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28465
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yago
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https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/2021/10/21/october-21st-1911-marriage-of-archduke-charles-of-austria-este-and-princess-zita-of-bourbon-parma/
|
en
|
October 21st, 1911: Marriage of Archduke Charles of Austria-Este and Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma
|
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2021-10-21T00:00:00
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Archduke Charles of Austria-Este, the son of Archduke Otto of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, fifth child of King Georg of Saxony and Infanta Maria Anna of Portugal, herself the eldest surviving daughter of Queen Maria II of Portugal and her King Consort, Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Koháry. Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Koháry was the son Prince…
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en
|
European Royal History
|
https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/2021/10/21/october-21st-1911-marriage-of-archduke-charles-of-austria-este-and-princess-zita-of-bourbon-parma/
|
Archduke Charles of Austria-Este, the son of Archduke Otto of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, fifth child of King Georg of Saxony and Infanta Maria Anna of Portugal, herself the eldest surviving daughter of Queen Maria II of Portugal and her King Consort, Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Koháry.
Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Koháry was the son Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Princess Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág who founded the Catholic cadet branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, after their marriage.
Charles became heir presumptive of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary after his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in 1914. Franz Ferdinand’ assassination was the spark that set off World War I.
Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma, born as the seventeenth child of the dispossessed Roberto I, Duke of Parma, and his second wife, Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, herself the seventh and last child of King Miguel of Portugal and Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. The unusual name Zita was given to her after Zita, a popular Italian Saint who had lived in Tuscany in the 13th century.
In the close vicinity of Schwarzau castle was the Villa Wartholz, residence of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, Zita’s maternal aunt. Archduchess Maria Theresa was born as Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal and the second daughter of Miguel I of Portugal and Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. She was the stepmother of Archduke Otto, who died in 1906, and the step-grandmother of Archduke Charles of Austria-Este, at that time second-in-line to the Austrian throne. Archduchess Maria Theresa’s sister was Princess Zita’s mother, Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal.
Archduchess Maria Annunziata and Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria, were the two daughters of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria were Zita’s first cousins and Charles’ half-aunts. Charles and Zita had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his Dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandýs nad Labem, from where he visited his aunt at Františkovy Lázně.
It was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted.,Charles was under pressure to marry (Franz Ferdinand, his uncle and first-in-line, had married morganatically, and his children were excluded from the throne) and Zita had a suitably royal genealogy.
Zita later recalled:
We were of course glad to meet again and became close friends. On my side feelings developed gradually over the next two years. He seemed to have made his mind up much more quickly, however, and became even more keen when, in the autumn of 1910, rumours spread about that I had got engaged to a distant Spanish relative, Don Jaime, the Duke of Madrid. On hearing this, the Archduke came down post haste from his regiment at Brandýs and sought out his grandmother, Archduchess Maria Theresa, who was also my aunt and the natural confidante in such matters. He asked if the rumor was true and when told it was not, he replied, “Well, I had better hurry in any case or she will get engaged to someone else.”
Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore and asked for Zita’s hand and, on June 13, 1911, their engagement was announced at the Austrian court.: Zita in later years recalled that after her engagement she had expressed to Charles her worries about the fate of the Austrian Empire and the challenges of the monarchy.
Charles and Zita were married at the Schwarzau castle on October 21, 1911. Charles’s great-uncle, the 81-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph, attended the wedding. He was relieved to see an heir make a suitable marriage, and was in good spirits, even leading the toast at the wedding breakfast. Archduchess Zita soon conceived a son, and Archduke Otto, future Crown Prince of Austria, was born November 20, 1912. Seven more children followed in the next decade.
In 1916, Emperor Franz Joseph died and Charles became Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary (as Charles IV), King of Croatia, and King of Bohemia (as Charles III), and the last of the monarchs belonging to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine to rule over Austria-Hungary.
At the end of the Great War, on the day of the Armistice of November 11, 1918, Charles issued a carefully worded proclamation in which he recognized the Austrian people’s right to determine the form of the state and “relinquish[ed] every participation in the administration of the State.” He also released his officials from their oath of loyalty to him. On the same day, the Imperial Family left Schönbrunn Palace and moved to Castle Eckartsau, east of Vienna. On November 13, following a visit with Hungarian magnates, Charles issued a similar proclamation—the Eckartsau Proclamation—for Hungary.
Although it has widely been cited as an “abdication”, the word itself was never used in either proclamation. Indeed, he deliberately avoided using the word abdication in the hope that the people of either Austria or Hungary would vote to recall him.
Encouraged by Hungarian royalists (“legitimists”), Charles sought twice in 1921 to reclaim the throne of Hungary, but failed largely because Hungary’s regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy (the last commander of the Imperial and Royal Navy), refused to support Charles’s restoration.
After the second failed attempt at restoration in Hungary, Charles and his pregnant wife Zita were arrested and quarantined at Tihany Abbey. On 1 November 1921 they were taken to the Hungarian Danube harbour city of Baja, were taken on board the monitor HMS Glowworm, and there removed to the Black Sea where they were transferred to the light cruiser HMS Cardiff. On November 19, 1921 they arrived at their final exile, the Portuguese island of Madeira. Compared to the imperial glory in Vienna and even at Eckartsau, conditions there were certainly impoverished.
Charles did not leave Madeira. On March 9, 1922 he had caught a cold in town, which developed into bronchitis and subsequently progressed to severe pneumonia. Having suffered two heart attacks, he died of respiratory failure on April 1, in the presence of his wife (who was pregnant with their eighth child) and nine-year-old former Crown Prince Otto, remaining conscious almost until his last moments. His last words to his wife were “I love you so much.” He was 34 years old. .
After her husband’s death, Zita and her son Otto served as symbols of unity for the exiled dynasty. A devout Catholic, she raised a large family after being widowed at the age of 29, and never remarried.
Zita lived a long life. After a memorable 90th birthday, at which she was surrounded by her now vast family, Zita’s habitually robust health began to fail. She developed inoperable cataracts in both eyes. Her last big family gathering took place at Zizers, in 1987, when her children and grandchildren joined in celebrating Empress Zita’s 95th birthday.
While visiting her daughter, in summer 1988, she developed pneumonia and spent most of the autumn and winter bedridden. Finally, she called Archduke Otto, in early March 1989, and told him she was dying. He and the rest of the family travelled to her bedside and took turns keeping her company until she died in the early hours of March 14, 1989. She was 96 years old, and was the last surviving child of Roberto, Duke of Parma from both his marriages.
Her funeral was held in Vienna on April 1. The government allowed it to take place on Austrian soil providing that the cost was borne by the Habsburgs themselves. Zita’s body was carried to the Imperial Crypt under Capuchin Church in the same funeral coach she had walked behind during the funeral of Emperor Franz Joseph in 1916.
Her funeral was attended by over 200 members of the Habsburg and Bourbon-Parma families, and the service had 6,000 attendees including leading politicians, state officials and international representatives, including a representative of Pope John Paul II.
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28465
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https://europeanheraldry.org/italy/parma1/duchy-parma-bourbon/
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en
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European Heraldry :: Duchy of Parma (Bourbon)
|
https://europeanheraldry.org/files/6413/6882/5717/eh.ico
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https://europeanheraldry.org/files/6413/6882/5717/eh.ico
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© 2024 European Heraldry. All the illustrations are original, designed and researched by the author. All Rights Reserved. Login.
Contact Us : Send a Message | Web Design
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28465
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https://www.lettersfromthesaints.com/blog/holiness-in-leadership-and-marriage-bl-charles-of-austria
|
en
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Holiness in Leadership and Marriage: Bl. Charles of Austria
|
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2020-06-13T20:12:00
|
Bl. Charles of Austria shows us holiness in leadership and in marriage as he was the emperor of Austro-Hungary during World War I and happily married and the father of eight childr
|
en
|
Holiness in Leadership and Marriage: Bl. Charles of Austria
|
https://www.lettersfromthesaints.com/blog/holiness-in-leadership-and-marriage-bl-charles-of-austria
|
As you probably learned in school, the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo was an important event that led to the outbreak of the Great War, which is perhaps better known as World War I. The death of the archduke placed a certain Charles of Hapsburg as the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungary throne. Just two years later, when the Emperor Franz Joseph died, the twenty-nine-year-old Charles became Emperor of Austro-Hungary. Today, that certain Charles is now known as Blessed Charles of Austria.
Charles was born in 1887 to Archduke Otto and Princess Maria Josephine of Saxony. The marriage of the archduke and the princess was not necessarily a good match, but they were committed to raising their children and preparing them to be successors to the the throne.
Charles received a strong Catholic education which helped grow his devotion to the Holy Eucharist and the Sacred Heart of Jesus. His catechist was the Dominican Fr. Nobert Geggerle who described the young boy as, "a very modest child, as pious as he could be, who loved the truth and had a tender conscience ... He was never angry, self-willed, self-righteous or quarrelsom; he didn't hold a grudge." Although initially privately taught, he took his high school classes at a Benedictine school in Vienna.
When he was seventeen years of age, he entered the army. After a year of military training, he was made a lieutenant and was assigned to a cavalry regiment. Over the next several years, with the exception of four semesters spent studying law and political science in Prague, Charles served in the military. His assignments included being stationed in Bohemia, Galacia, and Vienna. By the age of twenty-seven, he had been promoted to colonel.
After the death of Archduke Ferdinand which made Charles the heir to the Austro-Hungary throne, the Emperor Francis Joseph had Charles visit the troops at the various command posts and become familiar with the military high command. He led several campaigns in Italy and Romania which, although showing a good grasp of strategy and daring, were only somewhat successful.
In 1911, he married Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma. They had met when Charles was stationed in Bohemia and had been introduced by Charles' aunt. Over the course of several months, they fell in love and began to build a relationship which would be strong enough to see them through good times and bad times. Zita was a wonderful match for her husband. They shared a great love of Christ and His Church and were firmly committed to living the Gospel in their roles as husband and wife, parents, and royalty.
During their marriage of ten years, they had eight children. As committed Catholics, they practiced marital fidelity, attended mass, obeyed the authority of the Church, especially in the pope, and had great devotion to the Eucharist and the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Then on November 21, 1916, Emperor Franz Joseph, who had ruled for sixty-nine years, died. Subsequently, Charles became the emperor of the Austro-Hungary empire and commander-in-chief of all the military forces of the empire. He immediately began efforts to use his authority to foment social reform and peace. As Archduke Ferdinand had been, Charles was opposed to the war. Charles had seen the horrors of modern warfare firsthand, and he was committed to bringing peace as soon as possible.
When Pope Benedict XV proposed a peace plan, Charles I was the only European leader to support it. Charles I also began secret peace talks with the French that broke down with disagreements regarding the recognition of certain territories in Italy.
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At the end of the war, Charles I proclaimed that the peoples of Austria and Hungary could determine what government they should have. He stopped short of abdication with the hope that the people might want the monarchy to be part of the new government. Eventually, the Austrian parliament exiled him and he relocated to Switzerland. With the loss of his throne, his income, and his country, he had been brought to a very low point indeed. Yet, both Charles and Zita continued to trust in God and in each other.
Eventually, he traveled with his family to Portugal where he died of pneumonia at the age of thirty-four. Shortly before his death, he prayed to commend his wife and all his children, including the one who would be born after his death, to the Lord. The last words he whispered to his wife were: "I love you endlessly."
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28465
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https://tertulia.com/book/zita-of-bourbon-parma-jesse-russell/9785510693485
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en
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Zita of Bourbon-Parma, by Jesse Russell
|
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2013-01-28T00:00:00
|
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese; 9 May 1892 - 14 March 1989) was the wife of Emperor Charles of Austria. As such, she was the last Empress of Austria, Queen of Hungary, and Queen of Bohemia.
|
en
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/favicon.ico
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Tertulia
|
https://tertulia.comundefined
|
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese; 9 May 1892 - 14 March 1989) was the wife of Emperor Charles of Austria. As such, she was the last Empress of Austria, Queen of Hungary, and Queen of Bohemia.
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28465
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3
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|
https://www.tatler.com/article/princess-charlotte-de-bourbon-parma-wedding
|
en
|
Princess Charlotte de Bourbon-Parma wears her mother's tiara for glamorous French wedding
|
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"weddings"
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"Rebecca Cope",
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"Clara Strunck",
"Condé Nast"
] |
2022-07-08T10:48:00.463000+01:00
|
The 28-year-old tied the knot with Guatemalan diplomat Javier Valladares Urruela at a beautiful church in Normandy a few weeks ago
|
en
|
https://www.tatler.com/verso/static/tatler-international/assets/favicon.ico
|
Tatler
|
https://www.tatler.com/article/princess-charlotte-de-bourbon-parma-wedding
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The great and the glamorous of French society were out in force last month, as Princess Charlotte de Bourbon-Parma tied the knot with her handsome diplomat beau, Javier Valladares Urruela. The blushing bride continued a royal tradition by donning a tiara for her nuptials, choosing one worn by her mother, Baroness Constance de Ravinel, on her own wedding day in 1991. The diamond headpiece is in the Meander style, also known as the Greek style, for its similarity to Grecian artworks.
The wedding took place on 25 June at Saint-Aubin church in the picturesque village of Tourouvre au Perche in Normandy, with the bride choosing a princess-style white gown with puff-sleeves, full skirt and sweetheart-neckline. As well as her tiara, she also wore delicate pearl earrings, keeping her beauty look classic and simple, with an elegant low bun and natural make-up. The civil ceremony took place in the town hall of the same village a week earlier, with the bride wearing a chic floral Zimmermann mini-dress in yellow, accessorising with a matching hat.
Princess Charlotte is the daughter of Prince Charles-Emmanuel of Bourbon-Parma, whose father, Prince Michael, was a famous racing car driver in his day. She is related to the royal households of Denmark and Romania on her father's side, while her mother's family are French nobility dating back to the 15th century. She is one of four children, with two sisters, Princesses Elisabeth and Zita. Her brother, Prince Amaury of Bourbon-Parma, recently made headlines after running for political office. In 2011, she made her debut alongside fellow European aristocracy at the Bal des Debutantes in Paris, wearing Versace.
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https://www.portraitsofsaints.com/products/zita-of-bourbon-parma-framed
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Zita of Bourbon-Parma Framed
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Servant of God Zita of Bourbon-Parma Zita of Austria 1892-1989 Feast Day: October 21 This fine art print is professionally framed with a quality hardwood frame under non-glare acrylic. Choose from a walnut colored stain (dark wood) or speckled maple colored stain (light wood). Our frames are handcrafted from start to f
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Portraits of Saints
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https://www.portraitsofsaints.com/products/zita-of-bourbon-parma-framed
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5494-L1
$69.00
Size
Size
10 x 12 Light Wood Frame
13 x 16 Light Wood Frame
10 X 12 Dark Wood Frame
13 x 16 Dark Wood Frame
Servant of God Zita of Bourbon-Parma
Zita of Austria
1892-1989
Feast Day: October 21
This fine art print is professionally framed with a quality hardwood frame under non-glare acrylic. Choose from a walnut colored stain (dark wood) or speckled maple colored stain (light wood). Our frames are handcrafted from start to finish in the USA. Wall mount. A beautiful addition to any home.
This Item SHIPS FREE anywhere in the USA
Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma was the wife of Emperor Karl I of Austria, the last reigning monarch of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. As such, she was the last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, in addition to other titles. She married Karl in 1911 and they had 8 children before his early death in 1922 of respiratory failure. Zita and Karl had a beautiful loving Catholic marriage and were inseparable during their lifetime. She never remarried and wore black in mourning for her remaining 67 years. In keeping with their devotion to each other and their faith in the Holy Mother of God, the hearts of Karl and his Zita are interred in the Marian chapel to Our Lady of Loreto in Muri Abbey, Switzerland.
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© 2024 Portraits of Saints. The copyrights to the images on this website belong to Tracy L. Christianson. They may not be reproduced, modified, distributed or publicly displayed without the express permission of the artist. Designed by Out of the Sandbox. Ecommerce Software by Shopify
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https://habsburgottoalapitvany.hu/en/the-last-grand-wedding-in-the-habsburg-empire-the-wedding-of-zita-and-charles/
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en
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The last grand wedding in the Habsburg Empire – The wedding of Zita and Charles
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2022-10-21T08:58:44+00:00
|
This year marked the 100th anniversary of the death of the last Austrian Emperor and King of Hungary, Charles von Habsburg, whom Pope John Paul II beatified in 2004. The liturgical day commemorating the saintly king was 21 October, coinciding with the anniversary of his marriage. With this decision, the Roman Catholic Church wished to
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en
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Otto von Habsburg Foundation -
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https://habsburgottoalapitvany.hu/en/the-last-grand-wedding-in-the-habsburg-empire-the-wedding-of-zita-and-charles/
|
This year marked the 100th anniversary of the death of the last Austrian Emperor and King of Hungary, Charles von Habsburg, whom Pope John Paul II beatified in 2004. The liturgical day commemorating the saintly king was 21 October, coinciding with the anniversary of his marriage. With this decision, the Roman Catholic Church wished to draw attention to his exemplary married life and one of the possible paths to sainthood.[1]
Zita was born as a princess of the Bourbon-Parma family, and Charles of Habsburg-Lothringen was the grandson of Franz Joseph’s brother, Charles Louis. Austrian historian Erich Feigl described this important day of their lives as “the last grand wedding in Europe”.[2] We think it is essential to underline that it was a marriage of love, not a marriage dictated by politics. A journalist from the Budapest newspaper wrote this about the occasion: “this glorious, fairy-tale wedding is the happy ending of a romantic love story”.[3] With the use of the press of the time and published scientific literature, this article aims to be a brief, pictorial summary of the big day. There are plenty of pictures of the event for posterity, as numerous photographers and cinematographers attended the event.
They met as children in the Chateau of Schwarzau, owned by the Bourbon-Parma family, but the defining encounter occurred in 1909 at the famous spa of Franzensbad[4]. Two years later, on 13 June 1911, they became engaged in Zita’s birthplace, the Pianore Palace, in a small family circle.
The betrothal was reported in several Hungarian newspapers, and preparations began immediately after the engagement.[5] The couple signed a marriage contract, which the commissioners drafted for several weeks. During this time, the Duchess studied Hungarian and Czech at the Schwarzau Castle and toured Vienna, where she had her wedding dress made in a fashion salon on Kärtner Strasse. These were exhibited before the wedding so that the public could inspect them and the press could report the contents of the finished chemise in detail. Charles was at the Brandeis barracks but visited his bride several times and gifted her a necklace of twenty-two rows of pearls as a wedding present.[6]
To honour the occasion, the Parma family had the castle renovated to make it a fitting venue for the wedding. They renovated drawing rooms, replaced the benches in the chapel of the castle with chairs to provide more seating for guests, and even installed a special telephone to receive congratulations from those who were unable to attend the big day. Around the castle, houses in the villages were decorated with garlands and flags, a special post office was set up in the park to receive wedding gifts and telegrams, and chancel arches were placed on the road to the castle. [7]
A separate salon in the castle was used to keep the arriving wedding gifts. Archduchess Maria Josepha presented Princess Zita with a brilliant brooch, while Franz Ferdinand gave her a diamond ring set with rubies. Other gifts included a silver box, a porcelain coffee set, handicrafts, presents from various institutions and a Zita waltz composed by the court conductor. A memorable attraction was the bronze statue of Zita, which was transported by airship from the barracks in Vienna by the young aviation officers, who knew how interested Zita was in flying. Even more joyful was the photograph presented by the mayor of Franzensbad, which captured the square where the couple had walked so many times after the engagement and the locals christened Zita Square. Among the gifts, many point out the copy of Leonardo da Vinci’s portrait of Christ in Milan in an ornate frame, sent by Pope Pius X, for the original was placed in the Maria Delle Grazie chapel because Zita’s full name is Zita Maria Delle Grazie.
Some guests arrived several days before the wedding and stayed in the surrounding castles and villas. In attendance were King Frederick Augustus III of Saxon, Franz Ferdinand and his wife, members of the Habsburg, Parma, Bragança, Spanish Bourbon, Orléans, Liechtenstein, Saxe-Koburg, Wittelsbach, Württemberg families and descendants of several princely and count families. The Hungarian guests appeared at the event in Hungarian court dress, ‘díszmagyar’. On 20 October, the representative of Pope Pius X, Papal Major-Domo Gaetano Bisleti, arrived. In the afternoon of that day, the guests were entertained by a school choir of 800 people, followed by dinner and a soirée with the 67th Infantry Regiment’s orchestra. Afterwards, the villagers held a torch-light procession and fireworks, and the couple then concluded with a short carriage ride around the village. Charles also received his appointment as a Major that evening.
The wedding day’s events have been recorded in great detail for posterity. The colourful press reports recorded every detail. Kaiserwetter, in other words, bright sunshine, greeted the crowds of guests. The most eagerly awaited attendee at the wedding was the Emperor himself, Franz Joseph, of whom every surviving account has a special mention. The Emperor arrived by special court train and was greeted with a huge ovation, and the so-called ‘Emperor’s Gate’ was reopened after 30 years. [8] The small chapel of Schwarzau Castle was the venue for the nuptial ceremony. It is noted in several places that seventy gilded chairs awaited the participants, and a massive chair of honour for Franz Joseph was set up to the left of the altar.[9] The Pope’s representative, Papal Major General Gaetano Bisleti, celebrated the ceremony in French. According to reports, the bride’s dress was made of heavy satin (Duchesse) material with a three-metre-long fin, on which were sewn silver embroidered Bourbon lilies and orange blossoms surrounded by myrtle garlands. Zita’s four sisters held the long tail during the procession to the chapel. The waist part of the dress was made of the same lace worn by her grandmother, the Queen of Portugal, at her wedding, and a bouquet of myrtles was placed at the bust. Princess Zita’s hairstyle was simple, yet made glamorous by wearing a myrtle wreath with a lace Brussels veil that reached down to the fin. The headpiece was adorned with the diamond tiara that Franz Joseph had given Zita. [10] The groom wore his dragoon captain’s uniform, and on his chest hung the Order of the Golden Fleece, along with the military medal and the order of the King of Saxony. The couple’s wedding ring bore, next to their names, a line from the deeply religious Charles’ favourite prayer: ‘Sub tuum praesidium confugimus, sancta Dei Genitrix’.[11]
The ceremony ended with the blessing of Pope Pius X: “In the many bitter hours of life, which will surely not spare you, may your faith in God be your support and may happy family life always be your refuge”.[12] The newlyweds then received their congratulations in the castle, followed by the wedding lunch, where Francis Joseph toasted them: “The wedding which has filled us all with joy and which we have gathered here today to celebrate is a great joy and great satisfaction. Archduke Charles has chosen Princess Zita of Parma as his life partner. I salute him and his heart for this choice, and I welcome Archduchess Zita with inward joy as a member of the family of my house […]”. [13]
The meal is always a crucial part of a wedding ceremony. At the reception, delicacies such as venison dishes, roast lamb and turkey were served on golden platters. The menu was: ‘Creamy lettuce salad, wild rabbit puree St Hubert’s style, renaissance roast lamb, Parisian-style langoustine, roast turkey, seasonal salad, asparagus with butter, pineapple and strawberry ice cream, cheese, fruits, dessert.’ [14] The banquet preceding the wedding was plated in silverware. The preserved menu card was written in French, as was the longstanding custom of the courts. The ten-course meal included poultry (chicken, pheasant), veal loin, salmon, trout, artichokes, cheesecakes and fruits, served with a variety of delicious sauces. [15] Immediately after the dinner, the newlyweds sent a telegram to the Pope, thanking him for his blessing and wedding gift.[16] Shortly after Francis Joseph’s departure, they took a car and travelled to Wartholz Castle in Reichenau, where they spent a few days on their honeymoon.
It is reported that after the event, a limited number of commemorative coins were minted on the orders of Franz Joseph and distributed among the top aristocracy. On one side of the coin, the newlyweds were depicted with the inscription ‘Carolus Franciscus Josephus Archidux Austriae and Zita Bourbonica Ducissa Parmensis’. The two coats of arms were on the other side, with the inscription “In Memoriam Felicissimi Matroninii. Biac 21. Octobris 1911.”[17]
Charles and Zita’s marriage could only have lasted eleven years because the former monarch died on the island of Madeira at the age of 34. The couple had eight children. Their exemplary marriage and devotion to each other endured through difficult times and exile until Charles’ death. For half a century afterwards, Zita, dressed in mourning, raised their children and kept her husband’s memory alive.
Eszter Gaálné Barcs,
Beáta Vitos-Merza
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Prince Philip’s Cousin Was a Paratrooper Who Helped Liberate France From the Nazis
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"Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma",
"Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma world war ii",
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2018-08-20T16:37:40.552615-04:00
|
Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma, a relative of Prince Philip, has died at age 92. We're taking a look back at his fascinating life and military career here.
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en
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/_assets/design-tokens/townandcountrymag/static/images/favicon.80ace0d.ico
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Town & Country
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https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a22774567/prince-michel-bourbon-parma-died/
|
Royal relative Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma died on July 7, 2018 at the age of 92. Michel, the son of Princess Margaret of Denmark and Prince René of Bourbon-Parma, is perhaps best remembered for his heroic efforts fighting for the Allied forces during World War II.
Prince Michel was born in Paris, but moved to New York with his family in 1940 ahead of the Nazi occupation of France. He enrolled in a Jesuit boarding school but was expelled for disobedience and soon decided to join the war effort, according to the Palm Beach Daily News. "My parents tried to talk me out of it," Michel told the news outlet in an interview. "But I wanted to get Hitler out of France."
At the age of 17, Prince Michel shipped off to officer candidate school in Fort Benning, Georgia, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant, the Washington Post reports. He was recruited by the Office of Strategic Services, a World War II-era precursor to the CIA, by William Casey, who later became the director of the CIA. The army was impressed with Michel's background and his language skills: the Prince spoke French, English, and Danish. "They said we need people like that," Bourbon-Parme once told the Palm Beach Daily News. Soon, Michel completed special training for covert operations, and was sent to England to join Operation Jedburgh.
Operation Jedburgh combined special forces from the United States and United Kingdom with an expertise in parachuting, and Michel's group was known for parachuting behind Nazi lines in France, according to the Washington Post. The members of the group became known as "the Jeds," and their missions were extremely dangerous: the Prince once told the Palm Beach Daily News that 80 percent of the Jeds "just disappeared."
Days after the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944, Prince Michel was part of a three-man sabotage team tasked with preventing 23,000 German troops from getting to Normandy, the Washington Post notes. Michel and his group, which included Sir Thomas Macpherson and Sgt. O. Arthur Brown, were able to do so by placing bombs on roads and bridges. The team also drove to the German front-line headquarters and helped convince German Major General Botho Henning Elster to surrender and hand over 19,500 troops to U.S. Major General Robert C. Macon.
Michel's wartime heroism doesn't end there. As the war in the Pacific continued, French authorities sent the Prince and five others into French Indochina in the summer of 1945. The group was instantly captured by Viet Minh fighters after they parachuted in, and they were imprisoned until June 1946. After several escape attempts and living on just a bowl of rice per day, Prince Michel and his group were freed after the French government reached a temporary cease-fire.
At the age of 20, Michel returned to civilian life.
Michel received a number of military honors for his service. He was given the Legion of Honour in France, the highest order of merit for the military, in addition to the Croix de Guerre. He was also awarded with the British Military Cross, according to the Washington Post. In 2010, Michel wrote a memoir about his time in the war, Un Prince Dans la Tourmente, which translates to A Prince in the Storm.
After his life in the military, Michel married twice and had five children. He and his first wife, Princess Yolande de Broglie-Revel, wed in 1951 and divorced in 1999. In 2003, he married his second wife, Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, who is a daughter of King Umberto II of Italy. The couple split their time between Palm Beach, Florida, and France. Michel was also a race car driver and businessman throughout his life.
Prince Michel with his son, Prince Charles-Emmanuel, and grandson, Prince Amaury, in 2004.
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https://www.tumblr.com/heavyarethecrowns/153132867374/zita-of-bourbon-parma-wife-of-emperor-charles-of
|
en
|
Parma, wife of Emperor Charles of Austria, Empress of Austria, Queen of Hungary, and Queen of Bohemia 1892
|
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] |
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""
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2016-11-13T17:48:58+00:00
|
Zita of Bourbon-Parma, wife of Emperor Charles of Austria, Empress of Austria, Queen of Hungary, and Queen of Bohemia 1892-1989
|
en
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https://assets.tumblr.com/pop/manifest/favicon-0e3d244a.ico
|
Tumblr
|
https://www.tumblr.com/heavyarethecrowns/153132867374/zita-of-bourbon-parma-wife-of-emperor-charles-of
|
Zita of Bourbon-Parma, wife of Emperor Charles of Austria, Empress of Austria, Queen of Hungary, and Queen of Bohemia 1892-1989
|
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https://www.newmyroyals.com/2021/04/princess-camilla-of-bourbon-celebrates.html
|
en
|
Princess Camilla of Bourbon celebrates her 50th birthday today
|
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""
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[
"Helen"
] |
2021-04-05T15:39:00+01:00
|
Princess Camilla and Prince Charles of Bourbon got married at Monaco Cathedral. The couple has two daughters Princess Maria Carolinaand Princess Maria
|
https://www.newmyroyals.com/favicon.ico
|
Newmyroyals & Hollywood Fashion
|
https://www.newmyroyals.com/2021/04/princess-camilla-of-bourbon-celebrates.html
|
Princess Camilla of Bourbon turned 50 today. H.R.H. Princess Camilla of Bourbon Two Sicilies, Duchess of Castro, (Camilla Crociani) was born in Rome on 5 April 1971. Princess Camilla and Prince Charles of Bourbon got married at Monaco Cathedral on October 31, 1998. They live between Monaco, Paris and Rome, with their two daughters Princess Maria Carolina and Princess Maria Chiara. The Two Sicilies Royal House is an ancient dynasty in Europe which ruled Southern Italy from 1734–1861.
Princess Camilla is involved within many associations, and helping whomever is in need especially in the South of Italy, in France and everywhere help is required worldwide. On 3 March 2016, the Princess received the prestigious Humanitarian Award from the UN Women for Peace Association, awarded to her for "her intense social activity on behalf of disadvantaged children."
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https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/105200328
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en
|
ROYAL IMBECILES.
|
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page10486596-t
|
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page10486596-t
|
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A marriage has been planned between the young Archduke Charles Francis Joseph of Austria and the Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma, the possible results ...
|
en
|
Trove
|
https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/105200328
|
A marriage has been planned between
the young Archduke Charles Francis
Joseph of Austria and the Princess Zita
of Bourbon-Parma, the possible results
of which are terrible to contemplate.
The young Archduke is the son of the
half insane madcap Archduke Otto, who
died five years ago. He in turn was the
sou of the old Emperor Francis Joseph's
brother, Archduke Charles Louis, who
was declared "mentally irresponsible"
by the Vienna courts.
The Princess Zita is the twelfth of the
20 children of the late Dnke Robert of
Bourbon-Parma, 16 of whom are imbe-
cile.
The contemplated marriage is of great
public importance because the bride
groom, Archduke Charles, is .the prospec-
tive heir to the throne of Austria
Hungary. His uncle, actual heir.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand, has made
a morganatic marriage, the children of
which cannot inherit the throne. And
so, after him, the succession passes to
his nephew, to the young Archduke
Charles.
The Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma
belongs to a branch of the Spanish Bour
bon dynasty thai intermarried with, the
Haps bergs, the Imperial family .of Aus
tria,. in the eighteenth centafy, and ac
quired the Italian, doehy of Parma. The
Bourbon-Parmas were, tamed out of their
Italian possessions by the United Italy
movement, and oow make their home in
Austria
It seems thai the unhappy Bourbon
Parmas have united in the present gene
ration all the" notorious "mental defect®
of the ancient Hapshnrg and Bourbon
families, from whom they are descended
through centaries of intermarriage. Ac
cording to ~ all the teachings of medical
science Oie union of two ■persons closely
related for many, generations, and hav
ing in their immediate and remote an
cestry many cases of immrri*y,is very
likely to result in insane or" mentally
defective offspring. 4'
It had been, planned .to celebrate the
marriage early in October, and .fee sceoe
of tfee ceremony—of all places—is to be
Sehwarzan, the castle.. oftheJEkrarbon
Pamias, in Atistria. * 1..
Never in the world, probably, has there
been a more pitiful, yet ludicron^, tra
[ gedy than the iuUaiui ofSehwazraa pre
sents. . It. is an rarpretentioup . though
very extensive country bouse, some t^O
hours by rail from -"Vienna, tbi 'Residence
for the last 15 years or more of the .ducal
family of Bran. Foot years - ago^ flic
last sane Duke of Parma, Eoberi bjr
name, died , there. •'■• j
At this" bead of the nnbasppy pwioteakm
of IS "imbecile royal princes comes Henry,
head of the family, designated in offioiaT
language. as "His Boyal Highness fee
I>ake of Parma." ' Henry is 38 years of
age, and developed insanity so' eaiiy .in
'life that none of trig relatives, empertAS,
kings, and archdukes. invested him wtfli
a military tfiie, or evan ..a royal decora
tkra. He "is the ddest of; the eight chil
dren borne by the Dnfee*S first wife, Prin
cess Maria Pin of Boarbon-Sieily, a
cousin.
After Henry the taint of Tiimmnji made
victims of the six next children of the
royal couple, five grris and a bo^. ®ien
it allowed ti»e birth of a child perfect
in mind and body, the present Prince
Helie of Parma, who married the Arch
duchess Aetna Maria of Austria. The
union was a happy one. Prince Helie
is captain of the 6th Dragoons of the
Austrian Army. They have four chil
dren, Princes Carl and Bobert and Prin
cesses Elizabeth, and Msria,/he£ljthy boys
and gilis.
With Prince He3ie terminated the
Duchess Pia's career as a moflaer. She
died in 1832, happy to have blessed 'her
hiisband with one perfect" child. Bxrt
the curse of 'insanity . appeared again
when Bobert took his second wife, the
present" Dowager Daehess of Parma, An
tonia, the youngest of the ax famous
Bragaaza princesses, and stmt to HBgcel
Bragama.
The first daughter she "bore to her cou
sin and husband, the Princess Adelaide,
was insane at her birth. At the age of
20 she enjoyed' a short period of sanity,
and realising .the. tenilile affliction her
brothers ana. sisters were suffering "from
she entered holy ozders.
Two boys, Sixtas and Xavier, and a
daughter, Fraocisfca, who, in" the cata
logue of Duke Robert's offspring, bear
the numbers nine, ten, and eleven, were
likewise born insane. . Then occurred a
second happy, interval of sanity. t)n
May 9, 1892, Princess Zita. saw.the
at the .royal yilla ofJPiaoore, Italy. Zita
proved, as healthy in Tnindand body as
her step-brother Helie. She is a fine
girl -physically.
- There were seven ■ ehflctren after Zita,
three girls and four boys. . None of thetn,
it is asserted, ever enjoyed a moment's
perfect sanity.
The fact that of nine princes of the
house of Parma .only one holds a mili
tary commission, ajid 'that ■■ of the 11
princesses not one has been honored by
the customary decorations by their royal
relatives, shows the deplorable --cobdltion
into whieh the family has .tank in the
estimation of the other royal families.
Bat these poor princes and princesses
have helped themselves to titles. Duke
Henry numm*.*! the dignity of
"Grand Prince of the Storks," and his
oldest sister, Princess Louise, calls her
self "Empress Hieodora."
Priaoess Maria Izranacolata mmpwa
herself. to be Qoeeo Marie Antoinette,
and is, not happy mrisss allowed to bug
acabtrage which she thinks is her own
bead cut off by her subjects. On the
cabbage she lavishes all the affection she
is capable of feeling, coddling and deco
rating it, and talking for hours to it.
Everyone of the crazed princes and prin
cesses has some special foible or abnor
mality
It would be impossible to chronicle all
the madmen of the Hapsbnrg and Bour
bon families. Among the distant ances
try of this couple are Pedro the Cruel of
Spain: King Pedro I. of Portugal, who
resurrected his murdered wife, Inez de
Castro, and sat her beside hi™ cm the
throne; mad Queen Joanna; and a score
of others.
The family marks of degeneracy are
to be traced in the peculiar facial for
mation of King Alfonso of Spain, and in
the defect of throat and ears which has
caused his second son. Prince Jaime, to
grow up speechless.
Knxope braids nearly 7000 new locomo
tives yearly.
OonstehSee in Jboodon reoewe £5 a year
as a ofcrtSuag aflcwrartce.
Prom 25 to 47 gallons of water etre. used
by a fast train every mDe. i
P&ris has doable <ijie rmznber of firemen j
and 50 more engines LaiaJon. i
Wood -yieids one-&Mutii of Qje i»at <3t i
coaL; charcoal about the aazse heat as
COOL
St. Waal's <kctti«teal is insuzed irrCUO djt
fereni oiSces. The amount is about
i=^te>~O00.
|
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| 3
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria
|
en
|
Charles I of Austria
|
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[
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2002-05-07T04:25:14+00:00
|
en
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria
|
Last Habsburg Emperor from 1916 to 1918
"Karl I" redirects here. For other uses, see Charles I (disambiguation).
Charles I (German: Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria, Hungarian: Károly Ferenc József Lajos Hubert György Ottó Mária; 17 August 1887 – 1 April 1922) was Emperor of Austria (German: Karl I), King of Hungary and King of Croatia (as Charles IV, Hungarian: IV. Károly, Croatian: Karlo IV.),[1] King of Bohemia (as Charles III, Czech: Karel III.), and the last of the monarchs belonging to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine to rule over Austria-Hungary. The son of Archduke Otto of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, Charles became heir presumptive of Emperor Franz Joseph when his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in 1914. In 1911, he married Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma. He is venerated in the Catholic Church, was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 3 October 2004, and is known to the Catholic Church as Blessed Karl of Austria.[2]
Charles succeeded to the thrones in November 1916 following the death of his grand-uncle, Franz Joseph. He began secret negotiations with the Allies, hoping to peacefully end the First World War, but was unsuccessful. Despite Charles's efforts to preserve the empire by returning it to federalism and by championing Austro-Slavism, Austria-Hungary hurtled into disintegration: Czechoslovakia and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs were proclaimed, and Hungary broke monarchic ties to Austria by the end of October 1918. Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918, Charles "renounced any participation" in government affairs, but did not abdicate. However, the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed the following day, and in April 1919 the National Assembly formally dethroned the Habsburgs and banished Charles from German-Austria for life.
Charles spent the early part of his exile in Switzerland. He spent the remaining years of his life attempting to restore the monarchy. He made two attempts to reclaim the Hungarian throne in 1921; but failed due to the opposition of Hungary's Calvinist regent Admiral Miklós Horthy. Charles was exiled for a second time to the Portuguese island of Madeira, where he soon fell ill and died of respiratory failure in 1922.
Early life
[edit]
Charles was born on 17 August 1887, in the Castle of Persenbeug, in Lower Austria. His parents were Archduke Otto Franz of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony.[3] At the time, his grand-uncle Franz Joseph reigned as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. Upon the death of Crown Prince Rudolph in 1889, the Emperor's brother, Archduke Karl Ludwig, Charles' grandfather, was next in line to the Austro-Hungarian throne. However, his death in 1896 from typhoid made his eldest son, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the new heir presumptive.
Archduke Charles was raised a devout Catholic. He spent his early years wherever his father's regiment happened to be stationed; later on, he lived in Vienna and Reichenau an der Rax. He was privately educated, but, contrary to the custom ruling in the imperial family, he attended a public gymnasium (the Schottengymnasium) for the sake of demonstrations in scientific subjects. On the conclusion of his studies at the gymnasium, he entered the army, spending the years from 1906 to 1908 as an officer chiefly in Prague, where he studied Law and Political Science concurrently with his military duties.[4]
In 1907, he was declared of age, and Prince Zdenko von Lobkowitz was appointed as his chamberlain. During the next few years, he carried out his military duties in various Bohemian garrison towns. Charles's relations with his grand-uncle were not intimate, and those with his uncle Franz Ferdinand were not cordial, with the differences between their wives increasing the existing tension between them. For these reasons, Charles, up to the time of the assassination of his uncle in 1914, obtained no insight into affairs of state, but led the life of a prince not destined for a high political position.[4]
Marriage
[edit]
In 1911, Charles married Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma. They had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandýs nad Labem in Bohemia, from where he visited his aunt at Franzensbad.[5]: 5
It was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted.[5]: 5 Due to Franz Ferdinand's morganatic marriage in 1900, his children were excluded from the succession. As a result, the Emperor pressured Charles to marry. Zita not only shared Charles's devout Catholicism, but also an impeccable royal lineage.[6]: 16 Zita later recalled:
We were of course glad to meet again and became close friends. On my side feelings developed gradually over the next two years. He seemed to have made his mind up much more quickly, however, and became even more keen when, in the autumn of 1910, rumours spread about that I had got engaged to a distant Spanish relative, Jaime, Duke of Madrid. On hearing this, the Archduke came down post haste from his regiment at Brandeis and sought out his [step]grandmother, Archduchess Maria Theresa, who was also my aunt and the natural confidante in such matters. He asked if the rumor was true and when told it was not, he replied, "Well, I had better hurry in any case or she will get engaged to someone else."[5]: 8
Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore, the Italian winter residence of Zita's parents, and asked for her hand; on 13 June 1911, their engagement was announced at the Austrian court.[5]: 8 Charles and Zita were married at the Bourbon-Parma castle of Schwarzau in Austria on 21 October 1911. Charles's grand-uncle, the 81-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph, attended the wedding. He was relieved to see the second-in-line to the throne in a suitable marriage, and was in good spirits, even leading the toast at the wedding breakfast.[6]: 19 Archduchess Zita soon conceived a son, and Otto was born 20 November 1912. Seven more children followed in the next decade.
Heir presumptive
[edit]
Charles, whose father had died in 1906, became heir presumptive after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, his uncle, in Sarajevo in 1914, the event which precipitated World War I. The old Emperor took steps to initiate Charles in affairs of state, but the outbreak of World War I interfered with this political education. Charles spent the first phase of the war at headquarters at Teschen, but exercised no military influence.[4]
Charles then became a Feldmarschall (Field Marshal) in the Austro-Hungarian Army. In the spring of 1916, in connection with the offensive against Italy, he was entrusted with the command of the XX. Corps, whose affections he won by his affability and friendliness. The offensive, after a successful start, soon came to a standstill. Shortly afterwards, Charles went to the eastern front as commander of Army Group Archduke Karl operating against the Russians and Romanians.[4]
Reign
[edit]
Charles succeeded to the thrones on 21 November 1916 upon the death of his grand-uncle, Emperor Franz Joseph. On 2 December 1916, he assumed the title of Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army, succeeding Archduke Friedrich. His coronation as King of Hungary occurred on 30 December. In 1917, Charles secretly entered into peace negotiations with France. He employed his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, an officer in the Belgian Army, as intermediary. However, the Allies insisted on Austrian recognition of Italian claims to territory and Charles refused, so no progress was made.[7] Foreign minister Graf Czernin was only interested in negotiating a general peace which would include Germany; Charles himself went much further in suggesting his willingness to make a separate peace. When news of the overture leaked in April 1918, Charles denied involvement until French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau published letters signed by him. This led to Czernin's resignation, forcing Austria-Hungary to give Berlin full control of its armed forces, factories, and railways.[8][9]
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was wracked by inner turmoil in the final years of the war, with escalating tension between ethnic groups. As part of his Fourteen Points, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson demanded that the Empire allow for autonomy and self-determination of its peoples. In response, Charles agreed to reconvene the Imperial Parliament and allow for the creation of a confederation with each national group exercising self-governance. However, the ethnic groups fought for full autonomy as separate nations, as they were now determined to become independent from Vienna at the earliest possible moment.[citation needed]
The new foreign minister Baron Istvan Burián asked for an armistice on 14 October based on the Fourteen Points, and two days later Charles issued a proclamation that radically changed the nature of the Austrian state. The Poles were granted full independence with the purpose of joining their ethnic brethren in Russia and Germany in what was to become the Second Polish Republic. The rest of the Austrian lands were transformed into a federal union composed of four parts: German, Czech, South Slav, and Ukrainian. Each of the four parts was to be governed by a federal council, and Trieste was to have a special status. However, U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing replied four days later that the Allies were committed to the political independence of the Czechs, Slovaks and South Slavs, and that autonomy inside the Empire was no longer enough. In fact, a Czechoslovak provisional government had joined the Allies on 14 October, and the South Slav national council declared an independent South Slav state on 29 October 1918.[citation needed]
Trialism and Croatia
[edit]
From the beginning of his reign, Charles I favored the creation of a third, Croatian, political entity in the Empire, in addition to Austria and Hungary. In his Croatian coronation oath in 1916, he recognized the union of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia with Rijeka[10] and during his short reign supported trialist suggestions from the Croatian Sabor and Ban; however, the suggestions were always vetoed by the Hungarian Parliament, which did not want to share power with other nations. After Emperor Charles's manifesto of 14 October 1918 was rejected by the declaration of the National Council in Zagreb,[11] President of the Croatian pro-monarchy political party Pure Party of Rights Dr. Aleksandar Horvat [hr] with Ivo Frank and other parliament members and generals went to visit the emperor on 21 October 1918 in Bad Ischl,[12][13] where the emperor agreed and signed the trialist manifesto under the proposed terms set by the delegation, on the condition that the Hungarian part does the same since he swore an oath on the integrity of the Hungarian crown.[14][15][16] The delegation went the next day to Budapest where it presented the manifesto to Hungarian officials and Council of Ministers who signed the manifesto and released the king from his oath, creating a third Croatian political entity (Zvonimir's kingdom).[15][17][18][19] After the signing, two parades were held in Zagreb, one for the ending of the K.u.K. monarchy, which was held in front of the Croatian National Theater, and another one for saving the trialist monarchy.[17] The last vote for the support of the trialist reorganization of the empire was, however, too late. On 29 October 1918, the Croatian Sabor (parliament) ended the union and all ties with Hungary and Austria, proclaimed the unification of all Croatian lands and entered the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.[20] The curiosity is that no act of Sabor dethroned King Charles IV, nor did it acknowledge the entering in a state union with Serbia, which is today mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of Croatia.[21]
The Lansing note effectively ended any efforts to keep the Empire together. One by one, the nationalities proclaimed their independence; even before the note the national councils had been acting more like provisional governments. Charles's political future became uncertain. On 31 October, Hungary officially ended the personal union between Austria and Hungary. Nothing remained of Charles's realm except the predominantly German-speaking Danubian and Alpine provinces, and he was challenged even there by the German Austrian State Council. His last Austrian prime minister, Heinrich Lammasch, advised him that he was in an impossible situation, and his best course was to temporarily give up his right to exercise sovereign power.[citation needed]
Proclamations of November 1918
[edit]
On the day of the Armistice of 11 November 1918, Charles issued a carefully worded proclamation in which he recognized the Austrian people's right to determine the form of the state and "relinquish[ed] every participation in the administration of the State."[22] He also released his officials from their oath of loyalty to him. On the same day, the Imperial Family left Schönbrunn Palace and moved to Schloss Eckartsau [de], east of Vienna. On 13 November, following a visit with Hungarian magnates, Charles issued a similar proclamation—the Eckartsau Proclamation—for Hungary.
Although it has widely been cited as an "abdication", the word itself was never used in either proclamation.[23] Indeed, he deliberately avoided using the word abdication in the hope that the people of either Austria or Hungary would vote to recall him. Privately, Charles left no doubt that he believed himself to be the rightful emperor. He wrote to Friedrich Gustav Cardinal Piffl, the Archbishop of Vienna:
I did not abdicate, and never will [...] I see my manifesto of 11 November as the equivalent to a cheque which a street thug has forced me to issue at gunpoint [...] I do not feel bound by it in any way whatsoever."[24]
Instead, on 12 November, the day after he issued his proclamation, the independent Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed, followed by the proclamation of the First Hungarian Republic on 16 November. An uneasy truce-like situation ensued and persisted until 23 to 24 March 1919, when Charles left for Switzerland, escorted by the commander of the small British guard detachment at Eckartsau, Lieutenant Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt.
As the imperial train left Austria on 24 March, Charles issued another proclamation in which he confirmed his claim of sovereignty, declaring that:
[W]hatever the national assembly of German Austria has resolved with respect to these matters since 11 November is null and void for me and my House.[25]
The newly established republican government of Austria was not aware of this "Manifesto of Feldkirch" at this time—it had been dispatched only to King Alfonso XIII of Spain and to Pope Benedict XV through diplomatic channels—and politicians in power were irritated by the Emperor's departure without explicit abdication.
The Austrian Parliament responded on 3 April with the Habsburg Law, which dethroned and banished the Habsburgs. Charles was barred from ever returning to Austria. Other male Habsburgs could only return if they renounced all intentions of reclaiming the defunct throne and accepted the status of ordinary citizens. Another law passed on the same day abolished all nobility in Austria. In Switzerland, Charles and his family briefly took residence at Castle Wartegg near Rorschach at Lake Constance, and later moved to Château de Prangins at Lake Geneva on 20 May.
Attempts to reclaim throne of Hungary
[edit]
Following the restoration of the Kingdom of Hungary, encouraged by Hungarian royalists ("legitimists"), Charles sought twice in 1921 to reclaim the throne of Hungary, but failed largely because Hungary's regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy (the last commander of the Imperial and Royal Navy), refused to support Charles's restoration. Horthy's action was declared "treasonous" by royalists. Critics suggest that Horthy's actions were more firmly grounded in political reality than those of Charles and his supporters. Indeed, neighbouring countries had threatened to invade Hungary if Charles tried to regain the throne. Princess Zita however, claimed that Charles had come to a verbal agreement with the French prime minister and foreign minister Aristide Briand (who had supported Charles' peace efforts in 1917) regarding a Habsburg restoration in Hungary, which meant it would receive French recognition and military backing if successful.[26] In the event of the attempt failing, Briand would deny all involvement, which he indeed did during both attempts. Later in 1921, the Hungarian parliament formally nullified the Pragmatic Sanction, an act that effectively dethroned the Habsburgs in Hungary.
Exile in Madeira, Portugal, and death
[edit]
After the second failed attempt at restoration in Hungary, Charles and his pregnant wife Zita were arrested by the Hungarian authorities and imprisoned in Tihany Abbey. On 1 November 1921 they were transported down the Danube aboard the gunboat HMS Glowworm, across the Black Sea on the cruiser HMS Cardiff,[27][28] and on 19 November 1921 they arrived at their final exile, the isolated, heavily guarded Portuguese island of Madeira.[29]
The couple and their children, who joined them on 2 February 1922, lived first at Funchal at the Villa Vittoria, next to Reid's Hotel, and later moved to a modest residence in Quinta do Monte.[30]
Charles never left Madeira. On 9 March 1922 he caught a cold in town, which developed into bronchitis and progressed to severe pneumonia. Having suffered two heart attacks, he died of respiratory failure on 1 April, in the presence of his wife (who was pregnant with their eighth child) and nine-year-old former Crown Prince Otto, remaining conscious almost until his last moments. His last words to his wife were "I love you so much."[31] He was 34 years old. His remains except for his heart are still on the island, resting in state in a chapel devoted to the Emperor in the Portuguese Church of Our Lady of the Mount, in spite of several attempts to move them to the Habsburg Crypt in Vienna. His heart and the heart of his wife are entombed in Muri Abbey, Switzerland.
Legacy
[edit]
Historians have been mixed in their evaluations of Charles and his reign. In the interwar period, he was celebrated in Austria as a military hero. When Nazi Germany took over it made his memory into that of a traitor. For decades after 1945, both popular and academic interest practically disappeared, but attention has slowly returned.[32]
Helmut Rumpler, the head of the Habsburg commission of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, described Charles as "a dilettante, far too weak for the challenges facing him, out of his depth, and not really a politician."[33] Others have seen Charles as a brave and honourable figure who tried to stop the war in which his Empire was drowning. Anatole France, the French novelist, stated:
This war without end is criminal. What is abominable is that they do not want to end it. No, they do not want. Do not try to tell me that there was no way to end it. Emperor Charles offered peace; he is the only decent man to have appeared in this war, and he was not listened to. There was, through him, a chance that could have been seized... Clemenceau called the emperor a "rotten conscience," it's ignoble. Emperor Charles sincerely wanted peace, and therefore was despised by the whole world. [...] A king of France, yes a king, would have had pity on our poor, exhausted, bloodlet nation. However democracy is without a heart and without entrails. When serving the powers of money, it is pitiless and inhuman.[34]
Paul von Hindenburg, the German commander in chief, commented in his memoirs:
He tried to compensate for the evaporation of the ethical power which emperor Franz Joseph had represented by offering völkisch reconciliation. Even as he dealt with elements who were sworn to the goal of destroying his empire he believed that his acts of political grace would affect their conscience. These attempts were totally futile; those people had long ago lined up with our common enemies, and were far from being deterred.[35]
Beatification
[edit]
Catholic Church leaders have praised Charles for putting his Christian faith first in making political decisions, and for his role as a peacemaker during the war, especially after 1917.
The cause or campaign for his canonization began in Vienna in 1949. On 25 April 1951, the cause was transferred to Rome, and Charles was declared "servant of God", the first step in the process.[36] At the beginning of the cause for canonization in 1972 his tomb was opened and his body was discovered to be incorrupt.[37]
On 14 April 2003, the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, in the presence of Pope John Paul II, promulgated Charles of Austria's "heroic virtues". Charles thereby acquired the title "venerable". On 21 December 2003, the Congregation certified, on the basis of three expert medical opinions, that a miracle in 1960 occurred through the intercession of Charles. The miracle attributed to Charles was the scientifically inexplicable healing of the Polish-born Brazilian Sister Maria Zita Gradowska of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul. Sister Maria Zita had suffered from pains in her legs since her youth, and later on would suffer from problems with her venous circulation and swellings, for which she was repeatedly treated over the years, but her health issues would not go away for good. In 1957 she became the Mother Superior of Santa Cruz Hospital in Canoinhas, but the pains in her right leg also gradually became worse. By the end of 1960 she was unable to leave her bed. Despite wanting to resign her position as Mother Superior because of this, she was unable to, as there was an insufficient number of sisters.[38]
Around this time, another sister, who was an assistant of Sister Maria Zita, received printed leaflets about the life of Emperor Karl, which included prayers for his beatification. Naturally, Sister Maria Zita was also informed, however, as she did not care much for the Habsburg dynasty, she did not do anything with this information. She told the other sisters that her bedridden state and the coming absence of another sister worried her, and she was again advised to ask for the intercession of the Emperor, but she did not plan on doing so. That evening however, when lying in bed, she was unable to sleep because of the excruciating pain in her right leg. It is then that she decided to say a prayer of intercession and promised to start the next day with a novena to beg for the grace of beatification for the Servant of God. After praying, she did not feel the pain anymore and was able to easily fall asleep. From then on she was able to resume her duties as Mother Superior and would not suffer from any health problems with her legs for the rest of her life.[38]
Pope John Paul II declared Charles "Blessed" in a beatification ceremony in St. Peter's Square on 3 October 2004. The Pope also declared 21 October, the date of Charles's marriage in 1911 to Princess Zita, to be Charles's feast day.[39] At the ceremony, the Pope stated:
The decisive task of Christians consists in seeking, recognizing and following God's will in all things. The Christian statesman, Charles of Austria, confronted this challenge every day. To his eyes, war appeared as "something appalling". Amid the tumult of the First World War, he strove to promote the peace initiative of my Predecessor, Benedict XV.[40]
The main points of Pope Benedict XV's peace plan were: (1) the moral force of right ... be substituted for the material force of arms, (2) there must be simultaneous and reciprocal diminution of armaments, (3) a mechanism for international arbitration must be established, (4) true liberty and common rights over the sea should exist, (5) there should be a renunciation of war indemnities, (6) occupied territories should be evacuated, and (7) there should be an examination of rival claims.[41] The best outcome to the war, according to Pope Benedict XV, was an immediate restoration of the status quo without reparations or any form of forced demands. Although the plan seemed unattainable due to the severity of the war thus far, it appealed to Charles, perhaps as a way to fulfill and preserve his role as Catholic Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary.[citation needed] The beatification nevertheless raised controversy over the mistaken claim that Charles authorised the use of poison gas by the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I.[42][43] The Emperor actually forbade its use.[44][45]
Pope John Paul II, who was born Karol Józef Wojtyła in Wadowice (then part of Austrian Poland), was named after Karl. During a private audience with Archduke Rudolf (Karl's son), his sons and their families and Empress Zita (whom the Pope addressed as ‘’his Empress’’ and bowed his head before) he told them the following:
Do you know why I was named Charles at baptism? Because my father had great admiration for Emperor Charles I, of whom he was a soldier.[46]
From the beginning, Emperor Charles conceived of his office as a holy service to his people. His chief concern was to follow the Christian vocation to holiness also in his political actions. For this reason, his thoughts turned to social assistance.[47]
On 31 January 2008, after a 16-month investigation, a Church tribunal recognized a second miracle attributed to Charles I. A "devout Baptist" from Orlando, Florida was allegedly cured after several recent converts to Roman Catholicism in Louisiana prayed for Charles's intercession.[48][49][50][51]
In 2011, the League of Prayers for the promotion of Charles's cause set up a website,[52] and Cardinal Christoph Schönborn of Vienna has sponsored the cause.[citation needed] One of Charles's granddaughters, Princess Maria-Anna Galitzine, has been a prominent figure in the campaign for sainthood.[53][54]
Quotes
[edit]
"Now, we must help each other to get to Heaven." Addressing Empress Zita on 22 October 1911, the day after their wedding.
"I am an officer with all my body and soul, but I do not see how anyone who sees his dearest relations leaving for the front can love war." Addressing Empress Zita after the outbreak of World War I.
"I have done my duty, as I came here to do. As crowned King, I not only have a right, I also have a duty. I must uphold the right, the dignity and honor of the Crown.... For me, this is not something light. With the last breath of my life I must take the path of duty. Whatever I regret, Our Lord and Savior has led me." Addressing Cardinal János Csernoch after the defeat of his attempt to regain the Hungarian throne in 1921.
"I must suffer like this so my people will come together again." Spoken in Madeira, during his last illness.
"I can't go on much longer... Thy will be done... Yes... Yes... As you will it... Jesus!" Reciting his last words while contemplating a crucifix held by Empress Zita.
Titles, styles, honours and arms
[edit]
Titles and styles
[edit]
17 August 1887 – 28 June 1914: His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Charles of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia[60]
28 June 1914 – 21 November 1916: His Imperial and Royal Highness The Archduke of Austria-Este[61]
21 November 1916 – 3 April 1919: His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty The Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia[62]
Honours
[edit]
Postage stamp
[edit]
On 30 December 1916, Hungary issued a postage stamp featuring Charles as part of a series commemorating his coronation.[69]
Children
[edit]
Charles and Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma had eight children together.
Name Birth Death Notes Crown Prince Otto 20 November 1912 4 July 2011(2011-07-04) (aged 98) married (1951) Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen (1925–2010); seven children. Archduchess Adelheid 3 January 1914 2 October 1971(1971-10-02) (aged 57) Archduke Robert 8 February 1915 7 February 1996(1996-02-07) (aged 80) Archduke of Austria-Este; married (1953) Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta (7 April 1930 – 10 January 2022); five children. Archduke Felix 31 May 1916 6 September 2011(2011-09-06) (aged 95) married (1952) Princess Anna-Eugénie of Arenberg (5 July 1925 – 9 June 1997); seven children. Archduke Karl Ludwig 10 March 1918 11 December 2007(2007-12-11) (aged 89) married (1950) Princess Yolanda of Ligne (6 May 1923 – 13 September 2023); four children. Archduke Rudolf 5 September 1919 15 May 2010(2010-05-15) (aged 90) married (1953) Countess Xenia Czernichev-Besobrasov (11 June 1929 – 20 September 1968); four children.
Second marriage (1971) Princess Anna Gabriele of Wrede (born 11 September 1940); one child. Archduchess Charlotte (1921-03-01)1 March 1921 23 July 1989(1989-07-23) (aged 68) married (1956) George, Duke of Mecklenburg (5 October [O.S. 22 September] 1899 – 6 July 1963). Archduchess Elisabeth 31 May 1922 7 January 1993(1993-01-07) (aged 70) married (1949) Prince Heinrich Karl Vincenz of Liechtenstein (5 August 1916 – 17 April 1991), grandson of Prince Alfred; five children.
Ancestry
[edit]
See also
[edit]
List of heirs to the Austrian throne
Notes
[edit]
Further reading
[edit]
Bogle, James and Joanna (2005). A Heart for Europe: The Lives of Emperor Charles and Empress Zita of Austria-Hungary. Gracewing Publishing. ISBN 978-0852441732.
Brook-Shepherd, Gordon, The Last Empress: The Life & Times of Zita of Austria-Hungary, 1892–1989, HarperCollins, 1991. ISBN 0-00-215861-2.
Brook-Shepherd, Gordon, The Last Habsburg, (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968).
Coulombe, Charles, Blessed Charles of Austria: A Holy Emperor and His Legacy, (TAN Books, 2020).
Hopwood, Robert F. "The Conflict between Count Czernin and Emperor Charles in 1918." Austrian History Yearbook 4 (1968): 28–43.
Mason, John W. The Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1867-1918 (Routledge, 2014).
Valiani, Leo. The End of Austria-Hungary (London: Secker & Warburg, 1973).
Wawro, Geoffrey. A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire (2015).
(in German) Bernhard A. Macek, Kaiser Karl I. Der letzte Kaiser Österreichs. Ein biografischer Bilderbogen, Sutton Erfurt, 2012. ISBN 978-3-9540-0076-0.
(in Italian) Flavia Foradini, Otto d'Asburgo. L'ultimo atto di una dinastia, mgs press, Trieste: 2004. ISBN 88-89219-04-1.
Blessed Emperor Charles League of Prayers
Robert Rill: Charles I, Emperor of Austria, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Newspaper clippings about Charles I of Austria in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
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The Bourbon Family: Three Kingdoms and a Duchy – Real Casa di Borbone delle Due Sicilie
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The Royal Line of France
After Antonio’s death, his son Henry – the real winner of the Wars of Religion since all the children of Henry II and Catherine of Guise had died – continued his father’s policy.
Henry wanted to go to Paris and be crowned King there, but the city strongly opposed his will and imposed him to deny Protestantism and convert to Catholicism if he wanted to become King of France. Henry accepted and in 1594 he was welcomed in Paris and crowned King of France and Navarre in God’s name and with the papal recognition. The Bourbon had become Kings of France.
Becoming King in 1594, Henry of Bourbon took the name of Henry IV, King of France and Navarre (1594-1610). After him, the Throne went to his son Louis XIII (1610-1643) under the regency of his mother Maria de’ Medici until he came of age and then, at his death, to his son Louis XIV, who was then aged just five, under the regency of his mother Anne of Austria helped by Mazarine.
Louis XIV, the Roi Soleil, ruled for a very long time (his was the longest of all reigns if we count its duration from 1643, the year of his father’s death, in which he officially became Louis XIV King of France and Navarre, although under the regency of his mother).
Even if we start to count from 1661 – the year in which Mazarine died and Louis XIV took full possession of the sovereignty also from the point of view of political power (he proclaimed that he was “Prime Minister of himself”) – his reign was one of the longest.
Until that moment, the Bourbon Family held only one Throne, the most important and glorious in the world together with the Throne of the Sacred Roman Empire (in fact, the two Thrones had their origin in Charlemagne).
In Spain, the Habsburg dynasty reigned from the time of Charles V. In 1556 the Emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire divided his vast dominions between his brother Ferdinand – whom he gave the empire dominions and the title of Emperor – and his son Philip II, to whom he gave the Throne of Madrid and all overseas and European dominions among which the viceroyalty of Naples and Sicily. The line of the Habsburg-Spain was originated in this way, in parallel with the main line of the Habsburg-Austria who held the imperial title.
At the end of the XVII century, the Spanish line died out with Charles II, who had no direct heirs. The problem of the succession to the Spanish Throne arose. Both Louis XIV and the Emperor Leopold I of Habsburg claimed rights over it; in fact both had married one of Charles’ sisters (the King of France had married the elder, the Habsburg Emperor the younger).
For several reasons, Charles II of Habsburg in his testament appointed as sole heir Philip of Anjou, nephew of Louis XIV and son of the Dauphin, with the clause that he had to renounce his rights over the Crown of France; secondarily he appointed the Archduke Charles of Habsburg, second son of the Emperor Leopold.
Charles II died in 1700 and Philip of Anjou ascended the Throne of Madrid with the name of Philip V.
This provoked the reaction of Austria and also the other great powers that were afraid of an excessive strengthening of Louis XIV (who already acted as real lord of Spain); therefore these powers supported the candidature of Charles of Habsburg. The War of the Spanish Succession began.
The Bourbon on the Throne of Spain-Philip V and the War of Spanish Succession
Born in Versailles on 19 December 1683 from Prince Louis, Dauphin of France, and Maria Anne of Bavaria, the Duke of Anjou was only seventeen when he inherited the Crown of Spain.
Philip V was unprepared to the task of king, but Louis XIV watched over him and through him expected to rule over Spain: to help him, he established a State Council formed by experienced ministers from Colbert’s school who began to implement reforms also in Spain. His marriage to the thirteen-year-old Maria Louise Gabriella – daughter of Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy – was a blessing for him. The wedding was celebrated by proxy in Turin on 11 September 1701. The Queen was clever and full of energy.
A rebellion broken out in Naples forcing him to leave for Italy. He gave the regency to his young wife, who helped by the clergy, government people and mainly Princess Orsini (the “camarera mayor” deliberately chosen as her lady-in-waiting by Louis XIV) protected the French interests at the Court and was up to her task. After restoring order in Naples, the break out of the War of Spanish Succession forced Philip to leave for Piedmont and Lombardy, where he fought against the Austrian army of Archduke Charles and showed to be a brave soldier. Fortune would have smiled on him if the Netherlands and England had not allied with Austria and changed in a decisive way the outcome of the war.
The enemy fleet was already entering the harbour of Cadiz and occupying southern Spain, while in Madrid Charles of Habsburg was proclaimed Charles III King of Spain.
In 1709 even Louis XIV began to leave his nephew to his destiny, but Philip, also supported by his loyal wife and by Princess Orsini and the Castilians found the necessary inner strength to resist and continue his fought for his Throne. In the end also his grandfather helped him in an active way.
However, he was also helped by the fact that, since Emperor Leopold and his first-born Emperor Joseph I had both died (the latter without heirs), the imperial crown went to Charles of Habsburg, who took the name of Emperor Charles VI. At this point, the powers that had supported him against Philip began to withdraw: in fact, if Charles VI had obtained also the Kingdom of Spain and its dominions, the same situation of Charles V would have occurred again, and Louis XIV could not allow this to happen, even if he had to cause a total war in Europe. Nobody liked this prospect.
The war lasted until 1712, when the peace negotiations began and Philip V had no other choice but to choose between his rights to the French succession and the Italian territories on one side, and the Kingdom of Spain on the other side, by renouncing the Italian territories in favour of the Empire (in this way the viceroyalty of Naples and Sicily went back to the Habsburg of the Austrian line).
