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7545
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dbpedia
|
1
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https://www.workwithdata.com/datasets/countries-yearly%3Fcol%3Dcountry%252Ccountry%252Cdate%252Cpopulation%26f%3D1%26fcol0%3Dcountry%26fop0%3Dincludes%26fval0%3DSeychelles
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en
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Work With Data
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Build your dataset by selecting the data. Once you have chosen your data, you can edit the format, columns, and filters.
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en
|
/static/icon.svg
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Work With Data
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https://www.workwithdata.com/new-dataset
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New dataset
Build your dataset by selecting the data. Once you have chosen your data, you can edit the format, columns, and filters.
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||||
7545
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 43
|
https://prezi.com/trndc66lnban/la-francophonie-project-les-seychelles/
|
en
|
La Francophonie Project- les seychelles
|
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L E S S E Y C H E L L E S la Francophonie Basic Stats of the Seychelles Name-Republic of Seychelles République des Seychelles Coat of arms Motto: "Finis Coronat Opus" (Latin) "The End Crowns the Work" Anthem: Koste Seselwa "Join together all Seychellois" Capital(and largest
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en
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https://assets.prezicdn.net/assets-versioned/prezipage-versioned/5184-868acf0/common/img/favicon.ico?v=2
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prezi.com
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https://prezi.com/trndc66lnban/la-francophonie-project-les-seychelles/
| |||||
7545
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 19
|
https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2011/06/demonyms-countries-of-the-world/
|
en
|
Demonyms – The Names of Nationalities
|
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""
] | null |
[
"Derek Pharr"
] |
2011-06-14T15:38:24+00:00
|
What is a demonym? A demonym is name given to people of a place for each of the countries of the world. For example, "Italians" are people of or from
|
en
|
The Sporcle Blog
|
https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2011/06/demonyms-countries-of-the-world/
|
What is a demonym?
A demonym is name given to people of a place for each of the countries of the world. For example, “Italians” are people of or from Italy. The table bdlow gives the demonym for each of the countries of the world.
A AfghanistanAfghan AlbaniaAlbanian AlgeriaAlgerian AndorraAndorran AngolaAngolan Antigua and BarbudaAntiguans, Barbudans ArgentinaArgentine or Argentinean ArmeniaArmenian AustraliaAustralian or Ozzie or Aussie AustriaAustrian AzerbaijanAzerbaijani B The BahamasBahamian BahrainBahraini BangladeshBangladeshi BarbadosBarbadian or Bajuns BelarusBelarusian BelgiumBelgian BelizeBelizean BeninBeninese BhutanBhutanese BoliviaBolivian Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnian, Herzegovinian BotswanaMotswana (singular), Batswana (plural) BrazilBrazilian BruneiBruneian BulgariaBulgarian Burkina FasoBurkinabe BurundiBurundian C Cabo VerdeCabo Verdean CambodiaCambodian CameroonCameroonian CanadaCanadian Central African RepublicCentral African ChadChadian ChileChilean ChinaChinese ColombiaColombian ComorosComoran Costa RicaCosta Rican Cote d'IvoireIvorian CroatiaCroat or Croatian CubaCuban CyprusCypriot CzechiaCzech D-F Demcocratic Republic of the CongoCongolese DenmarkDane or Danish DjiboutiDjibouti DominicaDominican Dominican RepublicDominican EcuadorEcuadorean EgyptEgyptian El SalvadorSalvadoran Equatorial GuineaEquatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean EritreaEritrean EstoniaEstonian EthiopiaEthiopian FijiFijian FinlandFinn or Finnish FranceFrench or Frenchman/Frenchwoman G GabonGabonese The GambiaGambian GeorgiaGeorgian GermanyGerman GhanaGhanaian GreeceGreek GrenadaGrenadian or Grenadan GuatemalaGuatemalan GuineaGuinean Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissauan GuyanaGuyanese H-K HaitiHaitian HondurasHonduran HungaryHungarian IcelandIcelander IndiaIndian IndonesiaIndonesian IranIranian IraqIraqi IrelandIrishman/Irishwoman or Irish IsraelIsraeli ItalyItalian JamaicaJamaican JapanJapanese JordanJordanian KazakhstanKazakhstani KenyaKenyan KiribatiI-Kiribati KosovoKosovar KuwaitKuwaiti KyrgyzstanKyrgyz or Kirghiz L-M LaosLao or Laotian LatviaLatvian LebanonLebanese LesothoMosotho (plural Basotho) LiberiaLiberian LibyaLibyan LiechtensteinLiechtensteiner LithuaniaLithuanian LuxembourgLuxembourger MacedoniaMacedonian MadagascarMalagasy MalawiMalawian MalaysiaMalaysian MaldivesMaldivan MaliMalian MaltaMaltese Marshall IslandsMarshallese MauritaniaMauritanian MauritiusMauritian MexicoMexican MicronesiaMicronesian MoldovaMoldovan MonacoMonegasque or Monacan MongoliaMongolian MontenegroMontenegrin MoroccoMoroccan MozambiqueMozambican Myanmar (Burma)Burmese or Myanmarese N-R NamibiaNamibian NauruNauruan NepalNepalese NetherlandsDutch, Dutchmen/Dutchwomen, Netherlanders New ZealandNew Zealander or Kiwi NicaraguaNicaraguan NigerNigerien NigeriaNigerian North KoreaNorth Korean NorwayNorwegian OmanOmani PakistanPakistani PalauPalauan PalestinePalestinian PanamaPanamanian Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinean ParaguayParaguayan PeruPeruvian PhilippinesFilipino PolandPole or Polish PortugalPortuguese QatarQatari Republic of the CongoCongolese RomaniaRomanian RussiaRussian RwandaRwandan S Saint Kitts and NevisKittian and Nevisian Saint LuciaSaint Lucian St. Vincent & The GrenadinesSaint Vincentians, Vincentians SamoaSamoan San MarinoSammarinese or San Marinese Sao Tome and PrincipeSao Tomean Saudi ArabiaSaudi or Saudi Arabian SenegalSenegalese SerbiaSerbian SeychellesSeychellois Sierra LeoneSierra Leonean SingaporeSingaporean SlovakiaSlovak or Slovakian SloveniaSlovene or Slovenian Solomon IslandsSolomon Islander SomaliaSomali South AfricaSouth African South KoreaSouth Korean South SudanSouth Sudanese SpainSpaniard or Spanish Sri LankaSri Lankan SudanSudanese SurinameSurinamer SwazilandSwazi SwedenSwede or Swedish SwitzerlandSwiss SyriaSyrian T-Z TaiwanTaiwanese TajikistanTajik or Tadzhik TanzaniaTanzanian ThailandThai Timor-LesteTimorese TogoTogolese TongaTongan Trinidad and TobagoTrinidadian or Tobagonian TunisiaTunisian TurkeyTurk or Turkish TurkmenistanTurkmen TuvaluTuvaluan UgandaUgandan UkraineUkrainian United Arab EmiratesEmirian or Emiri United KingdomBriton or British* United StatesAmerican UruguayUruguayan UzbekistanUzbek or Uzbekistani VanuatuNi-Vanuatu Vatican City (Holy See)Vatican citizens VenezuelaVenezuelan VietnamVietnamese YemenYemeni or Yemenite ZambiaZambian ZimbabweZimbabwean
.
Note: The demonyms above are in the singular form. In most cases, plural forms add an s or, in the case of -ese endings, they are the same as the plural forms
Comments
comments
|
|||||
7545
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 55
|
https://booking.isdo.app/diving-in-the-seychelles/
|
en
|
Diving in the Seychelles
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Cassie Riddell"
] |
2022-03-10T17:09:59+00:00
|
Wall dives, drift dives and wreck dives are all common in the Seychelles. One of the best parts of diving in the Seychelles is that it's common to see turtles
|
en
|
ISDO Adventure
|
https://booking.isdo.app/diving-in-the-seychelles/
|
Learn to Dive in the Seychelles
The Seychelles’ Highlights
Wall dives, drift dives and wreck dives are all common in the Seychelles. One of the best parts of diving in the Seychelles is that it’s common to see turtles on nearly every dive. Sites are usually between 8 and 30 meters making them great for novice divers.
The Seychelles features healthy soft and hard coral. Interesting pelagic creatures like sailfish and whale sharks can be spotted on some of the outer islands. Whale sharks migrate through the Seychelles between August and November. They can be spotted on the Southern side of Mahé. Clear blue water, shallow sites and interesting marine life making the Seychelles an awesome diving destination.
When is the best time to go diving in the Seychelles?
You can dive in the Seychelles at any point of the year. Between October to March and May to September feature strong winds and rougher conditions. As a result, April/May and October/November offer the calmest conditions and best visibility. During these months, the calmer conditions means more remote sites can be reached.
Water Temperature: The water is always warm in the Seychelles ranging from 26°C to 29°C.
Currents: None to strong
Visibility: Usually between 20 and 30 meters
The Seychelles’ best dive sites
Shark Bank
Located close to Mahé, Shark Bank gives divers the opportunity to dive with stingrays, barracudas, reef sharks and whale sharks. The site features massive boulders that are covered in coral.
Aladbra
Aladbra is a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site and protected reserve. Home to beautiful flora and fauna, in addition to, a host of marine life. As this is a protected site, special permission from the Seychelles Island Foundation has to be granted to go diving here.
Ennerdale Wreck
The Seychelles is world-famous for its wrecks. Ennerdale Wreck is a British oil tanker that sank in 1970. Due to strong currents and the depth of the wreck, this site is for experienced divers with an advanced certification. The wreck can be penetrated at multiple points and there’s the opportunity to spot white-tips and bull sharks.
About the country
Made up of an archipelago of 115 islands located in the Indian Ocean. The majority of the islands remain inhabited. The Seychelles is famous for its pristine beaches, crystal-clear blue water and palm trees.
The Aldabra Atoll is a world heritage site, protected because of the wildlife that inhabits it. You must receive special permission to visit the second-largest atoll in the world. Its home to the largest giant tortoise population in the world.
Recreational Courses in the Seychelles
Dive Centers in the Seychelles
Getting to the Seychelles
Seychelles International Airport is located in Mahé. There are direct flights from Africa, the Middle East and Europe.
Other important information
|
|||||
7545
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 96
|
https://mapolist.com/country/sc/country-info
|
en
|
Worldwide Directory - MapoList
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MapoList.com
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Location
Seychelles is an archipelago located in the Indian Ocean, off the eastern coast of Africa. It is situated northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 kilometers (994 miles) east of mainland Africa.
Capital
The capital city of Seychelles is Victoria, which is located on the island of Mahé.
Population
As of the latest estimates, Seychelles has a population of approximately 98,000 people.
Area
Seychelles comprises 115 islands, with a total land area of about 459 square kilometers (177 square miles).
Official Languages
The official languages of Seychelles are Seychellois Creole, English, and French.
Government
Seychelles is a presidential republic with a multi-party political system. The President of Seychelles serves as both the head of state and the head of government.
Independence
Seychelles gained independence from Britain on June 29, 1976.
Currency
The currency of Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee (SCR).
Economy
Seychelles has a small, open economy primarily based on tourism, fishing, and offshore financial services. Tourism is the main contributor to the economy, with pristine beaches, coral reefs, and natural beauty attracting visitors from around the world.
Natural Features
Seychelles is known for its stunning natural beauty, including white sandy beaches, crystal-clear waters, lush forests, and unique flora and fauna. The islands are surrounded by coral reefs and are home to rare species of birds, marine life, and giant tortoises.
