pope Pius II to authorize the cousins to marry.
Pius II died in 1464, five years before he “issued” the papal bull.
Unity
Isabella and Ferdinand were married under a prenuptial agreement that defined how they were to share power. In practice, the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile were not to be ruled as a single entity, but rather as separate political units under both monarchs in a personal union. The unification arrangement allowed Spain to rival the other great powers of Europe.
The motto of the union was “Tanto monta, monta tanto.” (It makes no difference; it’s all the same).
Spanish unification was not legalized until Philip V issued the Nueva Planta decrees between 1707 and 1716.
Isabella’s Reforms
When Isabella came to the throne of Castile, the kingdom was in serious disarray because of the excessive spending and judicial neglect of her half-brother, King Henry IV. As she instituted reforms, she focused more on justice than on mercy and was stricter and less forgiving than Ferdinand. This, in part, may be attributed to her strong religious convictions.
In the second year of her reign, Isabella instituted La Santa Hermandad (the Holy Brotherhood) in Castile, Leon and Asturias. Later, she introduced it in Extremadura and Andalusia. The Hermandad was a type of military peacekeeping association that imposed law and order by regular patrols of the roads and countryside, punishing wrongdoers. Under the Crown’s direct control, it was charged with wresting the justice system away from dissident members of the nobility.
In 1481, Isabella restored law and order to Galicia, a turbulent province that had been abused by local nobles since the days of her father. The highways, towns and villages were beset by criminals. Ultimately, Isabella’s officials drove more than 1,500 robbers from Galicia.
Isabella found that the major reason for Castile’s poverty lay in the way her half-brother had sold off royal estates at prices significantly below their worth in order to raise quick cash. To mend the ruinous state of the kingdom’s finances, she reacquired these estates, repurchasing them at the cut-rate prices at which her brother had sold them.
The queen stipulated that any gifts made to churches, hospitals or the poor would not be revoked.
Under Charles’ reign, there had been an overproduction of coinage as the number of Castilian mints increased from five to 150. As a result, much of the money produced in these mints was worthless. Isabella claimed a monopoly over the royal mints, reduced their number and fixing a legal standard for coinage. By assuming control over the production of money, she restored the public’s confidence that the Crown could effectively administer the kingdom’s finances.
Isabella also instituted significant legal reforms. One of these was to centralize power in the Crown by restructuring the role of the Royal Council. She also commissioned noted jurist Alfonso Diaz de Montalvo to develop a comprehensive legal code, the Ordenanzas Reales, to promote equality under the law and ensure fair and impartial administration of justice.
1492: A Momentous Year
Reconquista
Unification under Ferdinand and Isabella brought historic changes. Perhaps the most significant was completion of the Reconquista (“reconquest”), the centuries-long bloody struggle by the Christian kingdoms to wrest Spain back from the Muslims following their sweeping invasion in 711.
Following a string of Christian victories in the 13th century (notably Las Navas de Tolsa in 1212, the Siege of Cordoba in 1236, and the Siege of Seville in 1248), the war lay dormant, and only the southern Kingdom of Granada remained in Muslim hands. In 1492, the armies of Ferdinand and Isabella marched south to lay siege. After 18 months, they were victorious.
Though defeated militarily, the Moors continued to exert great influence on Spanish culture.
The Reconquista looms large in the foundational mythology of Spanish nationalism and the development of a Castilian and staunchly Catholic nation. However, the struggle between kingdoms was not regarded as a strictly religious war until the time of the Crusades, beginning in the 11th century. Before then, the Christian and Muslim kingdoms generally coexisted with a certain uneasy level of tolerance and often allied with each other against mutual enemies.
The legendary Spanish hero, El Cid, won honors fighting for both Christian and Muslim kingdoms.
Expulsion of the Jews
The year 1492 also saw the expulsion of Jews from Spain, culminating years of persecution under the Inquisition. These events were rooted in the belief that achieving religious uniformity would produce political unity.
To this end, Ferdinand and Isabella obtained a papal bull in 1478 authorizing the Inquisition. Initially a Castilian tribunal, the Catholic Monarchs would soon extend it throughout Spain.
Under Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada, the Inquisition was known for its harsh methods, often including torture and the burning of heretics at the stake. The tribunals forced thousands of Jews and Muslims to convert to Christianity. These new converts were known as Conversos and Moriscos, respectively.
Fearing that unconverted Jews would influence these new Christians, Torquemada — himself said to be a descendent of Conversos — imposed the Alhambra Decree and forced the deportation of any who had not professed Christianity. Banishment of the Jewish community caused great suffering for those affected and resulted in severe economic damage to Spain.
Ten years later, unconverted Muslims were expelled.
Exploration of the New World
In 1486, an obscure Genoese navigator approached Queen Isabella with an improbable plan to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the rich markets of the Far East. He would do this rather than pursue the traditional eastward route around the coast of Africa and into the Pacific. Already, the king of Portugal had listened to his far-fetched proposal and turned him down.
The Genoese was named Christopher Columbus.
Isabella referred his plans to a committee and ultimately gave him a nominal stipend that amounted to approximately the annual salary of a single sailor. Three years later, she sent another small sum along with a letter ordering all towns and cities under Spanish dominion to provide him with lodging and food free of cost.
Though Columbus was persistent, the monarch balked at providing substantial financial backing. Finally, in 1492 after waiting at Ferdinand and Isabella’s military camp for the fall of Granada, he threatened to take his plans to France.
Isabella relented, promising Columbus that if he succeeded, she would appoint him Admiral of the Ocean Sea as well as Viceroy and Governor of any lands he claimed for Spain.
Thus supported, Columbus ventured forth into the Atlantic in search of India. But instead of the Far East, he landed in the West Indies, where he established Spain’s first New World colony. The Spaniards quickly took advantage, turning their crusading zeal toward exploration and exploitation of the newly found lands. The result was one of the largest and most lucrative global empires in history.
Despite the personal and political union of the monarchs, the early colonies were exclusively Castilian. Spaniards from Aragon and other Spanish kingdoms were prohibited from trading or settling in them.
Epilogue
Isabella died in 1503.
Ferdinand, until his death in 1516, labored to build Spain’s empire in the New World and to extended Spanish influence and power in Europe.
Catherine of Aragon, the youngest daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, went to England to marry Arthur, Prince of Wales in 1501. After Arthur’s death, she famously married King Henry VIII. Their daughter reigned as Queen Mary I of England from 1553–1558. Because of her zeal for Catholicism and vigorous persecution of Protestants, she was known as “Bloody Mary.”
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Edward II: Ancestry of Queen Isabella
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http://edwardthesecond.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
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"Kathryn Warner",
"View my complete profile"
] | null |
After my post on Edward II's ancestry , here's one on his wife's illustrious and somewhat inbred forebears. Queen Isabella was the sixth o...
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http://edwardthesecond.blogspot.com/2007/06/ancestry-of-queen-isabella.html
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https://www.italiangenealogy.blog/king-ferrante-of-naples-and-isabella-de-clermont-my-16th-great-grandparents/
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King Ferrante of Naples and Isabella De Clermont
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2023-06-29T12:01:55+00:00
|
Ferrante was born in Valencia Spain and was the illegitimate son of Alfonso V of Aragon.He became king of Naples in 1458.
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en
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Italian Genealogy
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https://www.italiangenealogy.blog/king-ferrante-of-naples-and-isabella-de-clermont-my-16th-great-grandparents/
|
Ferdinand I (2 June 1423 – 25 January 1494), also called Ferrante, was the King of Naples from 1458 to 1494. He was the son of Alfonso V of Aragon and his mistress, Giraldona Carlino.
His mother was Giraldona Carlino. In order to arrange a good future for Ferdinand, King Alfonso had him married in 1444 to a feudal heiress, Isabella of Clermont, who, besides being the elder daughter of Tristan di Chiaramonte (Tristan de Clermont-Lodeve), Count of Copertino, and Catherine of Baux Orsini, was the niece and heiress presumptive of childless prince Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini of Taranto. She was a granddaughter of Mary of Enghien, who had been queen consort of Naples between 1406 and 1414. Ferdinand’s wife was the heiress presumptive of remarkable feudal possessions in Southern Italy.
He used the title Ferdinand I, King of Naples and Jerusalem. In accordance with his father’s will, Ferdinand succeeded Alfonso on the throne of Naples in 1458, when he was 35 years old. Pope Calixtus III, however, declared the line of Aragon extinct and the kingdom a fief of the church. Calixtus died before he could make good his claim (August 1458), and the new Pope Pius II within the year publicly recognized Ferdinand’s titles.
In 1459, Ferdinand’s rule was threatened by a long revolt of the barons. Among the leaders of revolt were Giovanni Antonio Orsini, prince of Taranto and uncle of Ferdinand’s wife. The rebels joined to offer the crown to John of Anjou, a son of the former king René. With the help of the Genoese, John brought a fleet and landed, slowly taking some towns including Nocera. On July 7, 1460, Ferdinand was defeated by John in the plain beside the mouth of the Sarno River south of Mount Vesuvius. Ferdinand was nearly captured and escaped with a guard of only twenty men. The pope and the duke of Milan sent reinforcements under the count of Urbino Federico da Montefeltro and condottiero Alessandro Sforza, but these arrived after the defeat and were themselves crushed by John’s ally Piccinino at San Fabriano.[1]
Despite subsequently receiving the surrender of most of the strongholds in Campania, John did not immediately march on Naples and Ferdinand and his wife Isabella were able to hold it and slowly regain their position. Isabella appears to have been responsible for dissuading Orsini from supporting John and Genoa removed its, assistance. The papacy, Milan, and the Albanian chief Skanderbeg—who came to the aid of the prince whose father had aided him—provided forces which decisively defeated John’s land forces at Troia on August 18, 1462. His fleet was finally demolished by the combined forces of Ferdinand and King Juan II of Aragon off Ischia in July 1465.[2] By 1464, Ferdinand had re-established his authority in the kingdom, although some antipathy from the barons remained.
In 1478 he allied himself with Pope Sixtus IV against Lorenzo de’ Medici, but the latter journeyed alone to Naples, where he succeeded in negotiating an honorable peace with Ferdinand.
The original intent of making Taranto as his and his heirs’ main principality was no longer current, but still it was a strengthening of Ferdinand’s resources and position that his wife in 1463 succeeded her uncle Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini as possessor of the rich Taranto, Lecce and other fiefs in Apulia. Isabella became also the holder of Brienne‘s rights to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Ferdinand’s wife Isabella had died in 1465, and by 1476, Ferdinand had remarried Joanna of Aragon, his first cousin.
In 1480, forces of the Ottoman Empire under orders of Mehmed II captured Otranto, and massacred the majority of the inhabitants, but in the following year it was retaken by Ferdinand’s son Alphonso, duke of Calabria. In 1482, abandoning his traditional position of paladin of the Papal States, he fought alongside Ferrara and Milan against the alliance of Sixtus IV and the Republic of Venice (see War of Ferrara).
Ferdinand’s oppressive government led in 1485 to a reinvigorated rebellion of the aristocracy, known as the Conspiracy of the Barons, which included Francesco Coppola and Antonello Sanseverino of Salerno and supported by Pope Innocent VIII. Coppola and Antonello Petrucci were arrested during a wedding at Castel Nuovo, and subsequently executed. Ultimately this uprising was crushed, and many of the nobles, notwithstanding Ferdinand’s signing of a general amnesty, were afterwards jailed and executed at his command.
In December 1491 Ferdinand was visited by a group of pilgrims on their return from the Holy Land. This group was led by William I, Landgrave of Hesse.
Encouraged by Ludovico Sforza of Milan, in 1493 King Charles VIII of France was preparing to invade Italy for the conquest of Naples and starting the Italian Wars, and Ferdinand realized that this was a greater danger than any he had yet faced. With almost prophetic instinct he warned the Italian princes of the calamities in store for them, but his negotiations with Pope Alexander VI and Ludovico Sforza failed.
He died on 25 January 1494, worn out with anxiety; he was succeeded by his son, Alphonse, Duke of Calabria, who was soon deposed by the invasion of King Charles which his father had so feared. The cause of his death was determined in 2006 to have been colorectal cancer (mucinous adenocarcinoma type with mutation in the KRas gene), by examination of his mummy. His remains show levels of carbon 13 and nitrogen 15 consistent with historical reports of considerable consumption of meat.[3]
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, “Ferdinand was gifted with great courage and real political ability, but his method of government was vicious and disastrous. His financial administration was based on oppressive and dishonest monopolies, and he was mercilessly severe and utterly treacherous towards his enemies.”
Ferdinand had many enemies, especially considering his kingdom’s importance to other rulers, and he was ruthless in response to any perceived slight. He even fiercely plotted against Pope Alexander VI, after he realized that the pontiff could not secure his position.[4]
As further testimony to the latter, Jacob Burckhardt described his recreational activities as follows: “Besides hunting, which he practiced regardless of all rights of property, his pleasures were of two kinds: he liked to have his opponents near him, either alive in well-guarded prisons, or dead and embalmed, dressed in the costume which they wore in their lifetime.”[5]Fearing no one, he would take great pleasure in conducting his guests on a tour of his prized “museum of mummies”.
Ferdinand married twice.
First to Isabella of Clermont in 1444. Isabel was daughter to Tristan de Clermont, Count di Copertino and Caterina Orsini. She died in 1465. They had six children:
Alfonso II of Naples (4 November 1448 – 18 December 1495).
Eleanor of Naples (22 June 1450 – 11 October 1493). She was consort to Ercole I d’Este, Duke of Ferrara and mother to Isabella d’Este and Beatrice d’Este.
Frederick I of Naples (19 April 1452 – 9 November 1504).
John of Naples (25 June 1456 – 17 October 1485). Later Archbishop of Taranto, then Cardinal, and Archbishop of Esztergom (1480–1485) until his death.
Beatrice of Naples (14 September/16 November 1457 – 23 September 1508). She was Queen consort to Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and later to Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary.
Francis of Naples, Duke of Sant Angelo (16 December 1461 – 26 October 1486).
Second to Joanna of Aragon (1454 – 9 January 1517). She was born to John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, his second wife. She was a full sister of King Ferdinand II of Aragon (died 1516) and a half sister of the unfortunate Prince Charles of Viana (1421–1461), John II’s son by his first marriage. Joanna and Ferdinand I were married on 14 September 1476. They had two children:
Joanna of Naples (1478 –married 1496 – 27 August 1518). Queen consort to Ferdinand II of Naples (1469–1496), who, as the son of Ferdinand I’s son Alfonso II of Naples (1458 – king 1494 – 1495 in Messina), was also her half-nephew. No issue.
Charles of Naples (1480–1486).
Ferdinand also had a number of illegitimate children:
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Your guide to Catherine of Aragon: Henry VIII’s first wife and mother of Mary I
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2020-09-16T16:26:12+01:00
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Catherine of Aragon was the first wife of Tudor king Henry VIII and the mother of Mary I. But how much do you know about her? We bring you the facts about her life – from her marriage to Henry’s brother Arthur to her death in 1536…
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HistoryExtra
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https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/catherine-aragon-facts-henry-viii-first-wife-mother-death-mary-buried/
|
Is Catherine of Aragon Henry's greatest queen? John Edwards considers the evidence
Catherine of Aragon: quick facts
Born: 16 December 1485 (Alcalá de Henares, Spain)
Also known as: Katherine of Aragon, the Spanish Princess
Died: 7 January 1536 (Kimbolton, Huntingdon, England)
Parents: Ferdinand II of Aragon, Isabella of Castile
Children: Mary Tudor (One son, named Henry (b1511) survived no more than a few weeks after his birth, and Catherine also suffered a number of failed pregnancies and still births)
Why did Henry VIII marry Catherine of Aragon?
Although Catherine of Aragon was the first wife of Henry VIII, she was no stranger to marriage and had previously been wedded (albeit briefly) to the king’s older brother, Prince Arthur. This was a political match, made by the prince’s father, Henry VII, who had long recognised that Catherine’s parents – Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile – held considerable influence across the continent. Henry VII knew the value of propaganda in such alliances; according to Sean Cunningham, the matrimony was “manipulated for maximum public impact on an international scale”. Arthur and Catherine were wed on 14 November 1501, following a 12-year betrothal.
Arthur, Catherine and Henry: a story of early Tudor triumph and tragedy
The marriage did not last long. Arthur, who had long been prone to illness, died just five months after the wedding – possibly as a result of a regional outbreak of sweating sickness.
What’s in a name?