On the other hand, the heirs to the French Throne committed themselves to renounce any right to the Spanish Throne and by the Utrecht Treaty of 1713 signed by France, Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, Prussia and Savoy, Philip V was recognised as founder of the Bourbon-Spain dynasty; but only provided that he renounced all his rights to the French crown and provided that the main French branch renounced their rights to the Spanish crown.
In this way, now the Bourbon family reigned over two separate crowns: the French crown with the Roi Soleil (still alive until 1715, when he died and his grandchild Louis XV became king under the regency of the Duke of Orleans) and the Spanish crown with Philip V.
In February 1714 Queen Maria Louise Gabriella died; a year later, the King married Elisabeth Farnese, heir to the Parma and Piacenza Duchy, a woman as clever and skilful (and perhaps even more) as his first wife. Tired of his long subjection to Louis XIV, Philip V, of poor health and prone to depression, completely entrusted his wife and Cardinal Giulio Alberoni (a man of great intelligence) with the government.
The Italian influence replaced the French one at the Court: Nino Cortese, who wrote the page on Philip V in the “Enciclopedia Italiana” made the following remark: «And that was a time for revenge, since Spain then tried to reconquer part of its old and now lost positions in Europe». Elisabeth Farnese after a ten-year policy succeeded in assuring the Kingdom of Naples and the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza to her two sons.
In January 1724 Philip V abdicated in favour of his son, the Prince of the Asturias (born 16 years before from Maria Louise Gabriella) who had already married Elisabeth of Montpensier, daughter of the Duke of Orléans. He was crowned as Louis I King of Spain. Stroke by smallpox, the young king gave back his crown to his father and died after a few months, and Philip – against his will – had to be king again.
However, the real protagonist now was Elisabeth, and she had a very precise goal: assure the Italian States to her children.
Philip died in 1746. The throne went to his other son, the one he had from his first wife, Ferdinand VI, who had no heir and then in 1759 to Charles, son of Elisabeth, already King of Naples with the name of Charles III, who assured the succession of the Spanish branch of the Bourbon Family to the Spanish Crown.
The Masterpiece of Elisabeth Farnese-Another Throne and a Duchy to the Bourbon
In 1714, Cardinal Alberoni had arranged the marriage between the then widower Philip V and Elisabeth Farnese, born in Parma in 1692 (she would die in Madrid in 1766). Elisabeth immediately showed what stuff she was made of by bravely dismissing Princess Orsini and looking for support from Cardinal Alberoni.
She gave Philip three sons (one of them became Archbishop of Toledo) and a daughter, and all her policy as Queen was based upon her strong desire to assure the Throne to her sons (in Spain, the heir was Ferdinand, the son that Philip had had from his first marriage, and therefore Elisabeth’s policy aimed at reconquering Naples) and the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza (of which she was the heir due to the fact that the Farnese Family was doomed to die out with Duke Antonio, who died in 1731).
The War of Spanish Succession was over after 14 years of fighting, and the Treaties of Utrecht (13 July 1713) and Rastadt (7 March 1714) were signed with the following purpose: “conservandum in Europa equilibrium”.
From the birth of Charles in Madrid on 20 January 1716, the Spanish foreign policy would try and obtain (through a series of operations started with the solemn entrance of Spain in the Quadruple Alliance through the Hague Treaty of 17 February 1720) the recognition of Charles’ rights to the double succession of Farnese and Medici. After the Congresses and Treaties of Cambrai (1721), Vienna (1725) and Seville (1729), the Empire would accept this situation with the second Treaty of Vienna in 1731. Charles was therefore heir to the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza under the regency of his grandmother, the widow Duchess of Parma, and at the same time in Florence he was proclaimed the heir to the last Grand Duke of Tuscany who become co-tutor of the young prince.
In this way, Elisabeth Farnese achieved her first goal, but the King of Spain or his successors could not claim any right to the Italian States or be tutors of their heirs. Here we see the first root, the real motive of the existence of the two Families: Bourbon Two Sicilies and Bourbon Parma.
Under the first “family pact” of 1734, which caused the Spanish intervention in the War of Polish Succession, Charles reconquered Naples and Sicily after the decisive battle of Bitonto on 25 May 1734 and was recognised as King of Naples and Sicily by the Treaties of Vienna of 1735; in exchange he had to renounce the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Tuscany which would go (without Tuscany but with Guastalla) to his younger brother Philip, Head of the Royal House of the Bourbon-Parma, second-born of Elisabeth Farnese and son-in-law of Louis XV.
On 18 October 1748, when Spain was ruled by Ferdinand VI, son of Philip V who had no heir, the Treaty of Aachen (by a special clause) ruled the succession of King Charles to the Spanish Throne. This was the situation when, on 10 August 1759, Ferdinand VI died without direct heirs.
Charles, King of Naples and Sicily, was then called to the Spanish Throne; however due to a fundamental law of the Bourbon-Spain Family known as “New Regulation for the Succession of these Kingdoms”, followed just three days later by his Proclamation of 6 October 1759, Charles become King of Spain, renounced the Throne of Naples in favour of his son Ferdinand and the division of the two Royal Families was set up forever.
In particular, King Charles stated that «the line of Succession I have established will never lead to the unification of the Kingdom of Spain and the Italian Dominions, so that either the sons or the daughters of my lineage mentioned above can claim rights to the Italian States only if they are not already declared Kings of Spain or Princes of Asturias or to be declared as such».
Therefore, the descendants of Childeprando (as well as Charlemagne and St. Louis IX) now sit on four thrones of France and Navarre, Spain (with its domains), Naples and Sicily, and the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza.
Four families, a single branch, none of which can claim anything on the domains of the other three, but they are united – not only by the ties of blood – the “family pact” that the allies against domestic and foreign enemy.
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Robert I, Duke of Parma and his family
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Robert I, Duke of Parma and his family
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Who is who? de Liedekerke family!
Only a few noble families are intertwined with the history of a country. The de Liedekerke family has it all: a long and interesting history and close ties to the rules of their country. Let's take a closer look! History It was in 1301 that the history of the family de Liedekerke started. Then Knight Raas of Herzele signed an official document in Beveren. His son was Raas of Herzele of (de) Liedekerke. His descendants called themselves de Liedekerke. But there were many interesting people in the family de Liedekerke. connections with the Duke of Burgundy Raas of Liedekerke, lord of Nieuwerkerken (+/- 1421 - 1494/1495) was married to a certain Johanna. Due to his marriage he became Lord of Heestert and Zulte. In 1476 he went on a military campaign with Charles the Bold. Duke of Burgundy. In 1477, Mary of Burgundy, appointed him as bailiff of Aalst and Geraardsbergen. Charles the Bold Mary of Burgundy Connections with the House of Habsburg Steven of Liedekerke (+/- 1457 - 1530
House of Wittelsbach - Between crazyness and excellence
Plate with the coat of arms of Bavaria, Germany own picture taken in Munich With this blog post about the House of Wittelsbach I take you on a trip to Bavaria (Bayern) in Germany. Since 1996, the royal family's head is: Franz, Duke of Bavaria. So far is the situation nowadays but this royal familie has a very nice history. Own picture taken of the Coat of Arms of Bavaria The House of Wittelsbach: the origin Otto II, Count of Scheyern (who died on 31 October 1120) could acquire the castle of Wittelsbach near Aichach. Later the Counts of Scheyern left the castle in 1119 for Wittelsbach Castle and the former was given to monks to establish Scheyern Abbey. From 1180 till 1918 the Wittelsbach dynasty ruled several German territories in Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate (till 1805). In 1329 under the Treaty of Pavia, the House of Wittelsbach split in two branches. Emperor Louis IV granted the Palatinate including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate t
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EMPEROR CHARLES I (KARL I)(1887-1922) ,KARL FRANZ JOSEPH LUDWIG HUBERT GEORG OTTO MARIA AND EMPRESS ZITA OF BOURBON - PARMA (1892-1989),THE LAST MONARCH BELONGING TO THE HOUSE OF HABSBURG - LORRAINE BEFORE THE DISSOLUTION OF AUSTRIA - HUNGARY .AFTER HIS UNCLE ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND OF ASSASSINATED IN 1914.
Emperor Karl is the only decent man to come out of the war in a leadership position, no one listened to him. He sincerely wanted peace, and therefore was despised by the whole world. It was a wonderful chance that was lostBlessed Karl was a happy married man. On his wedding day, he famously declared to his beautiful wife, Zita, “Now we have to help each other to get to heaven!” They were even more devoted to God than to each other and they inscribed their relationship with God into their daily lives together. Blessed Karl proposed to his lovely Zita at the Shrine of Mariazell in Austria and they inscribed a prayer inside their wedding bands, “Sub tuum presidium confugimus, sancta Dei Genitrix” (We fly to take refuge under your protection, O Holy Mother of God). Their love was intense and lasted to the end of Karl’s life. For her part, the Empress Zita never remarried but continued to carry the memory of her husband and she blessed others with the title she had received from him.
Charles I or Karl I (Karl Franz Joseph Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria was the last Emperor of Austria, the last King of Hungary;, and the last monarch belonging to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine before the dissolution of Austria-Hungary. After his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in 1914,he is known to the Catholic Church as Blessed Karl of Austria. He was the last Emperor of Austria, the last King of Hungary (as Charles IV), and the last monarch belonging to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. After his uncle Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914, Charles became the designated successor of the Emperor Franz Josef. Charles I reigned from 1916 until 1918, when he "renounced participation" in state affairs, but did not abdicate. He spent the remaining years of his life attempting to restore the monarchy until his death in 1922. Following his beatification by the Catholic Church in 2004, within Catholic community he is commonly known as Blessed Karl of Austria.Karl was born on August 17, 1887, at the Castle of Persenbeug in Lower Austria. As he was the great-nephew of the then ruling Emperor, Franz Joseph, it was not envisioned at his birth that it would one day fall to him to rule. Yet, his education prepared him for the task.Charles parents were Archduke Otto Franz of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony. At the time, his granduncle Franz Joseph reigned as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, and his uncle Franz Ferdinand became heir presumptive two years later.That as Emperor he would rule wants to be emphasized. The emperors of the Holy Roman Empire and then the Austro-Hungarian one did not merely reign, like the European monarchs who remain today, all of the “constitutional” ones. By the time of Karl’s accession their power was no longer absolute as it still was with the Russian Tsar, but it was real. None was a figurehead unless rendered so by personal incapacity.As a child, Archduke Charles was reared a devout Roman Catholic. He spent his early years wherever his father's regiment happened to be stationed; later on he lived in Vienna and Reichenau an der Rax. He was privately educated, but, contrary to the custom ruling in the imperial family, he attended a public gymnasium for the sake of demonstrations in scientific subjects. On the conclusion of his studies at the gymnasium, he entered the army, spending the years from 1906 to 1908 as an officer chiefly in Prague, where he studied law and political science concurrently with his military duties.In 1907, he was declared of age and Prince Zdenko Lobkowitz was appointed his chamberlain. In the next few years he carried out his military duties in various Bohemian garrison towns. Charles's relations with his granduncle were not intimate, and those with his uncle Franz Ferdinand were not cordial, with the differences between their wives increasing the existing tension between them. For these reasons, Charles, up to the time of the assassination of his uncle in 1914, obtained no insight into affairs of state, but led the life of a prince not destined for a high political position.Charles became heir presumptive after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914, the event which precipitated World War I. Only at this time did the old Emperor take steps to initiate the heir-presumptive to his crown in affairs of state. But the outbreak of World War I interfered with this political education. Charles spent his time during the first phase of the war at headquarters at Teschen, but exercised no military influence.Charles then became a Feldmarschall (Field Marshal) in the Austro-Hungarian Army. In the spring of 1916, in connection with the offensive against Italy, he was entrusted with the command of the XX. Corps, whose affections the heir-presumptive to the throne won by his affability and friendliness. The offensive, after a successful start, soon came to a standstill. Shortly afterwards, Charles went to the eastCharles succeeded to the thrones in November 1916, after the death of his grand-uncle, Emperor Franz Joseph.On 2 December 1916, he assumed the title of Supreme Commander of the whole army from Archduke Friedrich. His coronation as King of Hungary occurred on 30 December. In 1917, Charles secretly entered into peace negotiations with France. He employed his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, an officer in the Belgian Army, as intermediary. However, the Allies insisted on Austrian recognition of Italian claims to territory and Charles refused, so no progress was made.Although his foreign minister, Graf Czernin, was only interested in negotiating a general peace which would include Germany, Charles himself went much further in suggesting his willingness to make a separate peace. When news of the overture leaked in April 1918, Charles denied involvement until French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau published letters signed by him. This led to Czernin's resignation, forcing Austria-Hungary into an even more dependent position with respect to its seemingly wronged German ally.The Austro-Hungarian Empire was wracked by inner turmoil in the final years of the war, with much tension between ethnic groups. As part of his Fourteen Points, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson demanded that the Empire allow for autonomy and self-determination of its peoples. In response, Charles agreed to reconvene the Imperial Parliament and allow for the creation of a confederation with each national group exercising self-governance. However, the ethnic groups fought for full autonomy as separate nations, as they were now determined to become independent from Vienna at the earliest possible moment.Foreign minister Baron Istvan Burián asked for an armistice 14 October based on the Fourteen Points, and two days later Charles issued a proclamation that radically changed the nature of the Austrian state. The Poles were granted full independence with the purpose of joining their ethnic brethren in Russia and Germany in a Polish state. The rest of the Austrian lands were transformed into a federal union composed of four parts: German, Czech, South Slav, and Ukrainian. Each of the four parts was to be governed by a federal council, and Trieste was to have a special status. However, Secretary of State Robert Lansing replied four days later that the Allies were now committed to the causes of the Czechs, Slovaks and South Slavs. Therefore, autonomy for the nationalities was no longer enough. In fact, a Czechoslovak provisional government had joined the Allies 14 October, and the South Slav national council declared an independent South Slav state 29 October 1918.ern front as commander of an army operating against the Russians and Romanians.
Charles and Zita were crowned in Budapest on 30 December 1916. Following the coronation there was a banquet, but after that the festivities ended, as the emperor and empress thought it wrong to have prolonged celebrations during a time of war. At the beginning of the reign, Charles was more often than not away from Vienna, so he had a telephone line installed from Baden (where Charles's military headquarters were located) to the Hofburg. He called Zita several times a day whenever they were separated. Zita had some influence on her husband and would discreetly attend audiences with the Prime Minister or military briefings, and she had a special interest in social policy. However, military matters were the sole domain of Charles. Energetic and strong-willed, Zita accompanied her husband to the provinces and to the front, as well as occupying herself with charitable works and hospital visits to the war-wounded.
Karl grew up imbued with a deep personal trust in God and equipped with all the Catholic moral principles whose political application he would combine, as Emperor, with his appreciation for the Church’s social doctrine. He came to the throne in 1916 due to a series of tragic events: the death at Mayerling (some say by suicide and others by assassination) of Franz Joseph’s only son, Archduke Rudolph; the early death of his own father, Otto, in 1906; and the assassination of his uncle Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo in 1914.As soon as he succeeded to the throne, Ven. Emperor Karl bent his energies to seeking the end of the carnage of World War I, which had been raging for two years. To that purpose he authorized a brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, an officer in the Belgian army, to deliver a set of peace proposals to President Poincare of France. As testimony to the sincerity of his effort, the Emperor stipulated his readiness to sacrifice his hereditary claim to Lorraine and to cede to Italy the Italian ethnic portion of the Trentino, even though Austrian troops at the moment were well advanced into the northern part of the Italian boot. In a Peace Note of August 1, 1917, Pope Benedict XV seconded Karl’s initiative. Both the Pope and Emperor foresaw that unless the war was quickly ended, the unstable Kerensky government that had taken power in Russia in March, 1917, could degenerate into something far worse because it would be far more threatening than imperial Russia ever was to what remained of Western Christendom. This is to speak of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in terms of what it was: the last Catholic world power.Unfortunately, Austria’s Western enemies of the moment, who were looking for U.S. intervention to enable them to achieve territorial and other ambitions, were not ready for peace. At the same time Karl’s own ally, the Prussian Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, hoped to beat England and France on the Western Front before effective U.S. aid could arrive. The war continued.It produced great deprivations on the home front. The poor were especially hard hit. In his capital of Vienna, Karl ordered that carriages and coaches of the imperial court be used to deliver coal to them. Further, he established a new Ministry of Social Welfare in his cabinet and gave its portfolio to the redoubtable Msgr. Ignaz Seipel, an apostle of reforms based on Pope Leo XIII’s Rerum Novarum and other papal social encyclicals. Karl also acted to restructure the Empire politically along federalist lines. Establishment of a kind of United States of Greater Austria was his aim. In a manifesto of October 16, 1918, he ordered each ethnic group in the Imperial Parliament to caucus and draw up a plan for the government of its portion of the Empire. These were excellent and desirable moves. However, powerful forces were working against Karl, forces within the West itself, forces which had their agents even inside the Empire.Since the beginning of his rule he favored the creation of third Croatian political entity, in his Croatian Coronation oath from 1916 he recognized the union of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia with Rijeka and during his short reign supported trialist suggestions from the Croatian Sabor and Ban, but the suggestions were always vetoed by the Hungarian side which did not want to share power with other nations. After Emperor Karl's manifesto of 14 October 1918 was rejected by the declaration of the National Council in Zagreb. President of the Croatian pro-monarchy political party Pure Party of Rights Dr. Aleksandar Horvat, with other parliament members and generals went to visit the emperor on 21 October 1918 in Bad Ischl, where the emperor agreed and signed the trialist manifest under the proposed terms set by the delegation, on the condition that the Hungarian part does the same since he swore an oath on the integrity of the Hungarian crown. The delegation went the next day to Budapest where it presented the manifest to Hungarian officials and Council of Ministers who signed the manifest and released the king from his oath, creating a third Croatian political entity (Zvonimir's kingdom) After the signing, two parades were held in Zagreb, one for the ending of the K.u.K. monarchy, which was held in front of the Croatian National Theater, and another one for saving the trialist monarchy. The last vote for the support of the trialist reorganization of the empire was, however, too late. On 29 October 1918, the Croatian Sabor (parliament) ended the union and all ties with Hungary and Austria, proclaimed the unification of all Croatian lands and entered the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The curiosity is that no act of Sabor dethroned King Karl IV, nor did it acknowledge the entering in a state union with Serbia, which is today mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of Croatia.A Council of Allied and Successor States Ambassadors assembled to decide the fate of the imperial couple. Extreme opinion called for the imprisonment of Karl as a “war criminal.” However, all his life he had been plagued by weak lungs that made him susceptible to pneumonia, and the infirmity was not overlooked by the All-Seeing Eye. Thus, a subtle, more permanent solution to the “Habsburg problem” was crafted. Karl and Zita were exiled to the damp and rainy island of Madeira. Marooned there without any funds on November 19, 1921, they had to accept the offer of a local banker who gave them the use of his unheated summer home 2,000 feet in the mountains. There was fungus growing on the humid walls.The couple’s gloom was somewhat dispelled by the arrival of their children, but in March, 1922, a dense fog and deep chill caused the Emperor to catch a bad cold. There was no money to summon a doctor and the cold developed into a fatal case of pneumonia.As Karl’s end approached, he placed himself with complete resignation into the hands of Our Lord. His eldest son and heir, Archduke Otto, was brought to the side of the deathbed so that as future head of the House of Habsburg he might learn, in Karl’s words, “how one behaves in such circumstances as a Catholic and as an Emperor.”the Emperor’s life and time as a ruler, as they have here been sketched, that recommends canonization.First, he was a champion of peace and reconciliation. His statesmanship in seeking an honorable peace to end World War I provides a model for political leaders today who do not scruple to wage war even in “anticipatory self-defense.” His deathbed forgiveness of his enemies, including the Masons, challenges the many forms of hatred that abound today. His example is instructive to the public as well as to leaders.Second, he was a champion of social justice. Influenced by Pope Leo XIII’s Rerum Novarum, he established a Ministry of Social Welfare to implement the Church’s social doctrine. His personal commitment to social justice is shown by his use of his carriages and coaches to transport coal to the poor during the war. His implementation of the papal social encyclicals sets an example for public officials looking to solve today’s economic and social problems.Third, he was a champion of Austro-Slavonic unity and minority ethnic rights. Foreseeing Russian domination of the smaller Slavonic and other ethnic nations sandwiched between the Russian and Prussian Empires, Karl strove to transform his own centralized Empire into a confederation of individual ethnic nations, each having internal autonomy, but with their security and other benefits provided by a united defense, a common market, economic and financial union and foreign policy. Had he succeeded, both Hitler and Stalin would have been blocked.
The family's first home in exile was Wartegg Castle in Rorschach, Switzerland, a property owned by the Bourbon-Parmas. However, the Swiss authorities, worried about the implication of the Habsburgs living near the Austrian border, compelled them to move to the western part of the country. The next month, therefore, found them moving to Villa Prangins, near Lake Geneva, where they resumed a quiet family life. This abruptly ended in March 1920 when, after a period of instability in Hungary, Miklós Horthy was elected regent. Charles was still technically King (as Charles IV) but Horthy sent an emissary to Prangins advising him not to go to Hungary until the situation had calmed. After the Trianon Treaty Horthy's ambition soon grew. Charles became concerned and requested the help of Colonel Strutt to get him into Hungary. Charles twice attempted to regain control, once in March 1921 and again in October 1921. Both attempts failed, despite Zita's staunch support (she insisted on travelling with him on the final dramatic train journey to Budapest.
Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese; 9 May 1892 – 14 March 1989) was the wife of Emperor Charles of Austria. As such, she was the last Empress of Austria, Queen of Hungary, and Queen of Bohemia.Born as the seventeenth child of the dispossessed Robert I, Duke of Parma and his second wife Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, Zita married the then Archduke Charles of Austria in 1911. Charles became heir presumptive to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1914 after the assassination of his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, and acceded to the throne in 1916 after the old emperor's death.After the end of World War I in 1918, the Habsburgs were deposed when the new countries of Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs were formed. Charles and Zita left for exile in Switzerland and later Madeira, where Charles died in 1922. After her husband's death, Zita and her son Otto served as the symbols of unity for the exiled dynasty. A devout Catholic, she raised a large family after being widowed at the age of 29, and never remarried.Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma was born at the Villa Pianore in the Italian Province of Lucca, 9 May 1892. The unusual name Zita was given her after a popular Italian Saint who had lived in Tuscany in the 13th century. She was the third daughter and fifth child of the deposed Robert I, Duke of Parma and his second wife, Maria Antonia of Portugal, a daughter of king Miguel of Portugal and Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. Zita's father had lost his throne as a result of the movement for Italian unification in 1859 when he was still a child. He fathered twelve children during his first marriage to Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies (six of whom were mentally retarded, and three of whom died young). Duke Robert became a widower in 1882, and two years later he married Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, Zita's mother. The second marriage produced a further twelve children. Zita was the 17th child among Duke Robert's 24 children. Robert moved his large family between Villa Pianore (a large property located between Pietrasanta and Viareggio) and his castle in Schwarzau in lower Austria. It was mainly in these two residences that Zita spent her formative years. The family spent most of the year in Austria moving to Pianore in the Winter and returning in the Summer. To move between them, they took a special train with sixteen coaches to accommodate the family and their belongings.Zita and her siblings were raised to speak Italian, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and English. She recalled, "We grew up internationally. My father thought of himself first and foremost as a Frenchman, and spent a few weeks every year with the elder children at Chambord, his main property on the Loire. I once asked him how we should describe ourselves. He replied, 'We are French princes who reigned in Italy.' In fact, of the twenty-four children only three including me, were actually born in Italy.At the age of ten, Zita was sent to a boarding school at Zanberg in Upper Bavaria, where there was a strict regime of study and religious instruction. She was summoned home in the autumn of 1907 at the death of her father. Her maternal grandmother sent Zita and her sister Franziska to a convent on the Isle of Wight to complete her education. Brought up as devout Catholics, the Parma children regularly undertook good works for the poor. In Schwarzau the family turned surplus cloth into clothes. Zita and Franziska personally distributed food, clothing, and medicines to the needy in Pianore. Three of Zita's sisters became nuns and, for a time, she considered following the same path. Zita went through a patch of poor health and was sent for the traditional cure at a European spa for two years.
She was born on May 9, 1892, the 17th child of Roberto I, Duke of Parma. in Lucca, Italy. Named after a famous Tuscan saint she was only a child when the unification of Italy dethroned the House of Bourbon-Parma and she grew up moving between family homes in Lucca and Lower Austria. Being from a French royal family, reigning in Italy and forced to spend alot of time on the move they were a very international group and Princess Zita grew up speaking Italian, French, Spanish, German, Portuguese and English. Like all her siblings she was given a strict religious education and was raised to be a devout Catholic where regular charitable work was a family tradition. It was this quality which particularly impressed the young Austrian Archduke Charles who she met during stays in Lower Austria. Charles was smitten right away but for Zita the relationship grew over time before the Archduke proposed for fear she might be married to someone else if he did not act quickly.On October 21, 1911 Charles and Zita were married with the full approval of Emperor Francis Joseph I. Over the years the couple had eight children and it was a very happy marriage and a very close and happy family. They shared a love of simple pleasures, family life and devout faith. It came as a great shock in 1914 when the murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand suddenly made Zita wife of the heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne. Soon after World War I broke out and Charles, a general in the Austrian army, was called to the front. Archduchess Zita was very sorrowful about the war, both because of the risks to her husband, her dislike of Austria's German allies and the fact that her family was split by the hostilities; some fighting in the Austrian army and others (denied permission to fight for France) serving in the Belgian army. When Italy entered the war against the Central Powers some in Austria became suspicious of their Italian archduchess. However, the Emperor was very kind to her, brought her and the children to the palace at Schoenbrunn and often confided in her about his thoughts, concerns and worries about the war and the national situation.n the close vicinity of Schwarzau castle was the Villa Wartholz, residence of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, Zita’s maternal aunt. She was the stepmother of Archduke Otto, who died in 1906, and the step-grandmother of Archduke Charles of Austria-Este, at that time second-in-line to the Austrian throne. The two daughters of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria were Zita’s first cousins and Charles’ half-aunts. They had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his Dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandeis an der Elbe (Brandýs on the Elbe), from where he visited his aunt at Franzensbad. It was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted. Charles was under pressure to marry (Franz Ferdinand, his uncle and first-in-line, had married morganatically, and his children were excluded from the throne) and Zita had a suitably royal genealogy. Zita later recalled, "We were of course glad to meet again and became close friends. On my side feelings developed gradually over the next two years. He seemed to have made his mind up much more quickly, however, and became even more keen when, in the autumn of 1910, rumours spread about that I had got engaged to a distant Spanish relative, Don Jaime, the Duke of Madrid. On hearing this, the Archduke came down post haste from his regiment at Brandeis and sought out his grandmother, Archduchess Maria Theresa, who was also my aunt and the natural confidante in such matters. He asked if the rumor was true and when told it was not, he replied, 'Well, I had better hurry in any case or she will get engaged to someone else.'"Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore and asked for Zita’s hand and, on 13 June 1911, their engagement was announced at the Austrian court. Zita in later years recalled that after her engagement she had expressed to Charles her worries about the fate of the Austrian Empire and the challenges of the monarchy. Charles and Zita were married at the Schwarzau castle on 21 October 1911. Charles's great-uncle, the 81-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph, attended the wedding. He was relieved to see an heir make a suitable marriage, and was in good spirits, even leading the toast at the wedding breakfast. Archduchess Zita soon conceived a son, and Otto was born 20 November 1912. Seven more children would follow in the next decade.In 1916, when Francis Joseph died, Zita became the last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary. She was very involved in national issues and was constantly at her husband's side. When they had to be apart Charles called her several times a day. She also played a major part in 1917 in the effort to make peace. Working secretly through her brother Prince Sixtus, an officer in the Belgian army, messages were sent via Switzerland to try to negotiate a seperate peace between Austria and France. Empress Zita also used her influence to stop a German plan to bomb the residence of the Belgian King and Queen. Unfortunately, the peace efforts went nowhere. King Albert I of the Belgians was in favor but the French and British were not and while Emperor Charles was in favor the Germans were not. The situation became worse when the Allies made the negotiations public which greatly endangered Austria and Charles and Zita in particular. There had never been any love lost between them and the Germans and the news that they had attempted a seperate peace brought threats of a German takeover of Austria.By the fall of the next year Austria-Hungary was coming apart and Charles and Zita and their family were forced to flee the country to Switzerland. Zita was a great source of strength and comfort to her husband in these hard times and the strain on her had to be great. In 1920 she showed again what she was made of when she accompanied Charles in his effort to regain his throne in Hungary. After both attempts failed the family eventually settled on the Portuguese island of Madeira where Charles died not long after. Empress Zita carried on with the same grace and dignity she always showed, raising her children in royal fashion and never giving up hope for a Hapsburg restoration. The family moved to Spain and later to Belgium. When Engelbert Dollfuss became chancellor of Austria the possibility of a restoration seemed good but all hopes were ended when Dollfuss was assassinated and Austria was occupied by Germany. World War II and the invasion of Belgium forced the family to flee to the United States where two of her sons joined the American army. Empress Zita contributed by raising money in the US and Canada. In 1982 she was finally allowed to return to Austria where she died, still loved and respected by all, in 1989 at the age of 96. On 11 November 1918, the same day as the armistice ending the war between the Allied Powers and Germany was signed, Charles issued a carefully worded proclamation in which he recognized the Austrian people's right to determine the form of the state and "relinquish(ed) every participation in the administration of the State." He also released his officials from their oath of loyalty to him. On the same day the Imperial Family left Schönbrunn Palace and moved to Castle Eckartsau, east of Vienna. On 13 November, following a visit of Hungarian magnates, Charles issued a similar proclamation for Hungary.Although it has widely been cited as an "abdication", that word was never mentioned in either proclamation. Indeed, he deliberately avoided using the word abdication in the hope that the people of either Austria or Hungary would vote to recall him.Instead, on 12 November, the day after he issued his proclamation, the independent Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed, followed by the proclamation of the Hungarian Democratic Republic on 16 November. An uneasy truce-like situation ensued and persisted until 23–24 March 1919, when Charles left for Switzerland, escorted by the commander of the small British guard detachment at Eckartsau, Lt. Col. Edward Lisle Strutt. As the Imperial Train left Austria on 24 March, Charles issued another proclamation in which he confirmed his claim of sovereignty, declaring that "whatever the national assembly of German Austria has resolved with respect to these matters since 11 November is null and void for me and my House."Although the newly established republican government of Austria was not aware of this "Manifesto of Feldkirch" at this time (it had been dispatched only to the Spanish King Alfonso XIII and to Pope Benedict XV through diplomatic channels), the politicians now in power were extremely irritated by the Emperor's departure without an explicit abdication. The Austrian Parliament passed the Habsburg Law on 3 April 1919, which permanently barred Charles from returning to Austria. Other Habsburgs were banished from Austrian territory unless they renounced all intentions of reclaiming the throne and accepted the status of ordinary citizens. Another law, passed on the same day, abolished all nobility in Austria.In Switzerland, Charles and his family briefly took residence at Castle Wartegg near Rorschach at Lake Constance and later moved to Château de Prangins at Lake Geneva on 20 May 1919.Encouraged by Hungarian royalists ("legitimists"), Charles sought twice in 1921 to reclaim the throne of Hungary, but failed largely because Hungary's regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy (the last commander of the Imperial and Royal Navy), refused to support him. Horthy's failure to support Charles' restoration attempts is often described as "treasonous" by royalists. Critics suggest that Horthy's actions were more firmly grounded in political reality than those of Charles and his supporters. Indeed, the neighbouring countries had threatened to invade Hungary if Charles tried to regain the throne. Later in 1921, the Hungarian parliament formally nullified the Pragmatic Sanction, an act that effectively dethroned the Habsburgs.After the second failed attempt at restoration in Hungary, Charles and his pregnant wife Zita were briefly quarantined at Tihany Abbey. On 1 November 1921 they were taken to the Hungarian Danube harbour city of Baja, were made to board the British monitor HMS Glowworm and there removed to the Black Sea where they were transferred to the light cruiser HMS Cardiff. They arrived at their final exile, the Portuguese island of Madeira, on 19 November 1921. Determined to prevent a third restoration attempt, the Council of Allied Powers had agreed on Madeira because it was isolated in the Atlantic and easily guarded.Originally the couple and their children, who joined them on 2 February 1922, lived at Funchal at the Villa Vittoria, next to Reid's Hotel and later moved to Quinta do Monte. Compared to the imperial glory in Vienna and even at Eckartsau, conditions there were certainly impoverished.Charles did not leave Madeira again. On 9 March 1922 he had caught a cold in town, which developed into bronchitis and subsequently progressed to severe pneumonia. Having suffered two heart attacks, he died of respiratory failure on 1 April, in the presence of his wife (who was pregnant with their eighth child) and nine-year-old Crown Prince Otto, remaining conscious almost until his last moments. His last words to his wife were "I love you so much." His remains except for his heart are still interred on the island, in the Church of Our Lady of Monte (Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Monte), in spite of several attempts to move them to the Habsburg Crypt in Vienna. His heart and the heart of his wife are entombed in Muri Abbey, Switzerland.Karl was a great leader, a Prince of peace, who wanted to save the world from a year of war; a statesman with ideas to save his people from the complicated problems of his Empire; a King who loved his people, a fearless man, a noble soul, distinguished, a saint from whose grave blessings come."Furthermore, Anatole France, the French novelist, stated:"Emperor Karl is the only decent man to come out of the war in a leadership position, no one listened to him. He sincerely wanted peace, and therefore was despised by the whole world. It was a wonderful chance that was lostBlessed Karl was a happy married man. On his wedding day, he famously declared to his beautiful wife, Zita, “Now we have to help each other to get to heaven!” They were even more devoted to God than to each other and they inscribed their relationship with God into their daily lives together. Blessed Karl proposed to his lovely Zita at the Shrine of Mariazell in Austria and they inscribed a prayer inside their wedding bands, “Sub tuum presidium confugimus, sancta Dei Genitrix” (We fly to take refuge under your protection, O Holy Mother of God). Their love was intense and lasted to the end of Karl’s life. For her part, the Empress Zita never remarried but continued to carry the memory of her husband and she blessed others with the title she had received from him.Charles and Zita were crowned in Budapest on 30 December 1916. Following the coronation there was a banquet, but after that the festivities ended, as the emperor and empress thought it wrong to have prolonged celebrations during a time of war. At the beginning of the reign, Charles was more often than not away from Vienna, so he had a telephone line installed from Baden (where Charles's military headquarters were located) to the Hofburg. He called Zita several times a day whenever they were separated. Zita had some influence on her husband and would discreetly attend audiences with the Prime Minister or military briefings, and she had a special interest in social policy. However, military matters were the sole domain of Charles. Energetic and strong-willed, Zita accompanied her husband to the provinces and to the front, as well as occupying herself with charitable works and hospital visits to the war-wounded.By this time, the war was closing in on the embattled Emperor. A Union of Czech Deputies had already sworn an oath to a new Czechoslovak state independent of the Habsburg Empire on 13 April 1918, the prestige of the German Army had taken a severe blow at the Battle of Amiens, and, on 25 September 1918, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria broke away from his allies in the Central Powers and sued for peace independently. Zita was with Charles when he received the telegram of Bulgaria's collapse. She remembered it "made it even more urgent to start peace talks with the Western Powers while there was still something to talk about. On 16 October, the emperor issued a "People's Manifesto" proposing the empire be restructured on federal lines with each nationality gaining its own state. Instead, each nation broke away and the empire effectively dissolved.Leaving behind their children at Gödöllő, Charles and Zita travelled to the Schönbrunn Palace. By this time ministers had been appointed by the new state of "German-Austria", and by 11 November, together with the emperor's spokesmen, they prepared a manifesto for Charles to sign. Zita, at first glance, mistook it for an abdication and made her famous statement "A sovereign can never abdicate. He can be deposed... All right. That is force. But abdicate — never, never, never! I would rather fall here at your side. Then there would be Otto. And even if all of us here were killed, there would still be other Habsburgs!" Charles gave his permission for the document to be published, and he, his family and the remnants of his Court departed for the Royal shooting lodge at Eckartsau, close to the borders with Hungary and Slovakia. The Republic of German-Austria was pronounced the next day.The family's first home in exile was Wartegg Castle in Rorschach, Switzerland, a property owned by the Bourbon-Parmas. However, the Swiss authorities, worried about the implication of the Habsburgs living near the Austrian border, compelled them to move to the western part of the country. The next month, therefore, found them moving to Villa Prangins, near Lake Geneva, where they resumed a quiet family life. This abruptly ended in March 1920 when, after a period of instability in Hungary, Miklós Horthy was elected regent. Charles was still technically King (as Charles IV) but Horthy sent an emissary to Prangins advising him not to go to Hungary until the situation had calmed. After the Trianon Treaty Horthy's ambition soon grew. Charles became concerned and requested the help of Colonel Strutt to get him into Hungary. Charles twice attempted to regain control, once in March 1921 and again in October 1921. Both attempts failed, despite Zita's staunch support (she insisted on travelling with him on the final dramatic train journey to Budapest).Charles and Zita temporarily resided at Castle Tata, the home of Count Esterházy, until a suitable permanent exile could be found. Malta was mooted as a possibility, but was declined by Lord Curzon, and French territory was ruled out due to the possibility of Zita's brothers intriguing on Charles's behalf. Eventually, the Portuguese island of Madeira was chosen. On 31 October 1921, the former Imperial couple were taken by rail from Tihany to Baja, where the Royal Navy monitor HMS Glowworm was waiting. They finally arrived at Funchal on 19 November. Their children were being looked after at Wartegg Castle in Switzerland by Charles's step-grandmother Maria Theresa, although Zita managed to see them in Zurich when her son Robert needed an operation for appendicitis. The children joined their parents in Madeira in February 1922.
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Prince Henri of Bourbon-Parma got married to Archduchess Gabriella
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[
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[
"Helen"
] |
2020-09-15T08:15:00+01:00
|
Duchess Maria Teresa, Princess Stephanie, Princess Claire, Tessy and Princess Alexandra wore the Grand Duchess Adelaide Tiara. Paule Ka dress
|
https://www.newmyroyals.com/favicon.ico
|
Newmyroyals & Hollywood Fashion
|
https://www.newmyroyals.com/2020/09/prince-henri-of-bourbon-parma-got.html
| ||||||
28465
|
yago
|
0
| 86
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https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7179/zita_of_bourbon-parma
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en
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1989) – Find a Grave Gedenkstätte
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[
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[] | null |
Austro-Hungarian Monarch. Born Zita Marie der Gnaden Adelgunde Michaele Raphaelle Gabrielle Josphine Antonie Luise Agnes delle Grazie di Borbone, Principessa di Parma the daughter of Roberto I di Borbone, Duca di Parma and his second wife, Maria Antonia Adelaide de Bragança, Infanta de Portugal at Villa Pianore,...
|
de
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/assets/images/fg-icon.svg
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https://de.findagrave.com/memorial/7179/zita_of_bourbon-parma
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Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort.
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Wir sind auf ein unbekanntes Problem gestoßen. Warten Sie einige Minuten und versuchen Sie es noch einmal. Wenn das Problem weiterhin besteht, kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave.
|
|||||
28465
|
yago
|
0
| 87
|
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50926
|
en
|
Empress Zita of Austria
|
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Empress consort of Austria, Queen consort of Hungary (1892-1989) and Servant of God
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png
|
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50926
|
Empress consort of Austria, Queen consort of Hungary (1892-1989) and Servant of God
Servant of God Zita of Austria-Hungary
Princess Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese of Bourbon-Parma
Zita of Bourbon-Parma
Empress Zita
|
|||||
28465
|
yago
|
2
| 26
|
https://www.thecourtjeweller.com/2018/11/the-most-expensive-jewels-from-bourbon.html
|
en
|
The Most Expensive Jewels from the Bourbon-Parma Auction
|
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2018-11-19T06:00:00+00:00
|
DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS/AFP/Getty Images On Wednesday, Sotheby's in Geneva sold a hundred lots of jewelry from the House of Bourbon-Parma, including impeccable pieces with eye-popping royal provenance. Here's a look at the ten highest-grossing lots from
|
en
|
The Court Jeweller
|
https://www.thecourtjeweller.com/2018/11/the-most-expensive-jewels-from-bourbon.html
|
DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS/AFP/Getty Images
On Wednesday, Sotheby’s in Geneva sold a hundred lots of jewelry from the House of Bourbon-Parma, including impeccable pieces with eye-popping royal provenance. Here’s a look at the ten highest-grossing lots from the sale!
Sotheby’s
10. Archduchess Maria Anna’s Sapphire Cluster Brooch: This lovely brooch features a 30-carat Ceylon sapphire surrounded by twelve brilliants, in a classic design that echoes the famous Albert Brooch from the British royal collection. This brooch is newer, made around 1900 and given by Princess Isabella of Croy to Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria when she married Prince Elias, Duke of Parma in 1903. The brooch sold for $551,010.
Sotheby’s
9. Archduchess Maria Anna’s Fancy Orangy Pink Diamond Ring: This classic cluster ring features an unusual 2.44-carat fancy orangy pink diamond framed by additional colorless diamonds. The ring was given to Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (wife of Prince Elias, Duke of Parma) by her father, Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen in 1909. The gift was a celebration of the birth of Maria Anna’s second son, Prince Robert. The ring sold for $574,837.
Sotheby’s
8. Princess Maria Teresa’s Diamond Girandole Earrings: This spectacular pair of diamond pendant earrings were made in the first half of the nineteenth-century. They originally belonged to Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy, the wife of Charles II, Duke of Parma, and were later inherited by her grandson, Robert I, Duke of Parma. The earrings sold for $729,715.
Sotheby’s
7. The Bourbon-Parma Diamond Demi-Parure: This incredible diamond demi-parure consists of a necklace, a pair of earrings, and a brooch. The suite contains diamonds owned by several members of the Bourbon-Parma family, including Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry (son of King Charles X of France), the Duchess of Angouleme (daughter of Queen Marie Antoinette), and Princess Isabella of Croy (mother of Archduchess Maria Anna, Duchess of Parma). The demi-parure sold for $848,853.
Sotheby’s
6. Archduchess Maria Anna’s Fleur-de-Lis Tiara: We featured this bold fleur-de-lis tiara recently here at The Court Jeweller. It was made in 1912 for Archduchess Maria Anna (wife of Prince Elias, Duke of Parma) by an Austrian jeweler, Hübner. The tiara sold for $967,990.
Sotheby’s
5. The Duke of Angouleme’s Order of the Saint-Esprit: This diamond, emerald, and ruby badge of the French Order of the Saint-Esprit was made around 1820 for the Duke of Angouleme (son of King Charles X of France). The badge sold for $1,623,244.
Sotheby’s
4. The Duke of Angouleme’s Order of the Golden Fleece: This elaborate diamond, sapphire, and ruby ornament is the neck badge of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The badge was made around 1820. It sold for $1,682,813.
Sotheby’s
3. Marie Antoinette’s Diamond Bow Brooch: This 18th century diamond bow brooch features a large pear-shaped yellow diamond pendant. The bow brooch belonged to Queen Marie Antoinette of France; the yellow diamond was a later addition. The brooch sold for $2,099,793.
Sotheby’s
2. Queen Marie Antoinette’s Pearls: This three-stranded pearl necklace is strung with pearls that belonged to Marie Antoinette. (We featured her pearl parure here.) The necklace sold for $2,278,499.
Sotheby’s
|
|||||
28465
|
yago
|
1
| 73
|
https://www.ranker.com/list/members-of-the-house-of-bourbon-parma/reference
|
en
|
Members of the House Of Bourbon-Parma
|
https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/4285/524285/original/members-of-the-house-of-bourbon-parma-u4
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https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/4285/524285/original/members-of-the-house-of-bourbon-parma-u4
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[
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[
"Reference"
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2012-05-05T00:00:00
|
List of the members of the House of Bourbon-Parma, listed alphabetically with photos when available. This list includes the names of each famous person in the ...
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en
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/img/icons/touch-icon-iphone.png
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Ranker
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https://www.ranker.com/list/members-of-the-house-of-bourbon-parma/reference
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List of the members of the House of Bourbon-Parma, listed alphabetically with photos when available. This list includes the names of each famous person in the House of Bourbon-Parma, along with information like where each person was born. If you're doing research on historic members of the House of Bourbon-Parma, then this list is the perfect jumping off point for finding out which notable people are included. The House of Bourbon-Parma has held prominence in the world dating back many years, so it's no wonder that many people have a fascination with its members. While this is not an exact family tree, it does show a list of many popular members of the House of Bourbon-Parma.
People on this list include Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg and Prince Félix of Luxembourg.
The information on this page of prominent House of Bourbon-Parma members can help answer the questions, “Who was in the House of Bourbon-Parma?” and "Who is part of the House of Bourbon-Parma?
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yago
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https://www.royalty-magazine.com/weddings/wedding-maria-carolina.html
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en
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The Wedding of Maria Carolina of Bourbon Parma
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2014-04-17T20:27:48+00:00
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The Wedding of Maria Carolina of Bourbon Parma. The marriage of HRH Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Parma and Mr. Albert Brenninkmeijer . . .
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en
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Royalty Magazine
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https://www.royalty-magazine.com/weddings/wedding-maria-carolina.html
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The picturesque Basilica San Miniato al Monte in Florence, central Italy, provided a beautiful setting for the marriage of HRH Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Parma and Mr. Albert Brenninkmeijer. The marriage was attended by many of Maria Carolina’s royal relations, including Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands Princess Maria Carolina, 38, is the daughter of Princess Irene of the Netherlands, younger sister of Queen Beatrix. Princess Maria Carolina is the youngest child from Princess Irene’s marriage to Prince Carlos Hugo. The wedding, which took place in 1964, was controversial as Carlos Hugo was the Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne and a Catholic. Dutch constitutional tradition from the 16th century had forbidden a Catholic from the throne. Irene’s mother, Queen Juliana, tried to put a stop to the wedding. Eventually Irene got her way but only after losing her rights in the line of succession. Carlos Hugo and Irene were married in the Borghese Chapel at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. No one from the Dutch royal family attended, nor were there representatives from the government of General Franco’s Spain. The couple went on to have four children but the marriage ended in 1981. Carlos Hugo passed away in August 2010. For Princess Irene’s daughter there were no such complications. The political and royal landscape of 2012 is very different and Princess Carolina’s beau Albert Brenninkmeijer is a commoner, albeit one from a renowned family of merchants. The Brenninkmeijer brothers, August and Clemens, founded international clothing chain C&A in the mid nineteenth century. An innovation for the time was that the clothes were sold ready to wear and the venture prospered. The brothers’ business talents have been passed down through the generations and today the Brenninkmeijers are amongst the wealthiest families in Europe with a fortune estimated around £19 billion. A head turning prospect for any bride but Princess Maria Carolina has pursued her own career. She studied political science at the University of Amsterdam and Harvard University before going on to work at the United Nations, during which time she has been stationed at the UN headquarters in New York, as well as troubled regions such as Eritrea, the Gaza Strip, and Acheh (Indonesia) after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. She currently works in Geneva for the Organisation for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Princess Maria Carolina’s status as a royal reflects her complicated family background. A princess from her birth in 1974, her father bestowed the title Marchesa di Sala (Marchioness of Sala) upon her in 1996 and in 2003 added the Carlist title Duquesa de Gernika (Duchess of Guernica).
On the Dutch side, in 1996 Princess Maria Carolina was brought into the Dutch Nobility by Queen Beatrix. Although she does not belong to the House of Orange-Nassau or the limited Dutch Royal House, as a niece of Queen Beatrix, she is an official, member of the more extended Dutch Royal Family. All of which meant that the guest list for the big day included an impressive roll call of royal relations. The bride‘s immediate family: her mother Princess Irene; her siblings Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Parma, Princess Margarita of Bourbon-Parma, Prince Jaime of Bourbon-Parma. Guests from the extended royal family included Queen Beatrix, Crown Prince Willem-Alexander, Crown Princess Maxima, Prince Constantijn and Princess Laurentien, Princess Margriet, Prince Maurits and Princess Marilène, Prince Bernhard and Princess Annette of Orange-Nassau and Princess Mabel. The bridal gown also referenced the family connections. Created by Dutch designer Addy van den Krommenacker, who also dressed the bride’s mother and sister, the bridal gown’s most notable feature was the heirloom Bruges lace. The lace was worn by Princess Irene at her wedding in 1964. Restored by the designer it was adapted for Princess Maria Carolina’s gown. The short sleeves and bodice were all made of lace and the gown was topped with a long veil secured by a tiara from the House of Orange: the diamond Laurel Wreath Tiara. (Extract from Royalty Magazine Vol. 22/08)
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https://royal.myorigins.org/p/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Bourbon-Parma/
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en
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Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma, Princess consort of Bulgaria
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en
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/favicon.ico
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(* 17.1.1870, O 20.4.1893, † 31.1.1899)
Duke Robert I of Parma
(* 9.7.1848, O 5.4.1869, O 15.10.1884, † 16.11.1907)
Duke Carlo III of Parma
(* 14.1.1823, O 10.11.1845, † 27.3.1854)
King Charles Louis of Etruria, Duke of Lucca and Parma
(* 22.12.1799, O 5.9.1820, † 16.4.1883)
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28465
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https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/zita-last-empress
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en
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Zita, the last empress
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Zita grew up in a large family in which several languages were spoken, and her upbringing and education were shaped by strict Catholic principles. Her childhood was spent partly at the Villa Borbone delle Pianore in Camaiore on the coast of Liguria (Italy) and partly at Schloss Schwarzau in Lower Austria. There the family cultivated close contacts with exiled monarchs and
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en
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Die Welt der Habsburger
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https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/zita-last-empress
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Zita grew up in a large family in which several languages were spoken, and her upbringing and education were shaped by strict Catholic principles.
Her childhood was spent partly at the Villa Borbone delle Pianore in Camaiore on the coast of Liguria (Italy) and partly at Schloss Schwarzau in Lower Austria. There the family cultivated close contacts with exiled monarchs and their supporters who had been granted exile in Lower Austria as guests of Emperor Franz Joseph. Frohsdorf for example was the seat in exile of the Spanish Carlists, while the Portuguese Miguelists had settled in Seebenstein. This background was to have an enduring influence on Zita’s views, confirming her legitimist principles.
It was at Schwarzau that Zita was married to Archduke Karl of Austria on 21 October 1911. The occasion was recorded on film, one of the very few cinematic documents of the imperial family’s private life.
The marriage of Zita and the designated heir to the Austrian throne and later emperor Karl I seems to have been very happy. Biographers unanimously agree that Zita had great influence over Karl. With her energetic personality and her unbending will she pushed her vacillating husband to arrive at decisions. As empress she had a politically significant position and accompanied her husband, who was her intellectual inferior, wherever he went. Her influence on Karl’s politics can be seen clearly in the Sixtus Affair, in which she was heavily involved. When this secret peace initiative failed, Zita was vilified as a traitor by German Nationalists because of her Bourbon descent.
Even after Karl’s fall from power Zita continued to be his most important source of support in exile. She accompanied her husband on his second failed attempt to restore himself to the throne in Hungary and followed him into exile. After his early death in 1922 Zita assumed the role of defender of the dynastic rights of her eight children, the last of whom was born after Karl’s death. She systematically brought together all the legitimist monarchist movements in Central Europe and built up her eldest son Otto as pretender to the Habsburg throne, actively supporting him in his political ambitions after he gained his majority. Thanks to her authority, the former empress became the central figure in the Habsburg-Lorraine family in the difficult times after the loss of the crown.
During the Second World War, which she spent in exile in Canada, she became an influential advocate for the restoration of Austria’s independence, but after 1945 she mainly focused her energies on the beatification process for her late husband. From the early 1960s Zita lived a secluded life in a Catholic old-age home in Zizers in Switzerland. She gave numerous interviews in which she proved to be an interesting witness to her times. However, her memoirs give a very subjective and in some respects historically distorted picture, glorifying her as the militant defender of Habsburg claims.
Reconciliation with the Republic of Austria was finally achieved in 1982, when the former empress, who had been denied entry to Austria, was allowed to set foot on Austrian soil for the first time again on the initiative of Federal Chancellor Bruno Kreisky.
Zita died on 14 March 1989 in Zizers at the age of 96. She was interred according to Habsburg dynastic tradition in the crypt of the Church of the Capuchin Friars in Vienna. However, her heart was buried in the new Habsburg family crypt at Muri Abbey in the northern Swiss canton of Aargau, in keeping with her last wishes as recorded in her will.
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https://www.amazon.com/Wedding-Archduke-Emperor-Austria-Princess/dp/B07D689Z56
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Amazon.com
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Enter the characters you see below
Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies.
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https://www.instagram.com/the_royal_watcher/p/C6pUB7pBrHG/
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Instagram
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zita_of_Bourbon-Parma
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en
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Zita of Bourbon
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2002-11-28T00:26:00+00:00
|
en
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/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zita_of_Bourbon-Parma
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Empress of Austria from 1916 to 1918
Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese; 9 May 1892 – 14 March 1989) was the wife of Charles I, the last monarch of Austria-Hungary. As such, she was the last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, in addition to other titles. She was declared Servant of God by Pope Benedict XVI.
Born as the seventeenth child of the dispossessed Robert I, Duke of Parma, and his second wife, Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, Zita married the then Archduke Charles of Austria in 1911. Charles became heir presumptive to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1914 after the assassination of his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, and acceded to the throne in 1916 after the elderly emperor's death.
After the end of World War I in 1918, the Habsburgs were deposed and the former empire became home to the states of Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, while other parts were annexed to or joined the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Italy, Romania, and a reconstituted independent Poland. Charles and Zita left for exile in Switzerland and, after the failure of attempts to restore royal rule in Hungary, were subsequently removed from that country by the Allies to Madeira, where Charles died in 1922. After her husband's death, Zita and her son Otto served as symbols of unity for the exiled dynasty. A devout Catholic, she raised a large family after being widowed at the age of 29; she never remarried.
Early life
[edit]
Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma was born at the Villa Pianore in the Italian Province of Lucca, 9 May 1892.[1]: 1 The unusual name Zita was given to her after Zita, a popular Italian saint who had lived in Tuscany in the 13th century.[2]: 16 She was the third daughter and fifth child of the deposed Robert I, Duke of Parma, and his second wife, Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, a daughter of King Miguel of Portugal and his wife Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. Zita's father had lost his throne as a result of the movement for Italian unification in 1859 when he was still a child.[1]: 1 He fathered twelve children during his first marriage to Princess Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies (six of whom were mentally disabled, and three of whom died young).[1]: 1 Duke Robert became a widower in 1882, and two years later he married Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal.[1]: 1 The second marriage produced a further twelve children. Zita was the 17th among Duke Robert's 24 children. Robert moved his large family between Villa Pianore (a large property located between Pietrasanta and Viareggio) and his Schwarzau Castle in Lower Austria.[3]: 5–6 It was mainly in these two residences that Zita spent her formative years. The family spent most of the year in Austria, moving to Pianore in the winter and returning in the summer.[1]: 2 To move between them, they took a special train with sixteen coaches to accommodate the family and their belongings.[3]: 7
Zita and her siblings were raised to speak Italian, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and English.[1]: 2 She recalled:
We grew up internationally. My father thought of himself first and foremost as a Frenchman, and spent a few weeks every year with the elder children at Chambord, his main property on the Loire. I once asked him how we should describe ourselves. He replied, "We are French princes who reigned in Italy." In fact, of the twenty-four children only three including me, were actually born in Italy.[1]: 2
At the age of ten, Zita was sent to a boarding school at Zanberg in Upper Bavaria, where there was a strict regime of study and religious instruction.[1]: 3 She was summoned home in the autumn of 1907 at the death of her father. Her maternal grandmother sent Zita and her sister Francesca to a convent on the Isle of Wight to complete their education.[2]: 19 Brought up as devout Catholics, the Parma children regularly undertook good works for the poor. In Schwarzau the family turned surplus cloth into clothes. Zita and Francesca personally distributed food, clothing, and medicines to the needy in Pianore.[3]: 7–8 Three of Zita's sisters became nuns and, for a time, she considered following the same path.[2]: 20 Zita went through a period of poor health and was sent for the traditional cure at a European spa for two years.[3]: 15
Marriage
[edit]
In the close vicinity of Schwarzau castle was the Villa Wartholz, residence of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, Zita's maternal aunt.[1]: 3 She was the stepmother of Archduke Otto, who died in 1906, and the step-grandmother of Archduke Charles of Austria-Este, at that time second-in-line to the Austrian throne. The two daughters of Archduchess Maria Theresa were Zita's first cousins and Charles' half-aunts. They had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his Dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandýs nad Labem, from where he visited his aunt at Františkovy Lázně.[1]: 5 It was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted.[1]: 5 Charles was under pressure to marry (Franz Ferdinand, his uncle and first-in-line, had married morganatically, and his children were excluded from the throne) and Zita had a suitably royal genealogy.[3]: 16 Zita later recalled:
We were of course glad to meet again and became close friends. On my side feelings developed gradually over the next two years. He seemed to have made his mind up much more quickly, however, and became even more keen when, in the autumn of 1910, rumours spread about that I had got engaged to a distant Spanish relative, Don Jaime, the Duke of Madrid. On hearing this, the Archduke came down post haste from his regiment at Brandýs and sought out his grandmother, Archduchess Maria Theresa, who was also my aunt and the natural confidante in such matters. He asked if the rumor was true and when told it was not, he replied, "Well, I had better hurry in any case or she will get engaged to someone else."[1]: 8
Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore and asked for Zita's hand and, on 13 June 1911, their engagement was announced at the Austrian court.[1]: 8 Zita in later years recalled that after her engagement she had expressed to Charles her worries about the fate of the Austrian Empire and the challenges of the monarchy.[1]: 8 Charles and Zita were married at the Schwarzau castle on 21 October 1911. Charles's great-uncle, the 81-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph I, attended the wedding. He was relieved to see an heir make a suitable marriage, and was in good spirits, even leading the toast at the wedding breakfast.[3]: 19 Archduchess Zita soon conceived a son, and Otto was born on 20 November 1912. Seven more children followed in the next decade.
Wife of the heir to Austrian throne
[edit]
At this time, Archduke Charles was in his twenties and did not expect to become emperor for some time, especially while Franz Ferdinand remained in good health. This changed on 28 June 1914 when the heir and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo by Bosnian Serb nationalists. Charles and Zita received the news by telegram that day. She said of her husband, "Though it was a beautiful day, I saw his face go white in the sun."[3]: 30
In the war that followed, Charles was promoted to General in the Austro-Hungarian army, taking command of the 20th Corps for an offensive in Tyrol.[3]: 36 The war was personally difficult for Zita, as several of her brothers fought on opposing sides in the conflict (Prince Felix and Prince René had joined the Austrian army, while Prince Sixtus and Prince Xavier lived in France before the war and enlisted in the Belgian army.)[3]: 33 Also her country of birth, Italy, joined the war against Austria in 1915, and so rumours of the 'Italian' Zita began to be muttered. Even as late as 1917, the German ambassador in Vienna, Count Botho von Wedel-Jarlsberg, would write to Berlin saying "The Empress is descended from an Italian princely house... People do not entirely trust the Italian and her brood of relatives."[3]: 36
At Franz Joseph's request, Zita and her children left their residence at Schloss Hetzendorf and moved into a suite of rooms at Schönbrunn Palace. Here, Zita spent many hours with the old Emperor on both formal and informal occasions, where Franz Joseph confided in her his fears for the future.[3]: 39 Emperor Franz Joseph died of bronchitis and pneumonia at the age of 86 on 21 November 1916. "I remember the dear plump figure of Prince Lobkowitz going up to my husband," Zita later recounted, "and, with tears in his eyes, making the sign of the cross on Charles's forehead. As he did so he said, 'May God bless Your Majesty.' It was the first time we had heard the Imperial title used to us."[3]: 41
Empress and queen
[edit]
Charles and Zita were crowned in Budapest on 30 December 1916. Following the coronation there was a banquet, but after that the festivities ended, as the emperor and empress thought it wrong to have prolonged celebrations during a time of war.[3]: 55 At the beginning of the reign, Charles was more often than not away from Vienna, so he had a telephone line installed from Baden (where Charles's military headquarters were located) to the Hofburg. He called Zita several times a day whenever they were separated.[3]: 60 Zita had some influence on her husband and would discreetly attend audiences with the Prime Minister or military briefings,[3]: 50 and she had a special interest in social policy. However, military matters were the sole domain of Charles. Energetic and strong-willed, Zita accompanied her husband to the provinces and to the front, as well as occupying herself with charitable works and hospital visits to the war-wounded.[1]: 21
Sixtus affair
[edit]
By the spring of 1917, the War was dragging on towards its fourth year, and Zita's brother Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, a serving officer in the Belgian Army, was a main mover behind a plan for Austria-Hungary to make a separate peace with France. Charles initiated contact with Sixtus through contacts in neutral Switzerland, and Zita wrote a letter inviting him to Vienna. Zita's mother, Maria Antonia, delivered the letter in person.[3]: 66
Sixtus arrived with conditions for talks which had been agreed with the French – the restoration to France of Alsace-Lorraine (annexed by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War in 1870); restoration of the independence of Belgium; independence for the kingdom of Serbia; and the handover of Constantinople to Russia.[3]: 61 Charles agreed, in principle, to the first three points and wrote a letter to Sixtus dated 25 March 1917 which sent "the secret and unofficial message" to the President of France that "I will use all means and all my personal influence".[3]: 72 This attempt at dynastic diplomacy eventually foundered. Germany refused to negotiate over Alsace-Lorraine,[3]: 73 and, seeing a Russian collapse on the horizon, was loath to give up the war.[3]: 78 Sixtus continued his efforts, even meeting David Lloyd George in London about Italy's territorial demands on Austria in the 1915 Treaty of London,[3]: 76 but the Prime Minister could not persuade his generals that Britain should make peace with Austria.[3]: 78 Zita managed a personal achievement during this time by stopping the German plans to send airplanes to bomb the home of the King and Queen of Belgium on their name days.[3]: 74
In April 1918, after the German-Russian Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Austrian Foreign Minister Count Ottokar Czernin made a speech attacking incoming French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau as being the main obstacle to a peace favouring the Central Powers.[3]: 92–93 Clemenceau was incensed and, after seeing Emperor Charles's letter of 24 March 1917, had it published.[3]: 95 For a while, the life of Sixtus appeared to be in danger, and there were even fears that Germany might occupy Austria. Czernin persuaded Charles to send a 'Word of Honour' to Austria's allies saying that Sixtus had not been authorised to show the letter to the French Government, that Belgium had not been mentioned, and that Clemenceau had lied about the mentioning of Alsace.[3]: 99 Czernin had actually been in contact with the German Embassy throughout the whole crisis and attempted to persuade the Emperor to step down because of the Affair. After failing to do so, Czernin resigned as Foreign Minister.[3]: 102
End of Empire
[edit]
By this time, the war was closing in on the embattled Emperor. A Union of Czech Deputies had already sworn an oath to a new Czechoslovak state independent of the Habsburg Empire on 13 April 1918, the prestige of the German Army had taken a severe blow at the Battle of Amiens, and, on 25 September 1918, Zita's brother-in-law King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria broke away from his allies in the Central Powers and sued for peace independently. Zita was with Charles when he received the telegram announcing Bulgaria's collapse. She remembered it "made it even more urgent to start peace talks with the Western Powers while there was still something to talk about."[3]: 111 On 16 October, the Emperor issued a "People's Manifesto" proposing the empire be restructured on federal lines with each nationality gaining its own state. Instead, each nation broke away and the empire effectively dissolved.[3]: 113–115
Leaving behind their children at Gödöllő, Charles and Zita travelled to the Schönbrunn Palace. By this time ministers had been appointed by the new state of "German-Austria", and by 11 November, together with the Emperor's spokesmen, they prepared a manifesto for Charles to sign.[3]: 121–130 Zita, at first glance, mistook it for an abdication and made her famous statement:
A sovereign can never abdicate. He can be deposed... All right. That is force. But abdicate – never, never, never! I would rather fall here at your side. Then there would be Otto. And even if all of us here were killed, there would still be other Habsburgs![3]: 130
Charles gave his permission for the document to be published, and he, his family and the remnants of his Court departed for the Royal shooting lodge at Eckartsau, close to the borders with Hungary and Slovakia.[3]: 132 The Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed the next day.