Culture
Seychellois culture is a blend of African, European, and Asian influences. The population is diverse, with people of African, European, and Asian descent. Traditional music, dance, and cuisine reflect this cultural diversity.
Religion
Christianity is the predominant religion in Seychelles, with Roman Catholicism being the largest denomination. Other Christian denominations, as well as Hinduism and Islam, are also practiced.
Infrastructure
Seychelles has relatively good infrastructure, particularly on the main islands of Mahé, Praslin, and La Digue. The country has modern facilities for transportation, communication, healthcare, and education.
Environment
Seychelles is committed to environmental conservation and sustainability. The government has implemented policies to protect the natural environment, including marine and terrestrial reserves, and initiatives to combat climate change.
International Relations
Seychelles maintains diplomatic relations with countries around the world and is a member of various international organizations, including the United Nations, the African Union, and the Commonwealth of Nations.
National Items of Seychelles
Coco de Mer
The Coco de Mer is a unique palm tree endemic to Seychelles, known for its large, double-lobed nuts. It symbolizes the country's unique biodiversity and natural heritage.
Aldabra Giant Tortoise
The Aldabra giant tortoise is native to the Aldabra Atoll in Seychelles. It symbolizes the country's rich wildlife and conservation efforts.
Seychelles Black Parrot
The Seychelles black parrot is the national bird and is found only in the Seychelles. It symbolizes the unique biodiversity and commitment to conservation.
Beau Vallon Beach
Beau Vallon Beach is one of the most famous beaches in Seychelles, symbolizing the country's stunning natural beauty and tourism appeal.
Seychellois Creole Cuisine
Seychellois Creole cuisine, characterized by dishes like fish curry and grilled octopus, symbolizes the rich culinary heritage and blend of various cultural influences.
Seychelles Magpie-Robin
The Seychelles magpie-robin is an endangered bird species found only in Seychelles, symbolizing the country's commitment to preserving its unique wildlife.
Seychelles National Botanical Gardens
The Seychelles National Botanical Gardens in Victoria symbolize the country's dedication to preserving and showcasing its rich plant life.
Takamaka Tree
The Takamaka tree is commonly found in Seychelles and symbolizes the island's natural beauty and tropical environment.
Seychelles Craftwork
Traditional Seychellois craftwork, such as woven baskets and hats, symbolizes the rich artisanal heritage and cultural identity of the country.
La Digue Island
La Digue Island, known for its beautiful beaches and unique granite boulders, symbolizes the natural beauty and serene environment of Seychelles.
Seychelles Blue Pigeon
The Seychelles blue pigeon is a bird native to the islands, symbolizing the rich avian biodiversity and natural heritage of Seychelles.
Seychellois Sega Music
Sega music, a traditional genre in Seychelles, symbolizes the rich musical heritage, cultural expression, and artistic traditions of the islands.
Curry Dishes
Curry dishes, particularly fish curry, are a staple in Seychellois cuisine, symbolizing the blend of cultural influences and rich culinary heritage.
Moutya Dance
The Moutya dance is a traditional dance in Seychelles, symbolizing cultural heritage, artistic expression, and social traditions.
Granite Boulders
The unique granite boulders found on beaches like Anse Source d'Argent symbolize the distinctive geological features and natural beauty of Seychelles.
Traditional Fishing Boats
Traditional fishing boats, often seen along the coast, symbolize the maritime heritage, traditional livelihoods, and importance of the sea to the Seychellois people.
Vallée de Mai
Vallée de Mai is a UNESCO World Heritage site on Praslin Island, symbolizing the natural beauty, unique biodiversity, and conservation efforts of Seychelles.
This anthem reflects the pride, unity, and commitment of the people of Seychelles towards their country and emphasizes the values of joy, love, and peace that they hold dear.
The national anthem of Seychelles is called "Koste Seselwa" (Join Together, Seychellois) in Creole, and its lyrics are as follows, along with an English translation:
Koste Seselwa,
Pouvwar Seselwa!
Nou pou toulede glwar Sesel pou labote.
Lazwa, lanmour ek lape,
Nou ti zwazo, nou leker Seselwa.
Ansanm anba lerank Seselwa,
Ansanm dan linite.
Lazil ek laros,
Nou remet Sesel an lamer.
Lazwa, lanmour ek lape,
Nou ti zwazo, nou leker Seselwa.
Join together, Seychellois,
Powerful Seychellois!
We are all here to give our hands to Seychelles for her protection.
Joy, love, and peace,
We are little birds, we are Seychellois at heart.
Together beneath the same flag,
Together in unity.
Island and ocean,
We bring Seychelles back to life.
Joy, love, and peace,
We are little birds, we are Seychellois at heart.
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Seychelles Reality (Seselwa Unite): "Seychelles Population Expands By 9000 Overnight with 0% Birth Rate!"
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http://seychellesreality.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
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http://seychellesreality.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
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From Link: nation.sc Our population is now 91,000 - 05.03.2013 • Census shows new trends The population of S...
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http://seychellesreality.blogspot.com/2013/03/seychelles-population-expands-by-9000.html
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https://www.jetpunk.com/user-quizzes/1778230/unique-and-unusual-demonyms
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Unique and Unusual Demonyms
|
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"https://www.jetpunk.com/img/user-img/b7/b7aa35a657-235.webp"
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Can you name all (maybe) unique demonyms?
Source from Wikipedia
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/apple-touch-icon.png
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JetPunk
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https://www.jetpunk.com/user-quizzes/1778230/unique-and-unusual-demonyms
|
Some changes-
1. Spain was removed as it ended in "ish" which also appears in British, Finnish, Swedish, etc.
2. Tajikistan was added
3. Any other changes you think should be added? reply to this comment with suggestions
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https://en.populationdata.net/countries/seychelles/
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Seychelles • Country facts • PopulationData.net
|
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] |
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""
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[
"Graeme Villeret"
] |
2016-05-16T19:05:21+00:00
|
Seychelles is an archipelago of 116 islands (several artificial), located in the Indian Ocean and attached to the African continent.
|
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PopulationData.net
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https://en.populationdata.net/countries/seychelles/
|
Official nameRepublic of SeychellesName in local languageRepiblik Sesel (crs) ; République des Seychelles (fr)ContinentAfricaSubcontinentEast AfricaPopulation (ranking: 212e)97,023 inhabitants (2018)Population growth1.23 % / yearArea459 km²Density211.38 inhabitants / km²GDP (ranking: 206e)1.590 billions $USD (2018)GDP/capita (ranking)16,434 $USD (2018)GDP growth3.60 % / year (2018)Life expectancy (ranking)73.30 years (2018)Birth rate17.40 ‰ (2016)Fertility rate2.40 children / woman (2015)Death rate (ranking)7.90 ‰ (2016)Infant mortality rate (ranking)13.40 ‰ (2016)Literacy rate99.05 % (2015)Official languagesEnglish, French, Seychellois CreoleCurrencySeychellois rupee (SCR)HDI (ranking: 89e)0.801 / 1 (2018)EPI (ranking)66.02 (2018)GovernmentUnitary presidential republicHead of StatePresident Danny FaureNational Day18 JuneISO CodesSC, SYCDemonymSeychelloise, SeychelloisTourists (ranking)349,861 people (2017)
A terrestrial paradise threatened
Seychelles is an archipelago of 116 islands (several artificial), located in the Indian Ocean and attached to the African continent. All these islands are grouped into a state whose main island is Mahe. It shares its maritime borders with France (Réunion and TAAF), Madagascar, Mauritius and Comoros. It lies about 1300 km off Kenya, Somalia and Tanzania.
See all related maps or articles
Urban areas (2016)
Urban areasPopulation Victoria84,636 inhabitants
See all urban areas
Administrative divisions
IslandsPopulationAreaAutres îles (intérieures et extérieures)1,085 inhabitants254 km²La Digue2,874 inhabitants10 km²Mahé84,636 inhabitants157 km²Praslin8,956 inhabitants38 km²
See all administrative divisions
See also
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http://www.outwit.com/support/help/hub/tutorials/work/countries/country_154.html
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Country Data:Seychelles
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OutWit Hub Automatic Exporation and Data Scraping.
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https://culturegate.org/country/one/area/id/63/wiki
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Culture Gate
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https://culturegate.org/static/images/icon/cg.ico
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https://culturegate.org/static/images/icon/cg.ico
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Seychelles
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[
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] |
2001-05-27T18:48:29+00:00
|
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/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles
|
Island country in the Indian Ocean
For the ship, see HMS Seychelles.
Seychelles ( , ;[8][9] French: [sɛʃɛl][10][11][12] or [seʃɛl][13]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Seychellois Creole: Repiblik Sesel),[14] is an island country and archipelagic state consisting of 115 islands (as per the Constitution) in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres (800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas departments of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and the Chagos Archipelago (administered by the United Kingdom as the British Indian Ocean Territory) and Maldives to the east. Seychelles is the smallest country in Africa as well as the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated population of 100,600 in 2022.[4]
Seychelles was uninhabited prior to being encountered by Europeans in the 16th century. It faced competing French and British interests until it came under full British control in the late 18th century. Since proclaiming independence from the United Kingdom in 1976, it has developed from a largely agricultural society to a market-based diversified economy, characterized by service, public sector, and tourism activities. From 1976 to 2015, nominal GDP grew nearly 700%, and purchasing power parity nearly 1600%. Since the late 2010s, the government has taken steps to encourage foreign investment.
As of the early 21st century, Seychelles has the highest nominal per capita GDP of any African nation. It has the highest Human Development Index ranking of any African country.[15] According to 2023 V-Dem Democracy indices Seychelles is ranked 43rd electoral democracy worldwide and 1st ranked electoral democracy in Africa.[16]
Seychellois culture and society is an eclectic mix of French, British, and African influences, with infusions of Chinese and Indian elements. The country is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, and the Commonwealth of Nations.
History
[edit]
Main article: History of Seychelles
Seychelles was uninhabited until the 18th century when Europeans arrived with Indians, and enslaved Africans. It remained a British colony from 1814 until its independence in 1976. Seychelles has never been inhabited by indigenous people, but its islanders maintain their own Creole heritage.
Early history
[edit]
Seychelles was uninhabited throughout most of recorded history, although simulations of Austronesian migration patterns indicate a good probability that Asians visited the islands.[17] Tombs visible until 1910 at Anse Lascars on Silhouette Island have been conjectured to belong to later Maldivian and Arab traders visiting the archipelago.[18] Vasco da Gama and his 4th Portuguese India Armada discovered the Seychelles on 15 March 1503; the first sighting was made by Thomé Lopes aboard Rui Mendes de Brito. Da Gama's ships passed close to an elevated island, probably Silhouette Island, and the following day Desroches Island. Later, the Portuguese mapped a group of seven islands and named them The Seven Sisters.[19] The earliest recorded landing was in January 1609, by the crew of the Ascension under Captain Alexander Sharpeigh during the fourth voyage of the British East India Company.
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were said to be occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid on Mahé by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV's Minister of Finance.[20]
In August 1770, the French ship Thélémaque under the command of Leblanc Lécore landed 28 people—15 white men and 13 enslaved men and women from Africa and India—on Ste. Anne Island.[21]
The British frigate Orpheus commanded by Captain Henry Newcome arrived at Mahé on 16 May 1794, during the War of the First Coalition. Terms of capitulation were drawn up and on the next day, Seychelles was surrendered to the United Kingdom. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, the French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections in Seychelles were held in 1966 and 1970.