More like this
“Overnight, [Catherine] had been downgraded from next English queen to ‘spare’ Spanish princess, her political and monetary value greatly diminished,” explains historian John Edwards. “The English now began to refer to Catherine by a name that would stick for centuries – ‘Catherine of Aragon’, a minor princess from a peripheral part of the Iberian peninsula.”
Who were King Henry VIII’s six wives? The ultimate guide to the famous Tudor women
Following the death of Henry VII in 1509, plans for a wedding between Henry VIII and Catherine were accelerated. “To the 18-year-old, idealistic [Henry] she was a great prize, this princess from mighty Spain, who brought him a rich dowry and international prestige to the fledgling Tudor dynasty. He adored her: she was, we are told, ‘the most beautiful creature in the world’,” writes historical author Alison Weir.
Catherine and Henry were married for 24 years in total – the duration of which was “loving and happy”. The annulment of their marriage took place in May 1533, by which time the king had already ‘married’ his new queen, Anne Boleyn (who had been, incidentally, Catherine’s lady-in-waiting).
Catherine of Aragon’s children
Throughout her marriage to Henry, Catherine of Aragon gave birth to six children – including two sons – but only one survived infancy: a daughter named Mary Tudor, who would later be crowned queen of England and become known as ‘Bloody Mary’ for her prosecution of English Protestants.
Although Catherine bore the king a daughter, she suffered multiple miscarriages and stillbirths throughout their relationship. On New Year’s Day in 1511, for example, Catherine “delivered of a Prince, to the great gladness of the realm”. Celebrations ensued in London; bonfires were lit, songs were sung, and wine flowed freely around the capital. But festivities were halted when the king and queen received news that their son, named for his father, had died. “Henry spent a lavish sum on the funeral of Prince Henry, who was buried in Westminster Abbey,” writes Alison Weir.
Ultimately, Catherine was unable to provide Henry with the male heir he desperately wanted. This would become a continual sticking point for the Tudor king in all of his marriages – and was also a reason cited in Henry’s desire to end his marriage to the ‘Spanish princess’.
Did you know?
Catherine of Aragon is portrayed on screen by actress Charlotte Hope in historical drama The Spanish Princess
Why did Henry VIII ‘divorce’ Catherine of Aragon?
When Catherine failed to provide Henry with his much-coveted male heir, the king began to consider alternate options. Could he annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry again?
Catherine the virgin?
There was one catch: an annulment required religious approval. Henry used a passage from the Bible to bolster his claim that his marriage to Catherine was illegitimate: “If a man takes his brother’s wife it is impurity; he has uncovered his brother’s nakedness, they shall be childless” (Leviticus).
The queen, however, asserted that she had never had full sex with Arthur and that she was a virgin when she married Henry. On her second wedding day, she “remained as intact and uncorrupted as the day she left her mother’s womb”.
When Henry asked Pope Clement VII to declare his marriage illegitimate, the pope refused. Deeply unsatisfied with this outcome, Henry and his advisors split the church away from Rome – a process completed in 1534 – resulting in Henry becoming head of the Church of England. Feeling he had no need to defer to the pope, he had already married Anne Boleyn by this point in order to legitimise her pregnancy.
What was the Reformation?
On 23 May 1533 – five months after Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn – the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, annulled the king’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
“Catherine won and lost her case,” says historian Giles Tremlett. “She won because Rome declared her marriage safe. She lost because Henry had chosen Thomas Cranmer as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in 1533, knowing he would immediately grant a divorce.”
Timeline: Catherine of Aragon’s rise and fall
16 December 1485: Catherine is born to King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile
14 March 1489: Catherine is betrothed by treaty to Prince Arthur of Wales
14 November 1501: Catherine marries Arthur in St Paul’s Cathedral, London. Arthur dies in Ludlow Castle, Shropshire on 2 April 1502
11 June 1509: A little less than two months after Henry VII’s death, Catherine marries King Henry VIII at Greenwich Palace
1 January 1511: Henry and Catherine’s son, Henry, is born, but dies within nine weeks
9 September 1513: James IV of Scotland is defeated, and dies, on Flodden Field, while Catherine is “regent and governess” for Henry
18 February 1516: The future Queen Mary I is born to Catherine and Henry
1527: Henry is first attracted to Anne Boleyn
21 June 1529: Catherine publicly appeals to Pope Clement VII against Henry’s plan to divorce her
June–July 1531: Henry first separates permanently from Catherine and then forbids her to see Mary
1532–1534: Henry VIII’s church breaks away from Rome. The marriage is annulled in 1533
What happened to Catherine of Aragon?
Following the annulment, Catherine took a step back from public life. She was not allowed to see her daughter, Mary, and lived in less comfortable circumstances than she would have been used to as queen, moving between remote country houses.
Anne Boleyn, meanwhile, gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth I, which pushed Mary further down the line of succession and resulted in her being downgraded from princess to lady.
How historically accurate is The Spanish Princess?
Spaniards did not react well to the news that Henry had set Catherine aside to make way for his new bride, depicting the king as “callous and lustful”. In 1588, the year of the Spanish Armada, the Jesuit Pedro de Rivadeneyra produced a history of the Anglican schism that summarised how Spain considered Henry: “A powerful king who wants to have all that he fancies, and executes whoever he wants… spilling the blood of holy men and profaning and sacking God’s temples… changing the headship of the church and turning himself into its monstrous head, perverting the laws of God and man.”
“Only Catherine’s death from natural causes at Kimbolton in January 1536 finally relieved the tension between England and Spain,” suggests Giles Tremlett.
How did Catherine of Aragon die – and where is she buried?
Catherine of Aragon died on 7 January 1536 in Huntingdon, England – likely of cancer. Eustace Chapuys, Spanish ambassador to the Tudor court, was one of the visitors who saw her in the days before her death. He later wrote that she was “the most virtuous woman I have ever known and the highest hearted, but too quick to trust that others were like herself, and too slow to do a little ill that much good might come of it”. She is buried in Peterborough Cathedral, in a grave marked 'Dowager Princess of Wales', her title following the death of Prince Arthur.
Rachel Dinning is the digital editorial assistant at HistoryExtra
Test your knowledge of Henry VIII’s six wives
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History and period dramas
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2015-07-17T14:35:26+00:00
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John II of Aragon, his second wife, Joanna Enriquez and their two children: Ferdinand and Joanna.
Juan II de Aragón “El Grande” - The Great - was born on 29th of June 1398 in Medina del Campo,...
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Camino de Santiago 2014: Appendix A
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Catholic Monarchs (Spanish Reyes Católicas ) is a joint title used for Queen Isabella I of Castile (Spanish: Isabel I de Castilla), (14...
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Joanna of Castile
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Joanna, historically known as Joanna the Mad, was the nominal queen of Castile from 1504 and queen of Aragon from 1516 to her death in 1555. She was the daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Joanna was married by arrangement to the Austrian archduke Philip the Handsome on 20 October 1496. Following the deaths of her elder brother John, elder sister Isabella, and nephew Miguel between 1497 and 1500, Joanna became the heir presumptive to the crowns of Castile and Aragon. When her mother died in 1504, she became queen of Castile. Her father proclaimed himself governor and administrator of Castile.
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"Juana la Loca" and "Joanna of Aragon" redirect here. For the movie, see Juana la Loca (2001 film). For other uses, see Joanna of Aragon (disambiguation) and Joanna of Castile (disambiguation).
Joanna (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555), historically known as Joanna the Mad (Spanish: Juana la Loca), was the nominal queen of Castile from 1504 and queen of Aragon from 1516 to her death in 1555. She was the daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Joanna was married by arrangement to the Austrian archduke Philip the Handsome on 20 October 1496.[1] Following the deaths of her elder brother John, elder sister Isabella, and nephew Miguel between 1497 and 1500, Joanna became the heir presumptive to the crowns of Castile and Aragon. When her mother died in 1504, she became queen of Castile. Her father proclaimed himself governor and administrator of Castile.[2]
Quick Facts Queen of Castile and León, Reign ...
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Death of the Prince of Viana - The Collection
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For this representation of the Death of Charles, Prince of Viana, Vicente Poveda y Juan was awarded the third-place medal at the 1887 National Exhibition of Fine Arts. Charles of Viana (1421–1461) was the first-born son of King John II of Aragon and Blanche of Navarre (P005374), and therefore heir to the throne of both kingdoms.
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Museo Nacional del Prado
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Opening hours
Monday to Saturday from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Sundays and holidays from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m.
Closed
January 1st
May 1st
December 25th
Limited opening hours
January 6th
December 24th and 31th
From 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Free access
Monday to Saturday from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m.
Sundays and holidays from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m.
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King John II of Aragon
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Posts about King John II of Aragon written by liamfoley63
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European Royal History
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https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/king-john-ii-of-aragon/
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Now back to the future Queen Isabella I of Castile.
At the time of Infanta Isabella’s birth, she was second in line to the throne after her older half-brother the future King Enrique IV of Castile. Enrique was 26 at that time and married, but childless at that time.
Her father, King Juan II of Castile was King of Castile and León from 1406 to 1454, was therefore the reigning monarch when future Queen Isabella I of Castile was born. King Juan II died on July 20, 1454 in Valladolid at the age of 49 and his eldest son succeeded him as King Enrique IV of Castile and Léon. Young Infanta Isabella was three years old.
Infanta Isabella’s younger brother, Infante Alfonso of Castile was born two years after her on November 17, 1453, demoting her position to third in line. When her father died Infanta Isabella and her brother Infante Alfonso were left in King Enrique IV’s care. Isabella, her mother, and Infante Alfonso then moved to Arévalo.
King Enrique IV had been married prior to becoming King and when he was Prince of Asturias.
His chosen bride was Blanche of Navarre and Aragon the daughter of King Juan II of Aragon and Queen Blanche I of Navarre. Blanche of Navarre was an elder sister of the future King Fernando II of Aragon, husband of Queen Isabella I of Castile.
In 1427, she, her brother Charles, and her sister Eleanor were proclaimed the rightful heirs of the kingdom of Navarre. Blanche was promised to the heir of Castile in the peace treaty between Navarre and Castile in 1436. She married Enrique, Prince of Asturias (later King Enrique IV of Castile) in 1440. The marriage was reputedly never consummated.
In 1453, after thirteen years, the year before Infante Enrique became King, he sought the annulment of the marriage. An official examination confirmed the virginity of Blanche. A divorce was granted by Pope Nicholas V on the grounds that some “witchcraft” had prevented Enrique from consummating the marriage.
After this, Blanche was sent home to Navarre, where she was imprisoned by her family: from 1462, she was under the custody of her sister. She remained childless throughout her life.
After the death of her brother Charles in 1461, some dissatisfied Navarrese elements and some of the anti-Aragonese party regarded Blanche as the rightful monarch, as they had regarded her brother Charles. They proclaimed her queen. She would have thus become Queen Blanche II of Navarre, had not her father (who wanted to keep the government of Navarre) already had her incarcerated and thus not capable to act.
She died by poison in Orthez less than a month later.
One of Enrique’s detractors, the historian Alfonso de Palencia, wrote that the marriage had been a sham and accused Enrique of despising his wife and planning to commit adultery to bear children. According to Palencia, Enrique demonstrated “most extreme abhorrence” to his wife, and indifference to the confines of marriage.
King Enrique IV of Castile was married to his second wife Infanta Joan of Portugal, the posthumous daughter of King Duarte of Portugal and Infanta Eleanor of Aragon. They had a child, Infanta Joanna of Castile, Princess of Asturias. I will have more to say on her in an another blog entry. This marriage needed a dispensation also granted by Pope Nicholas V.
The Spanish Succession
King Fernando II of Aragon was the son of King Juan II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez, a daughter of Fadrique Enríquez and Mariana Fernández de Córdoba, 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. Born in Torrelobatón, Juana Enríquez was a great-great-granddaughter of King Alfonso XI of Castile.
The marriage between Juana Enriquez and King Juan II of Aragon was arranged because King Juan II wished to ally himself with the powerful noble faction she belonged to, a faction which had major power in Castile at the time. They were engaged in 1443, but the marriage was delayed. The wedding finally took place in 1447.
King Fernando II of Aragon’s future wife, Infanta Isabella of Castile, was the daughter of King Juan II of Castile and his second wife, Infanta Isabella of Portugal, who was born as a scion of a collateral branch of the Aviz Dynasty that had ruled Portugal since 1385.
Infanta Isabella of Portugal’s parents were Infante João, Constable of Portugal, the youngest surviving son of King João I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster, the eldest child of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and Blanche of Lancaster.
Infanta Isabella of Portugal was married to King Juan II of Castile as his second wife. His first wife, Infanta Maria of Aragon, had given him four children, though only one, the future King Enrique IV of Castile, had survived into adulthood. Infanta Maria of Aragon was the daughter of King Fernando I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque.
Incidentally, to complicate this already complicated genealogy, Infanta Constance of Castile (1354 – 1394) was a claimant to the Crown of Castile. She was the daughter of King Pedro I of Castile and María de Padilla, who was deposed and killed by his half-brother, King Enrique II of Castile. Constance of Castile married the English prince, John of Gaunt, as his second wife, who fought to obtain the throne of Castile in her name, but ultimately failed.
Infanta Constance of Castile and her husband, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, had a daughter, Catherine of Lancaster (1373 – 1418) she became Queen of Castile by marriage to King Enrique III of Castile, the first-born child of the recently crowned King Juan I of Castile and his wife Infanta Eleanor of Aragon, the only daughter of King Pedro IV of Aragon and his wife Eleanor of Sicily. King Juan I’s younger brother grew up to become King Fernando I of Aragon.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon, Spanish king (1452
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FERDINAND V of Castile, III. of Naples, II. of Aragon and Sicily, surnamed el Catolico (1452-1516), the younger son of John II of Navarre and Aragon by his second wife Juana Henriquez of Castile, was born at Sos in Aragon on the 10th of March 1452.
On the death of his elder brother Carlos in 1461, he was recognized by the Aragonese as heir-apparent to the crown, but the Catalans, rendered indignant by the cruelty and perfidy with which Carlos had been treated, refused to recognize any further claim on their allegiance, and rose in rebellion against King John.
Ferdinand accompanied his father in the campaigns which followed, and gave early promise of distinction. In 1466 his father formally associated him with himself in the govertment of Aragon, and in 1458 declared him king of Sicily.
In October 1469 he was married at Valladolid, in circumstances of unusual secrecy, to Isabella, sister of Henry IV. of Castile, and heiress to that throne. On the death of Henry IV in 1474, Ferdinand and Isabella were recognized by the nobles in the junta of Segovia as joint-sovereigns of Castile; but a powerful party, including the marquis of Villena, the grand-master of Calatrava, the archbishop of Toledo, and numerous other notables, as well as some of the burghs, declared in favour of Juana "la Beltraneja" (i.e., daughter of Beltran), whom Henry had shortly before his death recognized as his own child, and by his will designated as his successor. Juana had also the support of Alphonso V. of Portugal (to whom she was betrothed in 1470) and of Louis XI of France. The result was a civil war which continued with varying fortunes until victory finally declared for the Catholic sovereigns, and the peace of Lisbon was signed in 1479.
In the same year, a few months previously, Ferdinand had succeeded his father on the throne of Aragon, though not on that of Navarre, which went to his sister Leonora de Foix. The union of Castile and Aragon, together with the prosperous termination of the civil war, gave the Catholic sovereigns leisure and opportunity for the development of a vigorous domestic policy. On their accession they had found themselves face to face with an almost anarchical condition of affairs: bitter feuds were raging in Andalucia between the great houses of Cadiz and Medina Sidonia; Galicia and other provinces were rent with hostile factions; robbery and outrage were paralysing commerce and agriculture throughout the kingdom.
One of their earliest measures for restoring the much-needed order was the reorganization and development (1476) of the ancient hermandad (brotherhood), a league which had been originally formed by some of the cities for mutual protection against the aggression of the nobles and of the crown, and which had already more than once, by means of its cortes extraordinary," made its power to be felt. It was now augmented and mobilized as a body of military police for the detection and repression of all crimes against person or property committed on the highways or in the open country. For these ends it proved very useful; and also for another purpose, which is believed to have been aimed at in its constitution, that of checking the arrogance and rapacity of the feudal aristocracy.
The next step for the avowed purpose of securing orderly government was the institution of the famous Inquisition as a tribunal for the repression of heresy (and, as some historians do not hesitate to add, for the extortion of money). The necessary bull was obtained from Sixtus IV. in 1478; the court was instituted at Seville in 1480, where the first auto de fe took place in the following year. The arrangement was extended to Aragon in 1483, Torquemada being appointed first inquisitor-general.