Exile
[edit]
After a difficult few months at Eckartsau, the Imperial Family received aid from an unexpected source. Prince Sixtus had met King George V and appealed to him to help the Habsburgs. George was reportedly moved by the request, it being only months since his imperial relatives in Russia had been executed by revolutionaries, and promised "We will immediately do what is necessary."[3]: 137
Several British Army officers were sent to help Charles, most notably Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt, who was a grandson of Lord Belper and a former student at the University of Innsbruck.[3]: 139 On 19 March 1919, orders were received from the War Office to "get the Emperor out of Austria without delay". With some difficulty, Strutt managed to arrange a train to Switzerland, enabling the Emperor to leave the country with dignity without having to abdicate. Charles, Zita, their children and their household left Eckartsau on 24 March escorted by a detachment of British soldiers from the Honourable Artillery Company under the command of Strutt.[3]: 141–146
Hungary and exile in Madeira
[edit]
The family's first home in exile was Wartegg Castle in Rorschach, Switzerland, a property owned by the Bourbon-Parmas. However, the Swiss authorities, worried about the implication of the Habsburgs living near the Austrian border, compelled them to move to the western part of the country. The next month, therefore, found them moving to Villa Prangins, near Lake Geneva, where they resumed a quiet family life.[2]: 20 This abruptly ended in March 1920 when, after a period of instability in Hungary, Miklós Horthy was elected regent. Charles was still technically King (as Charles IV) but Horthy sent an emissary to Prangins advising him not to go to Hungary until the situation had calmed.[3]: 153–156 After the Trianon Treaty Horthy's ambition soon grew. Charles became concerned and requested the help of Colonel Strutt to get him into Hungary.[3]: 153–156 Charles twice attempted to regain control, once in March 1921 and again in October 1921. Both attempts failed, despite Zita's staunch support (she insisted on travelling with him on the final dramatic train journey to Budapest).[3]: 192
Charles and Zita temporarily resided at Tata Castle, the home of Count Esterházy,[3]: 195 until a suitable permanent exile could be found. Malta was mooted as a possibility, but was declined by Lord Curzon, and French territory was ruled out given the possibility of Zita's brothers intriguing on Charles's behalf.[3]: 199 Eventually, the Portuguese island of Madeira was chosen. On 31 October 1921, the former Imperial couple were taken by rail from Tihany to Baja, where the Royal Navy monitor HMS Glowworm was waiting. They finally arrived at Funchal on 19 November.[3]: 200–207 Their children were being looked after at Wartegg Castle in Switzerland by Charles's step-grandmother Maria Theresa, although Zita managed to see them in Zürich when her son Robert needed an operation for appendicitis.[3]: 210–211 The children joined their parents in Madeira in February 1922.[4]
Death of Charles
[edit]
Charles had been in poor health for some time. After going shopping on a chilly day in Funchal to buy toys for Carl Ludwig, he was struck by an attack of bronchitis. This rapidly worsened into pneumonia, not helped by the inadequate medical care available. Several of the children and staff were also ill, and Zita (at the time eight months pregnant) helped nurse them all. Charles weakened and died on 1 April, his last words to his wife being "I love you so much."[3]: 214–215 Charles was 34 years old. After his funeral, a witness said of Zita "This woman really is to be admired. She did not, for one second, lose her composure... she greeted the people on all sides and then spoke to those who had helped out with the funeral. They were all under her charm."[3]: 216 Zita wore mourning black in Charles's memory throughout sixty-seven years of widowhood.[2]: 151
Widowhood
[edit]
After Charles's death, the former Austrian imperial family were soon to move again. Alfonso XIII of Spain had approached the British Foreign Office via his ambassador in London, and they agreed to allow Zita and her seven (soon to be eight) children to relocate to Spain. Alfonso duly sent the warship Infanta Isabel to Funchal and this took them to Cadiz. They were then escorted to the Pardo Palace in Madrid, where shortly after her arrival Zita gave birth to Archduchess Elisabeth.[5]: 274 Alfonso XIII offered his exiled Habsburg relatives the use of Palacio Uribarren at Lekeitio on the Bay of Biscay. This appealed to Zita, who did not want to be a heavy burden to the state that harboured her.[5]: 289 For the next six years Zita settled in Lekeitio, where she got on with the job of raising and educating her children.[3]: 219–220 They lived with straitened finances, mainly living on income from private property in Austria, income from a vineyard in Johannisberg in the Rhine Valley, and voluntary collections. Other members of the exiled Habsburg dynasty, however, claimed much of this money, and there were regular petitions for help from former Imperial officials.[3]: 223–224
Move to Belgium
[edit]
By 1929, several of the children were approaching the age to attend university and the family moved to a castle in the Belgian village of Steenokkerzeel near Brussels, where they were closer to several members of their family.[3]: 231 Zita continued her political lobbying on behalf of the Habsburg family, even sounding out links with Mussolini's Italy.[3]: 233–236 There was even a possibility of a Habsburg restoration under the Austrian Chancellors Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg, with Crown Prince Otto visiting Austria numerous times. These overtures were abruptly ended by the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938.[3]: 240–265 As exiles, the Habsburg family took the lead in resisting the Nazis in Austria, but this foundered because of opposition between monarchists and socialists.[3]: 268–269
Flight to North America
[edit]
With the Nazi invasion of Belgium on 10 May 1940, Zita and her family became war refugees. They narrowly missed being killed by a direct hit on the castle by German bombers and fled to Prince Xavier's castle at Bostz in France.[3]: 271–272 The Habsburgs then fled to the Spanish border, reaching it on 18 May. On June 12 the Portuguese ruler António Salazar issued instructions to the Portuguese consulates in France to provide Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal Duchess of Parma with Portuguese passports. With these Portuguese passports the family could get visas without creating problems for the neutrality of the Portuguese Government. This way the daughter of Maria Antónia, Zita of Bourbon-Parma, and her son Otto von Habsburg got their visas because they were descendants of a Portuguese citizen.[6] They moved on to Portugal and resided in Cascais. Not long after, the archduke was informed by Salazar that Hitler had demanded his extradition. The demand would be refused, the Portuguese ruler told him but hinted that his safety was precarious. On 9 July the United States government granted the family visas. After a perilous journey they arrived in New York City on 27 July, having family in Long Island and Newark, New Jersey;[3]: 277 at one point, Zita and several of her children lived, as long-term house-guests, in Tuxedo Park, New York.
The Austrian imperial refugees eventually settled in Quebec, which had the advantage of being French-speaking (the younger children were not yet fluent in English)[3]: 283 and continued their studies in French at Université Laval.[7] As they were cut off from all European funds, finances were more stretched than ever. At one stage, Zita was reduced to making salad and spinach dishes from dandelion leaves.[3]: 284 However, all her sons were active in the war effort. Otto promoted the dynasty's role in a post-war Europe and met regularly with Franklin Roosevelt;[3]: 270–271 Robert was the Habsburg representative in London;[3]: 285 Carl Ludwig and Felix joined the United States Army, serving with several American-raised relatives of the Mauerer line;[3]: 290 Rudolf smuggled himself into Austria in the final days of the war to help organise the resistance.[3]: 307 In 1945 Empress Zita celebrated her birthday on the first day of peace, 9 May. She was to spend the next two years touring the United States and Canada to raise funds for war-ravaged Austria and Hungary.[2]: 157
Later life
[edit]
After a period of rest and recovery, Zita found herself regularly going back to Europe for the weddings of her children. She decided to move back to the continent full-time in 1952 to Luxembourg to look after her aging mother. Maria Antonia died at the age of 96 in 1959. The bishop of Chur proposed to Zita that she move into a residence that he administered (formerly a castle of the Counts de Salis) at Zizers, Graubünden in Switzerland. As the castle had enough space for visits from her large family and a nearby chapel (a necessity for the devoutly-Catholic Zita), she accepted with ease.[3]: 316
Zita occupied herself in her final years with her family. Although the restrictions on the Habsburgs entering Austria had been lifted, that applied only to those born after 10 April 1919. That meant that Zita could not attend the funeral of her daughter Adelheid in 1972, which was painful for her.[3]: 320 She also involved herself in the efforts to have her deceased husband, the "Peace Emperor" canonised. In 1982, the restrictions were eased, and she returned to Austria after being absent for six decades. Over the next few years, the Empress made several visits to her former Austrian homeland and even appeared on Austrian television.[3]: 322–323 In a series of interviews with the Viennese tabloid newspaper Kronen Zeitung, Zita expressed her belief that the deaths of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria and his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera, at Mayerling, in 1889, were not a double suicide but rather murder by French or Austrian agents.[3]: 320
Death
[edit]
After a memorable 90th birthday, at which she was surrounded by her now vast family, Zita's habitually-robust health began to fail. She developed inoperable cataracts in both eyes.[3]: 326 Her last major family gathering took place at Zizers, in 1987, when her children and grandchildren joined in celebrating her 95th birthday.[1]: 24 While visiting her daughter, in summer 1988, she developed pneumonia and spent most of the autumn and winter bedridden. Finally, she called Otto in early March 1989 and told him she was dying. He and the rest of the family travelled to her bedside and took turns keeping her company until she died in the early hours of 14 March 1989.[3]: 327–328 She was 96 years old,[8] and was the last surviving child of Robert, Duke of Parma from both his marriages.
Her funeral was held in Vienna on 1 April. The government allowed it to take place on Austrian soil if the cost was borne by the Habsburgs themselves.[3]: 329 Zita's body was carried to the Imperial Crypt under Capuchin Church[8][9] in the same funeral coach she had walked behind during the funeral of Emperor Franz Joseph in 1916. It was attended by over 200 members of the Habsburg and Bourbon-Parma families, and the service had 6,000 attendees including leading politicians, state officials and international representatives, including a representative of Pope John Paul II.[3]: 329 Following an ancient custom, the Empress had asked that her heart, which was placed in an urn, stay behind at Muri Abbey, in Switzerland, where the Emperor's heart had rested for decades. In doing so, Zita assured herself that in death, she and her husband would remain by each other's side.[1]: 38
When the procession of mourners arrived at the gates of the Imperial Crypt, the herald who knocked on the door during the traditional "admission ceremony" introduced her as Zita, Her Majesty the Empress and Queen.[4][10]
Cause of beatification and canonization
[edit]
On 10 December 2009, Mgr Yves Le Saux, Bishop of Le Mans, France, opened the diocesan process for the beatification of Zita.[11] Zita was in the habit of spending several months each year in the diocese of Le Mans at St. Cecilia's Abbey, Solesmes, where three of her sisters were nuns.[12]
The actor is the French Association pour la Béatification de l'Impératrice Zita.[13] The postulator for the cause is Alexander Leonhardt. Vice postulator for Hungary is Catholic theologian Norbert Nagy. The judge of the tribunal is Bruno Bonnet. The promoter of justice is François Scrive.[11]
With the opening of her cause, the late Empress has been named Servant of God.[14][15]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
[edit]
Titles and styles
[edit]
9 May 1892 – 21 October 1911: Her Royal Highness Zita, Royal Princess of Bourbon, Princess of Parma[16]
21 October 1911 – 28 June 1914: Her Imperial and Royal Highness Archduchess Zita, Archduchess Karl of Austria, Princess of Parma
28 June 1914 – 21 November 1916: Her Imperial and Royal Highness The Archduchess of Austria-Este[17]
21 November 1916 – 3 April 1919: Her Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty The Empress of Austria, Apostolic Queen of Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia[18]
Honours
[edit]
Austria-Hungary:[19]
Grand Mistress Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross[20]
Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Elisabeth, 1913[20]
Knight Grand Officer of the Order of the Red Cross, with War Decoration
SMOM: Bailiff Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saint John[19]
Children
[edit]
Charles and Zita had eight children and thirty three grandchildren:
Name Birth Death Notes Crown Prince Otto von Habsburg 20 November 1912 4 July 2011 married (1951) Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen (6 January 1925 – 3 February 2010) and had seven children, twenty-two grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren. Archduchess Adelheid 3 January 1914 2 October 1971 never married, no issue Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este 8 February 1915 7 February 1996 married (1953) Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta (7 April 1930 - 10 January 2022) and had five children, nineteen grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Archduke Felix of Austria 31 May 1916 6 September 2011 married (1952) Princess Anna Eugenie von Arenberg (5 July 1925 - 9 June 1997) and had seven children and twenty-two grandchildren. Archduke Carl Ludwig 10 March 1918 11 December 2007 married (1950) Princess Yolanda of Ligne (6 May 1923 – 13 September 2023) and had four children, nineteen grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren. Archduke Rudolf 5 September 1919 15 May 2010 married (1953) Countess Xenia Tschernyschev-Besobrasoff (11 June 1929 - 20 September 1968) and had four children, thirteen grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Married (secondly) (1971) Princess Anna Gabriele of Wrede (born 11 September 1940) and had one daughter and three grandsons. Archduchess Charlotte 1 March 1921 23 July 1989 married (1956) Duke Georg of Mecklenburg (5 October [O.S. 22 September] 1899 – 6 July 1963). Archduchess Elisabeth 31 May 1922 6 January 1993 married (1949) Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein (5 August 1916 – 17 April 1991) and had five children, seven grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.
Ancestry
[edit]
References
[edit]
Bibliography
[edit]
Beeche, Arturo & McIntosh, David. (2005). Empress Zita of Austria, Queen of Hungary (1892–1989) Eurohistory. ASIN: B000F1PHOI
Bogle, James and Joanna. (1990). A Heart for Europe: The Lives of Emperor Charles and Empress Zita of Austria-Hungary, Fowler Wright, 1990, ISBN 0-85244-173-8
Brook-Shepherd, Gordon. (1991). The Last Empress: The Life and Times of Zita of Austria-Hungary 1893–1989. Harper-Collins. ISBN 0-00-215861-2
Harding, Bertita. (1939). Imperial Twilight: The Story of Karl and Zita of Hungary. Bobbs-Merrill Company Publishers. ASIN: B000J0DDQO
(in German) Bernhard A. Macek: Kaiser Karl I. Der letzte Kaiser Österreichs. Ein biografischer Bilderbogen, Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2012, ISBN 978-3-9540-0076-0
(in French) Debris, Cyrille. (2013). Zita, Portrait intime d'une imperatrice. Cerf, Paris, 2013, ISBN 978-2-204-10085-4
Media related to Zita of Bourbon-Parma at Wikimedia Commons
Film of Zita of Bourbon-Parma's funeral
Newspaper clippings about Zita of Bourbon-Parma in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
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She was born on May 9, 1892, the 17th child of Roberto I, Duke of Parma. in Lucca, Italy. Named after a famous Tuscan saint she was only a ...
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en
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http://madmonarchist.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
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http://madmonarchist.blogspot.com/2009/10/consort-profile-zita-of-bourbon-parma.html
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yago
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https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2445628/A-Royal-wedding-pomp-circumstance-Prince-Jaime-Bourbon-Parma-Netherlands-marries-Viktoria-Cservenyak.html
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en
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A Royal wedding without the pomp and circumstance: Prince Jaime Bourbon-Parma of the Netherlands marries Viktoria Cservenyak
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
"dailymail",
"femail"
] | null |
[
"Lizzie Edmonds",
"Steve Nolan",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2013-10-05T17:48:56+01:00
|
The Prince and his new wife Viktoria beamed as they left The Church Of Our Lady At Ascension in Appeldorn, Netherlands.
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/favicon.ico?v=2
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Mail Online
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https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2445628/A-Royal-wedding-pomp-circumstance-Prince-Jaime-Bourbon-Parma-Netherlands-marries-Viktoria-Cservenyak.html
|
The happy couple had married in a civil ceremony earlier this week
Prince Jaime is the second son of Princess Irene and the late Carlos Hugo
His new wife, Danish-born Viktoria is a writer and former lawyer
The pair celebrated their wedding at the Church Of Our Lady At Ascension in Appeldorn
This is the happy moment that Prince Jaime Bourbon-Parma and Viktoria Cservenyak waved to family and friends as husband and wife for the first time.
The Prince, the second son and third child of Princess Irene of the Netherlands and late Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma, beamed as he left the church arm in arm with his bride.
His new wife Viktoria, a writer and former lawyer, raised her modest bouquet towards the crowd as friends and family threw yellow rose-petal confetti over the couple.
Joy: Prince Jaime Bourbon-Parma and Viktoria Cservenyak leave the church as husband and wife
Celebration: The happy couple smiled and waved at their family and friends, who threw yellow-petal confetti at the newlyweds
Delight: The beaming pair held hands and Prince Jaime punched the air in delight as they emerged from the church hand-in-hand
The newlyweds followed a page boy and flower girl, who wore outfits that complimented the bride and groom's chosen colour scheme.
The couple were officially married at a civil wedding ceremony in Wijk bij Duurstede that took place on October 3, but today's ceremony saw them celebrate with family and friends.
Another picture shows the Prince, who is a member of the Royal and Ducal House of Bourbon-Parma, tenderly kissing his new wife on the cheek outside The Church Of Our Lady At Ascension in Appeldorn, Netherlands.
Almost the entire Dutch Royal Family were present at the ceremony including King Willem - Alexander, Queen Máxima and their three daughters.
The city also has close ties with the royal family as a whole as it is the home of Princess Margriet and Professor Pieter van Vollenhoven since the 1960s.
In 2005 Prince Pieter-Christiaan, the third son of Princess Margriet and Professor Pieter van Vollenhoven married Anita Van Eijk at Het Loo Palace.
And in 1998 Prince Maurice, the eldest son of Princess Margriet and Professor Pieter van Vollenhoven married in the city's Great Church.
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yago
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https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2445628/A-Royal-wedding-pomp-circumstance-Prince-Jaime-Bourbon-Parma-Netherlands-marries-Viktoria-Cservenyak.html
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en
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A Royal wedding without the pomp and circumstance: Prince Jaime Bourbon-Parma of the Netherlands marries Viktoria Cservenyak
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2013-10-05T17:48:56+01:00
|
The Prince and his new wife Viktoria beamed as they left The Church Of Our Lady At Ascension in Appeldorn, Netherlands.
|
/favicon.ico?v=2
|
Mail Online
|
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2445628/A-Royal-wedding-pomp-circumstance-Prince-Jaime-Bourbon-Parma-Netherlands-marries-Viktoria-Cservenyak.html
|
The happy couple had married in a civil ceremony earlier this week
Prince Jaime is the second son of Princess Irene and the late Carlos Hugo
His new wife, Danish-born Viktoria is a writer and former lawyer
The pair celebrated their wedding at the Church Of Our Lady At Ascension in Appeldorn
This is the happy moment that Prince Jaime Bourbon-Parma and Viktoria Cservenyak waved to family and friends as husband and wife for the first time.
The Prince, the second son and third child of Princess Irene of the Netherlands and late Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma, beamed as he left the church arm in arm with his bride.
His new wife Viktoria, a writer and former lawyer, raised her modest bouquet towards the crowd as friends and family threw yellow rose-petal confetti over the couple.
Joy: Prince Jaime Bourbon-Parma and Viktoria Cservenyak leave the church as husband and wife
Celebration: The happy couple smiled and waved at their family and friends, who threw yellow-petal confetti at the newlyweds
Delight: The beaming pair held hands and Prince Jaime punched the air in delight as they emerged from the church hand-in-hand
The newlyweds followed a page boy and flower girl, who wore outfits that complimented the bride and groom's chosen colour scheme.
The couple were officially married at a civil wedding ceremony in Wijk bij Duurstede that took place on October 3, but today's ceremony saw them celebrate with family and friends.
Another picture shows the Prince, who is a member of the Royal and Ducal House of Bourbon-Parma, tenderly kissing his new wife on the cheek outside The Church Of Our Lady At Ascension in Appeldorn, Netherlands.
Almost the entire Dutch Royal Family were present at the ceremony including King Willem - Alexander, Queen Máxima and their three daughters.
The city also has close ties with the royal family as a whole as it is the home of Princess Margriet and Professor Pieter van Vollenhoven since the 1960s.
In 2005 Prince Pieter-Christiaan, the third son of Princess Margriet and Professor Pieter van Vollenhoven married Anita Van Eijk at Het Loo Palace.
And in 1998 Prince Maurice, the eldest son of Princess Margriet and Professor Pieter van Vollenhoven married in the city's Great Church.
|
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https://www.thecourtjeweller.com/2016/08/in-memoriam-queen-anne-of-romania.html
|
en
|
In Memoriam: Queen Anne of Romania
|
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[] |
[
""
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[
"The Court Jeweller"
] |
2016-08-02T06:00:00+00:00
|
Anne of Romania (Photo: DANIEL MIHAILESCU/AFP/Getty Images) On Monday, the former royal family of Romania announced the death of their matriarch. Anne, the wife of Romania's last king, died at the age of 92 in Switzerland.
|
en
|
The Court Jeweller
|
https://www.thecourtjeweller.com/2016/08/in-memoriam-queen-anne-of-romania.html
|
Anne of Romania (Photo: DANIEL MIHAILESCU/AFP/Getty Images)
On Monday, the former royal family of Romania announced the death of their matriarch. Anne, the wife of Romania’s last king, died at the age of 92 in Switzerland.
Born a princess of Bourbon-Parma, Anne’s royal pedigree was impeccable even before she married a (former) monarch. Her father, Prince Rene of Bourbon-Parma, was a son of Robert, the last reigning Duke of Parma, and Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal. Her paternal uncles and aunts included Queen Marie Louise of Bulgaria, Empress Zita of Austria-Hungary, and Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma (husband of Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg).
Anne’s mother, Princess Margrethe of Denmark, was the daughter of Prince Valdemar of Denmark and Princess Marie of Orleans. Valdemar’s parents were King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark — which means that Anne’s maternal great-aunts and great-uncles were King Frederik VIII of Denmark, Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom, King George I of Greece, Crown Princess Thyra of Hanover, and Empress Marie Feodorovna of Russia.
Anne’s long list of royal cousins includes the reigning monarchs of the United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Spain, and Luxembourg, plus the former kings of Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania. That last one — King Michael I of Romania — also happens to have been her husband. Anne was never Romania’s queen consort, because Michael was forced to abdicate a year before their marriage, but she was still often referred to as “Queen Anne of Romania” by courtesy.
Before her marriage, Anne studied at Parsons School of Design in New York and even worked behind the counter at Macy’s. She also served as an ambulance driver during World War II, earning the Croix de guerre for her service. She met her husband in London during the celebrations surrounding the wedding of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip in November 1947. Michael and Anne were married for nearly 70 years, and they had five daughters: Margarita, Elena, Irina, Sophie, and Maria.
To celebrate Anne’s life, here’s a selection of images, including a few where you can see a bit of royal jewelry. Enjoy!
Photo: OFF/AFP/Getty Images
Michael and Anne stroll through the Bois de Boulogne in Paris in March 1948, a few months before their wedding. Anne is wearing a simple string of pearls
Photo: OFF/AFP/Getty Images
Anne in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1951; note the rings on her left hand
Michael and Anne in exile in England with their eldest daughters, Margarita and Elena, in 1952
Michael and Anne with Constantine and Anne-Marie of Greece at a service celebrating the 100th birthday of the Queen Mother at St. Paul’s Cathedral in 2000
Michael and Anne attend a gala reception for their daughter Margarita’s charitable foundation in December 2003
Photo: DANIEL MIHAILESCU/AFP/Getty Images
Anne arrives at the National Opera in Bucharest for a concert celebrating Michael’s 90th birthday in 2011
|
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https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/princess-maria-luisa-of-bourbon-parma-princess-of-bulgaria/
|
en
|
Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma, Princess of Bulgaria
|
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2016-02-05T01:00:02+00:00
|
by Scott Mehl © Unofficial Royalty 2016 Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma, Princess of Bulgaria Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma was the first wife of the future Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulga…
|
en
|
Unofficial Royalty
|
https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/princess-maria-luisa-of-bourbon-parma-princess-of-bulgaria/
|
Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma was the first wife of the future Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria. She was born Princess Maria Luisa Pia Teresa Anna Ferdinanda Francesca Antonietta Margherita Giuseppina Caroline Bianca Lucia Apollonia of Bourbon-Parma on January 17, 1870 in Rome, Italy. Maria Luisa was the eldest child of Robert I, Duke of Parma and his first wife, Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, and had eleven younger siblings. Six of her eleven siblings were mentally disabled.
Ferdinando (born and died 1871) died in infancy
Luisa Maria (1872 – 1943), unmarried, mentally disabled
Enrico, Duke of Parma (1873 – 1939), unmarried, mentally disabled, Titular Duke of Parma 1907-1939, his brother Elias took up the role as regent and head of the family
Maria Immacolata (1874 – 1914), unmarried, mentally disabled
Giuseppe, Duke of Parma (1875 – 1950), unmarried, mentally disabled, Titular Duke of Parma 1939-1950, his brother Elias continued the role as regent and head of the family
Maria Teresa (1876 – 1959), unmarried, mentally disabled
Maria Pia (1877 – 1915), unmarried, mentally disabled
Beatrice (1879 – 1946), married Pietro Lucchesi-Palli, had issue
Elias, Duke of Parma (1880- 1959), married Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, had issue; Head of the Ducal Family of Parma (1950–1959)
Maria Anastasia (born and died 1881), died in infancy
Stillborn child (September 22, 1882), Maria Pia died in childbirth
Two years after her mother died in childbirth in 1882, Maria Luisa’s father married Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal and had another twelve children, Maria Luisa’s half-siblings:
Maria della Neve Adelaide (1885 – 1959), a Benedictine nun at the Monastery of Solesmes, France
Sixtus (1886 – 1934), married Hedwige de La Rochefoucauld, had issue
Xavier, Duke of Parma (1889 – 1977), married Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset, had issue, the Carlist claimants to the Spanish throne descend through this line
Zita (1892 – 1989) – married Emperor Karl of Austria, had issue
Francesca (1890 – 1978), a Benedictine nun at the Monastery of Solesmes, France
Felix (1893 – 1970), married Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg, had issue
René (1894 – 1962), married Princess Margrethe of Denmark, had issue including Anne who married King Michael I of Romania
Maria Antonia (1895 – 1937), a Benedictine nun at the Monastery of Solesmes, France
Isabella (1898 – 1984), nun
Luigi (1899 – 1967), married Princess Maria Francesca of Savoy, had issue
Henrietta Anna (1903 – 1987), unmarried, was deaf
Gaetano (1905 – 1958), married and divorced Princess Margarete of Thurn and Taxis, had issue
Princess Maria Luisa was raised primarily in Switzerland, in the care of English governesses. Artistically gifted, she became fluent in five languages and enjoyed painting and music.
In 1892, her father began to arrange a marriage for Maria Luisa to the reigning Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria. He and Ferdinand’s mother went through extensive negotiations in order to make the match possible. One of the biggest obstacles was religion. Maria Luisa’s family was staunchly Catholic and insisted that any children would be raised in the Catholic Church. Ferdinand was also Catholic and had been permitted to remain so when elected Prince of Bulgaria. However, the Bulgarian constitution required that any future Prince be a member of the Orthodox Church. This would mean that Ferdinand’s heir could not be raised Catholic. Capitalizing on the exceptions that had been given to both Ferdinand and his predecessor, Alexander of Battenberg, Prime Minister Stefan Stambolov quickly had the constitution amended to provide another exception for Ferdinand’s heir.
With this final issue resolved, the engagement was announced in August 1892. Being a truly arranged marriage, it would be on their engagement day that Maria Luisa and Ferdinand met for the first time. They married on April 20, 1893, at Villa Pianore, the Duke of Parma’s residence in Lucca, Italy. They had four children:
Boris III, Tsar of Bulgaria (1894-1943) – married Princess Giovanna of Italy, had issue
Prince Kyril (1895-1945) – unmarried, executed in 1945
Princess Eudoxia (1898-1985) – unmarried
Princess Nadezhda (1899-1958) – married Duke Albrecht Eugen of Württemberg, had issue
Less than two years after the birth of their first son, Boris, Ferdinand decided that he would have his son baptized in the Orthodox church, despite the agreements made at the time of their marriage. This was part of his efforts to be recognized as sovereign of Bulgaria by the new Emperor of Russia, Nicholas II. Maria Luisa, supported by both her family and her mother-in-law, argued strongly against the conversion but Ferdinand insisted. Prince Boris was received into the Orthodox Church, with Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia as his godparent. Maria Luisa left the country in protest, not returning until the late spring of 1896. The rest of their children were raised Catholic.
Maria Luisa’s marriage, which had been strictly for political and dynastic reasons, was not a happy one. Having given birth to three children, and expecting a fourth within five years had taken a toll on her already frail health. She developed pneumonia while pregnant with her youngest child, and died on January 31, 1899, just a day after giving birth. She was just 29 years old. Princess Maria Luisa was buried in the Cathedral of Saint Louis of France, in Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. It is permissible to use a link that directs to Unofficial Royalty.
Bulgaria Resources at Unofficial Royalty
|
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https://www.tatler.com/article/princess-charlotte-de-bourbon-parma-wedding
|
en
|
Princess Charlotte de Bourbon-Parma wears her mother's tiara for glamorous French wedding
|
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2022-07-08T10:48:00.463000+01:00
|
The 28-year-old tied the knot with Guatemalan diplomat Javier Valladares Urruela at a beautiful church in Normandy a few weeks ago
|
en
|
https://www.tatler.com/verso/static/tatler-international/assets/favicon.ico
|
Tatler
|
https://www.tatler.com/article/princess-charlotte-de-bourbon-parma-wedding
|
The great and the glamorous of French society were out in force last month, as Princess Charlotte de Bourbon-Parma tied the knot with her handsome diplomat beau, Javier Valladares Urruela. The blushing bride continued a royal tradition by donning a tiara for her nuptials, choosing one worn by her mother, Baroness Constance de Ravinel, on her own wedding day in 1991. The diamond headpiece is in the Meander style, also known as the Greek style, for its similarity to Grecian artworks.
The wedding took place on 25 June at Saint-Aubin church in the picturesque village of Tourouvre au Perche in Normandy, with the bride choosing a princess-style white gown with puff-sleeves, full skirt and sweetheart-neckline. As well as her tiara, she also wore delicate pearl earrings, keeping her beauty look classic and simple, with an elegant low bun and natural make-up. The civil ceremony took place in the town hall of the same village a week earlier, with the bride wearing a chic floral Zimmermann mini-dress in yellow, accessorising with a matching hat.
Princess Charlotte is the daughter of Prince Charles-Emmanuel of Bourbon-Parma, whose father, Prince Michael, was a famous racing car driver in his day. She is related to the royal households of Denmark and Romania on her father's side, while her mother's family are French nobility dating back to the 15th century. She is one of four children, with two sisters, Princesses Elisabeth and Zita. Her brother, Prince Amaury of Bourbon-Parma, recently made headlines after running for political office. In 2011, she made her debut alongside fellow European aristocracy at the Bal des Debutantes in Paris, wearing Versace.
|
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https://www.pinterest.com/pin/250442429268235953/
|
en
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[] |
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2020-09-15T08:54:05+00:00
|
Duchess Maria Teresa, Princess Stephanie, Princess Claire, Tessy and Princess Alexandra wore the Grand Duchess Adelaide Tiara. Paule Ka dress
|
en
|
Pinterest
|
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/518476975855671718/
| |||||||
28465
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yago
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2
| 10
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/wife-of-charles-i.html
|
en
|
res stock photography and images
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Find the perfect wife of charles i stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.
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en
|
Alamy
|
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/wife-of-charles-i.html
|
Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 21/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
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https://royalwatcherblog.com/2017/10/21/wedding-of-emperor-karl-and-empress-zita-of-austria-1911/
|
en
|
Wedding of Emperor Karl of Austria and Princess Zita of Bourbon
|
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2017-10-21T00:00:00
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https://www.instagram.com/p/CVRRCIBIgRM/ The Wedding of Archduke Charles of Austria-Este and Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma (wearing her Diamond Tiara) at Schloss Schwarzau on this day in 1911. The couple became Emperor and Empress of Austria in 1918, only to be deposed two years later. The Emperor died in 1922 and Empress Zita in 1989. (You can spot the
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en
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The Royal Watcher -
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https://royalwatcherblog.com/2017/10/21/wedding-of-emperor-karl-and-empress-zita-of-austria-1911/
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Embed from Getty Images
Embed from Getty Images
The Wedding of Archduke Charles of Austria-Este and Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma (wearing her Diamond Tiara) at Schloss Schwarzau on this day in 1911. The couple became Emperor and Empress of Austria in 1918, only to be deposed two years later. The Emperor died in 1922 and Empress Zita in 1989.
Embed from Getty ImagesEmbed from Getty Images
(You can spot the Bourbon-Parma Tiara and the Habsburg Fringe Tiara in the background)
Wedding Linens Direct
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Empress Zita, Beloved Wife of Blessed Karl, Is an Example for Our Times
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2022-10-21T22:57:00-05:00
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Servant of God Zita exemplified a saintly level of trust in Divine Providence and remained devoted to the memory of her husband, from the day of his death in...
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NCR
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https://www.ncregister.com/blog/empress-zita-is-an-example-for-our-times
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In conjunction with the feast of Blessed Karl of Austria on Oct. 21, I conducted an email interview with Diane Schwind, the President of the American Foundation for the Beatification of Empress Zita. Blessed Karl and Servant of God Zita must be taken together — this is why Pope St. John Paul II chose their wedding anniversary as Blessed Karl’s feast day. The example of a holy wedded life is so needed today, and this is why Blessed Karl and Empress Zita are an example for our times.
Who is the Servant of God Empress Zita? Could you give us some milestones in her life?
Servant of God Empress Zita was the last empress and queen of Christendom. She was the wife of Blessed Charles von Habsburg, Emperor and King. Together they reigned over the Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War I from November 1916 to November 1918, when they were exiled from their country. After a two-year attempt to regain the throne, the family, now including seven children, were exiled to a small Portuguese-owned island off the coast of Africa called Madeira. Only five months later, Blessed Karl died of pneumonia, leaving Zita with their seven children and another in the womb.
Born into a large and happy family of the Bourbon-Parma lineage, Zita, who was one of 24 children, was raised with a beautiful Catholic faith which gave her great trust in Divine Providence. She became a widow and single mother to eight children just shy of her 30th birthday. The next 20 years were filled with decisions regarding what was best for her children. In devotion to her husband, Blessed Karl, she strove to raise the children as he would have them raised — first Catholic, and then royal. This desire was with the hope of regaining the throne and leading the empire in adherence to the Catholic faith.
Even as she devoted her life to her children and their needs, the Empress continued to remember her people in the war-torn countries of Austria-Hungary. During WWII, her family had to escape Hitler and fled to the United States. While there, and later when living in Canada, she made tours throughout both countries collecting food, clothing, blankets and money to send back to Europe to help the people of her countries.
Servant of God Zita exemplifies a saintly level of trust in Divine Providence as she remained devoted to her husband and his wishes, wearing black to honor him from the day of his death until her own death 67 years later at the age of 96, just two months shy of her 97th birthday. Her faith in Our Lord guided her as she raised their eight children to become Catholic leaders throughout the world in different levels of service. She remained a dignified leader to countless followers for generations and was greatly honored by many as her body was presented for burial at the Imperial crypt under the Capuchin Church in Austria. But even after death, her heart remains with that of her husband’s, preserved at Muri Abbey in Switzerland, where together in peace their love and honor of Our Lord is remembered.
How did you become acquainted with her life? And how did you become involved with her cause here in the U.S.?
God works in mysterious ways, right? My husband, Robert, and I are Benedictine Oblates promised to Our Lady of Clear Creek Abbey in Oklahoma. Each October we have an annual Oblate Day Retreat at the Monastery. In October of 2019 a symposium for Blessed Karl was scheduled in our area on the same day as the annual Oblate Day Retreat. We spoke with Father Prior, who is the Oblate Director, to ask if we should attend the retreat or the symposium. He said without any delay that we most definitely should attend the symposium because we needed the intercession of Blessed Karl and Servant of God Zita for our marriage and family apostolate, Three Hearts Institute.
He instructed me to begin reading about Servant of God Empress Zita. I did and very quickly saw how she is the example of a holy woman; wife, mother, grandmother, and even widow, that we need in our world today. Long story short, at the symposium, we ended up meeting one of the granddaughters of the holy couple, Princess Maria-Anna Galitzine. I asked her if there was an organization in the U.S. working for her grandmother’s cause. There had been, but it folded due to the ecclesiastical overseer being transferred many states away from where the organization had begun.
We had shared our affiliation with Clear Creek Monastery and that it was a daughter foundation of Solesmes, where Servant of God Zita had visited many times throughout her life. In fact, in her older years, she petitioned the Holy Father to allow her to enter the Convent of St. Cecilia, the sister convent to Solesmes. However, her family petitioned the Holy Father and asked that he not allow her to enter as a nun. Instead, he allowed Zita three or four months out of the year to stay.
A great excitement came over Princess Maria-Anna and she asked if I would speak to Father Abbot at Clear Creek Monastery about the abbey becoming the official home for the U.S. cause and if I would head the charge. How do you tell a princess who is the granddaughter of a Blessed and a Servant of God no? I immediately contacted Father Abbot Anderson, who had spent quite some time in France as a new monk before returning to the U.S. to be part of the core group of monks who came to establish Clear Creek Monastery. He was thrilled with the idea, as he had studied about Zita while in France. He obtained necessary permission from Solesmes and from the family and that was the beginning of the American Foundation for the Beatification of Empress Zita.
What is involved in your work on her cause?
The purpose of the Foundation is simply to spread the news of her story as a beautiful daughter of God who lived her vocation as wife, mother, grandmother, empress and queen under complete obedience and trust to and in Divine Providence. We are working on a website to publish as much as possible about her as well as a place to announce upcoming events. We will be offering an annual event at Our Lady of Clear Creek Monastery each May as close to her birthdate, which is May 9, as possible. We will be hosting symposiums in other locations as well. I would be honored to be invited to speak on the Servant of God as well.
Where does her cause stand internationally? Has there been much advancement?
Madame Elizabeth Montfort is the secretary-general of the Association for the Beatification of Empress Zita at Solesmes, France. Here is a quote from her [taken from an Oct. 8 email] answering this question precisely:
The trial of Empress Zita opened on Dec. 9, 2009, in the diocese of Le Mans where Solesmes is located, because she made many stays at the Abbey of Solesmes where she met her grandmother and her three sisters.
The first part, the interrogations, is now over. The people interviewed had known the Empress: they were members of her family, her doctor, people who knew her well, the nuns of Solesmes and Kergonan.
Simultaneously, the work of the historical commission takes place. It is a question of listing the writings of the Empress — she sometimes wrote 200 letters a week — the newspapers which speak of her, in order to identify what they show of the heroic virtues of the person. This work is far from finished, because Zita wrote many letters in German that need to be translated. The commission also lists the books written on the servant of God, without forgetting the contrary positions because it is important to listen to the ‘devil's advocate.’
The theological commission has also been appointed: two theological censors, whom we do not know, analyze the conformity of the person's life and his writings with the doctrine of the Church, to bring to light her heroic virtues.
When the work of these two commissions is finished, a secretary will compile all these data in what is called the Positio, that is to say, the final document which will be presented in Rome to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.
The diocesan process will end with a ceremony: the trunk containing all the documents will be solemnly sealed and sent to Rome. It will be necessary to find another postulator in Rome to advance the cause in the Roman phase of the process. His mission will be to examine all the work of the diocesan process, and to authenticate the two healings being examined by approved doctors. It is about a young man who has recovered from a car accident, and a little girl cured of meningitis.
Throughout the trial, the association for the beatification of Empress Zita is responsible for making her life known and praying for graces through her intercession.
What example does Empress Zita leave us that is relevant for us today?
The life of Servant of God Zita is an example of what so many women today misunderstand — the life of a strong and powerful woman immersed in her femininity, not the attempt to perform with masculinity. But what is misunderstood is that her strength and power are the virtues of a woman grounded in union with Our Lord, immersed in her faith by participation in the Liturgy and personal mental prayer, and her devoted focus to the duties of her state in life as wife, mother and empress/queen.
We can learn from her example and put in place these same practices in our own lives. First, a deep union with God, participation in the Divine Liturgy, personal prayer. And then a head-down approach to the choices of our lives — true submissive devotedness to our husbands, care for our children with their eternal souls as the primary concern and service to God’s people in whatever way he calls us.
How can we help to advance her cause? And how can people find additional information about her life?
The official location of Servant of God Zita’s cause is at Solesmes in France. They have written a beautiful prayer that asks Our Lord to raise her to the altar of the Church. This prayer also asks for Zita’s intercession for the needs of others or for those praying. We invite everyone to ask for the intercession of Servant of God Zita. The Holy Spirit has already offered many graces through her intercession. Of course we are looking for a miracle that could bring about her beatification. We ask that any occurrences of grace due to her intercession be shared with the Foundation so that we can get the information to Solesmes for her files that are then shared with the Vatican.
Here is the prayer for her beatification:
God our Father, you redeemed the world by the humility of your Son, our Lord Jesus Christ. He who was King became a Servant and gave his life as a ransom for many, therefore you have exalted him.
We ask you that your servant Zita, Empress and Queen, will be raised to the altars of your Church. In her, you have given us an admirable example of faith and hope in the face of trials, as well as an unshakeable confidence in your Divine Providence.
We beseech You that alongside her husband, the Blessed Emperor Charles, Zita will become, for couples, a model of conjugal fidelity and love, and, for families, a guide in the ways of a truly Christian upbringing. May she who in all circumstances opened her heart to the needs of others, especially the very poor, be for us all an example of service and love of neighbor.
Through her intercession, grant our petition (mention here the graces you are asking for). Through Christ our Lord. Amen.
One Our Father, three Hail Marys and a Glory Be.
Kindly inform the American Foundation for the Beatification of Empress Zita [[email protected]] of any grace or favor obtained through the intercession of the Servant of God Zita.
You can watch an interview with Father Mitch Pacwa and Princess Maria-Anna about the life of Empress Zita here:
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Sieh dir auf Facebook Beiträge, Fotos und vieles mehr an.
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Wedding of Prince Guy of Bourbon
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"Saad719"
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2024-07-06T00:00:00
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Royal Guests and Relatives celebrated the Wedding of Prince Guy of Bourbon-Parma and Brigitte Peu-Duvallon in Cannes on this day in 1964, 60 years ago! https://www.instagram.com/p/C9D6meUhAw2/ Prince Guy of Bourbon-Parma, son of Princess Maria Francesca of Savoy and Prince Luigi of Bourbon-Parma, married Brigitte Peu-Duvallon, daughter of the former Police Chief of Cannes, in Cannes.
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The Royal Watcher -
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https://royalwatcherblog.com/2024/07/06/wedding-of-prince-guy-of-bourbon-parma-1964/
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Royal Guests and Relatives celebrated the Wedding of Prince Guy of Bourbon-Parma and Brigitte Peu-Duvallon in Cannes on this day in 1964, 60 years ago!
Prince Guy of Bourbon-Parma, son of Princess Maria Francesca of Savoy and Prince Luigi of Bourbon-Parma, married Brigitte Peu-Duvallon, daughter of the former Police Chief of Cannes, in Cannes. The couple had a son, Prince Louis, before their divorce in 1981, with the Prince passing away in 1991, and the former Princess Brigitte dying in 1993.
Queen Giovanna of Bulgaria, the aunt of the groom, and Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, Prince of Naples were among the wedding guests.
Brigite Peu-Duvallon wore Princess Maria Francesca’s Diamond Tiara.
Queen Margherita’s Musy Tiara
Beauharnais Pearl Tiara
Bow Brooch
Sapphire Necklace
Diamond Earrings
Savoy Knot Brooches
Queen Margherita’s Pearl Bracelet Bandeau
Queen Elena’s Emerald Tiara
Queen Margherita’s Musy Tiara
Savoy Knot Tiara
Diamond Wreath Tiara
Pearl Bracelet Bandeau
Pink Diamond Stomacher
Share this:
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https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria
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Charles I of Austria
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2024-07-12T14:06:28+00:00
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Charles I of Austria (IV of Hungary) (17 August 1887-1 April 1922) was the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary and Croatia, and King of Bohemia from 21 November 1916 to 3 April 1919, succeeding Franz Joseph I of Austria. Charles was the last ruler of Austria-Hungary, and he died in exile on the...
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https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20210601140725
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Historica Wiki
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https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria
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Charles I of Austria (IV of Hungary) (17 August 1887-1 April 1922) was the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary and Croatia, and King of Bohemia from 21 November 1916 to 3 April 1919, succeeding Franz Joseph I of Austria. Charles was the last ruler of Austria-Hungary, and he died in exile on the Atlantic island of Madeira on 1 April 1922 after his nation's defeat in World War I and the end of the monarchy.
Biography[]
Charles was born on 17 August 1887 in Persenburg-Gottsdorf, Austria-Hungary, the son of Franz Joseph I of Austria's nephew Archduke Otto of Austria and Maria Josepha of Saxony. From 1906 to 1908, Charles was stationed in Prague as a soldier in the Austro-Hungarian Army, and he studied law and political science while he was there. In 1911, he married Zita of Bourbon-Parma, and Charles became the heir presumptive to the Austrian throne after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914. Charles led the XX Corps on the Italian front of World War I in 1916 before leading an army against the Russian Empire and Romania on the Eastern Front; in November 1916, he succeeded his grand-uncle Franz Joseph as Emperor of Austria-Hungary on his death.
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https://www.cs.odu.edu/~salam/wsdl/inforet/wikihtml/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma_3c36.html
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Robert I, Duke of Parma
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Robert I (Italian: Roberto I Carlo Luigi Maria di Borbone, Duca di Parma e Piacenza; July 9, 1848 â November 16, 1907) was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 until 1859, until the duchy was annexed to Italy. He was a member of the House of Bourbon, descended from Philip, Duke of Parma the third son of King Philip V of Spain and Elizabeth Farnese.
Contents
1 Biography
2 Family
3 Ancestry
4 References
5 See also
[edit] Biography
Born in Florence, Robert was the son of Charles III, Duke of Parma and Louise Marie Thérèse of France, daughter of Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry and granddaughter of King Charles X of France. He succeeded his father to the ducal throne in 1854 upon the latter's assassination, when he was only six, while his mother stood as regent.
When Duke Robert was eleven years old he was deposed, as Sardinian troops annexed other Italian states, ultimately to form the Kingdom of Italy.
Despite losing his throne, Robert and his family enjoyed considerable wealth, traveling in a private train of more than a dozen cars from his castles at Schwarzau am Steinfeld near Vienna, to Villa Pianore in northwest Italy, and the magnificent château de Chambord in France.
Less than four months after Duke Robert's death in 1907 the Grand Marshal of the Austrian court declared six of the children of his first marriage legally incompetent (they were mentally retarded), at the behest of his widow, Duchess Maria Antonia. Nonetheless, Robert's primary heir was Elias, Duke of Parma, 1880-1959), the youngest son of his first marriage and the only one of his sons to father children of his own. Elias also became the legal guardian of his six elder siblings. Although the eldest half-brothers, Sixte and Xavier, eventually sued their half-brother Elias for trying to obtain a greater share of the ducal fortune, they lost in the French courts, leaving the issue of Robert's second marriage with modest prospects.
Some of his younger sons served in the Austrian armed forces.
[edit] Family
In 1869, in exile, he married Princess Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies (1849-1882), daughter of king Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies. Maria Pia belonged to the deposed Royal Family of the Two Sicilies, and was thus a Bourbon, like her husband. She bore him 12 children, before dying in childbirth:
Name Birth Death Notes Princess Marie Louise January 17, 1870 January 31, 1899 Married Ferdinand I of Bulgaria and had issue. Prince Ferdinando March 5, 1871 April 14, 1871 Died in childhood. Princess Luisa Maria March 24, 1872 June 22, 1943 She was mentally retarded. Prince Henry (Enrico), Duke of Parma June 13, 1873 November 16, 1939 Titular Duke of Parma 1907-1939. He was mentally retarded, and from 1907 (his father's death), his brother Elias took up the role as head of the family, although Enrico continued to be considered by monarchists as Henry I of Parma. He held the title till his death. Princess Maria Immacolata July 21, 1874 May 16, 1914 She was mentally retarded. Prince Joseph (Giuseppe), Duke of Parma June 30 1875 January 7, 1950 Titular Duke of Parma 1939-1950. He was also mentally retarded, and his brother Elias continued the role as head of the family like he had done with their brother Enrico. Princess Maria Teresa October 15, 1876 January 25, 1959 She was mentally retarded. Princess Maria Pia October 9, 1877 January 29, 1915 She was mentally retarded. Princess Beatrice January 9, 1879 March 11, 1946 Married Pietro Count Lucchesi Palli and had issue. Prince Elias, Duke of Parma July 23, 1880 June 27, 1959 Head of the Ducal Family of Parma (1950-1959) ("Duke Elias of Parma"). Married Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria and had issue. Princess Maria Anastasia August 25 1881 September 7, 1881 Died in childhood. Prince Augusto (or Princess Augusta)[1][2][3] September 22, 1882 September 22, 1882 stillborn). Maria Pia died giving birth to this child.
It is not clear whether the last two children were mentally retarded also, like their other six older siblings.
After his first wife's death in childbirth, he remarried in 1884 to Maria Antonia of Portugal, daughter of the deposed Miguel I of Portugal and Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. She bore him another 12 children:
Name Birth Death Notes Princess Maria della Neve Adelaide August 5 1885 February 6, 1959 A Benedictine nun in the Monastery of Solesmes (France). Prince Sixtus (Sisto, "Sixte") August 1, 1886 March 14, 1934 Married Hedwige de La Rochefoucauld and had a daughter, Isabelle. Prince Xavier, Duke of Parma May 25, 1889 May 7, 1977 Married Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset and had issue. Head of the Ducal Family of Parma (1974-77). Carlist pretender to the throne of Spain. Princess Francesca April 22 1890 October 7, 1978 A Benedictine nun at the Monastery of Solesmes. Princess Zita May 9, 1892 March 14, 1989 Married Emperor Karl of Austria. Prince Felix October 28, 1893 April 8, 1970 Married Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg, his first cousin (their mothers were sisters). Prince René October 17, 1894 July 30, 1962 Married Princess Margrethe of Denmark and has issue. Princess Maria Antonia November 7, 1895 October 19, 1937 A nun at the Benedictine Monastery of Solesmes (France). Princess Isabella June 14, 1898 July 28, 1984 Died unmarried, was a nun. Prince Louis (Luigi) December 5, 1899 December 4, 1967 Married Princess Maria Francesca of Savoy and had issue. Princess Henrietta Anna March 8, 1903 June 13, 1987 Died unmarried, was deaf and dumb. Prince Thomas (Gaetano was used) June 11, 1905 March 9, 1958 Married Princess Margarete of Thurn and Taxis. They had a daughter, Diana and later divorced.
[edit] Ancestry
Ancestors of Robert I, Duke of Parma
16. Ferdinand, Duke of Parma 8. Louis of Etruria 17. Archduchess Marie Amalie of Austria 4. Charles II, Duke of Parma 18. Charles IV of Spain 9. Maria Louisa of Spain (1782-1824) 19. Maria Luisa of Parma 2. Charles III, Duke of Parma 20. Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia 10. Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia 21. Maria Antonietta of Spain 5. Maria Teresa of Savoy 22. Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este 11. Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este 23. Maria Beatrice Ricciarda d'Este 1. Robert I, Duke of Parma 24. Louis, Dauphin of France 12. Charles X of France 25. Princess Marie-Josèphe of Saxony 6. Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry 26. Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (= 20) 13. Marie Thérèse of Savoy 27. Maria Antonietta of Spain (= 21) 3. Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France 28. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 14. Francis I of the Two Sicilies 29. Marie Caroline of Austria 7. Princess Caroline Ferdinande Louise of the Two Sicilies 30. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 15. Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria 31. Maria Louisa of Spain (1745-1792)
[edit] References
^ Sources differ on the child's sex
^ Willis, Daniel, The Descendants of Louis XIII, Clearfield Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1999, ISBN 0-8063-4942-5, p. 342.
^ Beate Hammond: "Maria Theresia, Elisabeth, Zita - Jugendjahre groÃer Kaiserinnen", Ueberreuter 2002
[edit] See also
List of Dukes of Parma
Duchy of Parma
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Marriage charles i zita bourbon parma hi
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Find the perfect marriage charles i zita bourbon parma stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.
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Alamy
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/marriage-charles-i-zita-bourbon-parma.html
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Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 21/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
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HRH Prince Michel of Bourbon
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2018-07-10T01:58:00-07:00
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A prince who fled to America as the Nazis marched through France, only to join up with the US Army and parachute back into enemy territory;...
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http://aboutroyalty.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
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http://aboutroyalty.blogspot.com/2018/07/hrh-prince-michel-of-bourbon-parma-1926.html
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HRH Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma (1926-2018)
A prince who fled to America as the Nazis marched through France, only to join up with the US Army and parachute back into enemy territory; a prisoner of the Viet Minh and nearly left for dead; a complicated love life involving two princesses and twins who were acknowledged to be the children of another man - this characterized the unique life of HRH Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma, who passed away on July 7 aged 92.
Michel was undoubtedly one of the last princes of the "old school" generation of European royalty, those born before the Second World War in a time when royal status still held some luster, even if it was steadily fading. For Michel and his family, the fact that they belonged to a deposed royal house did not mean they were left in the dark when it came to inter-royal mingling. Michel was a first cousin of King Boris III of Bulgaria, a nephew of Empress Zita of Austria, a first cousin of the former Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg, brother-in-law of the late King Michael of Romania, son-in-law of the late King Umberto II of Italy, and second cousin of the Duke of Edinburgh. He came from indisputable royal stock, and yet he lived a life that would prove far more interesting and dynamic than most of his crowned contemporaries.
Born and raised in France, Prince Michel was the third child of Prince Rene of Bourbon-Parma and Princess Margaret of Denmark. His national identity proved somewhat complicated - as a scion of the Bourbon line that ruled over the small Italian duchy of Parma until 1859, he and his siblings were technically Italian royals. Yet his father (and his grandfather before him) raised the children to regard themselves as French, while their mother's background as a Danish princess led to erroneous reports in the press that they were in fact members of the Danish royal family.
Prince Michael with his parents, brothers Jacques and Andre, and sister Anne.
When Michel was fourteen, his family left France as Nazi Germany came marching in. Upon escaping to America, Michel's parents entered the work force to keep the bills paid, and his elder sister Anne even found employment as a clerk for a Macy's department store in New York City. With his father's approval, 17-year-old Michel returned to Europe with the US Army and was part of a parachute squadron to land in occupied France behind enemy lines. After the end of World War II, Michel went into service in French Indochina (today Vietnam), where he was captured by the Viet Minh. During eleven months of imprisonment, Michel was tortured, beaten, nearly starved, and watched dozens of his fellow prisoners die before a ceasefire between the French and the Vietnamese enabled his release.
Prince Michel and his first wife, Yolande.
The harrowing years at war prompted Michel to leave the army, and he indulged himself in that favorite past time of idle royalty - race cars. He made a considerable fortune in business and used his royal connections to gain French contracts with the Shah of Iran.
Michel's romantic life proved to be just as colorful. In 1951, he married the French aristocrat Princess Yolande de Broglie-Revel, with whom he had five children - Princess Ines of Bourbon-Parma, Prince Erik of Bourbon-Parma, Princess Sybil of Bourbon-Parma, Princess Victoire of Bourbon-Parma, and Prince Charles-Emmanuel of Bourbon-Parma. The year before his marriage, Michel fathered a daughter out of wedlock, Amelie, whom he legally acknowledged in 1997.
His marriage to Princess Yolande proved complicated, and they separated in 1966. Michel had begun an affair with another princess, albeit one who, unlike his wife who was merely nobility, was thoroughly royal -- Maria Pia of Savoy.
Princess Maria Pia of Italy with her two sets of twins. The younger twins are generally
regarded to be the biological offspring of Maria Pia and Prince Michel of
Bourbon-Parma, though Maria Pia's first husband, Prince
Alexander of Yugoslavia, legally acknowledged them as his own.
Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, or of Italy, was the eldest daughter of King Umberto II and Queen Marie Jose of Italy. Exiled after the expulsion of the Italian monarchy in 1946, Maria Pia entered into a suitably royal marriage with Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia, a cousin of that country's deposed King Peter II. Maria Pia had given birth to twin sons by Alexander - Princes Dimitri and Michael - but the marriage had its issues, and she eventually strayed from her husband and engaged in an affair with Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma.
Prince Michel and Princess Maria Pia in later years.
Maria Pia would give birth to another set of twins - Prince Serge and Princess Helene of Yugoslavia - in 1963. They were legally acknowledged as the children of Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia and thus bore his title and membership in his royal house. However, Maria Pia and Michel had already begun their affair by this time, and it is an open secret that Serge and Helene are, in fact, the biological offspring of Michel. Alexander of Yugoslavia acknowledged the twins as his legal children, but he never had a close relationship with them and by most accounts never treated them as his own.
Maria Pia and Alexander divorced in 1967, while Michel and Yolande remained legally married until 1999. After decades together, Michel and Maria Pia finally married in 2003.
Prince Michel's sister, Queen Anne of Romania,
and her husband, King Michael of Romania
Prince Michel was the last surviving member of his immediate family. His father died in 1962 and his mother in 1992. His eldest brother, Prince Jacques of Bourbon-Parma, was killed in a car accident in 1964. His youngest brother, Prince Andre of Bourbon-Parma, died in 2011. His only sister, Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, was married to the exiled King Michael of Romania, who died in December 2017. Queen Anne passed away in 2016 and was granted a semi-state funeral in Bucharest.
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Charles II, Duke of Parma
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Charles Louis was King of Etruria, Duke of Lucca, and Duke of Parma.
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Charles Louis (Italian: Carlo Lodovico; 22 December 1799 – 16 April 1883) was King of Etruria (1803–1807; reigned as Louis II), Duke of Lucca (1824–1847; reigned as Charles Louis), and Duke of Parma (1847–1849; reigned as Charles II).
He was the only son of Louis, Prince of Piacenza, and his wife Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain. Born at the Royal Palace of Madrid at the court of his maternal grandfather King Charles IV of Spain, he spent his first years living at the Spanish court. In 1801, by the Treaty of Aranjuez, Charles became Crown Prince of Etruria, a newly created kingdom formed from territories of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Charles moved to Italy with his parents and in 1803, not yet four years old, he succeeded his father as King of Etruria under the name Louis II.
His mother Infanta Maria Luisa assumed the regency while Charles Louis' minority lasted. In 1807 Napoleon Bonaparte dissolved the kingdom of Etruria and Charles Louis and his mother took refuge in Spain. In May 1808 they were forced to leave Spain by Napoleon who arrested Charles Louis' mother in a convent in Rome. Between 1811 and 1814 Charles Louis was placed under the care of his grandfather, the deposed King Charles IV of Spain.
After Napoleon's fall, in 1817, Infanta Maria Luisa became Duchess of Lucca in her own right and Charles Louis, age sixteen, became hereditary Prince of Lucca. In 1820 he married Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy. They were a mismatched couple and had only one surviving son.
At his mother's death in 1824, Charles Louis became the reigning Duke of Lucca.[1] He had little interest in ruling. He left the duchy in the hands of his ministers and spent most of his time traveling around Europe. A liberal movement led him to abdicate Lucca in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany in October 1847 in exchange for financial compensation, as he wanted to retire to private life. Two months later, in December 1847, at the death of the former Empress Marie Louise, he succeeded her as the reigning Duke of Parma according to what had been stipulated by the Congress of Vienna.
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Two Duchesses (Part Two)
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2022-07-01T00:00:00
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For those who are still with me, we now go back in time to look at the life and travails of Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma (1782–1824), queen of Etruria, duchess of Parma and duchess of Lucca. Her father was Charles IV of Spain and her mother Maria Luisa of Parma (a formidable lady, accused of…
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Professor Hedgehog's Journal
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https://professorhedgehogsjournal.uk/2022/07/01/two-duchesses-part-two/
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For those who are still with me, we now go back in time to look at the life and travails of Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma (1782–1824), queen of Etruria, duchess of Parma and duchess of Lucca. Her father was Charles IV of Spain and her mother Maria Luisa of Parma (a formidable lady, accused of poisoning her daughter-in-law, Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily, who in fact almost certainly died of tuberculosis). She had thirteen siblings, including an elder sister, also Maria Luisa, who died in 1782 at the age of nearly five, and several others who died in infancy; her mother also had ten miscarriages. As was the custom of the time, such children as survived to their teenage years were married off advantageously, often to members of the wider family: her sister Maria Amalia (1779–98) was married to her own uncle, twenty-four years older than her, and died after giving birth to a stillborn son at the age of nineteen.
Charles IV and his family have been immortalised by Goya, not completely to their advantage. In the famous group portrait where Goya himself lurks behind his canvas on the left, Maria Luisa, her husband (and first cousin) Louis/Lodovico and their son Charles Louis/Carlo Lodovico (1799–1883) are on the far right.
Louis’s destined wife was in fact the unfortunate Maria Amalia, but when the shy and frequently ill prince came to Spain to meet her, he found her sullen (possibly just shy too?) and preferred her younger sister. Apparently, Maria Amalia was married off to her own uncle because it was against protocol for a younger sister to be married before an elder: the two pairs shared a ceremony on 25 August 1795, when Maria Luisa was thirteen and Louis twenty-two.
They spent the first years of their marriage in Spain, and the match seems to have been a happy one, in spite of Louis’s health problems. But inevitably Napoleon intervened: the kingdom of Etruria was cobbled together in Italy as a quid pro quo for the return of Louisiana to France, along with a great many other land-swaps/grabs too complicated to delay us here (famously, the French sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803). But Louis and Maria Luisa ended up in Florence , the capital of their short-lived kingdom, in 1801 with their son. It did not start well: it was noted that Louis now spoke Italian with a Spanish accent, and Maria Luisa could barely speak it (the level of her education at the Spanish court is not clear). They were given the Pitti Palace to live in, but this Medici building was almost devoid of furniture since the departure of the ousted last grand duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand III (yet another cousin, who got Salzburg in exchange for Tuscany, but later returned). Perhaps through stress, Maria Luisa suffered a miscarriage; her husband’s health continued to deteriorate, and (like Elisa before her) she was full of good intentions but received a very unenthusiastic welcome from the Florentines: Ferdinand had been popular, and the local economy was in ruins.
The couple returned to Spain in October 1802 for another family double wedding, but the pregnant Maria Luisa gave birth to a daughter, Maria Luisa Carlota (1802–57) at sea, and it was thought unlikely that either would survive. Happily, they did, though they missed the wedding. Charles IV insisted that they stay in Madrid until December (during which time Louis’s father died), and eventually got back to Italy early in 1803. Louis was by now so ill that he rarely appeared in public: to conceal his condition, Maria Luisa took on his public role, as a result of which she was decried for keeping him prisoner while she frolicked in public. He died after an epileptic fit on 27 May 1803, and Maria Luisa, aged twenty, became regent for their four-year-old son.
She tried to improve the lives of her subjects, developing industries and spending heavily on education, and holding parties at the Pitti in an effort to increase her and her family’s popularity. However, as you have probably anticipated, Napoleon had another cunning plan: on 23 November 1807, the newly appointed French ambassador told her that she was to leave Florence immediately because Spain had ceded Etruria to France. After protesting uselessly to her father, she left on 10 December 1807, and, meeting Napoleon in Milan, was offered the throne of yet a new country: the Kingdom of Northern Lusitania, which would come into being after the French and the Spanish had conquered Portugal; she would also have to marry Lucien Buonaparte (yes, he’s back!). Both refused, she because her sister Carlota was already queen of Portugal, and he because he didn’t want to divorce his wife. The long game was, of course, that having used a Spanish army to defeat and annexe Portugal, Napoleon would throw out the Spanish Bourbons and make his brother Joseph king of Spain. This resulted in the Peninsular War, and the rest is Wellington. Meanwhile, Elisa became grand duchess of Tuscany …
Maria Luisa returned, despite efforts by Napoleon to make her settle in Nice or Turin, to the Spanish court, which unsurprisingly was riddled with unrest. Her oldest brother, Ferdinand, had been plotting to overthrow his father and his unpopular chief minister, Godoy, and the French took this opportunity to invade Spain under the guise of sending troops to Portugal, while Napoleon invited father and son to Bayonne, so that he could helpfully mediate between them. Maria Luisa could not travel with the rest of the family, as she and her son both had measles: on the day they left (2 May 1808) Madrid rose in revolt against the French occupiers but were crushed by General Joachim Murat, whom you will remember as king of Naples and Napoleon’s brother-in-law.
Both Charles and Ferdinand were ‘persuaded’ by Napoleon to abandon the crown of Spain in exchange for money and palatial French residences. Maria Luisa pleaded to keep Parma for her son, and at one point Napoleon seemed to agree, but when she had travelled as far as Lyon on the way to Parma, she was effectively kidnapped and kept under close watch in Nice. An attempt to escape to England was detected (and executions followed): Maria Luisa herself was imprisoned in a Roman convent, with her daughter, while her son, now nine, was kept in the custody of his grandfather, though she was occasionally allowed to see him.
Eventually, the coat-turning of Murat led to her release, in January 1814, and she moved to the Barberini Palace with her children and parents. She hastily wrote her memoirs, in the hope of getting the Allies to support her son’s cause at the Congress of Vienna, but thought it best to leave Rome when Napoleon escaped from Elba, and the family travelled from city to city in Italy.
After Waterloo, it was decided that she could not regain Parma for her son (it was given to Napoleon’s second wife, Maria Louisa (various spelled) of Austria, who became duchess Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla from 1814, marrying twice more after Napoleon’s death in 1821), though he could succeed to it after her death. However, Maria Luisa was given Lucca in compensation (while retaining the status of a queen), but for nearly two years she hesitated. It may have been her brother’s and father’s proposal that her daughter should marry her own youngest brother that made her decide to retrieve a small amount of autonomy. On 17 December 1817 she arrived in Lucca as the ruling duchess; her son would inherit on her death.
Various marriage projects were contemplated (including one to the future Charles X of France), but none was fulfilled. Instead she spent a lot of time and money on her new duchy, not least in attempting to remove all traces of Elisa from the city. The interior of the Palazzo Ducale was completely renovated, and the statue of Napoleon was removed from the Piazza (I imagine that she also tried to change its name, but it is Piazza Napoleone today). It was replaced by another statue, by the indefatigable Lorenzo Bartolini, of Maria Luisa herself, as benign mother of her city. She supported the arts and sciences, but her most important contribution was the building of an aqueduct to bring water to the city. This is commemorated in one of the four reliefs formerly round the side of the statue’s plinth, but now in Palazzo Mansi.
Maria Luisa died in Rome (where she spent her winters) on 13 March 1824, and was buried in the Escorial. Her son Carlo Ludovico succeeded, but took no interest in governing the city, leaving this to his ministers: in 1847 he abdicated in favour of the then grand duke of Tuscany, in exchange for money to support a comfortable lifestyle. However, in the same year he was obliged by the death of the other Maria Louisa to become duke of Parma, as had been agreed at the Congress of Vienna. He disliked the place and the work, and was much disliked by the natives in return, but his problem was in a way solved by the onset of the Risorgimento: it is far too complicated to go into here, but suffice it to say that when the Austrian army put a temporary stop to the process of Italian unification at the battle of Custoza, he arranged to abdicate in favour of his own son (whose absolutist policies probably led to his assassination in 1854, though the affair remains shrouded in mystery). His most famous comment on the mother who had tried so hard to defend his patrimony was that she had ‘ruined him physically, morally and financially’, which seems a little harsh, given her circumstances – privileged, of course, but yet another of the millions of people across Europe and beyond whose lives were upset or destroyed by Buonaparte.
Caroline
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The Servant of God Zita of Bourbon Parma
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2021-03-14T14:02:39+00:00
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On March 14th we remember the Servant of God Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Dame Grand Cross of Honor and Devotion of the Order of Malta (admitted on April 6th, 1914) widow of Blessed Charles I of Austria. She was born at
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Comendadoras de Malta
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https://www.comendadorasdemalta.org/en/2021/03/the-servant-of-god-zita-of-bourbon-parma/
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On March 14th we remember the Servant of God Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Dame Grand Cross of Honor and Devotion of the Order of Malta (admitted on April 6th, 1914) widow of Blessed Charles I of Austria.
She was born at Villa Le Piànore, a large property between Pietrasanta and Camaiore, in the Italian province of Lucca, on 9 May 1892, daughter of H.R.H. Robert I, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, and of his second wife Princess Antonia of Braganza. By her deeply Catholic parents, Zita is educated in love for Jesus and the Church, with austere principles of fidelity to God’s Commandments.
When on 21 October 1911 she married Archduke Charles of Austria, they promise each other: “From today, we must help each other to go to Heaven”. He was 24, she was not even 20. He was a saint (John Paul II beatified him on October 3rd, 2005), she was the worthy wife of a saint. After the wedding, they go to the Sanctuary of Mariazell to entrust their life to the Virgin, perhaps foreshadowing the storms that would soon come not only in their home but throughout Europe.
On May 28th, 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, her husband Charles becomes the heir to the throne of Austria and Hungary. World War I breaks out and Archduke Charles is among the senior army officers, while Zita dedicates herself to the population, to the wounded, to families most in difficulty, like a sister, a mother.
Because of her ardent faith and her tireless charity, she will be qualified as the “guardian angel of all who suffer” by the Cardinal Archbishop of Vienna. On November 21st, 1916 in full conflict the Emperor Franz Joseph died: Charles, who was 29, was crowned Emperor in the midst of the terrible tragedy.
Charles, also through his brother-in-law Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, is committed with all his strength to promote peace as soon as possible, save the Habsburg monarchy, keep the empire united so as to respond to the poignant call of Benedict XV.
In November 1918 the Empire fell apart and the imperial couple headed for exile. In the midst of these tribulations, with her husband increasingly frail in health, Zita reveals her immense courage: she supports the dying Charles who goes to meet Jesus on April 1st, 1922 at the age of only 35.
Widow at the age of 30, with eight children to raise, Zita is alone, poor, exiled but she retains a solid faith in Divine Providence: her prayer, especially with the Holy Mass and the Rosary, is continuous. Nobody and nothing bends it or derails her from the Catholic Faith.
Since 1926 she is a Benedictine oblate of the Solesmes Abbey where she stays several times thanks to the permission granted by Pius XII. She gets up every day at 5 a.m. and she participates in various Masses because “the Mass is the Sacrifice of Jesus, the Mass is everything”; she meditates on the Passion of Jesus, with the prayers of Saint Bridget, and recites numerous rosaries to Our Lady.