Independence
[edit]
In 1976, Seychelles gained independence from the United Kingdom and became a republic. It has since become a member of the Commonwealth.[22] In the 1970s Seychelles was "the place to be seen, a playground for film stars and the international jet set".[23] In 1977, a coup d'état by France Albert René ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham.[24] René discouraged over-dependence on tourism and declared that he wanted "to keep Seychelles for the Seychellois".[23]
The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991.[25]
In the 1980s there were a series of coup attempts against President René, some of which were supported by South Africa. In 1981, Mike Hoare led a team of 43 South African mercenaries masquerading as holidaying rugby players in the 1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt.[23] There was a gun battle at the airport, and most of the mercenaries later escaped in a hijacked Air India plane.[23] The leader of this hijacking was German mercenary D. Clodo, a former member of the Rhodesian SAS.[26] Clodo later stood trial in South Africa (where he was acquitted) as well as in his home country Germany for air piracy.[27]
In 1986, an attempted coup led by the Seychelles Minister of Defence, Ogilvy Berlouis, caused President René to request assistance from India. In Operation Flowers are Blooming, the Indian naval vessel Vindhyagiri arrived in Port Victoria to help avert the coup.[28]
The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.[29]
In January 2013, Seychelles declared a state of emergency when the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundreds of houses.[30][31]
Following the coup in 1977, the president always represented the same political party until the October 2020 Seychellois general election, which was historic in that the opposition party won. Wavel Ramkalawan was the first president who did not represent United Seychelles (the current name of the former Seychelles People's Progressive Front).[32][33]
In January 2023, Seychelles announced its final stages of completing its marine spatial plan. It would become the second largest ocean area at 1.35 million km2 (520,000 sq mi) behind Norway, in support of its blue economy.
Politics
[edit]
Main article: Politics of Seychelles
The Seychelles president, who is head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature. As of 2023, the president is Wavel Ramkalawan.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 35 members, 26 of whom are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
The Supreme Court of Seychelles, created in 1903, is the highest trial court in Seychelles and the first court of appeal from all the lower courts and tribunals. The highest court of law in Seychelles is the Seychelles Court of Appeal, which is the court of final appeal in the country.[34]
Political culture
[edit]
Seychelles' long-term president France-Albert René came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president James Mancham on 5 June 1977 in a coup d'état and installed him as president. René was at that time the prime minister. René ruled as a strongman under a socialist one-party system until 1993, when he was forced to introduce a multi-party system. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006, 2011 and again in 2015.[35][36][37][38] On 28 September 2016, the Office of the President announced that Michel would step down effective 16 October, and that Vice President Danny Faure would complete the rest of Michel's term.[39]
On 26 October 2020, Wavel Ramkalawan, a 59-year-old Anglican priest, was elected the fifth President of the Republic of Seychelles. Ramkalawan was an opposition MP from 1993 to 2011, and from 2016 to 2020. He served as the Leader of the Opposition from 1998 to 2011 and from 2016 to 2020. Ramkalawan defeated incumbent Danny Faure by 54.9% to 43.5%. This marked the first time the opposition had won a presidential election.[40][41]
The primary political parties are the former long-time ruling socialist People's Party (PP), known until 2009 as the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) now called United Seychelles (US), and the socially liberal Seychelles National Party (SNP).[42]
The election of the National Assembly was held on 22–24 October 2020. The Seychelles National Party, the Seychelles Party for Social Justice and Democracy and the Seychelles United Party formed a coalition, Linyon Demokratik Seselwa (LDS). LDS won 25 seats and US got 10 seats of the 35 seats of the National Assembly.[43]
Foreign relations
[edit]
Further information: Foreign relations of Seychelles
Seychelles is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Indian Ocean Commission, La Francophonie, the Southern African Development Community and the Commonwealth of Nations.
In 1981 South Africa was involved in a failed coup attempt.[44] Under the Obama administration, the US began running drone operations out of Seychelles.[45] In the Spring of 2013, members of the Special-Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force Africa mentored troops in Seychelles, along with a variety of other African nations.[45]
Military
[edit]
Main article: Seychelles People's Defence Force
The Military of Seychelles is the Seychelles People's Defence Force which consists of a number of distinct branches: an Infantry Unit and Coast Guard, Air Force and a Presidential Protection Unit. India has played and continues to play a key role in developing the military of Seychelles. After handing over two SDB Mk5 patrol vessels built by GRSE, the INS Tarasa and INS Tarmugli, to the Seychelles Coast Guard, which were subsequently renamed PS Constant and PS Topaz, India also gifted a Dornier 228 aircraft built by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.[46] India also signed a pact to develop Assumption Island, one of the 115 islands that make up the country. Spread over 11 km2 (4 sq mi), it is strategically located in the Indian Ocean, north of Madagascar. The island is being leased for the development of strategic assets by India.[47] In 2018, Seychelles signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[48][49]
Incarceration
[edit]
In 2014, Seychelles had the highest incarceration rate in the world of 799 prisoners per 100,000 population, exceeding the United States' rate by 15%.[50] However, the country's actual population was less than 100,000; as of September 2014, Seychelles had 735 actual prisoners, 6% of whom were female, incarcerated in three prisons.[51]
The incarceration rate in Seychelles has since dropped significantly. It is no longer among the top ten countries with the highest rate of incarceration. In 2022, the incarceration rate was 287 per 100,000 population, being just the 31st highest in the world.[52]
Modern piracy
[edit]
Seychelles is a key participant in the fight against Indian Ocean piracy primarily committed by Somali pirates.[53] Former president James Michel said that piracy costs between $7 million – $12 million a year to the international community: "The pirates cost 4% of the Seychelles GDP, including direct and indirect costs for the loss of boats, fishing, and tourism, and the indirect investment for the maritime security." These are factors affecting local fishing – one of the country's main national resources – which had a 46% loss in 2008–2009.[53] International contributions of patrol boats, planes or drones have been provided to help Seychelles combat sea piracy.[53]
Administrative divisions
[edit]
Main article: Districts of Seychelles
Seychelles is divided into twenty-six administrative regions comprising all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé. Two more districts divide the island of Praslin and one covers La Digue as well as satellite and other Inner Islands . The rest of the Outer Islands (Îles Eloignées) make up the last district recently created by the tourism ministry.
Geography
[edit]
Main articles: Geography of Seychelles and Geology of Seychelles
An island nation, Seychelles is located in the Somali Sea segment of the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (860 nmi) east of Kenya. The Constitution of Seychelles lists 155 named islands,[54] and a further 7 reclaimed islands have been created subsequent to the publication of the Constitution. The majority of the islands are uninhabited, with many dedicated as nature reserves. Seychelles' largest island, Mahé, is located 1,550 km (835 nmi) from Mogadishu (Somalia's capital).[55]
A group of 44 islands (42 granitic and 2 corallines) occupy the shallow waters of the Seychelles Bank and are collectively referred to as the inner islands. They have a total area of 244 km2 (94 sq mi), accounting for 54% of the total land area of the Seychelles and 98% of the entire population.
The islands have been divided into groups. There are 42 granitic islands known as the Granitic Seychelles. These are in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette, La Digue, Curieuse, Félicité, Frégate, Ste. Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Ile aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Ile Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé), Chauve Souris (Praslin), Ile La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics on the edge of the Seychelles Bank: Denis and Bird. There are two coral islands south of the Granitic: Coëtivy and Platte.
There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitic: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph, Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnœufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Étoile, Bijoutier.
There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable, Déposés, Île aux Goëlettes, Lapins, Île du Milieu, North Manaha, South Manaha, Middle Manaha, North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.
There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Émile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Héron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption Island, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goélettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).
In addition to these 155 islands, as per the Constitution of Seychelles, there are 7 reclaimed islands: Ile Perseverance, Ile Aurore, Romainville, Eden Island, Eve, Ile du Port and Ile Soleil.
South Island, African Banks has been eroded by the sea. At St Joseph Atoll, Banc de Sable and Pelican Island have also eroded, while Grand Carcassaye and Petit Carcassaye have merged to form one island. There are also several unnamed islands at Aldabra, St Joseph Atoll and Cosmoledo. Pti Astove, though named, failed to make it into the Constitution for unknown reasons. Bancs Providence is not a single island, but a dynamic group of islands, comprising four large and about six very small islets in 2016.
Climate
[edit]
The climate is very humid, as the islands are small,[56] and is classified by the Köppen-Geiger system as a tropical rain forest (Af). The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation levels are somewhat less on the other islands.[57]
During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.[57]
Wildlife
[edit]
Main article: Wildlife of Seychelles
Seychelles is among the world's leading countries to protect lands for threatened species, allocating 42% of its territory for conservation.[60] Like many fragile island ecosystems, Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity when humans first settled in the area, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles parakeet, and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation. Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles black parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and five species of hermit crabs live on the islands.[61] From the year 1500 until the mid-1800s (approximately), the then-previously unknown Aldabra giant tortoise was killed for food by pirates and sailors, driving their numbers to near-extinction levels. Today, a healthy yet fragile population of 150,000 tortoises live solely on the atoll of Aldabra, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[62][63] Additionally, these ancient reptiles can further be found in numerous zoos, botanical gardens, and private collections internationally. Their protection from poaching and smuggling is overseen by CITES, whilst captive breeding has greatly reduced the negative impact on the remaining wild populations. The granitic islands of Seychelles supports three extant species of Seychelles giant tortoise.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world, notably on the outer islands of Aldabra and Cosmoledo. In granitic Seychelles the largest colonies are on Aride Island including the world's largest numbers of two species. The sooty tern also breeds on the islands. Other common birds include cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) and the fairy tern (Gygis alba).[64] More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded.[citation needed]
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to roughly 268 flowering plant species, of which 70 (28%) are endemic.[65][66] Particularly well known is the coco de mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" (the shape of its "double" coconut resembles buttocks), the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahé. This strange and ancient plant, in a genus of its own, Medusagyne seems to reproduce only in cultivation and not in the wild. Other unique plant species include Wright's gardenia (Rothmannia annae), found only on Aride Island’s Special Reserve. There are several unique species of orchid on the islands. Famous botanist Dr. Herb Herbertson was known for his love of the islands unique orchid varieties.[67]
Seychelles is home to two terrestrial ecoregions: Granitic Seychelles forests and Aldabra Island xeric scrub.[68] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 10/10, ranking it first globally out of 172 countries.[69]
Environmental issues
[edit]
Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (such as Silhouette Island).
Despite huge disparities across nations,[citation needed] Seychelles claims to have achieved nearly all of its Millennium Development Goals.[70] 17 MDGS and 169 targets have been achieved.[citation needed] Environmental protection is becoming a cultural value.[citation needed]
Their government's Seychelles Climate Guide describes the nation's climate as rainy, with a dry season with an ocean economy in the ocean regions. The Southeast Trades is on the decline but still fairly strong.[71] Reportedly, weather patterns there are becoming less predictable.[72]
Demographics
[edit]
Main article: Demographics of Seychelles
When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans, and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the Gran blan ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on indentured servitude to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were generally in the merchant class.[73]
Today, Seychelles is described as a fusion of peoples and cultures. Numerous Seychellois are considered multiracial: blending from African, Asian and European descent to create a modern creole culture. Evidence of this blend is also revealed in Seychellois food, incorporating various aspects of French, Chinese, Indian and African cuisine.[citation needed]
As the islands of Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois descend from people who immigrated, of which the largest ethnic groups were those of African, French, Indian and Chinese origin. The median age of the Seychellois is 34 years.[74]
Languages
[edit]
French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is a French-based creole language related to those spoken in Mauritius and Reunion. Seychellois Creole is the most widely spoken native language and de facto the national language of the country. Seychellois Creole is often spoken with English words and phrases mixed in.[75] About 91% of the population are native speakers of Seychelles Creole, 5.1% of English and 0.7% of French.[75] Most business and official meetings are conducted in English and nearly all official websites are in English. National Assembly business is conducted in Creole, but laws are passed and published in English.