Among other measures taken by Ferdinand and Isabella for the consolidation of their power were the assumption of the grand-masterships of the three great military orders of knighthood, and the vindication from papal usurpation of their ancient rights of ecclesiastical patronage. One result of their firm and on the whole wise policy was that between the years 1477 and 1482 the revenue of the country had been augmented nearly six-fold, and that in 1481 they were free to resume the long-suspended war against the Moors. From the capture of Alhama to the fall of Granada in 1492 (1st January), the Christian arms had met with a series of uninterrupted successes which resulted in the final extinction of the Mahometan power in Spain, -- the Moors, however, being permitted the enjoyment of certain stipulated privileges, that of the free exercise of their religion being one. In March 1492 the edict for the expulsion of the Jews was signed at Granada, and it was on the 3rd of August in the same year that Columbus sailed from Palos in Andalucia, landing on the island of San Salvador on the I 2th of October.
In 1493 Ferdinand began to look abroad and take a practical interest in European affairs. By the treaty of Senlis he secured from Charles VIII. the restoration of Roussillon (now the department of Pyrénées Orientales) and of Cerdagne (now part of Catalonia), which had been mortgaged by John II of Aragon to Louis XI. In 1494 Charles VIII having undertaken his great Italian expedition, Ferdinand entered into an alliance with the emperor, the pope, and the states of Milan and Venice, and thus gained a footing in Italy for the Spanish troops which, under Gonsalvo de Cordova, succeeded in expelling Charles from Naples in 1496. By the peace of 1498, however, the throne of that kingdom was left in possession of Frederick.
In 1499 the liberty of worship which had been guaranteed to the Moors of Granada was treacherously withdrawn; serious risings in the Alpujarras (Sierra Nevada) were the consequence (1501); a decree was issued in 1502 offering to the conquered insurrectionists the alternatives of baptism or exile ; and, the latter being usually chosen, Spain had to suffer a second time the loss of many of her most useful subjects.
The Neapolitan war again broke out in 1500, and an alliance was formed between Ferdinand and Louis XII on the basis of a partition of their conquests. This pact was broken by Ferdinand, who by the battles of Cerignola and Garigliano became sovereign of Naples (Ferdinand III) in 1504.
The death of Isabella took place on November 23d of the same year; and in accordance with her will Ferdinand immediately caused his daughter Juana to be proclaimed queen and himself regent, Philip archduke of Austria, the husband of Juana, having disputed the rights of his father-in-law and threatened an appeal to arms, the latter in disgust, with the view of again separating the crowns of Aragon and Castile, entered into negotiations with Louis XII, married Germaine de Foix, the niece of Louis (1505), and shortly afterwards resigned the regency of Castile. On the death of Philip in 1506 he resumed the administration, though not without opposition, and retained it till his death.
In 1508 he joined the league of Cambray for the partition of Venice, and thus without any trouble became master of five important Neapolitan cities. In the following year (1509) the African expedition of Cardinal Ximenez was undertaken, which resulted in the conquest of Oran. In 1511 Ferdinand joined Venice and Pope Julius II in a "holy league" for the expulsion of the French from Italy. This gave a pretext for invading Navarre, which had entered into alliance with France, and been laid under papal interdict in consequence. Aided by his son-in-law Henry VIII of England, who sent a squadron under the marquis of Dorset to co-operate in the descent on Guienne, Ferdinand became master of Navarre in 1513 and on the 15th of June 1515, by a solemn act in cortes held at Burgos, he incorporated it with the kingdom of Castile.
He died at Madrigalejo (Estremadura) early in the following year, 23rd January 1516. It is said that his death was accelerated by a potion which in his desire for posterity he had taken in order to reinvigorate his exhausted constitution. He was succeeded by his grandson Charles I of Spain, more generally known by his European title as the emperor Charles V.
Though by no means a great general, Ferdinand possessed undoubted military capacity; though not a great statesman, he had abundant political skill. The largeness of his ambition was somewhat incongruously associated with a narrowness of view which showed itself very unfortunately for Spain in many instances, particularly in his treatment of the Moors and Jews, and with a smallness of nature which suffered him to treat with neglect his most faithful servants and greatest benefactors, such as Columbus, Navarro, and Ximenez himself. Yet his name is inseparably associated with the most splendid of all periods in the annals of Spain. It was under his guidance that the kingdom was consolidated and grew into its position of highest prosperity and greatest influence as a European power. And this must be admitted even when it is remembered that few sovereigns have been associated with such consorts as Isabella was, or surrounded by a band of men so distinguished as were Mendoza, Talavera, Ximenez, Gonsalvo de Cordova, and Pedro Navarro.
See Zurita, Anales, tom. v. and vi.; Mariana, Hist. Gen., xxiii.-xxx.; and Prescotts brilliant History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. (--)
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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Castile and Aragon
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The united kingdom which came into existence by the marriage (1469) of Isabella, heiress of Castile, with Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Aragon
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Castile and Aragon
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The united kingdom which came into existence by the marriage (1469) of Isabella, heiress of Castile, with Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Aragon. Columbus made his voyages of discovery as the agent of the "Catholic Kings" (los Reyes Católicos) of this united kingdom, which in the course of history became the Kingdom of Spain — or, more precisely, of the Spains.
Castile
The origin of the name Castile is a matter of dispute, but it is more than probably derived from the fortified castles (castillos), built first by the Romans to protect themselves from the Cantabrians whom they had not completely subjugated, and afterwards by the Christians to defend the northern regions which they had conquered from the Moors. At the present time this name is given to the extensive region which forms the central portion of Spain, and is bounded on the north by the Bay of Biscay (the ancient Sinus Cantabricus), on the east by the Basque Provinces, and the provinces of Navarre, Aragon, and Valencia, on the south by Andalusia, and on the west by Estremadura, Leon, and the Asturias, and is divided into Old Castile and New Castile.
Old Castile (Castilla la Vieja)
It is asserted by some (Fernández Guerra, Cantabria) that Old Castile was called Vellegia and afterwards Vétula, that it was called Vieja, or Antiqua, to distinguish it from Castilla la Nueva — the New Castile formed from the lands which since the eleventh century had been reconquered beyond the mountain chain of the Carpetano-Vetónica. Old Castile is in outline an irregular triangle, the western frontier bordering on the ancient Kingdom of Leon, the south-eastern boundary being the Sierras de Gredos, Guadarrama, and the Moncayo (Mons Caunus), and the north-eastern, the river Ebro. In the political division of Spain the ancient province of Cantabria, which is included in Castile, does not belong to it either ethnographically or geographically, but forms a separate district called by those who inhabit it de Peñas al Mar, or more commonly La Montaña. In the present political division Old Castile comprises a territory of 22,415 square miles, with a population of 1,654,585, and since the division of 1833 it has included the eight provinces of Burgos, Palencia, Valladolid, Avila, Segovia, Soria, Logroño, and Santander. Old Castile forms the highest plateau of Spain, perhaps of Europe, the mean height being 880 feet. The mountain streams of this region feed the river Ebro in the north-east, the Duero, which flows through the centre, and the Pisuerga, which is a tributary of the Duero. Owing to its situation it has the most extreme climate of Spain, both as to cold and heat, and its fertile soil produces wheat and other cereals. The most important cities are: Burgos, population 29,683, famous for its Gothic cathedral, which is one of the most beautiful in the world; Valladolid, population 52,181, which was the capital of Spain until the time of Philip II; Santander, population 41,021, capital of Cantabria, a maritime city with an extensive commerce; Segovia, population 11,318, where the ancient Alcazar and the artillery school are situated; and Avila, population 25,039, the city of St. Teresa.
New Castile
As has already been said, this name was given to the territory reconquered from the Arabs, from the time of Alfonso VI to that of St. Ferdinand. This region also forms a great table-land, not quite so lofty as that of Old Castile, and is bounded on the north by the mountain chain of the Carpetano-Vetónica, on the south by the Sierra Morena, on the east by the mountains of Cuenca; the mountains of Toledo, which merge into the Sierra de Guadalupe in Estremadura, run through the centre and separate the two great valleys into which New Castile is divided, that of the Tagus to the north, and that of the Guadiana to the south. The river Jucar, which flows through the south-east, rises in the mountains of Cuenca. The climate is not so cold as that of Old Castile, and the soil not so fertile, there being a scarcity of water, especially in La Mancha. Its present limits comprise an area of 28,017 square miles, with a population of 1,777,506, and is divided into the five provinces of Madrid, Toledo, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, and Guadalajara. The principal cities are: Madrid, population 518,442, the capital of Spain since the time of Philip II, noted for its royal palace, picture gallery, containing specimens of Velasquez, Murillo, etc., and armoury (Museo de la Real Armería); Toledo, population 26,239, ancient capital of the kingdom of the Visigoths, honoured by Charles I with the title of "Imperial", and noted for its cathedral, one of the finest monuments of Spain, and the see of the cardinal primate, as well as for its military school; Guadalajara, which has a military school for engineers; Aranjuez, where one of the favourite country residences of the Spanish royal family is situated; and Alcalá, the seat of the university founded by Cisneros, which has since been transferred to Madrid. The Escorial, near Madrid, contains the famous mausoleum of Philip II, and is one of the historic monuments of New Castile.
History
(1) The Countship (Condado) of Castile
The territory of Old Castile began to be reconquered in the time of the first three Alfonsos, who entrusted to several counts the repopulation and defence of these cities; thus Ordoño I entrusted the repopulation of Amaya, on the Pisuerga, to Rodrigo, a Goth by extraction, and his son, Diego Porcellos, fortified and repopulated Burgos under the orders of Alfonso III. Nuño Núñez de Roa, Gonzalo Téllez de Osma, and Fernán Gonzáles de Sepúlveda appear also in the same rôle. In 910 a Count of Castile, Nuño Fernández, assisted the sons of Alfonso III in their rebellion against their father, and Ordoño II of Leon (924) was defeated by the troops of Abdérraman in Valdejunquera because the Counts of Castile did not come to his assistance; in punishment of their disloyalty, Ordoño had them imprisoned and executed in Leon. Tradition hands down the names of these counts as Nuño Fernández, Abolmondar el Blanco, his son Diego, and Fernando Ansúrez. Further on mention is made of the judges of Castile, Lain Calvo and Nuño Rasura, established to facilitate the administration of justice, but who fostered the spirit of independence. The hero of this movement was Count Fernán González, to whom legendary lore has attributed all manner of heroic achievements. It is, however, known that, after having fought with Ramiro II against the Arabs, and after the battle of Simancas and the retreat of Abdérraman, this count, dissatisfied, as it appears, because the King of Leon distributed his troops in the frontier towns, rose in rebellion against him. He was, however, vanquished and made prisoner. He became reconciled with his sovereign, giving his daughter Urraca in marriage to the king's son, Ordoño, who afterwards became Ordoño III. Notwithstanding this alliance, Fernán González* continued to foment trouble and discord in Leon, aiming to secure his independence. He successively aided Sancho against his brother, Ordoño III, and Ordoño, son of Alfonso IV (the Monk), against Sancho the Fat (el Graso). After the death of Fernán González* (970) there followed the campaigns of Almánzor, in which all the reconquered territory was at stake. In 995 the King of Navarre and García Fernández, the son of Fernán González, made an attempt to oppose him, but were defeated at Alcocer. Sancho Garcia, grandson of Fernán González, took part in the victory of Calatañazor, which put an end to the campaigns of the victorious Moslem hájib (1002). This Count Sancho García was called El de los Fueros (literally, "He of the Rights" or "of the Charters"), because of the rights or charters which he granted to the various cities. His son, García Sánchez, gave one of his sisters, Elvira, in marriage to Sancho the Great of Navarre, and another, Jimena, to Bermudo III of Leon, and was himself about to marry Sancha, Bermudo's sister, when he was assassinated by the Velas, Counts of Alava. At his death Sancho of Navarre reclaimed the countship of Castile, and took possession of it, notwithstanding the resistance of Bermudo III.
(2) The Kingdom of Castile
Sancho the Great divided his possessions among his sons. Castile, with the title of king, was given to Ferdinand, who had married Sancha, the sister of Bermudo, who was to have married García Sánchez, the last independent count. Ferdinand I, of Castile, united Castile and Leon, the latter having fallen to his wife upon the death of her brother, Bermudo III. Thus reinforced, Ferdinand extended his conquests as far as Coimbra; but he committed the fatal error of dividing his possessions among his three sons and two daughters. Sancho, who inherited the Kingdom of Castile, began encroaching upon the rights of his brothers, but was assassinated at the siege of Zamora, which he was trying to take from his sister Urraca, and was succeeded by Alfonso VI. This monarch began to reunite the estates of his father, and carried the war of reconquest beyond the mountain chain of the Carpentano-Vetónica, capturing Madrid and Toledo, and thus laying the foundations of New Castile. He gave his daughter Teresa in marriage to Henry of Burgundy, forming for them, with the western territory reconquered from the Moors, the Countship of Portugal, which was the beginning of the Portuguese monarchy. His daughter Urraca succeeded him, the first queen to reign in the kingdom where Isabella the Catholic was later to hold the sceptre. Alfonso VII bore the title of emperor, and extended his conquests as far as Almeria, but he, also, at his death in 1157, divided his possessions among his children, giving Leon to Ferdinand II, and Castile to Sancho, in whose short reign the Military Order of Alcántara was founded. Alfonso VIII (1158-1214) conquered Cuenca and defeated the Almohades in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), which definitively freed New Castile from the Mussulman yoke. This decisive victory is annually commemorated by the Church in Spain on the 16th of July, under the title "El Triumfo de la Santa Cruz" (The Triumph of the Holy Cross). After the brief reigns of Henry I and Doña Berengaria, Castile and Leon were definitively united under St. Ferdinand III (1219-52), who conquered the greater part of Andalusia (Jaen, Cordova, and Seville, 1248), leaving the Mohammedans only the Kingdom of Granada. The cathedral of Burgos occupies the first place among the monuments of his greatness. His successors failed to carry on the reconquest. Alfonso X, "The Wise" (el Sabio), was too much taken up with his vain pretensions to the imperial crown of Germany, Sancho the Brave (1248-95) and Ferdinand IV, "The Cited" (el Emplazado), with their domestic struggles. In the time of Sancho IV the celebrated defence of Tarifa took place, giving to Alonzo Pérez de Guzmán, to whom it was entrusted, the title of "The Good" (el Bueno). Alfonso XI (1310-50) in the battle of Salado annihilated the last of the Mussulmans who attempted the reconquest of Spain. The irregularity of his private life, however, paved the way for the disorders and cruelties of the reign of his son Pedro, the Cruel, who met death at the hands of his bastard brother, Henry II (1369-79). Bertrand du Guesclin, with his famous companies, was the ally of Henry II. John I attempted to obtain possession of Portugal, but was defeated by the Portuguese at Aljubarrota (1385), and his grandson, John II, turned over the government to his favourite, Alvaro de Luna, whom he afterwards caused to be decapitated (1453). Henry IV, "The Impotent", was the tool of the nobles, who forced him to declare illegitimate his daughter Juana, known as la Beltraneja (the daughter of Beltran), and the succession thus passed to his sister Isabella the Catholic (1474).
Aragon
Aragon derives its name from the river Aragon, a small tributary of the Ebro near Alfaro, and forms an irregular ellipse, bounded on the north by the Central Pyrenees (Pic du Midi), on the east by Catalonia and Valencia (Provinces of Lérida, Tarragona, and Castellon), on the south by Valencia and New Castile (Provinces of Valencia and Cuenca), and on the west by Navarre and Castile (Provinces of Guadalajara and Soria). It is one of the most mountainous regions of Spain, perhaps of Europe, surrounded as it is on the north by the Pyrenees mountains and the Sierras de la Peña and de Guara, on the west by the Moncayo and the mountains of Cuenca, and on the south by the Montes Universales and the Sierra de Gúdar. From northwest to south-east it is traversed by the River Ebro, of which almost all the rivers of this region are tributaries, the Aragon, Gallego, and Cinca emptying into it from the north, and the Jiloca, the Jalon, and others of lesser importance from the south. The Guadalaviar and the Mijares, however, are fed directly from the mountains of Teruel. These topographical conditions made the soil of Aragon very fertile; the mountains are covered with great forests, and fruits grow abundantly, but, on account of the isolation of the mountains and the scarcity of water on some of the high table-lands, some regions are but thinly populated. According to the modern division of provinces (30 Nov., 1833), Saragossa, Huesca, and Teruel belong to Aragon. The principal cities are Saragossa, famous for its sieges in the War of Independence and for the ancient shrine del Pilar, where from very remote times the Blessed Virgin has been venerated, and Huesca (Osca), where Pedro IV established, in 1354, a university to which was given the name of the Sertorio, in memory of Quintus Sertorius, who, in 77 B. C., founded here a school for the sons of native chiefs.