When she was allowed to return to Austria in 1982, she decided to go first to Mariazell to renew the consecration of herself, of her children, of her nation and of Europe to Our Lady. She died in Zizers, Switzerland on March 14, 1989.
On December 10th, 2009 H.E. Msgr.Yves Le Saux, Bishop of Le Mans (France) after obtaining the consent of the Archbishop of Chur and the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, opened the process for the beatification of the Servant of God Zita of Bourbon-Parma, wife and mother .
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2023-07-09T08:24:34+00:00
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David Nivière | Histoires Royales View this post on Instagram A post shared by The Royal Watcher (@the_royal_watcher) Prince Amaury of Bourbon-Parma, Prince Charles-Emmanuel and Princess Constance of Bourbon-Parma and grandson of Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma, married Pélagie de Mac Mahon, daughter of the late Duc de Magenta and the Hon. Amelia Drummond, at the Cathédrale Saint-Lazare … Continue reading Wedding of Prince Amaury of Bourbon-Parma and Pélagie de Mac Mahon
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Daily guide to anniversaries, festivals, facts and key dates today in Italian history
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The long life of the last Habsburg Empress
A portrait of Zita taken in 1911,
shortly before her marriage
Zita of Bourbon-Parma, the last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, was born Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaella Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese on this day in 1892 on the family estate, the Villa Le Pianore, near Viareggio in the province of Lucca in Tuscany.
Zita was the 17th child of the Duke of Parma, Robert I, and his second wife, Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, but her family was poor, even if it did claim descent from Louis X of France. The family villa was situated between Pietrasanta and Viareggio, occasionally moving to stay in Robert’s other property, Schwarzau Castle in Austria.
After her father’s death, Zita was sent to a convent on the Isle of Wight in England to complete her education.
For a time, Zita considered following the lead of three of her sisters and becoming a nun, but at the age of 19 she married Archduke Charles, the great nephew of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria. The two had known each other as children and became reacquainted in 1909, at a time when Charles was under pressure to find a wife.
They were married at the Schwarzau Castle in October 1911 and went on to have eight children together.
Within three years, in 1914, the Emperor’s heir, Franz Ferdinand, was shot dead in Sarajevo in the incident that led to the outbreak of the First World War. The Emperor himself died two years later and Zita’s husband, Charles, succeeded him as Emperor. Zita suddenly found herself an Empress in the middle of a world war, in which she had relatives on both sides.
Zita and Archduke Charles
at their wedding in Austria
Two years later, after Austria-Hungary had lost the war, Charles was forced to abdicate. The Habsburgs were deposed and the former empire became home to the states of Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, while other parts were annexed to several eastern European countries.
Charles died less than three years later, in 1922, while the couple were living in Madeira and from that day onwards Zita lived on alone, mostly in exile. She never remarried but continued to raise her family. She spent 63 years mostly living in Switzerland and the United States, never relinquishing her claim to a throne that no longer existed.
She died at the age of 96 in March 1989. After a huge state funeral in St Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna, Zita was buried in the crypt alongside 142 other members of the Habsburg dynasty. An impoverished Italian noblewoman, Zita was the last Habsburg to wear a crown in a line that had worn it first in the year 1282.
Zita was declared Servant of God by Pope Benedict XVI and in 2009 the process was opened for her beatification.
Viareggio's Grand Hotel Royal, a notable example
of the Tuscan resort's Liberty-style architecture
Travel tip:
Viareggio, where Zita was born and brought up, is now a popular seaside resort in Tuscany with beautiful sandy beaches and fine examples of Liberty-style architecture, which include the Grand Hotel Royal. Near the Villa Paolina, which was the home of Napoleon’s sister, Paolina Bonaparte, there is a monument to the English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, close to the point on the coastline that his body was found following his death in a shipwreck. Paolina, who was a great admirer of Shelley’s work, is said to have chosen the location for the villa for that reason.
Pietrasanta's Duomo - the Collegiata di San
Martino - dates back to the 13th century
Travel tip:
Pietrasanta is a town in northern Tuscany, to the north of Viareggio. It had Roman origins and part of a Roman wall still exists. The medieval town was built in 1255 upon the pre-existing Rocca di Sala fortress of the Lombards and the Duomo (Collegiate Church of San Martino) dates back to the 13th century. Pietrasanta grew in importance in the 15th century due to its marble, the beauty of which was first recognised by the sculptor, Michelangelo. At different times belonging to Genoa and Lucca, Pietrasanta came under Medici control in 1484 before being seized by Charles VIII of France in 1494. Pope Leo X, a member of the Medici family, gave Pietrasanta back to his family. The town declined during the 17th and 18th centuries, partly due to malaria. The seaside resort of Marina di Pietrasanta is 3km (1.9 miles) away.
Also on this day:
1740: The birth of opera composer Giovanni Paisiello
1914: The birth of orchestra conductor Carlo Maria Giulini
1946: The abdication of Vittorio Emanuele III, King of Italy
2013: The death of fashion designer Ottavio Missoni
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Prince Henri of Bourbon-Parma marries Archduchess Gabriella of Austria in glamorous European Royal Wedding
|
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[
"Annabel Sampson",
"Harriet Johnston",
"Isaac Bickerstaff",
"Rebecca Cope",
"Emma Samuel",
"Clara Strunck",
"Condé Nast"
] |
2020-09-14T11:00:00+01:00
|
The dazzling event took place over the weekend at Schloss Tratzberg in Jenbach, Austria
|
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https://www.tatler.com/verso/static/tatler-international/assets/favicon.ico
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Tatler
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https://www.tatler.com/article/prince-henri-of-bourbon-parma-to-marry-archduchess-gabriella-of-austria-september
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Pictures of the event, which took place on Saturday 12 September, showed the beautiful Gabriella wearing an elegant white bridal gown with a sheer lace overlay on her shoulders and arms, accessorised with a veil and the Grand Duchess Adelaide Tiara. This exquisite piece from the Luxembourg family collection features a diamond leaf and berry design and a pale blue central stone, which paired beautifully with Prince Henri’s pale blue tie.
The couple’s daughter, Victoria, looked adorable in traditional regional dress, while other family members in attendance included Gabriella’s parents, Archduke Carl Christian and Archduchess Marie-Astrid of Austria.
Prince Henri, 28, reportedly asked Gabriella, 26, to marry him on October 22, 2017 before she gave birth to their beautiful daughter, Victoria Antonia Marie-Astrid Lydia, just over a week later on the 30th. The couple are very distantly related, they are both great-grandchildren of Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg and her husband Prince Félix (né Bourbon-Parma). Beautiful Gabriella, who was born in Geneva, is the youngest of five and the second daughter of Archduke Carl Christian of Austria and Princess Marie-Astrid of Luxembourg. Gabriella attended a British School in Brussels, Belgium and is the spitting image of her sister, Archduchess Marie Christine, who also has a son, Count Gabriel.
Prince Henri was born in Denmark and is the youngest child and second son of Prince Erik of Bourbon-Parma and Countess Lydia Holstein-Ledreborg, who divorced in 1999. Prince Henri’s paternal grandfather is the handsome French businessman and former racing driver, Michel de Bourbon-Parma, who died last year aged 92.
Previously, the aristocratic couple maintained a long-distance relationship since Prince Henri was studying for a master’s degree in law at the University of Copenhagen, while Gabriella still lived with her family in Switzerland.
More from Tatler
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https://royalty.miraheze.org/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma
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Robert I, Duke of Parma
|
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] |
2022-10-11T21:50:35+00:00
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Royalpedia
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https://royalty.miraheze.org/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma
|
Robert I (Italian: Roberto Carlo Luigi Maria; 9 July 1848 – 16 November 1907) was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 until 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the Risorgimento. He was a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma and descended from Philip, Duke of Parma, the third son of King Philip V of Spain and Queen Elisabeth Farnese.
First marriage[edit]
On 5 April 1869, he married Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, daughter of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies in Rome.
Issue[edit]
Princess Marie Louise of Parma (17 January 1870 – 31 January 1899) married Ferdinand I, Prince of Bulgaria and had issue.
Ferdinando, Prince of Piacenza (5 March 1871 - 14 April 1871) died unmarried.
Princess Luisa Maria of Parma (24 March 1872 - 22 June 1943) died unmarried.
Henry, Duke of Parma (13 June 1873 – 16 November 1939) died unmarried.
Princess Maria Immacolata of Parma (21 July 1874 - 16 May 1914) died unmarried.
Joseph, Duke of Parma (30 June 1875 – 7 January 1950) died unmarried.
Princess Maria Teresa of Parma (15 October 1876 - 25 January 1959) died unmarried.
Princess Maria Pia of Parma (9 October 1877 - 29 January 1915) died unmarried.
Princess Beatrice of Parma (9 January 1879 - 11 March 1946) Married Count Pietro Lucchesi-Palli and had issue.
Elias, Duke of Parma () 23 July 1880 – 27 June 1959) married Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria and had issue.
Princess Maria Anastasia of Parma (25 August 1881 - 7 September 1881) died in infancy.
Prince Augusto of Parma (22 September 1882) stillborn on that killed Maria Pia.
Second marriage[edit]
On 15 October 1884, he married Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, daughter of the deposed King Miguel I of Portugal and Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg.
Issue[edit]
Princess Maria della Neve Adelaide of Parma (August 1885 - 6 February 1959) Benedictine nun at St. Cecilia's Abbey, Solesmes.
Prince Sixtus of Parma 1 August 1886 – 14 March 1934) marrried Hedwige de La Rochefoucauld and had issue.
Prince Xavier of Parma (25 May 1889 – 7 May 1977) married Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset and had issue.
Princess Francesca of Parma (22 April 1890 - 7 October 1978) Benedictine nun at St. Cecilia's Abbey, Solesmes.
Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma (9 May 1892 14 March 1989) married Charles I of Austria.
Prince Felix of Parma (28 September 1893 – 8 April 1970) married Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and had issue.
Prince René of -Parma (17 October 1894 – 30 July 1962) married Princess Margaret of Denmark and had issue.
Princess Maria Antonia of Parma (7 November 1895 - 19 October 1977) Benedictine nun at St. Cecilia's Abbey, Solesmes.
Princess Isabella of Parma (14 June 1898- 28 July 1984) Died unmarried.
Prince Luigi of Parma (5 December 1899 - 4 December 1967) married Princess Maria Francesca of Savoy and had issue.
Princess Henrietta of Parma (8 March 1903 - 13 June 1987) died unmarried.
Prince Gaetano of Parma married Princess Margarete of Thurn und Taxis and had issue.
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https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/zita-of-bourbon-parma/last-empress-zita-bourbon-parma/
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History of Royal Women
|
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2017-06-29T05:00:00+00:00
|
Zita of Bourbon-Parma was born on 9 May 1892 in the Reale Villa della Pianore as the daughter of Robert I, Duke of Parma and Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal. She was given the names Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese at her baptism on 11 May. She was the fifth child [read more]
|
en
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History of Royal Women
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https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/zita-of-bourbon-parma/last-empress-zita-bourbon-parma/
|
Zita of Bourbon-Parma was born on 9 May 1892 in the Reale Villa della Pianore as the daughter of Robert I, Duke of Parma and Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal. She was given the names Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese at her baptism on 11 May. She was the fifth child of her father’s second marriage. From his first marriage, she had 12 siblings, of which three died shortly after birth. From her father’s second marriage, another 12 children would be born, leading to a grand total of 23 siblings. Several of the children from her father’s first marriage were mentally disabled.
She would be raised by the Marquise Maria della Rosa, who described her as a lively child with a great sense of humour and a wide interest. She was watched closely by her mother, who emphasised on a good education. Zita’s love of reading began at a young age. Once a year the whole family moved to Schwarzau am Steinpark. Her father ordered a special train to be added to the express train to move his family around the end of June, and they would stay until Christmas. Zita herself described Schwarzau as her true home. She even met her future husband at Schwarzau, although she didn’t remember when exactly she met him for the first time.
At the age of 10, Zita was sent to a boarding school in Zangberg, and for the next five years, she only came home during the holidays. Shortly before finishing school, her father died. She returned to school to finish up and continued her studies in 1909 at the St. Cecilia Abbey on the Isle of Wight, where her grandmother Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg was abbess. She couldn’t stand the weather there and was continuously ill. To recuperate, she was sent to a spa at Franzenbad in Bohemia. Neither she nor the Archduke Charles of Austria had any idea a meeting had been arranged between them. She knew him as a friend from her childhood. When she returned to Franzenbad in 1910, Charles was there again.
“We became close friends and were naturally very glad to see each other again. My feelings for him gradually developed over the years.”
Zita debuted at a court ball in Vienna, where the ageing Emperor Franz Joseph I was the centre of attention. Archduke Charles was by then second in line to the Austrian throne, after his uncle, Franz Ferdinand. Charles’s father had died in 1906. Although Zita followed the etiquette by not dancing all dances with Charles, they certainly danced plenty. Shortly after, Zita was invited by her aunt Maria Theresa of Portugal (widow of Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria) to visit her hunting lodge with her sister, Francesca. Charles was there also, and it was there that the two decided to get married. The engagement was announced on 13 June 1911.
They married on 21 October 1911 with the Emperor as a guest of honour. The Emperor gifted her tiara, which she wore on her wedding day. They spent their honeymoon making brief trips by car from Villa Wartholz and spending three weeks in Austria, visiting the places where Charles had spent his youth. Charles returned to his regiment after their honeymoon and Zita followed him. Their first child was born on 20 November 1912, a son with no less than 17 names. We’ll call him Otto. A second child was born on 3 January 1914; she was called Adelaide.
She and Charles had a good relationship with Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his morganatic wife, Sophie. They were informed of their assassination via telegram on 28 June 1914. Franz Ferdinand had not been much loved by the people, and perhaps secretly many were relieved that Charles was now first in the line of succession. No one realised that his death would lead to the First World War.
“We were deeply shocked. We had always thought that the throne, with all the duties, would be in the distant future. We felt so secure, so comforted. Now there was suddenly the certainty that Charles was next. We felt completely numb. The heir to the throne stood on the threshold of immense responsibility and that at a time when the entire empire was standing on the edge of an abyss.”
War was declared on 28 July 1914, and official duties as the heirs to the throne began to take over their lives. She also gave birth to their third child on 8 February 1915, a son named Robert. A fourth child was born on 31 May 1916, a son named Felix.
“For the Emperor, the family he had with us was a comfort in those sad days.”
Life was to change even more. On 20 November 1916, they received a message that the Emperor’s health was deteriorating quickly. He died on 21 November 1916, shortly after being hoisted into a uniform to receive them.
“When everything was over and we came out of the death chamber into the packed antechamber, no one knew what to say or do.”
The silence was broken by Prince Lobkowitz, who went to Charles, crossed his head and said, “God bless Your Majesty.” Zita and Charles were now the Emperor and Empress of Austria. Charles spotted the Emperor’s mistress Katharina Schratt who had not been allowed in the room, and he escorted her to Emperor’s deathbed where she placed two roses on his chest.
Charles and Zita were crowned in Budapest on 30 December 1916.
“It was so overwhelming and beautiful. The enthusiasm of the people touched me, because it was so sincere.”
Zita’s first years as Empress were dedicated to all the problems the war brought. She visited hospitals and met with the sick and injured. She usually did these visits unannounced to see the real situation. Peace came at last at the end of 1918. By then, Zita had given birth to her fifth child, a son named Carl Ludwig. The young Emperor had already had some health problems. The end of the war had come with another high price—the end of the monarchy.
“A ruler can never abdicate. He can be deposed, have his rights taken away. That is violence but it does not force him to recognise the rights he has lost. But to abdicate, never, never never.”
The winter of 1918/1919 was spent at the Eckartsau hunting lodge. On 23 March 1919, the family left for Switzerland. The Emperor’s mother, Maria Josepha of Saxony, was with them. They moved into Villa Prangins, a sufficient distance from the border. At Prangins, Zita gave birth to her sixth child on 5 September 1919, a son named Rudolf. In Switzerland, several attempts were made to restore Charles to the throne, but none were successful. Zita gave birth to her seventh child on 1 March 1921, a daughter named Charlotte.
After the second restoration attempt, Zita and Charles ended up in Madeira. In January 1922, young Robert had to undergo an operation, and Zita used the opportunity to retrieve her children from Switzerland. On 9 March Charles caught a cold, and five days later, he was in bed with a high fever. He refused a doctor in order to save money. When one finally was called on 21 March, he had pneumonia. The situation was made worse by a congenital heart disease and the turpentine shots the doctor administered. He died on 1 April 1922, with Zita by his side. She was seven months pregnant with their eighth child.
“Charles, what am I going to do all alone?”
He was buried on 5 April in a simple church in their Maria chapel. A very pregnant Zita left Madeira with her children in May for Madrid. At the Royal Palace of El Pardo Zita gave birth to Elisabeth on 31 May. For a while, the family moved around in Spain before settling in Villa Uribarren. Life was not so expensive there, and the climate was healthy. It was a good place for the children to grow up. Zita now saw the raising and educating of her children as her main task in life. She had promised Charles to prepare Otto as well as she could.
When Otto eventually went to study in Belgium in 1929, the family went with him, and his siblings also went to school in Belgium. They would live there until 1940 when they were forced to flee yet another war. In 1935, it was decided that members of the imperial family could enter Austria again and some of their property was returned to them. In July 1940 Zita and her youngest child Elisabeth flew from Portugal to the United States. The other children followed.
“Once in America, my most important task was to make sure my children could finish their studies. So we moved to Canada, where we received a most friendly welcome.”
Canada made more sense since the children had attended French language schools in Belgium. The family moved to Villa Saint Joseph. By then, just four of her children still lived with her. After the Second World War, she spent much time travelling between Europe and America.
Her first grandchild, Prince Vincenz of Liechtenstein, was born on 30 July 1950. Zita returned to Luxembourg, where she cared for her mother until her death on 14 May 1959. Zita now watched her family grow as her children gave her grandchildren. For her 70th birthday, she received a holiday to Israel, which she visited around Christmas 1962. She also longed to be closer to Austria, and so she moved to Zizers. In the Johannesstrift she had an apartment on the second floor. She lived there with her sister, Princess Isabella and a lady-in-waiting. The apartment was small, but all she wanted was one room.
When her eldest daughter Adelaide died on 2 October 1971, Zita was denied permission to attend her burial in Austria. She also watched as great-grandchildren were born and grew up. Her later years were marred by happy and sad family events.
In the summer of 1988, Zita fell ill with pneumonia, but she recovered. In March 1989, she felt the end was near and called Otto to come see her as soon as possible. On 10 March, Zita fell into a coma, and she died on 14 March 1989. She was buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, home at last.
“In these last 30 years, not a minute has gone by when I have not thought about the Danube, for 30 years there was not a day, where I was not in Vienna or Budapest.”
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https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Princess_Marie_Fran%25C3%25A7oise_of_Bourbon-Parma
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Princess Marie Françoise of Bourbon
|
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[
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[] | null |
Princess Marie-Françoise Antoinette Jeanne Madeleine of Bourbon-Parma, known upon her marriage as Princess Edouard de Lobkowicz is a French humanitarian and philanthropist. A princess of the House of Bourbon-Parma by birth and the House of Lobkowicz by marriage, her wedding in 1960 was the first Bourbon wedding to take place at Notre-Dame de Paris since the wedding of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry to Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily in 1816 during the Bourbon Restoration.
|
en
|
Wikiwand
|
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Princess_Marie_Fran%C3%A7oise_of_Bourbon-Parma
|
Princess Marie-Françoise Antoinette Jeanne Madeleine of Bourbon-Parma, known upon her marriage as Princess Edouard de Lobkowicz (French: Marie-Françoise de Bourbon-Parme; born 19 August 1928) is a French humanitarian and philanthropist. A princess of the House of Bourbon-Parma by birth and the House of Lobkowicz by marriage, her wedding in 1960 was the first Bourbon wedding to take place at Notre-Dame de Paris since the wedding of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry to Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily in 1816 during the Bourbon Restoration.
After escaping the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 with the assistance of Catholic Relief Services, Marie-Françoise helped settle refugees in West Berlin who fled the Soviet Union. In the 1980s, while her husband, Prince Edouard de Lobkowicz, was serving as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta's ambassador to Lebanon, she was involved in the construction and development of twelve medical and social centers owned by the Order. Princess Marie-Françoise founded the Malte Liban Association, a Catholic organization that raises money for medical clinics serving the poor in Lebanon, in 1987. She served as a delegate of the United Nations from 1990 to 1995.
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Portrait of Charles IV of Bourbon
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The painting portrays Charles IV of Bourbon, born in Portici in 1748 and died in Naples in 1819, who remained king of Sp
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https://www.cinello.it/portrait-of-charles-iv-of-bourbon-191
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Artwork Details
The painting portrays Charles IV of Bourbon, born in Portici in 1748 and died in Naples in 1819, who remained king of Spain for twenty years, from 1788 to 1808. Charles IV was the second-born song of King Charles III of Bourbon who succeeded his father because his older brother, Philip, was unable to govern for serious illness. In 1765 he married Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma, an unattractive woman with unpleasant character, who didn’t show any respect or dedication towards her husband. In the painting of Capodimonte, the sovereign is portrayed standing in a countryside landscape, with his body slightly turned, together with his dog. He is wearing a hunting suit embellished with the band of the order of Charles III and St. Januarius and a long rifle in his right hand Goya depicts an image that is not only faithful to the king, far from any idealization or celebration, but even pitiless, enhancing his defects and physical imperfections, such as the prominent belly and false smile, in addition to his static pose. These elements reflect the man’s real character, described by his contemporaries as indolent and apathetic, dominated by a terrible wife. Even the king’s expression reflects his inept character and the fact that he was not particularly bright man, as shown by his empty and unintelligent eyes. In fact, Charles IV ruled the kingdom with little acumen, so much that his people did not have respect or love for him, especially when he surrendered to the Napoleonic troops in 1808, without any attempt to defend his territory. In fact, he abdicated the throne and never returned to power again, even after the Restoration. He died in Naples, where he was a guest of Ferdinand VII, who ascended the throne after the Congress of Vienna, and he was never mourned by his people. The work has a pendant work, the portrait of his wife Anna Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma, also preserved in Capodimonte Museum with the same sinister atmosphere and the pitiless realism, which seem to foresee the imminent end of the kingdom and Bourbon dynasty at the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte. The work was painted by Goya between the 1880s’ and 1890s’, during his stay in Madrid at the Bourbon court, where he was employed as the royal portrait painter. In fact, the artist represented the sovereigns with the family and various members of the court in other paintings, now preserved in Museo del Prado in Madrid, in which you can find the same crude, almost grotesque realism, as in the two portraits of Capodimonte. The two paintings were long believed to be copies of the master, then works of his student, Augustin Estève, and only in the 1970sù they were rightly attributed to the Spanish master. The paintings arrived in Naples probably thanks to Maria Isabella, daughter of Charles and Maria Luisa, who kept them in her private collection and who wanted to place them to the private picture gallery of Capodimonte palace. Maria Isabella had married her cousin Francesco I, son of Ferdinando IV, who was the younger brother of the king of Naples, Charles IV, and in 1825 she became queen consort of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Artist Details
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Goya trained in the workshop of José Luzàn y Martinez in Zaragoza, from where he moved to Madrid in 1763, looking for clients that could help him to establish himself as a painter. He began to study the examples of Giovanbattista Tiepolo, who was employed by king Charles III with important decoration in those years, and the works of the late Baroque painter Corrado Giaquinto and the neoclassical works of Anton Raphael Mengs, who all influenced his early paintings. Around 1770 the Spanish artist wanted to travel to Rome to learn new skills, where he joined his fellow countrymen who were staying in the city, as well as other artists such as Giovanbattista Piraesi, Johann Heinrich Füssli and Hubert Robert. Their sublime, imaginative art brought Goya closer to the restless Romanticism, which he showed in his famous engravings, better known as Capricci. However, at the same time Goya also admired classicist works, such as Raphael Rooms in the Vatican and the vault of Annibale Carracci at the Farnese Gallery. The expensive lifestyle of the artist during his Italian stay forced him to return to his homeland, in Zaragoza, where he painted the decoration of the basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar, while in 1774 he had the task of supervising the royal manufacture of the tapestries, thanks to the interest of Mengs. This assignment made him famous in his country and brought him closer to the Spanish court and nobility, whose portraits he began to paint, and in 1786 he was appointed court painter for the king. The portraits of the royal family and members of the court date back to these years, representing the raw realism of the painter, who did not save even the queen Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma from his rough honesty. Goya’s talent in portrait painting and psychological interpretation of the figures can be seen in the painting depicting the members of the Spanish court or nobility, such as the portraits of Duchess de Alba from the late 18th century. In May 1808 he supported the Spanish revolt against Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon’s brother, who he had imposed on the throne of Spain, against people’s will. The revolt that caused the death of many Spaniards opposed to the regime, was testified by his famous painting the Third of May 1808 preserved now in Museo del Prado in Madrid. He suffered from a nerve disease which had always latent, but the disease broke out in full force in the 1810s’ when the absolutist king Ferdinand VII had risen to the throne, who showed that he did not appreciate the painter’s work. Goya then retired to a disturbing isolation, decorating his country house with frightening images, the famous “black paintings” and concentrated on dream-like themes, often understood as nightmares and characters of the night, such as the famous Saturn Devouring His Son (Madrid, Museo del Prado) and "the Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters". Afflicted by deafness and other illnesses, Goya died in Bordeaux where he had escaped the persecutions of Ferdinand VII in 1828.
Collection Details
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The collection of Capodimonte has the origins in the refined and elegant collection of the Farnese family. The first assemblage was formed in 1534 thanks to the initiative of Alessandro Farnese (1520-1589) and Pope Paul III, both interested in ancient objects (conserved today in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale of Naples) and the most important artists of the period. In 1734 Charles III of Spain took the throne and inherited mother Elisabetta Farnese’s collection which was moved from Rome to Parma during the 18th century. In this occasion he felt the need to find a suitable location for the collection. The construction of the Capodimonte building on the hill started in 1738 and it was used both as a residence and as a gallery. The place was first only visited by famous persons, such as Johann Winckelmann, Antonio Canova and Marquis de Sade. The museum was inaugurated in 1957, thanks to the insistence of Ferdinando Bologna Raffaello Causa, opening to the public extensive collection of 2900 paintings, 150 sculptures, 17700 objects of decorative art, 26000 drawings, extended over 12000 square meters and divided into 114 rooms. During the 18th century, the collection was enriched with the works commissioned by the sovereigns of the Bourbon family, but the lootings by French troops in 1799 marked the beginning of decline as its function as a museum. In the 19th century the building was mostly used as a residence. French general Joachim Murat lived in the building with his wife and they brought new furnishing and interior decorations to Capodimonte. Only after the arrival of the Savoys and thanks to Annibale Sacco, the new era of the museum started: the art objects which were spread in various residences of the Bourbon family were collected and moved to Capodimonte and there was a new attention to contemporary figurative production of art. For this reason, there are two main groups in the collection. The Farnese collection includes the portraits of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, Giorgio Vasari and Andrea del Sarto by Raphael, portrait of Bernardo de’ Rossi by Lorenzo Lotto, portraits of Paul III and Paul III with his Grandsons Alessandro and Ottavio Farnese and Danae by Titian, Portrait of Antea by Parmigianino and the cartoons by Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci and pictorial cycles of Carracci, donated in 1600 by Fulvio Orsini. The second collection includes the historical pieces of Neapolitan art from circa 1200 to 1700. Among them are the works by Simone Martini and Colantonio’s St. Jerome, an example of the lively and rich Aragon period, and the works of foreign influence such as Pinturicchio’s Assumption of the Virgin. The 17th century was considered as the golden era of Neapolitan art, influenced by the works of Caravaggio and his followers. From this era there are Caravaggio’s Flagellation from 1606-1607, Ribera’s Drunken Silenus, Artemisia Gentileschi’s Judith and Holofernes, Guido Reni’s Atalanta and Hippomenes and Mattia Preti’s St. Sebastian. The current layout of the museum is a result of the series of restorations in the 1980s’ and 1990s’ which determined the division of the collection onto three floors. The ground floor includes the educational rooms, the mezzanine floor holds the department of drawings and prints, the Farnese collection, the Borgia collection and the royal apartment are in the first floor and finally on the second floor the Neapolitan gallery, the D’Avalos collection, the 19th century gallery and the photographic gallery.
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https://www.conceptionabbey.org/notable-visitors/
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Notable Visitors of Conception's History
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Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma | Blessed Stanley Rother | Von Trapp Family | Venerable Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma Empress Zita, born in May of 1892, was the wife of Emperor Charles I and the last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary. Her husband, Emperor Charles I, was named Blessed…
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Conception Abbey
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https://www.conceptionabbey.org/notable-visitors/
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Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma
Empress Zita, born in May of 1892, was the wife of Emperor Charles I and the last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary. Her husband, Emperor Charles I, was named Blessed by St. Pope John Paul II, with Empress Zita being named a Servant of God by Pope Benedict XVI. After the Empire’s collapse, Charles and Zita fled Austria, with Charles exiled and eventually dying in 1922 at the age of 34. Zita, who had sisters as Benedictine nuns, came to the United States in 1940. As she toured the United States, visiting various religious houses, she visited Conception Abbey in 1946. While here, she had a throne erected within the sanctuary—her right as a consecrated sovereign, where she attended Mass. During her visit, she gifted the Abbey with a rosary, which is still in our possession today.
Blessed Stanley Rother
Hailing from the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City, Blessed Stanley Rother attended Conception Seminary College to learn Latin in the summer of 1959. Of his time, he wrote to his vocation director, “There is so much to learn in this short time, but this school can’t be beat for good teachers and methods. My grades are not the best, but that doesn’t mean that I didn’t learn much this summer…” (cf. The Shepherd Who Didn’t Run). In his priesthood, Fr. Rother was martyred while serving God’s people in Guatemala. Fr. Rother, whose relic is reposed in the seminary chapel, is currently under consideration for sainthood; he is an inspiration for our seminary students.
Von Trapp Family
Immortalized in the movie The Sound of Music, the real von Trapp family from Salzburg, Austria, fled in 1938 after Adolf Hitler annexed Austria. After traveling through Europe shortly, they came to the United States. After their immigration, the family began performing through the United States as the Trapp Family Singers, performing a mix of liturgical, folk, madrigal, and ballad music. They performed nationally and internationally until 1957. One stop of this famous family was Conception Abbey in the 1940s. Fr. Norbert, our most senior monk, who arrived at the Abbey in the 1940s, remembers them coming and performing.
Venerable Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen
Archbishop Sheen was an American prelate known for his skill in oratory and teaching. Hosting the famous radio and television shows, The Catholic Hour on NBC (1930-1950), Life is Worth Living (1952-1957), and The Fulton Sheen Program (1961-1968), Archbishop Sheen became one of America’s first “televangelists.” His skill, fervor, and faithfulness as an orator and teacher had him traveling across the country, delivering lectures, and supporting the Church through his teaching. One of his stops in 1974 was Conception Abbey, where he spoke to the monks and seminarians. Pope Benedict XVI declared Archbishop Sheen as venerable in 2012, and Pope Francis in 2019 approved a reputed miracle to allow him to be beatified.
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Zita_of_Bourbon-Parma
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Parma Facts for Kids
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Learn Zita of Bourbon-Parma facts for kids
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Zita_of_Bourbon-Parma
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Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese; 9 May 1892 – 14 March 1989) was the wife of Charles, the last monarch of Austria-Hungary. As such, she was the last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, in addition to other titles. She was declared Servant of God by Pope Benedict XVI.
Born as the seventeenth child of the dispossessed Robert I, Duke of Parma, and his second wife, Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, Zita married the then Archduke Charles of Austria in 1911. Charles became heir presumptive to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1914 after the assassination of his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, and acceded to the throne in 1916 after the elderly emperor's death.
After the end of World War I in 1918, the Habsburgs were deposed and the former empire became home to the states of Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, while other parts were annexed to or joined the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Italy, Romania, and a reconstituted independent Poland. Charles and Zita left for exile in Switzerland and, after the failure of attempts to restore royal rule in Hungary, were subsequently removed from that country by the Allies to Madeira, where Charles died in 1922. After her husband's death, Zita and her son Otto served as symbols of unity for the exiled dynasty. A devout Catholic, she raised a large family after being widowed at the age of 29; she never remarried.
Early life
Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma was born at the Villa Pianore in the Italian Province of Lucca, 9 May 1892. The unusual name Zita was given to her after Zita, a popular Italian saint who had lived in Tuscany in the 13th century. She was the third daughter and fifth child of the deposed Robert I, Duke of Parma and his second wife Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, a daughter of King Miguel of Portugal and his wife Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. Zita's father had lost his throne as a result of the movement for Italian unification in 1859 when he was still a child. He fathered twelve children during his first marriage to Princess Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies (six of whom were mentally disabled, and three of whom died young). Duke Robert became a widower in 1882, and two years later he married Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, Zita's mother. The second marriage produced a further twelve children. Zita was the 17th child among Duke Robert's 24 children. Robert moved his large family between Villa Pianore (a large property located between Pietrasanta and Viareggio) and his Schwarzau Castle in lower Austria. It was mainly in these two residences that Zita spent her formative years. The family spent most of the year in Austria, moving to Pianore in the winter and returning in the summer. To move between them, they took a special train with sixteen coaches to accommodate the family and their belongings.
Zita and her siblings were raised to speak Italian, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and English.
At the age of ten, Zita was sent to a boarding school at Zanberg in Upper Bavaria, where there was a strict regime of study and religious instruction. She was summoned home in the autumn of 1907 at the death of her father. Her maternal grandmother sent Zita and her sister Francesca to a convent on the Isle of Wight to complete her education. Brought up as devout Catholics, the Parma children regularly undertook good works for the poor. In Schwarzau the family turned surplus cloth into clothes. Zita and Francesca personally distributed food, clothing, and medicines to the needy in Pianore. Three of Zita's sisters became nuns and, for a time, she considered following the same path. Zita went through a patch of poor health and was sent for the traditional cure at a European spa for two years.
Marriage
In the close vicinity of Schwarzau castle was the Villa Wartholz, residence of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, Zita's maternal aunt. She was the stepmother of Archduke Otto, who died in 1906, and the step-grandmother of Archduke Charles of Austria-Este, at that time second-in-line to the Austrian throne. The two daughters of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria were Zita's first cousins and Charles' half-aunts. They had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his Dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandýs nad Labem, from where he visited his aunt at Františkovy Lázně. It was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted. Charles was under pressure to marry (Franz Ferdinand, his uncle and first-in-line, had married morganatically, and his children were excluded from the throne) and Zita had a suitably royal genealogy.
Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore and asked for Zita's hand and, on 13 June 1911, their engagement was announced at the Austrian court. Zita in later years recalled that after her engagement she had expressed to Charles her worries about the fate of the Austrian Empire and the challenges of the monarchy. Charles and Zita were married at the Schwarzau castle on 21 October 1911. Charles's great-uncle, the 81-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph, attended the wedding. He was relieved to see an heir make a suitable marriage, and was in good spirits, even leading the toast at the wedding breakfast. Archduchess Zita soon conceived a son, and Otto was born 20 November 1912. Seven more children followed in the next decade.
Wife of the heir to Austrian throne
At this time, Archduke Charles was in his twenties and did not expect to become emperor for some time, especially while Franz Ferdinand remained in good health. This changed on 28 June 1914 when the heir and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo by Bosnian Serb nationalists. Charles and Zita received the news by telegram that day. She said of her husband, "Though it was a beautiful day, I saw his face go white in the sun."
In the war that followed, Charles was promoted to General in the Austrian army, taking command of the 20th Corps for an offensive in Tyrol. The war was personally difficult for Zita, as several of her brothers fought on opposing sides in the conflict (Prince Felix and Prince René had joined the Austrian army, while Prince Sixtus and Prince Xavier lived in France before the war and enlisted in the Belgian army.) Also her country of birth, Italy, joined the war against Austria in 1915, and so rumours of the 'Italian' Zita began to be muttered. Even as late as 1917, The German ambassador in Vienna, Count Botho von Wedel-Jarlsberg would write to Berlin saying "The Empress is descended from an Italian princely house... People do not entirely trust the Italian and her brood of relatives."
At Franz Joseph's request, Zita and her children left their residence at Hetzendorf and moved into a suite of rooms at Schönbrunn Palace. Here, Zita spent many hours with the old Emperor on both formal and informal occasions, where Franz Joseph confided in her his fears for the future. Emperor Franz Joseph died of bronchitis and pneumonia at the age of 86 on 21 November 1916.
Empress and queen
Charles and Zita were crowned in Budapest on 30 December 1916. Following the coronation there was a banquet, but after that the festivities ended, as the emperor and empress thought it wrong to have prolonged celebrations during a time of war. At the beginning of the reign, Charles was more often than not away from Vienna, so he had a telephone line installed from Baden (where Charles's military headquarters were located) to the Hofburg. He called Zita several times a day whenever they were separated. Zita had some influence on her husband and would discreetly attend audiences with the Prime Minister or military briefings, and she had a special interest in social policy. However, military matters were the sole domain of Charles. Energetic and strong-willed, Zita accompanied her husband to the provinces and to the front, as well as occupying herself with charitable works and hospital visits to the war-wounded.
Sixtus affair
By the spring of 1917, the War was dragging on towards its fourth year, and Zita's brother Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, a serving officer in the Belgian Army, was a main mover behind a plan for Austria-Hungary to make a separate peace with France. Charles initiated contact with Sixtus through contacts in neutral Switzerland, and Zita wrote a letter inviting him to Vienna. Zita's mother Maria Antonia delivered the letter in person.
Sixtus arrived with conditions for talks which had been agreed with the French – the restoration to France of Alsace-Lorraine (annexed by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War in 1870); restoration of the independence of Belgium; independence for the kingdom of Serbia; and the handover of Constantinople to Russia. Charles agreed, in principle, to the first three points and wrote a letter to Sixtus dated 25 March 1917 which sent "the secret and unofficial message" to the President of France that "I will use all means and all my personal influence". This attempt at dynastic diplomacy eventually foundered. Germany refused to negotiate over Alsace-Lorraine, and, seeing a Russian collapse on the horizon, was loath to give up the war. Sixtus continued his efforts, even meeting Lloyd George in London about Italy's territorial demands on Austria in the Treaty of London of 1915, but the Prime Minister could not persuade his generals that Britain should make peace with Austria. Zita managed a personal achievement during this time by stopping the German plans to send airplanes to bomb the home of the King and Queen of Belgium on their name days.
In April 1918, after the German-Russian Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Austrian Foreign Minister Count Ottokar Czernin made a speech attacking incoming French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau as being the main obstacle to a peace favouring the Central Powers. Clemenceau was incensed and, after seeing the Emperor Charles's letter of 24 March 1917, had it published. For a while, the life of Sixtus appeared to be in danger, and there were even fears that Germany might occupy Austria. Czernin persuaded Charles to send a 'Word of Honour' to Austria's allies saying that Sixtus had not been authorised to show the letter to the French Government, that Belgium had not been mentioned, and that Clemenceau had lied about the mentioning of Alsace. Czernin had actually been in contact with the German Embassy throughout the whole crisis and attempted to persuade the Emperor to step down because of the Affair. After failing to do so, Czernin resigned as Foreign Minister.
End of Empire
By this time, the war was closing in on the embattled Emperor. A Union of Czech Deputies had already sworn an oath to a new Czechoslovak state independent of the Habsburg Empire on 13 April 1918, the prestige of the German Army had taken a severe blow at the Battle of Amiens, and, on 25 September 1918, her brother in law King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria broke away from his allies in the Central Powers and sued for peace independently. Zita was with Charles when he received the telegram of Bulgaria's collapse. She remembered it "made it even more urgent to start peace talks with the Western Powers while there was still something to talk about." On 16 October, the emperor issued a "People's Manifesto" proposing the empire be restructured on federal lines with each nationality gaining its own state. Instead, each nation broke away and the empire effectively dissolved.
Leaving behind their children at Gödöllő, Charles and Zita travelled to the Schönbrunn Palace. By this time ministers had been appointed by the new state of "German-Austria", and by 11 November, together with the emperor's spokesmen, they prepared a manifesto for Charles to sign.
Charles gave his permission for the document to be published, and he, his family and the remnants of his Court departed for the Royal shooting lodge at Eckartsau, close to the borders with Hungary and Slovakia. The Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed the next day.
Exile
After a difficult few months at Eckartsau, the Imperial Family received aid from an unexpected source. Prince Sixtus had met King George V and appealed to him to help the Habsburgs. George was reportedly moved by the request, it being only months since his imperial relatives in Russia had been executed by revolutionaries, and promised "We will immediately do what is necessary."
Several British Army officers were sent to help Charles, most notably Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt, who was a grandson of Lord Belper and a former student at the University of Innsbruck. On 19 March 1919, orders were received from the War Office to "get the Emperor out of Austria without delay". With some difficulty, Strutt managed to arrange a train to Switzerland, enabling the Emperor to leave the country with dignity without having to abdicate. Charles, Zita, their children and their household left Eckartsau on 24 March escorted by a detachment of British soldiers from the Honourable Artillery Company under the command of Strutt.
Hungary and exile in Madeira
For more details, see Attempts of Charles IV to return to the throne of Hungary
The family's first home in exile was Wartegg Castle in Rorschach, Switzerland, a property owned by the Bourbon-Parmas. However, the Swiss authorities, worried about the implication of the Habsburgs living near the Austrian border, compelled them to move to the western part of the country. The next month, therefore, found them moving to Villa Prangins, near Lake Geneva, where they resumed a quiet family life. This abruptly ended in March 1920 when, after a period of instability in Hungary, Miklós Horthy was elected regent. Charles was still technically King (as Charles IV) but Horthy sent an emissary to Prangins advising him not to go to Hungary until the situation had calmed. After the Trianon Treaty Horthy's ambition soon grew. Charles became concerned and requested the help of Colonel Strutt to get him into Hungary. Charles twice attempted to regain control, once in March 1921 and again in October 1921. Both attempts failed, despite Zita's staunch support (she insisted on travelling with him on the final dramatic train journey to Budapest).
Charles and Zita temporarily resided at Castle Tata, the home of Count Esterházy, until a suitable permanent exile could be found. Malta was mooted as a possibility, but was declined by Lord Curzon, and French territory was ruled out given the possibility of Zita's brothers intriguing on Charles's behalf. Eventually, the Portuguese island of Madeira was chosen. On 31 October 1921, the former Imperial couple were taken by rail from Tihany to Baja, where the Royal Navy monitor HMS Glowworm was waiting. They finally arrived at Funchal on 19 November. Their children were being looked after at Wartegg Castle in Switzerland by Charles's step-grandmother Maria Theresa, although Zita managed to see them in Zurich when her son Robert needed an operation for appendicitis. The children joined their parents in Madeira in February 1922.
Death of Charles
Charles had been in poor health for some time. After going shopping on a chilly day in Funchal to buy toys for Carl Ludwig, he was struck by an attack of bronchitis. This rapidly worsened into pneumonia, not helped by the inadequate medical care available. Several of the children and staff were also ill, and Zita (at the time eight months pregnant) helped nurse them all. Charles weakened and died on 1 April, his last words to his wife being "I love you so much." Charles was 34 years old. After his funeral, a witness said of Zita "This woman really is to be admired. She did not, for one second, lose her composure... she greeted the people on all sides and then spoke to those who had helped out with the funeral. They were all under her charm." Zita wore mourning black in Charles's memory throughout sixty-seven years of widowhood.
Widowhood
After Charles's death, the former Austrian imperial family were soon to move again. Alfonso XIII of Spain had approached the British Foreign Office via his ambassador in London, and they agreed to allow Zita and her seven (soon to be eight) children to relocate to Spain. Alfonso duly sent the warship Infanta Isabel to Funchal and this took them to Cadiz. They were then escorted to the Pardo Palace in Madrid, where shortly after her arrival Zita gave birth to Archduchess Elisabeth. Alfonso XIII offered his exiled Habsburg relatives the use of Palacio Uribarren at Lekeitio in the Bay of Biscay. This appealed to Zita, who did not want to be a heavy burden to the state that harboured her. For the next six years Zita settled in Lekeitio, where she got on with the job of raising and educating her children. They lived with straitened finances, mainly living on income from private property in Austria, income from a vineyard in Johannisberg in the Rhine Valley, and voluntary collections. Other members of the exiled Habsburg dynasty, however, claimed much of this money, and there were regular petitions for help from former Imperial officials.
Move to Belgium
By 1929, several of the children were approaching the age to attend university and the family sought to move to the Belgian village of Steenokkerzeel near Brussels, where they were closer to several members of their family. Zita continued her political lobbying on behalf of the Habsburg family, even sounding out links with Mussolini's Italy. There was even a possibility of a Habsburg restoration under the Austrian Chancellors Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg, with Crown Prince Otto visiting Austria numerous times. These overtures were abruptly ended by the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938. As exiles, the Habsburg family took the lead in resisting the Nazis in Austria, but this foundered because of opposition between monarchists and socialists.
Flight to North America
With the Nazi invasion of Belgium on 10 May 1940, Zita and her family became war refugees. They narrowly missed being killed by a direct hit on the castle by German bombers and fled to Prince Xavier's castle at Bostz in France. The Habsburgs then fled to the Spanish border, reaching it on 18 May. On June 12 the Portuguese ruler António Salazar issued instructions to the Portuguese consulates in France to provide Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal Duchess of Parma with Portuguese Passports. With these Portuguese Passport the entire entourage of her family could get visas without creating problems to the neutrality of the Portuguese Government. This way the daughter of Maria Antónia, Zita of Bourbon-Parma, and her son Otto von Habsburg got their visas because they were descendants of a Portuguese citizen. They moved on to Portugal and resided in Cascais. Not long after, the archduke was informed by Salazar that Hitler had demanded his extradition. The demand would be refused, the Portuguese ruler told him but hinted that his safety was precarious. On 9 July the U.S. Government granted the family exit visas. After a perilous journey they arrived in New York City on 27 July, having family in Long Island and Newark, New Jersey; at one point, Zita and several of her children lived, as long-term house-guests, in Tuxedo Park, New York.
The Austrian imperial refugees eventually settled in Quebec, which had the advantage of being French-speaking (the younger children were not yet fluent in English). As they were cut off from all European funds, finances were more stretched than ever. At one stage, Zita was reduced to making salad and spinach dishes from dandelion leaves. However, all her sons were active in the war effort. Otto promoted the dynasty's role in a post-war Europe and met regularly with Franklin Roosevelt; Robert was the Habsburg representative in London; Carl Ludwig and Felix joined the United States Army, serving with several American-raised relatives of the Mauerer line; Rudolf smuggled himself into Austria in the final days of the war to help organise the resistance. In 1945 Empress Zita celebrated her birthday on the first day of peace, 9 May. She was to spend the next two years touring the United States and Canada to raise funds for war-ravaged Austria and Hungary.
Post-War
After a period of rest and recovery, Zita found herself regularly going back to Europe for the weddings of her children. She decided to move back to the continent full-time, in 1952, to Luxembourg, in order to look after her aging mother. Maria Antonia died at the age of 96 in 1959. The bishop of Chur proposed to Zita that she move into a residence that he administered (formerly a castle of the Counts de Salis) at Zizers, Graubünden in Switzerland. As the castle had enough space for visits from her large family and a nearby chapel (a necessity for the devoutly Catholic Zita), she accepted with ease.
Zita occupied herself in her final years with her family. Although the restrictions on the Habsburgs entering Austria had been lifted, this only applied to those born after 10 April 1919. This meant Zita could not attend the funeral of her daughter Adelheid in 1972, which was painful for her. She also involved herself in the efforts to have her deceased husband, the "Peace Emperor" canonised. In 1982, the restrictions were eased, and she returned to Austria after having been absent for six decades. Over the next few years, the Empress made several visits to her former Austrian homeland, even appearing on Austrian television.
Death
After a memorable 90th birthday, at which she was surrounded by her now vast family, Zita's habitually robust health began to fail. She developed inoperable cataracts in both eyes. Her last big family gathering took place at Zizers, in 1987, when her children and grandchildren joined in celebrating Empress Zita's 95th birthday. While visiting her daughter, in summer 1988, she developed pneumonia and spent most of the autumn and winter bedridden. Finally, she called Otto, in early March 1989, and told him she was dying. He and the rest of the family travelled to her bedside and took turns keeping her company until she died in the early hours of 14 March 1989. She was 96 years old, and was the last surviving child of Robert, Duke of Parma from both his marriages.
Her funeral was held in Vienna on 1 April. The government allowed it to take place on Austrian soil providing that the cost was borne by the Habsburgs themselves. Zita's body was carried to the Imperial Crypt under Capuchin Church in the same funeral coach she had walked behind during the funeral of Emperor Franz Joseph in 1916. It was attended by over 200 members of the Habsburg and Bourbon-Parma families, and the service had 6,000 attendees including leading politicians, state officials and international representatives, including a representative of Pope John Paul II. Following an ancient custom, the Empress had asked that her heart, which was placed in an urn, stay behind at Muri Abbey, in Switzerland, where the Emperor's heart had rested for decades. In doing so, Zita assured herself that, in death, she and her husband would remain by each other's side.
When the procession of mourners arrived at the gates of the Imperial Crypt, the herald who knocked on the door during this traditional "admission ceremony" introduced her as Zita, Her Majesty the Empress and Queen.
Cause of beatification and canonization
On 10 December 2009, Mgr Yves Le Saux, Bishop of Le Mans, France, opened the diocesan process for the beatification of Zita. Zita was in the habit of spending several months each year in the diocese of Le Mans at St. Cecilia's Abbey, Solesmes, where three of her sisters were nuns.
The actor is the French Association pour la Béatification de l'Impératrice Zita. The postulator for the cause is Alexander Leonhardt. Vice postulator for Hungary is Catholic theologian Norbert Nagy. The judge of the tribunal is Bruno Bonnet. The promoter of justice is François Scrive.
With the opening of her cause, the late Empress has been named Servant of God.
Honours
Austria-Hungary:
Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross
Dame Grand Cross of the Imperial Austrian Order of Elizabeth, 1913
Star of Merit of the Decoration for Services to the Red Cross, with War Decoration
Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Dame Grand Cross, with Distinction for Jerusalem
Children
Charles and Zita had eight children and thirty three grandchildren:
Name Birth Death Notes Crown Prince Otto von Habsburg 20 November 1912 4 July 2011 married (1951) Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen (6 January 1925 – 3 February 2010) and had seven children, twenty-two grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren. Archduchess Adelheid 3 January 1914 2 October 1971 never married, no issue Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este 8 February 1915 7 February 1996 married (1953) Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta (7 April 1930 - 10 January 2022) and had five children, nineteen grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Archduke Felix of Austria 31 May 1916 6 September 2011 married (1952) Princess Anna Eugenie von Arenberg (5 July 1925 - 9 June 1997) and had seven children and twenty-two grandchildren. Archduke Carl Ludwig 10 March 1918 11 December 2007 married (1950) Princess Yolanda of Ligne (born 6 May 1923) and had four children, nineteen grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren. Archduke Rudolf 5 September 1919 15 May 2010 married (1953) Countess Xenia Tschernyschev-Besobrasoff (11 June 1929 - 20 September 1968) and had four children, thirteen grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Married (secondly) (1971) Princess Anna Gabriele of Wrede (born 11 September 1940) and had one daughter and three grandsons. Archduchess Charlotte 1 March 1921 23 July 1989 married (1956) Duke Georg of Mecklenburg (5 October [O.S. 22 September] 1899 – 6 July 1963). Archduchess Elisabeth 31 May 1922 6 January 1993 married (1949) Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein (5 August 1916 – 17 April 1991) and had five children, seven grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.
See also
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Empress Zita of Austria
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2017-05-09T00:00:00
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Empress Zita of Austria, the Last Empress, was born on this day in 1892. The daughter of Robert I, Duke of Parma and his second wife, Princess Maria Antonia of Portugal, she had 11 siblings and 12 half-siblings. Educated in Bavaria and the UK, she grew up in magnificent castles in Vienna, Italy, and France. In
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The Royal Watcher -
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Embed from Getty Images
Empress Zita of Austria, the Last Empress, was born on this day in 1892. The daughter of Robert I, Duke of Parma and his second wife, Princess Maria Antonia of Portugal, she had 11 siblings and 12 half-siblings. Educated in Bavaria and the UK, she grew up in magnificent castles in Vienna, Italy, and France. In 1911, she married Archduke Karl of Austria, second-in-line to the Austrian Throne. The couple had eight children, the youngest being born after his death. WWI was started after the assassination of his uncle, and the couple succeeded to the Throne as Emperor Karl and Empress Zita of Austria, King and Queen of Hungary in 1916. After the end of the war, the Emperor ‘released’ his people from his loyalty, and the family went into exile in Switzerland, eventually going to Madeira, after two failed attempts to regain the Hungarian Throne, where the Emperor died in 1922, leaving Empress Zita a 29-year old pregnant widow with eight children. Living in financial difficulty in Spain, Belgium, the US, and in Canada (during WWII), Empress Zita kept her family together. In 1952, she moved back to Europe, living in Switzerland and Luxembourg (then ruled by her sister-in-law). Allowed to return to Austria in 1982, she had memorable 90th and 95th Birthday celebrations, dying in 1989 at the age of 96 in Switzerland. Empress Zita is buried in the Imperial Crypt under the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
Diamond Tiara | Habsburg Crown Pearls | Jet Tiara | Habsburg Pearl and Diamond Bandeau
Diamond Tiara
Habsburg Crown Pearls
Jet Tiara
Habsburg Ruby Parure
Diamond Stars
For more information, check out:
Empress Zita’s Diamond Tiara
Emperor Karl and Empress Zita’s Coronation in Hungary
Empress Zita’s grandson, Archduke Karl von Hapsburg
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Carlos, Duke of Parma
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2024-06-16T12:27:56+00:00
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Royalpedia
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https://royalty.miraheze.org/wiki/Carlos,_Duke_of_Parma
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Carlos Carlos Xavier Bernardo Sixto Marie, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (born 27 January 1970) is the current head of the House of Bourbon-Parma, as well a member of the Dutch Royal Family. He is the claimant to the defunct throne of the extinct Duchy of Parma. In addition, he is considered by some a contested pretender to the Carlist claim to the throne of Spain under the name Carlos Javier I (English: Charles Xavier I).[1] In 2016, Carlos told the Spanish press that, while (like his father in 2005) he "does not abandon" his claim to the throne, it is "not a priority" in his life, and he "will not dispute" [no planteo pleito] the legitimacy of King Felipe VI.[2] Since 15 May 1996, he has been part of the enlarged Dutch royal family with the title – conferred on him by the Queen of the Netherlands – of "Prince de Bourbon de Parme" in the Dutch nobility.
Early life[edit]
Carlos was born in Nijmegen in the Netherlands as the eldest child of Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma, and Princess Irene of the Netherlands. He has two younger sisters, Princess Margarita and Princess Carolina, and a younger brother, Prince Jaime. He was baptized in the Catholic faith on 10 February 1970 by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre. Carlos spent his youth in several countries including the Netherlands, Spain, France, England, and the United States. In 1981, when he was eleven, his parents divorced. Together with his mother and his siblings, he then moved to Soestdijk Palace (Baarn) in the Netherlands. He lived at the palace for a number of years with his grandparents, Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands.
Education and career[edit]
Carlos studied political science at Wesleyan University in Connecticut and demography and philosophy at Cambridge University in England.
After completing his studies, Carlos worked for the company ABN AMRO in Amsterdam, where he was involved with preparations for the introduction of the euro. He then worked for a period in Brussels as a public affairs consultant for the company European Public Policy Advisors (EPPA). Since 2007, he has been engaged in projects concerning sustainability in the business world.
Dutch royal house[edit]
Carlos is sometimes present at representative occasions concerning the royal house of the Netherlands. In 2003, he was involved, together with his aunt, Queen Beatrix, in the inauguration of the "Prince Claus Leerstoel", a professorship named after the Queen's husband, Prince Claus. During special events of the royal house, he is regularly present. For example, he was one of the organizers of the wedding celebration of Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands and Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands.
Personal life[edit]
Relationship with Brigitte Klynstra and son[edit]
Prince Carlos had a relationship with Brigitte Klynstra (born 10 January 1959), the stepdaughter of Count Adolph Roderik van Rechteren Limpurg. During this relationship he fathered a son:
Carlos Hugo Roderik Sybren Klynstra (born 20 January 1997 in Nijmegen).
In December 2015, the then 18-year-old Carlos Klynstra started the legal procedure to attempt to change his surname to that of his biological father[3] which would also allow him to use the title of "Prince". The Duke of Parma opposed this on the basis that it was in contravention of the traditions of the House of Bourbon-Parma. On 9 March 2016 the Minister of Security and Justice declared his family name request valid.[4] Later that year a court in The Hague concurred with the minister in declaring the claim valid under Dutch law.[5]
According to the judgement, Carlos Hugo will be entitled to be known as "Zijne Koninklijke Hoogheid Carlos Hugo Roderik Sybren prins de Bourbon de Parme" (His Royal Highness Prince Carlos Hugo Roderik Sybren of Bourbon-Parma); this will come only into effect once the Dutch king has signed the royal decree. According to the press release of the Council of State of 28 February 2018, the name change does not mean that Klynstra is now also a member of the Royal House of Bourbon-Parma. That is a private matter of the House itself and this is outside the jurisdiction of the Dutch Nobility Law.[6]
Marriage to Annemarie Gualthérie van Weezel[edit]
On 7 October 2009, it was announced through his mother's private secretary that Prince Carlos would marry Annemarie Cecilia Gualthérie van Weezel. The civil marriage took place on 12 June 2010 at Wijk bij Duurstede. The church wedding was to have taken place at the La Cambre Abbey in Ixelles on 28 August, but it was postponed owing to his father's illness. Prince Carlos Hugo died shortly afterwards.
Annemarie (born The Hague, 18 December 1977) is the daughter of Johan (Hans) Stephan Leonard Gualthérie van Weezel and Gerarda Gezine Jolande (Ank) de Visser. Her father was a member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands for the Christian Democratic Party, the Dutch ambassador to the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, and the ambassador to Luxembourg. Gualthérie van Weezel's paternal grandfather was Jan Hans Gualthérie van Weezel, who was the head of the police in The Hague and member of the Dutch resistance during the Second World War. Annemarie Gualthérie van Weezel went to secondary school in Strasbourg and obtained a Master of Laws degree at the University of Utrecht. Subsequently, she completed a post-graduate study in Radio and Television journalism at the University of Groningen. Gualthérie van Weezel works as a parliamentary journalist in The Hague and Brussels for the Dutch public channel Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (NOS). In Brussels, she met Prince Carlos for the first time.
On 2 August 2010, it was revealed that the health of his father, the Duke of Parma, was quickly deteriorating due to cancer. As a consequence, the church wedding of the prince Carlos and his fiancée was delayed. In a final announcement about his condition, the Duke confirmed Carlos as the next Head of the House of Bourbon-Parma.[7] Just before his death the old Duke of Parma named Annemarie as "Contessa di Molina" (Countess of Molina).[8] Prince Carlos's father died on 18 August 2010 in Barcelona, Spain, at the age of 80; Carlos subsequently became the next head of the House of Bourbon-Parma.
The new Duke of Parma and Annemarie were married on 20 November 2010 in La Cambre Abbey.[9] Together, they have two daughters and a son:
Her Royal Highness Princess Luisa of Bourbon-Parma, Marchioness of Castell'Arquato (born on 9 May 2012 in The Hague);
Her Royal Highness Princess Cecilia of Bourbon-Parma, Countess of Berceto (born 17 October 2013 in The Hague);
His Royal Highness Prince Carlos Enrique, Prince of Piacenza , (born 24 April 2016 in The Hague).
In 2016, at the baptism of Prince Carlos Enrique, Prince Carlo conferred on his son the title of "Principe di Piacenza" (Prince of Piacenza), which is the traditional title assigned to a crown prince of the House of Bourbon Parma, the continuer of the dynasty, and future Duke of Parma and Piacenza.[10] In September 2017, the Duke of Parma named his daughter Luisa as "Marchesa di Castell'Arquato" (Marquise of Castell'Arquato), and her younger sister Cecilia was named as "Contessa di Berceto" (Countess of Berceto).[11]
His rights as the Carlist pretender[edit]
Carlos Xavier, in an interview with the newspaper La Vanguardia, said:
I don't set out dynastic lawsuits.[12]
— Barcelona, October 11th, 2010
Titles, styles and honours[edit]
Titles and styles[edit]
27 January 1970 - 2 September 1996: His Royal Highness Prince Carlos of Parma
2 September 1996 – 18 August 2010: His Royal Highness The Prince of Piacenza[13]
18 August 2010 – present: His Royal Highness The Duke of Parma and Piacenza
Ancestry[edit]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
[edit]
Official website of the House of Bourbon-Parma
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The Most Expensive Jewels from the Bourbon-Parma Auction
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DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS/AFP/Getty Images On Wednesday, Sotheby's in Geneva sold a hundred lots of jewelry from the House of Bourbon-Parma, including impeccable pieces with eye-popping royal provenance. Here's a look at the ten highest-grossing lots from
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https://www.thecourtjeweller.com/2018/11/the-most-expensive-jewels-from-bourbon.html
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DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS/AFP/Getty Images
On Wednesday, Sotheby’s in Geneva sold a hundred lots of jewelry from the House of Bourbon-Parma, including impeccable pieces with eye-popping royal provenance. Here’s a look at the ten highest-grossing lots from the sale!
Sotheby’s
10. Archduchess Maria Anna’s Sapphire Cluster Brooch: This lovely brooch features a 30-carat Ceylon sapphire surrounded by twelve brilliants, in a classic design that echoes the famous Albert Brooch from the British royal collection. This brooch is newer, made around 1900 and given by Princess Isabella of Croy to Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria when she married Prince Elias, Duke of Parma in 1903. The brooch sold for $551,010.
Sotheby’s
9. Archduchess Maria Anna’s Fancy Orangy Pink Diamond Ring: This classic cluster ring features an unusual 2.44-carat fancy orangy pink diamond framed by additional colorless diamonds. The ring was given to Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (wife of Prince Elias, Duke of Parma) by her father, Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen in 1909. The gift was a celebration of the birth of Maria Anna’s second son, Prince Robert. The ring sold for $574,837.
Sotheby’s
8. Princess Maria Teresa’s Diamond Girandole Earrings: This spectacular pair of diamond pendant earrings were made in the first half of the nineteenth-century. They originally belonged to Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy, the wife of Charles II, Duke of Parma, and were later inherited by her grandson, Robert I, Duke of Parma. The earrings sold for $729,715.
Sotheby’s
7. The Bourbon-Parma Diamond Demi-Parure: This incredible diamond demi-parure consists of a necklace, a pair of earrings, and a brooch. The suite contains diamonds owned by several members of the Bourbon-Parma family, including Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry (son of King Charles X of France), the Duchess of Angouleme (daughter of Queen Marie Antoinette), and Princess Isabella of Croy (mother of Archduchess Maria Anna, Duchess of Parma). The demi-parure sold for $848,853.
Sotheby’s
6. Archduchess Maria Anna’s Fleur-de-Lis Tiara: We featured this bold fleur-de-lis tiara recently here at The Court Jeweller. It was made in 1912 for Archduchess Maria Anna (wife of Prince Elias, Duke of Parma) by an Austrian jeweler, Hübner. The tiara sold for $967,990.
Sotheby’s
5. The Duke of Angouleme’s Order of the Saint-Esprit: This diamond, emerald, and ruby badge of the French Order of the Saint-Esprit was made around 1820 for the Duke of Angouleme (son of King Charles X of France). The badge sold for $1,623,244.
Sotheby’s
4. The Duke of Angouleme’s Order of the Golden Fleece: This elaborate diamond, sapphire, and ruby ornament is the neck badge of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The badge was made around 1820. It sold for $1,682,813.
Sotheby’s
3. Marie Antoinette’s Diamond Bow Brooch: This 18th century diamond bow brooch features a large pear-shaped yellow diamond pendant. The bow brooch belonged to Queen Marie Antoinette of France; the yellow diamond was a later addition. The brooch sold for $2,099,793.
Sotheby’s
2. Queen Marie Antoinette’s Pearls: This three-stranded pearl necklace is strung with pearls that belonged to Marie Antoinette. (We featured her pearl parure here.) The necklace sold for $2,278,499.
Sotheby’s
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Roberto I, Duke of Parma (1848-1907)
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2009-06-26T13:36:50-04:00
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Does anyone have any information about Robert I, Duke of Parma? I was fascinated to learn that he was married twice, resulting in 24 children. Apparently...
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The Royal Forums
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https://www.theroyalforums.com/threads/roberto-i-duke-of-parma-1848-1907.22940/
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Does anyone have any information about Robert I, Duke of Parma? I was fascinated to learn that he was married twice, resulting in 24 children. Apparently many of the children from his first marraige were mentally retarded. I'm really interested in knowing about that family, what life was like, what became of those mentally retarded children, specifically.
Are there any books about Robert that someone can recommend? Or did any of the 24 kids write a book?
Thanks!
Reading this quite late but here are some information:
From another forum.....
The Bourbon-Parma family is very illustrious, descending as they do from the Kings of France, Spain, Naples and the Emperors of Austria. However, from the latter part of the 19th century into the early 20th century, it was also one of most incestuous and inbred. Many will object to the use of the word "incestuous" when referring to European royalty, BUT---
When inter-family marriages are repeated over and over again, from one generation to the next, when cousins marry cousins and nieces marry uncles, etc, it spells disaster genetically.
This was the case of the marriage of Robert of Bourbon-Parma and his first wife, Maria Pia of Bourbon-Sicily. If you examine the tangled family relationships, you'll note that they were VERY closely related and had common ancestors going back MANY generations.
Of the twelve children they had, only three were judged to possess normal intelligence: Marie Louise, Elias, and Beatrice. The other nine were definitely retarded and had to be supervised all of their lives. The two elder boys, Joseph and Henry, spent most of their lives under supervision at Villa delle Pianore, the Parma chateau near Viareggio.
Prince Elias was made acting Head of the Family under the terms of his father's last will and testament. As noted in a previous listing, Elias became "Duke of Parma" in 1950. He ensured that his retarded siblings received the supervision and care required.
All twelve of the children of Robert and Maria Antoinia, his second wife, were normal, although not particularly good-looking. The best-looking Bourbon-Parma princess from that generation, Maria Antoinia, became a nun. An existing photograph taken prior to her vows shows a stunning young woman.
Robert of Bourbon-Parma was an extremely wealthy man. Not only did he inherit a vast fortune from his uncle, the Comte de Chambord, but he was also the heir of his grandfather, Charles II of Parma, who died in the spring of 1883 (Chambord died in the fall of 1883). Charles II (known at the Comte de Villafranca) left his extremely valuable library of religious books to his grandson, for example, along with considerable lands and palaces.
Robert owned four significant properties, among others:
Chateau de Chambord in France
Chateau Schwarzau-am-Steinfeld in Austria
Villa delle Pianore in Italy
Chateau Wartegg in Switzerland
The French government confiscated Chateau de Chombard from the family but eventually paid them in return.