Religion
[edit]
According to the 2022 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 61.3% were Roman Catholic, pastorally served by the exempt Diocese of Port Victoria; 5.0% were Anglican and 8.6% follows other sects of Christianity.[2][76]
Hinduism is the second largest religion, with more than 5.4% of the population.[2][77] Hinduism is followed mainly by the Indo-Seychellois community.[78]
Islam is followed by another 1.6% of the population. Other faiths accounted for 1.1% of the population, while a further 5.9% were non-religious or did not specify a religion.[77]
Economy
[edit]
Main article: Economy of Seychelles
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla and copra were the chief exports. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist Donald Prell prepared for the crown colony's Governor General an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. Quoting from his report, in the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector.[79][80] The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé used by the United States' Air Force Satellite Control Network was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla.[citation needed]
As of 2013 , the main export products are processed fish (60%) and non-fillet frozen fish (22%).[81]
The prime agricultural products currently produced in Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon and vanilla are the main export commodities.
The Seychelles government has prioritised a curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, banking, imports of basic products, telecommunications and a wide range of other businesses. According to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, which measures the degree of limited government, market openness, regulatory efficiency, rule of law, and other factors, economic freedom has been increasing each year since 2010.[82] [unreliable source?]
The national currency of Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies, it was unpegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.[83]
Seychelles has emerged as the least corrupt country in Africa in the latest Corruption Perception Index report released by Transparency International in January 2020.[84]
Tourism
[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Seychelles
In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a significant industry, essentially dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could expand only so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles. Consequently, there was a sustained spate of hotel construction throughout almost the entire 1970s which included the opening of Coral Strand Smart Choice, Vista Do Mar and Bougainville Hotel in 1972.
In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC.[citation needed]
Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Financial Services Authority and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others). In March 2015, Seychelles allocated Assumption Island to be developed by India.[85]
Owing to the effects of COVID-19, Seychelles shut down its borders to international tourism in the year 2020. As the national vaccination program progressed well, the nation's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Tourism decided to reopen the borders to international tourists on 25 March 2021.
Energy
[edit]
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Persian Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d).
In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).
Culture
[edit]
Art
[edit]
A National Art Gallery was inaugurated in 1994 on the occasion of the official opening of the National Cultural Centre, which houses the National Library and National Archives with other offices of the Ministry of Culture. At its inauguration, the Minister of Culture decreed that the exhibition of works of Seychellois artists, painters and sculptors was a testimony to the development of art in Seychelles as a creative form of expression, and provided a view of the state of the country's contemporary art. Painters have traditionally been inspired by Seychelles’ natural features to produce a wide range of works in media ranging from watercolours to oils, acrylics, collages, metals, aluminium, wood, fabrics, gouache, varnishes, recycled materials, pastels, charcoal, embossing, etching, and giclee prints. Local sculptors produce fine works in wood, stone, bronze and cartonnage. There are several art galleries around the island such as the National Gallery in Victoria, the Traditional wooden house galleries Kenwyn House gallery and Kaz Zanana Art Gallery in Victoria, Pagoda Art and Design Gallery in the Seychelles Chinese Culture Centre near the Selwyn Clarke market, and Eden gallery on Eden Island.
Music
[edit]
Main article: Music of Seychelles
Music and dance have always played prominent roles in Seychelles culture and local festivities. Rooted in African, Malagasy and European cultures, music characteristically features drums such as the tambour and tam-tam, and simple string instruments. The violin and guitar are relatively recent foreign imports which play a prominent role in contemporary music.
Among popular dances are the Sega, with hip-swaying and shuffling of the feet, and the Moutya, a dance dating back to the days of slavery, when it was often used to express strong emotions and discontent.
The music of Seychelles is diverse, a reflection of the fusion of cultures through its history. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion. It includes African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation, such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau); European contredanse, polka and mazurka; French folk and pop; sega from Mauritius and Réunion; taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres; and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music.
Contombley is a popular form of percussion music, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga. Kontredans, based on European contra dance, is also popular, especially in district and school competitions during the annual Festival Kreol (International Creole Festival). Moutya playing and dancing often occur at beach bazaars. Music is sung in the Seychellois Creole of the French language, and in French and English.
In 2021,[86] the Moutya, a slave trade-era dance, was added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List as a symbol of psychological comfort in its role of resistance against hardship, poverty, servitude and social injustice.[87]
Cuisine
[edit]
Main article: Cuisine of Seychelles
Staple foods of Seychelles include fish, seafood and shellfish dishes, often accompanied with rice.[88][89] Fish dishes are cooked several ways, such as steamed, grilled, wrapped in banana leaves, baked, salted and smoked.[88] Curry dishes with rice are also a significant part of the country's cuisine.[89][90]
Other staples include coconut, breadfruit, mangoes and kordonnyen fish.[91] Dishes are often garnished with fresh flowers.[91]
Chicken dishes, such as chicken curry and coconut milk.[89]
Coconut curry[89]
Dal (lentils)[91]
Fish curry[89]
Saffron rice[91]
Fresh tropical fruits[88][92]
Ladob, eaten either as a savoury dish or as a dessert. The dessert version usually consists of ripe plantain and sweet potatoes (but may also include cassava, breadfruit or even corossol), boiled with coconut milk, sugar, nutmeg and vanilla in the form of a pod until the fruit is soft and the sauce is creamy.[93] The savoury dish usually includes salted fish, cooked in a similar fashion to the dessert version, with plantain, cassava and breadfruit, but with salt used in place of sugar (and omitting vanilla).
Shark chutney typically consists of boiled skinned shark, finely mashed and cooked with squeezed bilimbi juice and lime. It is mixed with onion and spices, with the onion fried and cooked in oil.[93]
Vegetables[89][92]
Media
[edit]
The main daily newspaper is the Seychelles Nation, dedicated to local government views and current topics. Other political parties operate papers such as Regar. Foreign newspapers and magazines are readily available at most bookshops and newsagents. The papers are published mostly in Seychellois Creole, French and English.
The main television and radio network, operated by the Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation, offers locally produced news and discussion programmes in the Seychellois Creole language, between 3 pm and 11:30 pm on weekdays and longer hours on weekends. There are also imported English- and French-language television programmes on Seychellois terrestrial television, and international satellite television has grown rapidly in recent years.
Sports
[edit]
Seychelles' most popular sport is football, which has significantly grown in popularity in the last decade.[94] In 2015, Seychelles hosted the African Beach Soccer Championship. Ten years later, Seychelles will host the 2025 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup making it the first ever FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup to be ever held in Africa.
Women
[edit]
See also: Women in Seychelles
Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditure and looking after children's interests.[95] Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children.[96] Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral.[95][96]
LGBT rights
[edit]
Main article: LGBT rights in Seychelles
Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 2016.[97] The bill decriminalizing homosexuality was approved in a 14–0 vote.[98] Employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is banned in the Seychelles, making it one of the few African countries to have such protections for LGBT people.[99][100]
Education
[edit]
Main article: Education in Seychelles
Seychelles has the highest literacy rate of any country in sub-Saharan Africa.[101] According to The World Factbook of the Central Intelligence Agency, as of 2018, 95.9% of the population aged 15 and over can read and write in the Seychelles.[101]
Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles. The Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys' and girls' secondary schools with religious brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944.[102]
A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect, requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age six. Ninety-four percent of all children attend primary school.[103]
The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 96% in 2020.[104]
There are a total of 68 schools in Seychelles. The public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. They are located on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. Additionally, there are three private schools: École Française, International School and the independent school. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, Seychelles Tourism Academy, University of Seychelles Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Center, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Center and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.[citation needed]
The administration launched plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred. University of Seychelles, initiated in conjunction with the University of London, opened on 17 September 2009 in three locations, and offers qualifications from the University of London.[105]
Notable people
[edit]
Main article: List of Seychellois people
Kevin Betsy, football coach and former professional footballer
Liandro Samson, professional footballer and entrepreneur
Jullian Samson, social media influencer
See also
[edit]
Africa portal
Outline of Seychelles
Index of Seychelles-related articles
Illegal drug trade in Seychelles (highest heroin use per capita in the world)
Notelist
[edit]
References
[edit]
Government
SeyGov, main government portal
State House, Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles
Central Bank of Seychelles, on-shore banking and insurance regulator
Seychelles Investment Bureau, government agency promoting investment in Seychelles
National Bureau of Statistics, government agency responsible for collecting, compiling, analysing and publishing statistical information
Religion
GigaCatholic
Folklore
Compilation Books of Seychellois fairy tales (In Seychellois Creole)
Seychelles Folklore Archive by University of Seychelles
General
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The educational system in Seychelles is advanced in comparison to other African countries and works to promote equality among school aged children. In 1981 the Ministry of Education in Seychelles...
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Education
There are two main languages in use throughout Seychelles schools, the Seychellois Creole and English. Neither language is promoted over the other, and they coexist within the sphere of education. This reveals that bilingualism is common for many students and teachers within the country of Seychelles. The development of private English schools in the country indicates that the language is gaining prestige among the population of Seychelles and will be practiced by many school aged Seychellois people.
Government
In Seychelles, the government is made up of a head of state and the National Assembly which operates similarly to the Senate in America. Anyone over the age of 17 is eligible to vote and is responsible for electing 25 national Assembly members and the President every five years. There are two main political parties that attempt to garner majority within the country, the People's Party and the National Party. According to the Ibrahim Index, the government of Seychelles ranks second in excellence in regards to all African Governance. This means that the government is effective in promoting positive human development, human rights, and safety within the country. The government made English one of its three official languages in 1981 along with the Seselwa Creole and French. Metz (1995) writes, "More than one-third of Seychellois can use English and the great majority of younger Seychellois can read English which is the language of government and commerce" (p. 218). English is used in the government because it can reach a large majority of the educated public in Seychelles. The Seychelles government's webpage is composed only in English and the links it provides lead to other websites written in English as well. It is necessary to know English in order to apply for a marriage license or get a permit of any kind. This demonstrates that English is an accessible language, needed in Seychelles in order to navigate the domain of government.
Tourism and Business
Seychelles also has a large manufacturing industry that helps connect it to other countries around the world. Many processing plants exist in the country and they produce goods such as beer, cigarettes, furniture, and chemicals. These goods are then exported to foreign countries including America and Britain, thus strengthening ties to other English speaking countries. A unique aspect of Seychelles's economy comes from the offshore banking of many foreign businesses. Many businesses move their accounts to banks in Seychelles to gain tax breaks and more relaxed regulations. There are ten banks throughout the country that cater to thousands of foreign business and work to ensure that they are completely tax exempt under the common law of Seychelles. There are many resources targeted to foreign businesses in America outlining how to apply for an account in Seychelles. This practice encourages the use of communication based language learning. The video provided shows one example of how banks in Seychelles make themselves accessible to American businesses.