History
We must depend principally on legend for information about the origin of the Aragonese monarchy. It is certain that a portion of the Goths driven northward by the Mussulman invasion sought refuge among the mountaineers, who were never completely subjugated by any conqueror (indoctus juga ferre — Horace), and there formed certain independent countships, principally those of Sobrarbe, Aragon, and Ribagorza. The legend designates the Montes Uruel or S. Juan de la Peña as the spot where the patriots assembled, and from a cross which appeared over a tree the name, Sobrarbe, and the coat of arms were derived, just as Aragon took its name from the river which flows west of Jaca, which appears to have been its capital. About 724 mention is made of a García Jiménez who was Count of Sobrarbe, and further on we find that García Iñiguez bestowed the Countship of Aragon upon a knight named Azmar, who had obtained possession of Jaca. This countship then embraced the valleys of Canfranc, Aisa, Borao, Aragües, and Hecho. After Azmar (d. 975) we find the names of several counts of Aragon — Galindo, Jimeno Aznar, Jimeno García Aznar, Fortunio Jiménez, and Urraca, or Andregoto, who married García of Navarre, thus uniting Navarre and Aragon. The Countship of Ribagorza, established under the protection of the Franks, was reconquered by Sancho the Great of Navarre, who at his death left Aragon to his son Ramiro, and Sobrarbe and Ribagorza to his son Gonzalo (1035), but at Gonzalo's death Ramiro was elected to succeed him, the Aragonese monarchy being definitively founded. Sancho Ramírez (1069-94) took a great part of the deep valley of the Cinca from the Moors, with the strongholds of Barbastro and Monzon, and died while besieging Huesca. His son Pedro I, after vanquishing the Moorish auxiliary army in the battle of Alcoraz, took possession of the city. His brother, Alfonso the Fighter (El Batallador, 1104-34), who succeeded him, captured Saragossa (1118), but died from the effects of wounds received in the siege of Fraga, willing his estates to the military orders of Jerusalem, thinking that they would be best able to bring the war of reconquest to a successful close. His subjects, however, would not accept this, and obliged his brother Ramiro, who was a monk in the monastery of Saint-Pons de Tomières, to accept the crown. Dispensed by the pope from his vows, he married Agnes of Poitiers, and when the birth of a daughter, whom he married to Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona, assured the succession, he returned to his cloister. Thus a permanent union was effected between Aragon and Catalonia. Raymond Berengar reconquered Fraga, and his son Alfonso II finished the reconquest of Aragon, adding Teruel. Pedro II, "The Catholic" (El Católico, 1196-1213), made his kingdom a dependency of the Holy See, although not with the consent of his subjects, but died in the battle of Muret, in which he took part to aid his kinsman, the Count of Toulouse, in the war against the Albigenses. Jaime the Conqueror (El Conquistador) successfully terminated the conquest of Valencia (1238) and Majorca (1228), and aided Alfonso X of Castile to reconquer Murcia, thus accomplishing the reconquest of the western part of the Peninsula. Pedro III, "The Great" (El Grande, 1276-85), after the Sicilian Vespers took possession of Sicily as heir of the Hohenstaufen, and the wars and disputes which followed in Italy, and the dissensions of the Aragonese nobles occupied the reigns of Alfonso III (1285-91), Jaime II, Alfonso IV (1327-36), and Pedro IV (1336-87). John I and Martin (1395-1410) dying without heirs, the Conpromiso de Caspe (a commission of nine members, three from the Cortes of each province) was assembled and gave the crown of Aragon to Ferdinand of Antequera, Infante of Castile. Alfonso V, his son and successor, renewed the wars in Italy. As the adopted son of Joanna of Naples, he laid claim to the throne of Naples, and obtained possession of it (1416-58). John II disturbed the peace of his reign by the unjust persecution of his son the Prince of Viana, and at his death was succeeded by Ferdinand the Catholic, who by his marriage to Isabella the Catholic definitively united the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon.
Relations between Castile and Aragon
The will of Sancho the Great of Navarre had in 1035 separated these two kingdoms; in the twelfth century they were temporarily united by the marriage of Doña Urraca to Alfonso I, "The Fighter", but this unhappy marriage caused a war which ended in the separation of the couple (1114), and Alfonso VII was afterwards obliged to recover the strongholds of La Rioja, which had remained in the possession of the Aragonese monarch (1134). At the death of Alfonso I of Aragon Alfonso VII reclaimed and occupied part of his estates, but Alfonso II aided by Alfonso VIII in the siege of Cuenca (1177) obtained for his kingdom freedom from the dependence on Castile, to which it had been subjected since the time of Ramiro the Monk. The two great warriors, St. Ferdinand III and Jaime el Conquistador, were contemporaries and lived in harmony. Jaime helped Alfonso X in the conquest of Murcia, which remained to Castile. Later, however, the relations between Castile and Aragon again became involved, on account of the claims for the succession to Alfonso X, which the Infantes of la Cerda, aided by Philip III of France and Alfonso III of Aragon, put forth. The Compromiso de Caspe placed the crown of Aragon on the head of an Infante of Castile, Ferdinand of Antequera (1412), and the marriage of Isabella, heiress of Henry IV, to Ferdinand, the heir of John II of Aragon, finally united these kingdoms and formed the beginning of the Spanish monarchy.
The linguistic unity of Castile and Aragon is a very notable fact because although Aragon and Catalonia, united since the twelfth century (1137), possess two very different languages, Castile and Aragon, although they had an entirely independent historical development until the sixteenth century, have the same language with the exception of some minor dialectical differences. After the union the political individuality of Aragon was lost in that of Castile, and in the time of Philip II, on account of the Antonio Pérez incident, the ancient kingdom lost part of its fueros, or political liberties. In the War of Succession it sided with the Archduke Charles, and the victory of Philip V served still more to increase its dependence.
Civil and ecclesiastical divisions
It is difficult, on account of the different epochs in which they were formed and the different principles which governed them, to give an exact idea of the relations between the civil and ecclesiastical divisions of Castile and Aragon.
Judiciary
The Judiciary Divisions consist of the five district courts of (1) Burgos, (2) Valladolid, (3) Madrid, (4) Albacete-Murcia, and (5) Saragossa, which are subdivided as follows: (1) Provinces of Burgos, Santander, Logroño, and Soria; (2) Valladolid and Palencia; (3) Madrid, Avila, Guadalajara, Segovia, and Toledo; (4) Ciudad Real and Cuenca; (5) Saragossa, Huesca, and Teruel. The Burgos district comprises thirty-seven Courts of First Instance and as many Property Registries; that of Valladolid, seventeen of each; that of Madrid, forty-nine Courts of First Instance and forty-two Property Registries; Albacete-Murcia, eighteen Courts of First Instance and the same number of Property Registries; Saragossa, twenty-one Courts of First Instance and thirty Property Registries.
Military
For Military Purposes there are four districts, subdivided into sixteen provinces, as follows: Old Castile, subdivided into the provinces of Avila, Palencia, and Valladolid; Burgos, with the provinces of Burgos, Logroño, Soria, and Santander; New Castile, with the provinces of Madrid, Segovia, Toledo, Cuenca, Ciudad Real, and Guadalajara; Aragon, with Saragossa, Huesca, and Teruel.
Education
For university and secondary instruction the four districts are: Old Castile, with the University of Valladolid and four centres of secondary education at Valladolid, Burgos, Palencia, and Santander; New Castile, with the University of Madrid, and centres of secondary instruction at Madrid (S. Isidro and Cisneros), Ciudad Real, Guadalajara, Segovia, Toledo, and Cuenca; Aragon, with the University of Saragossa, and centres of secondary instruction at Saragossa, Huesca, Teruel, Logroño, and Soria; Leon, with the University of Salamanca and a centre of secondary instruction at Avila. Primary instruction is under the care of one first-class inspeccion at Madrid, the four second-class inspecciones of Valladolid, Burgos, Toledo, and Saragosso, and the eleven third-class inspecciones of Avila, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Logroño, Guadalajara, Palencia, Santander, Segovia, Soria, Huesca, and Teruel.
Ecclesiastical
This is in many respects not in conformity with the civil, and still subject to the changes made by the Concordat of 1851, which suppressed some sees and transferred others. In Old Castile there are the two Archdioceses of Burgos and Valladolid, the former of which has for its suffragan dioceses Palencia, Santander, Calaborra (Logroño), and Osma (Soria), while the latter has Avila and Segovia. In New Castile the Archdiocese of Toledo has the four suffragan dioceses of Madrid-Alcalá, Guenca, Sigüenza (Guadalajara), and Ciudad Real. In Aragon the Archdiocese of Saragossa has for its suffragans Jaca, Huesca, Tarazona, Barbastro, and Teruel. The statistics of all these dioceses are given in the following table:—
Religious instruction and charitable institutions
Religious instruction
There are seminaries in all the dioceses, and besides a number of colleges for youths intended for the priesthood (collegios de vocaciones eclesiásticas). There are also numerous colleges under the direction of the Society of Jesus, the Piarists, the Marists, the Brothers of the Christian Schools, and the Salesians. The statistics of these independent schools have never been published.
Charitable institutions
Although charitable work is carried on extensively throughout Spain, especially by the religious orders, both of men and women, which devote themselves exclusively to such work, it is difficult to give exact figures, as some are under government control, while others are purely religious, and the statistics are very incomplete. Thus, official statistics, which place the total number of institutions at 356, give to Saragossa only two charitable institutions, whereas the "Anuario Eclesiastico" makes the number twenty-eight.
Notes
Sources
Historia general de España, por individuos de la Real Academia de la Historia, bajo la direccion de Don Antonio Cánovas del Castillo; COLMEIRO, Reyes Cristianos, en Castilla, Aragon, etc. (Madrid, 1891); CATALINA Y GARCIA, Castilla y Léon (Madrid, 1891); MARIANA, Historia General de España; LAFUENTE, Historia General de España; Reseña geografica y estadística de España, Dirección general del Instituto geografico y estadístico (Madrid, 1888—); Anuario Eclesiástico de España (Madrid, 1904, last ed.). See also CHEVALIER, Topo-Bibl. (Paris, 1894-99), 194 for bibliography of Aragon, and 604-5 for that of Castile.
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22709
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yago
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0
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https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/john-ii-king-of-aragon-24-27y4m96
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en
|
John II King of Aragon, b.1432 d.1479
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John II King of Aragon born 1432 in Medina del Campo, Valladolid, Castilla-Leon, Spain genealogy record - Ancestry®.
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https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/results?firstName=john&lastName=kingofaragon
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22709
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yago
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2
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https://latristereina.tumblr.com/post/188201858702/underrated-relationshippartnershipfriendship
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en
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History and period dramas
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[
"perioddramaedit",
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"juana enríquez"
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[
"latristereina",
"Peter Vidani"
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2019-10-07T23:45:39+00:00
|
UNDERRATED RELATIONSHIP/PARTNERSHIP/FRIENDSHIP MEME 7/?: my pick: Juana Enríquez & Juan II of Aragon
The marriage of Juana Enríquez and don Juan of Aragon and Navarre was a political union, derived...
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Tumblr
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https://www.tumblr.com/latristereina/188201858702/underrated-relationshippartnershipfriendship
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The marriage of Juana Enríquez and don Juan of Aragon and Navarre was a political union, derived from a simple political expedience: the necessity to tight the bond between the adversaries of powerful don Álvaro de Luna (who, in fact, ruled in Castile), since he had gotten back in John II of Castile’s good graces. Don Diego Gómez de Sandoval, count of Castro, acted as a go-between between the admiral of Castile (Fadrique Enríquez) and the king of Navarre (Juan of Aragon). Having arranged the marriage and having obtained the consent of Alfonso V of Aragon (Juan’s older brother whom he would eventually succeed), the future spouses got betrothed – they took each other’s hands – at Torrelobatón, on 1 September 1444, in the presence of the king and queen of Castile and the prince of Asturias (future Henry IV). The bridegroom was 46, the bride 19 years old. The age difference emphasized the political nature of the union. The wedding did not take place until 1447. There were two reasons behind this delay: firstly, Rome had to be approached for the dispensation, for there existed the fourth degree of consanguinity between the betrothed, and then, the disaster of the Battle of Olmedo (1445) happened, forcing don Juan of Aragon and don Fadrique to run off to Navarre. The bride, who was already known as queen consort of Navarre, found herself in the custody of John II of Castile, who had taken over Medina de Rioseco. She recovered her liberty on 1 May 1446, thanks to the intercession of future Henry IV, but on an express condition that the wedding with her betrothed would not be celebrated without the consent of the king of Castile. The fire in the village of Atienza, which was supposed to be a part of doña Juana’s dowry, caused another delay of the admiral’s matchmaking plans. Finally, John II of Castile gave the desired permission, and the young Castilian woman could receive the wedding ring from the hands of her mature, Aragonese suitor, on 13 July 1447, at Calatayud. Then, the passionate affection stirred in the heart of the Aragonese infante that he bestowed upon his second wife during their married life. According to her contemporaries, doña Juana was a beautiful, intrepid and intelligent woman. She was “charming”, according to her adversary, don Pedro of Portugal, although in the pejorative sense of this word: not a charming woman but a deceitful one. It was enough to win the love of her husband. He also showed her paternal affection, for she well could be his daughter. For don Juan she always was his ‘little girl’, in the moments of intimate tenderness and in those of political drama.
Although he relied on his lieutenants—Carles, his wife Juana Enríquez, and later their son Fernando—he was discerning and cautious. A complex and contradictory man who was loathe to share power, Juan was infamous both for his reluctance to work with the Catalan ruling elites and his shabby treatment of his son. Carles and Juan had a deeply problematic relationship owing to the father’s unwillingness to relinquish his claim to Navarre in favor of his son, and then disinheriting him in favor of his daughter Leonor, wife of Gaston de Foix. Tensions between father and son worsened when Juan married Juana in 1444, and many of the later political problems in the Crown of Aragon can be traced to personal problems in the royal family. Juan’s miserly attitude toward the Catalans and his son did not, however, extend to his second wife. He endowed Juana with similar powers to those possessed by Maria of Castile, and in many ways she was truly co-ruler with Juan. Throughout her marriage to Juan she was one of his closest advisers and most valuable allies, traveling with him throughout Navarre and the Aragonese realms. Juan relied on her intelligence and discretion, her prodigious familial, financial, and political connections in Castile, and her tenacious and formidable negotiating skills. In 1451 he appointed her Governor of Navarre with Carles, and the next year she gave birth to Fernando, both of which further deteriorated an already troublesome relationship. In 1458 Juan appointed Carles, then thirty-three years old, as Lieutenant General in Catalunya, where he proved to be enormously popular. Juan imprisoned him on trumped up charges of treason, and when he died of tuberculosis in September 1461, accusations of foul play surfaced, accusing not only Juan but also Juana of plotting against Carles in favor of her son, Fernando (1452-1514, later Fernando II of Aragón). But Juana was nothing if not intrepid and, no newcomer to politics, she shrugged off the personal attacks and succeeded Carles as Lieutenant General. She maintained an extensive court with separate chancery and treasurer, but without the judicial and legislative offices that Maria of Castile possessed in parallel with Alfonso’s Neapolitan court. Amid the turbulence and widespread civil unrest that erupted in the wake of Carles’s death, she suppressed opposition in the towns and countryside and secured support for her husband and Fernando. In June 1461, she negotiated on behalf of the Crown to moderate the anti-royalist Capitulations of Vilafranca del Penedés. Like her sister-in-law before her, Juana sided with the remenees, a position that made her highly unpopular with the city magistrates of Barcelona and the landlords. Unlike the six Aragonese queen-lieutenants who preceded her, Juana is noted for her active involvement in military actions, notably the early campaigns of the ten-year civil war. In June 1462, she and Fernando fled from forces led by the rebellious Count of Pallars and took refuge in a royal castle in Girona only to find themselves besieged for a month. She organized the defense of the castle and held the rebels at bay until Juan and Louis XI of France arrived with military support. Although not personally at the head of an army, she was a tough negotiator who rallied and helped organize and provision an array of forces in defense of the Crown in the Ampurdán, accompanied forces to Barcelona and into Aragón. She was a key negotiator in the treaties of Sauveterre and Bayonne in May 1462 that settled the succession of Navarre and allowed the French to occupy the territories of Rousillon and Cerdanya to France in return for military support. She was virtually prisoner, with her daughter Juana, in the castle of Lárraga in 1463. Hostilities worsened, the French, Castilians, and Portuguese intervened, and periodically the Catalans ‘deposed’ (most notably in 1462) Juan, Fernando (occasionally), and Juana. Her inclusion in this list, although a dubious honor, is a clear indication of her power and importance in the political sphere. After her release from Lárraga and as the civil war intensified, she turned her attentions to governing Crown realms as Lieutenant General from 1464 until her death in 1468. With Fernando at her side, and seeking to pacify the warring factions, she presided over the Cortes of Aragón that met in Zaragoza from 1466 to 1468. During this period, she traveled extensively throughout the realms in the midst of civil war, gathering troops and supplies, negotiating with military leaders while personally attending to the business of governing—collecting taxes, holding courts of justice, dealing with the church, managing Crown lands and her own patrimony. The war outlived her by four years, but it is fitting that her indefatigable work as co-ruler with her husband and as tutor to her son mark her as the last queen-lieutenant of the Crown of Aragon.