============
Oh, until Duke Robert's 24 kids came along, this royal & ducal family was quite small compared to others. 1st generation: 3 children, 2nd generation: 9 children (but only 4 survived to adulthood), 3rd generation: 2 children, 4th generation: 2 children (only 1 reached adulthood), 5th generation: 4 children.
Many members of the Bourbon Parma family were also created, or hold the courtesy title of Infante/Infanta of Spain.
As I find/remember other information, I'll post them....
Here is a link to another forum (where I got the informative posted above) where there are lots of information and pictures about Duke Robert & his family.
http://forum.alexanderpalace.org/index.php?topic=3261.0
This is what happened to Duke Robert's 24 kids:
(Again from the APTM forums)
1. Maria Luisa (1870-1899) died in childbirth
2. Ferdinand (1871-1872) died aged one
3. Luisa (1872-1943) was mentally retarded
4, Enrico (1873-1939) was officially Duke of Parma from 1907 till 1939 but he too was mentally retarded!
5. Inmacolatta (1874-1914) was also mentally retarded and was (possibly, need to verify this) deaf and mute.
6. Giuseppe (1875-1950) officially Duke of Parma from 1939 till his death, he was also mentally retarded!
7. Maria Teresa (1876-1959) was also retarded!
8. Pia (1877-1915) also retarded!
9. Beatrice (1879-1946) was absolutely normal and married.
10.Elias (1880-1959) Duke of Parma since 1950 and head of the family since his father's death in 1907.Married Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria
11.Anastasia (1881-1881) Died aged a few days, she might have been (this is an hypothesis) also retarded or suffered some illness. She might have just died young like many children at the time.
12. Augusto (1882-1882) Same as previous....
13. Adelaida became a nun in 1909 in Soresmes.
14. Sixto (see Sixtus Affair) married Hedwige de la Rochefoucauld
15. Xavier (see Carlists) married Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset
16. Francesca, a nun in Soresmes in 1915
17, Zita, married Charles of Austria and became Empress of Austria
18. Felix, married Charlotte of Luxembourg
19. René, married Princess Margrethe of Denmark
20. Antonia, also a nun in Soresmes in 1921
21. Isabella, died unmarried
22. Luigi, married Princess Francesca of Savoy
23. Enrichetta died unmarried.
24. Gaetano married Princess Margaret of Thurn and Taxis
==========
Princess Zita got a considerable dowry from her father when she married then Archduke Charles of Austria. There was a dispute among the brothers regarding their father's wealth. I remember reading that the younger sons felt they were entitled to more, while their older brother (the heir) got more than half of their father's assets.
.
I have read something in a biography on Empress Zita about the inheritance dispute; if I recall correctly, in his will Duke Roberto appointed his brother-in-law Infante Alfonso Carlos of Spain (husband of Duchess Maria Antonia's oldest sister) as guardian of his retarded children born from his first marriage to Maria Pia; and as guardians of his children born from his second marriage (who were all minors) he appointed his widow Duchess Maria Antonia and their brother-in-law Duke Karl Theodor in Bavaria (husband of Maria Antonia's sister Maria José). When Duke Karl Theodor died in 1909, Infante Alfonso Carlos became guardian also of Roberto and Maria Antonia's children (but jointly with Maria Antonia).
Prince Elias and Princess Beatrice were Roberto's only children not to need a guardian, because they were both adults and "normal" (and however Beatrice was already married at the time of her father's death).
The aim of these provisions of Roberto's will was to grant all his children the same means.
In his will, Roberto also stated that his eldest son Enrico would become Duke of Parma, but due to his mental issues Prince Elias would act as regent.
The problems were caused by the bad relationship between Duchess Maria Antonia and Prince Elias, and started when Duke Roberto was still alive. After marrying Roberto, Maria Antonia became mother of 12 children and also carefully took care of Roberto's other children. Elias, instead, simply didn't care neither of his siblings and of his half siblings.
Things worsened after Elias' marriage to Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria-Teschen, because of the strong loathing of Maria Anna's mother, Archduchess Isabella, to the Bourbon-Parmas.
When Duke Roberto died in 1907, Elias started to manage the Ducal Family's wealth without caring of his stepmother, siblings, and half-siblings; as he was the acting Head of the Family, he claimed larger and larger shares of his family's asset, and this exacerbated his relationship with Duchess Maria Antonia.
Eventually, after long years of fights, an attempted agreement and some court cases Elias got the better of his stepmother and half-siblings and he was given half of the whole inheritance of Duke Roberto (included Chambord Castle).
---
Some more informations about some of Roberto's children:
Maria Luisa married in 1893 to Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria, with whom she had four children; one of them was King Boris III (husband of Princess Giovanna of Savoy).
Enrico and Giuseppe were indeed mentally retarded, but strangely the one was an expert of numismatics and the other knew all the names, model and serial number of all the locomotives of the Austro-Hungarian railways.
Beatrice married in 1906 to Count Pietro Lucchesi Palli, with whom she had four children; she and her family later took care of her sisters Maria Teresa and Luisa in her estate in Brunnsee.
Elias married in 1903 to Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria-Teschen, and they had one son, Roberto (who succeeded his father as Duke in 1959 till his own death in 1974), and seven daughters; only one married, Alice, in 1936 to Infante Alfonso of Spain, Duke of Calabria (she still alive, aged 94).
Adelaide, Francesca and Antonia all became nuns at St. Cecile convent in Solesmes.
Sixte married in 1919 to Hedwige de la Rochefoucauld, daughter of the Duke of Doudeauville; they had a daughter, Princess Isabelle. Sixte died in 1934.
Xavier became Duke of Parma in 1974, at his half-nephew Roberto II's death; he married to Countess Madeleine of Bourbon-Busset, and was the father of Duke Carlos Hugo.
René married in 1921 to Princess Margaretha of Denmark, and they were the parents of Prince Michel (husband of Princess Maria Pia of Savoy) and of Queen Anne of Romania; they had two more sons.
Luigi married in 1939 to Princess Maria Francesca of Savoy, the younger sister of Giovanna, the wife of Luigi's half-nephew Boris III of Bulgaria; previously in the early 1930s an attempt to arrange a marriage between Maria Francesca to Luigi's nephew, Archduke Otto of Austria (son of his sister Zita) was made by Empress Zita, but it failed. Louis and Maria had four children together.
Henriette was the only of Roberto and Maria Antonia's children to have health issues, as she became deaf and mute after a fall when she was a child; however, she quietly spent her life in Italy, where she died in 1987.
Gaetano, the last child, was married from 1931 to 1955 to Princess Margarete von Thurn und Taxis, with whom he had a daughter, Princess Diane. He died in 1958 in a car crash.
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Zita of Bourbon-Parma
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Daily guide to anniversaries, festivals, facts and key dates today in Italian history
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https://www.italyonthisday.com/2023/05/zita-of-bourbon-parma.html
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The long life of the last Habsburg Empress
A portrait of Zita taken in 1911,
shortly before her marriage
Zita of Bourbon-Parma, the last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, was born Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaella Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese on this day in 1892 on the family estate, the Villa Le Pianore, near Viareggio in the province of Lucca in Tuscany.
Zita was the 17th child of the Duke of Parma, Robert I, and his second wife, Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, but her family was poor, even if it did claim descent from Louis X of France. The family villa was situated between Pietrasanta and Viareggio, occasionally moving to stay in Robert’s other property, Schwarzau Castle in Austria.
After her father’s death, Zita was sent to a convent on the Isle of Wight in England to complete her education.
For a time, Zita considered following the lead of three of her sisters and becoming a nun, but at the age of 19 she married Archduke Charles, the great nephew of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria. The two had known each other as children and became reacquainted in 1909, at a time when Charles was under pressure to find a wife.
They were married at the Schwarzau Castle in October 1911 and went on to have eight children together.
Within three years, in 1914, the Emperor’s heir, Franz Ferdinand, was shot dead in Sarajevo in the incident that led to the outbreak of the First World War. The Emperor himself died two years later and Zita’s husband, Charles, succeeded him as Emperor. Zita suddenly found herself an Empress in the middle of a world war, in which she had relatives on both sides.
Zita and Archduke Charles
at their wedding in Austria
Two years later, after Austria-Hungary had lost the war, Charles was forced to abdicate. The Habsburgs were deposed and the former empire became home to the states of Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, while other parts were annexed to several eastern European countries.
Charles died less than three years later, in 1922, while the couple were living in Madeira and from that day onwards Zita lived on alone, mostly in exile. She never remarried but continued to raise her family. She spent 63 years mostly living in Switzerland and the United States, never relinquishing her claim to a throne that no longer existed.
She died at the age of 96 in March 1989. After a huge state funeral in St Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna, Zita was buried in the crypt alongside 142 other members of the Habsburg dynasty. An impoverished Italian noblewoman, Zita was the last Habsburg to wear a crown in a line that had worn it first in the year 1282.
Zita was declared Servant of God by Pope Benedict XVI and in 2009 the process was opened for her beatification.
Viareggio's Grand Hotel Royal, a notable example
of the Tuscan resort's Liberty-style architecture
Travel tip:
Viareggio, where Zita was born and brought up, is now a popular seaside resort in Tuscany with beautiful sandy beaches and fine examples of Liberty-style architecture, which include the Grand Hotel Royal. Near the Villa Paolina, which was the home of Napoleon’s sister, Paolina Bonaparte, there is a monument to the English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, close to the point on the coastline that his body was found following his death in a shipwreck. Paolina, who was a great admirer of Shelley’s work, is said to have chosen the location for the villa for that reason.
Pietrasanta's Duomo - the Collegiata di San
Martino - dates back to the 13th century
Travel tip:
Pietrasanta is a town in northern Tuscany, to the north of Viareggio. It had Roman origins and part of a Roman wall still exists. The medieval town was built in 1255 upon the pre-existing Rocca di Sala fortress of the Lombards and the Duomo (Collegiate Church of San Martino) dates back to the 13th century. Pietrasanta grew in importance in the 15th century due to its marble, the beauty of which was first recognised by the sculptor, Michelangelo. At different times belonging to Genoa and Lucca, Pietrasanta came under Medici control in 1484 before being seized by Charles VIII of France in 1494. Pope Leo X, a member of the Medici family, gave Pietrasanta back to his family. The town declined during the 17th and 18th centuries, partly due to malaria. The seaside resort of Marina di Pietrasanta is 3km (1.9 miles) away.
Also on this day:
1740: The birth of opera composer Giovanni Paisiello
1914: The birth of orchestra conductor Carlo Maria Giulini
1946: The abdication of Vittorio Emanuele III, King of Italy
2013: The death of fashion designer Ottavio Missoni
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Robert I, Duke of Parma
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World Monarchs Wiki
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https://world-monarchs.fandom.com/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma
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Association pour la béatification de l'Impératrice Zita
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"http://www.beatification-imperatrice-zita.org/media/Portrait%20peint.jpg"
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Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma was born on May 9, 1892, near Lucca, Italy. On October 21, 1911, she married Archduke Karl of Austria, a great-nephew of Franz-Josef, who became Emperor Karl I of Austria and King Karl IV of Hungary in 1916.
As Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, Zita assisted her husband during their two year reign through her efforts for peace and social justice. This united couple, brought closer together by their deep Christian faith, had eight children.
Exiled to Switzerland at the end of the First World War, the imperial family was later exiled to Madeira, where Karl died on April 1, 1922. Widowed, without any resources, devoting herself to her family and others, Empress Zita first lived in Spain and Belgium, then in Quebec and the United States during World War II, and finally returning to Europe after the war.
She returned her soul to God on March 14, 1989, and was buried in Vienna on the following April 1. Karl of Austria was beatified by John Paul II in 2004. In 2008, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints authorized the opening of the cause of beatification in the Diocese of Le Mans for the Servant of God Zita of Bourbon-Parma.
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Prince Philip’s Cousin Was a Paratrooper Who Helped Liberate France From the Nazis
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"prince philip",
"prince philip cousin",
"Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma",
"Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma world war ii",
"Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma life",
"Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma died"
] | null |
[
"Maggie Maloney"
] |
2018-08-20T16:37:40.552615-04:00
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Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma, a relative of Prince Philip, has died at age 92. We're taking a look back at his fascinating life and military career here.
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/_assets/design-tokens/townandcountrymag/static/images/favicon.80ace0d.ico
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Town & Country
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https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a22774567/prince-michel-bourbon-parma-died/
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Royal relative Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma died on July 7, 2018 at the age of 92. Michel, the son of Princess Margaret of Denmark and Prince René of Bourbon-Parma, is perhaps best remembered for his heroic efforts fighting for the Allied forces during World War II.
Prince Michel was born in Paris, but moved to New York with his family in 1940 ahead of the Nazi occupation of France. He enrolled in a Jesuit boarding school but was expelled for disobedience and soon decided to join the war effort, according to the Palm Beach Daily News. "My parents tried to talk me out of it," Michel told the news outlet in an interview. "But I wanted to get Hitler out of France."
At the age of 17, Prince Michel shipped off to officer candidate school in Fort Benning, Georgia, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant, the Washington Post reports. He was recruited by the Office of Strategic Services, a World War II-era precursor to the CIA, by William Casey, who later became the director of the CIA. The army was impressed with Michel's background and his language skills: the Prince spoke French, English, and Danish. "They said we need people like that," Bourbon-Parme once told the Palm Beach Daily News. Soon, Michel completed special training for covert operations, and was sent to England to join Operation Jedburgh.
Operation Jedburgh combined special forces from the United States and United Kingdom with an expertise in parachuting, and Michel's group was known for parachuting behind Nazi lines in France, according to the Washington Post. The members of the group became known as "the Jeds," and their missions were extremely dangerous: the Prince once told the Palm Beach Daily News that 80 percent of the Jeds "just disappeared."
Days after the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944, Prince Michel was part of a three-man sabotage team tasked with preventing 23,000 German troops from getting to Normandy, the Washington Post notes. Michel and his group, which included Sir Thomas Macpherson and Sgt. O. Arthur Brown, were able to do so by placing bombs on roads and bridges. The team also drove to the German front-line headquarters and helped convince German Major General Botho Henning Elster to surrender and hand over 19,500 troops to U.S. Major General Robert C. Macon.
Michel's wartime heroism doesn't end there. As the war in the Pacific continued, French authorities sent the Prince and five others into French Indochina in the summer of 1945. The group was instantly captured by Viet Minh fighters after they parachuted in, and they were imprisoned until June 1946. After several escape attempts and living on just a bowl of rice per day, Prince Michel and his group were freed after the French government reached a temporary cease-fire.
At the age of 20, Michel returned to civilian life.
Michel received a number of military honors for his service. He was given the Legion of Honour in France, the highest order of merit for the military, in addition to the Croix de Guerre. He was also awarded with the British Military Cross, according to the Washington Post. In 2010, Michel wrote a memoir about his time in the war, Un Prince Dans la Tourmente, which translates to A Prince in the Storm.
After his life in the military, Michel married twice and had five children. He and his first wife, Princess Yolande de Broglie-Revel, wed in 1951 and divorced in 1999. In 2003, he married his second wife, Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, who is a daughter of King Umberto II of Italy. The couple split their time between Palm Beach, Florida, and France. Michel was also a race car driver and businessman throughout his life.
Prince Michel with his son, Prince Charles-Emmanuel, and grandson, Prince Amaury, in 2004.
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Association pour la béatification de l'Impératrice Zita
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Twenty years ago, March 14, 1989, to be exact, Zita was called back to God. Her solemn funeral in Vienna, celebrated according to ancient imperial ceremony, reminded the whole world of the story of the last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary.
She was born on May 9, 1892, near Lucca, Italy. In 1911, Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma married Archduke Karl of Austria, the great-nephew of Emperor Franz-Joseph. This union satisfied dynastic demands but it also represented a marriage between two people bound together by a profound love and nourished by the same Christian faith.
In 1914, the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Heir to the Throne of Austria-Hungary, left Karl in the position of Heir Apparent to the Emperor. In 1916, when Franz-Joseph died, the young Archduke (he was 29 years old) became Emperor Karl I of Austria, and King Karl IV of Hungary. Paris escort
His first priority, while World War I still ravaged the continent, was the reestablishment of peace. Using secret diplomacy, the new monarch began negotiations with all the belligerents. Some of his discussions with the Entente in 1917 passed through the intermediation of Princes Sixtus and Xavier of Bourbon-Parma, brothers of Empress Zita and officers in the Belgian army. Unfortunately, no one reached back and took the outstretched hand of Emperor Karl.
His second priority was social justice. By the Emperor’s decree, Austria-Hungary established a ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance, which was the first of its kind in Europe.
Wife and Mother of a Family
During the two years of his reign, from 1916 to 1918, Empress Zita stood by her husband’s side, supporting all of his initiatives. At the same time, the couple led an exemplary life, marked by great piety and blessed by the birth of eight children.
At the end of the war, Austria-Hungary was dismantled keep2porn.net and the Emperor was forced to renounce his power. Exiled to Switzerland, he attempted in 1921 to regain his throne in Hungary. After the second attempt failed, the monarchs were deported by the Entente to Madera. It was there, on April 1, 1922, that Karl of Austria succumbed to pneumonia at the age of 34. He was entombed in the Church of Nossa Senhora do Monte (where his body remains today).
So, a widow at the age of 30, expecting a child that would never know her father and lacking any resources, Empress Zita started a long exile in: Spain, Belgium, Quebec (Canada), and the United States. During all these years, she stayed faithful to her principles and provided for her children’s education. Having fled Europe in 1940, she returned after World War II ended. But it was not until 1982, after 63 years of exile, that she was permitted to walk on Austrian soil again. When she returned to our heavenly Father’s home, it was the end of a long life lived under the triple signs of faith, hope and charity.
On October 3, 2004, Pope John Paul II beatified Emperor Karl, marking a focal point in a Cause that opened in 1949. The Church assigned the celebration of the feast day of Blessed Karl of Austria to October 21, the day Zita and he were married. A powerful sign. Indeed, the edifying life of Empress Zita, her unshakeable faith, and her moral strength in adversity make her a model of an exemplary wife and Christian mother. Through her family ties that cross over international borders, Empress Zita is a symbol of peace among the nations.
Since the institution of the family is today subjected to serious attacks, the Church is striving to promote the image of husbands and wives bound together by their deep faith. We have recently seen this with Louis and Zelie Martin, parents of St. Therese of Lisieux. After the beatification of Emperor Karl, could the Empress be next?
A Cause Is Opened in the Le Mans Diocese
In 2008, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints at the Vatican authorized opening the process of beatification for Empress Zita in the Diocese of Le Mans. The reason for this is because from 1899 to 1989 Solesmes (in the Diocese of Le Mans) was the spiritual center for the Empress: three of her sisters were Benedictines at Sainte-Cecile Abbey where the Empress frequently stayed, remaining in contact there until the end of her life. Moreover, the Empress was an oblate of Saint-Pierre Abbey in Solesmes.
The Association for the Beatification and k2s porno tube Canonization of Empress and Queen Zita, Wife and Mother, has now been formed. Authorized by the Bishop of Le Mans, the Most Reverend Yves Le Saux, the board of directors includes among its members the Right Reverend Father Abbot of Solesmes, Dom Philippe Dupont.
The other members of the board are all lay people—Mr. Jean Sevillia, president of the association, a journalist and writer, is the author of a biography on Empress Zita (Zita impératrice courage, ed. Perrin) and another biography on Karl that was just published (Le dernier empereur, Charles d’Autriche, ed. Perrin); H.R.H. Princess Francoise de Bourbon Lobkowicz, is a niece of Empress Zita; Mrs. Elizabeth Montfort, is the general secretary of the association; Mr. Jean Peynichou; Count Francois de Rambuteau; and Mr. Jean-Marie Tissot, is treasurer of the association. Officially authorized by the Church, this association is the Actor for the Cause of the Beatification of Empress Zita, and is responsible for assuring its promotion. The association has proceeded with the nomination of a postulator whose role will be to lead the investigation of the Empress’ life: Reverend Cyrille Debris, a priest of the Archdiocese of Rouen and historian of formation.
To conduct this investigation, the support of the Empress’ family is essential. H.I.R.H. Archduke Rudolf of Austria, the eldest of Empress Zita’s grandchildren will assist the Association with this, in order to facilitate its work.
We Need You
How can you support this Cause? First, by prayer. It is permissible now to ask for favors from God through the intercession of the Servant of God Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria and Apostolic Queen of Hungary.
The Association will use various ways in which to keep its members informed—conferences, communication using various forms of the media, etc.
The Association for the Beatification of Empress Zita needs your support. k2s tube Conducting a process of beatification requires a large amount of funding so that investigations of the Servant of God Zita of Bourbon-Parma can be conducted everywhere she lived, in Europe as well as North America. Proper accounting will assure the sound fiscal management of our association, and members will be kept informed.
By filling out the enclosed membership form and making a donation at one of the corresponding membership levels, you will help us make known an exemplary wife and mother who, if it pleases God, will one day be venerated by all Christians, at her husband’s side, the Blessed Emperor Karl.
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Empress Zita, Beloved Wife of Blessed Karl, Is an Example for Our Times
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[
"empress zita",
"blessed karl of austria",
"saintly couples"
] | null |
[
"Robert Klesko"
] |
2022-10-21T22:57:00-05:00
|
Servant of God Zita exemplified a saintly level of trust in Divine Providence and remained devoted to the memory of her husband, from the day of his death in...
|
en
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/bundles/_themes/swp/default-theme@hy9j1k/img/icons/favicon.ico
|
NCR
|
https://www.ncregister.com/blog/empress-zita-is-an-example-for-our-times
|
In conjunction with the feast of Blessed Karl of Austria on Oct. 21, I conducted an email interview with Diane Schwind, the President of the American Foundation for the Beatification of Empress Zita. Blessed Karl and Servant of God Zita must be taken together — this is why Pope St. John Paul II chose their wedding anniversary as Blessed Karl’s feast day. The example of a holy wedded life is so needed today, and this is why Blessed Karl and Empress Zita are an example for our times.
Who is the Servant of God Empress Zita? Could you give us some milestones in her life?
Servant of God Empress Zita was the last empress and queen of Christendom. She was the wife of Blessed Charles von Habsburg, Emperor and King. Together they reigned over the Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War I from November 1916 to November 1918, when they were exiled from their country. After a two-year attempt to regain the throne, the family, now including seven children, were exiled to a small Portuguese-owned island off the coast of Africa called Madeira. Only five months later, Blessed Karl died of pneumonia, leaving Zita with their seven children and another in the womb.
Born into a large and happy family of the Bourbon-Parma lineage, Zita, who was one of 24 children, was raised with a beautiful Catholic faith which gave her great trust in Divine Providence. She became a widow and single mother to eight children just shy of her 30th birthday. The next 20 years were filled with decisions regarding what was best for her children. In devotion to her husband, Blessed Karl, she strove to raise the children as he would have them raised — first Catholic, and then royal. This desire was with the hope of regaining the throne and leading the empire in adherence to the Catholic faith.
Even as she devoted her life to her children and their needs, the Empress continued to remember her people in the war-torn countries of Austria-Hungary. During WWII, her family had to escape Hitler and fled to the United States. While there, and later when living in Canada, she made tours throughout both countries collecting food, clothing, blankets and money to send back to Europe to help the people of her countries.
Servant of God Zita exemplifies a saintly level of trust in Divine Providence as she remained devoted to her husband and his wishes, wearing black to honor him from the day of his death until her own death 67 years later at the age of 96, just two months shy of her 97th birthday. Her faith in Our Lord guided her as she raised their eight children to become Catholic leaders throughout the world in different levels of service. She remained a dignified leader to countless followers for generations and was greatly honored by many as her body was presented for burial at the Imperial crypt under the Capuchin Church in Austria. But even after death, her heart remains with that of her husband’s, preserved at Muri Abbey in Switzerland, where together in peace their love and honor of Our Lord is remembered.
How did you become acquainted with her life? And how did you become involved with her cause here in the U.S.?
God works in mysterious ways, right? My husband, Robert, and I are Benedictine Oblates promised to Our Lady of Clear Creek Abbey in Oklahoma. Each October we have an annual Oblate Day Retreat at the Monastery. In October of 2019 a symposium for Blessed Karl was scheduled in our area on the same day as the annual Oblate Day Retreat. We spoke with Father Prior, who is the Oblate Director, to ask if we should attend the retreat or the symposium. He said without any delay that we most definitely should attend the symposium because we needed the intercession of Blessed Karl and Servant of God Zita for our marriage and family apostolate, Three Hearts Institute.
He instructed me to begin reading about Servant of God Empress Zita. I did and very quickly saw how she is the example of a holy woman; wife, mother, grandmother, and even widow, that we need in our world today. Long story short, at the symposium, we ended up meeting one of the granddaughters of the holy couple, Princess Maria-Anna Galitzine. I asked her if there was an organization in the U.S. working for her grandmother’s cause. There had been, but it folded due to the ecclesiastical overseer being transferred many states away from where the organization had begun.
We had shared our affiliation with Clear Creek Monastery and that it was a daughter foundation of Solesmes, where Servant of God Zita had visited many times throughout her life. In fact, in her older years, she petitioned the Holy Father to allow her to enter the Convent of St. Cecilia, the sister convent to Solesmes. However, her family petitioned the Holy Father and asked that he not allow her to enter as a nun. Instead, he allowed Zita three or four months out of the year to stay.
A great excitement came over Princess Maria-Anna and she asked if I would speak to Father Abbot at Clear Creek Monastery about the abbey becoming the official home for the U.S. cause and if I would head the charge. How do you tell a princess who is the granddaughter of a Blessed and a Servant of God no? I immediately contacted Father Abbot Anderson, who had spent quite some time in France as a new monk before returning to the U.S. to be part of the core group of monks who came to establish Clear Creek Monastery. He was thrilled with the idea, as he had studied about Zita while in France. He obtained necessary permission from Solesmes and from the family and that was the beginning of the American Foundation for the Beatification of Empress Zita.
What is involved in your work on her cause?
The purpose of the Foundation is simply to spread the news of her story as a beautiful daughter of God who lived her vocation as wife, mother, grandmother, empress and queen under complete obedience and trust to and in Divine Providence. We are working on a website to publish as much as possible about her as well as a place to announce upcoming events. We will be offering an annual event at Our Lady of Clear Creek Monastery each May as close to her birthdate, which is May 9, as possible. We will be hosting symposiums in other locations as well. I would be honored to be invited to speak on the Servant of God as well.
Where does her cause stand internationally? Has there been much advancement?
Madame Elizabeth Montfort is the secretary-general of the Association for the Beatification of Empress Zita at Solesmes, France. Here is a quote from her [taken from an Oct. 8 email] answering this question precisely:
The trial of Empress Zita opened on Dec. 9, 2009, in the diocese of Le Mans where Solesmes is located, because she made many stays at the Abbey of Solesmes where she met her grandmother and her three sisters.
The first part, the interrogations, is now over. The people interviewed had known the Empress: they were members of her family, her doctor, people who knew her well, the nuns of Solesmes and Kergonan.
Simultaneously, the work of the historical commission takes place. It is a question of listing the writings of the Empress — she sometimes wrote 200 letters a week — the newspapers which speak of her, in order to identify what they show of the heroic virtues of the person. This work is far from finished, because Zita wrote many letters in German that need to be translated. The commission also lists the books written on the servant of God, without forgetting the contrary positions because it is important to listen to the ‘devil's advocate.’
The theological commission has also been appointed: two theological censors, whom we do not know, analyze the conformity of the person's life and his writings with the doctrine of the Church, to bring to light her heroic virtues.
When the work of these two commissions is finished, a secretary will compile all these data in what is called the Positio, that is to say, the final document which will be presented in Rome to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.
The diocesan process will end with a ceremony: the trunk containing all the documents will be solemnly sealed and sent to Rome. It will be necessary to find another postulator in Rome to advance the cause in the Roman phase of the process. His mission will be to examine all the work of the diocesan process, and to authenticate the two healings being examined by approved doctors. It is about a young man who has recovered from a car accident, and a little girl cured of meningitis.
Throughout the trial, the association for the beatification of Empress Zita is responsible for making her life known and praying for graces through her intercession.
What example does Empress Zita leave us that is relevant for us today?
The life of Servant of God Zita is an example of what so many women today misunderstand — the life of a strong and powerful woman immersed in her femininity, not the attempt to perform with masculinity. But what is misunderstood is that her strength and power are the virtues of a woman grounded in union with Our Lord, immersed in her faith by participation in the Liturgy and personal mental prayer, and her devoted focus to the duties of her state in life as wife, mother and empress/queen.
We can learn from her example and put in place these same practices in our own lives. First, a deep union with God, participation in the Divine Liturgy, personal prayer. And then a head-down approach to the choices of our lives — true submissive devotedness to our husbands, care for our children with their eternal souls as the primary concern and service to God’s people in whatever way he calls us.
How can we help to advance her cause? And how can people find additional information about her life?
The official location of Servant of God Zita’s cause is at Solesmes in France. They have written a beautiful prayer that asks Our Lord to raise her to the altar of the Church. This prayer also asks for Zita’s intercession for the needs of others or for those praying. We invite everyone to ask for the intercession of Servant of God Zita. The Holy Spirit has already offered many graces through her intercession. Of course we are looking for a miracle that could bring about her beatification. We ask that any occurrences of grace due to her intercession be shared with the Foundation so that we can get the information to Solesmes for her files that are then shared with the Vatican.
Here is the prayer for her beatification:
God our Father, you redeemed the world by the humility of your Son, our Lord Jesus Christ. He who was King became a Servant and gave his life as a ransom for many, therefore you have exalted him.
We ask you that your servant Zita, Empress and Queen, will be raised to the altars of your Church. In her, you have given us an admirable example of faith and hope in the face of trials, as well as an unshakeable confidence in your Divine Providence.
We beseech You that alongside her husband, the Blessed Emperor Charles, Zita will become, for couples, a model of conjugal fidelity and love, and, for families, a guide in the ways of a truly Christian upbringing. May she who in all circumstances opened her heart to the needs of others, especially the very poor, be for us all an example of service and love of neighbor.
Through her intercession, grant our petition (mention here the graces you are asking for). Through Christ our Lord. Amen.
One Our Father, three Hail Marys and a Glory Be.
Kindly inform the American Foundation for the Beatification of Empress Zita [[email protected]] of any grace or favor obtained through the intercession of the Servant of God Zita.
You can watch an interview with Father Mitch Pacwa and Princess Maria-Anna about the life of Empress Zita here:
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https://theimaginativeconservative.org/2013/10/karl-von-habsburg.html
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The “Fairy-Tale” Prince and the Five Surprises
|
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[
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] | null |
[
"Stephen Masty"
] |
2013-10-21T05:05:22+00:00
|
Karl von Habsburg Art has the twin functions of reflecting a culture and shaping it. The problem that contemporary artists face is a difficult one: how to express meaning to a world which has become culturally over-stimulated by the spectacular, hyper-sexualized, dumbed-down by inanity, and increasingly antagonistic to manifestations of Christianity... (click the link below to view the full essay by Stephen Masty)
|
en
|
The Imaginative Conservative
|
https://theimaginativeconservative.org/2013/10/karl-von-habsburg.html
|
He was a real prince but the fairy-tale elements are just as true. The five surprises unfolded as this exceptional man was swept from relative obscurity to legendary romance and glamour, from terrorist murder to military valour, from unrivalled power to daunting challenge, to heart-rending defeat and then glory beyond our dreams. You couldn’t make it up.
Our handsome fairy-tale prince was born in 1887; three years after U.S. President Harry Truman and five before J.R.R. Tolkien. So Archduke Karl von Habsburg comes neither from chivalry’s High Middle Ages nor a closer distant past. He lived within the lifetimes of people you met; in historical terms he is one of us.
While his great-uncle was the Emperor Franz Josef I of the vast Austro-Hungarian Empire, Karl wasn’t next in line to the throne and Habsburg princelings were hardly scarce: some of Karl’s aristocratic elders merely ran cultural festivals between attending Vienna’s many elegant balls. Karl was a keen science student but chose an army career. He served well in peacetime, studying law and political science in his off-hours, often in nondescript garrison-towns. In 1911 he married the winsome Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma and the first secret emerged: beside the usual longings of newlyweds and both being royalty, they shared another taste in private, something uncommon and intense.
They were childhood friends and ten years later they met again. Zita’s father lost their ancient kingdom to Italian nationalism, but his family was long allied to the mighty Habsburgs, Holy Roman Emperors until a century before. Moreover the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the current empire, had married morganatically (beneath his royal station) and so his own children were ineligible to succeed him; increasing Karl’s dynastic importance. But it was neither marriage by arrangement nor love at first sight, and Zita recalled what happened next:
We were of course glad to meet again and became close friends. On my side feelings developed gradually over the next two years. He seemed to have made his mind up much more quickly, however, and became even more keen when, in the autumn of 1910, rumours spread about that I had got engaged to a distant Spanish relative… On hearing this, the Archduke came down post haste…and sought out his grandmother, Archduchess Maria Theresa, who was also my aunt and the natural confidante in such matters. He asked if the rumor was true and when told it was not, he replied, “Well, I had better hurry in any case or she will get engaged to someone else.”
The threat of competition did the job, and a firm friendship based on mutual respect blossomed into storybook romance. From false rumors to the altar took only a year (you can see three minutes of rare wedding footage here). Public enthusiasm couldn’t be restrained: private medals were struck, shop windows dripped with wedding decorations, and the handsome pair featured worldwide on newsreels, newspapers and magazines. The modest Karl and Zita could escape neither glamour nor attention.
Here comes the first surprise: on the morning after the wedding, the groom turned to his bride and declared; “Now we must help each other to get to Heaven.” Not to win military battles or accede to thrones, or revel in luxury or bask in the world’s most elegant High Society with their movie-star good looks; for even coming from religious families, Karl and Zita were uncommonly committed Christians.
Karl’s dedication to prayer and Christian virtue began early. Even as a young child, he performed odd jobs earning pennies which he gave to the poor. Boy and man, the young archduke, “attended Mass and received Communion every day whenever possible,” plus morning prayers, evening prayers and the rosary in between. “He used to set up a chapel in which to expose the Sacrament in every place he dwelt… Before making important decisions, he used…to ask Our Lord’s assistance.”
Princess Zita, who spoke six languages fluently, studied in a religious boarding school in Bavaria and a convent on England’s Isle of Wight. She and her royal family routinely stitched spare fabric into clothes for the needy, Zita and one of her sisters personally distributed food, medicines and garments to the poor, three of her sisters became nuns, and she considered the same vocation. Her activist Christianity would have international repercussions.
Less than three years after the wedding and their first two children, Archduke Karl received a startling telegram; the second surprise. His wife recalled: “Though it was a beautiful day, I saw his face go white in the sun.” It was 1914; the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia were gunned down in cold blood by Balkan terrorists secretly funded by Russia. Mortally wounded, Franz Ferdinand begged his dying wife to live for the sake of their children, but his last wish went unfulfilled.
It was not the first time they suffered at the hands of bloodthirsty ideologues. When Karl was eleven his great-aunt Sisi, the emperor’s beloved wife, had been cruelly knifed to death by a self-admitted anarchist. Nor would Franz Ferdinand’s murder be the family’s last mortal sacrifice. But another reason for the young Archduke’s shock was that the assassination put him next in line to the throne, and just as his country plunged into the First World War.
Pushed by truculent Kaiser Wilhelm’s Germany, the elderly Austro-Hungarian Emperor imprudently sent his armies to ward off Russian-funded revolution in his empire’s Balkan territories, and soon world war was inevitable. The octogenarian longed to educate his new heir in statecraft but war-time responsibilities prevailed. As Karl bade farewell to Zita, he declared, “I am an officer with all my body and soul, but I do not see how anyone who sees his dearest relations leaving for the front can love war.” He soon headed the valiant 20th Corps in Italy where his bravery, warmth and openness won the hearts of his men, and then moved east leading an entire an army against Russian and Romanian troops. But in November 1916 Franz Josef died; weeks later Karl was crowned Emperor.
Comes the third surprise. Not yet thirty years old, with no experience of civilian leadership especially in war-time, the young emperor may have been excused for prudently leaving practical duties to the experienced men who served his predecessor. He did the opposite; launching what may be the world’s most dramatically wide-ranging, and rapid, Christian-inspired reforms since the convert Roman Emperor Constantine the Great.
Moving swiftly and dynamically, Karl ordered his imperial fleet of glamorous fairytale carriages to be filled with coal and food, distributed daily to the poor. He put himself, his family and retainers on the same strict regimen that his people suffered under war-time rationing: aristocrats and top civil servants complained of missing the elegant Viennese breads served in elite restaurants while, dining at the palace, they got the same coarse brown peasant loaves eaten by the Emperor and his poorest subjects. He started firing top generals and revered statesmen for corruption, and undertook even more sweeping reforms of government. He began wide-ranging talks to empower and federalize his empire’s many kingdoms, regions and ethnicities. As imperial coffers shrank, he spent his own family funds to run the soup-kitchens and shelters and to build even more.
Putting his own life in danger, frequent and unexpected visits to the front-lines led delighted soldiers to nickname him Karl the Sudden. He reformed military discipline by banning flogging, other cruel punishments, and duels. Independent of Austria-Hungary’s allies and opponents, he unilaterally forbade his submarines from targeting enemy civilian shipping (as Germany did not), and stopped his forces from bombing or shelling civilian targets even if they were strategically important. He struggled to abolish gas warfare and managed to curtail its use, while granting amnesty to every soldier or civilian jailed for “high treason, insults to the Royal Family, disturbance of the public peace, rebellion or agitation.”
Meanwhile he established a wholly new branch of government, the world’s first Ministry of Social Welfare, “based on Pope Leo XIII’s Rerum Novarum and other papal social encyclicals.” At least a whole generation ahead of its time, it struggled for “youth welfare, war disabled, widows and orphans, social insurance, labour rights and job protection, job placement, unemployment relief, and emigration protection and housing.” Unlike communist-inspired experiments in ruthlessly centralized social-planning, Karl’s reforms were based on the Catholic principle of subsidiarity, giving the lowest levels the maximum power and flexibility. One suspects the Empress Zita’s hand in this, for their marriage was a full Christian partnership, but her diplomatic involvement grew undeniable.
Within months of becoming emperor, Karl formed a bold conspiracy to end the war, with Pope Benedict XV in Rome and Zita’s brother, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma across enemy lines in Brussels. A French army officer whose royal French family had recently ruled a major kingdom in Allied Italy, Sixtus commanded diplomatic access and respect. Unable to trust even his own diplomats who were beholden to Germany, Karl personally arranged passage through neutral Switzerland, Zita wrote inviting her brother to Vienna and their mother delivered the letter herself. Sixtus arrived in secret and Karl offered massive concessions for peace to France, which held the wartime Alliance together. France would regain Alsace-Lorraine (lost after the 1880 Franco-Prussian War), Belgium and Serbia would become independent while Istanbul (Turks were junior partners with Germany and Austria-Hungary) would be given to strengthen Russia: both Karl and Pope Benedict feared that Bolshevik communism could topple Moscow’s unstable but moderate post-Czarist government. If France agreed, but Germany refused to cooperate, Karl’s vast empire would still stop fighting.
But even by 1917, too many powers still thirsted for slaughter: Italy and France lusted after more of their opponents’ land, Britain shared their hope that President Woodrow Wilson would break his campaign promise and bring America into the war, while after a few temporary victories the bellicose German Kaiser wanted an even bigger fight with Russia. The young Emperor and the old Pope were outnumbered; their peaceful hopes destroyed. As the Austrian Armistice began in late 1918, nearly 1.5 million Austro-Hungarian soldiers lay dead. Not even two years after the dynamic youth was thrust into power, his dreams were ashes.
War had strengthened the forces of European ideology and fragmentation, both communist and nationalist. President Wilson’s non-negotiable Fourteen Points demanded autonomy for (chiefly Austria-Hungary’s) many small constituent states, although there were no opinion polls to measure support and the only parties consulted were agitators wanting power for themselves.
Karl cooperated: his earlier plans for federalism and subsidiarity could be hastened. Instantly, the Allies declared it insufficient so he obliged, granting full autonomy to Poland and creating a four-part federal union of the rest. But the victors kept moving the goal-posts day by day; demanding ever smaller independent units. Wilson’s objective was to smash every last vestige of continental Christian Europe’s thousand-year order. America’s allies were already gutted by long years of trench-warfare. Now, Austria-Hungary’s leftist, nationalist, and anti-royalist groups could squabble over small territories while America would overshadow them all. Moreover, many of the empire’s elites were probably at less risk from fragmentation than from Karl’s reforms, especially if spread and strengthened in peacetime. No doubt but he had alienated the powerful and corrupt.
The young man, whom ordinary people began to call “The Peace Emperor,” refused to abdicate, believing that God had given him a task to fulfill and fearing the ideologies that led to Hitler and communism. It all moved quickly. Virtually a week after the November Austrian Armistice, he signed a limited manifesto relinquishing control of government, which he called “the equivalent to a cheque which a street thug has forced me to issue at gunpoint.” His loyal supporters twice tried to restore his Hungarian throne, but the “temporary” rulers had swiftly acquired a taste for power. In 1921, separated cruelly from their children, Karl and his pregnant empress were forced aboard a British naval vessel, taken into remote exile and deposited, virtually penniless and alone.
Here’s our fourth surprise; how Karl responded to defeat. Without anger or violence he remained bright-minded and calm, indefatigable but ever prepared to compromise. First and foremost, The Peace Emperor retained the divinely-inspired peace within himself; even exiled to the remote Portuguese island of Madeira, even when they could no longer afford their simple hotel and moved into an unheated mountain lodge with mildew growing up the walls, even when they lacked enough to eat. Months later, denied even an allowance for firewood, their seven shivering children arrived. Despite his increasingly parlous health, Karl insisted on hiking far down into the village to buy them a few small toys. It was cold and wet. He sickened, his bronchitis became pneumonia and he took to his bed for the last time. He was only 34.
His primitive local doctors injected him with turpentine and bled him as if in the 18th Century. His wife and children gathered at his bedside for daily Mass, where he explained, “I must suffer like this so my people will come together again.” Calling for Last Rites he insisted that his eldest son watch, saying “I would have liked to have spared him… But I had to…show him…how one conducts oneself at times like this–as a Catholic and as an Emperor.” At the end he laid his hand on the stomach of Zita, pregnant with their eighth, as together they prayed for their unborn child. His last words to her were “I love you so much.” Then, too weak to even kiss the crucifix she held out to him, he slipped into a dialogue with the invisible, pausing between replies: “I can’t go on much longer. Thy will be done… Yes… Yes… As you will it… Jesus!” Then he died, with the Holy Name on his lips, leaving the fifth surprise to come.
As news spread, the novelist Anatole France said, “No one will ever persuade me that the war could not have been ended long ago. The Emperor Charles offered peace. There is the only honest man who occupied an important position during the war, but he was not listened to… The Emperor Charles had a sincere desire for peace, so everyone hates him.” Just the powerful; not everyone, as we’ll see.
The widowed empress donned black and never wore colour again; praying for her husband’s soul with her rosary, daily hearing multiple Masses and reciting part of the Divine Office in what became her lifelong regimen. Any traditionalist threat to Europe’s lethal New Order dissolved with Karl’s death, so she was allowed to move her family to Spain. As war inevitably loomed again Zita fled Europe for Quebec, still so poor that she was seen in the parks picking dandelions to feed her children salads and watery soups.
Her barely grown-up eldest son, the Archduke Otto, began his seventy-year-long statesman’s career by vigorously opposing first the Nazis (who feared and despised him), then ideology of all varieties, pressing for European reunification and, in the 1990s, helping his daughter Walburga to organise the cross-border picnics-cum-protests that helped bring down the Berlin Wall. The Empress Zita returned to Europe in 1952, making annual visits to the French abbey of Solesmes, where her sisters had been nuns and she became an oblate soon after widowhood. She spoke often and simply; of her husband and their past, of their faith and their dreams. Zita died peacefully in 1989, age 96, surrounded by her adoring children and large extended family.
Zita’s funeral maintained an ancient Habsburg tradition born of pious humility. Mourners bearing her coffin twice demanded entrance to the royal crypt, first reciting dozens of Zita’s royal titles and then only “Zita, Her Majesty the Empress and Queen.” Twice the monks claimed not to know her. Only when described as a mere “sinful, mortal human being,” did the holy men step aside. Meanwhile ordinary people, inspired around the world, contributed to the next surprise using methods long deployed by Karl and Zita: they prayed.
Pope John Paul the Great beatified The Blessed Karl in 2004. The global campaign had begun in 1949 Vienna, Karl was declared a Servant of God in 1954 and one of the two officially-identified miracles needed for canonization has been recognized so far (several more claims are under investigation). His late widow, now The Servant of God Zita, received Vatican assent in 2008 through her abbey. Their power to inspire grows larger every year.
The Blessed Karl’s feast is celebrated neither on the day of his birth, nor his imperial accession, nor his death, but on his wedding day – October 21st – the happiest in his brief life. Reunited already, Karl and Zita may yet share the same Feast Day as saints. So a sixth and seventh surprise may lie ahead.
Were there ever a pair of saints needed now, it is surely they. Sharing the holiness, simplicity and zeal of Pope Francis, standing for European unity through subsidiarity (not centralization and remote bureaucracy), fearless against injustice and corruption, stalwart for children born or unborn, unshakably and traditionally moral yet compassionate and unafraid of change, they represent the best ideals of Christian leadership across our imperiled Western Civilization. Their canonizations would invigorate the good, point the way forward to the lost and embolden the disheartened.
Let us pray for them, and they for us.
Note: the website for the canonization of The Blessed Karl is here; for the beatification of The Servant of God Zita here. Both feature a wealth of biographical material, news, prayers, and more. The volunteers’ research, paperwork and small organizational expenses cannot be sustained without donations.
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Parma Royal Family
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REFERENCE TITLE NAME BORN DIED TITLE NAME BORN DIED COMMENTS 38 Duke Roberto I of Bourbon-Parma 1848 1907 Princess Maria Pia delle Grazie of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 1849 1882 See 37.559 - The House of Bourbon-Parma was established (1731) in the duchy of Parma and Piacenza when Isabella (Elizabeth) Farnese (1692-1766) wife of King Philip V of Spain transmitted her rights to Parma to her son Carlos (1716-1788). Isabella Farnese was a niece to Antonio Farnese (1679-1731) the eighth and final Farnese Duke of Parma and Piacenza.
Carlos became King of Spain in 1759 and his younger brother Phillip (1720-1765) succeeded him as the Duke of Parma and through him derives the present house of Bourbon Parma.
Roberta was the son of Duke Carlo III of Bourbon-Parma (1823-1854) and Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France (1819-1864).
Roberto was overthrown in 1860 following the annexation of the Duchy of Parma to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859. Princess Maria Pia died in childbirth of her daughter Princess Augusto.
A not particularly kind article on Roberta and his twenty four children (the article actually mentions twenty children). 38 Duke Roberto I of Bourbon-Parma 1848 1907 Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal 1862 1959 See 12.77 - Roberto was overthrown in 1859 following the annexation of the Duchy of Parma to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859.
Death announcement of Duke Roberto which mentions he left an estimated fortune of forty million dollars ($40 million) and was a father of twenty one (21) children. Roberto actually had twenty four (24) children of which two died in their infancy and a third was stillborn.
Another announcement on the death of Duke Roberto 38.1 Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma 1870 1899 King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria 1861 1948 See 17 - Ferdinand was born Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, he was elected Prince of Bulgaria 7 July 1887 and proclaimed himself King (Tsar) of Bulgaria on 5 October 1908. Ferdinand was forced to abdicate in favour of his son Boris on 3 October 1918 following Bulgaria's defeat in World War I and he left Bulgaria to spend most of the rest of his life at Coburg, Germany.
(Note: Bulgaria for centuries had been a province of the Ottoman Empire and in 1875 there was an abortive uprising of the Bulgarians against Turkish Rule. Russia invaded and defeated Turkey and by 1879 Bulgaria was granted autonomy under the Treaty of San Stefano. Prince Alexander of Battenberg was elected Prince of Bulgaria on 29 April 1879 and after strong pressure from Russia was forced to abdicate on 4 September 1886).
Wedding report of Prince (wasn't King at time of his marriage) Ferdinand of Bulgaria and Princess Maria Luisa
It was reported in 1896 that Maria Luisa wanted an annulment of her marriage to Ferdinand because of his intention to re-baptise his son Boris into the Greek Orthodox Church.
If that wasn't enough, Ferdinand's mother Princess Clementine of Orleans was threatening to abandon his cause in Bulgaria if he persisted with the re-baptism of Boris.
Maria Luisa fell victim to pneumonia and died 24 hours after the birth of her daughter Nadejda.
New York Times Report on Ferdinand's aim to be King
Death report of King Ferdinand
Death report of Princess Maria Luisa 38.2 Prince Ferdinando of Bourbon-Parma 1871 1872 38.3 Princess Luisa of Bourbon-Parma 1872 1943 38.4 Duke Enrico of Bourbon-Parma 1873 1939 Enrico (translates to Henry) was Titular pretender of Parma from 1907 to 1939 following the death of his father Duke Roberto I. 38.5 Princess Maria Immacolata of Bourbon-Parma 1874 1914 38.6 Duke Giuseppe (translates to Joseph) of Bourbon-Parma 1875 1950 Giuseppe (translates to Joseph) was Titular pretender to the throne of Parma from 1939 to 1950 following the death of his brother Enrico 38.7 Princess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Parma 1876 1959 38.8 Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma 1877 1915 38.9 Princess Beatrice of Bourbon-Parma 1879 1946 Count Pietro Luchesi Palli 1870 1939 Pietro was the son of Count Adinolfo Lucchesi Palli (1840 - 1911) who in turn was the son of Count Ettore Lucchesi Palli and his wife Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Wedding photograph of Count Pietro and Princess Beatrice 38.J Duke Elias of Bourbon-Parma 1880 1959 Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (Teschen Line) 1882 1940 See 44.322 - Elias was Titular pretender to the throne of Parma from 1950 to 1959 following the death of his brother Giuseppe (translates to Joseph) 38.J1 Princess Elisabeth of Bourbon-Parma 1904 1983 38.J2 Prince Carlo of Bourbon-Parma 1905 1912 38.J3 Princess Maria of Bourbon-Parma 1906 1994 38.J4 Duke Roberto II of Bourbon-Parma 1909 1974 Roberto was Titular pretender to the throne of Parma from 1959 to 1974 following the death of his father Elias 38.J5 Prince Francesco of Bourbon-Parma 1913 1939 38.J6 Princess Giovanna of Bourbon-Parma 1916 1949 Giovanna was killed in a shooting accident in La Toledana, Spain 38.J7 Princess Alice of Bourbon-Parma 1917 2017 Prince Alfonso of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Duke of Calabria and Count of Caserta) (Infante of Spain) 1901 1964 See 37.55421 - Alphonso lay claim to the Head of the Royal House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies on the death of his uncle Prince Ferdinando of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Duke of Calabria), and also assumed the title of Duke of Calabria.
A short article relating to the proposed marriage of Alice and Alfonso and a second article on the marriage. 38.J8 Princess Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Parma 1925 2009 38.K Princess Maria Anastasia of Bourbon-Parma 1881 1881 38.L Princess Augusto of Bourbon-Parma 1882 1882 38.M Princess Maria della Neve Adelaide of Bourbon-Parma 1885 1959 Princess Maria della Neve Adelaide became a nun at the Benedictine Convent of St. Cecilia at Ryde, Isle of Wight. She was one of three sisters who became a nun at the same convent. 38.N Prince Sisto "Sixte" of Bourbon-Parma 1886 1934 Hedwige de la Rochefoucauld 1896 1986 Hedwige was a daughter of Armand de la Rochefoucauld, 5th Duke of Doudeauville
New York Time report of the wedding of Prince Sixte and Hedwige.
Sixte was involved in secret discussions to try and stop the continuation of the First World War.
A brief report on the death and times of Prince Sixte. 38.N1 Princess Isabelle Marie of Bourbon-Parma 1922 2015 Count Roger de La Rochefoucauld 1915 1970 Roger de La Rochefoucauld was killed in plane wreck nr St-Germain-les-Paroisses 38.O Duke Francesco Saverio "Xavier" of Bourbon-Parma 1889 1977 Madeleine de Bourbon-Bussett 1898 1984 Xavier was Titular pretender to the throne of Parma from 1974 to 1977 following the death of his nephew Roberto.
The Bourbon-Bussett descend in the male line from a possible illegitimate son of Louis de Bourbon (1438-1482) Prince-Bishopric of Liège 38.O1 Princess Marie Françoise of Bourbon-Parma 1928 Prince Eduard von Lobkowicz 1926 2010 38.O2 Prince Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma (Duke of Parma) 1930 2010 Princess Irene of the Netherlands 1939 See 9.11412 - Carlos was naturalised in Spain on 5 January 1979 by Royal Decree. Irene renounced her rights of succession to the Netherlands throne on 29 April 1964 following her marriage to Prince Carlos.
The Australian Women's Weekly (1933 - 1982) report on the marriage of Prince Carlos and Princess Irene
Carlos was expelled from Spain in 1968 for alleged political activity against the regime of General Franco. Carlos's father Xavier until his death in 1077 was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain 38.O21 Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Parma (Duke of Parma) 1970 Annemarie Gualthérie van Weezel 1977 Carlos is the present Head of the Royal House of Bourbon-Parma. 38.O211 Princess Luisa Irene of Bourbon-Parma 2012 38.O212 Princess Cecilia Maria Johanna Beatrix 2013 38.O22 Prince Jaime of Bourbon-Parma (Count of Bardi) 1972 Viktória Cservenyák 1982 Prince Jaime and Princess Marguerita are twins 38.O221 Princess Zita Clara of Bourbon-Parma 2014 38.O23 Princess Marguerita of Bourbon-Parma (Countess of Colorna) 1972 Edwin Karel Willem de Roy van Zuydewijn 1966 Prince Jaime and Princess Marguerita are twins 38.O23 Princess Marguerita of Bourbon-Parma (Countess of Colorna) 1972 Tjalling ten Cate 1975 Prince Jaime and Princess Marguerita are twins 38.O231 Julia Carolina Catharina ten Cate 2008 38.O232 Paola Cecilia Laurentien ten Cate 2011 38.O24 Princess Marie Caroline of Bourbon-Parma (Marchioness of Sala) 1974 Albert Brenninkmeijer 1974 38.O3 Princess Marie Thérèse of Bourbon-Parma 1933 2020 Marie Thérèse is the first "Royal" to die from coronavirus Covid-19 38.O4 Princess Cécile Marie of Bourbon-Parma 1935 2021 38.O5 Princess Marie-des-Neiges of Bourbon-Parma 1937 38.O6 Prince Sixte Henri of Bourbon-Parma 1940 38.P Princess Francesca of Bourbon-Parma 1890 1978 Princess Francesca in 1915 became a nun at the Benedictine Convent of St. Cecilia at Ryde, Isle of Wight. She was one of three sisters who became a nun at the same convent. 38.Q Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma 1892 1989 Emperor Karl of Austria 1887 1922 See 19.J321 - Princess Zita was educated at the Benedictine Convent of St. Cecilia at Ryde, Isle of Wight, where three of her sisters were nuns.
Karl signed a proclamation 11 November 1918 in which he relinquished participation in the administration of the Austrian State. It should be noted that he signed a proclamation rather his abdication. For further reading please click here
A very uncomplimentary newspaper report regarding the intended marriage and respective families of Karl and Zita.
New York Time obituary on Emperor Karl
New York Time obituary on Empress Zita 38.R Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma 1893 1970 Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxemburg 1896 1985 See 34.22 - Grand Duchess Charlotte abdicated on 12 November 1964 after a 45 year reign and was succeeded by her son Jean.
A very brief report on the wedding of Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prince Felix 38.S Prince René of Bourbon-Parma 1894 1962 Princess Margrethe of Denmark 1895 1992 See 2.65 - An interesting situation occurred in 1953. Prince René had been involved in two motor car accidents apparently whilst under the influence of alcohol and has he had immunity from Danish law it was left to his wife's cousin King Frederik IX of Denmark to use his Royal prerogative to forbid Prince Rene to drive a car for a year.
Announcement of the engagement of Prince René and Princess Margrethe 38.S1 Prince Jacques of Bourbon-Parma 1922 1964 Countess Birgitte von Holstein-Ledreborg 1922 2009 Jacques was killed in a car accident outside Roskilde, Denmark, further details on Prince Jacques. Birgitte is a sister of Count Knud von Holstein-Ledreborg. An interesting family tree for the Counts von Holstein-Ledreborg can be found here.
Even a Prince and his future wife had difficulty in finding a home to live before their marriage. 38.S11 Prince Philipp Georg of Bourbon-Parma 1949 Annette Smith 1955 38.S111 Prince Jacques Carl of Bourbon-Parma 1986 38.S112 Prince Joseph Axel of Bourbon-Parma 1989 Anna Louise Bøgeløv Budd ? 38.S12 Princess Lorraine Charlotte of Bourbon-Parma 1951 38.S13 Prince Alain Johann of Bourbon-Parma 1955 Inge Birgitte Andersen 1948 38.S2 Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma 1923 2016 King Michael of Roumania 1921 2017 See 6.1212 - Michael succeeded his grandfather Ferdinand I as King of Roumania in 1927. However, his father reneged on his earlier renunciation to the rights to the Roumanian throne and Michael's position as King was usurped by Carol who became King in 1930. Carol was eventually deposed in 1940 and Michael returned to the throne for the second time. Michael was forced to abdicate in December 1947 by the communists.
King Michael signed the "Fundamental Rules Of The Royal Family Of Romania" document on 30 December 2007, this laid out the Membership of the Royal House of Romania and the Line of Succession to the Throne and to the Headship of the Royal House of Romania. It specifically mentions Margarita being created Crown Princess of Romania, her husband Radu as His Royal Highness Radu, Prince of Romania (ad personam) and Nicholas de Roumanie Medforth-Mills, who shall assume the title, style and rank of Prince of Romania and Royal Highness on 1 April 2010, upon his 25th birthday.
The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954) brief report on the marriage of Princess Anne and King Michael.
On August 1, 2015, King Michael signed a document removing the title Prince of Romania and the qualification of Royal Highness from his grandson, Nicholas. Nicholas has also been removed from the line of succession. It would seem the "Fundamental Rules Of The Royal Family Of Romania" was abrogated at the same time. One can speculate as to the reason for the removal. 38.S3 Prince Michael of Bourbon-Parma 1926 2018 Princess Yolande de Broglie-Revel 1928 2014 Princess Yolande de Broglie-Revel belongs to the junior line of the House of Broglie. Her ancestor was Prince Joseph de Broglie-Revel (1762-1795) ninth child of Victor François 2nd Duc de Broglie (1718-1804). A brief report on the wedding of Prince Michael and Princess Yolande 38.S32 Prince Eric of Bourbon-Parma 1953 2021 Countess Lydia von Holstein-Ledreborg 1955 See 34.2242 38.S321 Princess Antoinia Monique of Bourbon-Parma 1981 Martin Krusbæk 1982 38.S322 Princess Marie Gabrielle of Bourbon-Parma 1982 38.S323 Princess Alexia Thérèse of Bourbon-Parma 1985 Fabian Davis 1984 38.S324 Prince Michel Knud of Bourbon-Parma 1989 38.S325 Prince Henri Luitpold of Bourbon-Parma 1991 Archduchess Gabriella of Austria 1994 See 19.J321535 38.S33 Princess Sybil Marie of Bourbon-Parma 1954 Craig Richards 1962 Birth Registration of Craig Richards 38.S34 Princess Victoire Maria of Bourbon-Parma 1957 2001 Baron Ernst von Gecmen Waldek 1943 38.S34 Princess Victoire Maria of Bourbon-Parma 1957 2001 Carlos Ernesto Rodriguez 1956 38.S35 Prince Charles Emmanuel of Bourbon-Parma 1961 Constance de Ravinel 1970 38.S351 Prince Amaury of Bourbon-Parma 1991 38.S352 Princess Charlotte of Bourbon-Parma 1993 38.S353 Princess Elisabeth of Bourbon-Parma 1996 38.S354 Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma 1999 38.S4 Prince André Marie of Bourbon-Parma 1928 2011 Marina Gacry 1935 38.U Princess Isabella of Bourbon-Parma 1898 1984 38.V1 Prince Guido "Guy" of Bourbon-Parma 1940 1991 Brigitte Peu-Duvallon 1943 1993 38.V11 Prince Louis of Bourbon-Parma 1966 Ariane Nicolet 1966 38.V2 Prince Remigio "Rémy" of Bourbon-Parma 1942 Laurence Dufresne d'Arganchy 1951 38.V2 Prince Remigio "Rémy" of Bourbon-Parma 1942 Elisabeth Tardif 1954 38.V21 Prince Tristan of Bourbon-Parma 1974 Shira Szabo 1979 38.V22 Princess Aude of Bourbon-Parma 1977 38.V3 Princess Chantel of Bourbon-Parma 1946 Panayotis Skinas 1937 2015 38.V3 Princess Chantel of Bourbon-Parma 1946 Francois Henri des Georges 1941 38.V31 Helene Skinas 1978 Birth registration of Helene Skinas 38.V32 Alexandre Skinas 1980 Birth registration of Alexandre Skinas 38.V4 Prince Jean of Bourbon-Parma 1961 Virginia Roatta 1964 38.V4 Prince Jean of Bourbon-Parma 1961 Romana Smetá?ková ? 38.V41 Prince Arnaud of Bourbon-Parma 1989 38.V42 Prince Christophe of Bourbon-Parma 1991 38.W Princess Enrichetta (Henriette) Anna of Bourbon-Parma 1903 1987 38.X Prince Gaetano "Gaetan" of Bourbon-Parma 1905 1958 Princess Margarete of Thurn and Taxis 1909 2006 Margarete was a sister of Prince Raimundo della Torre e Tasso (2 nd Duca di Castel Duino) 38.X1 Princess Diane Marguerite of Bourbon-Parma 1932 2020 Prince Franz Joseph of Hohenzollern 1926 1996 See 6.1125 -
Marriage Registration of Franz Joseph and Diane Marguerite
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The last grand wedding in the Habsburg Empire – The wedding of Zita and Charles
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This year marked the 100th anniversary of the death of the last Austrian Emperor and King of Hungary, Charles von Habsburg, whom Pope John Paul II beatified in 2004. The liturgical day commemorating the saintly king was 21 October, coinciding with the anniversary of his marriage. With this decision, the Roman Catholic Church wished to
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Otto von Habsburg Foundation -
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This year marked the 100th anniversary of the death of the last Austrian Emperor and King of Hungary, Charles von Habsburg, whom Pope John Paul II beatified in 2004. The liturgical day commemorating the saintly king was 21 October, coinciding with the anniversary of his marriage. With this decision, the Roman Catholic Church wished to draw attention to his exemplary married life and one of the possible paths to sainthood.[1]
Zita was born as a princess of the Bourbon-Parma family, and Charles of Habsburg-Lothringen was the grandson of Franz Joseph’s brother, Charles Louis. Austrian historian Erich Feigl described this important day of their lives as “the last grand wedding in Europe”.[2] We think it is essential to underline that it was a marriage of love, not a marriage dictated by politics. A journalist from the Budapest newspaper wrote this about the occasion: “this glorious, fairy-tale wedding is the happy ending of a romantic love story”.[3] With the use of the press of the time and published scientific literature, this article aims to be a brief, pictorial summary of the big day. There are plenty of pictures of the event for posterity, as numerous photographers and cinematographers attended the event.
They met as children in the Chateau of Schwarzau, owned by the Bourbon-Parma family, but the defining encounter occurred in 1909 at the famous spa of Franzensbad[4]. Two years later, on 13 June 1911, they became engaged in Zita’s birthplace, the Pianore Palace, in a small family circle.
The betrothal was reported in several Hungarian newspapers, and preparations began immediately after the engagement.[5] The couple signed a marriage contract, which the commissioners drafted for several weeks. During this time, the Duchess studied Hungarian and Czech at the Schwarzau Castle and toured Vienna, where she had her wedding dress made in a fashion salon on Kärtner Strasse. These were exhibited before the wedding so that the public could inspect them and the press could report the contents of the finished chemise in detail. Charles was at the Brandeis barracks but visited his bride several times and gifted her a necklace of twenty-two rows of pearls as a wedding present.[6]
To honour the occasion, the Parma family had the castle renovated to make it a fitting venue for the wedding. They renovated drawing rooms, replaced the benches in the chapel of the castle with chairs to provide more seating for guests, and even installed a special telephone to receive congratulations from those who were unable to attend the big day. Around the castle, houses in the villages were decorated with garlands and flags, a special post office was set up in the park to receive wedding gifts and telegrams, and chancel arches were placed on the road to the castle. [7]
A separate salon in the castle was used to keep the arriving wedding gifts. Archduchess Maria Josepha presented Princess Zita with a brilliant brooch, while Franz Ferdinand gave her a diamond ring set with rubies. Other gifts included a silver box, a porcelain coffee set, handicrafts, presents from various institutions and a Zita waltz composed by the court conductor. A memorable attraction was the bronze statue of Zita, which was transported by airship from the barracks in Vienna by the young aviation officers, who knew how interested Zita was in flying. Even more joyful was the photograph presented by the mayor of Franzensbad, which captured the square where the couple had walked so many times after the engagement and the locals christened Zita Square. Among the gifts, many point out the copy of Leonardo da Vinci’s portrait of Christ in Milan in an ornate frame, sent by Pope Pius X, for the original was placed in the Maria Delle Grazie chapel because Zita’s full name is Zita Maria Delle Grazie.
Some guests arrived several days before the wedding and stayed in the surrounding castles and villas. In attendance were King Frederick Augustus III of Saxon, Franz Ferdinand and his wife, members of the Habsburg, Parma, Bragança, Spanish Bourbon, Orléans, Liechtenstein, Saxe-Koburg, Wittelsbach, Württemberg families and descendants of several princely and count families. The Hungarian guests appeared at the event in Hungarian court dress, ‘díszmagyar’. On 20 October, the representative of Pope Pius X, Papal Major-Domo Gaetano Bisleti, arrived. In the afternoon of that day, the guests were entertained by a school choir of 800 people, followed by dinner and a soirée with the 67th Infantry Regiment’s orchestra. Afterwards, the villagers held a torch-light procession and fireworks, and the couple then concluded with a short carriage ride around the village. Charles also received his appointment as a Major that evening.