US Embassy
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Citation preview
527 00604 3323
ORLD BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES VOLUME 153
GEORGE BENNETT with the collaboration of
PRAMILA RAMGULAM BENNETT
-sSr-
Seychelles
WORLD BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES General Robert G. Neville John J. Robert A. Myers Hans H. Wellisch
Editors: (Executive Editor) Horton Ian Wallace Ralph Lee Woodward, Jr.
John J. Horton is Deputy Librarian of the University of Bradford and currently Chairman of its Academic Board of Studies in Social Sciences. He has maintained a longstanding interest in the discipline of area studies and its associated bibliographical problems, with special reference to European Studies. In particular he has published in the field of Icelandic and of Yugoslav studies, including the two relevant volumes in the World Bibliographical Series. Robert A. Myers is Associate Professor of Anthropology in the Division of Social Sciences and Director of Study Abroad Programs at Alfred University, Alfred, New York. He has studied post-colonial island nations of the Caribbean and has spent two years in Nigeria on a Fulbright Lectureship. His interests include international public health, historical anthropology and developing societies. In addition to Amerindians of the Lesser Antilles: a bibliography (1981), A Resource Guide to Dominica, 1493-1986 (1987) and numerous articles, he has compiled the World Bibliographical Series volumes on Dominica (1987), Nigeria (1989) and Ghana (1991). Ian Wallace is Professor of German at the University of Bath. A graduate of Oxford in French and German, he also studied in Tubingen, Heidelberg and Lausanne before taking teaching posts at universities in the USA, Scotland and England. He specializes in contemporary German affairs, especially literature and culture, on which he has published numerous articles and books. In 1979 he founded the journal GDR Monitor, which he continues to edit under its new title German Monitor. Hans H. Wellisch is Professor emeritus at the College of Library and Information Services, University of Maryland. He was President of the American Society of Indexers and was a member of the International Federation-for Documentation. He is the author of numerous articles and several books on indexing and abstracting, and has published The Conversion of Scripts, Indexing and Abstracting: an International Bibliography and Indexing from A to Z. He also contributes frequently to Journal of the American Society for Information Science, The Indexer and other professional
Central American history section of the Handbook of Latin American Studies.
VOLUME 153
Seychelles George Bennett Compiler
with the collaboration of Pramila Ramgulam Bennett
CLIO PRESS OXFORD, ENGLAND • SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA DENVER, COLORADO
© Copyright 1993 by Clio Press Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Seychelles. - (World bibliographical series; v.153) L Bennett, George II. Bennett, Pramila Ramgulam III. Series 016.9696 ISBN 1-85109-182-3
Clio Press Ltd., 55 St. Thomas’ Street, Oxford 0X1 1JG, England. ABC-CLIO, 130 Cremona Drive, Santa Barbara, CA 93116, USA.
Designed by Bernard Crossland. Typeset by Columns Design and Production Services Ltd, Reading, England. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bookcraft (Bath) Ltd., Midsomer Norton
THE WORLD BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES This series, which is principally designed for the English speaker, will eventually cover every country (and many of the world’s principal regions), each in a separate volume comprising annotated entries on works dealing with its history, geography, economy and politics; and with its people, their culture, customs, religion and social organization. Attention will also be paid to current living conditions - housing, education, newspapers, clothing, etc.that are all too often ignored in standard bibliographies; and to those particular aspects relevant to individual countries. Each volume seeks to achieve, by use of careful selectivity and critical assessment of the literature, an expression of the country and an appreciation of its nature and national aspirations, to guide the reader towards an understanding of its importance. The keynote of the series is to provide, in a uniform format, an interpretation of each country that will express its culture, its place in the world, and the qualities and background that make it unique. The views expressed in individual volumes, however, are not necessarily those of the publisher.
VOLUMES IN THE SERIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24
Yugoslavia, John J. Horton Lebanon, C. H. Bleaney Lesotho, Shelagh M. Willet and David Ambrose Rhodesia!Zimbabwe, Oliver B. Pollack and Karen Pollack Saudi Arabia, Frank A. Clements USSR, Anthony Thompson South Africa, Reuben Musiker Malawi, Robert B. Boeder Guatemala, Woodman B. Franklin Pakistan, David Taylor Uganda, Robert L. Collison Malaysia, Ian Brown and Rajeswary Ampalavanar France, Frances Chambers Panama, Eleanor DeSelms Langstaff Hungary, Thomas Kabdebo USA, Sheila R. Herstein and Naomi Robbins Greece, Richard Clogg and Mary Jo Clogg New Zealand, R. F. Grover Algeria, Richard I. Lawless Sri Lanka, Vijaya Samaraweera Belize, Ralph Lee Woodward, Jr. Luxembourg, Carlo Hury and Jul Christophory Swaziland, Balam Nyeko
25 26 27 28 29 31 32 33
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Kenya, Robert L. Collison India, Brijen K. Gupta and Datta S. Kharbas Turkey, Merel Giiglii Cyprus, P. M. Kitromilides and M. L. Evriviades Oman, Frank A. Clements Finland, J. E. O. Screen Poland, Rev. Ed. George Sanford and Adriana Gozdecka-Sanford Tunisia, Allan M. Findlay, Anne M. Findlay and Richard I. Lawless Scotland, Eric G. Grant China, Peter Cheng Qatar, P. T. H. Unwin Iceland, John J. Horton Nepal, John Whelpton Haiti, Frances Chambers Sudan, M. W. Daly Vatican City State, Michael J. Walsh Iraq, A. J. Abdulrahman United Arab Emirates, Frank A. Clements Nicaragua, Ralph Lee Woodward, Jr. Jamaica, K. E. Ingram Australia, I. Kepars Morocco, Anne M. Findlay, Allan M. Findlay and Richard I. Lawless
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
Mexico, Naomi Robbins Bahrain, P. T. H. Unwin The Yemens, G. Rex Smith Zambia, Anne M. Bliss and J. A. Rigg Puerto Rico, Elena E. Cevallos Namibia, Stanley Schoeman and Elna Schoeman Tanzania, Colin Darch Jordan, Ian J. Seccombe Kuwait, Frank A. Clements Brazil, Solena V. Bryant Israel, Esther M. Snyder (preliminary compilation E. Kreiner) Romania, Andrea Deletant and Dennis Deletant Spain, Graham J. Shields Atlantic Ocean, H. G. R. King Canada, Ernest Ingles Cameroon, Mark W. DeLancey and Peter J. Schraeder Malta, John Richard Thackrah Thailand, Michael Watts Austria, Denys Salt with the assistance of Arthur Farrand Radley Norway, Leland B. Sather Czechoslovakia, David Short Irish Republic, Michael Owen Shannon Pacific Basin and Oceania, Gerald W. Fry and Rufino Mauricio Portugal, P. T. H. Unwin West Germany, Donald S. Detwiler and Ilse E. Detwiler Syria, Ian J. Seccombe Trinidad and Tobago, Frances Chambers Barbados, Robert B. Potter and Graham M. S. Dann East Germany, Ian Wallace Mozambique, Colin Darch Libya, Richard I. Lawless Sweden, Leland B. Sather and Alan Swanson Iran, Reza Navabpour Dominica, Robert A. Myers Denmark, Kenneth E. Miller •Paraguay, R. Andrew Nickson Indian Ocean, Julia J. Gotthold with the assistance of Donald W. Gotthold
86 87 88
Egypt, Ragai, N. Makar Gibraltar, Graham J. Shields The Netherlands, Peter King and Michael Wintle 89 Bolivia, Gertrude M. Yeager 90 Papua New Guinea, Fraiser McConnell 91 The Gambia, David P. Gamble 92 Somalia, Mark W. DeLancey, Sheila L. Elliott, December Green, Kenneth J. Menkhaus, Mohammad Haji Moqtar, Peter J. Schraeder 93 Brunei, Sylvia C. Engelen Krausse, Gerald H. Krausse 94 Albania, William B. Bland 95 Singapore, Stella R. Quah, Jon S. T. Quah 96 Guyana, Frances Chambers 97 Chile, Harold Blakemore 98 El Salvador, Ralph Lee Woodward, Jr. 99 The Arctic, H.G.R. King 100 Nigeria, Robert A. Myers 101 Ecuador, David Corkhill 102 Uruguay, Henry Finch with the assistance of Alicia Casas de Barren 103 Japan, Frank Joseph Shulman 104 Belgium, R.C. Riley 105 Macau, Richard Louis Edmonds 106 Philippines, Jim Richardson 107 Bulgaria, Richard J. Crampton 108 The Bahamas, Paul G. Boultbee 109 Peru, John Robert Fisher 110 Venezuela, D. A. G. Waddell 111 Dominican Republic, Kai Schoenhals 112 Colombia, Robert H. Davis 113 Taiwan, Wei-chin Lee 114 Switzerland, Heinz K. Meier and Regula A. Meier 115 Hong Kong, Ian Scott 116 Bhutan, Ramesh C. Dogra 117 Suriname, Rosemarijn Hoefte 118 Djibouti, Peter J. Schraeder 119 Grenada, Kai Schoenhals 120 Monaco, Grace L. Hudson 121 Guinea-Bissau, Rosemary Galli 122 Wales, Gwilym Huws and D. Hywel E. Roberts 123 Cape Verde, Caroline S. Shaw 124 Ghana, Robert A. Myers 125 Greenland, Kenneth E. Miller
126 127 128 129 130 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141
142
Costa Rica, Charles L. Stansifer Siberia, David N. Collins Tibet, John Pinfold Northern Ireland, Michael Owen Shannon Argentina, Alan Biggins Burma, Patricia M. Herbert Laos, Helen Cordell Montserrat, Riva Berleant-Schiller Afghanistan, Schuyler Jones Equatorial Guinea, Randall Fegley Turks and Caicos Islands, Paul G. Boultbee Virgin Islands, Verna Penn Moll Honduras, Pamela F. HowardReguindin Mauritius, Pramila Ramgulam Bennett Mauritania, Simonetta Calderini, Delia Cortese, James L. A. Webb, Jr. Timor, Ian Rowland
143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153
154 155 156
St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Robert B. Potter Texas, James Marten Burundi, Morna Daniels Hawai’i, Nancy J. Morris, Love Dean Vietnam, David Marr, Kristine Alilunas-Rodgers Sierra Leone, Margaret Binns, J. Anthony Binns Gabon, David Gardinier Botswana, John A. Wiseman Angola, Richard Black Central African Republic, Pierre Kalck Seychelles, George Bennett, with collaboration from Pramila Ramgulam Bennett Rwanda, Randall Fegley Berlin, Ian Wallace Mongolia, Judith Nordby
' •
Contents
INTRODUCTION .xiii CHRONOLOGY . xxiii GLOSSARY . xxvii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. xxix THE COUNTRY AND ITS PEOPLE. 1 GEOGRAPHY. 6 General 6 Physical 7 Meteorology 9 Maps and atlases 9 Travel guides 12 TRAVELLERS’ ACCOUNTS . 17 FLORA AND FAUNA . 19 HISTORY .28 General 28 The French period (1756-1814) 31 The British period (1814-1976) 33 Pre- and post-independence (1976- ) 35 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY .36 General 36 Minority groups 37 ALDABRA .39 LANGUAGE .41 IX
Contents RELIGION.45 SOCIETY, SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND HEALTH .47 POLITICS .49 Pre-independence 49 Post-independence 52 CONSTITUTION, LEGAL SYSTEM AND ADMINISTRATION.57 PHILATELY .60 THE ECONOMY. 61 General 61 Development plans and policy 62 Urban planning 64 FINANCE AND BANKING .65 AGRICULTURE AND FISHING.67 INDUSTRY .70 MANPOWER AND EMPLOYMENT .71 EDUCATION .72 THE ARTS .75 Visual arts 75 Customs, folklore and festivals 76 Music and dance 76 LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS .77 CUISINE.. LITERATURE. Kreol 80 English 83 French 84
80
GOVERNMENT REPORTS AND STATISTICS.86 MEDIA. Newspapers 88 Periodicals 90 Broadcasting 91 x
gg
Contents DIRECTORIES.92 BIBLIOGRAPHIES .95 INDEX OF AUTHORS.99 INDEX OF TITLES. 103 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 109 MAPS OF SEYCHELLES . 115
xi
Introduction
Seychelles is an island Republic in the Indian Ocean which was first a French and then a British colonial possession. Its small population’s fortunes are inextricably linked with the seas that lap its shores - the seas provide fish for food and for export, and shape the beauty of its many islands which attract tourists from all over the world. The scattered separate islands, which number more than a hundred, contain a great variety of bird, marine and animal life but the majority of the population live on the main island, Mahe. Seychelles is noted for its agreeable climate as well as its scenic beauty. The absence of the cyclones and bad weather conditions that make other islands in the Indian ocean so vulnerable has allowed vegetation to flourish, although the early visitors to the then uninhabited islands did a great deal of damage. Seychelles is the only country in the world to have two World Heritage sites - Aldabra atoll and the Vallee de Mai on the island of Praslin. The small nation’s charm and its people’s relaxed way of life belie a volatile political scene. Since shortly after independence in 1976 one man has dominated the country - France-Albert Rene, at the head of a one-party state run on avowedly socialist lines. However, in December 1991 he announced an unexpected constitutional change, heralding the return of multi-party democracy. The 115 islands which form the archipelago of Seychelles are scattered over 1.3 million square kilometres of ocean; the islands themselves are mainly coralline but the biggest, Mahe, and thirtynine others are granitic. Mahe has an area of 154 square kilometres, is mountainous and lies a few degrees south of the Equator, 1,800 kilometres east of the Kenya coast at Mombasa, 3,300 kilometres south west of Bombay and 1,100 kilometres north of Madagascar. The other islands comprise only a further 300 square kilometres in total and 98% of the population live on the granitic island group of Mahe, Praslin and La Digue. The total population of Seychelles is xm