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Biography of Catherine of Aragon Queen Consort England 1485
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[] |
[] |
[
"Catherine of Aragon Queen Consort England 1485-1536",
"Death of King Henry IV of Castile",
"Birth of Catherine of Aragon",
"Birth and Christening of Arthur Prince of Wales",
"Arthur Tudor created Prince of Wales",
"Birth and Christening of Henry VIII",
"Proxy Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon",
"Trial and Execution of Perkin Warbreck and Edward Earl of Warwick",
"Arrival of Catherine of Aragon",
"Marriage of Arthur Tudor and Catherine of Aragon",
"Death of Prince Arthur",
"Henry Tudor created Prince of Wales",
"Death of Henry VII",
"Funeral of Henry VII",
"Marriage of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon",
"Coronation of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon",
"Birth and Death of Prince Henry",
"1513 New Years Day Gift Giving",
"Battle of Flodden",
"Ferdinand II King Aragon Dies Joanna Queen Castile Succeeds",
"Birth of Princess Mary",
"Marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth York",
"Marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn",
"Anne Boleyn's First Appearance as Queen",
"Katherine Aragon Demoted to Princess",
"Cranmer declares Henry and Catherine's Marriage Invalid",
"Death of Catherine of Aragon",
"Funeral of Catherine of Aragon and Anne Bolyen's Miscarriage",
"Marriage of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour",
"Marriage of Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves",
"Marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine Howard",
"Marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine Parr",
"Death of Henry VIII Accession of Edward VI"
] | null |
[] | null |
Biography of Catherine of Aragon Queen Consort England 1485-1536 including her birth, marriages, death and life events, life events of her siblings, and her ancestry to five generations, royal ancestors and royal descendants.
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en
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Calendars. After 28 Jun 1529. Vit. B. XII. 70. B. M. 5774. KATHARINE OF ARRAGON.
A set of depositions as to Katharine's marriage with prince Arthur.
1. Of George earl of Shrewsbury (age 61), seneschal of the King's household, at the Coldherbar, on Monday, 28 June 1529. Is 59 years of age. Was present at the marriage of [her former father-in-law] Henry VII. at Westminster, and at the creation of Arthur prince of Wales and Henry [her husband] Duke of York (age 38). They were always considered as brothers, and he never heard it contradicted. Was present at the marriage of prince Arthur with Katharine, now Queen, at St. Paul's, in Nov. 17 Hen. VII. 1521 (sic). Believes that Arthur was then 14 or more. Saw the queen [her former mother-in-law] Elizabeth and him a month after his birth, at Winchester [Map], in 2 Hen. VII. Believes that Catharine was more than 14. Thinks that Arthur must have been nearer 15 than 14. At night, with the lord of Oxford and others, conducted prince Arthur to the lady Catharine's (age 43) bedchamber, and left him there. Supposes that the Prince consummated the marriage,as he did so, being only 15 years when he was married. They were always considered lawfully married during the life of prince Arthur. Saw the funeral of prince Arthur at Worcester, and the marriage of the King and Queen at Greenwich. Cannot answer the 6th and 7th articles, but leaves them to the laws. Never heard what is contained in the 8th article. As to the 9th, knows that the King and Queen cohabited and treated each other as husband and wife, but cannot say whether lawfully or not. Can say nothing from his own knowledge as to the 10th, 11th, and 12th articles. Has made this deposition without being instructed or corrupted in any way, only for the sake of truth.
Vit. B. XII. 80. B. M.
2. Of Thomas marquis of Dorset (age 52). Is 52 years of age. The 1st and 2nd articles contain the truth. Was present at the baptism of Arthur and Henry, the former at Winchester, and the latter at Greenwich. Was present at the marriage of prince Arthur with Catharine, now Queen, at St Paul's, on a Sunday in Nov. 1501, 17 Hen. VII. Believes Arthur was about 15, for he has seen in the book in which are written the births of the King's children that he was born 20 Sept. 1486. Was present when prince Arthur went to bed after his marriage, where the lady Catharine (age 43) lay under the coverlet, "as the manner is of queens in that behalf." Thinks that he used the princess as his wife, for he was of a good and sanguine complexion, and they were commonly reputed as man and wife during prince Arthur's life. As to the 5th article, he can depose nothing to the first part, as he was then prisoner at Calais; but the remainder, touching cohabitation and reputation, is true. Can say nothing to the 6th, 7th, and 8th. The 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th contain the truth, as he believes.
Vit. B. XII. 85. B. M.
3. Of Sir Antony Willoughby. Has lived 15 years in Hampshire, for 12 years previously in Wiltshire. Was five years in the service of prince Arthur, for five years before that in the service of the bishop of Durham, and before that time in his father's household. Believes the 1st and 2nd articles to be true. To the 3rd and 4th, was present at the marriage of prince Arthur and lady Catharine. By favor of his father, lord Broke, steward of the King's household, was present when prince Arthur went to bed on his marriage night in the palace of the bishop of London. In the morning the prince, in the presence of Mores St. John, Mr. Cromer, Mr. William Woddall, Mr. Griffith Rice, and others, said to him, "Willoughby, bring me a cup of ale, for I have been this night in the midst of Spain;" and afterward said openly, "Masters, it is good pastime to have a wife." He, therefore, supposes that the marriage was consummated; and he heard that they lay together the Shrovetide following at Ludlow.
Knows that they lived together as man and wife during the remainder of the Prince's life.
Believes the 5th article to be true. Can depose nothing to the 6th, 7th and 8th. Believes the 9th, 10th and 11th to be true. The 12th contains law; to which he is not bound to reply. To the second additional interrogatory he replies, that it contains the truth, for he has been present twenty times at the solemnization of marriage, and the said form of words is always used.
Calendars. 15 Apr 1533. 1061. Eustace Chapuys (age 43) to the Emperor (age 33).
After this, coming to the principal object of my visit, I told [her husband] him plainly that, although for several days past I had heard of the attempt made both at the convocation of the prelates and in Parliament to impugn the Queen's (age 47) rights, and greatly injure her just cause, I had taken no notice of the facts, inasmuch as I could not be persuaded that so wise, virtuous, and Catholic a prince could possibly authorize or sanction such things, and also because I thought and believed that such practices (menees) could in no wise impair the Queen's (age 47) right or cause her harm. Yet that having lately been apprized from various quarters that such an attempt was really being made, I considered that I could not acquit myself of my duty towards God, towards Your Imperial Majesty, and towards himself if I did not remonstrate at once against such behaviour, and entreat him by his virtue, wisdom, and humanity patiently to listen to my observations as proceeding from my desire for his service, for that though he might disregard and despise man, he would at least respect God. To which the King (age 41) answered that so he had done, and that God and his conscience were perfectly agreed on that point.
Hearing the King (age 41) express himself in this manner and wishing to bring him back to the subject as gently as possible, I observed that my colleague and I could not but be very much flattered at the familiar way in which he had expressed his sentiments, as if we were his own servants, which sentiments, I added, proceeded no doubt from his heart not from his mouth. He assured me, however, that such was not the case, and that what he had just said had been said without dissimulation. Upon which I again said to him that I could not believe that Christianity, being so agitated and troubled by heresies, he could possibly set so bad an example and contravene the treaties of peace and amity which, as he himself, who had been the principal promoter and mediator in them ought to know best, had cost so much time and trouble to make. He ought to know that even supposing no inconvenience arose therefrom in his lifetime there would be most serious ones after his death with regard to the succession. There had never been such a case, I continued, nor did we read of it in history, as for a prince to divorce his legitimate wife after five and twenty years, and marry another woman. Not knowing what to answer to my observations, the King (age 41) gladly seized the opportunity which I gave him by this last statement to contradict me, and said: "Not so long, if you please; and if the world finds this new marriage of mine strange, I find it still more so that the Pope [Julius] should have granted a dispensation for the former." I then mentioned to him five popes who had dispensed in similar cases, and declared that I was unwilling to dispute that matter with him, but that there was no doctor in his kingdom, who after such a debate would not confess that pope Julius was authorized to dispense in the case. After this, coming to speak about the manner in which his solicitors had procured the votes of the university of Paris, on which he founds his principal argument, I offered to produce the letters I had received relating the whole affair, as well as the names of those who had held for the Queen (age 47), but he said there was no necessity at all for that. I, moreover, told him that neither in Spain, nor in Naples, nor in any other country could one single prelate or doctor be found to assert the contrary, and that even in his own kingdom every canonist and lawyer was of the same opinion, with the exception of the few who had been gained over to the other side, and I proposed, in confirmation of my statement, to exhibit other letters, which he likewise refused to see.
At last, wishing to turn the conversation, the King (age 41) said that he wished to ensure the succession to his kingdom by having children, which he had not at present, and upon my remarking to him that he had one daughter, the most virtuous and accomplished that could be thought of, just of suitable age to be married and get children, and that it seemed as if Nature had decided that the succession to the English throne should be through the female line, as he himself had obtained it, and therefore, that he could by marrying the Princess to some one secure the succession he was so anxious for, he replied that he knew better than that; and would marry again in order to have children himself. And upon my observing to him that he could not be sure of that he asked me three times running: "Am I not a man like others?" and he afterwards added: "I need not give proofs of the contrary, or let you into my secrets," no doubt implying thereby that his beloved Lady (age 32) is already in the family way.
Calendars. 15 Apr 1533. 1061. Eustace Chapuys (age 43) to the Emperor (age 33).
After this we came to speak about the Queen (age 47) and to argue whether she had or had not been known by [her former husband] prince Arthur, and after responding victoriously to the suppositions and conjectures which he alleged in support of his opinion, I produced such arguments in proof of the contrary that he really knew not what to answer. Which arguments having been brought forward on more than one occasion I will not trouble Your Majesty with a reproduction of them, and will only say "que venant a reprendre le dit seigneur roy ce que plusieurs fois il auoit confesse, que la royne demeura pucelle du dit prince Arthus, et voyant quil ne le pouvoit nyer, il dit quil lauoit plusieurs fois dit mais que ce nauoit este que en ieu, et que lhome en iouant et banquetant dit souvent pluseures (sic) choses que ne sont veritables." Having said as much as if he had obtained a great success, or found some subtle point towards the gaining of his cause, he began to recover his self-possession and said confidently to me: "Now I think I have given you full satisfaction on all points; what else do you want?" Whatever the [her husband] King (age 41) might say the satisfaction was not all-sufficing, but it served me admirably, much more than he himself could imagine, to dispute certain premises he had laid down. I told him that I flattered myself that I was the ambassador of the prince who desired most his welfare, profit, and honour, as well as the tranquillity of his kingdom. I had brought with me Master Hesdin, there present, who was, and acknowledged himself to be, his affectionate servant- as did also all Your Majesty's officers-that he might be present at the conference and hear what his answer was; but I would promise most solemnly that nothing that might be said at that audience should be reported to you unless he himself wished, for I consented to the said Hesdin giving me the lie if I ever attempted to write to Your Majesty anything he (the King) did dislike. This I said to the King (age 41) that I might inspire greater confidence and make him open his heart more fully (lui fere deslier le sac). The better to gain his confidence I told him how happy I had once considered myself at being chosen by Your Majesty to represent your person near so great and magnanimous a king, hoping that his Privy Council, taking due cognizance of the affairs pending between the two crowns, everything should go on smoothly. Now, on the contrary, affairs had taken such a disorderly turn, and were in such confusion that I considered myself unhappy in having to represent Your Majesty, inasmuch as I had continually assured you in my despatches that whatever countenance the King (age 41) put on, and whatever he did his heart and the affection he bore Your Majesty were not affected, and that he would never think of doing anything that might give occasion to suspect that he intended living otherwise than in peace and amity with Your Imperial Majesty. At these words, and without waiting to hear the rest, as if he wished to avoid alt further conversation on this delicate subject, the King (age 41) frowned, and moving his head to and fro, said rather abruptly: "Before I listen to such representations, I must know from whom they proceed, whether from the Emperor, your master, or from yourself; for if they be private remarks of your own I shall know how to answer them." And upon my answering that it was superfluous to ask whether I could have received commission to complain of facts and things which had only taken place a week ago, the intelligence of which would require a full month to be transmitted, and perhaps, too, four successive despatches of mine before it was believed-my general charge and instructions being to maintain by all best means the peace and friendship between Your Majesty and him, and especially to watch over the Queen's (age 47) affairs, since from them depended in a great measure that very friendship-the King (age 41) replied that you yourself had nothing to do with the laws, statutes, and constitutions of his kingdom, and that in spite of all opposition he would pass such laws and ordinances in his dominions as he thought proper, adding many other things in the same strain. My reply was that Your Majesty neither could nor would hinder any such legislative measures, but on the contrary would, if necessary, help him in them unless they personally affected the Queen (age 47), whom he wanted to compel to renounce her appeal [to Rome] and submit entirely to the judgment of the prelates of his kingdom who, either won by promises or threatened with that punishment which had already attained those who upheld the Queen's (age 47) right, could not fail to decide in his favour and against her. After this I repeated what I had told him on previous occasions in Your Majesty's name, that is to say: that the fact of the case being determined here, in England, as he wished, would in nowise remove hereafter the doubts about the succession for the reasons above explained, He, himself, considering how unreasonable and illegal it would be to have the case tried and decided in England, when the authority of the Holy Apostolic See was concerned, had from the beginning of the suit asked the Papal permission for the two cardinals (Campeggio (age 58) and York) to take cognizance of the case here. Even after that he had allowed the Queen (age 47) to appeal to Rome, and in the course of time not satisfied with that had himself, and through others, solicited the Queen (age 47) to consent to the case being tried out of Rome, not here in England, for he knew that to be a most unreasonable demand, but in a neutral place. For these reasons I said the Queen (age 47) cannot and ought not to be tied by laws and statutes to which no one hardly had consented, and which had been carried by compulsion. To this remark of mine the King (age 41) replied half in a passion (demy appassione): "All persuasions and remonstrances are absolutely in vain. Had I known that the audience you applied for had no other object than to speak to me of these things I certainly should have found some excuse to break through the established rule, and escape from such objurgations." But on my representing to him the object of my calling, and telling him that he was positively bound to listen not only to what an ambassador of Your Majesty, but the commonest mortal, had to say to him in a case of this sort, and the courteous and humane manner in which you had always treated his ambassadors, he was obliged to retract, and said that as regarded the commission granted to the two cardinals he could not deny that he himself had applied for it, but that was, he said, under a promise made by the Pope that the cause should never be revoked [from England]; but since His Holiness withdrew all the commissions he had previously given, he (the King) did likewise reject the offer to have the case tried and sentenced in a neutral place, for he wished it to be determined here and not elsewhere. As to his consent to the Queen's (age 47) appeal he had only given it conditionally, and provided the statutes and constitutions of the kingdom allowed of it, not otherwise, and said that lately a prohibitive one had been made in Parliament which the Queen (age 47) herself, as an English subject, was bound to obey. Hearing this I could not help observing that laws and constitutions had no retroactive power, and that they could only be enforced in the future. As to the Queen (age 47) being an English subject I owned that she being his legitimate wife was really and truly such, and that consequently all debate about constitutions and appeals was not only superfluous but out of the question; but that if the Queen (age 47), however, was, as he asserted, not his wife, she could not be called an English subject, for she only resided in this country in virtue of her marriage, not otherwise, and Common Law establishes that the claimant is to bring his action before the tribunal of the country whereof the defendant is a native. The Queen (age 47) might as well ask to have her case tried in Spain, but this she had never attempted, contenting herself that the court to which he himself had firstly applied as claimant should take cognizance of the affair, that being the only true and irrefragable tribunal in her case. And upon his replying that he had not sent for her, and that his brother, the prince of Wales, had first taken her to wife and consummated marriage, I remarked that if he himself had not sent for her he had after his brother's demise kept her by him, and prevented her from going away at the request of her father, the Catholic king of Spain, through his ambassador at this court, Hernand Duque de Estrada, as I could prove by his letters. These, however, the King (age 41) refused to peruse, and again repeated: "She must have patience and obey the laws of this kingdom." Then he added that Your Majesty in return for so many services and favours had done him the greatest possible injury by hindering his new marriage, and preventing his having male succession. That the Queen (age 47) was no more his wife than she was mine, and that he would act in this business just as he pleased, in spite of all opposition and grumbling, and that if Your Majesty capriciously attempted to cause him annoyance he would try to defend himself with the help of his friends.