The wedding day’s events have been recorded in great detail for posterity. The colourful press reports recorded every detail. Kaiserwetter, in other words, bright sunshine, greeted the crowds of guests. The most eagerly awaited attendee at the wedding was the Emperor himself, Franz Joseph, of whom every surviving account has a special mention. The Emperor arrived by special court train and was greeted with a huge ovation, and the so-called ‘Emperor’s Gate’ was reopened after 30 years. [8] The small chapel of Schwarzau Castle was the venue for the nuptial ceremony. It is noted in several places that seventy gilded chairs awaited the participants, and a massive chair of honour for Franz Joseph was set up to the left of the altar.[9] The Pope’s representative, Papal Major General Gaetano Bisleti, celebrated the ceremony in French. According to reports, the bride’s dress was made of heavy satin (Duchesse) material with a three-metre-long fin, on which were sewn silver embroidered Bourbon lilies and orange blossoms surrounded by myrtle garlands. Zita’s four sisters held the long tail during the procession to the chapel. The waist part of the dress was made of the same lace worn by her grandmother, the Queen of Portugal, at her wedding, and a bouquet of myrtles was placed at the bust. Princess Zita’s hairstyle was simple, yet made glamorous by wearing a myrtle wreath with a lace Brussels veil that reached down to the fin. The headpiece was adorned with the diamond tiara that Franz Joseph had given Zita. [10] The groom wore his dragoon captain’s uniform, and on his chest hung the Order of the Golden Fleece, along with the military medal and the order of the King of Saxony. The couple’s wedding ring bore, next to their names, a line from the deeply religious Charles’ favourite prayer: ‘Sub tuum praesidium confugimus, sancta Dei Genitrix’.[11]
The ceremony ended with the blessing of Pope Pius X: “In the many bitter hours of life, which will surely not spare you, may your faith in God be your support and may happy family life always be your refuge”.[12] The newlyweds then received their congratulations in the castle, followed by the wedding lunch, where Francis Joseph toasted them: “The wedding which has filled us all with joy and which we have gathered here today to celebrate is a great joy and great satisfaction. Archduke Charles has chosen Princess Zita of Parma as his life partner. I salute him and his heart for this choice, and I welcome Archduchess Zita with inward joy as a member of the family of my house […]”. [13]
The meal is always a crucial part of a wedding ceremony. At the reception, delicacies such as venison dishes, roast lamb and turkey were served on golden platters. The menu was: ‘Creamy lettuce salad, wild rabbit puree St Hubert’s style, renaissance roast lamb, Parisian-style langoustine, roast turkey, seasonal salad, asparagus with butter, pineapple and strawberry ice cream, cheese, fruits, dessert.’ [14] The banquet preceding the wedding was plated in silverware. The preserved menu card was written in French, as was the longstanding custom of the courts. The ten-course meal included poultry (chicken, pheasant), veal loin, salmon, trout, artichokes, cheesecakes and fruits, served with a variety of delicious sauces. [15] Immediately after the dinner, the newlyweds sent a telegram to the Pope, thanking him for his blessing and wedding gift.[16] Shortly after Francis Joseph’s departure, they took a car and travelled to Wartholz Castle in Reichenau, where they spent a few days on their honeymoon.
It is reported that after the event, a limited number of commemorative coins were minted on the orders of Franz Joseph and distributed among the top aristocracy. On one side of the coin, the newlyweds were depicted with the inscription ‘Carolus Franciscus Josephus Archidux Austriae and Zita Bourbonica Ducissa Parmensis’. The two coats of arms were on the other side, with the inscription “In Memoriam Felicissimi Matroninii. Biac 21. Octobris 1911.”[17]
Charles and Zita’s marriage could only have lasted eleven years because the former monarch died on the island of Madeira at the age of 34. The couple had eight children. Their exemplary marriage and devotion to each other endured through difficult times and exile until Charles’ death. For half a century afterwards, Zita, dressed in mourning, raised their children and kept her husband’s memory alive.
Eszter Gaálné Barcs,
Beáta Vitos-Merza
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https://royalty.miraheze.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria
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en
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Charles I of Austria
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[
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"Royalpedia"
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2022-09-06T13:28:43+00:00
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en
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Royalpedia
|
https://royalty.miraheze.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria
|
Charles I or Karl I (Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria 17 August 1887 - 1 April 1922) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary (as Charles IV, King of Croatia, King of Bohemia (as Charles III, (Karel III), and the last of the monarchs belonging to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine to rule over Austria-Hungary. The son of Archduke Otto of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, Charles became heir presumptive of Emperor Franz Joseph when his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in 1914. In 1911, he married Princess Zita of Parma. He is venerated in the Catholic Church, having been beatified by Pope John Paul II on 3 October 2004, and is known to the Catholic Church as Blessed Karl of Austria.
Issue[edit]
Ott, Crown Prince of Austria (20 November 1912 – 4 July 2011) married Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen and had issue.
Archduchess Adelheid of Austria (3 January 1914 – 2 October 1971) never married.
Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este 8 February 1915 – 7 February 1996) married Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta and had issue.
Archduke Fleix of Austria (31 May 1916 – 6 September 2011) married Princess & Duchess Anna-Eugénie of Arenberg and had issue.
Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria (10 March 1918 – 11 December 2007) married Princess Yolande of Ligne and had issue.
Archduke Rudolf of Austria (5 September 1919 – 15 May 2010) married three times and had issue.
Archduchess Charlotte of Austria (1 March 1921 – 23 July 1989) married George, Duke of Mecklenburg and had issue.
Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (31 May 1922 – 6 January 1993) married Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein and had issue.
Titles and styles[edit]
17 August 1887 – 28 June 1914 His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Karl of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia.
28 June 1914 – 21 November 1916 His Imperial and Royal Highness The Archduke of Austria-Este.
21 November 1916 – 3 April 1919 His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty The Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
Charles I of Austria
Cadet branch of the House of Lorraine
Born: 17 August 1887 Died: 1 April 1922 Regnal titles Preceded by Emperor of Austria
King of Bohemia
King of Galicia and Lodomeria
King of Hungary
King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia
1916–1918 Dissolution of Austria-Hungary Titles in pretence Dissolution of Austria-Hungary — TITULAR —
Emperor of Austria
King of Bohemia
King of Galicia and Lodomeria
King of Hungary
King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia
1918–1922 Succeeded by Preceded by — TITULAR —
Archduke of Austria-Este
28 June 1914 – 16 April 1917
Reason for succession failure:
Title abolished in 1860 Succeeded by
Template:Rulers of Austria Template:Monarchs of Bohemia Template:Hungarian kings Template:Croatian kings
Template:Military of Austria-Hungary
REDIRECT Template:Pretenders to the Austro-Hungarian throne
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Instagram
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https://www.instagram.com/coutureandroyals/p/Cujvibzse-m/
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Instagram
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https://eragem.com/news/sothebys-presents-jewels-royal-bourbon-parma-family/
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en
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Sotheby's Presents Jewels from the Royal Bourbon Parma Family
|
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2018-10-18T17:55:07+00:00
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https://eragem.com/news/sothebys-presents-jewels-royal-bourbon-parma-family/
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JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser.
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https://danforthdispatch.com/a-man-for-our-season-a-reflection-on-bl-charles-of-austria/
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A Man for Our Season: A Reflection on Bl. Charles of Austria
|
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2023-10-25T03:40:31+00:00
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"Though Bl. Charles may have failed in his political goals of creating peace in 1916, governing Austria, and maintaining his throne, but his example allows us to improve the world in our day and age, whether it be through promoting peace, justice, or the
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en
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The Danforth Dispatch
|
https://danforthdispatch.com/a-man-for-our-season-a-reflection-on-bl-charles-of-austria/
|
In times of war, it oftentimes takes a very great and courageous man to stand for peace. People have a bad tendency of getting swept up in war fervor and bloodlust and forget that, as Chesterton wrote, “the true soldier fights not because he hates what is in front of him, but because he loves what is behind him.” This ends up with states fighting for open-ended and unclear goals outside of national interest and these conflicts (even when started for understandable reasons) usually end up contrary to both natural law and just war theory. World War I was, to some extent, a good example of such a conflict. From seen from the position of most of the countries, it is understandable why they entered the war, after all the Austrians wanted to stop the Black Hand, the Russians wanted to protect the Slavs, and the British wanted to stop the “Rape of Belgium.” However, all of these countries blundered into a war without clear, tangible, and accomplishable aims that could have been resolved diplomatically. This conflict, which was a lot more destructive than any today, was the one that Bl. Charles (Karl) inherited when he came to the Austro-Hungarian throne in 1916, two years after the start of the conflict.
Though Charles was born into the Imperial House of Habsburg, Charles lived all but an easy life, as tragedy after tragedy befell the ancient dynasty and the world. In fact, he only became Emperor through tragedy. When he was born in 1887, it was unlikely that he would ever ascend to the throne. He was fourth in line to the throne, behind the then-emperor (Franz Jozef)’s son Crown Prince Rudolf, his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his father. The first major tragedy in his life struck when Rudolf died in either a murder or suicide (his death has been described as the “JFK assassination of the 19th Century” and is still mysterious), and this death traumatized the Imperial Family. Furthermore, Blessed Charles’s parents were an awful match for each other. His father, Archduke Otto was quite charismatic but also a womanizer while his mother, Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, was very pious but a very dower woman, and the two spent little time together. However, none of this deterred Charles from his education as he was captivated by others around him and the Catholic Faith. Providentially, Charles inherited the best traits of both of his parents, as he had his father’s charisma and natural leadership skills and his mother’s piety and solemnity. Furthermore, the shortcomings of his father greatly impacted him, particularly as his father died young of syphilis, and Charles’s family life represents one that we should all try to replicate. When he married his wife, Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma, he said that they must “help each other go to heaven,” and they both bolstered each other’s piety. Bl. Charles’s family life provides another antidote to many of our problems today.
After his uncle, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated in Sarajevo in 1914 (the event that led to the July Crisis and World War I), Charles became the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and this only bolstered his sense of duty. Before the death of Emperor Franz-Jozef, Bl. Charles personally led soldiers from the frontline, and this experience further bolstered his desire for peace, with him writing to Zita that though he was an officer, he did not see how anyone could enjoy war. Thus, Bl. Charles viewed his service as a soldier and officer and his advocacy for peace as one in the same, as both were expressions of his duty to his people, putting even his life on the line so that his people could live in peace. Upon becoming Emperor, he immediately started working for peace through both the Pope and his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma (who was in the Belgian Army). This attempt failed as the French leaked the attempt to embarrass Charles, and he was derided as a Pacifist by both Clemenceau and the General Staff of the German Empire. Furthermore, as Emperor, Charles had the Imperial family live on the same rations as everyone else (to share in the privations of his people), and he created the first department of social welfare in the world to protect workers.
Ultimately, when the Central Powers lost the war, Bl. Charles was forced to leave the country and he went into exile in Switzerland, though he refused to abdicate, arguing that doing so would be an abandonment of his duties. However, in 1919 he went back to assume the throne of Hungary (where he was coronated in 1916), to where he was invited by the supposedly supportive Regent, Miklos Horthy. However, when Charles arrived, the Regent, Horthy (who would later collaborate with the Axis), told him to go back to Switzerland, though told him that he would later be restored. However, when back in Switzerland, Charles realized that Horthy had lied to him and had no intention of a restoration, and thus Charles publicly to Hungary that Horthy would have to recognize him. When he did return to Hungary, thousands flocked to him and he could have retaken the country from Horthy. However, Horthy refused to stand down, and Charles thus abandoned the plan as he did not want to cause a civil war, as he thought that such a conflict would go contrary to his coronation oaths. Thus, he was exiled again, this time to the Portuguese island of Madeira, where he died in 1922 at the young age of 34, because of the poor living conditions that he had there. Charles, however, bore both his exile, illness, and death as suffering done for his people, and he united his sufferings to those of Christ, stating “I must suffer like this so my people will come together again.”
But why is Blessed Charles important today? For many reasons. First of all, he provides a great example for young men, especially today in a world where leadership has been replaced with celebrity and piety has been replaced by materialism. Secondly, as a devoted father (of eight children) and husband, his family life exemplifies the Christian ideals of fatherhood and marriage (his wife, Zita, also has an open cause for canonization and has been declared a “Servant of God”), and this makes him all the better of an example when juxtaposed against the current culture’s hostility to marriage and the family. Charles’s witness also inspired many of the other great saints of the last century. St. John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) was named after Charles by his father, who as a soldier in the Austrian Army had met the Emperor. Furthermore, Empress Zita’s death served as the catalyst for his son, Crown Prince Otto, to organize a picnic on the Austrian and Hungarian borders, an event that played a major role in the collapse of the Berlin Wall. Though Bl. Charles may have failed in his political goals of creating peace in 1916, governing Austria, and maintaining his throne, but his example allows us to improve the world in our day and age, whether it be through promoting peace, justice, or the family.
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https://legemmologue.com/en/2018/10/29/the-jewels-of-the-bourbon-parme-family/
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en
|
The jewels of the Bourbon-Parme Family
|
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"Marie Chabrol"
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2018-10-29T00:00:00
|
In July 2018, the auction house Sotheby's struck a blow by announcing the sale of the Bourbon-Parme Family jewellery collection. And more specifically, the
|
en
|
Le Gemmologue
|
https://legemmologue.com/en/2018/10/29/the-jewels-of-the-bourbon-parme-family/
|
In July 2018, the auction house Sotheby’s struck a blow by announcing the sale of the Bourbon-Parme Family jewellery collection. And more specifically, the sale of jewellery that belonged to one of the most famous French queens: Marie-Antoinette. The woman who did not understand her people very well and liked brioche more than bread was nevertheless careful enough to keep her jewels safe when the political situation in France deteriorated. With the hope, surely, that her coins would help the Dauphin and secure his future. Little did she know that neither she, nor her husband King Louis XVI, nor her son would survive the French Revolution and never see the advent of the 19th century. While the end of the royal family was terrible, we are left with the historical pieces that will be sold in Geneva on 14 November 2018.
Lot 25: Order of St James of the Sword in the form of a silver and ruby Santiago Cross. Unsigned but in a case by Moritz Hübner of Vienna. Jewellery of the Parma Family in primogeniture according to a note of 1910. Estimated at CHF 10,000 to 15,000. Photo: Sotheby’s
But this is not the Bourbon-Parma family’s first time. Last May, they sold the famous “Farnese Blue” diamond for $6.7 million and it was already making the headlines in the specialist press. I had the privilege to see it, to handle it to realize the beauty of the material and also to speak with Daniela Mascetti; an interview that you could read a little while ago on the site.
Lot 47: gold, silver and diamond earrings dating from the first half of the 19th century. Provenance Maria Theresa of Savoy, Duchess of Parma, wife of Duke Charles II of Parma and bequeathed by her to her grandson Robert I Duke of Parma. Recorded in the inventory of Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, Princess Elie of Bourbon-Parma. In a Froment-Meurice box. Estimate between CHF 150,000 and 250,000. Photo: Sotheby’s
This collection, incredible in many ways, is a concentrate of the history of European royalty and brings together a considerable number of crowned heads. While discovering my selection from the 100 lots that are on offer to buyers, it is necessary to do a little history to put this family back into the European political landscape.
Lot 69: Gold, silver, diamond and yellow sapphire brooch, 11.99 carats. Provenance Marie-Anne of Austria (1882-1940), Princess of Bourbon-Parme. It was given to her by her mother, Princess Isabelle de Croÿ, Archduchess Frederick of Austria, on the occasion of her 70th birthday in 1926. Estimated at CHF 40,000 to 65,000. Photo: Sotheby’s
1- History of the Bourbon-Parma Family
The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 by Emperor Charles V for Peter Louis Farnese, the natural son of Pope Paul III. Until 1731, the duchy remained in direct line of descent through male births in the family. At that time, the duchy passed to Elisabeth Farnese, who in 1714 married King Philip V of Spain (grandson of Louis XIV). It was to this same Elisabeth that the Farnese Blue was offered by the Philippines. Its previous owner – the Count of Villafranca – was the great grandfather of her husband, King Philip V.
Lot 80: Silver, gold, diamond and ruby hair ornament, 6.89 carats, certified Burmese and not SSEF treated. Circa 1900 in a Bachruch case. This jewel was given by Archduke Frederick of Austria to his daughter, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, Princess Elisabeth of Bourbon-Parma, on the birth of her son – Charles – in 1905. Estimated at CHF 200,000 to 300,000. Photo: Sotheby’s
Their son – Charles – should have become King of the Two Sicilies but he lost the Duchy of Parma to Emperor Francis I. It was not until 1748 that Charles’ brother Philip regained full rights to the Duchy. In 1739, he married Madame Henriette, the daughter of Louis XV, and in 1749 he initiated the birth of the Bourbon-Parma house and line.
Lot 88: Gold, silver and diamond tiara from Hübner in 1912. The diamonds in this jewel come from a plaque of the Order of the Holy Spirit which belonged to the French King Charles X and was sold under number 85 in the same catalogue. There is a photograph of Marie-Anne de Bourbon-Parme wearing this tiara in 1913. Estimate between CHF 350,000 and 550,000. Photo: Sotheby’s
In 1849, a French princess became Duchess of Parma. Louise d’Artois, future wife of Duke Charles III, inherited a third of her aunt’s jewellery collection in 1851: Marie-Thérèse de France, Duchess of Angoulème, known as “Madame Royale” and daughter of Marie-Antoinette. The rest of the collection went to the Count and Countess of Chambord. Thus began the Bourbon-Parme collection, which was enriched during the late 19th and 20th centuries by successive wedding baskets. The only current descendants are those from the marriage of Prince Elie de Bourbon-Parme to Marie-Anne de Habsbourg-Lorraine.
Lot 90: Gold and silver Order of the Golden Fleece, diamonds, rubies and an untreated Sri Lankan sapphire centre of 8.90 carats certified by the SSEF. Made around 1820, it came from Louis-Antoine de Bourbon, Duc d’Angoulême and Comte de Marnes (1775-1844), the youngest son of Charles X who was also Grand Admiral of France between 1814 and 1830. Estimated at CHF 300,000 to 400,000. Photo: Sotheby’s
*****
“My cassette containing my diamonds and pearls and jewels and the case of those contained therein and those deposited in the Imperial Treasury in Vienna…will be handed over to my executors immediately after my death. My diamonds and pearls will be divided in 3 between my nephews Henri, Louise and Marie-Thérèse”
Maria Theresa of France
*****
Lot 91: Gold and silver ring, diamonds and miniature representing Queen Marie-Antoinette dating from the end of the 18th century. It was passed on to Madame Royale, then to Louise de France, then to Robert I Duke of Parma. It was kept in the jewellery of Marie-Anne de Bourbon-Parme. Estimate between 8000 and 12,000 CHF. Photo: Sotheby’s
Lot 95: A second half 18th century diamond brooch. From Queen Marie Antoinette, listed in the inventory of Marie-Anne de Bourbon-Parme. Estimated at CHF 50,000 to 80,000. Photo: Sotheby’s
*****
“Her Majesty had settled down with me in a mezzanine cabinet overlooking the Tuileries garden, and we packed in a small case all that she possessed in diamonds, rubies and pearls”
Mme Campan in her memoirs
*****
Lot 96: A late 19th century gold, silver and diamond brooch. Given to Marie-Anne of Austria by Robert I Duke of Parma on the occasion of her engagement to Prince Elie of Bourbon-Parme. The family tradition is that the diamonds came from Marie-Antoinette but there are no records to confirm this. Estimated at CHF 95,000 to 140,000. Photo: Sotheby’s
In 1791, the jewels of the woman who died less than two years later left France for Belgium and more precisely Brussels where her sister the Archduchess Marie-Christine was Governor. Then the jewels went to Vienna thanks to the Count of Mercy Argenteau and finally to Madame Royale who inherited them on her release from the Tour du Temple in 1795.
“You will receive, Mr Count, a cassette from me towards the end of the month. I would ask you to keep it for me, and, if you leave Brussels, you will give it to my sister for me
Marie-Antoinette
Lot 100: Important gold and silver pendant, diamonds and exceptional fine pearl dating from the 18th century. From Marie-Antoinette, it is listed in the Marie-Anne de Bourbon-Parme inventory. There is a painting by Prosper Raffi in 1849 of the Duchess of Parma and her children in which she is wearing this jewel. This painting is kept at the Domaine de Chambord. Queen Marie-Antoinette wore this jewel as part of a large pearl necklace (lot 97). Estimated at CHF 1 to 2 million. Photo: Sotheby’s
It is therefore essential – if you can – to make the trip to Geneva to admire this breathtaking collection, which will be dispersed shortly and whose final prices should be close to the highest records one could hope for. It is to be hoped that a French museum will be on the bidding list for this historic sale. But the drastic cuts to the Culture Department do not leave much hope. We can only hope that these jewels will find buyers who will love and respect them for what they carry with them. And perhaps share them with the general public through a major exhibition.
See you soon!
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Zita of Parma (1892–1989)
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"Zita of Parma (1892–1989)Empress of Austria and queen of Hungary",
"a key participant in the Austrian monarchist movement in both Austria and Hungary until the end of the 1930s",
"who served for more than two generations as a symbol of the ideals of monarchists and political-cultural traditionalists in Central Europe. Name variations: Zita of Bourbon-Parma; Zita von Bourbon-Parma; Zita von Habsburg; Zita Habsburg; Zita von Parma. Reigned from November 1916 to November 1918."
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Zita of Parma (1892–1989)Empress of Austria and queen of Hungary, a key participant in the Austrian monarchist movement in both Austria and Hungary until the end of the 1930s, who served for more than two generations as a symbol of the ideals of monarchists and political-cultural traditionalists in Central Europe. Name variations: Zita of Bourbon-Parma; Zita von Bourbon-Parma; Zita von Habsburg; Zita Habsburg; Zita von Parma. Reigned from November 1916 to November 1918. Source for information on Zita of Parma (1892–1989): Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia dictionary.
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/zita-parma-1892-1989
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Empress of Austria and queen of Hungary, a key participant in the Austrian monarchist movement in both Austria and Hungary until the end of the 1930s, who served for more than two generations as a symbol of the ideals of monarchists and political-cultural traditionalists in Central Europe. Name variations: Zita of Bourbon-Parma; Zita von Bourbon-Parma; Zita von Habsburg; Zita Habsburg; Zita von Parma. Reigned from November 1916 to November 1918. Born Zita Maria Grazia Adelgonda Michela Raffaella Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese of Bourbon-Parma in Pianore near Lucca, Italy, on May 9, 1892; died in Zizers, Switzerland, on March 14, 1989, and was buried on April 1, 1989, in the Habsburg crypt in Vienna's Capuchin Church; daughter of Maria Antonia of Portugal (1862–1959) and Robert I, duke of Bourbon-Parma; had 18 brothers and sisters; married Karl von Habsburg-Lothringen or Karl Franz Josef (1887–1922), also known as Charles I of Austria or Carol, Karoly, or Charles IV of Hungary, on October 21, 1911; children: Otto (b. 1912, who married Regina of Saxe-Meinigen); Adelheid or Adelaide (b. 1914); Robert (b. 1915, who married Margarita of Savoy); Felix (b. 1916, who married Anna von Arenberg); Karl Ludwig or Charles Louis (b. 1918, who married Yolande de Ligne); Rudolf (b. 1919, who married Xenia Chernicheva); Charlotte (b. 1921, who married George Alexander, duke of Mecklenburg); Elisabeth or Elizabeth (b. 1922, who married Henry of Liechtenstein).
Born in 1892, almost a decade before the death of Queen Victoria , Zita of Parma died in the momentous year of 1989, only months before the demise of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of Communist rule in Europe. In her long life, she reigned as empress of Austria-Hungary, a multinational state dating back to the Middle Ages, survived the collapse of monarchical rule in the heart of Europe, witnessed astonishing technological and social changes, and managed to survive all vicissitudes, living as a widow for 67 years and raising eight children. Born in the castle of Lucca near Viareggio, Italy, in 1892, Zita was one of the many children of Robert I, formerly the ruling duke of Parma. Robert was an impoverished descendant of the French dynasty of Bourbon kings, while his second wife Maria Antonia of Portugal was a member of that nation's royal family, the Braganzas. Beautiful and intelligent, Zita grew up in Pianore as well as in a family residence in Schwarzau, Lower Austria. Her private education enabled her to master several languages. Raised in a strict and conservative Roman Catholic environment, she was enrolled in a Konvikt (hostel) in Zangberg, Upper Bavaria, staffed by Salesian teachers, members of the Society of St. Francis de Sales. Here Zita was exposed to assumptions and beliefs that would remain with her for the rest of her life, including her firm conviction in the divine right of families like the Bourbons and Habsburgs to rule their lands and peoples.
Whenever Zita returned to visit with her family at Schwarzau, she would accompany them to the Villa Wartholz, where they socialized with the family of her aunt, Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria . Maria Theresa was a good friend of Zita's mother, and the two looked with favor on the growing friendship between Zita and a member of Maria Theresa's family, Habsburg Archduke Charles I, son of Archduke Otto of Habsburg and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony . The fondness shown toward one another by Zita and Charles ripened into affection, feelings that met with the approval not only of their respective mothers but of the venerable ruler of the vast Habsburg domains, Emperor Franz Joseph himself. With these blessings, Charles and Zita were married at Schwarzau on October 21, 1911. The wedding ceremonies were immortalized on film, thus preserving for posterity not only images of the young and happy couple but of the aged emperor and his heir, the ill-fated Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The marriage would prove to be happy, and eight children would be born to Zita between 1912 and 1922.
Charles' father had died in 1906. His uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand was heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, occupied since 1848 by the much-beloved Emperor Franz Joseph. But upon his marriage in 1900 to Sophie Chotek , Franz Ferdinand had renounced the right of succession to the throne by any children of this union. Thus, upon Franz Ferdinand's death, which presumably lay a number of decades in the future, Charles would succeed as heir to the throne. On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie Chotek were assassinated in Sarajevo, igniting a chain of events that within a few weeks would plunge Europe and eventually the globe into a devastating world conflict.
Charles' relations with Emperor Franz Joseph had not been close, but when Franz Ferdinand's death made him heir, the aged ruler took steps to initiate him in various aspects of affairs of state. The complex Habsburg Empire was now engaged in a war for its very survival, however, and immediate military matters soon took up most of Franz Joseph's time. An amiable man of excellent intentions, Charles was intellectually mediocre and had little preparation to rule a complex and fractious realm. He lacked calmness in crisis, displayed little emotional or physical endurance, and was prone to impetuous, rash and even reckless actions. The personal qualities of the ruler remained important despite the fact that since the 1860s Austria-Hungary had evolved into a viable parliamentary state. The emperor was a stabilizing element in the political system of Austria-Hungary because he retained considerable powers and, even more important, played an important symbolic role as a father figure to many competing nationalities whose only significant state loyalty was to the crown and dynasty. Franz Joseph was revered by many of his subjects and was able to dampen their mutual animosities through his unsophisticated yet convincing personality. With his death on November 21, 1916, Charles succeeded to the throne as Emperor Charles I. At the same time, Zita became empress.
Charles became emperor at a difficult time. His vast nation was war-weary and old national hatreds were once again threatening to destroy the union of peoples that constituted the Habsburg Empire. Charles and Zita experienced some of the miseries of their subjects at the very start of their reign. While in Budapest in December 1916 for their coronation as king and queen of Hungary (they would never be crowned in Vienna as emperor and empress of Austria), the couple was confronted with the horrors of war. Traditionally the new king of Hungary created
new knights of the Order of the Golden Spur, using the venerable sword of St. Stephen to knight a few worthy nobles and, certainly on this occasion, a few military officers for the bravery in the war. But the organizer of the ceremonies, Count Miklós Bánffy, had the idea of bringing men from the front lines to the ceremony, men who were crippled, wounded and even limbless, not dressed in ceremonial attire, so as to "let the battlefield, the muddy, wet nights, the thunder of cannons, and the shell-shock enter with them into the coronation church." The sight was shocking to all present, particularly to Charles and Zita. According to eyewitnesses, it was a miracle that the new king (known as Charles IV in Hungary) was able to get through the ceremony without collapsing. Zita too was deeply affected.
Both Charles and Zita were convinced by early 1917 that their empire could not long survive unless it were able to withdraw from the war. Strongly supported by her mother Maria Antonia, Zita took the initiative for a bringing about separate peace between Austria-Hungary and France. Zita's brothers Prince Sixtus and Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma, both of whom were serving at the time as French Army officers, met in Switzerland with their mother, who handed them a secret letter from Zita endorsed by Emperor Charles. The basis for a separate peace treaty between Austria-Hungary and France included the restoration of Alsace-Lorraine to France, the restoration of Belgium, the restoration of Serbia with the addition of Albania, and the cession of Constantinople to Russia. In return for accepting these major territorial changes, mostly at the expense of Vienna's powerful German ally, Austria-Hungary would get a treaty of peace. In late March, Sixtus and Xavier went on a secret mission to Vienna to negotiate with their brother-in-law Emperor Charles. Complex and highly secret talks would drag on for several months in the highest Allied councils of state, but as time passed doubts arose on the details of a separate peace settlement, including the fear that Italy might sign a separate peace with Vienna and thus seriously weaken the Allied side. There was also concern over whether Charles could pressure German allies to accept the terms of such a deal. By late June 1917, the diplomatic effort had collapsed and press reports began to divulge tantalizing parts of the episode.
The failed diplomatic initiative served to discredit Charles in the eyes of his German allies, who would never again trust him. Equally important was the crucial role assigned to Zita in the Sixtus Affair. In a confidential report to the German Foreign Office, the journalist Dr. Paul Goldmann reported that not only had Empress Zita been able to exert considerable political influence on her husband, she was indeed a partisan sympathizer of the enemy. The empress, noted Goldmann, had forbidden retaliatory air strikes against Italian cities, was in favor of ceding Austrian territories to Italy, and strongly favored pressuring Germany to surrender Alsace-Lorraine to France. Alarmingly, Zita and a circle around her were placing pressure on the irresolute and inexperienced Charles, who was ever more desirous of peace and fearful of Austria-Hungary becoming completely subordinated to a Prussian-German Reich. The Sixtus Affair and Zita's role in it also triggered strong anti-Habsburg sentiments within Austria where segments of the Pan-German press launched a bitter campaign against her. Political enemies of the Habsburgs went so far as to accuse the empress of having betrayed the failed, Austrian offensive against Italy on the Piave River in June 1918. For Austria's Pan-Germans, from this point on Zita was evil personified.
By the late summer of 1918, Austrian armies had been defeated and on the home front millions of civilians were destitute and in a state of nearstarvation. Even at this late date, many in Vienna and the court itself continued to live in a world of self-deception and false illusions, perhaps based on a time-honored Austrian tradition of durchwursteln (muddling through). By October 1918, however, it was clear that a catastrophe was taking place and the dynasty might not survive. Desperately, Charles tried to reform the state, putting in place a federal structure, but it was too late. Starting with the Czechs and Slovaks in late October, the various nationalities of the ancient empire began to declare their independence.
The deteriorating situation on the battlefields and in the streets raised the possibility of abdication, but Zita strongly urged her husband not to renounce his throne, crying out in his presence, "Abdicate, never, never!" To the last minute, she strongly supported him in his belief that he could not renounce duties which had been hereditarily transferred to him by history and sacred dynastic traditions. Hoping to save something for the future, Charles took the advice of one of his ministers, Ignaz Seipel, by signing a document on November 11, 1918, in which he declared his intention to "renounce all participation in the affairs of state." Subtly crafted by the Catholic prelate Seipel, the document appeared to be an instrument of abdication but did not in fact state this, leaving open the possibility for a future return to the throne. In later years, after the politically adroit Seipel became chancellor of Austria, his political realism caused him to virtually ignore Zita's political ambitions for a Habsburg restoration, attitudes for which she never forgave him. At the time of Seipel's funeral in 1932, the former empress very pointedly chose not to send a wreath to adorn his grave.
With Charles' de facto abdication, Austria became a republic. The emperor and empress and their children remained in Austria in Eckartsau Castle, but finally departed for exile in Switzerland on March 24, 1919, where they stayed first at Schloss Gstaad and later at Prangins, in a castle on Lake Geneva. In April 1919, the Republic of Austria passed a Habsburg Exclusion Act which nullified all proprietal and political privileges the dynasty had enjoyed. In Switzerland, Zita and her husband began to dream of a restoration of their throne, not so much in Austria, which had come under Social Democratic influence particularly in "Red Vienna," but in Hungary. Ruled by former Habsburg admiral Nicolas Horthy, Hungary technically remained a kingdom, but under Allied pressure could not invite Charles back to his throne. By 1921, Zita had been able to infuse Charles with sufficient optimism about their prospects for a successful return to the throne. Suddenly and without warning, Charles appeared in Admiral Horthy's chambers in Budapest's Royal Palace on March 27, 1921, informing the regent that he had returned to Hungary to perform his functions as that nation's rightful sovereign. Polite but firm, Horthy informed Charles that he had to leave the country promptly, as the times were not yet ripe for change. The next day Charles was on a car with drawn curtains on the Budapest-Vienna-Zurich express. The episode had been a fiasco.
The next attempt to return to power was much more serious, given the fact that it was largely planned not by Charles but by Zita, who saw the issue clearly as one between a usurper, Horthy, and the anointed king of Hungary, her husband Charles. Zita planned for a coup based on energetic action, one that was carefully conceived and backed by military force in the form of Hungarian legitimists led by Colonel Anton Lehár. Zita had not even informed her children when she and Charles left their castle to fly from Switzerland in a chartered airplane that landed on an improvised landing strip in western Hungary on October 21, 1921. Locals learned of the presence of Charles and Zita, giving them a torchlight parade that night. For the next three days, they marched on Budapest with a steadily growing army of supporters. From Budaörs, on the outskirts of the capital, they could see the Royal Palace on the Danube. Unfortunately, they also saw the trenches that their leisurely overland trip had enabled Regent Horthy's troops to dig. At Torbagy near Budapest, Charles and Zita were surrounded by police and formally arrested two days later.
The Hungarian people had not risen to the defense of Charles and Zita. In later years, Zita would argue that the only reason this attempt to restore the Habsburg monarchy had failed was because during that season all Hungarian railroad cars were so full of the sugar beet crop that there was no transportation available to move Habsburg supporters to Budapest. Fearful of a Habsburg regime in Hungary, the governments in Prague and Belgrade ordered military mobilization. Charles and Zita were now "guests," i.e., prisoners of the Hungarian Royal Government, incarcerated in the monastery of Tihany overlooking Lake Balaton. Here they occupied two rooms hardly larger than cells. They spent their time praying and gazing at the enchanting scene at their feet, where precipitous rocks rose out of the lake. The Swiss government, noting that the couple had broken their pledge not to engage in political actions, refused to readmit
them. The British government responded to a request from Budapest, and provided space on a destroyer that took Charles, Zita and their children into a secure exile. The final destination of the imperial family was Funchal, on the Portuguese island of Madeira in the Atlantic. Charles' fragile constitution broke down from the stresses of recent months and the penury he and his family now found themselves living in and he died of pneumonia in Funchal on April 1, 1922. Several months later, already living in Madrid as a guest of Spain's King Alphonso XIII, Zita gave birth to the couple's last child, a daughter she named Elisabeth .
A widow with eight children to support, Zita was fortunate for her royal blood ties. The Spanish king provided lodgings for her family in Lequeito in the Basque region. Later the family moved to Uribarren palace near Madrid. Strongly attached to the traditions of the House of Habsburg, Zita spent the next years in Spain attending to her children's education. Private tutors taught them history, foreign languages and other subjects based on curricula in Austria-Hungary before 1918. The children were raised as devout Roman Catholics, in a context of beliefs centering around the concept of the continuing validity of monarchy as a source of social and political stability. In 1929, Zita moved her family to a château at Steenockerzeel near Brussels, Belgium. She continued to dream of a Habsburg restoration, and carried on countless conversations with those who promised to assist her. In 1930, her oldest son Otto began his studies at the University of Louvain, and within a few years it was Otto who would play an active role in the political activities of the Habsburg family. Many of these schemes amounted to little more than dreams that exploded like soap bubbles, such as a 1933 plan to send Otto to London to help organize an anti-Nazi alliance based on British support of a Habsburg restoration in Austria. The British Foreign Office vetoed the idea.
Throughout the 1930s, as her son Otto became increasingly confident in his ability to represent his own interests and those of his family, Zita continued to involve herself in behind-thescenes political activities on behalf of a Habsburg restoration. She and Otto were also received by the pope in August 1936. An important political upheaval favoring the Habsburgs took place in Austria in 1934 when an ultra-conservative dictatorship was created after a civil war crushed the Social Democrats and ended parliamentary government. Led first by Engelbert Dollfuss, who was assassinated by the Nazis, and then by his successor Kurt von Schuschnigg, at first the New Austria appeared to be receptive to the idea of a restored Habsburg monarchy. Otto and Kurt von Schuschnigg met secretly on two occasions, with von Schuschnigg pledging to Otto that he would resist Hitler by force. But in March 1938, Nazi Germany annexed Austria without firing a shot. In Hungary in 1937, Tibor Eckhardt, leader of the Independent Peasant Party, proclaimed that he favored a Habsburg restoration with Otto as the nation's king. In this instance, it was Zita's intervention that appears to have brought down the plan, given the fact that she insisted on such details as Otto's income and how many castles would be at his disposal. The poor peasants who backed Eckhardt's party feared that they would lose their plots of land, or have higher taxes levied on them, if such a restoration actually took place.
Zita and her children were barely able to escape the advancing German forces when Belgium was invaded in May 1940. Fleeing across France, they arrived at the Spanish border, where a French officer who had decided to join General Charles de Gaulle's Free French movement allowed the endangered foes of Hitler to cross into Spain and safety. Except for her son Robert, who remained in London in order to lobby for the Habsburg cause with Winston Churchill, Zita and her seven remaining children crossed the Atlantic for the United States, arriving there in late July 1940. During World War II, Austrian monarchists were active in exile politics, and Zita had several meetings with President Franklin Roosevelt, who gave her vague assurances of support for her (and Otto's) plans for a postwar Danubian federation, one presumably with a place for the Habsburg family. She emphasized the need to create a stable order in Central Europe that would weaken Communist influences in that strategically important region. Her dreams could not be achieved and although Austria was restored as a sovereign nation in 1945, it was as a republic rather than a monarchy. For the next 45 years, Soviet influence dominated Hungary and virtually all of the rest of Central Europe. Zita could not return to Europe after 1945, and lived in Tuxedo Park, New York, where she would be seen taking lonely walks near her home, "a strange black-veiled figure wearing high-button shoes."
Ex-empress Zita returned to Europe in 1962, settling in Zizers, a village in eastern Switzerland where she lived in a modest tworoom apartment in a home for the elderly run by the Catholic Church. Because of its lingering fear of a Habsburg restoration, Austria forbade members of the family from setting foot on its soil. Things began to change, however, when in 1961 Zita's oldest son Dr. Otto von Habsburg renounced all claims to the throne and became a citizen of the Federal Republic of Germany. A noted publicist, he went on to become a highly respected member of the Council of Europe. In 1982, Zita finally was permitted to return to Austria for a visit. (One of her Bourbon relatives, King Juan Carlos of Spain, had interceded on her behalf with Austrian chancellor Bruno Kreisky, who approved the visit.) On her appearance outside Vienna's St. Stephen's Cathedral, where she attended mass, the elderly Zita received a tumultuous welcome from thousands of cheering Austrians.
Zita, last empress of Austria-Hungary, died in Zizers, Switzerland, on March 14, 1989. Before her burial in the fabled Kapuzinergruft—the Habsburg crypt of Vienna's Capuchin Church—on April 1, the 67th anniversary of Emperor Charles' death on Madeira, Zita lay in state in St. Stephens' Cathedral, her bier festooned with candles. Six black horses drew her hearse through Vienna's narrow, winding streets under overcast skies and intermittent rain, and she was accompanied by a 21-gun salute normally reserved for heads of state. The carriage was the same one that had in 1916 carried the coffin of her fatherin-law, Emperor Franz Joseph, in Vienna's last imperial funeral. In keeping with long-standing Habsburg family traditions, Zita's heart was removed from her body after her death in order to be buried separately. Dating back to the Middle Ages, the tradition reflects the idea that as the center of emotions, the heart deserves a special resting place apart from the rest of the body. Throughout her exile, she carried with her the preserved heart of her husband Charles. The two hearts of the last Habsburg emperor and empress were now to be buried together.
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Albon und St. André, Baron Eugen d'. Prinzessin Zita. Vienna: Verlag Gerlach & Wiedling, 1911.
Bogle, Joanna, and James Bogle. A Heart for Europe: The Lives of Emperor Charles and Empress Zita of Austria-Hungary. Leominster: Gracewing, 1993.
Brook-Shepherd, Gordon. The Last Empress: The Life and Times of Zita of Austria-Hungary, 1892–1989. London: HarperCollins, 1991.
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——. "The Secrets of the Last Empress," in The Sunday Telegraph [London]. November 17, 1991, p. 108.
"Empress Zita," in Deborah Andrews, ed., The Annual Obituary 1989. Chicago, IL: St. James Press, 1990, pp. 203–205.
Feigl, Erich, ed. Kaiser Karl I: Persönliche Aufzeichnungen, Zeugnisse und Dokumente. 2nd rev. ed. Vienna: Amalthea, 1987.
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Fichtner, Paula Sutter. "The Habsburg Empire in World War I: A Final Episode in Dynastic History," in East European Quarterly. Vol. 11, no. 4. Winter 1977, pp. 445–461.
Gehrig, Emmy. Umjubelt, Verkannt, Verbannt: Kaiserin und Königin Zita. Wels: P. Reisinger, 1955.
Hamann, Brigitte, ed. Die Habsburger: Ein biographisches Lexikon. Vienna: Verlag Ueberreuter, 1988.
Harding, Bertita. Imperial Twilight: The Story of Karl and Zita of Hungary. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1939.
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Keleher, Edward P. "Emperor Karl and the Sixtus Affair: Politico-Nationalist Repercussions in the Reich German and Austro-German Camps, and the Disintegration of Habsburg Austria, 1916–1918," in East European Quarterly. Vol. 26, no. 2, 1992, pp. 163–184.
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Parker, Robert. Headquarters Budapest. NY: Farrar & Rinehart, 1944.
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Redier, Antoine. "L'impératrice Zita et l'offre de paix séparée," in Revue des deux Mondes [Paris]. Vol. 60, 1930, pp. 174–202.
Scheer, Maximilian. "Die Verschwörung um Mindszenty," in Aufbau [Berlin]. Vol. 5, no. 11, 1949, pp. 1032–1034.
Sencourt, Robert. Heirs of Tradition: Tributes of a New Zealander. London: Carroll & Nicholson, 1949.
Thanner, Erich. "Die Odyssee der Kaiserin Zita," in Zeitbühne. Vol. 8, no. 1. January 1979, pp. 35–40.
Várdy, Steven Béla. Historical Dictionary of Hungary. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1997.
Wagemut, Karl. Was ich im Elternhause der Exkaiserin Zita von Österreich erlebte: Bruchstücke aus demLeben eines ehemaligen katholischen Hofgeistlichen. Dresden: A. Köhler, 1920.
Wagner, Renate. Heimat bist Du grosser Töchter: Weitere Portraits. Vienna: Edition S/Verlag der Österreichischen Staatsdruckerei, 1995.
Wheatcroft, Andrew. "Tragic Operetta of the Last Habsburg Queen," in The Guardian [London]. March 20, 1989.
Z., H. Die kaiserliche Familie in Lequeitio: Reiseerinnerungen eines Österreichers. Vienna: Vogelsang-Verlag Ges. m.b.H., 1924.
"Zita, die meist verleumdete Frau der Welt!," in Der Österreicher [Vienna]. Vol. 9, no. 35. August 31, 1934, p. 4.
"Zita of Bourbon-Parma: End of the Habsburg Empire," in The Times [London]. March 15, 1989, p. 22.
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Prince Xavier of Bourbon
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Learn Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma facts for kids
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Prince_Xavier_of_Bourbon-Parma
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Xavier, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, known in France before 1974 as Prince Xavier de Bourbon-Parme, known in Spain as Francisco Javier de Borbón-Parma y de Braganza or simply as Don Javier (25 May 1889 – 7 May 1977), was the head of the ducal House of Bourbon-Parma and Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain.
He was the second son of the last reigning Duke of Parma Robert I and his second wife Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, although born after his father lost the throne. Educated with austerity at Stella Matutina, he grew up in France, Italy and Austria, where his father had properties. During World War I, he joined the Belgian army, fighting with distinction. With his brother Sixtus he was a go-between in the so-called Sixtus Affair, a failed attempt by his brother-in-law, Emperor Charles I of Austria to negotiate a separate peace with the Allies (1916–1917) through the Bourbon-Parma brothers.
In 1936 Don Alfonso Carlos de Borbón, Duke of Madrid died, ending the male line of Carlist pretenders to the Spanish throne descended from Infante Carlos, Count of Molina. Having no children with his wife, Maria das Neves of Portugal, Don Alfonso Carlos designated her nephew Xavier to succeed him as regent in exile of the Carlist Communion and as Grand Master of the Order of Prohibited Legitimacy.
During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), he entered Spain twice and the Carlist troops, known as Requetés, sided with the nationalists of General Franco. He visited the North Front and Andalucia, but was expelled from Spain in 1938. He settled in France at the castle of Bostz, a property of his wife. During World War II, he reenlisted in the Belgian army. After Belgium and France were invaded by the Nazis, he moved to Vichy and took part in the French Resistance. Arrested by the Gestapo in 1941, he was condemned to death for espionage and terrorism. Pardoned by Pétain, he was confined in Clermont-Ferrand, Schirmeck, Natzwiller and lastly, in September, he was imprisoned in Dachau from which he was freed by the Americans in April 1945.
During the 1950s and 1960s he was active in the Carlist movement. In May 1952, persuaded of the need to be appointed king by the National Council of Traditionalist Communion, he agreed to conclude the sixteen years of his regency by being proclaimed King of Spain in Barcelona under the name Javier I. Soon thereafter he was expelled from Spain by order of the Francoist government. At the death of his unmarried nephew Robert of Parma in 1974, Prince Xavier became titular Duke of Parma. By then he was in frail health, having suffered life-threatening injuries in a 1972 traffic accident. He transferred all political authority to his eldest son, Prince Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, and formally abdicated as the Carlist king in his elder son's favor in 1975.
Road to Spain
Family
Xavier was born to a highly aristocratic Bourbon-Parma family; in the mid-18th century the branch diverged from the Spanish Bourbons, who in turn diverged from the French Bourbons few decades earlier. Along the patriline Xavier was descendant to the king of France Louis XIV and to the king of Spain Felipe V. Among his great-great-grandparents, Ludovico I was the king of Etruria, Vittorio Emanuele I was the king of Sardinia and the duke of Savoy, Charles X was the king of France, Francesco I was the king of Two Sicilies, Pedro III was the king of Portugal, Maria I was the queen of Portugal and Brazil, and Carlos IV was the king of Spain; among his great-grandparents, Carlo II was the duke of Parma and João VI was the king of Portugal; among his grandparents, Carlo III was the duke of Parma and Miguel I was the king of Portugal. Xavier's father, Robert I (1848–1907) was the last ruling duke of Parma, and Xavier's mother, Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal (1862–1959), was exile-born daughter of the 1834-deposed king of Portugal.
Many of Xavier's uncles and aunts came from European royal or ducal families, though the only one actually ruling was his mother's sister, Infanta Maria Ana of Portugal, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg. The other three were claiming the throne: his mother's brother, the Portuguese Miguelist pretender Dom Miguel, Duke of Braganza, his father's sister, the Carlist queen of Spain Margarita de Borbón-Parma and another sister of his mother, also the Carlist queen of Spain, Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal. One uncle, archduke Karl Ludwig, was official heir to the throne of Austro-Hungary. Of Xavier's cousins the only two who actually ruled were Elisabeth, the queen consort of Belgium and Charlotte, the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg. Xavier's step-cousin, archduke Franz Ferdinand, was official heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Two cousins were legitimist pretenders; along the paternal line Don Jaime, the Carlist claimant to the Spanish throne, and along the maternal line Dom Duarte Nuño, the Miguelist claimant to the Portuguese throne.
Some of Xavier's siblings have married into the ruling European houses and few have actually ruled: these were the cases of his younger sister Zita, who in 1911 married into the imperial Habsburg family to become the empress of Austria and the queen of Hungary in 1916–1918, and this of his younger brother Felix, who in 1919 married into the ducal Nassau family and was the duke-consort of Luxembourg in 1919–1970. Some of Xavier's siblings were closely related to actual rulers: these were the cases of his younger brother René, who in 1921 married into the royal Danish family, this of his younger brother Louis, who in 1939 married into the royal Italian family, and this of his older half-sister Maria Luisa, who in 1893 married into the royal Bulgarian family. Some of Xavier's siblings married into ducal or otherwise distinguished highly aristocratic houses. Six mentally handicapped older half-siblings have never married and three of Xavier's sisters became Benedictine nuns.
Infancy, childhood and youth (before 1914)
Though deposed as Duke of Parma in 1859, Xavier's father kept claiming the title. He retained massive wealth, comprising estates in Italy and Austria; moreover, in the late 19th century the Bourbon-Parma inherited the magnificent Chambord castle. The family, consisting of Robert, his second wife and some 20 children from both marriages lived in two homes, in Pianore and in Schwarzau. They used to spend half a year in each location, shuttling in a special train and taking even children's horses with them. Xavier's childhood was full of serenity, luxury and cheerfulness, though relations with half-siblings from the first marriage were not equally cordial. The Bourbon-Parma were deeply Roman Catholic and essentially French in culture and understanding; another language spoken was German. In his childhood Xavier picked up also Italian – spoken with the Pianore locals, English – spoken with various visitors, Portuguese and Spanish – used in certain relations, and Latin – used in church. The family were frequently visited by guests from the world of aristocracy, books and universities.
In 1899 Xavier followed in the footsteps of his older brother Sixte and entered Stella Matutina, a prestigious Jesuit establishment in the Austrian Feldkirch. Though catering to Catholic aristocracy from all over Europe, the school offered Spartan conditions; when later enquired how he survived the Nazi concentration camp, prince Xavier joked: "I frequented the Stella. It's not easy to kill us". The school ensured a model of humble religiosity, the staff ensured high teaching standards, and the mix of boys from different countries ensured a spirit of international comradeship. Xavier graduated in the mid-1900s; in 1906 moved to Paris, still trailing his older brother and commencing university studies. Unlike Sixte, who studied law, he pursued two different paths: political-economic sciences and agronomy. He completed both, graduating as engineer in agronomy and doctor in politics/economy. The year or years of him completing the curriculum are not clear; one source points to 1914. He has never commenced a professional career.
In 1910 the wealth of the late Robert Bourbon-Parma was divided among the family. Children from the first marriage, and especially Élie, custodian of his handicapped siblings, were allocated most of the real estate; Robert's second wife and children from the second marriage were earmarked hefty financial compensation, usufruct rights and minor properties. Already on his own, Xavier was based in Paris but cruised across Europe. One reason was family business, often with political background; e.g. in 1911 Xavier travelled to Austria to attend the wedding of his sister with archduke Karl Habsburg, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne; in 1912 he travelled via Spain to Portugal, accompanying his aunt during a Portuguese legitimist plot. Another reason was following his personal interest. Xavier seemed heavily influenced by Sixte, who developed a knack for geographical exploration. In 1909 both brothers travelled to the Balkans; in 1912 they roamed across Egypt, Palestine and the Near East. In 1914 they intended to travel to Persia, India and possibly the Himalayas.
Soldier and diplomat (1914–1918)
News of the Sarajevo assassination reached Xavier and Sixte in Austria, en route to Asia. Enraged by murder of their step-cousin, both brothers intended to enlist in the Austrian army to pursue revenge. Things changed when France declared war on Vienna. Though some of the Bourbon-Parma siblings – Zita, René, Felix and Élie – sided with Austria-Hungary, with males joining the imperial troops, Xavier and Sixte felt themselves thorough Frenchmen. They openly made plans to enlist in the French army, which might have evoked their detention. It took personal appeals from Zita before the Emperor took steps which prevented their incarceration, and allowed them to leave Austria for a neutral country. When back in France Xavier and Sixte indeed volunteered, only to find that French law banned members of foreign dynasties from serving. Determined to fight, they contacted their cousin, Queen Elisabeth of Belgium, who looked to it that both were allowed to serve in the Belgian military. Due to a car accident involving Sixte, however, the brothers joined the ranks of the Belgian army no sooner than late November 1914. Xavier was initially accepted as a private in medical services and was seconded to the 7th artillery regiment. Exact details of his service are not clear; what was left of the pre-war Belgian army served on a relatively calm sector of the frontline in Flanders and France, next to the English Channel. At an unspecified time Xavier was released from the line and assigned to an officer training course, organized by the Belgian general staff, which he completed. By mid-1916 he was sub-lieutenant, later promoted to captain.
In late 1916 Xavier became involved in the Sixtus Affair, a secret Austrian attempt to conclude a separatist peace. The new emperor, Karl I, decided to exploit his family ties and friendship with the Bourbon-Parma brothers, trusting especially in the skills and intelligence of Sixte. As French citizens, both agreed to undertake the mission only upon obtaining the consent of the French government. The role of Xavier is generally considered secondary to that of Sixte, though he was present during some crucial meetings, whether with the French authorities in Paris or with the Austro-Hungarian envoys in Switzerland, and in Vienna; and some scholars do refer to "mediation des princes Sixte et Xavier". Negotiations broke down in early 1917 and the matter seemed closed; leaked by Clemenceau in May 1918, it turned into a political crisis and a scandal, which damaged the prestige of the young emperor. Xavier and Sixte, at that time in Vienna, were considered endangered, menaced either by the Austrian foreign minister Czernin's willingness to eliminate witnesses, or as victims of popular wrath. The incident is considered "perhaps the ultimate example of amateurish aristocratic diplomacy gone awry during the First World War", although none of the sources consulted tends to blame Xavier for the final failure. It is not clear whether he returned to military service afterwards. At the moment of the armistice he was a major in the Belgian army, awarded the French Croix de Guerre, the Belgian Croix de Guerre, and the Belgian Ordré de Léopold.
Plaintiff and husband (1920s)
Immediately after the war Xavier was engaged in assisting Zita and Karl following their deposition. In 1919 together with Sixte he travelled to England and contacted king George V; the British support materialized as a liaison officer, dispatched to the republican Austria to assist the unhappy couple on their route to exile. However, it soon turned out that it was his own business which attracted most of Xavier’s attention. Following wartime financial turmoil and expropriations of some family estates, economic prospects of both brothers seemed rather bleak. As a counter-measure, they decided to challenge the French state, which in 1915 seized Chambord as property of Élie, the Austrian officer; the Versailles Treaty stipulations allowed to conclude the seizure legally if combined with paying compensation fee. Sixte and Xavier sued; they claimed that the family-agreed 1910 partition, based on the Austrian concept of an indivisible majorate, was not applicable in the French law, and that the Chambord property should be divided; they claimed also that as volunteers to the French and Belgian armies, they should be exempted from expropriation procedure. Centred on fortune-worth Chambord property, in fact the lawsuit was directed against Élie. In 1925 the court accepted brothers’ point of view, the decision immediately appealed by their half-brother. In 1928 the case was overturned in favor of Élie, the decision appealed by both brothers. In 1932 the Court of Cassation upheld the 1928 decision, which eventually left Xavier and Sixte frustrated in their bid.
Resident in Paris and living off the family wealth remaining, Xavier reached his mid-30s when he was attracted to Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset, 9 years his junior, daughter to Count de Lignières and descendant to a cadet branch of the French Bourbons. The Bourbon-Bussets have been related to a centuries-old aristocratic controversy; historically regarded non-dynastic as set up in the 15th century by an illegitimate relationship, by enemies the branch was lambasted as bastards. Would-be marriage of prince Xavier and Madeleine might have resulted in stripping their children off Bourbon-Parma ducal heritage rights, depending upon decision of head of the branch. Since the death of Robert, it was Élie who headed the family; he declared the would-be marriage non-dynastic and morganatic. Despite this stand, Xavier wed Madeleine in 1927 and some newspapers titled her "princesse".
As the Bourbon-Bussets enjoyed significant wealth the marriage changed financial status of Xavier, especially that Madeleine had no living older brothers. The couple settled in Bostz castle, where Xavier managed the rural economy of his in-laws; their first child was born in 1928, to be followed by the other 5 throughout the 1930s. Following the 1932 death of his father-in-law, Xavier became head of the family business, crowned with the Lignières castle. Little is known of his public activity at that time, except that he was engaged in various non-political though conservatism-flavored Catholic initiatives. Perhaps the most happy period of his life was punctured by the premature 1934 death of Sixte, for decades Xavier’s best friend and sort of a mentor.
From prince Xavier to Don Javier (1930s)
Exact political views of Xavier are not clear; until the mid-1930s he did not engage in openly political activity, though he figured prominently in some French royalist initiatives. Himself son of a deposed ruler and his own sister deposed as empress, he had some relatives – associated with France, Spain and Portugal – engaged in legitimist politics, though others – associated with Luxembourg, Belgium, Denmark and Italy – fit rather in a general liberal-democratic monarchist framework. None of the sources consulted provides information on his views on ongoing French politics. Few note that his brother Sixte was a legitimist, who in scientific dissertation advanced rights of the Spanish Bourbons to the crown of France; on the other hand, his half-brother Élie openly abandoned the legitimist outlook. Some scholars claim that prince Xavier remained within "más pura doctrina tradicionalista"; others suggest that he nurtured democratic ideas.
Though his paternal uncle was until 1909 the legitimist claimant to the throne of Spain, succeeded by prince Xavier’s own cousin, prince Xavier – a Frenchman at heart – himself did not reveal any particular interest in Spanish issues, even though he maintained close links with his cousin, in the 1920s resident in Paris. This changed when Jaime III died unexpectedly in 1931 and was succeeded in his Carlist claim by Alfonso Carlos I. Resident in Vienna, octogenarian and childless, Alfonso Carlos was doubly related to the Bourbon-Parmas; the two families remained on close terms. His ascendance to the Carlist claim was from the onset plagued by the succession problem, as it was already evident that the Carlist dynasty would extinguish. As measure to address the issue, in the early 1930s Alfonso Carlos pondered upon reconciliation with the Alfonsine branch. It is not clear whether he commenced talks with other members of the family about a strictly Carlist succession in parallel, as option B, or whether he embarked on this course having abandoned the plans of dynastic agreement in 1934-1935.
Following the death of Sixte in 1934 Xavier became the most senior Bourbon-Parma partner of Alfonso Carlos. The two must have discussed the question of Carlist succession extensively, yet there is no information on details. In particular, it is not clear whether Alfonso Carlos suggested that Xavier succeeds him as a king – proposal possibly rejected by the Bourbon-Parma, or whether regency was the option preferred from the onset. Scholars speculate that it was prince Xavier’s legitimism, Christian spirit, modesty, impartiality and lack of political ambitions which prompted Alfonso Carlos to appoint him as a future regent. What prompted Xavier to accept the proposal remains unclear. Some suspect that he gave in to the pressure of his uncle, and considered accepting the regency as his family, legitimist and Christian duty. In any case, Xavier probably viewed his future regency, announced in the Carlist press in April 1936 and to commence after death of Alfonso Carlos, in terms of months rather than years. It was supposed to provide royal continuity before a general Carlist assembly appoints a new king.
Regent
Wartime leader (1936–1939)
Contrary to expectations, the Spanish February 1936 elections produced victory of the Popular Front and the country embarked on a proto-revolutionary course. The Carlists first commenced preparations to their own rising, and then entered into negotiations with the conspiring military. For prince Xavier events took an unexpected turn. Instead of calmly familiarizing himself with the Spanish Carlists to organize smooth election of a new king following anticipated death of Alfonso Carlos, the latter asked him to supervise the conspiracy. Prince Xavier, in Spain known as Don Javier, set his headquarters in Sant-Jean-de-Luz and from June to July kept receiving Carlist politicians. In terms of negotiations with the generals, he adopted an orthodox Carlist, rigorous and intransigent stand. Though some Carlists pressed almost unconditional adherence to military conspiracy, Don Javier demanded that a partnership political deal is concluded first. He was eventually outmaneuvered and the Carlists joined the coup on vague terms; their key asset was the pre-agreed Jefe Supremo del Movimiento, general Sanjurjo, who in earlier Lisbon talks with Don Javier pledged to represent the Carlist interests.
The death of Sanjurjo was a devastating blow to Carlist plans; political power among the rebels slipped to a group of generals, indifferent if not skeptical about the Carlist cause. Don Javier, in the late summer watching the events unfold from Sant-Jean-de-Luz, was supervising increasing Carlist military effort, yet was unable to engage in discussion with the generals. Following the death of Alfonso Carlos on 1 October Don Javier was declared the regent. He found himself heading the movement during overwhelming turmoil. Denied entry to Spain, he limited himself to written protests over the marginalisation of Carlism within the Nationalist faction. Faced with growing pressure to integrate the Carlist organization within a new state party in early 1937, he advocated intransigence, but was again outmaneuvered into a silent wait-and-see stance. Following the Unification Decree he entered Spain in May; sporting a requeté general's uniform, and in apparent challenge to Franco he toured the front lines, lifting Carlist spirits. A week later he was expelled from Spain.
Following another brief visit and another expulsion in late 1937, Don Javier aimed at safeguarding Carlist political identity against the unification attempts, though he refrained also from burning all bridges with the emerging Francoist regime. He permitted few trusted Carlists to sit in the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FET) executive, but expelled from the Comunión Tradicionalista those who had taken seats without his consent. In full accord with the Carlist leader in Spain, Manuel Fal Conde, in 1938–1939 Don Javier managed to prevent incorporation into the state party, thus the intended unification turned into absorption of offshoot Carlists. On the other hand, Don Javier failed to prevent the marginalisation of Carlism, the suppression of its circulars, periodicals and organizations, and failed to avert growing bewilderment among rank and file Carlists. In 1939 he repeated his offer to Franco in Manifestación de ideales, a document was put forth recommending immediate restoration of Traditionalist monarchy with a transitory collective regency, possibly encompassing Don Javier and Franco. In historiography there are conflicting accounts of this episode, yet there was no follow-up on part of Franco.
Soldier, incommunicado, prisoner (1939–1945)
Upon the outbreak of World War II Prince Xavier resumed his duties in the Belgian Army, serving as major in his old artillery unit. As the Germans advanced swiftly, the Belgians were pushed back to Flanders, towards the English Channel. Incorporated into the French troops, the regiment was withdrawn into Dunkerque. In the mayhem that followed, the Belgians did not make it to the British evacuation ships and Don Javier became a German POW. Released promptly, he returned to the family castles of Lignières in Berry and of Bostz, in Besson dans l’Allier. The properties were divided by the demarcation line, Lignières in the occupied zone and Bostz in the Vichy zone.
In late 1940 and early 1941, Prince Xavier assisted in opening the so-called "Halifax-Chevalier negotiations", a confidential correspondence exchange between the British Foreign Secretary and the Petain-government's education minister, centred mostly on working out a modus vivendi between the British and French colonies. The exact role of Prince Xavier is unclear. Some scholars claim he served as an intermediary, trusted by the British royal family, including King George VI, and by Pétain; as he did not leave France, it seems that he wrote letters which provided credibility for the envoys sent. Though the episode is subject to controversy, by some viewed as a proof of Pétain's double game and by some largely as a hagiographic mystification, the debate hardly relates to the role of Xavier.
In the early 1940s, Prince Xavier was increasingly isolated from Spanish affairs; neither he nor the Spanish Carlists were permitted to cross the frontier, while correspondence remained under wartime censorship. Documents he passed, the most notable of which was the Manifiesto de Santiago (1941), urged that intransigence, though not openly rebellious anti-Francoist actions, be maintained. With the regent, and periodically detained Fal, largely incommunicados, Carlism decayed into bewilderment and disorientation.
In 1941–1943 Prince Xavier lived in political isolation, devoting time to his family and managing the Bourbon-Parma fortune. In 1941 he inherited from his late aunt the Puchheim castle in Austria. Prince Xavier became increasingly sympathetic to the anti-Pétain opposition and, via local priests, maintained informal contact with district Resistance leaders. At one point he joined works of the Comité d'Aide aux Réfractaires du STO and welcomed labor camp escapees in wooden areas of his estates, providing basic logistics and setting up shelters for the sick in his library. When two of them were detected and detained, Prince Xavier cycled to Vichy and successfully sought their release. Exposing himself, following a surveillance period in July he was arrested by the Gestapo. Sentenced to death for espionage and terrorism, he was pardoned by Pétain; first confined in Clermont-Ferrand, Schirmeck and Natzwiller, in September he was finally imprisoned in Dachau. The Nazis asked Franco about his fate; the Caudillo declared total disinterest. Periodically condemned to the starvation bunker, when freed by the Americans in April 1945, Prince Xavier weighed 36 kg.
Re-launch (1945–1952)
Having returned to health, in late summer of 1945 prince Xavier testified at the trial of Pétain; his account was largely favorable for the marshal. In December he clandestinely entered Spain for a few days. In a series of meetings held mostly in San Sebastián, the regent and the Carlist executive agreed re-organisation basics of the Carlist structures. Don Javier fully confirmed the authority of Fal Conde and affirmed the intransigent political line, formulated in a 1947 document known as La única solución. It was based on non-collaborative though also non-rebellious stand versus Francoism, refusal to enter into dynastic negotiations with the Alfonsine branch, and hard line versus those who demonstrated excessive support for own Carlist royal candidates, even if theoretically they did not breach loyalty to Don Javier’s regency. With the rank and file Don Javier communicated by means of manifestos, read during Carlist feasts and urging loyalty to Traditionalist values. He also pretended to headship of the Borbon-Parmas.
In the late 1940s the policy of Don Javier and Fal Conde, dubbed javierismo or falcondismo, was increasingly contested within the Comunión. The Sivattistas pressed for terminating the regency and for Don Javier to declare himself the king. They suspected that the overdue regency was an element of Don Javier’s policy towards Franco; according to them, the regent intended to ensure the crown for the Bourbon-Parma by means of appeasement rather than by means of open challenge. In particular they were enraged by allegedly ambiguous stand versus the proposed Francoist Ley de Sucesión, considering it an unacceptable backing of the regime. On the other hand, the possibilists were getting tired of what they perceived as ineffective intransigence and lack of legal outposts, recommending more flexible attitude. Especially following the 1949 news about Franco’s negotiations with Don Juan, Don Javier found himself under pressure to assume a more active stance.
Don Javier and Fal stuck to rigorous discipline and dismissed Sivatte from Catalan jefatura, though they also tried to reinvigorate Carlism by permitting individual participation in local elections, seeking a national daily or building up student and workers’ organizations. However, gradually also Fal was getting convinced that the regency was a burden rather than an asset. There were almost no calls to terminate it as initially envisioned by Alfonso Carlos, i.e. by staging a grand Carlist assembly, and there are no signs that Don Javier contemplated such an option; almost all voices called for him simply to assume monarchic rights himself. During the 1950 tour across Vascongadas and 1951 one across Levante he still tried to maintain low profile, but in 1952 Don Javier decided to bow to the pressure, apparently against his own will and considering it another cross to bear. During the Eucharistic Congress in Barcelona he issued a number of documents, including a manifesto to his followers and a letter to his son; in vague terms they referred to "assumption of royalty in succession of the last king", though also to pending "promulgation at the nearest opportunity" and with no mention about the regency.
King
Rather not a king (1952–1957)
The Carlist leaders were exhilarated and made sure that the Barcelona 1952 declaration, presented as end of the regency and commencing the rule of king Javier I, gets distributed across the party network; upon receiving the news, the rank and file got euphoric. However, the very next day Don Javier shared comments which put that understanding in doubt. When some time later approached by the Minister of Justice, he declared having signed no document and explained that his statement in no way implied he had proclaimed himself a king. These assurances did not work with the Francoist regime, and in a matter of hours Don Javier was promptly expelled from Spain.