Introduction 67,000. The capital and only port, Victoria (which is on Mahe), has a population of 25,000. Most of the granitic islands rise steeply out of the sea and Mahe’s highest peak, Morne Seychellois, rises to 903 metres at the summit of the long ridge which runs most of the length of the island. The other islands are coral reefs still in the process of development, so they lie close to the surface of the ocean. Aldabra atoll, where thousands of giant land tortoises roam free, rings a lagoon bigger in area than Mahe but the majority of the coralline islands are very small. The maximum shade temperature in Mahe at sea level is 29 degrees C but during June to November, when the south-east trade winds blow, this can fall to 24 degrees. The mean annual rainfall, recorded at Victoria, is 2,360 millimetres. The uninhabited Seychelles islands, containing an abundance of trees and vegetation as well as giant crocodiles and land tortoises, were probably first visited by Arab seamen in the twelfth century. In 1502 the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama sighted the Amirantes, the group of coral islands West-South-West of Mahe. Although it was a British East India Company expedition that first put down on record its visit to the Seychelles in 1609 the French showed a more active interest during the 18th century, claiming possession in 1756. Governor General Rene Magon of the tie de France sent Captain Nicolas Corneille Morphey on an expedition to take possession of the archipelago; Morphey unveiled the Stone of Possession on the rising ground above present-day Victoria on 1st November 1756. Morphey, in the service of King Louis XV, was by origin an Irishman whose father’s name was O’Murphy. The islands were named after the influential French family of Herault de Sechelles which Governor General Magon was anxious to influence and into which he eventually married. Captain Morphey spelt Seychelles in a variety of ways in his official report but the French officially adopted the name Sechelles; the British later anglicized the name to Seychelles. In 1770 Brayer du Barre, a French businessman, came from the tie de France (the name given by the French to the island of Mauritius) and established a small settlement. But with only a handful of settlers and slaves the plantations of maize and rice got off to a slow start and it was not until 1789 that an administrator named Malavois began to develop agriculture and apportion land to new settlers. However, little progress had been made by the time of the French Revolution and a British Naval squadron took possession of the islands without difficulty in 1794, at a time when the population was less than two thousand. French administration continued on the islands under the xiv
Introduction redoubtable Chevalier Queau de Quincy but the British did not relinquish their hold, even during the period 1802-03 when the fighting stopped due to the Peace of Amiens. In 1804 a neutrality agreement with Seychelles was concluded and until 1810 sometimes the French flag flew over the small capital, sometimes the British. In 1810 the British invaded and captured the He de France, establishing their sovereignty over the islands in the south-west Indian Ocean, including Seychelles, by the Treaty of Paris in 1814. Britain had little interest in settling or developing these territories. She needed them to secure the route to India and prevent France from establishing naval bases in the region. The island of Reunion, today a departement of France, was returned to France as the British considered its port facilities worthless. The ile de France was given back its old Dutch name, Mauritius, and Seychelles from that time until 1872 was administered from Mauritius. The fortunes of Seychelles began to wither, the authorities in Mauritius showing scant interest in the scattered group of islands which lay a thousand miles to the north. The French settlers had some success in growing cotton but competition from America put an end to this enterprise. The abolition of slavery was viewed with horror by the white settlers and the British administrators wrote alarmist notes to London forecasting the ruin of the economy if the cheap labour provided by the black slaves was withdrawn. The freed slaves refused to work on the plantations - as was common in other parts of the world where slaves were released. The Seychellois had to make do with a limited trade with Mauritius and try to develop their fishing and boat-building industries. The British attempted to introduce a more English way of life, which included converting people to the Protestant religion, but the Seychellois remained staunch Catholics, though in practice morals were lax; Catholic priests were not allowed to reside in the islands until the 1850s. The islands continued in poverty despite some attempts later in the century to separate their finances from those of Mauritius and stop the disruptive effects of anglicanization. At the end of the 19th century the export of copra products at last began to improve the fortunes of the islanders. The people of Seychelles today are a more homogeneous group than that of the islands of Mauritius and Reunion. The wealthy French families of Mauritius and Reunion imported indentured labourers from India to work on their sugar plantations but the rocky and precipitous terrain of Seychelles was unsuitable for growing sugar cane. In fact, the population diminished in the years immediately following the abolition of slavery and the end of the cotton industry as some of the Seychellois moved to Mauritius to find work. In 1826 xv
Introduction
the population of Seychelles was 7,665; it fell to 5,586 in 1842 and then began to rise again slowly. By the middle of the century it was 6,811. Slaves taken by British naval ships from illegal slavers still working the African coast were sometimes landed, as free men, on Seychelles and the population today is almost totally Creole, with just a sprinkling of families of Asian and Chinese origin, together with the few descendants of the original French settlers. By the end of the 19th century the population of Seychelles, like that of the other south-west Indian Ocean islands, had grown rapidly and was approaching 20,000. Gradually the links with Mauritius were broken, beginning in 1888 with the appointment of an administrator presiding over an executive and a legislative council. This was followed in 1897 by a governor subordinate to the governor of Mauritius. The historian Auguste Toussaint writes that an English woman, Mrs E. H. Edwards, reported that the new constitution did nothing to improve conditions in the archipelago. She pointed out that the Seychelles budget at the time showed expenditure on salaries amounting to 121,845 rupees, the total budget expenditure being 219,898 rupees. ‘Thus,’ she commented, ‘it costs this dependency 121,845 rupees to administer the expenditure of 98,053 rupees in the interest (or otherwise) of the country.’ In 1903 Seychelles was at last completely separated administratively from Mauritius and given its own governor; the result of the appointment of Sir Ernest Bickham Sweet-Escott, a Colonial Office man who was determined to run his own colony. At this time the regular sea links with Mauritius had been halted, which made communication between the two groups of islands difficult. The Suez Canal was opened and the route round the Cape lost its importance. The British used Seychelles as a convenient location to exile its opponents from other colonies - the Ashanti King Prempeh I from Ghana and Archbishop Makarios of Cyprus both spent time on the islands. Seychelles struggled to diversify its economy away from copra to vanilla and other crops, following a fall in the price of coconut oil. The discovery of a synthetic substitute for vanilla added to the fragility of the colony’s economy and the European war which began in 1914 meant that trade with the German possessions in East Africa was severed. Seychelles was so short of money that in 1918 Mauritius made the crown colony a grant of 100,000 rupees to help balance its budget. By 1931 the population had risen to more than 27,000. The depression in Europe was followed by the 1939-45 war. Seychelles had little chance of development and once more a period of neglect set in. But the spread of modern communications was beginning to open up the remoter parts of the world and political change began to affect xvi
Introduction
Seychelles. The closure of the Suez canal in 1956 meant that the Cape route was once more an important highway for shipping. The tiny islands of Seychelles began gradually to assume a strategic import¬ ance far in excess of their modest political stance and resources. The first political party, the Seychelles Islanders United Party, led by Rifned Jumeau, was founded in 1963 with the aim of improving the standard of living of the people of Seychelles. The following year, as nationalist feelings grew, two young lawyers formed political movements - the SPUP (Seychelles People’s United Party) of FranceAlbert Rene and the SDP (Seychelles Democratic Party) of James Mancham. The first constitutional conference was held in 1970 when Rene pressed for full independence but Mancham favoured con¬ tinued association with Britain, on the grounds that Seychelles could not survive on its own. In 1967, as a consequence of the Suez crisis, the British Labour government created the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). The BIOT consisted of three islands in the Seychelles group, Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches, together with the archipelago of Diego Garcia (previously) part of Mauritius whose main island became the site of a United States defence base under an agreement with Britain. The agreement was to continue ‘until the island was no longer needed for defence purposes’. As part of the BIOT settlement Britain funded a new airport for Seychelles, capable of taking the biggest commercial flights. After the airport opened in 1971 the tourist industry began to play an increasingly important role in the economy. France-Albert Rene’s radical, socialist stance appealed to most members of the Organization of African Unity and by 1974 James Mancham decided that he had no option but to back the call for full independence as well. Without OAU backing the islands would have become even more isolated. In the elections that year the numbers of votes cast for each party was close but the ‘winner takes all’ system meant that the SDP got thirteen seats and the SPUP only two. Following the 1975 Constitutional Conference the SDP and the SPUP formed a coalition government in order to provide a smooth transition to independence the following year, a move Mancham was later to regret. The final constitutional conference was held in January 1976; the Republic of Seychelles became independent on 29 June 1976 with Mancham as President and Rene as Prime Minister. At the same time the three islands which were part of the BIOT were returned to Seychelles. However the US base on Diego Garcia was by this time in the course of expansion and under an agreement with the Mancham government the Americans installed a satellite tracking station high up in the mountains overlooking Victoria. The coalition XVII
Introduction
government which was due to last until new elections in 1979 came to an abrupt end when Mancham was ousted in a coup d’etat while he was attending the June 1977 Commonwealth summit meeting in London, barely a year after independence. Rene became leader of a new regime which styled itself revolutionary and socialist and adopted a one-party constitution. Rene became President under the new constitution, nominated by the newly formed People’s Progres¬ sive Party (SPPF), the only political party then allowed in the country. By this time the discovery of plots against the government had caused him to seek military assistance from Julius Nyerere of Tanzania. During the next few years there were several plots or rumours of plots causing the government to assume emergency powers. A number of people were detained although they were all eventually released. Some discontent arose, principally among the middle class, because of the new socialist policies. There were public demonstrations against the introduction of a compulsory two-year period of youth service, which was later made voluntary and its provisions modified. None the less, many among the working class appreciated the better financial deal they were getting from the new government and seemed to support Rene’s policies. In 1981 the Irish-born adventurer Mike Hoare led a group of South African-based mercenaries disguised as tourists in an attack that was foiled at Seychelles airport. The majority of the mercenary force hi¬ jacked an Air India plane and flew back to South Africa - where they were subsequently tried. Hoare and his second in command were imprisoned. The Seychellois authorities captured six of the mer¬ cenaries and four were sentenced to death, although they were later pardoned by Rene and allowed to go free. At the time, Mancham denied involvement in the coup attempt. The following year some Seychellois soldiers mutinied, although their quarrel was more with their senior officers than with the President. Their brief insurrection was quickly put down with the aid of the Tanzanian garrison. Other plots were uncovered but in 1984 Rene was elected, unopposed, for a second five-year term as President. In 1985 Mancham, who was working as a business consultant, announced his resignation as leader of the London-based Mouvement pour la Resistance but Gerard Hoareau, a Seychellois who had been prominent in the exiled group and succeeded Mancham as MPR leader, was assassinated in London. It later emerged that his telephone had been tapped and three British citizens were charged and sentenced for unlawfully doing so. While the Seychelles tourist industry faced difficulties as a result of these disturbances, the government endeavoured to diversify the economy, opening a tuna-canning factory and planning a prawn