Calendars. 15 Apr 1533. 1061. Eustace Chapuys (age 43) to the Emperor (age 33).
On Tuesday the 7th inst., having been informed of the strange and outrageous conduct and proceedings of this [her husband] king (age 41) against the Queen (age 47), whereof I have written to Your Majesty, I went to Court at the hour appointed for the King's audience, that I might there duly remonstrate against the Queen's treatment. I took with me Mr. Hesdin, who by the consent of the queen [of Hungary] is now here to claim the arrears of his pension, in order that he might be present, and hear the remonstrances I had to address the King (age 41), hoping also that if I had to use threatening language the King (age 41) might not be so much offended if uttered in the presence of the said Hesdin. On my arrival at Greenwich [Map] the earl of Vulchier (age 56) (Wiltshire) came to meet me, and leading me to the apartments of the duke of Norfolk (age 60), who had just gone to see the Queen (age 47), said to me that the King (age 41) being very much engaged at that hour had deputed him to listen to what I had to say, and report thereupon. My answer was that my communication was of such a nature and so important that I could not possibly make it to anyone but to the King (age 41) in person. Until now he had never refused me audience, or put me off, and I could not think that he would now break through the custom without my having given him any occasion for it, especially as the King (age 41) knew that Your Majesty most willingly received the English ambassadors at all hours, whatever might be their errand or business. The Earl (age 56) repeated his excuses, and seemed at first disinclined to take my answer back to the King (age 41), until at last, perceiving my firm determination, he went in and came back saying the King (age 41) would see me immediately, though he still tried to ascertain what my business was, and advised me to put off my communication until after the festivals. It was settled at last that I should see the King (age 41) on Thursday in Holy Week, on which day having about me a copy of my last despatch [to Your Majesty], I took again the road to Court, accompanied as before by the said Master Hesdin, and was introduced to the Royal presence by the same earl of Wiltshire (age 56). The King (age 41) received us graciously enough. After the usual salutations and inquiries about Your Majesty's health, the King (age 41) asked me what news I had of your movements. I answered that the letters I had received last were rather old, but that I had reason to believe you had already embarked to return to Spain at the beginning of this present month. This statement the King (age 41) easily believed, and was rejoiced to hear (such is his wish to see you fairly out of Italy). I added that the weather for the last days could not have been more favourable, and therefore that it was to be hoped Your Majesty had reached Spain in safety. Having then asked me whether I had other news to communicate, I told him that your brother, the king of the Romans (age 30), had made his peace with the Turk, and that the latter had sent an embassy, at which piece of intelligence the King (age 41) remained for some time in silent astonishment as if he did not know what to answer.
Calendars. 21 Jan 1536. Eustace Chapuys (age 46) to the Emperor (age 35).
The good Queen (deceased) breathed her last at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. Eight hours afterwards, by the [her former husband] King's (age 44) express commands, the inspection of her body was made, without her confessor or physician or any other officer of her household being present, save the fire-lighter in the house, a servant of his, and a companion of the latter, who proceeded at once to open the body. Neither of them had practised chirurgy, and yet they had often performed the same operation, especially the principal or head of them, who, after making the examination, went to the bishop of Llandaff, the Queen's confessor, and declared to him in great secrecy, and as if his life depended on it, that he had found the Queen's (deceased) body and the intestines perfectly sound and healthy, as if nothing had happened, with the single exception of the heart, which was completely black, and of a most hideous aspect; after washing it in three different waters, and finding that it did not change colour, he cut it in two, and found that it was the same inside, so much so that after being washed several times it never changed colour. The man also said that he found inside the heart something black and round, which adhered strongly to the concavities. And moreover, after this spontaneous declaration on the part of the man, my secretary having asked the Queen's physician whether he thought the Queen (deceased) had died of poison, the latter answered that in his opinion there was no doubt about it, for the bishop had been told so under confession, and besides that, had not the secret been revealed, the symptoms, the course, and the fatal end of her illness were a proof of that.
No words can describe the joy and delight which this King (age 44) and the promoters of his concubinate (age 35) have felt at the demise of the good Queen (deceased), especially the earl of Vulcher (age 59), and his son (age 33), who must have said to themselves, What a pity it was that the [her daughter] Princess (age 19) had not kept her mother (deceased) company. The King (age 44) himself on Saturday, when he received the news, was heard to exclaim, "Thank God, we are now free from any fear of war, and the time has come for dealing with the French much more to our advantage than heretofore, for if they once suspect my becoming the Emperor's friend and ally now that the real cause of our enmity no longer exists I shall be able to do anything I like with them." On the following day, which was Sunday, the King (age 44) dressed entirely in yellow from head to foot, with the single exception of a white feather in his cap. His bastard daughter (age 2) was triumphantly taken to church to the sound of trumpets and with great display. Then, after dinner, the King (age 44) went to the hall, where the ladies were dancing, and there made great demonstration of joy, and at last went into his own apartments, took the little bastard (age 2), carried her in his (age 44) arms, and began to show her first to one, then to another, and did the same on the following days. Since then his joy has somewhat subsided; he has no longer made such demonstrations, but to make up for it, as it were, has been tilting and running lances at Grinduys [Map]. On the other hand, if I am to believe the reports that come to me from every quarter, I must say that the displeasure and grief generally felt at the Queen's (deceased) demise is really incredible, as well as the indignation of the people against the King (age 44). All charge him with being the cause of the Queen's (deceased) death, which I imagine has been produced partly by poison and partly by despondency and grief; besides which, the joy which the King (age 44) himself, as abovesaid, manifested upon hearing the news, has considerably confirmed people in that belief.
Great preparations are being made for the burial of the good Queen (deceased), and according to a message received from Master Cromwell (age 51) the funeral is to be conducted with such a pomp and magnificence that those present will scarcely believe their eyes. It is to take place on the 1st of February; the chief mourner to be the King's own niece (age 18), that is to say, the daughter of the duke of Suffolk (age 52); next to her will go the Duchess, her mother; then the wife of the duke of Norfolk (age 39), and several other ladies in great numbers. And from what I hear, it is intended to distribute mourning apparel to no less than 600 women of a lower class. As to the lords and gentlemen, nothing has yet transpired as to who they are to be, nor how many. Master Cromwell (age 51) himself, as I have written to Your Majesty (age 35), pressed me on two different occasions to accept the mourning cloth, which this King (age 44) offered for the purpose no doubt of securing my attendance at the funeral, which is what he greatly desires; but by the advice of the Queen Regent of Flanders (Mary), of the Princess herself, and of many other worthy personages, I have declined, and, refused the cloth proffered; alleging as an excuse that I was already prepared, and had some of it at home, but in reality because I was unwilling to attend a funeral, which, however costly and magnificent, is not that befitting a queen of England.
The King (age 44), or his Privy Council, thought at first that very solemn obsequies ought to be performed at the cathedral church of this city. Numerous carpenters and other artizans had already set to work, but since then the order has been revoked, and there is no talk of it now. Whether they meant it in earnest, and then changed their mind, or whether it was merely a feint to keep people contented and remove suspicion, I cannot say for certain.
Calendars. 06 Mar 1536. 35. Dr. Ortiz to the Empress.
His last letter, announcing the death and martyrdom of the queen of England, was dated the 30th of January.
Since then he (Ortiz) has received one, dated the 19th of January, [from Chapuys?], informing him that the [her daughter] Princess (age 20) (Mary) was in good health. The Queen before dying showed well what her whole life had been; for not only did she ask for, and receive, all the sacraments ordained by the Church, but answered the questions put by the priest with such ardour and devotion that all present were edified. Some of those who were by her bedside, having suggested that it was not yet time to receive the sacrament of Extreme Unction, she replied that she wished to hear and understand everything that was said, and make fitting answers. She preserved her senses to the last, &c.
They say that when the [her former husband] king of England (age 44) heard of the death of his Queen, dressed in mauve silk as he was at the time, and with a white feather in his cap, he went to solace himself with the ladies of the palace. In fact it may well be said of him and of his kingdom what the Prophet Isaias says, cap. lvii., "Justus periet, et non est qui recogitet in corde suo, et viri misericordia colliguntur quia non est qui intelligat."
Her Highness the Queen was buried with the honors of a Princess [dowager], 18 miles from the place where she died, at an abbey called Yperberu [Map] (Peterborough), the King having only sent thither some ladies of his Court to attend the funeral. The King and the concubine (age 35) were not in London, but at a place on the road called Octinton [Map] (Huntingdon).
Anne Bolans (age 35) is now in fear of the King deserting her one of these days, in order to marry another lady.
The King having sent his ambassadors into Scotland to persuade the king (age 23) of that country to separate from, and refuse obedience to, the Apostolic See, it happened that the very day and moment when the English were delivering their embassy a storm arose, and a most tremendous clap of thunder was heard, at which king James (age 23) horrified rose from his seat, crossed himself, and exclaimed, "I scarcely know which of the two things has caused me most fear and horror, that thunder and lightning we have just heard, or the proposition you have made me." After which, and in the very presence of the English ambassadors, he ordered unconditional obedience to the Church to be proclaimed throughout his dominions.
Here, at Rome, when the news of the good Queen's death arrived, the Papal bull excommunicating king Henry for his iniquitous conduct, and depriving him of his kingdom, was already sealed and closed. Since then nothing further has been done in the matter, but the executory letters (executoriales) in the principal cause have actually been taken out, though with no small trouble.-Rome, 6 March 1536.
Since the above was written I have had a letter from the Imperial ambassador in France, in date of the 15th ultimo, intimating that, according to news received from England, the King wished to marry the Princess to a gentleman of his kingdom, and that king Francis had told the Imperial ambassador that in consequence of a fall from his horse king Henry had been two hours unconscious without speech1; seeing which Ana Bolans (age 35) (Boleyn) was so struck that she actually miscarried of a son. Great news these, for which we are bound to thank God, because, were the Princess to be married as reported, she may at once be considered out of danger; for her marriage may hereafter be dissolved and declared null, as it would effectually be owing to the violence used, and the evident fear the Princess has of her life, should she not consent to it. At any rate, it must be owned that though the King himself was not converted like St. Paul after his fall, at least his adulterous wife (age 35) has miscarried of a son.
Note 1. Que el Rey de Inglaterra auia caitlo con su cavallo, y estado mas de dos horas sin habla, de lo qual la Ana (age 35) tuvo tan grande alteracion que movió un hijo."
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https://www.ipl.org/essay/Isabella-And-Ferdinands-Influence-On-Spain-FJ5JNUKBUYV
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Isabella And Ferdinand's Influence On Spain
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2021-02-13T01:53:08+00:00
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Isabella and Ferdinand II were a good match and they unified Spain. They were known as Catholic Monarchs and Spain have changed in many ways. Their marriage...
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https://www.ipl.org/essay/Isabella-And-Ferdinands-Influence-On-Spain-FJ5JNUKBUYV
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Santervas De Campos: The Castle Of Spain
362 Words | 2 Pages
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Religion was a key factor in the way La Casas and the Spaniards protrayed the indigenous people of the Caribbean. Queen Isabella 's role in the avocation of converting the native people to Catholicism allowed Religion to play a major role in the Spanish ConquestLas Casas mentions Queen Isabella’s religious influences in the opening chapter of the book. He also states that her death and the disappearances of her influences is the reasons the Spaniards genocide of the native people increased. Both Las Casa and the Spaniards agreed that religion was a reason for the conquest of the Caribbean. However, they concept influenced their portrayal of the natives in different ways.
Eleanor began her achievements at a very young age. When she was only fifteen, she was married to the king of France’s son, Louis, and later they were both crowned king and queen of France. Many years later, when a crusade didn’t go to plan, Eleanor left Louis and soon after married Henry, Duke of Normandy. When Henry’s father died, Henry and Eleanor were crowned king and queen of England. Years passed, and Eleanor left Henry to start a new life on her own.
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2686 Words | 11 Pages
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" Spain had previously been ruled by Muslims; it is known as the Reconquesta of 1492. It essentially meant that Spain had been reconquered by religion. Soon after, Ferdinand and Isabella wanted the support of the Pope and became known as conquistadors
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1561 Words | 7 Pages
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The Spanish used religion as a way to secure authority over Native American populations. These two religions caused conflict among the colonies because of the different beliefs. Laws were made based on their religions, and their government used religion to rule the colonies. Religion determined who hung around who, and who
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Since 1492, Spain recognized Christianity as its official religion because there was no distinction between Catholicism and Protestantism. Most of the Spanish population practiced Christianity due to Jews being banished and Muslims being converted. In 1517, the Protestant Reformation divided the Christian religion half - into Catholicism and Protestantism. Spain supported the Catholic religion, and they saw the New World as an opportunity to convert others to Catholicism. They believed that religion gave them the right to conquer new land, because they “came to serve God and to get rich, as all men wish to do,” which Bernal Diaz del Castillo said while working with Hernán Cortés in the conquest of Mexico.
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Juana I, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon
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by Susan Flantzer © Unofficial Royalty 2022 Juana I, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon was born on November 6, 1479, in Toledo, Kingdom of Castile, now in Spain. She was the third of th…
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Unofficial Royalty
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https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/juana-i-queen-of-castile-and-leon-and-queen-of-aragon/
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by Susan Flantzer
© Unofficial Royalty 2022
Juana I, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon was born on November 6, 1479, in Toledo, Kingdom of Castile, now in Spain. She was the third of the five children and the second of the four daughters of Ferdinand II, King of Aragon and Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León. Juana’s paternal grandparents were Juan II, King of Aragon and his second wife Juana Enriquez, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. Her maternal grandparents were Juan II, King of Castile and León and his second wife Isabel of Portugal.
Juana had four siblings:
Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias from 1497–1498 (1470 – 1498), married (1) Prince Afonso of Portugal, no children (2) Prince Manuel, the future King Manuel I of Portugal, had one son Miguel da Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who died before his second birthday; Isabella died giving birth to Miguel
Juan of Aragon, Prince of Asturias (1478 – 1497), married Margaret of Austria, no children
Maria of Aragon (1482 – 1517), married King Manuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella; had ten children including King João III of Portugal and Cardinal-King Henrique I of Portugal
Catalina (Catherine) of Aragon (1485 – 1536), married (1) Arthur, Prince of Wales, no children (2) Arthur’s younger brother King Henry VIII of England, had one surviving child Queen Mary I of England
Like her mother Isabella, Queen of Castile and León and her youngest sister Catalina (Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of King Henry VIII of England), Juana had a fair complexion and golden-red hair which had come from her mother’s descent from the English House of Plantagenet. Isabella’s paternal grandmother was Catherine of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster who was the son of King Edward III of England. As an infanta (princess), Juana was not expected to inherit either of her parent’s thrones although, through deaths, she inherited both. Her education reflected the fact that she was an unlikely heir. Juana had a general education, studying church and civil law, genealogy and heraldry, grammar, history, languages, and mathematics.
In 1496, 16-year-old Juana was betrothed to 18-year-old Philip of Austria, often called Philip of Habsburg or Philip the Handsome. He was the only son of Mary, Duchess of Burgundy in her own right, the ruler of a collection of states known as the Burgundian State, and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria. When Philip was four years old, his mother died in a riding accident, and Philip succeeded her as ruler of the Burgundian State which consisted of parts of the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Germany.