The years of 1953–1954 provided a contrasting picture: the Carlist leaders boasted of having a new king, while Don Javier withdrew to Lignières, reducing his political activity to receiving guests and to correspondence. In private he played down what had already become known as "Acto de Barcelona", dubbing it "un toutté petite ceremonie". Carlist dissenters, temporarily silenced, started to be heard again. Don Javier seemed increasingly tired of his role and leaning towards a dynastical understanding with Don Juan. His brief early 1955 visit to Spain en route to Portugal fuelled angry rumors of forthcoming rapprochement with the Alfonsists as Don Javier made some ambiguous comments, named the 1952 statement "a grave error" and declared having been bullied into it. At this point relations between him and Fal reached the lowest point; Fal, attacked from all sides and feeling no royal support, resigned. According to some scholars, Don Javier sacked him in "a rather cowardly, backhand manner". Fal was soon replaced by a collegial executive. In late 1955 Don Javier issued a manifesto which declared the Carlists "custodians of patrimony" rather than political party seeking power and in private considered his royal claim a hindrance to alliance of all reasonable people. The year of 1956 proved convulsing, with a number of contradictory declarations following one another in circles; one episode cost Don Javier another expulsion from Spain.
The apparent stalemate was interrupted by emergence of a new force. The young Carlists, disappointed with vacillating Don Javier, focused on his oldest son Hugues instead. Entirely alien to politics and at the time pursuing PhD in economics in Oxford, he agreed to throw himself into the Spanish affairs. Don Javier consented to his 1957 appearance on the annual Montejurra gathering, where the young prince, guided by his equally young aides, made explicit references to "my father, the king". As prince Hugues was ignorant as to Carlism and he barely spoke Spanish, it seems that his father has never considered him own successor, eager rather to free himself and the entire family from the increasingly heavy Carlist burden. It is not clear what he thought about his son unexpectedly engaging in Spanish politics; perhaps he felt relieved having found a replacement or support. To many, it seemed that he "had given up prevaricating".
Rather a king (1957–1962)
Under leadership of José María Valiente and with the consent of Don Javier, the collegial Carlist executive commenced cautious collaboration with the regime. The young entourage decided to introduce Hugues as representing a new strategy and presenting an offer to Franco. According to another interpretation, Don Javier saw his son's involvement as an opportunity to consider new strategies for long-term gains, and changed course in the hope that the regime might one day crown the younger prince. Still another view was that the changing political course and the political coming of age of Hugues simply coincided. One way or another, starting in 1957 Don Javier gradually permitted his son to assume an increasing role within Carlism.
In the late 1950s Don Javier firmly abandoned any discussion of reconciliation with the Alfonsinos. He instructed that harsh measures be taken against those who approached them. However, he remained respectful towards Don Juan and avoided open challenge, He also stopped short of explicitly claiming the kingly title. He supported Valiente – his position gradually reinforced formally up to the new Jefe Delegado in 1958–1960 – in attempts to eradicate internal forces of rebellion against collaboration, and to combat new openly secessionist groups. Though 20 years earlier he expelled from the Comunión those who had accepted seats in Francoist structures, at the beginning of the sixties Don Javier viewed the appointment of five Carlists to the Cortes as the success of the collaborationist policy, especially because the Franco regime permitted new Carlist legal outposts, and the movement participated openly in the public discourse.
Another milestone came in 1961–62. First, in a symbolic gesture Don Javier declared Hugues "Duque de San Jaime", a historic title borne by Alfonso Carlos; then, he instructed his followers to envision the prince as the embodiment of "a king". Hugues, legally renaming himself "Carlos Hugo", settled in Madrid and set up his Secretariat, a personal advisory body. Yet for the first time in history, a Carlist heir officially lived in the capital and openly pursued his own politics. From this moment onwards, Don Javier was increasingly perceived as ceding daily business to his son and merely providing general supervision from the back seat. Carlos Hugo gradually took control of communication channels with his father, replacing him also as a key representative of the House of Bourbon-Parma in Spain. Moreover, the three daughters of Don Javier, all in their 20s, with apparent consent of their father engaged themselves in campaigns intended to enhance the standing of their brother with the Spanish public; the younger son of Don Javier, Sixte, soon followed suit.
King, the father (1962–1969)
Carlos Hugo and his aides embarked on an activist policy, launching new initiatives and ensuring that the young prince gets increasingly recognized in national media. In terms of political content the group started to advance heterodox theories, focused on society as means and objective of politics. In terms of strategy, until the mid-1960s it was formatted as advances towards the socially-minded, hard Falangist core; later it started to assume an increasingly Marxist flavor. Orthodox Traditionalists grew increasingly perturbed by Carlos Hugo's active political advances toward the socially-minded, hard Falangist core, which assumed an increasingly Marxist flavor. They tried to alert Don Javier. However, Don Javier gave them repeated assurances that he maintained full confidence in Carlos Hugo In 1967 Don Javier confirmed that nothing need be added to the Carlist dogma of "Dios, Patria, Fueros, Rey". Yet he also affirmed that new times required new practical concepts. He endorsed subsequent waves of structural changes, and declared some personal decisions. By the mid-1960s Don Javier allowed the Comunión in Carlos Hugo's control and that of his supporters. In the so-called Acto de Puchheim of 1965, for the first time Don Javier explicitly called himself "rey", and consistently claimed that title henceforth.
Such writers as Josep Carlos Clemente and Fermín Pérez-Nievas Borderas maintain that Don Javier was fully aware and entirely supportive of the transformation of Carlism triggered by Carlos Hugo, helped among others by Artur Juncosa Carbonell, intended as renovation of genuine Carlist thought and as shaking off Traditionalist distortions.
Another group of scholars claim that the aging Don Javier, at that time in his late 70s, was increasingly detached from Spanish issues and substantially unaware of the political course sponsored by Carlos Hugo. They argue that he was, perhaps, manipulated – and at later stages even incapacitated – by his son and two daughters, who intercepted incoming correspondence and re-edited their father's outgoing communications.
Another group of scholars largely refrain from interpretation, confining itself to referring readers to correspondence, declarations and statements.
As late as 1966 Don Javier continue to court Franco, but the years of 1967–1969 re-defined his relation with Carlism and with Spain. In 1967 he accepted the resignation of Valiente, the last Traditionalist bulwark in the executive, and entrusted political leadership of the Comunión to a set of collegial bodies dominated by hugocarlistas; the move marked their final victory in the struggle to control the organization.
In 1968 Carlos Hugo was expelled from Spain; In a gesture of support, a few days later Don Javier flew to Madrid and was promptly expelled – for the fifth time. This episode marked the end of an increasingly sour dialogue with the regime and the Carlist shift to unconditional opposition;
In 1969 the Alfonsist prince Juan Carlos de Borbón was officially introduced as the future king and successor to Franco; the ceremony marked the ultimate crash of the Bourbon-Parmas' hopes for the crown. When Franco died in 1975, Juan Carlos did indeed become king of Spain.
Old king, former king (1969–1977)
Resident mostly at Lignières, Don Javier withdrew, issuing sporadic manifestos, read by his son at Carlist gatherings.
In 1972 Don Javier suffered life-threatening injuries resulting from a traffic accident and formally transferred all political authority to Carlos Hugo. In 1974, upon the childless death of his half-nephew Prince Robert, Duke of Parma, Don Javier ascended as head of the Bourbon-Parmas and assumed the Duke of Parma title. On the one hand, he was in a position to enjoy family life; though his four younger children did not marry, the elder two did, the marriages producing eight grandchildren (born between 1960 and 1974). On the other hand, family relations were increasingly subject to political tension. While Carlos Hugo, Marie-Thérèse, Cécile and Marie des Neiges formed one team advancing the progressive agenda, the oldest daughter Françoise Marie, the youngest son Sixte, and their mother Madeleine opposed the bid. Sixte, in Spain known as Don Sixto, openly challenged his brother; he declared himself the standard-bearer of Traditionalism and started building his own organization.
In 1975 Don Javier abdicated as the Carlist king in favor of Carlos Hugo and according to a source, he would have expelled Sixto from Carlism for refusing to recognize the decision. It is not clear what his view on the commencing Spanish transición was; following the 1976 Montejurra events he lamented the dead, officially disowned the political views of Don Sixto and called for Carlist unity. However, in a private letter, Don Javier claimed that at Montejurra "the Carlists have confronted the revolutionaries", which has been interpreted as the followers of Don Sixto being the real Carlists according to Don Javier.
Early March 1977 proved convulsive. On Friday 4th, accompanied by his son Sixto, he was interviewed by the Spanish press and his responses showed Carlist orthodoxy. That same day he issued a declaration certified by a Paris notary objecting to his name being used to legitimize a "grave doctrinal error within Carlism", and implicitly disowned the political line promoted by Carlos Hugo. In order to justify that declaration, Carlos Hugo alerted the police that his father had been abducted by Sixto, an accusation which was denied publicly by Don Javier himself, who had to be hospitalized heavily affected by the scandal generated. Shortly afterwards Don Javier issued another declaration, certified by a different Paris notary, confirming his oldest son as "my only political successor and head of Carlism". Then it was Doña Madalena who declared that her husband had been taken by Carlos Hugo from hospital against medical advice and his own will, and that Carlos Hugo had threatened his father to obtain his signature on the second declaration. Eventually Don Javier was transferred to Switzerland, where he soon died. The widow blamed the oldest son and three daughters for his death.
Children
Princess Marie Françoise of Bourbon-Parma, born on (1928-08-19) 19 August 1928 (age 96), married Prince Edouard de Lobkowicz (1926–2010) and had issue.
Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma, 8 April 1930 – 18 August 2010(2010-08-18) (aged 80), married Princess Irene of the Netherlands (born 1939) and had issue.
Princess Marie Thérèse of Bourbon-Parma, 28 July 1933 – 26 March 2020(2020-03-26) (aged 86). Victim of COVID-19.
Princess Cécile Marie of Bourbon-Parma, 12 April 1935 – 1 September 2021(2021-09-01) (aged 86).
Princess Marie des Neiges of Bourbon-Parma, born on (1937-04-29) 29 April 1937 (age 87).
Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma, born on (1940-07-22) 22 July 1940 (age 84).
In fiction
The television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles presents Xavier (played by Matthew Wait) and his brother Sixtus (played by Benedict Taylor) as Belgian officers in World War I who help the young Indiana Jones.
Writings
La République de tout le monde, Paris: Amicitia, 1946
Les accords secrets franco-anglais de décembre 1940, Paris: Plon, 1949.
Les chevaliers du Saint-Sépulcre, Paris: A. Fayard, 1957.
Honours
Calabrian House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Calabrian Two Sicilian Order of Saint George
Belgium: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
Belgium: Croix de Guerre
France: Croix de Guerre
: Sovereign Knight of the Order of Prohibited Legitimacy
See also
In Spanish: Javier de Borbón-Parma para niños
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Zita of Bourbon-Parma
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Zita married the future emperor Karl I in 1911. Their eldest son was Otto Habsburg-Lorraine. Zita had a great influence over the decisions taken by her husband and played an important role in the Sixtus Affair of 1917, an attempt to end the World War for Austria-Hungary by means of a separate peace with the Allies. After the death of her husband on Madeira in 1922 she lived in
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Die Welt der Habsburger
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https://www.habsburger.net/en/persons/habsburg/zita-bourbon-parma
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HRH Prince Michel of Bourbon
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2018-07-10T01:58:00-07:00
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A prince who fled to America as the Nazis marched through France, only to join up with the US Army and parachute back into enemy territory;...
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http://aboutroyalty.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
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http://aboutroyalty.blogspot.com/2018/07/hrh-prince-michel-of-bourbon-parma-1926.html
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HRH Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma (1926-2018)
A prince who fled to America as the Nazis marched through France, only to join up with the US Army and parachute back into enemy territory; a prisoner of the Viet Minh and nearly left for dead; a complicated love life involving two princesses and twins who were acknowledged to be the children of another man - this characterized the unique life of HRH Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma, who passed away on July 7 aged 92.
Michel was undoubtedly one of the last princes of the "old school" generation of European royalty, those born before the Second World War in a time when royal status still held some luster, even if it was steadily fading. For Michel and his family, the fact that they belonged to a deposed royal house did not mean they were left in the dark when it came to inter-royal mingling. Michel was a first cousin of King Boris III of Bulgaria, a nephew of Empress Zita of Austria, a first cousin of the former Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg, brother-in-law of the late King Michael of Romania, son-in-law of the late King Umberto II of Italy, and second cousin of the Duke of Edinburgh. He came from indisputable royal stock, and yet he lived a life that would prove far more interesting and dynamic than most of his crowned contemporaries.
Born and raised in France, Prince Michel was the third child of Prince Rene of Bourbon-Parma and Princess Margaret of Denmark. His national identity proved somewhat complicated - as a scion of the Bourbon line that ruled over the small Italian duchy of Parma until 1859, he and his siblings were technically Italian royals. Yet his father (and his grandfather before him) raised the children to regard themselves as French, while their mother's background as a Danish princess led to erroneous reports in the press that they were in fact members of the Danish royal family.
Prince Michael with his parents, brothers Jacques and Andre, and sister Anne.
When Michel was fourteen, his family left France as Nazi Germany came marching in. Upon escaping to America, Michel's parents entered the work force to keep the bills paid, and his elder sister Anne even found employment as a clerk for a Macy's department store in New York City. With his father's approval, 17-year-old Michel returned to Europe with the US Army and was part of a parachute squadron to land in occupied France behind enemy lines. After the end of World War II, Michel went into service in French Indochina (today Vietnam), where he was captured by the Viet Minh. During eleven months of imprisonment, Michel was tortured, beaten, nearly starved, and watched dozens of his fellow prisoners die before a ceasefire between the French and the Vietnamese enabled his release.
Prince Michel and his first wife, Yolande.
The harrowing years at war prompted Michel to leave the army, and he indulged himself in that favorite past time of idle royalty - race cars. He made a considerable fortune in business and used his royal connections to gain French contracts with the Shah of Iran.
Michel's romantic life proved to be just as colorful. In 1951, he married the French aristocrat Princess Yolande de Broglie-Revel, with whom he had five children - Princess Ines of Bourbon-Parma, Prince Erik of Bourbon-Parma, Princess Sybil of Bourbon-Parma, Princess Victoire of Bourbon-Parma, and Prince Charles-Emmanuel of Bourbon-Parma. The year before his marriage, Michel fathered a daughter out of wedlock, Amelie, whom he legally acknowledged in 1997.
His marriage to Princess Yolande proved complicated, and they separated in 1966. Michel had begun an affair with another princess, albeit one who, unlike his wife who was merely nobility, was thoroughly royal -- Maria Pia of Savoy.
Princess Maria Pia of Italy with her two sets of twins. The younger twins are generally
regarded to be the biological offspring of Maria Pia and Prince Michel of
Bourbon-Parma, though Maria Pia's first husband, Prince
Alexander of Yugoslavia, legally acknowledged them as his own.
Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, or of Italy, was the eldest daughter of King Umberto II and Queen Marie Jose of Italy. Exiled after the expulsion of the Italian monarchy in 1946, Maria Pia entered into a suitably royal marriage with Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia, a cousin of that country's deposed King Peter II. Maria Pia had given birth to twin sons by Alexander - Princes Dimitri and Michael - but the marriage had its issues, and she eventually strayed from her husband and engaged in an affair with Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma.
Prince Michel and Princess Maria Pia in later years.
Maria Pia would give birth to another set of twins - Prince Serge and Princess Helene of Yugoslavia - in 1963. They were legally acknowledged as the children of Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia and thus bore his title and membership in his royal house. However, Maria Pia and Michel had already begun their affair by this time, and it is an open secret that Serge and Helene are, in fact, the biological offspring of Michel. Alexander of Yugoslavia acknowledged the twins as his legal children, but he never had a close relationship with them and by most accounts never treated them as his own.
Maria Pia and Alexander divorced in 1967, while Michel and Yolande remained legally married until 1999. After decades together, Michel and Maria Pia finally married in 2003.
Prince Michel's sister, Queen Anne of Romania,
and her husband, King Michael of Romania
Prince Michel was the last surviving member of his immediate family. His father died in 1962 and his mother in 1992. His eldest brother, Prince Jacques of Bourbon-Parma, was killed in a car accident in 1964. His youngest brother, Prince Andre of Bourbon-Parma, died in 2011. His only sister, Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, was married to the exiled King Michael of Romania, who died in December 2017. Queen Anne passed away in 2016 and was granted a semi-state funeral in Bucharest.
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Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma obituary
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2018-07-19T23:01:00+00:00
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The London wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip of Greece in November 1947 led to one of the largest gatherings of European royalty. Standing in the back row of one of the official photographs is Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma, a kinsman of the groom.Only months earlier Bourbon had been
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https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/prince-michel-of-bourbon-parma-obituary-tm5hfp2b8
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The London wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip of Greece in November 1947 led to one of the largest gatherings of European royalty. Standing in the back row of one of the official photographs is Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma, a kinsman of the groom.
Only months earlier Bourbon had been languishing in a prison camp in French Indo-China (Vietnam), having parachuted into the country with French forces on August 28, 1945.
The previous year he had done much the same with American forces behind enemy lines in Nazi-occupied France as part of Operation Jedburgh. There he sabotaged German military vehicles, planted explosives on trains and learnt to rig a lavatory so that it would blow up when flushed by the enemy.
In Vietnam, however,
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x.com
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H.R.H. Prince Félix of Bourbon-Parma
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Site officiel de la famille grand-ducale luxembourgeoise, le rôle de Chef de l'Etat du Grand-Duc.
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https://monarchie.lu/en/monarchy/former-sovereigns/hrh-grand-duchess-charlotte/hrh-prince-felix-bourbon-parma
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Félix Marie Vincent of Bourbon was the sixth of twelve children, the son of the last exiled Duke Robert of Parma of the House of Bourbon, who reigned until 1860, and his second wife, Duchess Maria Antonia of Braganza, Infanta of Portugal, younger sister of Grand Duchess Maria Ana.
Prince Félix attended boarding schools in Austria and England, where he obtained his baccalaureate in 1913.
During World War I, he completed his military service in Austria with two of his brothers, while his other two brothers were active in the Belgian army. As a first lieutenant, Prince Félix saved his brother-in-law, Emperor Charles of Austria, from drowning in 1917.
After he got engaged to Princess Charlotte in November 1918, he gave up his service as a cavalry captain in the Austrian army.
Several international developments, which were to be seen as the first signs of World War II, prompted Prince Félix to start planning for a possible exile of the Grand Ducal Family in 1939. He established the first contacts with President Roosevelt. In consultation with Foreign Minister Joseph Bech, he prepared the establishment of a Luxembourg legation in Washington.
On 10 May 1940, he followed the Grand Duchess and the Luxembourg Government into exile via France and Spain to Portugal. In July, Prince Félix went to the United States with his six children. The Grand Duchess joined them in October before the Family moved to Montreal, Canada, in December, where the Princes and Princesses stayed and continued their studies. In August 1941, the Grand Duchess and Prince Félix flew to London and settled there for the duration of the war. Good relations with the United States were consolidated, inter alia through several receptions organised by President Roosevelt at the White House in 1942.
In 1942, Prince Félix and the Crown Prince decided to join the British army as volunteers to fight with the Allies to liberate Luxembourg. From November 1942 onwards, Prince Félix served in the Northern Command of the British Army. In May 1944, he was appointed head of the Luxembourg military mission to the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Forces.
After the Allied landings in Normandy, Prince Félix took part in the liberation of Paris and on 10 September 1944 in the liberation of Luxembourg City. During the Battle of the Bulge, he remained in Luxembourg and assisted the Allies in the defence of the country.
On 14 April 1945, he accompanied the Grand Duchess on her triumphant return to Luxembourg. The Grand Ducal Family moved to Fischbach Castle. Prince Félix was entrusted with the duties of Inspector General of the new Luxembourg Army from 1945 to 1967. From 1947 onwards, he accompanied the Grand Duchess on numerous official visits abroad, the last of which were a visit to the United States and a State visit to Paris in 1963.
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https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/duke-charles-iii-of-parma/
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Duke Charles III of Parma
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Posts about Duke Charles III of Parma written by liamfoley63
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en
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European Royal History
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https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/duke-charles-iii-of-parma/
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The royal family lived in what is now 22 (then 21) Regent Terrace in Edinburgh until 1833 when the former king chose to move to Prague as a guest of Marie-Thérèse’s cousin, Emperor Franz I of Austria.
They moved into luxurious apartments in Prague Castle. Later, the royal family left Prague and moved to the estate of Count Coronini near Gorizia, which was then Austrian but is in Italy today. Marie-Thérèse devotedly nursed her uncle through his last illness in 1836, when he died of cholera.
Her husband Prince Louis Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Angoulême died in 1844 and was buried next to his father. Marie-Thérèse then moved to Schloss Frohsdorf, a baroque castle just outside Vienna, where she spent her days taking walks, reading, sewing and praying.
Her nephew, Prince Henri de Bourbon, who now styled himself as the Count of Chambord, and his sister, Princess Louise de Bourbon of Artois, wife of Charles III, Duke of Parma; joined Princess Marie-Thérèse there.
In 1848, King Louis Philippe’s reign ended in a revolution and, for the second time, France became a Republic.
Death
Marie-Thérèse died of pneumonia on October 19, 1851, three days after the fifty-eighth anniversary of her mother’s execution. She was buried next to her father-in-law, King Charles X, and her husband, Prince Louis Antoine, in the crypt of the Franciscan monastery church of Castagnavizza in Görz, then in Austria, now Kostanjevica in the Slovenian city of Nova Gorica. Marie-Thérèse had remained a devout Roman Catholic.
Later, her nephew Prince Henri, the Count of Chambord, last male member of the senior line of the House of Bourbon; his wife, the Countess of Chambord (formerly the Archduchess Marie-Thérèse of Austria-Este, daughter of Francis IV, Duke of Modena and his wife, Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy); and the count’s only sister, Louise, Duchess of Parma, were also laid to rest in the crypt in Görz.
The famous antiquarian the Duke of Blacas was also buried there in honor of his dutiful years of service as a minister to Louis XVIII and Charles X.
Marie-Thérèse is described on her gravestone as the “Queen Dowager of France”, a reference to her husband’s claim as King Louis XIX of France.
On Sunday 26 March 1854, around 4:00 p.m, Charles left the Riserva Palace to take a walk on the streets of Parma, as he used to do every afternoon. He was accompanied only by an aide-de-camp, Count Bacinetti. During his walk, he saw his wife, Duchess Louise, who was sitting in a carriage, listening to an open-air concert in a square of Parma. They waved to each other politely.
At 5:45 the Duke was returning to his palace; while he was passing by the Church of Santa Lucia, he stopped for a moment to ask about the identity of a pretty girl whom he had just seen in an upper window across the street. He was making the inquiry and saluting two soldiers, who walked by him, when he was attacked from behind by two men who were trailing him.
One of them knocked the Duke violently and stabbed him deep in the stomach with a triangular blade. Everything happened so fast that Charles initially did not realize what had just transpired and seconds later gasping he said, “My God, I’m done for. They have stabbed me”. In the confusion, the two assailants escaped running in opposite directions and mixing with the crowd.
The wounded Duke fell on the ground in a pool of blood with the blade still in his stomach. He was lifted up, and held by his arms and legs. He was carried back to the palace. He made no complaints as his doctors treated his wound, which was deep. He asked if they thought his life was in danger.
They lied assuring him that it was not and he passed out. In moments of lucidity, the Duke, realizing the seriousness of his condition repeated: “I am preparing myself for a long journey”. The Duke received the last rites and was able to see his wife and their children for a last time. After atrocious suffering, which he endured bravely, he died the following evening, March 27 at 5:30 p.m. He was thirty-one years old.
Charles’s body was buried in the Cappella della Macchia near Viareggio. His heart was placed in an urn in the crypt of the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata in Parma.
When her husband was murdered Louise Marie Thèrésa served as regent for their young son, the new duke, Robert I. Like the other rulers of the Central Italian states, she and her son were ousted during the Franco-Austrian War of 1859, and they retired to Austrian protection in Venice.
Various schemes following the war, either for her and her son’s restoration in Parma, or territorial swaps which might leave them ruling over Tuscany, Modena, or the Romagna, came to nothing, as the whole of central Italy was annexed by Piedmont in March 1860. Louise Marie Thèrésa lived out the remainder of her life in exile.
Death
Louise died on February 1, 1864, aged 44, in the Palazzo Giustinian in Venice. She was buried in her grandfather Charles X’s crypt at the Franciscan monastery Kostanjevica in Görz, Austria (now Nova Gorica, Slovenia).
Other members of the French Royal Family buried there include her brother Henri, Count of Chambord, her aunt Marie Thérèse of France, and her uncle Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême.
Louise Marie Thèrésa had been described at that time as a pretty blonde, fair complexioned with golden hair and blue eyes, but not very tall. She was reserved, cold, insensitive and lacked charm.
Her son, Robert I, Duke of Parma, (July 9, 1848 – November 16, 1907): married his cousin Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies on April 5, 1869. She was the daughter of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and his wife, Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, the eldest daughter of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen and Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg.
Her paternal grandparents were Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Luisa of Spain. Her maternal grandparents were Friedrich Wilhelm of Nassau-Weilburg and his wife Burgravine Louise Isabelle of Kirchberg.
Robert I, Duke of Parma, and Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies had twelve children.
Duke Robert remarried Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal on October 1884, daughter of the deposed King Miguel I of Portugal and his wife, Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. Maria Antonia was his second cousin once removed, as her paternal grandmother (Charlotte of Spain) and Robert’s paternal great-grandmother (Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain) were siblings, both being children of Carlos IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma.
Duke Robert and Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal also had twelve children.
Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma was the seventeenth child of Robert I, Duke of Parma, and his second wife, Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, and thus a granddaughter of Princess Louise Marie Thèrésa d’Artois, Duchess of Parma.
Princess Zita married the then Archduke Charles of Austria in 1911. Charles became heir presumptive to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary in 1914 after the assassination of his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, and acceded to the throne in 1916 after the elderly emperor’s death.
Marriage
In 1832, King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, brother of Carolina of the Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry, had proposed to marry his younger brother, Prince Antonio, Count of Lecce who was 16 years old, to Louise Marie Thérèse d’Artois who was then 13. The plans fizzled.
Prince Antonio quickly became known for his restless behavior. By age sixteen in 1832, he was already a consummate womanizer. The marriage negotiation failed as Princess Carolina, the Duchess of Angoulême opposed the union.
Princess Carolina, the Duchess of Angoulême also discarded the idea of marrying her niece to any Austrian Archduke. She was adamant that Louise Marie Thèrésa should marry a Bourbon. As there were very few princes to choose from, Louise Marie Thèrésa reached twenty-five still unmarried and at an advanced age for a single Princess of her time.
Finally in 1845, Princess Carolina, the Duchess of Angoulême arranged her marriage to Hereditary Prince Charles Louis of Lucca, the future Duke Charles III of Parma.
A few years younger than Louise Marie Thèrésa, Charles Louis used to spend some summers near Froshdorf and they had met when they were still children.
Charles III, Duke of Parma, was born at the Villa delle Pianore near Lucca on 14 January 1823, the only son of Charles Louis, Prince of Lucca, (later Duke of Lucca, and Duke Charles II of Parma) and his wife Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy (daughter of King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia and his wife, Archduchess Maria Teresa of Austria-Este herself the daughter of the daughter of Archduke Ferdinand Charles of Austria-Este, and Maria Beatrice d’Este, Duchess of Massa.
He was given the baptismal names Ferdinand Charles Victor Joseph Maria Baldassarre. Until his accession as Duke of Parma in 1849, he was called Ferdinand Charles or Ferdinand. His family called him Danduccio.
At the death of his grandmother, Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca, on March 13, 1824, Ferdinand Charles became the Hereditary Prince of Lucca.
Hereditary Prince Ferdinand Charles of Lucca, the future Duke Charles III of Parma was a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma, a sub-branch of the House of Bourbon-Spain, itself originally a branch of the House of Bourbon, and thus of the Capetian Dynasty and earlier a descendent of the Robertians.
Duke Charles III’s patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son. It follows the Dukes of Parma as well as the Kings of Spain, France, and Navarre. The line can be traced back more than 1,200 years from Robert of Hesbaye to the present day, through Kings of France & Navarre, Spain and Two-Sicilies, Dukes of Parma and Grand-Dukes of Luxembourg, Princes of Orléans and Emperors of Brazil. It is one of the oldest in Europe.
On November 10, 1845, at Schloss Frohsdorf in Austria, Louise Marie Thèrésa married Hereditary Prince Ferdinand Charles of Lucca.
The Duchy of Lucca was incorporated in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and she and her husband became known as Hereditary Prince and Hereditary Princess of Parma.
In December 1847, at the death of Empress Marie Louise, his father became the reigning Duke Charles II of Parma. His reign in Parma as Duke Charles II was brief. He was ill-received by his new subjects and within a few months he was ousted by a revolution.
Empress Marie Louise was the eldest child of Franz II, Holy Roman Emperor and Emperor of Austria, and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily. She was also the second wife of was Napoleon Bonaparte , Emperor of the French, and as such was the Empress of the French and Queen of Italy from their marriage on April 1, 1810 until his abdication on April 6, 1814.
In August 1848 the Austrian army entered Parma, and officially restored Duke Charles II. Ferdinand Charles and his wife Princess Louise Marie Thèrésa and family, however, remained in England, since hostilities continued between the Austrian and Piedmontese armies. For several years Charles II had considered abdicating in favor of Ferdinand Charles, but he delayed in the hope that when he did so things would be more secure for his son.
On April 9, the regency transformed into a provisional government. Only four months after regaining the throne of his ancestors, Charles II was forced to flee from Italy, finding refuge in the castle of Weistropp in Saxony. On April 19, 1848, Charles abdicated in favor of his son, living in exile in Great Britain.
Duke Charles III owed his throne to the support of Austrian troops. He placed Parma under martial law, inflicted heavy penalties on the members of the late provisional government, closed the university, and instituted a regular policy of persecution. His authoritarian policies made him unpopular.
His arbitrary decisions destroyed the respect that his subjects had for him and his dynasty and he became unpopular. By 1853 there were rumors of plots to remove him from power.
His personal life was also in turmoil. He grew apart from his wife, Princess Louise Marie Thèrésa, Duchess of Parma who became exceedingly fat. The Duchess was a sharp-tongued woman who liked having her way through intrigues and the force of her personality.
The rift between husband and wife grew when Charles III openly began an affair with Countess Emma Guadagni (1829–1866), a sister-in-law of the Austrian general governor of Trento. They met in Florence in February 1852, while Charles III was a guest of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
In a semi-official visit to Queen Isabella II of Spain in December 1853, Charles III took his mistress with him, bringing about the final breakdown of his marriage. In mid February 1854, Charles III returned to Parma.
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https://kimberlycook.me/podcast/podcast-32-blessed-karl-and-zita-of-austria/
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Podcast #32: Blessed Karl and Zita of Austria
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https://kimberlycook.me/podcast/podcast-32-blessed-karl-and-zita-of-austria/
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Emperor of Peace
On June 28, 1914 Charles became heir to the throne of the Austro‑Hungarian Empire , following the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand. He would be the last Emperor of the Austria-Hungarian Empire.
Charles approached his royal duty as a way to follow Christ, showing love and care to the peoples entrusted to him, and in dedicating his life to them.
He placed the most sacred duty of a king – a commitment to peace – at the center of his preoccupations during the course of WWI and was the only political leader to support Benedict XV’s peace efforts.
Two attempts to re-establish authority in Hungry failed after the war. Wishing above all to avoid civil war, Charles was exiled to the island of Madeira, but since he considered his duty as a mandate from God, he could not abdicate his office.
Karl and Zita were reduced to poverty, and they lived in exile until he fell fatally ill. Accepting an early death in exile as a sacrifice for the peace and unity of his peoples, Karl forgave all those who conspired against him and died on April 1, 1922 with his eyes turned toward the Holy Sacrament. On his deathbed he repeated the motto of his life: “I strive always in all things to understand as clearly as possible and follow the will of God, and this in the most perfect way”.
Zita of Austria-Hungry
Born May 9, 1892, Zita was the last Empress. She is said to have had an energetic personality, unbending will, and superior intellect. She accompanied and influenced her husband in many important decisions, but above all, they clung to a unity in their shared Catholic faith. When Karl’s peace initiative failed, Zita was vilified as a traitor by German Nationalists because of her Bourbon descent. She went with her husband into exile and was his greatest support throughout. After his death, Zita raised their eight children and defended their dynastic rights.
“Thanks to her authority, the former empress became the central figure in the Habsburg-Lorraine family in the difficult times after the loss of the crown.
During the Second World War, which she spent in exile in Canada, she became an influential advocate for the restoration of Austria’s independence, but after 1945 she mainly focused her energies on the beatification process for her late husband.
Reconciliation with the Republic of Austria was finally achieved in 1982, when the former empress, who had been denied entry to Austria, was allowed to set foot on Austrian soil for the first time again on the initiative of Federal Chancellor Bruno Kreisky.
Zita died on 14 March 1989 in Zizers at the age of 96. She was interred according to Habsburg dynastic tradition in the crypt of the Church of the Capuchin Friars in Vienna. However, her heart was buried in the new Habsburg family crypt at Muri Abbey in the northern Swiss canton of Aargau, in keeping with her last wishes as recorded in her will.”
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https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Bourbon-134
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Louise Élisabeth (Bourbon) Bourbon-Parma (1727-1759)
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1727-08-14T00:00:00
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Is this your ancestor? Compare DNA and explore genealogy for Élisabeth (Bourbon) Bourbon-Parma born 1727 Palace of Versailles, Versailles, Île-de-France, France died 1759 Palace of Versailles, Versailles, Île-de-France, France including ancestors + descendants + 2 photos + 1 genealogist comments + DNA connections + more in the free family tree community.
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https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Bourbon-134
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Ancestors Descendants
Profile last modified 19 Sep 2022 | Created 1 Oct 2014
This page has been accessed 1,766 times.
Biography
Louise Élisabeth de France (Marie Louise Élisabeth; 14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) was the eldest daughter of King Louis XV of France and his Queen consort, Maria, and the elder twin sister of Anne Henriette de France. As the daughter of the king, she was a Daughter of France (fille de France). She married Infante Philip, younger son of Philip V of Spain, and later became Duchess of Parma. In secondary sources she is referred to also as "Louise Élisabeth of France".
Her prospective engagement to the Infante Philip of Spain was announced at court in February 1739, when she was eleven years old. Philip was the third son of Louis XV's uncle, Philip V d'Anjou, King of Spain, and of his second wife, Elizabeth of Parma. Through his mother, he inherited the Duchy of Parma and with his wife founded the House of Bourbon-Parma.
This engagement followed a tradition dating back to 1559 of cementing military and political alliances between the Catholic powers of France and Spain with royal marriages. Despite this and the fact that Philip was her father's first cousin, the announcement of the marriage agreement was not well received at the French court, as there was little chance that Philip would become King of Spain.
The twelve-year-old Élisabeth was married by proxy on 26 August 1739, not having met her future husband beforehand. Afterwards, she was known as Madame Infante at the court of Louis XV.
She met her nineteen-year-old husband some thirty kilometers northeast of Madrid, at Alcalá de Henares, where the marriage ceremony took place on 25 October 1739.
Élisabeth returned to France again in September 1757, to arrange the marriage of her daughter Isabella to the Archduke Joseph of Austria, the future Emperor Joseph II, which took place in 1760.
King Ferdinand VI of Spain died without an heir in August 1759 and was succeeded by his younger (and Philip's older) brother Carlos, who became Charles III of Spain.
Élisabeth fell ill while she was at Versailles, and died of smallpox on 6 December 1759 and was buried on 27 March 1760 at Saint-Denis Basilica beside her twin, Henriette. Their tombs were desecrated in 1793, during the French Revolution.[1]
Sources
↑ Wikipedia:Louise_Élisabeth_of_France
Sanger, Ernest, Isabelle de Bourbon-Parme: la Princesse et la Mort, Racine, Brussels, 2002.
Zieliński, Ryszard, Polka na francuskim tronie Czytelnik, 1978.
Louise Élisabeth of France on Find A Grave: Memorial #84602185 Retrieved Sälgö-1 06:49, 19 January 2017 (EST).
See also:
This WikiTree profile is referenced from Wikidata: Item Q230868, en:Wikipedia
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https://girlinthetiara.com/archduchess-maria-anna-of-austrias-tiara/
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Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria’s Tiara
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2019-03-18T18:43:50+00:00
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In November of 2018, Sotheby's auctioned off Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria's tiara. But who was she? Turns out, her story is fascinating.
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en
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The Girl in the Tiara
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https://girlinthetiara.com/archduchess-maria-anna-of-austrias-tiara/
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Meet Maria Anna, the Austrian archduchess who got to wear Marie Antoinette’s jewels…and had one hell of collection of her own.
File Under: Tiaras
Download as: PDF
Want me to read this post to you?
On November 13, 2018, Sotheby’s auctioned off over 100 jewels from the Bourbon-Parma family. One diamond tiara had been a wedding present from Emperor Franz Josef of Austria to his great-niece, Archduchess Maria Anna. It sold for 250,000 CHF to a buyer who was not me.
No time to read a long-ass post, no matter how interesting it is?
Watch the 10-minute video summary instead!
The star of the show that night was Marie Antoinette’s pearl and diamond pendant, which sold for a mind-boggling 36,427,000 CHF. But I found myself wondering more about Maria Anna. Who was she? Why hadn’t I seen any pictures of her if she had such a fantastic jewel collection at her disposal?
So I did what any self-respecting royal researcher would do. I told everyone else to get lost until I had an answer.
The Tiara
Maria Anna’s tiara was created by Köchert, the Austrian court jeweler, around 1900. Emperor Franz Josef gave it to her when she married Prince Elias of Bourbon-Parma.
It’s kind of a weird looking tiara, to be honest:
According to the auction catalog, these are circular-cut diamonds pave- and collet-set into a foliate scroll setting. The central cluster and side motifs are detachable, in case you’re too busy to do your hair but still want to rock an assload of diamonds. Snap those puppies off, pin ‘em to a lapel, and you’re good to go.
In her jewel ledger, Maria Anna called it “a small diamond tiara or bandeau” (Sothebys.com). Even she didn’t know what to make of it, apparently.
This tiara appears in an extremely rare book of Köchert jewelry designs. This design is dated 1901, with a note that it was made for Franz Josef. But Maria Anna and Elias didn’t get engaged until 1902, so we know this tiara definitely wasn’t designed for Maria Anna. We don’t know if it was made as soon as it was designed, or if the drawing sat around until Franz Josef (or, let’s be real, someone on his staff) picked it out for Maria Anna.
If you want a copy of that Köchert book, be prepared to cash in some stock options. They only printed 150 copies, and the one on eBay will set you back $4,800 plus $20 for shipping. (Side note: You can’t get free shipping on a book that costs almost five grand? Seriously?) Before you sell a vital organ, there are copies in the Getty Research Institute, the Library of Congress…and, of all places, the Cleveland public library.
You’re welcome.
Meet Maria Anna
Now that you’ve seen the tiara, let’s see what we can dig up about its owner.
Maria Anna was born on January 6, 1882 in Linz, a city in northern Austria. The astronomer Johannes Kepler had once been a teacher there, and a few hundred years later, Adolph Hitler would spend his childhood here. He liked the place so much he later decided to build his Führermuseum there. Eww.
Mom and Dad had been crossing their fingers for a boy, but Maria Anna joined her older sister Maria Christina in the nursery while her parents went back to the baby-making drawing board…er, bed. Let’s meet them, shall we?
Meet the Parents
Maria Anna’s dad, Archduke Friedrich, was the heir to the duchy of Teschen and a crap-ton of property in Hungary. Never heard of the duchy of Teschen? That’s okay; I hadn’t either. It was a Habsburg possession in Eastern Europe. Today, the city of Cieszyn (Teschen) straddles the borders of modern-day Poland and the Czech Republic.
Friedrich’s Uncle Albrecht, the duke of Teschen, had no sons to inherit his lands and properties. Friedrich knew an opportunity when he saw one. His own father had died relatively young at the age of 56 in 1874, so he dropped a massive hint that Albrecht should adopt him and make him his heir. Albrecht agreed. In an instant, Friedrich stood poised to inherit a fortune that would make him richer than the emperor. Nice work if you can get it, right?
But this dude wasn’t all work and no play. It goes without saying that every Austrian archduke joined the army. But his parents had also insisted he take up a trade, so he learned carpentry. In his spare time, he played five instruments and wrote love songs. With those mutton chops, it’s like he’s a ready-made hipster, if hipsters owned, like, half of Hungary.
Croÿ Me a River
In 1878, Friedrich went to Belgium to visit his cousin, the queen. There, he met Princess Isabella of Croÿ-Dulmen. According to the Marquise de Fontenoy, he fell in love so fast he proposed just a few days after meeting her. Most accounts describe theirs as a true love match. Later, however, in a New York Times article, Frederick Cunliffe-Owen (the Marquise de Fontenoy’s husband) would call Isabella “the most designing young woman at King Leopold’s Court” (3 January 1926).
Whether Isabella set out to seduce Friedrich or not, the point is that it happened. And once it did, she knew she was Samantha Baker getting noticed by Jake Ryan.
There was just one problem.
The Croÿs were noble but not royal. Oh, they’d tell you they were descended from a handful of medieval kings and saints, but as Janet Jackson said, “What have you done for me lately?”
This was a HUGE DEALBREAKER for the Habsburgs, who routinely married cousins because no one with a different last name could measure up. Brides had to be royal, period, no exceptions, final sale, no refund.
But Friedrich had an ace up his sleeve. He called his fairy godfather, Uncle Albrecht, who convinced Emperor Franz Josef to unclench for, like, five seconds. Long story short, Friedrich got his way. In 1878, he married Isabella in the Croÿ family’s Chateau de l’Hermitage, shown below.
This marriage did not go over well with the rest of the Austrian royal family. They hated the fact that Isabella—a freaking nobody—was now one of the highest-ranking women in the empire. So they talked smack and dissed her in public every chance they got.
It was a humiliation Isabella absorbed to the very marrow of her bones. Before long, she channeled Dee Snider and decided she wasn’t gonna take it anymore.
When Friedrich’s military command took him to Pressburg (now Bratislava), Isabella flipped Vienna the bird. The couple rented Grassalkovich Palace and never looked back. Pressburg would remain their primary residence until 1905. Today, that palace is where the president of Slovakia throws all his shindigs.
Growing Up Royal
While in Pressburg, Friedrich rose through the military ranks and Isabella rose through society’s ranks. She hosted visiting dignitaries, local nobility, and royals, including Friedrich’s sister Maria Christina, the queen of Spain.
She also started popping out babies. The first, Maria Christina, arrived a year after the wedding in 1879.
When Maria Anna arrived in 1882, Friedrich and Isabella were probably a little disappointed, but a second daughter wasn’t the end of the world.
What probably did feel like the end of the world was the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth daughters that arrived next.
Isabella must have been losing her ever-loving mind. But she and Friedrich kept calm and got their groove on…and at age 41, she finally produced their longed-for son, Albrecht, long after everyone else had given up.
He joined Maria Christina, Maria Anna, Maria Henrietta, Natalie, Gabriella, Isabella, and Maria Alice. Another sister, Stephanie, had died at age four in 1890. One year later, Natalie would die at age 14, leaving Albrecht with six living sisters. Here they are in 1898:
Unrelated note: Look at Maria Anna’s hair (second from left)…this girl has a head of hair like no one’s business, perhaps rivaled only by Crown Princess Cecilie of Prussia. There’ll be more pictures later. Stay tuned.
Growing up, the girls probably didn’t see their father very often. Friedrich spent lots of time with the army instead of with his family. Sources hint this was often by choice, since Isabella wasn’t the easiest person to get along with. One lady-in-waiting later described her as “self righteous” and “not easy to serve” (King & Woolmans, 41).
I don’t know if the kids noticed how hard their mom was on everyone, or wondered why their dad was gone so often.
If they did, they seem to have taken it in stride. They all looked happy and comfortable in the photos I saw in Ein Photoalbum aus dem Hause Habsburg. For example, there’s a picture of a family afternoon in the music room, with Friedrich on the drums and Isabella on the zither. They were outdoors a lot, too, hiking and hunting and boating.
Of course, growing up royal didn’t mean you were completely sheltered from the outside world. Sometimes, something so earth-shattering happened that there was no hiding it, even from kids.
On January 30, 1889, Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, the heir to the throne, died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head – after killing his teenage mistress, Baroness Mary Vetsera, in a suicide pact.
While the effect on Maria Anna and her family was minimal at the time, this was one of those “butterfly effect” moments that would change the course of world history.
The Sophie Chotek Scandal
In 1888, Maria Anna’s mom, Isabella, added a new lady-in-waiting to her staff: an impoverished Bohemian aristocrat named Sophie Chotek.
A few years later, when her oldest daughter was just hitting the marriage market, Isabella decided she wanted Sophie to help Maria Christina land a husband. And not just any husband…Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne.
Isabella invited the tubercular, mustachioed Franz Ferdinand to a string of hunting parties at their country houses, where he was supposed to fall head over heels for the teenage Maria Christina.
There was just one problem.
Franz Ferdinand fell in love with Sophie instead.
Isabella must have been waiting for the infatuation to burn itself out, at which point Franz Ferdinand would realize what a good little empress Maria Christina would make.
But that’s not what happened—not by a long shot.
One day in 1899, Isabella’s servant handed her some stuff Franz Ferdinand had left behind after a recent stay. One of the items was a pocket watch, the kind men often used to hold pictures of their beloved.
Isabella couldn’t resist.
She opened it, expecting to see her daughter’s face looking back at her.
Nope.
It was Sophie.
Isabella went into beast mode. All the humiliation she’d felt as a bride came rushing back to her…except this time, it was on behalf of her daughter. In her mind, Maria Christina had been cruelly snubbed by that dickwad Franz Ferdinand.
Supposedly, she called a staff meeting and ripped into Sophie in front of everyone. At the end, she pulled a Donald Trump and told Sophie, “You’re fired.”
But firing Sophie wasn’t enough to make her feel better. She needed to destroy her. Remember those old cartoons, where Bugs Bunny gets mad and says, “Of course you know this means war”?
That’s what happened here.
Franz Ferdinand married Sophie in 1900. For the next fourteen years, Isabella would do everything in her power to belittle and ostracize her. For possibly the first time in her life at court, Isabella was at the cool kids’ table, joining with the other archduchesses in tormenting the new arrival.
Maria Anna was sixteen when the scandal broke. She must have known what was happening, especially since it involved her own sister. I leave it to you to decide what effect that would have on a teenager.
The Hofball: Imperial Vienna’s BFD
On January 6, 1900, Maria Anna turned eighteen, the traditional age for girls to “come out” into society.
She made her debut at the yearly court ball (hofball), the first since Empress Elisabeth had been assassinated in 1898. When you debuted, you were presented to the empress (or, if she was assassinated, the senior ranking woman of the family), after which you could mix and mingle in polite society. It’s like the debutante ball in Gossip Girl times a thousand.
That year, there were three very important debutantes: Elisabeth (the dead Rudolph’s daughter), Margaret (the Duke of Tuscany’s daughter), and Maria Anna.
Unlike other balls, the hofball included people who weren’t royal (gasp). Invitations went out to diplomats, nobles, churchmen, politicians, and soldiers of the Vienna garrison. As a non-royal, it was your one shot to give your friends the vapors by telling them you’d love to Netflix and chill, but you had to swing by the Hofburg first.
That night, Maria Anna and 2,000 other party guests descended on the palace’s great ballroom, the Redoutensaal. It had been retrofitted for electric lights, illuminating the giant mirrors that ran the length of the ballroom. Today, this room holds 750 people, so I’m guessing that with 2,000, you were basically in a fancy mosh pit sans deodorant.
Here’s how it worked.
The doors opened at 8pm for the non-royal guests, who mingled freely until the imperial family arrived. Maria Anna and her parents waited with the rest of the imperial family in an antechamber until the Grand Master of the Court (Obersthofmeister) told the emperor that everyone had arrived. Then the family lined up in order of precedence and said a few words of welcome to the gathered diplomatic corps—this chitchat took about an hour.
At 9:30 pm sharp, Grand Master Flash (I’m calling him that and you can’t stop me) led the royals into the ballroom. Again, they marched two by two, in order of precedence. On this night, Emperor Franz Josef escorted the Duchess of Cumberland (Thyra, sister of Russian empress Maria Feodorovna and Britain’s Princess Alexandra of Wales).
Once the royal procession was over, musicians began to play. You were meant to dance, but it was hard to bust a move without bumping into anyone. If you were a cardinal or a diplomat, you might skip the dancing and head straight for the emperor to say hi or try to ask for a favor.
All the young ladies coming out were presented to the senior ranking archduchess, Maria Josepha, who sat on a red satin sofa surrounded by palm trees.
Some of those lucky ladies scored an invite to take tea with Maria Josepha, while the others were free to dance or nosh at the buffet.
Oh, yes, there was a buffet, set up for your snacking pleasure from 10 pm to midnight. If you weren’t hungry and could find the space, you kept on dancing—Archduchess Elisabeth danced for three hours that night.
But, as the poet said, nothing gold can stay.
At midnight, most of the imperial family left, which was the signal for everyone else to start wrapping things up. By 1 am, the party was over and your carriage turned into a pumpkin again.
Everything from the dancing to the food to the conversation was beautiful and delicate and gentle, choreographed within an inch of its life. Such was the glory and the paralysis of imperial Vienna.
All the Single Ladies
For Maria Anna and the other debutantes, the hofball presented a bit of a problem. It’s hard to move, let alone flirt, when you’re surrounded by 2,000 other people. That’s why there was a second shindig at the Hofburg in February, called the ball at court (not to be confused with the court ball).
This time, the guest list was limited to royalty and nobility…just you and 700 of your closest friends, dancing in the Knights Hall (Rittersaal), with a sit-down dinner instead of a buffet.
Maria Anna was there, as were most if not all of the single archduchesses over age 18. Why? Because there was a very special guest, one reportedly looking for a wife: Prince Max of Baden. Dude was bae all day—handsome, smart, and connected, thanks to his Russian grandmother, the daughter of a tsar.
But Maria Anna’s dance card didn’t include Max, it seems. She waltzed with Count Hans Larisch and Count Alfons Boor, danced a bolsa with Count Moriz Rumersfirch, and danced the quadrille with Prince August Lobkowicz; she was also seen chatting with Prince Alois Liechtenstein.
Five bucks says Isabella was watching her daughter’s every move, waiting for one of these guys to hold her hand just a little too long…a sign, any sign, that Maria Anna had already landed a potential suitor.
It didn’t happen.
But there were more plenty more parties, balls, soirées, and special dinners for the imperial family on the schedule. Maria Anna attended them for two and a half years before we get even a hint of a relationship developing.
In the fall of 1901, big sister Maria Christina got engaged to Prince Emanuel of Salm-Salm. A British newspaper said it was a love match – the “bride is one of the best known and most popular of the Austrian Grand Duchesses” (Dundee Evening Post, 6 Nov 1901). I hope that’s actually true. It makes me happy, especially after all the fuss Isabella caused over Franz Ferdinand.
Put a Ring on It
IN JUNE OF 1902, ISABELLA took Maria Anna and Albrecht to Carlsbad for some R&R. Carlsbad was a popular hangout spot for royalty traveling incognito. It was a spa town, so you went there to relax, take the waters, socialize, and generally de-stress from your high society life.
It’s possible Maria Anna met someone there, because that August, a headline broke in two different Austrian newspapers: Archduchess Maria Anna was engaged.
The lucky groom? Dom Pedro d’Alcântara, Prince of Grão Pará.
If you’re scratching your head and going “Who?”, you’re not alone. I’d never heard of him either.
Here’s the deal: Pedro’s grandfather was the exiled emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro II. Young Pedro grew up in France, and was a lieutenant colonel in the Austrian army. Interestingly, it seems he had a condition much like Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm II—his left shoulder muscles had been damaged during birth, and despite lots of medical treatments, his left hand and arm were much weaker than his right.
But you don’t need to remember any of that because there was no wedding.
Maybe this was fake news, made up by a reporter on deadline. It’s also possible there was an engagement that fell apart. All I can offer is one small clue: Pedro had already met the woman he would later marry, a Bohemian countess named Elisabeth Dobrzensky de Dobrzenicz (below). Maybe they were on a break?
It doesn’t look like Maria Anna lost any sleep over it. Three months later, she was engaged—for real, this time.
That November, Friedrich and Isabella hosted a hunt in Klausenburg (Cluj-Napoca), the capital of Austro-Hungarian Transylvania. One of the guests was Prince Elias of Bourbon-Parma, a lieutenant in the 7th Regiment of Austrian Dragoons.
By the end of the month, he’d proposed to Maria Anna and she’d said yes. What did they bond over? I wish I knew. Maria Anna seems to have loved horses—later, society journals document her attendance at numerous derbies and show-riding competitions. Also based on later events, Elias seems to have loved cars and hunting. Maybe they connected over a love of animals, the outdoors, or the shared experiences of growing up in a large family.
In any case, Elias met Franz Josef in a special audience in early December to ask the emperor’s permission to marry Maria Anna; it was granted. With that formality out of the way, the news went public the next day.
Later that December, there was an official engagement ceremony in Pressburg, and a dinner at Elias’s parents’ home, Schwarzau Castle, in Lower Austria.
On January 6, the mayor of Pressburg led a deputation to the palace to offer their congratulations and serenade Maria Anna with a military band. I find this unbelievably charming.
Meet Elias
LET’S TAKE A QUICK STEP backward to meet Elias and his family. After all, they’re the ones who inherited Marie Antoinette’s jewels that Maria Anna would get to wear after the wedding. Plus, some crazy stuff went down in this family that you’re not gonna believe.
But first things first.
Prince Elias was born on July 23, 1880. His father was Duke Robert of Parma, who’d been deposed during the unification of Italy. Robert never lost hope that one day, unified Italy and the house of Savoy would fall and he’d be invited back to rule Parma. It didn’t happen. In the meantime, he raised his family at Schwarzau Castle in Austria, with summers spent at the Villa Pianore in Italy.
Elias’s mom was Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon Two-Sicilies. Here is an absolutely adorable picture of the two of them:
Now, despite being deposed, Robert left Parma with a crap-ton of wealth in the form of art, jewels, and properties. Where’d he get it all? Short version: the French royal family (his mom was King Charles X’s granddaughter).
Elias’s mom had a total of 12 kids, but she died giving birth to the last one. Not all of them survived, but of the ones who did, six (her two oldest sons and four of the daughters) were mentally handicapped. This was likely the result of generations of royal inbreeding. Maria Pia’s family tree didn’t have nearly enough forks; cousins married cousins and uncles married nieces on the regular.
Two years later, Duke Robert married again—this time, to Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, who also gave him 12 kids. Are you doing the math here? THIS DUDE HAD 24 KIDS. Here’s a family portrait with 18 of them from 1906:
We don’t know what Maria Anna and her parents knew about genetics, or if they stopped to think about why so many of Elias’s siblings were handicapped. If they suspected, it didn’t stop her from accepting his proposal.
Elias and Maria Anna picked a classic date for their wedding: May 25, 1903. Earlier that month, Franz Josef had delivered her present, this tiara, in person at the Palais Albrecht, her parents’ Vienna home.
My Big Fat Habsburg Wedding
THE VIENNESE COURT WAS KNOWN for its protocol, and an archduchess’s wedding was no exception. Maria Anna couldn’t elope to Vegas, like I did. Nope. You had to get through an exhausting weekend full of ceremonies and parties.
Here’s what had to happen before Maria Anna could call herself Mrs. Elias of Bourbon-Parma.
SATURDAY
That morning, Maria Anna had to formally renounce her claim to the throne. Every archduchess had to do it, and for whatever reason, they usually wore pink. By noon, the boring ceremony was over and it was time to party. That night, there was a soirée for 600 people in the Hofburg’s Ceremonial Hall (Zeremoniensaal), shown below.
SUNDAY
On Sunday night, there was a smaller dinner for the imperial family at 6 pm, where Maria Anna sat in the place of honor on Franz Josef’s right. If there were bachelor and bachelorette parties later that night, the Austrian newspapers tactfully refrained from mentioning them.
MONDAY
Just like a hofball, a royal wedding required the imperial family to line up in order of rank and walk together to the Hofburg’s Pfarrkirche. Family members arrived between 11:00 am and 2 pm, when the procession began its march. A cardinal met the emperor and the bridal couple, escorting them to the altar. Here’s what it looks like today:
The cardinal made a speech, blessed the rings, and read the vows. After Elias and Maria Anna exchanged rings, there was a Te Deum. Then, the imperial family left the church and headed for the Alexander Apartments, where Franz Josef greeted the newly married couple.
“Hope yours turns out better than mine,” he said.
Just kidding. He didn’t say that, but I bet he was thinking it.
Married Life
SO WHAT’S IT LIKE when you come from a rich non-reigning family and marry into a rich non-reigning family? In a nutshell, you have no work, little responsibility, and you can buy anything you want.
Despite giving up her claim to the throne, Maria Anna was still a member of the imperial family, and her name shows up in the lists of attendees for various state occasions, balls, and gala dinners at the Hofburg right up until the end of World War I. For example, she met the future King George V and Queen Mary of Great Britain in 1904 on their state visit to Austria.
There was a never-ending whirl of family events like weddings, funerals, christenings, and vacations to Ischl, in addition to society events like art exhibitions, fashion shows, horse races, and military ceremonies. By the way, if you’re wondering what she and Elias gave his half-sister Zita when she married Archduke Karl, it was a table centerpiece and two silver candelabra. Yeah, I go looking for details like that because I’m nosy.
In 1905, Maria Anna’s family moved from Pressburg to Vienna when her dad took over the job of Inspector General of the army. They moved into the sumptuous Albrecht Palace, where Maria Anna and Elias were frequent visitors.
In 1906, Elias and Maria Anna took a little time to travel. They showed up in Egypt, traveling from Cairo to Khartoum, where they went to a garden party thrown by Sir Reginald and Lady Wingate.
In 1907, Elias’s father died. In his will, Robert of Parma left Elias half of his estate, with the other half in trust for the remaining 17 kids. Elias also became his handicapped siblings’ legal guardian.
It’s hard to overstate how huge this inheritance was. A British newspaper estimated Robert’s fortune at £8,000,000 (Daily Telegraph & Courier, 18 Nov 1907). In today’s money, that would be north of $1 billion. Part of that inheritance included Marie Antoinette’s jewels. Maria Anna created an inventory with notes and pictures, which she later updated in 1932.
Less than four months later, Elias’s stepmom petitioned the Austrian court to declare Elias’s six full siblings mentally incompetent. This cleared the way for Elias to take possession of the fortune and begin distributing it (or not) as he saw fit. Unfortunately, this really pissed off some of his half-siblings.
It’s not hard to see why, when the inheritance at stake included the amazing Chateau de Chambord in France. Put a pin in this issue; we’ll come back to it later.
Family Ties
MARIA ANNA AND ELIAS HADN’T just been traveling and partying in the decade since their marriage. They’d also been raising a family.
Their first daughter, Elisabetta, was born in 1904. A boy, Carlo, was born in 1905. Maria Francesca followed in 1906, Roberto in 1909, and Francesco in 1913. Three more kids would follow, Giovanna in 1916, Alice in 1917, and Maria Christina in 1925. Here’s Maria Anna with her oldest, Elisabetta. LOOK AT THAT HEAD OF HAIR, YOU GUYS. I can’t even.
But in 1912, Maria Anna’s firstborn son, seven-year-old Carlo, died of meningitis. It was the beginning of a run of crap luck for this family and, oh, the entire freaking world.
There were signs that all was not well.
Signs the whole world should have seen, like the dick-swinging dreadnoughts Germany and Britain launched with frat-boy swagger. Like the tangled web of European foreign alliances that created a virtual Rube Goldberg device guaranteed to trip the panic switch if anything upset their delicate balance.
And more obvious signs, like a medium telling you, “Hey, morons, wake up—shit’s about to hit the fan.” That’s what happened in 1912, if you believe a write-up in the Neue Freie Presse published twenty years after the fact (15 May 1932).
According to the story, Maria Anna’s mom, Isabella, had invited Countess Bianca Beck-Rzikowsky to her Vienna salon and asked her to give a few predictions for the future. The countess, who hadn’t yet rebranded herself as Madame Sylvia, went into a trance. Then, she said something along the lines of, “I understand your feelings about Franz Ferdinand and his wife, but you should be nicer to them because in two years, they’ll be dead.”
Someone asked how they would die. The countess replied, “By the same bullet.” She prophesied that “a huge red patch” would spread over Europe as a result of the event…but that it wouldn’t be the end of the world. That wouldn’t happen until later, she said, in another disastrous global war.
Dark Clouds
MARIA ANNA AND HER FAMILY were busy during the spring and summer of 1914.
In April, Maria Anna and Elias took their last trip to the Chateau de Chambord. At a party where they entertained friends and local nobility, neither the hosts nor the guests suspected they would soon be enemies.
By early June, they were back in Vienna. Maria Anna attended the annual derby and show-jumping competition, sitting in the imperial box along with her mom, dad, two sisters…and Franz Ferdinand and Sophie.
No one knew it was probably the last time they would all be seen together.
On June 28, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo, sparking the ultimatum that led to declarations of war between Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia. Here they are, walking to their car in Sarajevo, about five minutes before the assassination:
The assassination changed everything. Elias’s half-sister, Zita, would now be the next empress of Austria. Her husband, Archduke Karl, replaced Franz Ferdinand as heir to the throne. You’d think this would mean smooth sailing for Maria Anna and her family, right? Nope, not so much. Isabella and Friedrich didn’t get along with Karl and Zita any better than they had with Franz Ferdinand and Sophie. Plus, Zita’s full brothers were still pissed at Elias for bogarting the Parma inheritance.
The stage was set for war…and a family drama of continental proportions.
Event Horizon
WHEN WAR WAS DECLARED, EMPEROR Franz Josef was too old to lead the army himself, so he put Maria Anna’s dad, Friedrich, in nominal charge as commander-in-chief in the east.
But Friedrich wasn’t the right guy for the job.
According to the army’s head press honcho Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, Friedrich took orders by phone from Isabella on everything, including which uniform to wear (336). Some even called Isabella “the real field marshal” (Herwig, 203). Here’s Friedrich with his good buddy, Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1915:
It wasn’t just the officers who mocked him. Friedrich’s soldiers nicknamed him “Archduke Bumbsti,” which roughly translates to Archduke Kaboom (Habsburger.net).
That’s what he said when they showed him a film of a 30.5cm mortar exploding. Kaboom. Not, “Hey this is a pretty cool weapon, let’s think about how to use this,” or “Mother of God, we’re going to blow ourselves to bits and lose all essence of humanity.” Just…kaboom.
The war went badly for Austria from the get-go.
No one had expected the Russians to pose a real threat, but that’s exactly what happened. After heavy early losses, Friedrich and General Conrad withdrew their headquarters behind the front, to Friedrich’s palace in Teschen (Cieszyn). There it stayed until 1916.
On the home front, not much changed for our royal women. There were still society events to attend…although these took on a decidedly patriotic flavor. In early 1915, Maria Anna went to a lecture on “The Wife as Nurse.” That November, she went to the second concert of the brand-new Budapest Philharmonic.
Outside the palace, however, there were rumors about Maria Anna’s dad. Despite inflation that ran to 100% by 1915 and another 50% by 1916, Archduke Friedrich was making more money than he had before the war, thanks to his contracts for food, supplies, and ammo (Herwig, 225). Later, Cunliffe-Owen would describe him as “one of the most successful and greedy profiteers of the great war” (New York Times, 3 Jan 1926).
Ouch.
We don’t know what Maria Anna felt about her father’s role in the war, or his image as a profiteer.
A House Divided
WORLD WAR I CAUSED A big problem for Elias and his siblings. Elias and his half-brothers Rene and Felix were in the Austrian army; his half-sister Zita was married to the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Karl (shown below). Clearly, they were on Team Central Powers, with Germany and the Ottoman Empire.
But Elias’s full sister Beatrice and half-brother Louis were married to Italians. Plus, his half-brothers Sixtus and Xavier had married Frenchwomen, and enlisted in the Belgian army. Both the Italians and Belgians fought for Team Allied Powers, with the French, British, and Russians.
This was not going to end well.
In Austria, Elias requested not to be sent to France, where he might end up facing one of his half-siblings across the battlefield. Army bigwigs approved his request and he fought in Serbia and Romania instead.
But his position in the Austrian army cost him, big time. In 1915, the French government requisitioned the Chateau de Chambord.
To them, it was inconceivable that a national historic landmark like Chambord should belong to someone fighting for the enemy. So they made like the otter in that meme. “I need dis,” they said, and took it.
The War to End All Wars
ON JUNE 4, 1916, TWO years into the war, Maria Anna’s father Friedrich celebrated his birthday with a gala dinner at army headquarters. Isabella had come for the occasion, too. That’s when Conrad got the terrible news: the Russian soldiers of the Brusilov offensive had overrun the Austrian Fourth Army.
“Minor setback,” he said. “Party on, Wayne.”
But it wasn’t a minor setback.
It was the death knell of the imperial Austrian army.
As Austrian losses mounted, Germany began to pay closer attention to its bumbling ally. Conrad chafed under German oversight. So did Franz Josef, but he could read the writing on the wall: “How on earth can we pursue even a tolerable foreign policy when we fight so badly?” he said (Herwig, 107).
Then, that November, Emperor Franz Josef died at the age of 86.
Maria Anna’s cousin Karl was the new emperor. This spelled trouble because Karl was no fan of Friedrich or Isabella (he called her “the beast”) (Herwig, 226-7).
One of the first things he did was demote Friedrich and move army headquarters out of Teschen. I bet that made the next family gathering, Karl and Zita’s coronation, a teensy bit awkward. Here’s Maria Anna in court dress, similar to what she would have worn to the coronation in 1917:
It didn’t matter how good Karl’s intentions were. Nothing he could do could save the empire. When the Entente powers finally defeated Austria-Hungary and Germany, revolutions toppled both monarchies.
Friedrich and Isabella were stripped of their titles and lost their Austrian properties—gone was the beautiful Palais Albrecht, with the attached Albertina museum and its priceless art collection. All in all, Friedrich’s sequestered property was estimated to be worth $200 – $400 million (New York Times, 31 Dec 1936).
Friedrich and Isabella hitailed it to Lucerne, Switzerland. My guess is they wanted to put some distance between themselves and the new Austrian government…you know, in case things went sideways like they had in Russia, where the Bolsheviks were killing Romanovs right and left.
You know who joined them there? Maria Anna’s oldest sister, Maria Christina. Her husband, the prince of Salm-Salm, had been killed at the Battle of Pinsk in 1916.
In 1921, when it was safe, Friedrich and Isabella resettled at Féltorony castle in Hungary with their two daughters still living at home, Gabriella and Maria Alice.
Because Maria Anna was married and no longer considered a Habsburg, she didn’t have to give up her personal possessions in Austria. Elias had fought honorably in the Austrian army, earning a promotion to Colonel along with four decorations, so he was safe, too. Aside from short stays in Paris, they remained residents of Austria.
Elias’s Family Feud
WHEN WE LAST LEFT THE beautiful Chateau de Chambord, it had been seized by the French government. Elias protested, as did his half-brothers Sixtus and Xavier. Their tug-of-war started a years-long legal battle in France.