xviii
Introduction
fishery project on one of the outer islands. Although the British government did not approve of Rent’s policies and style of government and gave minimal aid, other countries were happy to help Seychelles. The SPPF government claimed to be non-aligned but there was no doubt of the USSR’s vigorous support, especially with security. Following the resignations of a number of leading members of his government over the years Rene reshuffled his government in 1986, taking the posts of Minister of Finance and Defence himself. In 1987, thirty-six SPPF candidates contested the twenty-three elective seats in the Assembly with an increased proportion of the electorate casting their votes compared with the previous election. In 1988 a constitutional change allowed members absent from the assembly to be replaced by SPPF members appointed by the President. In 1989 Rene was elected for his third five-year Presidential term and the BBC began broadcasting to East and Southern Africa from a new short-wave relay station on Mahe, becoming the biggest consumer of electricity in Seychelles. Faced with criticisms of communist-bloc influence Rene was able to point to the American tracking station and the BBC relay station as evidence of his country’s evenhandedness. While other countries in Africa had bowed to the new winds of change and begun dismantling their one-party states, Seychelles seemed determined to carry on with its system of government - now often criticized as dictatorial - established after the overthrow of President Mancham in 1977 and legitimized in 1979. Pressures on Rene were, however, increasing. The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe had meant the loss of his powerful Russian protector, and at the Commonwealth summit in Zimbabwe in November 1991 it was clear he was becoming isolated. At the same time the economy faltered, due to a decrease in the number of visitors caused by the Gulf war. In December, at an extraordinary SPPF congress Rene proposed the introduction of a pluralist political system and invited exiled Seychellois to return to play a responsible role. He subsequently explained this U-turn by saying that the one-party state was introduced because it was essential that people worked together in order to promote economic development. ‘Now with the developments going on in the world at this particular time we felt it would not be a bad idea if we could move to such a system, but always keeping in mind the need for national unity,’ he said in an interview. Three stages in the new constitutional developments were planned. Elections would first be held for the members of a constitutional commission, which would incidentally determine the support each
xix
Introduction
party attracted. The constitution these members drew up would be put to a referendum and followed by general elections before the end of 1992. Eight parties registered for the elections and a new Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation was established, meant to be free of government control. James Mancham returned to lead his revived SDP and a new Parti Seselwa (Seychellois Party) which had started as an underground movement led by an Anglican priest, Wavel Ramkalawan, started to publish a popular bi-weekly newspaper Regar (Look). The election of the constitutional commission was held on the last weekend of July 1992 when the SPPF won 58.4% of the votes and the SDP 33.7%. The Parti Seselwa came third. Observers concluded that the more effective organization of the SPPF, coupled with its popularity among the working class, who had gained materially during its years in power, had put Rene’s party ahead. Mancham’s return gave an impetus to his old party, despite its tardiness in declaring exactly what it stood for. The leaders of the Parti Seselwa were young and untried although their ideas appealed to many of the middle class. But the electors threw out the constitution that was presented to them in November. Needing a 60% vote for approval the proposals got 53.7% from an 81.9% turnout. The constitutional commission was sent back to reframe the constitution - this time without a deadline. While this ensured that Rene’s government remained in power for the time being, it also gave the opposition parties time to organize themselves more effectively. After three months’ work, commencing in January 1993, the revised constitution would be submitted for approval once again by referendum, to be followed by general and presidential elections. The bibliography Because Seychelles was administered as a dependency of Mauritius up to the beginning of the 20th century many of the early works about Seychelles also deal with Mauritius. Thus Auguste Toussaint’s History of Mauritius includes a large number of references to Seychelles. Moreover, as many historians and researchers have dealt with the island nations of the south-west Indian Ocean as a whole there are a number of more recent books which include Seychelles rather than dealing with the country in isolation. A number of the most important of these books have been included in this selective bibliography which is aimed at the English-speaking reader who seeks the appropriate paths of study. Before the international airport opened in 1971, Seychelles was
xx
Introduction accessible only by ship and there were few tourists. Thus a book like J. A. F. Ozanne’s Coconuts and Creoles, published in 1936, is of special interest - Alec Waugh reported that it was the only book on Seychelles listed in the London Library when he was planning his visit to Seychelles which resulted in Where the Clocks Chime Twice (published in 1952). The large section on Flora and Fauna reflects the keen interest in the natural history of the islands, from both amateurs and professional scientists. I have included a number of travel guides because, although they go out of date fairly quickly, they do have sociological interest. Some of the books I have included are available only in Seychelles and although some are in typescript or flimsily bound they are carefully preserved and annotated at the excellently run National Archives and the National Library. At the time of writing a fine new building to house the National Archives, National Library and Museum is under the course of construction in Victoria. Books in French, and some other European languages, have not been excluded. Much of the important early writing on Seychelles is in French due to the country’s colonial background. France has maintained a cultural and political involvement with Seychelles so there has been a continued production of books in French dealing with Seychelles. Since 1977 the Seychelles government has placed much emphasis on the use and teaching of Kreol and a number of books in Kreol have been published locally. I have included many of them. The bibliography is divided into chapters, some with sub-headings, in order to help the general reader, the specialist and the research student find out more easily about the varying aspects of the country. There are cross references where appropriate. Within each chapter the books are listed alphabetically by title. Articles in learned and other journals dealing with Seychelles are included within the comments on the appropriate book title. There are three indexes, one for authors, one for titles and one for subjects. The references are to entries. There is also a glossary, a list of abbreviations and acronyms and a chronology. Seychelles was originally spelt Sechelles by the French and although anglicized by the British, to this day the name Seychelles should not be accepted in law. I am indebted to Julien Dump’s article in L’Echo des ties (February 1991) for an explanation of the name and its orthography. I have used the accepted anglicized version thoughout the bibliography. President France-Albert Rene wrote a number of books in which his first name was unhyphenated or shortened and the accent dropped from the last letter of his surname, presumably to underline the country’s new ‘authenticity’ and the practice in Kreol. I have included these variations of spellings as they xxi
Introduction
appear in the various book titles; otherwise I refer to him as FranceAlbert Rene. I have used the spelling ‘Kreol’, which is itself a Creole form, when referring to Seychellois Creole; I refer to other Indian Ocean island mother tongues as Creole. All views expressed in this bibliography are my own and the responsibility for any errors or omissions are mine as well. Acknowledgements Seychelles is unrivalled for its natural beauties but I can think of no more agreeable place to have undertaken research for this book than the first floor readers’ room in the handsome building, with its fine views across Victoria harbour, that housed the Seychelles National Archives in 1992 (the new library and archives centre was still under construction). The collections of books and documents in Seychelles, although modest in comparison with those of larger and richer countries, were without exception carefully housed and looked after with dedication. I could not have asked for greater cooperation from everyone in my work. I would like to thank especially Mrs Lina Ernesta of the Seychelles National Library, Mr Julien Dump and Miss Margaret Mondon of the Seychelles National Archives, those two veteran bibliophiles Mr Kantilal Jivan Shah (who conjured books, new and old, from his extensive collection) and Mr Guy Lionnet (who showed me the nutmeg trees in the Botanical Gardens and is the most quoted author in this book) and in London the staff of the libraries of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, the Commonwealth Trust, the Commonwealth Institute, the Royal Geographical Society, the School of Oriental and African Studies, the British Museum (Natural History) and the British Library. Finally I would like to thank His Excellency Mr Sylvestre L. Radegonde, the High Commissioner for Seychelles in the United Kingdom, for his help and encouragement, and British Airways for making it possible for me to travel to Seychelles to undertake research for this bibliography. George Bennett London 30 November 1992
XXII
Chronology
12th Century
Arab seafarers visited the islands.
1502
Vasco da Gama sights the Amirantes.
1609
The British East India Company records its first visit to the islands.
1756
France claimed possession and named the islands Sechelles after an influential French family.
1770
The French botanist Pierre Poivre established a spice garden on St Anne (but did not visit Seychelles himself).
1777
French settlers with parties of slaves began to arrive.
1789
The French Revolution began.
1790
The French settlers attempted unsuccessfully to set up self-government. De Quincy took over and the islands became a dependency of the tie de France once more.
1794
De Quincy capitulated to a British Naval squadron but raised the French flag again after the British ships had left.
1802
The Peace of Amiens was signed.
1803
Hostilities between Britain and France resumed.
1804
Again De Quincy surrendered to the British and XXlll
Chronology
again the islands reverted to nominal French sover¬ eignty as soon as the British warships left the harbour.
1810
A British force captured Mauritius.
1814
Seychelles was formally ceded to Britain under the terms of the Treaty of Paris and governed from Mauritius.
1853
The first Catholic mission was established in Mahe.
1872
A board of civil commissioners became responsible for financial matters.
1888
An administrator was appointed with a nominated executive and legislative council (effective from the following year).
1897
The administrator became Governor.
1903
Seychelles formally separated from Mauritius and became a Crown Colony.
1948
Around two thousand citizens voted for four new elected members of the legislative council.
1963
The first political party, the Seychelles Islanders’ United Party, was registered; there were now five elected members of the Legislative Council (with four ex-officio members and three nomin-ated members).
1964
The Seychelles People’s United party (SPUP) and the Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP) were launched.
1965
The British Indian Occean Territory (BIOT) was formed.
1966
Constitutional adviser Sir Colville Deverell recom¬ mended the introduction of universal adult suffrage, a majority of elected members in the legislature and a single governing council.
1967
17,900 citizens were eligible to vote under the new
xxiv
Chronology
constitution. In the December elections the SDP won four seats, the SPUP three and an independent one seat. 1970
A Constitutional Conference in London agreed a new 18-member legislative with 15 elected members. There was to be a Council of Ministers with a Chief Minister and up to four other ministers, plus the Deputy Governor, Attorney General and Financial Secretary. The SDP won ten seats in the elections that followed, the SPUP five seats and James Mancham became Chief Minister.