Philip’s father Maximilian I made an alliance with the husband and with Juana’s parents King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile and León, for a double marriage between their children. Juan, Prince of Asturias, the only son and heir of Ferdinand and Isabella, would marry Maximilian’s only daughter Margaret of Austria, and Ferdinand and Isabella’s second daughter Infanta Juana of Castile would marry Maximilian’s only son Philip. These marriages were part of the foreign policy of Ferdinand and Isabella to build a network of alliances through the marriages of their children to strengthen their kingdoms, destined to be inherited by their son Juan, against France, their major rival at that time. The double marriages were never intended to allow the Spanish kingdoms to fall under the control of the House of Habsburg, which they eventually did. Juana was third in line to the thrones of Aragon, Castile, and León after her elder brother Juan and her elder sister Isabella, and would fall further down the line of succession when her elder siblings had children, as was expected.
Juana and Philip were married by proxy at the Palacio de los Vivero in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile. On August 22, 1496, Juana began her journey to her new home. The wedding was formally celebrated on October 20, 1496, at the Collegiate Church of Saint Gummarus in the small town of Lier, now in Belgium, near the city of Antwerp.
Juana and Philip had six children, all of whom were kings or queen consorts:
Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Portugal, Queen of France (1498 – 1558), married (1) Manuel I, King of Portugal (his third wife), had two children (2) François I, King of France (his second wife), no children
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, also Carlos I, King of Spain (1500 – 1558), married Isabella of Portugal, had five children including Felipe II, King of Spain
Isabella of Austria, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (1501 – 1526), married Christian II, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, had five children, only two daughters survived childhood
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, (1503 – 1564), married Anna of Bohemia and Hungary, had fifteen children
Mary of Austria, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (1505 – 1558), married Louis II, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, no children
Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal (1507 – 1578), married João III, King of Portugal, had nine children
Within four years of her marriage to Philip, Juana became the heir to her parents’ kingdoms after the death of her childless only brother Juan, Prince of Asturias in 1497, the death of her eldest sister Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias, Princess of Portugal in childbirth in 1498, and the death of her sister Isabella’s only child Prince Miguel da Paz of Portugal in 1500, shortly before his second birthday.
Although Juana was deeply in love with Philip, their married life was unhappy. Philip was unfaithful and politically insecure. He constantly attempted to usurp Juana’s legal birthrights. This led to the rumors of Juana’s insanity because those rumors benefited Philip politically. Most historians now agree Juana was clinically depressed and not insane as commonly believed.
On November 26, 1504, Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León died at the age of 53. Juana became Queen of Castile and León but her father Ferdinand II, King of Aragon proclaimed himself Governor and Administrator of Castile and León. In 1506, Juana’s husband Philip of Austria became King of Castile and León jure uxoris (by the right of his wife) as Philip I, initiating the rule of the Habsburgs in the Spanish kingdoms which would last until 1700. However, Philip’s rule lasted only from July 12, 1506 to September 25, 1506, when he died suddenly, apparently of typhoid fever, although an assassination by poisoning was rumored at the time.
There were also rumors circulating about the supposed madness of Juana. Unfortunately, Juana’s husband Philip had spread rumors about her madness when he was still alive and her behavior after his death may have reinforced these rumors. Juana decided to transfer Philip’s remains from Burgos in the north of present-day Spain, where he had died and had already been buried, to Granada in the south of present-day Spain. Apparently, Philip wanted to be buried in Granada. The distance from Burgos to Granada is 423 miles/681 kilometers, a 6 1/2 hour car ride today, but an extraordinary distance in 1506. Pregnant with her last child, Juana traveled with her husband’s body from Burgos to Granada. The trip would take eight months. During the trip, Juana gave birth to her last child named Catherine after her youngest sister, Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of King Henry VIII of England.
In 1509, Juana’s father Ferdinand convinced the parliament that Juana was too mentally ill to govern, and was appointed her guardian and regent of Castile and León. Juana was confined in the Royal Convent of Santa Clara in Tordesillas, Kingdom of Castile, under the orders of her father. Juana’s youngest child Catherine stayed with her mother at the convent until 1525, when she was released from the custody that her mother was to endure until her death in 1555.
Was Juana mad or was she manipulated by her father, husband, and son? Juana’s father Ferdinand, her husband Philip, and her son Carlos had a lot to gain from Juana being declared unfit to rule. Juana did show excessive grief as she traveled through Castile with Philip’s coffin. What is overlooked is that her 28-year-old husband died suddenly after a five-day illness and that she was fulfilling Philip’s wish to be buried in Granada. In addition, her father deliberately blocked Philip’s burial in Granada causing delays in Juana’s journey.
On January 23, 1516, Ferdinand II, King of Aragon died. In his will, Ferdinand named his daughter Juana and her eldest son Carlos (also known as Charles in history) as the co-heirs of the Kingdom of Aragon. However, Juana would never reign as she would not be released from her confinement until her death.
It would be her son Carlos who would reign. Carlos would inherit the dominions of his mother Juana (Castile, León, and Aragon), the dominions of his father Philip (the Burgundian State which were parts of the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Germany), and also the dominions of his paternal grandfather Maximilian I, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, and Holy Roman Emperor who died after his father Philip’s death. When Juana died in 1555, it resulted in the personal union of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, as her son Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, among many other titles, also became King of Castile and León, and Aragon, effectively creating the Kingdom of Spain. Carlos I was not only the first King of a united Spain and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, but he was also Charles I, Archduke of Austria, and Charles II, Lord of the Netherlands, among many other titles.
Juana spent forty-six years basically imprisoned. Decades of internment, isolation, and sometimes inhumane treatment by her guards had serious negative effects on her. Juana, Queen of Castile and León and Queen of Aragon died on April 12, 1555, aged 75, at the Royal Convent of Santa Clara in Tordesillas, Castile, now in Spain. She was buried with her parents and husband at the Royal Chapel of Granada, now in Spain.
This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.
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Posts about House of Trastámara written by liamfoley63
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Catherine of Aragon (December 16, 1485 – January 7, 1536) was Queen of England and Ireland as the first wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on June 11, 1509 until their annulment on May 23, 1533. She was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of Henry’s elder brother, Arthur, Prince of Wales.
Infanta Catherine was born at the Archbishop’s Palace of Alcalá de Henares near Madrid, on the early hours of December 16, 1485. She was the youngest surviving child of King Fernando II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. Catherine was quite short in stature with long red hair, wide blue eyes, a round face, and a fair complexion. She was descended, on her maternal side, from the House of Lancaster, an English royal house; her great-grandmother Catherine of Lancaster, after whom she was named, and her great-great-grandmother Philippa of Lancaster were both daughters of John of Gaunt and granddaughters of Edward III of England. Consequently, she was a third cousin of her father-in-law, Henry VII of England, and fourth cousin of her mother-in-law Elizabeth of York.
At an early age, Catherine was considered a suitable wife for Arthur, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the English throne, due to the English ancestry she inherited from her mother. By means of her mother, Catherine had a stronger legitimate claim to the English throne than King Henry VII himself through the first two wives of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster: Blanche of Lancaster and Constance of Castile.
In contrast, Henry VII was the descendant of Gaunt’s third marriage to Katherine Swynford, whose children were born out of wedlock and only legitimised after the death of Constance and the marriage of John to Katherine. The children of John and Katherine, while legitimised, were barred from inheriting the English throne, a stricture that was ignored in later generations.
Because of Henry’s descent through illegitimate children barred from succession to the English throne, the Tudor monarchy was not accepted by all European kingdoms. At the time, the House of Trastámara was the most prestigious in Europe, due to the rule of the Catholic Monarchs, so the alliance of Catherine and Arthur validated the House of Tudor in the eyes of European royalty and strengthened the Tudor claim to the English throne via Catherine of Aragon’s ancestry. It would have given a male heir an indisputable claim to the throne.
Catherine and Arthur and corresponded in Latin until Arthur turned fifteen, when it was decided that they were old enough to be married.
First they weremmarried by proxy on May 19, 1499 and in person o November 14, 1501, they were married at Old St. Paul’s Cathedral. A dowry of 200,000 ducats had been agreed, and half was paid shortly after the marriage.
Once married, Arthur was sent to Ludlow Castle on the borders of Wales to preside over the Council of Wales and the Marches, as was his duty as Prince of Wales, and his bride accompanied him. The couple stayed at Castle Lodge, Ludlow. A few months later, they both became ill, possibly with the sweating sickness, which was sweeping the area. Arthur died on April 2, 1502; 16-year-old Catherine recovered to find herself a widow.
At this point, Henry VII faced the challenge of avoiding the obligation to return her 200,000-ducat dowry, half of which he had not yet received, to her father, as required by her marriage contract should she return home. Following the death of Queen Elizabeth in February 1503, King Henry VII initially considered marrying Catherine himself, but the opposition of her father and potential questions over the legitimacy of the couple’s issue ended the idea. To settle the matter, it was agreed that Catherine would marry Henry VII’s second son, Henry, Duke of York, who was five years younger than she was.
Catherine held the position of ambassador of the Aragonese crown to England in 1507, the first known female ambassador in European history.
Marriage to Arthur’s brother depended on the Pope granting a dispensation because canon law forbade a man to marry his brother’s widow (Lev. 18:16). Catherine testified that her marriage to Arthur was never consummated as, also according to canon law, a marriage was dissoluble unless consummated.
Catherine’s second wedding took place on June 11, 1509, seven years after Prince Arthur’s death. She married Henry VIII, who had only just acceded to the throne, in a private ceremony in the church of the Observant Friars outside Greenwich Palace. She was 23 years of age.
For six months in 1513, Catherine served as regent of England while Henry VIII was in France. During that time the English crushed and defeated the Scottish at the Battle of Flodden, an event in which Catherine played an important part with an emotional speech about English courage.
By 1525, Henry VIII was infatuated with Anne Boleyn and dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, leaving their daughter, the future Mary I of England, as heir presumptive at a time when there was no established precedent for a woman on the throne.
Henry VIII sought to have their marriage annulled, setting in motion a chain of events that led to England’s schism with the Catholic Church. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage, Henry defied him by assuming supremacy over religious matters.
In 1533 their marriage was consequently declared invalid and Henry married Anne on the judgement of clergy in England, without reference to the pope. Catherine refused to accept Henry as supreme head of the Church in England and considered herself the king’s rightful wife and queen, attracting much popular sympathy. Despite this, Henry acknowledged her only as dowager princess of Wales.
After being banished from court by Henry, Catherine lived out the remainder of her life at Kimbolton Castle, dying there on January 7, 1536 of cancer. The English people held Catherine in high esteem, and her death set off tremendous mourning.
Catherine commissioned The Education of a Christian Woman by Juan Luis Vives, and Vives dedicated the book, controversial at the time, to the Queen in 1523. Such was Catherine’s impression on people that even her enemy Thomas Cromwell said of her, “If not for her sex, she could have defied all the heroes of History.” She successfully appealed for the lives of the rebels involved in the Evil May Day, for the sake of their families. Catherine also won widespread admiration by starting an extensive programme for the relief of the poor. She was a patron of Renaissance humanism, and a friend of the great scholars Erasmus of Rotterdam and Thomas More.
Isabella I (April 22, 1451 – November 26, 1504) was Queen of Castile from 1474 and Queen consort of Aragon from 1479, reigning over a dynastically unified Spain jointly with her husband Fernando II.
Isabella I,
Isabella was born in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Ávila, to King Juan II of Castile and his second wife, Isabella of Portugal on April 22, 1451. At the time of her birth, she was second in line to the throne after her older half-brother Infante Enrique of Castile. Enrique was 26 at that time and married, but childless. Isabella’s younger brother Alfonso of Castile was born two years later on November 17, 1453, lowering her position to third in line.
Infante Enrique, Prince of Asturias celebrated had his marriage to Blanche of Navarre in 1440, when he was 15 years old. Blanche of Navarre Was the daughter of John II of Aragon and Blanche I of Navarre.
The Cardinal Juan de Cervantes presided over the official ceremony. The marriage had been agreed in 1436 as part of the peace negotiations between Castille and Navarre.
Enrique alleged that he had been incapable of sexually consummating the marriage, despite having tried for over three years, the minimum period required by the church. Other women, prostitutes from Segovia, testified that they had had sexual relations with Enrique, which is why he blamed his inability to consummate the marriage on a curse.
Enrique IV, King of Castile
Enrique’s claim of “permanent impotence” only affected his relations with Blanche. Blanche and Enrique were cousins, and he was also a cousin of Joan of Portugal, whom he wanted to marry instead. Therefore, the reason he used to seek the annulment was the sort of curse that only affected his ability to consummate this one marriage, and would not cause any problems for him with other women. Pope Nicholas V corroborated the decision in December of the same year in a papal bull and provided a papal dispensation for Enrique’s new marriage with the sister of the Portuguese king.
When Isabella’s father, King Juan II died on July 20, 1454 her half-brother ascended to the throne as King Enrique IV of Castile. Isabella and her brother Infante Alfonso were left in King Enrique IV’s care. Isabella, her mother, and Alfonso then moved to Arévalo.
Infanta Joan of Portugal was the the posthumous daughter of King Duarte of Portugal and his wife Infanta Eleanor of Aragon, the daughter of Fernando I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque. The wedding was celebrated in May 1455, but without an affidavit of official bull authorizing the wedding between them, although they were first cousins (their mothers were sisters) and second cousins (their paternal grandmothers were half-sisters). On February 28, 1462, the queen gave birth to a daughter Infanta Joanna la Beltraneja. On May 9, 1462, Joanna was officially proclaimed heir to the throne of Castile and created Princess of Asturias. Enrique had the nobles of Castile swear allegiance to her and promise that they would support her as monarch.
Infanta Joanna la Beltraneja, Princess of Asturias.
These were times of turmoil for Isabella. The living conditions at their castle in Arévalo were poor, and they suffered from a shortage of money. Although her father arranged in his will for his children to be financially well taken care of, King Enrique did not comply with their father’s wishes, either from a desire to keep his half-siblings restricted, or from ineptitude. Even though living conditions were difficult, under the careful eye of her mother, Isabella was instructed in lessons of practical piety and in a deep reverence for religion.
Some of Isabella’s living conditions improved once they moved to Segovia. She always had food and clothing and lived in a castle that was adorned with gold and silver. Isabella’s basic education consisted of reading, spelling, writing, grammar, history, mathematics, art, chess, dancing, embroidery, music, and religious instruction. She and her ladies-in-waiting entertained themselves with art, embroidery, and music. She lived a relaxed lifestyle, but she rarely left Segovia since King Enrique forbade this.
In early 1460s, Castilian nobles became dissatisfied with the rule of King Enrique IV and believed that Queen Joan’s child (Joanna, Princess of Asturias) had not been sired by Enrique. Propaganda and rumour, encouraged by the league of rebellious nobles, argued that her father was Beltrán de la Cueva, a royal favorite of low background whom Henry had elevated to enormous power and who, as suggested by Alfonso de Palencia and others, may have been Enrique’s lover. This resulted in giving Infanta Joanna, Princess of Asturias the name “Juana la Beltraneja”, which has stuck with the girl throughout history. If Joanna was illegitimate, the next in line was Alfonso. If she was legitimate—which is entirely possible—then Alfonso and, ultimately, his famous sister Isabella were both usurpers. Considering Isabella’s impact on world history, this question has fascinated historians for centuries.
The question of Isabella’s marriage was not a new one. She had made her debut in the matrimonial market at the age of six with a betrothal to Infante Fernando of Aragon, the younger son of King Juan II of Aragon and Navarre (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) and Juana Enriquez de Córdoba, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte. At that time, the two kings, Enrique IV and Juan II, were eager to show their mutual love and confidence and they believed that this double alliance would make their eternal friendship obvious to the world. This arrangement, however, did not last long.
In 1465, an attempt was made to marry Isabella to King Alfonso V of Portugal, Enrique IV’s brother-in-law. Through the medium of the Queen and Count of Ledesma, a Portuguese alliance was made. Isabella, however, was wary of the marriage and refused to consent.
A civil war broke out in Castile over King Enrique IV’s inability to act as sovereign. Enrique now needed a quick way to please the rebels of the kingdom. As part of an agreement to restore peace, Isabella was to be betrothed to Pedro Girón Acuña Pacheco, Master of the Order of Calatrava and brother to the King’s favourite, Juan Pacheco. In return, Don Pedro would pay into the impoverished royal treasury an enormous sum of money. Seeing no alternative, Enrique IV agreed to the marriage. Isabella was aghast and prayed to God that the marriage would not come to pass. Her prayers were answered when Don Pedro suddenly fell ill and died while on his way to meet his fiancée.