In 1920, Elias hit upon a solution…or thought he did. He called up King Alfonso XIII of Spain and said he needed to prove he wasn’t Austrian. “I got this,” said Alfonso, who granted him Spanish nationality on April 18, 1920. “Ha!” Elias said to the French government. “I told you I wasn’t Austrian.”
But the French legal courts were like, dude, you can’t use your friends as job references. Thank you, next.
So the case dragged on.
Finally, the Orléans Court of Appeals put an end to the siblings’ bickering. They ruled that Elias had been the rightful owner, which also meant the government seizure had been valid and lawful. As the rightful owner, he now had a decision to make: try to take back the chateau, or leave it with the French government and ask for compensation.
Elias asked for the money.
The French government wanted Chambord so badly they agreed to pay him 11 million francs. As a result, since April 13, 1930, the chateau has belonged to France (Pelluard, 61).
Elias & Maria Anna Post-War
There aren’t a lot of headlines about these two post-war. Apparently, people had bigger concerns than writing about former archduchesses. As a family, they stuck close to Vienna. That’s where Maria Anna had her last baby, Maria Christina, at the age of 43 in 1925.
I did find a few interesting stories, however.
THE GENTLEMAN BURGLAR
On January 16, 1922, police arrested a burglar in Paris. That burglar, Serge de Lenz, claimed to steal only from the rich. He operated by a strict set of rules: always work alone, dress the part, don’t call attention to yourself, and only steal during lunch hour when no one’s paying attention to you.
His system worked. Until, that is, he failed to recall the timeless advice of the real Grandmaster Flash (not the Austrian master of ceremonies): white lines – don’t do it.
According to the French newspaper Le Gauloise, De Lenz became a coke addict and it made him sloppy.
He got caught on the way out of a robbery when a bystander asked him an innocent question. He looked so freaked out that she called the police.
Later, in court, he told the judge an interesting story. “One time, at band camp,” he said, “I went to Prince Elias of Bourbon-Parma’s apartment on the Avenue Bois-de-Boulogne. I only took one tiny thing to remind me of my visit—a small silver plate with an image of Franz Josef on it. I could have taken more, but I don’t roll like that.”
He was sentenced to 10 years in prison.
Family Life
It looks like Maria Anna and Elias were able to give their kids the same sort of life Maria Anna had while growing up – lots of time outdoors, lots of travel and excursions.
They divided their time between Schloss Schwarzau (below) and a hunting estate called Glashütte, with occasional visits to Paris and Maria Anna’s family’s great hunting estate Bellye (Bilje) in Hungary. Their daughter Alice’s fondest memories included her time with Elias, hunting at Glashütte during their long summers there. She was quite the hunter, bringing home her first trophy deer in 1929 at age 12 (Cazavision.com).
In the 1920s, Maria Anna still made the Austrian society pages…but now, she wasn’t attending events with her mom and sisters. She was with her daughters. The events were also more low-key; there would be no hofball for the next generation. Maria Anna and Elias attended parties at the home of the French ambassador, Count Clauzel—a soirée in honor of Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, for example, and a dinner dance in honor of the Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs.
As the World Turns
INEVITABLY, AS HER KIDS GREW up, Maria Anna’s parents aged and eventually passed away. Isabella died of pneumonia in Budapest in 1931, shattered after her only son, Albrecht, made a morganatic marriage and destroyed her hopes of a Habsburg restoration in Hungary. All the kids had obeyed her summons to come see her one last time—even the disgraced Albrecht (below).
Maria Anna’s dad, Friedrich, outlived his wife. He died in Magyaróvár, Hungary on December 30, 1936 of a heart attack following a severe flu.
But Friedrich was still alive when his granddaughter, Alice, had married earlier in the year. She’d grown into an expert hunter and horsewoman, never happier than when she was out with her horses and dogs.
On April 16, at age 18, she married Infante Alfonso, the nephew of the deposed King Alfonso XIII. The wedding took place in Vienna, at the Church of the Minorites. Because of Spanish royal etiquette, Alice couldn’t wear any jewels during the ceremony; she wore a simple long veil crowned with orange blossoms. The couple settled in France, but later moved to Switzerland and then Spain in 1941. That’s them coming out of the church after their wedding below.
Alice was Maria Anna’s only child to marry and have kids of her own. If you find that odd, you’re not alone. I can’t help but wonder if they saw what had happened to many of Elias’s half-siblings and thought, “Nope. Gene pool needs to be drained.”
Imagine meeting someone, falling in love…and not being able to marry them because you’ve personally sworn not to reproduce…this being before the era of readily available birth control.
Of course, there’s another perspective I have to mention. In a 2017 article, Christophe Vachaudez, a royal jewel historian who knew the family, wrote that five of Maria Anna’s eight children were “autistic, as one says euphemistically” (Eventail.be). Unfortunately, I don’t have any information about what sort of lives they lived to show how capable (or incapable) they were. We may never know, and that’s okay.
Death
IN 1940, MARIA ANNA WENT to Lausanne, Switzerland for the baptism of Alice’s second daughter, Inés. She died there suddenly on February 25, at the age of 58. She was spared the chaos and horror of World War II.
Elias died in 1959 at the age of 78. Before his death, he sold Schloss Schwarzau to the Austrian government. It is now a women’s prison.
Elias and Maria Anna are buried in the crypt of the chapel near the hunting lodge on the Glashütte estate, Thalberger Schwaig.
Their only direct descendants are Alice’s children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. Alice’s only son, Carlos, was hand-picked by the Count of Barcelona to room with his son, the future King Juan Carlos of Spain, at a special Spanish boarding school created with Francisco Franco’s approval. Today, Carlos’s son Pedro (Maria Anna’s great-grandson) manages the family’s estate, La Toledana.
Who Inherited This Tiara?
IN THE LONG RUN, ALICE. I’m not sure if she inherited it as soon as Maria Anna died, or if it went to one of her siblings, whom she then outlived and inherited it from them in turn.
Elisabetta died unmarried in 1983.
Maria Francesca died unmarried in 1994.
Giovanna was killed in a shooting accident on her sister Alice’s property in Spain in 1949.
Maria Christina lived until 2009. She loved opera, history, jewels, was friends with the Queen of Thailand, and never married. Alice’s kids called her “Aunt Putz.” That is so cute.
Alice was the longest-lived of all Maria Anna’s children. In 2017, at age 99, she died in Madrid. She was the only sibling with kids, so presumably Maria Anna’s entire jewelry collection had come to her, one way or another, including Marie Antoinette’s jewels.
After Alice’s death, the family auctioned off many of these jewels, including Maria Anna’s tiara. Alice had never worn many jewels – she just wasn’t the type. All her life, she remained a devoted hunter, preferring her horses and dogs and the outdoors to social functions.
We don’t know who bought Maria Anna of Austria’s tiara in 2018 at auction. Was it you? If so, please drop me a line – I’d love to see a picture of it in your collection!
The End
Tell a friend:
Loose Ends: Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria’s Tiara
There is so much more information I want to share about this family, but holy crap, this post is already over 8,000 words long. Maybe this will become a short book. I have more to tell you about Isabella, Maria Anna’s siblings, and the family’s strong Spanish connection. Another time…
Nora Fugger’s memoir, The Glory of the Habsburgs, has a slight twist to the story of Friedrich and Isabella’s courtship, as well as the story of how the Franz Ferdinand/Sophie Chotek affair was discovered. I didn’t include her Franz/Sophie story here because it’s the only one that says the big reveal/firing happened in Abbazia; the overwhelming majority of sources say it happened at Isabella’s house. When it comes to Friedrich and Isabella, Fugger implies they met in Vienna. How would she know? Because she said Isabella was a frequent guest at her mom’s house (her mom married Isabella’s cousin once removed). Fugger doesn’t come out and say that’s how they met, just that everybody knew Friedrich was in love with Isabella. Radziwill noted that Friedrich fell fast, proposing just days after meeting her. Cunliffe-Owen wrote that they met in Belgium, while he was visiting his cousin. Is C-O wrong? Is Fugger right? If you know any more about this, please contact me.
A portrait of “Archduchess Maria Anna” painted by Joseph Bernard (real name: Hans Zatska) sold at auction in 1979. Is this a painting of our Maria Anna? Are there any photos of it?
A portrait of Maria Anna and Maria Henriette by Laszlo appeared in an exhibit in the painter’s studio in 1905. It’s not currently listed in the catalog raisonné online, but the Laszlo Foundation is adding to it all the time. Are there any photos of this painting?
Does anyone have any information about Giovanna, killed in a hunting accident on her sister Alice’s property in Spain?
Sources
Newspapers
Daily Telegraph & Courier
Dundee Evening Post
Le Gauloise
The New York Times
Neue Frie Presse
The Pall Mall Gazette
The San Francisco Examiner
Sport & Salon
The Washington Post
Wiener Salonblatt
Books & Articles
The Assassination of the Archduke: Sarajevo 1914 and the Murder That Changed the World by Greg King and Sue Woolmans (affiliate link)
Ein General Im Zwielicht: Die Erinnerungen Edmund Glaises Von Horstenau by H.E. von Glaise
Ein Photoalbum Aus Dem Hause Habsburg by Archduchess Isabella, Vilmos Heiszler, Margit Szakács, and Károly Vörös
The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918 by Holger H. Herwig (affiliate link)
The Glory of the Habsburgs by Princess Eleonora (Nora) Fugger (affiliate link)
La famille de Bourbon-Parme Chambord, enjeu d’un procès de famille by J. Pelluard, accessed via gallica.bnf.fr
Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania by Michael B. Barrett (affiliate link)
Online Sources
ABC.es: La Infanta Doña Alicia «era una mujer de campo, siempre coqueta y muy puntual»
Cazavisión.com: Adiós a Doña Alicia, la Infanta cazadora
Dinastias.forogratis.es: Muere doña Alicia de Borbón, la infanta-decana
L’Eventail.be: Disparition de la princesse Alice de Bourbon-Parme
Habsburger.net:
The Subtle Distinction between a Court Ball and Ball at Court
“Erzherzog Bumbsti”
Hofburg.com:
Redoutensaal
Zeremoniensaal
Rittersaal
Sothebys.com: Diamond tiara, Köchert, circa 1901
Credits
Music, post audio: “Viennese Spirit” by Johann Strauss, Jr. via Musopen.org.
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Affiliate Disclaimer
I’m a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. This content may contain affiliate links, particularly in the Sources section. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. If you choose to buy using my affiliate link, the seller will pay me a small additional amount at absolutely no cost to you. Thank you for supporting The Girl in the Tiara!
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Prince Jaime (1972-) and Princess Viktória (1982-) of Bourbon-Parma
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[
"A Country Italy",
"Princess Robijn Moderator Emeritus"
] |
2003-05-30T23:20:29-04:00
|
I was wondering would it be possible to post pictures of him? If somebody has any. I hope. :wacko:
Jaime is very nice looking!! ;)
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en
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/data/assets/logo/icon_192_royalforums.png
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The Royal Forums
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https://www.theroyalforums.com/threads/prince-jaime-1972-and-princess-vikt%C3%B3ria-1982-of-bourbon-parma.5047/
|
Full name: Jaime Bernardo
Title: Prince de Bourbon de Parme, Count of Bardi (His Royal Highness)
Born: St. Radboud Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, October 13th, 1972
Parents: Charles Hugues Prince of Bourbon, Duke of Parme and Piacenza (1930) and 1964 (div. 1981) Irene Princess of the Netherlands (1939)
Brother: Carlos (1970)
Sisters: Margarita (1972, married) and Carolina (1974)
Education and work: primary school in Paris and Madrid; International School, Amsterdam; Brown University, Rhode's Island, USA - international affairs; Rhode's Island School of Design - interior decoration; trainees for the World Wildlife Fund and the Red Cross; ABN Amro bank, São Paulo, Brazil (-2002); works at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague, The Netherlands (2002-).
Personality: openhearted and spontaneous.
Hobbies: painting, drawing, travelling, sailing, cycling, walking and swimming.
Jaime de Bourbon Parme
Does somebody know where Jaime lives in Holland and where he goes out for dinner or parties?
We are writing an article about him, but we can't find anytime about him only where he was born and stuff like that.
Please somebody help me?!
Kind regards,
Roos
I guess he live in The Hague. He works for the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
I see in your profile that you are from the Netherlands, so I hope you speak Dutch Here are some (Dutch) sites with more information about Jaime.
- http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_de_Bourbon_de_Parme
- http://www.jaime.web-log.nl/
For even more information you can maybe better contact himself
For that, go to: http://www.minbuza.nl/default.asp?search=yes&searchstring=Jaime&collection=0&period=0&language=0&CMS_ITEM=2089C42A52714485A90A6735A5087692X2X62191X76
Sorry, I have no more information about him. Maybe someone else, here on the forum?
You can find here pictures of Jaime: http://www.petersmulders.nl
TRF has also a Jaime-thread: http://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/showthread.php?t=401&highlight=jaime+bourbon
This thread has now been cleaned up.
Any recent pictures of Prince Jaime? Or any news on him? What does he do and where does he live?
joachim_l said:
There is a rumour about Prince Jaime being homosexual, it's the first time I heard that
Yes, the rumour that Prince Jaime is gay has been bandied about. But since it is "rumour" and he is unlikey to tells us, there's nothing much more to add.
.
HRH Prince Jaime de Bourbon-Parma attended the Remembrance Ceremony at the Dachau Monument,Amsterdam,this afternoon.
His grandfather,Prince Xavier de Bourbon-Parma,brother to the Empress Zita,was imprisoned at this concentrationcamp by
the nazi's during WW II.
The camp was liberated by the american Rainbow Division on april 29th 1945.Every year one of the Bourbon-Parma siblings
attends the Memorial.
[DNF] Fotoarchief Denieuwsfoto
Does anyone know who is the girl with Prince Jaime of Bourbon-Parma?
She escorted the prince earlier to an event too. It is said that she is his girlfriend. Her name is Paulette Alexandra van Ommen btw. Some more info about her professional life:
http://www.bidnetwork.org/person/42428/en
http://nl.linkedin.com/pub/paulette-van-ommen/14/661/347
She escorted the prince earlier to an event too. It is said that she is his girlfriend. Her name is Paulette Alexandra van Ommen btw. Some more info about her professional life:
BiD Network - Paulette van Ommen
Paulette van Ommen - LinkedIn
Thank you Marengo for the informations! This is the first time I see her with Jaime.
I'm wondering...at the last Dutch Royal Christening at Het Loo Palace I saw for the first time the girlfriend of Prince Carlos, and after some time they got engaged and they're going to marry; will this happen with Jaime and Paulette as well?
Thank you Marengo for the informations! This is the first time I see her with Jaime.
I'm wondering...at the last Dutch Royal Christening at Het Loo Palace I saw for the first time the girlfriend of Prince Carlos, and after some time they got engaged and they're going to marry; will this happen with Jaime and Paulette as well?
She was (I believe) present at the wedding of Bernardo Guillermo and Eva, and the 40th birthday party of Prince Maurits. I hope you are correct.
Josette
Like 2 years ago Prince Jaime visited the Dachau-monument again.
Prince Jaime de Bourbon de Parme, son of Dutch princess Irene, puts
a flower in the hedge of the Dachau-monument in Amsterdam, on April
24, 2010. The prince attended the yearly ceremony to commemorate
the liberation of the camp by US troops in 1945 along with former Dachau
prisoners.
** Pic 1 ** Pic 2 ** belga **
Prince Jaime attended the Queens Day concert in Noordeinde Palace, earlier this week. Other royals attending were HM the Queen, princess Maxima and princess Christina. The concert will be broadcasted tonight on Nederland 2.
The concert was also attended by Prince Carlos and his fiancé Annemarie Gualthérie van Weezel.
So she is only 24? And he 38...hmm, big age difference.
Visibly both brothers like women much younger than them.
Love doesn't do ages,
unless it's the wrong choice,then it's aging.Jaime doesn't look older then
30 tho.He really does,a handsome lad.
Love doesn't do ages,
Of course it doesn't but whether it is the love of their life or not, the time will show (i.e. if their union ends with marriage)
They've been together for only two years.
Jaime is already in such an age that he would probably like to become a father... Is Paulette sufficiently mature to maternity?
Union with big age difference requires much more efforts & sucrifices from both sides than that of people in the same age.
According to Blauw Bloed, prince Jaime attended the 63rd birthday of the international student association of the university of Groningen. The prince was a guest speaker during the so-called 'Dies Natalis'. His lecture was about the conflict between humanitarian intervention and national souverenity.
The prince works for the ministairy of Foreign Affairs in The Hague.
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https://www.gaudiumpress.ca/a-day-promoting-the-beatification-of-empress-zita/
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en
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Empress Zita of Austria, a Candidate for Beatification?
|
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[
"Gaudium Press English Edition"
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2023-09-24T19:06:06-04:00
|
The Empress Zita Association organized a meeting between "Zitas" in order to promote the figure of Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary (1892-1989), and facilitate her beatification. Newsroom (21/09/2023 21:00, Gaudium Press) On Saturday, September 9, the Empress Zita Association organized a meeting between "Zitas" in order to promote the figure of
|
en
|
Gaudiumpress English Edition -
|
https://www.gaudiumpress.ca/a-day-promoting-the-beatification-of-empress-zita/
|
The Empress Zita Association organized a meeting between “Zitas” in order to promote the figure of Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary (1892-1989), and facilitate her beatification.
Newsroom (21/09/2023 21:00, Gaudium Press) On Saturday, September 9, the Empress Zita Association organized a meeting between “Zitas” in order to promote the figure of Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary (1892-1989), and facilitate her beatification
The Empress Zita Association was founded in 2009 by Abbot Dupont of Solesmes Abbey and Archduke Rudolf of Austria, grandson of Blessed Charles and Empress Zita. The aim of the association is to contribute to the process of beatification of Zita of Habsburg, so that her figure can be recognized by the Church as an example of life and holiness.
The Association for the Beatification of Empress Zita was created to spread the life, spirituality and virtues of the Empress of Austria to people who face difficulties and trials during their lives, so that they can find in the figure of the Empress a model to emulate.
To this end, on September 9 the Association held a day of meetings dedicated to the servant of God Zita of Bourbon-Parma. The “Day of the Zitas” took place in the diocese of Nanterre, France, and sought to bring together the women and children, as well as the families, who bear the name Zita in order to give them more knowledge about the life and spirituality of the Austrian Empress and also to explain the workings of the association working for her beatification.
The program included talks for adults and children, entertainment and games, a Mass celebrated by Bishop Matthieu Rougé and a blessing for the Zitas present, as well as a time for eating and sharing.
Biography of Empress Zita
Empress Zita was born in Pianore, Italy, on May 9, 1892. In 1899, she made her first stay at the abbey of Santa Cecilia de Solesmes, with which she maintained a close relationship throughout her life.
In 1911, Zita married Charles I, the great-nephew of Emperor Franz Joseph and second in line to the imperial throne. In 1914, with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sofia of Hohenberg in Sarajevo, Bulgaria, Charles and Zita became first in line to the throne. Emperor Franz Joseph died on November 21, 1916 and Charles was declared Emperor of Austria in the midst of the First World War.
With the end of the First World War, the Habsburgs are deposed from the throne and the Austro-Hungarian Empire is divided into several states, such as Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. The couple went into exile in Switzerland and then on the island of Madeira, where Charles died in 1922. Widowed at just 29 years old, Zita raised her eight children in the Catholic faith, proving to be a strong and pious woman until her death on March 14, 1989.
Her husband, Charles I, was beatified in 2004 by Pope John Paul II. The process of Zita’s beatification began in 2009. (FM)
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https://uk.news.yahoo.com/prince-carlos-bourbon-parma-presents-051605444.html
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en
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Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Parma presents his one-month-old son in sweet snaps
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"hello!"
] |
2016-06-20T05:16:05+00:00
|
A new set of family portraits has been released showing Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Parma with his wife Princess Annamarie and the couple's three children. The star of the show is undoubtedly Carlos and Annamarie's adorable son, who was born at the end of April. Another picture shows Prince Carlos, 46, proudly cradling his only son.
|
en
|
https://s.yimg.com/rz/l/favicon.ico
|
Yahoo News
|
https://uk.news.yahoo.com/prince-carlos-bourbon-parma-presents-051605444.html
|
A new set of family portraits has been released showing Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Parma with his wife Princess Annamarie and the couple's three children. The star of the show is undoubtedly Carlos and Annamarie's adorable son, who was born at the end of April.
The new bundle of joy – Carlos Enrique Leonard – has been named after his father and grandfather. He is styled as the Hereditary Prince of Parma and was born in The Hague in the Netherlands on 24 April.
One photo shows the little tot peering up at the camera as he is smartly dressed in a blue and white baby-gro. Another picture shows Prince Carlos, 46, proudly cradling his only son.
CLICK TO VIEW GALLERY
VIEW GALLERY
Prince Carlos Enrique Leonard was born in April
Carlos and Annamarie are also the doting parents to daughters Princess Luisa Irene, four, and two-year-old Princess Cecilia Maria.
The family-of-five posed for a beautiful outdoor portrait that was taken in the Netherlands.
VIEW GALLERY
The little boy is cradled by his dad Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Parma
Prince Carlos is the son of the late Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma and Princess Irene of the Netherlands. His aunt is Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, 78, who abdicated from the Dutch throne in 2013.
Prince Carlos married his wife Annemarie Cecilia Gualthérie van Weezel in a civil ceremony in 2010. The bride hails from a distinguished political family in the Netherlands and on her big day, she arrived at the La Cambre Abbey in Belgium in a vintage Bentley.
VIEW GALLERY
Prince Carlos and Princess Annamarie pose with their three children
The journalist looked resplendent in an ivory silk dress that featured a four-metre train. She topped off her royal look with a diamond and pearl tiara lent to her by the Dutch royal family.
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The Wedding of Emperor Karl and Empress Zita of Austria
|
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[
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[
"HeritageCapiz.org"
] |
2020-10-21T17:56:00+08:00
|
Archduke Carl of Austria and Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma on their wedding in 1911. On the far left is a happy Emperor Franz Josef. Image ...
|
en
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http://royal-splendor.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
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http://royal-splendor.blogspot.com/2020/10/the-wedding-of-emperor-karl-and-empress.html
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Archduke Carl of Austria and Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma on their wedding in 1911. On the far left is a happy Emperor Franz Josef. Image from Wikimedia Commons
On October 21, 1911, Archduke Karl Franz Josef, the future Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, married Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma. Their wedding was celebrated at Schwarzau Castle in Lower-Austria, with Emperor Franz Josef, King Frederick-August III of Saxony, and a host of European royalty present.
The New York Times wrote:
"The marriage is said to be a genuine love match. The Archduke is twenty-four, five years older than his bride. Court gossip had found him half a dozen brides before and at one time it was generally believed that he would marry the Princess Victoria, only daughter of the German Emperor. Another likely bride was thought to be the Archduchess Elizabeth,eldest daughter of the Archduchess Marie Valerie, the Emperor's favorite daughter."
The bride, described as "handsome" and "brunette", walked the aisle wearing a white satin gown, heavily embroidered with Bourbon lilies. The court train measured five yards in length. For the bridal veil, Princess Zita wore the rare, old Braganza lace, which was a family heirloom.
Lavish wedding presents were given to the bride. The emperor gave her a five-tiered diamond coronet, which could be taken off and worn as a separate ornament. It was studded by fine brilliants and reportedly cost $20,000. The pope's special envoy gave the bride a gold frame decorated with the papal arms and those of the new couple. The emperor also gave the couple the Hetzendorf Palace outside Vienna as their official residence.
Carl was born on August 17, 1887, in the Castle of Persenbeug, in Lower Austria. He was the oldest son of Archduke Otto Franz of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony. Otto was the second son of Archduke Karl Ludwig, the younger brother of the emperor. A series of deaths placed Carl as the first in line to the thrones of Austria and Hungary at the time of Emperor Franz Josef’s death in 1916. In 1889, Crown Prince Rudolf, the emperor’s only son, committed suicide; in 1896, Carl Ludwig died, followed by Otto in 1906 and, finally, by the assassination of Carl’s uncle, Franz Ferdinand in 1914.
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https://kimberlycook.me/podcast/podcast-32-blessed-karl-and-zita-of-austria/
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en
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Podcast #32: Blessed Karl and Zita of Austria
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https://kimberlycook.me/podcast/podcast-32-blessed-karl-and-zita-of-austria/
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Emperor of Peace
On June 28, 1914 Charles became heir to the throne of the Austro‑Hungarian Empire , following the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand. He would be the last Emperor of the Austria-Hungarian Empire.
Charles approached his royal duty as a way to follow Christ, showing love and care to the peoples entrusted to him, and in dedicating his life to them.
He placed the most sacred duty of a king – a commitment to peace – at the center of his preoccupations during the course of WWI and was the only political leader to support Benedict XV’s peace efforts.
Two attempts to re-establish authority in Hungry failed after the war. Wishing above all to avoid civil war, Charles was exiled to the island of Madeira, but since he considered his duty as a mandate from God, he could not abdicate his office.
Karl and Zita were reduced to poverty, and they lived in exile until he fell fatally ill. Accepting an early death in exile as a sacrifice for the peace and unity of his peoples, Karl forgave all those who conspired against him and died on April 1, 1922 with his eyes turned toward the Holy Sacrament. On his deathbed he repeated the motto of his life: “I strive always in all things to understand as clearly as possible and follow the will of God, and this in the most perfect way”.
Zita of Austria-Hungry
Born May 9, 1892, Zita was the last Empress. She is said to have had an energetic personality, unbending will, and superior intellect. She accompanied and influenced her husband in many important decisions, but above all, they clung to a unity in their shared Catholic faith. When Karl’s peace initiative failed, Zita was vilified as a traitor by German Nationalists because of her Bourbon descent. She went with her husband into exile and was his greatest support throughout. After his death, Zita raised their eight children and defended their dynastic rights.
“Thanks to her authority, the former empress became the central figure in the Habsburg-Lorraine family in the difficult times after the loss of the crown.
During the Second World War, which she spent in exile in Canada, she became an influential advocate for the restoration of Austria’s independence, but after 1945 she mainly focused her energies on the beatification process for her late husband.
Reconciliation with the Republic of Austria was finally achieved in 1982, when the former empress, who had been denied entry to Austria, was allowed to set foot on Austrian soil for the first time again on the initiative of Federal Chancellor Bruno Kreisky.
Zita died on 14 March 1989 in Zizers at the age of 96. She was interred according to Habsburg dynastic tradition in the crypt of the Church of the Capuchin Friars in Vienna. However, her heart was buried in the new Habsburg family crypt at Muri Abbey in the northern Swiss canton of Aargau, in keeping with her last wishes as recorded in her will.”
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https://www.thecourtjeweller.com/category/sothebys/page/8
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sothebys – Page 8
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2018-11-19T06:00:00-06:00
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en
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https://www.thecourtjeweller.com/category/sothebys/page/8
|
DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS/AFP/Getty Images
On Wednesday, Sotheby’s in Geneva sold a hundred lots of jewelry from the House of Bourbon-Parma, including impeccable pieces with eye-popping royal provenance. Here’s a look at the ten highest-grossing lots from the sale!
Sotheby’s
10. Archduchess Maria Anna’s Sapphire Cluster Brooch: This lovely brooch features a 30-carat Ceylon sapphire surrounded by twelve brilliants, in a classic design that echoes the famous Albert Brooch from the British royal collection. This brooch is newer, made around 1900 and given by Princess Isabella of Croy to Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria when she married Prince Elias, Duke of Parma in 1903. The brooch sold for $551,010.
Sotheby’s
9. Archduchess Maria Anna’s Fancy Orangy Pink Diamond Ring: This classic cluster ring features an unusual 2.44-carat fancy orangy pink diamond framed by additional colorless diamonds. The ring was given to Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (wife of Prince Elias, Duke of Parma) by her father, Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen in 1909. The gift was a celebration of the birth of Maria Anna’s second son, Prince Robert. The ring sold for $574,837.
Sotheby’s
8. Princess Maria Teresa’s Diamond Girandole Earrings: This spectacular pair of diamond pendant earrings were made in the first half of the nineteenth-century. They originally belonged to Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy, the wife of Charles II, Duke of Parma, and were later inherited by her grandson, Robert I, Duke of Parma. The earrings sold for $729,715.
Sotheby’s
7. The Bourbon-Parma Diamond Demi-Parure: This incredible diamond demi-parure consists of a necklace, a pair of earrings, and a brooch. The suite contains diamonds owned by several members of the Bourbon-Parma family, including Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry (son of King Charles X of France), the Duchess of Angouleme (daughter of Queen Marie Antoinette), and Princess Isabella of Croy (mother of Archduchess Maria Anna, Duchess of Parma). The demi-parure sold for $848,853.
Sotheby’s
6. Archduchess Maria Anna’s Fleur-de-Lis Tiara: We featured this bold fleur-de-lis tiara recently here at The Court Jeweller. It was made in 1912 for Archduchess Maria Anna (wife of Prince Elias, Duke of Parma) by an Austrian jeweler, Hübner. The tiara sold for $967,990.
Sotheby’s
5. The Duke of Angouleme’s Order of the Saint-Esprit: This diamond, emerald, and ruby badge of the French Order of the Saint-Esprit was made around 1820 for the Duke of Angouleme (son of King Charles X of France). The badge sold for $1,623,244.
Sotheby’s
4. The Duke of Angouleme’s Order of the Golden Fleece: This elaborate diamond, sapphire, and ruby ornament is the neck badge of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The badge was made around 1820. It sold for $1,682,813.
Sotheby’s
3. Marie Antoinette’s Diamond Bow Brooch: This 18th century diamond bow brooch features a large pear-shaped yellow diamond pendant. The bow brooch belonged to Queen Marie Antoinette of France; the yellow diamond was a later addition. The brooch sold for $2,099,793.
Sotheby’s
2. Queen Marie Antoinette’s Pearls: This three-stranded pearl necklace is strung with pearls that belonged to Marie Antoinette. (We featured her pearl parure here.) The necklace sold for $2,278,499.
Sotheby’s
1. Marie Antoinette’s Diamond and Pearl Pendant: This astonishing diamond and pearl pendant was a part of Marie Antoinette’s collection (in a different form — see more here). This was the absolute whopper of the sale. The top range of its pre-sale estimate was just under two million dollars. When the hammer fell on Wednesday, this pendant sold for a breathtaking $36,165,090.
DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS/AFP/Getty Images
The print and online catalogues for next week’s landmark Bourbon-Parma jewelry auction are officially up, and we’ve finally got more information on a set of jewels I’ve been very curious about: the pearl suite that belonged to Marie Antoinette.
Marie Antoinette in pearls, painted ca. 1790 by Alexander Kucharsky (Wikimedia Commons)
Marie Antoinette was often painted with pearls, and her collection included some remarkable pearl pieces. After her execution, the pearls we’re discussing today were inherited by her daughter, Marie Therese. Known as “Madame Royale” from birth, Marie Therese became the Duchess of Angouleme when she married a cousin, Prince Louis Antoine, in 1799. The couple were technically King and Queen of France, in a reign that lasted a whole twenty minutes — the period of time after Louis Antoine’s father, King Charles X, signed his abdication papers and before Louis Antoine subsequently also signed the abdication document.
Princess Louise, Duchess of Parma wears the pearl necklace and pendant in a portrait by Prosper Raffi, ca. 1849 (Wikimedia Commons)
Marie Therese did not have any children of her own, but she did have a niece and a nephew, the children of Louis Antoine’s brother, the Duke of Berry. Her niece, Princess Louise, married the Duke of Parma; she’s the one who inherited the pearl suite, which remained with her descendants until this year. Look closely at the portrait above, and you’ll see Marie Antoinette’s pearl necklace and pendant around Louise’s own neck.
Sotheby’s
Two generations later, the pearl suite was recorded in a jewelry inventory compiled by Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, the wife of Louise’s grandson, Prince Elias, Duke of Parma. She noted that the “grande parure de perles” that belonged to Marie Antoinette included a necklace with three rows of round pearls, with a pearl pendant suspended from a diamond bow, and fastened by a a diamond clasp. The necklace as described by Maria Anna is pictured above.
Sotheby’s
Maria Anna also listed a pair of pearl earrings as part of the suite (“deux boucles d’oreilles, boutons et poires en perles”). The earrings feature pearl studs from which large brilliants and pearl drops are suspended.
DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS/AFP/Getty Images
The pearl necklace has undergone some renovations since the inventory was created, but now, the pearls from this suite are all being sold in the upcoming auction at Sotheby’s, divided into four separate lots.
Sotheby’s
Lot 97, which is estimated to sell for between $202,350 and $303,525, includes 119 of the 161 pearls from the original necklace. That original necklace was restrung as a sautoir in the early 20th century, and then restrung again into this three-row necklace, which features a large diamond clasp, and a separate single-stranded necklace.
Sotheby’s
Lot 98 is that single-stranded necklace, which is estimated to sell for between $40,470 and $70,823. It features 40 pearls and a detachable diamond clasp. The lot notes indicate that 39 of the pearls are natural saltwater and one is cultured.
Sotheby’s
The earrings from the parure are presented as lot 99 in the auction, and they’re estimated to bring between $202,350 and $303,525. The earrings are described as follows in the lot notes: “Each surmount set with a button shaped natural pearl measuring approximately 12.65 x 12.95 x 15.60mm and 12.95 x 13.10 x 16.00mm respectively, the reverse set with rose diamonds, supporting a detachable pendant set with an oval natural pearl measuring approximately 10.25 x 10.50 x 8.55mm and 10.15 x 10.20 x 7.70mm respectively, capped with rose diamonds, and a pinched collet-set cushion-shaped diamond.” The notes also indicate that the earrings feature “early 19th century, hook and hinged back fittings,” which naturally would have been added after Marie Antoinette’s death.
Sotheby’s
The final and perhaps grandest part of Marie Antoinette’s pearl parure, the large pendant featuring a diamond brilliant, a diamond bow, and a pear-shaped pearl, is lot 100. It’s the whopper of the sale, estimated to bring between one and two million dollars. You’ll note that the oval-shaped diamond at the top of the pendant was originally the clasp in Marie Antoinette’s necklace. The lot notes indicate that the pearl has been tested and is indeed a natural saltwater pearl.
Read more of our posts on the Bourbon-Parma jewel auction:
Drew Angerer/Getty Images
The magnificent jewelry collection of the Bourbon-Parma family, which will be auctioned at Sotheby’s in Geneva in a few weeks, has made it to America. Selected pieces are currently on display at the auction house in New York, and, as you may have expected, the links to Marie Antoinette are being very heavily advertised.
Drew Angerer/Getty Images
We still don’t have complete catalogue or lot information for the sale, but we know that some of the jewels included do appear to have genuinely been owned by Marie Antoinette. Her picture was displayed prominently alongside the jewels when they were photographed by the press on Friday. You can read details on ten of the lots now at the Sotheby’s website.
Drew Angerer/Getty Images
Two pearl necklaces from the sale were among the pieces displayed. The necklace on the left, a late nineteenth-century piece with an elaborate diamond clasp, is one of the pieces with available lot information. The necklace on the right is described as a “natural pearl and diamond necklace” in the label provided during this exhibition. Both necklaces are said to include pearls that belonged to Marie Antoinette and were later restrung by members of the Bourbon-Parma family.
Drew Angerer/Getty Images
This exceptional eighteenth-century diamond and pearl pendant is directly said to have come from Marie Antoinette in the provided lot notes.
Drew Angerer/Getty Images
Sotheby’s states that the incredible baroque pearl pendant has been tested and is a natural, saltwater pearl.
Drew Angerer/Getty Images
Lot notes are not yet available for this magnificent diamond bow brooch.
Drew Angerer/Getty Images
The label from the exhibition, however, simply describes it as a “diamond brooch” made in the “second half of [the] 18th century.” The piece’s auction estimate is set at $50,000-80,000 USD. The piece was displayed beside a simpler diamond bow brooch (visible in the last photograph in this post). That brooch, which dates to the late 19th century, has an auction estimate of $95,000-140,000 USD.
Drew Angerer/Getty Images
The necklace, earrings, and brooch in this photograph make up the “superb diamond parure” being auctioned in November. We do have lot notes for this one. The necklace was made using diamonds previously set on a sword that belonged to Prince Charles Ferdinand d’Artois, Duke de Berry (1778-1820).
Five of the diamonds set in the earrings and brooch (according to the lot notes, “the ones on the earrings, the central diamond on the brooch and the two remaining pendants on the brooch”) were once included in an “important tiara” that belonged to Marie Antoinette’s daughter, the Duchess of Angoulême. The lot notes state that the silver and gold frame from that tiara was auctioned at Sotheby’s as Lot 82 from the Dimitri Mavrommatis Collection; the lot also included a portrait of the Duchess wearing the tiara.
In the foreground of this photograph, you’ll see two rings. The label from this exhibition describes them as “two diamond and woven hair rings,” accompanied by an additional “diamond and woven hair jewel,” dating to the “18th century and early 19th century.” The trio of pieces has an auction estimate of $20,000-50,000 USD.
Drew Angerer/Getty Images
We don’t yet have lot notes for the outstanding fleur-de-lis tiara included in the exhibition, but thanks to the Instagram account of jewelry historian Vincent Meylan, we know a little bit about it. The tiara was made in 1912 for Archduchess Maria of Austria, wife of Prince Elias, Duke of Parma. Meylan notes that the three large fleur-de-lis ornaments can be detached and worn as brooches. Visit his Instagram for more!
Drew Angerer/Getty Images
You can read more about the jewels of the upcoming auction in our two previous posts: an overview of the sale, and a look at some of the pieces sparkling in motion!
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Amazon.com
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https://boisdejasmin.com/2017/03/im-dying-of-love-for-you-the-letters-of-isabella-von-parma.html
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“I’m Dying of Love for You” : The Letters of Isabella von Parma
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Victoria"
] |
2017-03-09T12:03:36+00:00
|
I returned from my recent trip to Vienna bringing back not only an obsession with Johann Georg Pinsel, but also with Isabella von Parma (1741-1763), who lived at the same time as the mysterious 18th century sculptor. Isabella was one of the most remarkable personalities of the 18th century, admired for her achievements in art, […]
|
en
|
https://boisdejasmin.com/site/wp-content/themes/boisdejasmin/favicon.ico?a=1
|
Bois de Jasmin
|
https://boisdejasmin.com/2017/03/im-dying-of-love-for-you-the-letters-of-isabella-von-parma.html
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I returned from my recent trip to Vienna bringing back not only an obsession with Johann Georg Pinsel, but also with Isabella von Parma (1741-1763), who lived at the same time as the mysterious 18th century sculptor. Isabella was one of the most remarkable personalities of the 18th century, admired for her achievements in art, music, and philosophy. The reason I became fascinated with her, however, was an excerpt from a letter she wrote to her sister-in-law, Marie Christine of Austria. “I am told that the day begins with God. I, however, begin the day by thinking of the object of my love, for I think of her incessantly.”
I am once again struck by the narrow lenses through which we see women in history. In many books Isabella is repeatedly described as “mad,” “tragic,” or “odd.” People search for the roots of her melancholy moods in the family tree and discuss at length the mental problems of her father and her mother’s cold attitude. What about the fact that princesses in the 18th century were little more than breeding mares, and Isabella had half a dozen miscarriages during her short marriage to Joseph II of Austria? The couple was under enormous pressure to produce a male offspring to the Hapsburgs.
In a letter to Marie Christine, she writes,
“What should the daughter of a great prince expect? Her fate is unquestionably most unhappy. Born the slave of the people’s prejudices, she finds herself subjected to this weight of honours, these innumerable etiquettes attached to greatness… In the end the effort is made to establish her. There she is condemned to abandon everything, her family, her country–and for whom? For an unknown person, whose character and manner of thinking she does not know… sacrifice to a supposed public good, but in fact rather to the wretched policy of a minister who can find no other way for the two dynasties to form an alliance which he pronounces indissoluble–and which, immediately it seems advantageous, is broken off…”*
Joseph, it must be said, experienced similar anxieties on the eve of his marriage, a desire for companionship mixed with the apprehension of marrying someone he hasn’t even seen. But Joseph was taken with Isabella, especially with her erudition, wit and learning, even if he remained too immature to fully appreciate her. Remember, he was the same emperor who complained to Mozart that his music had too many notes.
By the time she was twenty, she was already impressively accomplished, having had written several treatises on education, philosophy and military strategy. She wrote music and directed plays, painted and created interior designs, some of which can still be seen at the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna. The complex and rich personality of Isabella comes best of all in the letters she shared with Marie Christine between 1760 and 1763.
“The confusion which reigns in a certain drawer which lives in my room, where are to be found together and without rhyme or reason a political tract, a pile of letters, a comic opera, a vaudeville, a treatise on education, a clavier part, some moral reflections. A sermon jostles a treatise on all types of foolishness, prayers are mixed up in a paper devoted to declaring my love to you, letters from the emperor muddle up with letters of a hundred persons who are indifferent to me, and with those letters which are so dear to me and constitute the sweetness of my life.”*
Historians debate whether the relationship between Isabella and Marie Christine was more than platonic, but it seems like an irrelevant discussion to me. Prince Albert, Marie Christine’s husband, collected and preserved the letters after his wife’s death as proof of Marie Christine being friends with such a brilliant personality as Isabella. (Apart from one letter, Marie Christine’s correspondence didn’t survive.) But love can come in many forms and Isabella’s letters are full of passion. When I read them, everything around me recedes, and all I’m conscious of is the strength of her emotion and longing.
“I am writing you again, cruel sister, though I have only just left you. I cannot bear waiting to know my fate, and to learn whether you consider me a person worthy of your love, or whether you would like to throw me into the river…. I can think of nothing but that I am deeply in love. If I only knew why this is so, for you are so without mercy that one should not love you, but I cannot help myself.”
“My dear angel,” “my most precious treasure,” “my consolation,” says Isabelle to Marie Christine. “I am madly in love with you, virtuously or diabolically, I love you and I will love you to the grave.”
Isabella lived but for a short time after writing that letter. She contracted smallpox and passed away at the age of twenty two. Realizing that she would soon die, she wrote to Marie Christine offering advice on how to navigate the complicated court life of Vienna and win the confidence of Maria Theresa. Isabella’s death left the entire royal family in morning for far longer than etiquette required, and Joseph never fully recovered from losing his wife and companion.
As for Marie Christine, she must have followed Isabella’s advice, because she was the only one of Maria Theresa’s daughters to make a love marriage. Her suitor was Prince Albert of Saxony (1738-1822), a handsome and impeccably educated man, but with neither riches nor throne. Their marriage was very happy, and with Marie Christine’s generous income, the couple amassed an impressive collection of art, now at the Albertina in Vienna, and build a palace in Brussels, where they resided until the revolution in 1792. The Royal Castle of Laeken is the current residence of the Belgian royal family.
Unfortunately, Isabella’s letters aren’t translated into English, and the only full version is
“Je meurs d’amour pour toi…” Lettres de Isabelle de Bourbon-Parme à l’archiduchesse Marie-Christine 1760-1763. Édition établie par Élisabeth Badinter. La Lettre et la Plume. Éditions Tallandier, 2008. The women like most of the European nobility at the time used French, although a couple of Isabella’s letters are written in German. Another source is Hrasky Josef. Die Persönlichkeit der Infantin Isabella von Parma, Mittelungen des österreichischen Straatsarchivs. 12. Wien, 1959, although Hrasky suppressed some of the raunchier letters. The princesses were not above discussing such mundane matters as hemorrhoids and chamber pots.
*The translated quotes I used in this article come from the excellent biography of Joseph II by Derek Beales, pp. 72-76.
First image: Isabella von Parma by Jean-Marc Nattier. Second: by Anton Raphaël Mengs.
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FRANCE: PRINCESS ANNE DE FRANCE, DAUGHTER OF THE COUNT OF PARIS, MARRIES BOURBON PRINCE
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Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Bourbon-Parma
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Princess of Bulgaria from 1893 to 1899
For other people called Princess Marie Louise, see Princess Marie Louise (disambiguation).
Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma (Marie Louise Pia Theresa Anna Ferdinanda Francisca Antoinette Margaret Josepha Carolina Blanche Lucia Apollonia; 17 January 1870 – 31 January 1899) was the eldest daughter of Robert I, the last reigning Duke of Parma. She became Princess of Bulgaria upon her marriage to Ferdinand I, the then prince-regnant (who became Tsar after the Bulgarian Declaration of Independence in 1908). She was the mother of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria.
Early life
[edit]
Marie Louise was born in Rome in 1870 as Maria Luisa Pia Teresa Anna Ferdinanda Francesca Antonietta Margherita Giuseppina Carolina Bianca Lucia Apollonia di Borbone-Parma, the eldest daughter of Robert I, Duke of Parma, and his first wife, Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. The couple produced eleven more children before Maria Pia died in childbirth in 1882. Later, Duke Roberto remarried Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal and had twelve more children.
Marie Louise, who was twelve at the time of her mother's death, was brought up in Biarritz and Switzerland under the care of English governesses. Fluent in five languages, she liked painting and music. Her talents playing the guitar and the piano were judged to be well above the average. She was also well read and knew a lot of Dante and Leopardi by heart.[citation needed]
Marriage
[edit]
In 1892, her father arranged her marriage to the then reigning Prince of Bulgaria, Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The negotiations were conducted between Duke Robert and Ferdinand's mother, Princess Clémentine of Orléans. The engagement was celebrated at the Castle of Schwartzau, the residence of the Bourbon-Parma family in Austria. Marie-Louise and Ferdinand had never met prior to that day. Princess Clémentine, who was present on that occasion, described her future daughter-in-law in a letter to Queen Victoria as "Unhappily not very pretty, it is the only thing which is lacking, since she is charming, good, very witty, intelligent and very likable". The wedding took place on 20 April 1893 at the Villa Pianore in Lucca, Italy, the residence of Duke Roberto in Italy. Marie Louise was 23 at the time, nine years younger than Ferdinand. The couple wasted no time producing an heir, with son Boris born nine months and ten days after their wedding. [citation needed]
Family life
[edit]
It is thought that Marie Louise was not loved by her husband. However, he made sure that in order to secure his lineage on the Bulgarian throne, she would bear him children. Under pressure from his subjects and looking to be recognized as Bulgaria's sovereign by the Russian emperor, Ferdinand wanted to have their eldest son, Boris, converted to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the summer of 1895. Marie Louise, who was pregnant at the time, argued bitterly against her husband's actions, with the support of her father and her mother-in-law.[citation needed]
Marie Louise and Ferdinand's second child received baptism with Roman Catholic rites. However, unable to avoid Boris's conversion, Marie Louise, who had threatened to leave the country, left Sofia that same day for Beaulieu. In May 1896, Marie Louise returned to Bulgaria. In the summer, she went to London with her husband for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, giving birth the following January to Princess Eudoxia. In July 1898, with her husband and their four-year-old, Boris, they visited St Petersburg at the invitation of Nicholas II of Russia [citation needed].
Death
[edit]
Disillusionment in her private life and bearing four children in five years affected her frail health. Suffering from pneumonia, Marie Louise died in Sofia, twenty four hours after giving birth to her fourth child. Aged just 29, she was buried in the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St Louis of France in Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Children
[edit]
Prince Boris of Bulgaria (1894–1943), Prince of Turnovo and Tsar 1918–1943 (as Boris III)
Prince Kiril of Bulgaria (1895–1945), Prince of Preslav
Princess Eudoxia of Bulgaria (1898–1985)
Princess Nadezhda of Bulgaria (1899–1958), married Duke Albrecht Eugen of Württemberg
Honours and arms
[edit]
House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Alexander.
Arms
[edit]
Coat of Arms of Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma
Princess of Bulgaria
Royal Monogram of Princess Marie Louise of Bulgaria, Variant
See also
[edit]
Royal Consorts of Bulgaria
References
[edit]
Aronson, T. (1986) Crowns in conflict: the triumph and the tragedy of European monarchy, 1910–1918, John Murray Publishers, London; ISBN 0-7195-4279-0
Constant, S. (1979) Foxy Ferdinand, 1861–1948, Tsar of Bulgaria, Sidgwick and Jackson, London; ISBN 0-283-98515-1
Olivier Defrance (1 April 2024). "A Life Without Tenderness". Royalty Digest Quarterly. Ted Rosvall: 1–10. ISSN 1653-5219.
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Parma Royal Family
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REFERENCE TITLE NAME BORN DIED TITLE NAME BORN DIED COMMENTS 38 Duke Roberto I of Bourbon-Parma 1848 1907 Princess Maria Pia delle Grazie of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 1849 1882 See 37.559 - The House of Bourbon-Parma was established (1731) in the duchy of Parma and Piacenza when Isabella (Elizabeth) Farnese (1692-1766) wife of King Philip V of Spain transmitted her rights to Parma to her son Carlos (1716-1788). Isabella Farnese was a niece to Antonio Farnese (1679-1731) the eighth and final Farnese Duke of Parma and Piacenza.
Carlos became King of Spain in 1759 and his younger brother Phillip (1720-1765) succeeded him as the Duke of Parma and through him derives the present house of Bourbon Parma.
Roberta was the son of Duke Carlo III of Bourbon-Parma (1823-1854) and Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France (1819-1864).
Roberto was overthrown in 1860 following the annexation of the Duchy of Parma to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859. Princess Maria Pia died in childbirth of her daughter Princess Augusto.
A not particularly kind article on Roberta and his twenty four children (the article actually mentions twenty children). 38 Duke Roberto I of Bourbon-Parma 1848 1907 Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal 1862 1959 See 12.77 - Roberto was overthrown in 1859 following the annexation of the Duchy of Parma to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859.
Death announcement of Duke Roberto which mentions he left an estimated fortune of forty million dollars ($40 million) and was a father of twenty one (21) children. Roberto actually had twenty four (24) children of which two died in their infancy and a third was stillborn.
Another announcement on the death of Duke Roberto 38.1 Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma 1870 1899 King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria 1861 1948 See 17 - Ferdinand was born Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, he was elected Prince of Bulgaria 7 July 1887 and proclaimed himself King (Tsar) of Bulgaria on 5 October 1908. Ferdinand was forced to abdicate in favour of his son Boris on 3 October 1918 following Bulgaria's defeat in World War I and he left Bulgaria to spend most of the rest of his life at Coburg, Germany.
(Note: Bulgaria for centuries had been a province of the Ottoman Empire and in 1875 there was an abortive uprising of the Bulgarians against Turkish Rule. Russia invaded and defeated Turkey and by 1879 Bulgaria was granted autonomy under the Treaty of San Stefano. Prince Alexander of Battenberg was elected Prince of Bulgaria on 29 April 1879 and after strong pressure from Russia was forced to abdicate on 4 September 1886).
Wedding report of Prince (wasn't King at time of his marriage) Ferdinand of Bulgaria and Princess Maria Luisa
It was reported in 1896 that Maria Luisa wanted an annulment of her marriage to Ferdinand because of his intention to re-baptise his son Boris into the Greek Orthodox Church.
If that wasn't enough, Ferdinand's mother Princess Clementine of Orleans was threatening to abandon his cause in Bulgaria if he persisted with the re-baptism of Boris.
Maria Luisa fell victim to pneumonia and died 24 hours after the birth of her daughter Nadejda.
New York Times Report on Ferdinand's aim to be King
Death report of King Ferdinand
Death report of Princess Maria Luisa 38.2 Prince Ferdinando of Bourbon-Parma 1871 1872 38.3 Princess Luisa of Bourbon-Parma 1872 1943 38.4 Duke Enrico of Bourbon-Parma 1873 1939 Enrico (translates to Henry) was Titular pretender of Parma from 1907 to 1939 following the death of his father Duke Roberto I. 38.5 Princess Maria Immacolata of Bourbon-Parma 1874 1914 38.6 Duke Giuseppe (translates to Joseph) of Bourbon-Parma 1875 1950 Giuseppe (translates to Joseph) was Titular pretender to the throne of Parma from 1939 to 1950 following the death of his brother Enrico 38.7 Princess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Parma 1876 1959 38.8 Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma 1877 1915 38.9 Princess Beatrice of Bourbon-Parma 1879 1946 Count Pietro Luchesi Palli 1870 1939 Pietro was the son of Count Adinolfo Lucchesi Palli (1840 - 1911) who in turn was the son of Count Ettore Lucchesi Palli and his wife Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Wedding photograph of Count Pietro and Princess Beatrice 38.J Duke Elias of Bourbon-Parma 1880 1959 Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (Teschen Line) 1882 1940 See 44.322 - Elias was Titular pretender to the throne of Parma from 1950 to 1959 following the death of his brother Giuseppe (translates to Joseph) 38.J1 Princess Elisabeth of Bourbon-Parma 1904 1983 38.J2 Prince Carlo of Bourbon-Parma 1905 1912 38.J3 Princess Maria of Bourbon-Parma 1906 1994 38.J4 Duke Roberto II of Bourbon-Parma 1909 1974 Roberto was Titular pretender to the throne of Parma from 1959 to 1974 following the death of his father Elias 38.J5 Prince Francesco of Bourbon-Parma 1913 1939 38.J6 Princess Giovanna of Bourbon-Parma 1916 1949 Giovanna was killed in a shooting accident in La Toledana, Spain 38.J7 Princess Alice of Bourbon-Parma 1917 2017 Prince Alfonso of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Duke of Calabria and Count of Caserta) (Infante of Spain) 1901 1964 See 37.55421 - Alphonso lay claim to the Head of the Royal House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies on the death of his uncle Prince Ferdinando of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Duke of Calabria), and also assumed the title of Duke of Calabria.
A short article relating to the proposed marriage of Alice and Alfonso and a second article on the marriage. 38.J8 Princess Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Parma 1925 2009 38.K Princess Maria Anastasia of Bourbon-Parma 1881 1881 38.L Princess Augusto of Bourbon-Parma 1882 1882 38.M Princess Maria della Neve Adelaide of Bourbon-Parma 1885 1959 Princess Maria della Neve Adelaide became a nun at the Benedictine Convent of St. Cecilia at Ryde, Isle of Wight. She was one of three sisters who became a nun at the same convent. 38.N Prince Sisto "Sixte" of Bourbon-Parma 1886 1934 Hedwige de la Rochefoucauld 1896 1986 Hedwige was a daughter of Armand de la Rochefoucauld, 5th Duke of Doudeauville
New York Time report of the wedding of Prince Sixte and Hedwige.
Sixte was involved in secret discussions to try and stop the continuation of the First World War.
A brief report on the death and times of Prince Sixte. 38.N1 Princess Isabelle Marie of Bourbon-Parma 1922 2015 Count Roger de La Rochefoucauld 1915 1970 Roger de La Rochefoucauld was killed in plane wreck nr St-Germain-les-Paroisses 38.O Duke Francesco Saverio "Xavier" of Bourbon-Parma 1889 1977 Madeleine de Bourbon-Bussett 1898 1984 Xavier was Titular pretender to the throne of Parma from 1974 to 1977 following the death of his nephew Roberto.
The Bourbon-Bussett descend in the male line from a possible illegitimate son of Louis de Bourbon (1438-1482) Prince-Bishopric of Liège 38.O1 Princess Marie Françoise of Bourbon-Parma 1928 Prince Eduard von Lobkowicz 1926 2010 38.O2 Prince Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma (Duke of Parma) 1930 2010 Princess Irene of the Netherlands 1939 See 9.11412 - Carlos was naturalised in Spain on 5 January 1979 by Royal Decree. Irene renounced her rights of succession to the Netherlands throne on 29 April 1964 following her marriage to Prince Carlos.
The Australian Women's Weekly (1933 - 1982) report on the marriage of Prince Carlos and Princess Irene
Carlos was expelled from Spain in 1968 for alleged political activity against the regime of General Franco. Carlos's father Xavier until his death in 1077 was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain 38.O21 Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Parma (Duke of Parma) 1970 Annemarie Gualthérie van Weezel 1977 Carlos is the present Head of the Royal House of Bourbon-Parma. 38.O211 Princess Luisa Irene of Bourbon-Parma 2012 38.O212 Princess Cecilia Maria Johanna Beatrix 2013 38.O22 Prince Jaime of Bourbon-Parma (Count of Bardi) 1972 Viktória Cservenyák 1982 Prince Jaime and Princess Marguerita are twins 38.O221 Princess Zita Clara of Bourbon-Parma 2014 38.O23 Princess Marguerita of Bourbon-Parma (Countess of Colorna) 1972 Edwin Karel Willem de Roy van Zuydewijn 1966 Prince Jaime and Princess Marguerita are twins 38.O23 Princess Marguerita of Bourbon-Parma (Countess of Colorna) 1972 Tjalling ten Cate 1975 Prince Jaime and Princess Marguerita are twins 38.O231 Julia Carolina Catharina ten Cate 2008 38.O232 Paola Cecilia Laurentien ten Cate 2011 38.O24 Princess Marie Caroline of Bourbon-Parma (Marchioness of Sala) 1974 Albert Brenninkmeijer 1974 38.O3 Princess Marie Thérèse of Bourbon-Parma 1933 2020 Marie Thérèse is the first "Royal" to die from coronavirus Covid-19 38.O4 Princess Cécile Marie of Bourbon-Parma 1935 2021 38.O5 Princess Marie-des-Neiges of Bourbon-Parma 1937 38.O6 Prince Sixte Henri of Bourbon-Parma 1940 38.P Princess Francesca of Bourbon-Parma 1890 1978 Princess Francesca in 1915 became a nun at the Benedictine Convent of St. Cecilia at Ryde, Isle of Wight. She was one of three sisters who became a nun at the same convent. 38.Q Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma 1892 1989 Emperor Karl of Austria 1887 1922 See 19.J321 - Princess Zita was educated at the Benedictine Convent of St. Cecilia at Ryde, Isle of Wight, where three of her sisters were nuns.
Karl signed a proclamation 11 November 1918 in which he relinquished participation in the administration of the Austrian State. It should be noted that he signed a proclamation rather his abdication. For further reading please click here
A very uncomplimentary newspaper report regarding the intended marriage and respective families of Karl and Zita.
New York Time obituary on Emperor Karl
New York Time obituary on Empress Zita 38.R Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma 1893 1970 Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxemburg 1896 1985 See 34.22 - Grand Duchess Charlotte abdicated on 12 November 1964 after a 45 year reign and was succeeded by her son Jean.
A very brief report on the wedding of Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prince Felix 38.S Prince René of Bourbon-Parma 1894 1962 Princess Margrethe of Denmark 1895 1992 See 2.65 - An interesting situation occurred in 1953. Prince René had been involved in two motor car accidents apparently whilst under the influence of alcohol and has he had immunity from Danish law it was left to his wife's cousin King Frederik IX of Denmark to use his Royal prerogative to forbid Prince Rene to drive a car for a year.
Announcement of the engagement of Prince René and Princess Margrethe 38.S1 Prince Jacques of Bourbon-Parma 1922 1964 Countess Birgitte von Holstein-Ledreborg 1922 2009 Jacques was killed in a car accident outside Roskilde, Denmark, further details on Prince Jacques. Birgitte is a sister of Count Knud von Holstein-Ledreborg. An interesting family tree for the Counts von Holstein-Ledreborg can be found here.
Even a Prince and his future wife had difficulty in finding a home to live before their marriage. 38.S11 Prince Philipp Georg of Bourbon-Parma 1949 Annette Smith 1955 38.S111 Prince Jacques Carl of Bourbon-Parma 1986 38.S112 Prince Joseph Axel of Bourbon-Parma 1989 Anna Louise Bøgeløv Budd ? 38.S12 Princess Lorraine Charlotte of Bourbon-Parma 1951 38.S13 Prince Alain Johann of Bourbon-Parma 1955 Inge Birgitte Andersen 1948 38.S2 Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma 1923 2016 King Michael of Roumania 1921 2017 See 6.1212 - Michael succeeded his grandfather Ferdinand I as King of Roumania in 1927. However, his father reneged on his earlier renunciation to the rights to the Roumanian throne and Michael's position as King was usurped by Carol who became King in 1930. Carol was eventually deposed in 1940 and Michael returned to the throne for the second time. Michael was forced to abdicate in December 1947 by the communists.
King Michael signed the "Fundamental Rules Of The Royal Family Of Romania" document on 30 December 2007, this laid out the Membership of the Royal House of Romania and the Line of Succession to the Throne and to the Headship of the Royal House of Romania. It specifically mentions Margarita being created Crown Princess of Romania, her husband Radu as His Royal Highness Radu, Prince of Romania (ad personam) and Nicholas de Roumanie Medforth-Mills, who shall assume the title, style and rank of Prince of Romania and Royal Highness on 1 April 2010, upon his 25th birthday.
The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954) brief report on the marriage of Princess Anne and King Michael.
On August 1, 2015, King Michael signed a document removing the title Prince of Romania and the qualification of Royal Highness from his grandson, Nicholas. Nicholas has also been removed from the line of succession. It would seem the "Fundamental Rules Of The Royal Family Of Romania" was abrogated at the same time. One can speculate as to the reason for the removal. 38.S3 Prince Michael of Bourbon-Parma 1926 2018 Princess Yolande de Broglie-Revel 1928 2014 Princess Yolande de Broglie-Revel belongs to the junior line of the House of Broglie. Her ancestor was Prince Joseph de Broglie-Revel (1762-1795) ninth child of Victor François 2nd Duc de Broglie (1718-1804). A brief report on the wedding of Prince Michael and Princess Yolande 38.S32 Prince Eric of Bourbon-Parma 1953 2021 Countess Lydia von Holstein-Ledreborg 1955 See 34.2242 38.S321 Princess Antoinia Monique of Bourbon-Parma 1981 Martin Krusbæk 1982 38.S322 Princess Marie Gabrielle of Bourbon-Parma 1982 38.S323 Princess Alexia Thérèse of Bourbon-Parma 1985 Fabian Davis 1984 38.S324 Prince Michel Knud of Bourbon-Parma 1989 38.S325 Prince Henri Luitpold of Bourbon-Parma 1991 Archduchess Gabriella of Austria 1994 See 19.J321535 38.S33 Princess Sybil Marie of Bourbon-Parma 1954 Craig Richards 1962 Birth Registration of Craig Richards 38.S34 Princess Victoire Maria of Bourbon-Parma 1957 2001 Baron Ernst von Gecmen Waldek 1943 38.S34 Princess Victoire Maria of Bourbon-Parma 1957 2001 Carlos Ernesto Rodriguez 1956 38.S35 Prince Charles Emmanuel of Bourbon-Parma 1961 Constance de Ravinel 1970 38.S351 Prince Amaury of Bourbon-Parma 1991 38.S352 Princess Charlotte of Bourbon-Parma 1993 38.S353 Princess Elisabeth of Bourbon-Parma 1996 38.S354 Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma 1999 38.S4 Prince André Marie of Bourbon-Parma 1928 2011 Marina Gacry 1935 38.U Princess Isabella of Bourbon-Parma 1898 1984 38.V1 Prince Guido "Guy" of Bourbon-Parma 1940 1991 Brigitte Peu-Duvallon 1943 1993 38.V11 Prince Louis of Bourbon-Parma 1966 Ariane Nicolet 1966 38.V2 Prince Remigio "Rémy" of Bourbon-Parma 1942 Laurence Dufresne d'Arganchy 1951 38.V2 Prince Remigio "Rémy" of Bourbon-Parma 1942 Elisabeth Tardif 1954 38.V21 Prince Tristan of Bourbon-Parma 1974 Shira Szabo 1979 38.V22 Princess Aude of Bourbon-Parma 1977 38.V3 Princess Chantel of Bourbon-Parma 1946 Panayotis Skinas 1937 2015 38.V3 Princess Chantel of Bourbon-Parma 1946 Francois Henri des Georges 1941 38.V31 Helene Skinas 1978 Birth registration of Helene Skinas 38.V32 Alexandre Skinas 1980 Birth registration of Alexandre Skinas 38.V4 Prince Jean of Bourbon-Parma 1961 Virginia Roatta 1964 38.V4 Prince Jean of Bourbon-Parma 1961 Romana Smetá?ková ? 38.V41 Prince Arnaud of Bourbon-Parma 1989 38.V42 Prince Christophe of Bourbon-Parma 1991 38.W Princess Enrichetta (Henriette) Anna of Bourbon-Parma 1903 1987 38.X Prince Gaetano "Gaetan" of Bourbon-Parma 1905 1958 Princess Margarete of Thurn and Taxis 1909 2006 Margarete was a sister of Prince Raimundo della Torre e Tasso (2 nd Duca di Castel Duino) 38.X1 Princess Diane Marguerite of Bourbon-Parma 1932 2020 Prince Franz Joseph of Hohenzollern 1926 1996 See 6.1125 -
Marriage Registration of Franz Joseph and Diane Marguerite
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Wedding of Prince Jaime of Bourbon
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2023-10-05T00:00:00
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The Dutch Royal Family celebrated the Wedding of Prince Jaime of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi and Viktória Cservenyák at the Church of Our Lady in Apeldoorn on this day in 2013, 10 year ago, just a few weeks after the Death and Funeral of Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau. Prince Jaime Bernardo of Bourbon-Parma, Count of
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The Royal Watcher -
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https://royalwatcherblog.com/2023/10/05/wedding-of-prince-jaime-of-bourbon-parma-2013/
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The Dutch Royal Family celebrated the Wedding of Prince Jaime of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi and Viktória Cservenyák at the Church of Our Lady in Apeldoorn on this day in 2013, 10 year ago, just a few weeks after the Death and Funeral of Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau.
Prince Jaime Bernardo of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi, son of Princess Irene of the Netherlands and Prince Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, married Viktória Cservenyák (wearing the Ears of Wheat Tiara) at the Church of Our Lady in Apeldoorn, following a Civil Ceremony in Wijk bij Duurstede two days earlier. The couple have two daughters, Princess Zita and Princess Gloria, and Prince Jaime served as the Dutch Ambassador to the Holy See from 2014 to 2018, before serving as the Senior Advisor Private Sector Partnerships at UNHCR, and is now the Climate Envoy of the Netherlands. Princess Viktoria, a former lawyer, is known as the fiction writer Victoria Delano.
Royal Guests and Relatives included King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima of the Netherlands, with the Princess of Orange, Princess Alexia, and Princess Ariane
Princess Beatrix with Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau and members of the extended Dutch Royal Family!
https://www.instagram.com/the_royal_watcher/?img_index=1
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https://garystockbridge617.getarchive.net/amp/media/wedding-of-archduke-charles-of-austria-and-princess-zita-of-bourbon-parma-812954
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Wedding of Archduke Charles of Austria and Princess Zita of Bourbon
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2022-01-05T21:15:01.650000+00:00
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Download Image of Wedding of Archduke Charles of Austria and Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma. Free for commercial use, no attribution required. Wedding of Archduke Charles of Austria and Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma in Schwarzau Palace.. Dated: 21.10.1911. Topics: jaime de borbon y borbon parma, karl i of austria, maria antonia of portugal, maria teresa of portugal, photographs of franz joseph i of austria, princess maria josepha of saxony, stars of the sacred military constantinian order of saint george in portrait photographs, wedding of archduke charles of austria and zita of bourbon parma, wedding, groom, bride, ceremony, germany
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https://garystockbridge617.getarchive.net/media/wedding-of-archduke-charles-of-austria-and-princess-zita-of-bourbon-parma-812954
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Wedding of Archduke Charles of Austria and Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma in Schwarzau Palace.
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