In 1464 the league of nobles with the Representation of Burgos controlling Isabella’s younger brother, Alfonso, forced Enrique IV to repudiate Joanna and recognize Alfonso as his official heir. Alfonso then became Prince of Asturias, a title previously held by Joanna. Enrique agreed to the compromise with the stipulation that Alfonso someday marry Joanna, to ensure that they both would one day receive the crown.
However, in 1468 at the age of only 14, Alfonso suddenly died. The cause of death is not known, but it likely to have been an illness such as consumption or plague (although it is rumored that he had been deliberately poisoned by his enemies).
When King Enrique IV had recognised Isabella as his heir-presumptive on September 19, 1468, he had also promised that his sister should not be compelled to marry against her will, while she in return had agreed to obtain his consent. It seemed that finally the years of failed attempts at political marriages were over.
There was talk of a marriage to Edward IV of England or to one of his brothers, probably Richard, Duke of Gloucester,(future Richard III); but this alliance was never seriously considered. Once again in 1468, a marriage proposal arrived from Alfonso V of Portugal. Going against his promises made in September, Enrique IV tried to make the marriage a reality. If Isabella married Alfonso, Enrique IV’s daughter Joanna, would marry Alfonso’s son Juan II of Portugal and thus, after the death of the old king, Juan II and Joanna could inherit Portugal and Castile. Isabella refused and made a secret promise to marry her cousin and very first betrothed, Fernando of Aragon.
On May 10, 1475, King Afonso V of Portugal invaded Castile and married Joanna in Plasencia, 15 days later, making her Queen of Portugal.
On October 18, 1469, the formal betrothal took place. Because Isabella and Fernando were second cousins, they stood within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity and the marriage would not be legal unless a dispensation from the Pope was obtained. With the help of the Valencian Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI), Isabella and Fernando were presented with a supposed papal bull by Pius II (who had died in 1464), authorizing Fernando to marry within the third degree of consanguinity, making their marriage legal. Afraid of opposition, Isabella eloped from the court of Enrique IV with the excuse of visiting her brother Alfonso’s tomb in Ávila. Fernando, on the other hand, crossed Castile in secret disguised as a servant. They were married immediately upon reuniting, on October 19, 1469, in the Palacio de los Vivero in the city of Valladolid.
Fernando II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
When Isabella came to the throne in 1474, upon the death of King Enrique IV of Castile was in a state of despair due to her brother Enrique’s reign. It was not unknown that Enrique IV was a big spender and did little to enforce the laws of his kingdom. It was even said by one Castilian denizen of the time that murder, rape, and robbery happened without punishment. Because of this, Isabella needed desperately to find a way to reform her kingdom.
Queen Isabella reorganized the governmental system, brought the crime rate to the lowest it had been in years, and unburdened the kingdom of the enormous debt her brother had left behind. Isabella’s marriage to Fernando II of Aragon in 1469 created the basis of the de facto unification of Spain. Her reforms and those she made with her husband had an influence that extended well beyond the borders of their united kingdoms.
Isabella and Fernando are known for completing the Reconquista, ordering conversion or exile to their Jewish and Muslim subjects, and for supporting and financing Christopher Columbus’s 1492 voyage that led to the opening of the New World and to the establishment of Spain as a major power in Europe and much of the world for more than a century. Isabella, granted together with her husband the title “the Catholic” by Pope Alexander VI, was recognized as a Servant of God by the Catholic Church in 1494.
In later years Isabella and Fernando were consumed with administration and politics over the Empire they had forged; they were concerned with the succession and worked to link the Spanish crown to the other rulers in Europe. By early 1497, all the pieces seemed to be in place: The son and heir Infanta Juan, Prince of Asturias, married a Habsburg princess, Archduchess Margaret of Austria, establishing the connection to the Habsburgs. The eldest daughter, Isabella of Aragon, married King Manuel I of Portugal, and the younger daughter, Joanna of Castile, was married to a Habsburg prince, Archduke Philipp of Habsburg, the son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and his first wife, Duchess Mary of Burgundy. These marriages were one of a set of family alliances between the Habsburgs and the Trastámaras designed to strengthen both against growing French power.
However, Isabella’s plans for her eldest two children did not work out. Her only son, John of Asturias, died shortly after his marriage. Her daughter Isabella of Aragon, whose son Miguel da Paz died at the age of two, died in childbirth. Queen Isabella I’s crowns passed to her third child Joanna and her son-in-law, Philip who is recognized as King Felipe I.
Isabella did, however, make successful dynastic matches for her two youngest daughters. The death of Isabella of Aragon created a necessity for Manuel I of Portugal to remarry, and Isabella’s third daughter, Maria of Aragon, became his next bride. Isabella’s youngest daughter, Catherine of Aragon, married England’s Arthur, Prince of Wales, but his early death resulted in her being married to his younger brother, King Henry VIII of England.
Isabella officially withdrew from governmental affairs on 14 September 14, 1504 and she died that same year on November 26 at the Medina del Campo Royal Palace. She had already been in decline since the deaths of her son Prince Juan of Asturias in 1497, her mother Isabella of Portugal in 1496, and her daughter Princess Isabella of Asturias in 1498.
She is entombed in Granada in the Capilla Real, which was built by her grandson, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (Carlos I of Spain), alongside her husband Ferdinand, her daughter Joanna and Joanna’s husband Felipe I; and Isabella’s 2-year-old grandson, Miguel da Paz (the son of Isabella’s daughter, also named Isabella, and King Manuel I of Portugal). The museum next to the Capilla Real holds her crown and scepter.
The history of Spain reaches back into antiquity and the era of the Roman Empire. After the demise of Rome the Iberian Peninsula fractured into many kingdoms. Even as late as the 15th century, the most important among all of the separate Christian kingdoms that made up the old Hispania were the Kingdom of Castile (occupying northern and central portions of the Iberian Peninsula), the Kingdom of Aragon (occupying northeastern portions of the peninsula), and the Kingdom of Portugal occupying the far western Iberian Peninsula.
The death of King Henrique IV of Castile in 1474 set off a struggle for power called the War of the Castilian Succession (1475–1479). Contenders for the throne of Castile were Henrique IV’s one-time heir Joanna la Beltraneja, supported by Portugal and France, and Henrique’s half-sister Isabella of Castile, supported by the Kingdom of Aragon and by the Castilian nobility. The setting of the succession was a step in unifying Aragon and Castile into the Kingdom of Spain.
Isabella, Queen of Castile
Isabella was born on April 22, 1451 in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Ávila, to King Juan II of Castile and his second wife, Isabella of Portugal, daughter of João, Constable of Portugal, (of the Aviz dynasty) the youngest surviving son of King João I of Portugal, and his half-niece and wife, Isabella of Barcelos, the daughter of his half-brother Afonso of Barcelos, the Duke of Braganza, an illegitimate son of the king.
At the time of her birth, Isabella was second in line to the throne after her older half-brother the future King Henrique IV of Castile. Henrique was 26 at the birth of his half-sister Isabella and was married to Queen Blanche II of Navarre but the union was childless and later annulled due to Henrique’s impotence. Another younger brother Alfonso of Castile was born two years later on November 17, 1453, lowering her position to third in line. When her father died in 1454, her half-brother ascended to the throne as King Henrique IV of Castile. Isabella and her brother Alfonso were left in King Henrique’s care. Isabell, her mother, and Alfonso then moved to Arévalo.
Henrique IV made a number of attempts throughout his reign to arrange a politically advantageous marriage for his much younger sister. The first attempt was when the six-year-old Isabella was betrothed to Fernando of Aragon and Navarre, son of Juan II of Aragon and Navarre (a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) and his second wife, Juana Enriquez de Córdoba, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte the daughter of Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza and Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala, 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte, she was a great-great granddaughter of Alfonso XI of Castile.
In March 1453, before the annulment between King Henrique IV of Castile from Queen Blanche II of Navarre was finalised, there is no record of negotiations for the new marriage between Henrique IV and Joan of Portugal, sister of the king Alfonso V of Portugal. The first marital approaches were made in December of that year, although the negotiations were long and the proposal wasn’t definitively agreed until February 1455. The wedding was celebrated in May 1455, but without an affidavit of official bull authorizing the wedding between them, they were first cousins (their mothers were sisters) and second cousins (their paternal grandmothers were half-sisters). On February 28, 1462, the queen gave birth to a daughter Joanna la Beltraneja, whose paternity came into question during the conflict for succession to the Castillian throne when Henrique IV died.
In 1468, at the age of only 14, Alfonso, the brother of Henrique IV and Isabella, died, most likely from the plague (although poison and slit throat have been suggested). His will left his crown and place in the succession to his sister, Isabella. Henrique IV agreed to exclude Joanna la Beltraneja from the succession, due to her questionable parentage, and to recognize Isabella as his official heir.
Fernando II, King of Aragon
Infante Fernando of Aragon married Infanta Isabella, on October 19, 1469 in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon. Isabella also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara, and the two were cousins by descent from Juan I of Castile. They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement on sharing power, and under the joint motto “tanto monta, monta tanto”.
Isabella became Castile’s next monarch when King Henrique IV died in 1474. However, the succession was not settled. After the death of King Henrique IV, war broke out in Castile. Joanna la Beltraneja was supported by Portugal, while the eventual winner, Henrique’s half-sister Isabella I of Castile, had the support of Aragon. France initially supported Joanna, yet in 1476, after losing the Battle of Toro, France refused to help Joanna, further and in 1478 signed a peace treaty with Isabella.
Fernando II and Isabella I, King and Queen of Castile and Aragon
Upon Isabella’s succession to the throne of Castile, she ruled jointly with her husband, Fernando of Aragon who succeeded his father as King Fernando II of Aragon in 1479,
Their marriage united both crowns and set the stage for the creation of the Kingdom of Spain, at the dawn of the modern era. That union, however, was a union in title only, as each region retained its own political and judicial structure. Pursuant to an agreement signed by Isabella and Fernando on January 15, 1474, Isabella held more authority over the newly unified Spain than her husband, although their rule was shared. Together, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon were known as the “Catholic Monarchs” (Spanish: los Reyes Católicos), a title bestowed on them by Pope Alexander VI.
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AKA Fernando de Aragón
Born: 10-Mar-1452
Birthplace: Sos, Aragon
Died: 23-Jan-1516
Location of death: Madrigalejo, Spain
Cause of death: unspecified
Gender: Male
Religion: Roman Catholic
Race or Ethnicity: Hispanic
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Royalty
Nationality: Spain
Executive summary: King of Spain, bankrolled Columbus
Ferdinand V of Castile and Leon, also called Ferdinand II of Aragon, was the son of John I of Aragon by his second marriage with Joanna Henriquez, of the family of the hereditary grand admirals of Castile, and was born at Sos in Aragon on the 10th or 16th of March 1452. Under the name of "the Catholic" and as the husband of Isabella, Queen of Castile, he played a great part in Europe. His share in establishing the royal authority in all parts of Spain, in expelling the Moors from Granada, in the conquest of Navarre, in forwarding the voyages of Christopher Columbus, and in contending with France for the supremacy in Italy, is of primary importance in Spanish history. In personal character he had none of the attractive qualities of his wife. It may fairly be said of him that he was purely a politician. His marriage in 1469 to his cousin Isabella of Castile was dictated by the desire to unite his own claims to the crown, as the head of the younger branch of the same family, with hers, in case Henry IV should die childless. When the king died in 1474 he made an ungenerous attempt to procure his own proclamation as king without recognition of the rights of his wife. Isabella asserted her claims firmly, and at all times insisted on a voice in the government of Castile. But though Ferdinand had sought a selfish political advantage at his wife's expense, he was well aware of her ability and high character. Their married life was dignified and harmonious; for Ferdinand had no common vices, and their views in government were identical. The king cared for nothing but dominion and political power. His character explains the most ungracious acts of his life, such as his breach of his promises to Columbus, his distrust of Ximenez and of the Great Captain. He had given wide privileges to Columbus on the supposition that the discoverer would reach powerful kingdoms. When islands inhabited by feeble savages were discovered, Ferdinand appreciated the risk that they might become the seat of a power too strong to be controlled, and took measures to avert the danger. He feared that Ximinez and the Great Captain would become too independent, and watched them in the interest of the royal authority. Whether he ever boasted, as he is said to have boasted, that he had deceived Louis XII of France twelve times, is very doubtful; but it is certain that when Ferdinand made a treaty, or came to an understanding with any one, the contract was generally found to contain implied meanings favorable to himself which the other contracting party had not expected. The worst of his character was prominently shown after the death of Isabella in 1504. He endeavored to lay hands on the regency of Castile in the name of his insane daughter Joanna, and without regard to the claims of her husband Philip of Habsburg. The hostility of the Castilian nobles, by whom he was disliked, baffled him for a time, but on Philip's early death he reasserted his authority. His second marriage with Germaine of Foix in 1505 was apparently contracted in the hope that by securing an heir male he might punish his Habsburg son-in-law. Aragon did not recognize the right of women to reign, and would have been detached together with Catalonia, Valencia and the Italian states if he had had a son. This was the only occasion on which Ferdinand allowed passion to obscure his political sense, and lead him into acts which tended to undo his work of national unification. As King of Aragon he abstained from inroads on the liberties of his subjects which might have provoked rebellion. A few acts of illegal violence are recorded of him -- as when he invited a notorious demagogue of Saragossa to visit him in the palace, and caused the man to be executed without form of trial. Once when presiding over the Aragonese cortes he found himself sitting in a thorough draught and ordered the window to be shut, adding in a lower voice, "If it is not against the fueros." But his ill-will did not go beyond such sneers. He was too intent on building up a great state to complicate his difficulties by internal troubles. His arrangement of the convention of Guadalupe, which ended the fierce Agrarian conflicts of Catalonia, was wise and profitable to the country, though it was probably dictated mainly by a wish to weaken the landowners by taking away their feudal rights. Ferdinand died at Madrigalejo in Estremadura on the 23rd of January 1516.
Father: John II of Aragón
Mother: Juana Enríquez
Wife: Queen Isabella (Queen of Castile, m. Oct-1469, d. 26-Nov-1504)
Daughter: Isabella (b. 1470, by Isabella)
Son: John (b. 1478, by Isabella)
Daughter: Juana ("Joanna of Castile", by Isabella)
Daughter: Catherine of Aragon (Queen of England, by Isabella)
Daughter: María (by Isabella)
Son: Alfonso of Aragon
Wife: Germaine de Foix (m. 19-Oct-1505)
Spanish Monarch
Spanish Inquisition
Declared Holy War against Muslims in Granada (Jan-1482)
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https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Ferdinand-and-Isabella/274289
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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By their marriage in October 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiated a confederation of the two kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of…
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Britannica Kids
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https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Ferdinand-and-Isabella/274289
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By their marriage in October 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiated a confederation of the two kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain. By their support of the explorations of Christopher Columbus, they also laid the foundations for Spain’s colonies in the New World.
Ferdinand was born in Sos, Aragon, on March 10, 1452, the son of King John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez. In 1461 his father named him heir apparent and governor of his kingdoms. In 1468 he was also named king of Sicily.
Isabella was born in Madrigal, Castile, on April 22, 1451, the daughter of John II of Castile and Isabella of Portugal. The politically arranged marriage between Ferdinand and Isabella was intended to unite the two kingdoms. When Henry IV of Castile died in 1474, Isabella had herself proclaimed queen in Segovia with Ferdinand at her side as king consort. They won a war of succession against Afonso V of Portugal in 1479, the same year in which Ferdinand acceded to the throne of Aragon.
The two rulers immediately set out to reform the administration of Castile. They broke the power of the nobles and acquired all their lands. They banned all religions other than Roman Catholicism—a deed for which they earned the title Los Reyes Católicos (The Catholic Monarchs)—and obtained from the pope the right to appoint all high church dignitaries. In 1478 they established the Spanish Inquisition to enforce religious uniformity (see Inquisition). In 1492 the Inquisition was empowered to expel from the kingdom all Jews who refused to be baptized, a move to strengthen the Church and to gain its support for the crown. This move proved to be unwise, for it eventually deprived Spain of some of its most affluent, influential, and cultured citizens.
In 1482 Ferdinand began directing military campaigns against the kingdom of Granada, the last foothold of the Muslims in Spain. The Muslims were finally defeated on Jan. 2, 1492, and those who would not convert to Catholicism were expelled from Spain. The conquest of Granada left Ferdinand time to help plan and support the first voyage of Columbus across the Atlantic Ocean.
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