1974
In the April General elections the SDP won thirteen seats and the SPUP two seats.
1975
Joan Lestor, MP, chaired a Constitutional Con¬ ference in London which agreed a pre-independence constitution; the SDP and the SPUP formed a coalition government.
1976
The Constitutional Conference resumed in January and agreed on the provisions for independence which began at midnight on 28th June. The coalition government was to remain until the 1979 elections and Britain returned the three BIOT islands to Seychelles. James Mancham was President of the new Republic and France-Albert Rene Prime Minister.
1977
On 5 June a coup d’etat overthrew the government. Mancham, who was attending the Commonwealth summit in London, became an exile. Rene took over as head of state.
1978
The government announced it had foiled a plot involving former politicians. Military assistance was sought from Tanzania. There were demonstrations against the introduction of compulsory Youth Service. The government assumed emergency powers. There were arrests, but those detained were later released.
1979
A one-party state was formalized with Rene at its head. xxv
Chronology
1981
A mercenary force from southern Africa led by Mike Hoare was surprised at the airport and some of its members captured.
1982
An army mutiny was put down.
1984
Rene was elected unopposed for a second five-year term as President. Foreign Minister Ferrari resigned and took a UN post.
1985
Mancham resigned as leader of the Mouvement pour la Resistance. Exiled leader Gerard Hoareau was assassinated in London.
1986
Defence Minister Berlouis resigned. Rene reshuffled his government, taking the posts of defence and finance himself.
1987
Three Britons were imprisoned for tapping Hoareau’s telephone. A plot to overthrow Rene’s government was discovered in London. An increased percentage of the electorate voted for thirty-six SPPF candidates contending twenty-three assembly seats.
1988
A constitutional change empowered Rene to appoint SPPF proxy assembly members.
1989
Rene got a third five-year term as President, winning ninety-six per cent of the votes cast. The BBC opened its East African Relay Station in Seychelles.
1991
In April the SPPF congress confirmed that the oneparty state would continue: in December at its extraordinary congress Rene proposed a multi-party system. Tourism was affected by the Gulf war.
1992
An independent Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation was established. James Mancham returned for his first visit to Seychelles since 1977. Eight political parties were registered. In July, the SPPF won 58.4% of the votes in the election to appoint members of a Constitutional Commission and the SDP 33.7%. The Parti Seselwa came third. The electorate rejected the proposed constitution in the November referendum.
xxvi
Glossary
Amirantes
Group of coralline islands WSW of the island of Mahe.
Lenstiti Kreol
Kreol Institute.
kamtole
Traditional Seychellois dance, possibly originating in Brittany.
Kreol
The Creole language (Creole in French). Kreol is used throughout the text for references to Seychellois Creole.
Mascarene islands
The name given to the islands of Reunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues by the Portuguese navigator Pedro Mascarenhas. They are also known as the Mascarenhas and les lies mascareignes.
moutia
Traditional Seychellois dance, said to originate from Zanzibar.
sega
The music and dance form unique to the Indian Ocean islands. The root of the word is from the Bantu language meaning ‘play’ or ‘dance’.
XXVll
.
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ACP
BIOT CEDREFI CIORS COI EEC HMSO IBION ICIOS IPPF OAU Parti Seselwa SDP SNA SNPC SPPF SPUP UNESCO URTNA
Africa - Caribbean - Pacific (the group of states affiliated to the European Community) British Indian Ocean Territory Centre for documentation, research and training for the south-west Indian Ocean Centre for Indian Ocean Regional Studies Central Office of Information (United Kingdom) European Economic Community Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (London) Issue-based Indian Ocean Network International Conference on Indian Ocean Studies (Perth, Western Australia) International Planned Parenthood Federation Organization of African Unity Seychellois Party Seychelles Democratic Party Seychelles National Archives Seychelles National Printing Corporation Seychelles People’s Progressive Front Seychelles People’s United Party United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Union of African National Radio and Television Companies/t/m’o/r Radio Television Nationale Africaine
XXIX
■
-
The Country and Its People
1
Coconuts and creoles. J. A. F. Ozanne. London: Philip Allan, 1936. 336p. maps.
The author, who was the Anglican Archdeacon in Seychelles for four years, wrote this spirited and acerbic account of the country at the end of his stay. Intending the book to be read by visitors and temporary residents he dedicated it to ‘those unfortunate beings past, present and future, who by fate have been, are, and will be, called to govern Seychelles’. Illustrated with contemporary photographs, themselves of much interest, the book deals with many aspects of colonial Seychelles - there are chapters on ‘servants’ and ‘society’ - and is of considerable sociological and historical importance.
2
Indian Ocean, five island countries. Edited by Frederica M. Bunge. Washington, DC: Foreign Area Studies, American University, 1983. 304p. maps, bibliog.
Seychelles is one of the five independent Indian Ocean countries (Madagascar, Mauritius, the Comoros and the Maldives are the others) dealt with individually in this book which includes a chapter dealing with their inter-relationships and relations with the littoral and powerful countries. The chapter on Seychelles is dealt with, like the others, in political and economic terms and in the context of its struggle to survive with a fragile economy dependent on tourism for almost all its revenues.
3
Islands. Henry William Menard. 215p. map.
New York: Scientific American Books, 1986.
A good deal of general information, as well as scientific and historical data, is included about the Indian Ocean islands and Seychelles in this comprehensive survey of the world’s island territories. The study also examines the geographical formation of the islands and their discovery. A three-page map shows the location of the world’s islands.
1
The Country and Its People 4
Islands of the Indian Ocean — iles de l’Ocean Indien. Gerald C. Cubitt. maps.
Cape Town, Johannesburg: C. Struik, 1975. 176p.
This book, translated into French by Charles du Ray and Antoinette de Leon Silvestri, is intended for the visitor, with the text in English and French side by side. It basically depicts the islands of the Western Indian Ocean - Reunion, Mauritius, Madagascar, Seychelles and Comoros - through beautifully coloured and black-and-white pictures (234 in all) and vivid descriptive notes. History, topographical features, population, vegetation, monuments, beaches, lagoons, reefs and water sports and gardens are among the items of interest dealt with.
5
Islands: the Seychelles. Guy Lionnet. Newton Abbot, England: David & Chambers; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 1972. 200p. maps, bibliog.
A wide-ranging book about many aspects of the country, including its history, geology, the outer islands, its people and language, literature, religion and culture. There is some tourist information, which has become outdated, but the book is still a good introduction to the country for the interested visitor. It is especially good on the fauna and flora as might be expected from a former Director of Agriculture There are a number of illustrations.
6 Madagascar, Mauritius and other East-African islands. C. Keller.
London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1901. 242p. maps, bibliog.
A complete and authentic study of the islands of the Indian Ocean to the east and south-east of Africa. The islands are studied in a global context. The geologist botanist zoologist, meteorologist, and ethnologist as well as the historian will find the work of considerable interest. The maps are in colour, with sixty-four other illustrations in black and white.
7
Men, women and money in Seychelles. Marion Benedict, Burton Benedict. California Press, 1982. 290p. map.
Berkeley, California: University of
The book is in two parts. The first, by Marion Benedict, is based on a number of interviews with Seychellois women and aims to portray their daily life in an ^,HveSnf°n
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Fact Sheet – infos every visitor to the Seychelles is interested in. How are climate and weather, what´s the time shift? Do Seychellois speak English?
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The Seychelles have a total land mass of 455km² distributed over 155 islands, which makes it the smallest country in Africa. The total coastline of the islands is 491km. The biggest islands are Mahé (154km²), Praslin (38km²), Silhouette (20km²) and La Digue (10km²), all of which are granite islands as most other islands among the so-called inner islands. The outer islands are a group of coral islands that are smaller and quite scattered in the Indian Ocean. 58,61% of the land mass is protected which is the highest ratio in the world.
The Climate of the Seychelles is nice throughout the year. During the rainy season, precipitation can peak up to 400mm. In the dry season, there is even a chance for draughts on several islands. Water usually depends on catchments, so please act responsibly when it comes to using water. In general, there is more chance of rain on the windward side and you will be surprised at how many different weather conditions you might find for example on Mahé at the very same moment. Temperatures are comfortable to hot throughout the year, with monthly averages ranging from 24°C minimum temperature (usually during the night) to 31°C maximum temperature. The Seychelles lie outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare.
The mobile telephone network is rather good. Internet access is OK, but speeds are not what you are used to from other "non-island" countries. You have to share Seychelles overall bandwidth with quite a few others, especially in the evening. Many hotels have free wifi, others charge for internet access. You can get into the net via your mobile phone. As with calls, keep in mind that you have quite high roaming costs. SMS, on the other hand, is rather cheap. If you plan to make a lot of calls within the Seychelles during your stay, consider buying a prepaid kit - especially when you have a contract-free cell phone with you. One more word on roaming: if you have your voicemail activated, you already pay when somebody is talking onto your mailbox. You don´t even have to call your own mailbox to listen to messages or answer a call and already pay roaming fees. The top-level domain for the Seychelles is ".sc" and country calling code is +248.
Seychellois typically speak more than one language. Seychelle Creole, also known as Seselwa or Kreol is spoken by most of the people. It´s an official language and is french based, with a mix of English and other words. English and French are also official languages and spoken by many Seychellois. If you do speak English or French, you shouldn´t have any issue communicating with most people.
Seychelles roads are left-hand-drive. Be sure to drive carefully. Especially if you are not an experienced driver, driving on the other side of the road sometimes is like writing with your other hand. The roads on the Seychelles are rather narrow and sometimes really steep and curvy. If you are not sure whether they are made for you, you´d better take a taxi. Talking about Taxis - especially if you have just a day on an island, it might be wiser to take a taxi and ask the driver to show you around rather than renting a car. On Mahé and Praslin there is a public bus service which is an experience to be had. Unfortunately, the schedules are sometimes a little weird. Between the islands, there are ferries, like the Cat Cocos and the Cat Roses. If you like the sea you might also consider spending a few days on a yacht or taking a cruise. Between the islands, you can also take an inter-island flight with either a smaller plane or a helicopter. Read more at "Travelling within the Seychelles".
Seychelles economy is dominated by tourism, tuna fishing and the public sector. Agriculture is only at 2% of the GDP, which is easy to understand, considering that most of the land is rather mountainous. Agriculture products are coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla and others. GDP per capita is rather high, putting the Seychelles among the top 50 in the world, but numbers vary depending on your source, so we won´t list it here (for more info you might want to have a look at Wikipedia). Currency is the Seychelles Rupee - be sure to check the Seychelles Rupee exchange rate prior to your arrival.
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A Wikipedia for Schools article about Seychelles. Content checked by SOS Children's Villages
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http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/s/Seychelles.htm
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Seychelles ( / s eɪ ˈ ʃ ɛ l z / say-SHELZ; French: [sɛʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is a 115- island country spanning an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, some 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles, with an estimated population of 86,525, has the smallest population of any African state. It has the highest Human Development Index in Africa and the highest income inequality in the world, as measured by the Gini index.
History
Scholars assume that Austronesian seafarers and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles. Remains of Maldivian mariner presence from the 12th century were found in Silhouette Island. The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral).
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV's Minister of Finance.
The British contested control over the islands between 1794 and 1810. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections were held in 1966 and 1970. Independence was granted in 1976 as a republic within the Commonwealth. In 1977, a coup d'état ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham, who was replaced by France Albert René. The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991. The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.
In January 2013, the country declared a state of emergency; the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundred of houses.
Politics
The Seychelles president, who is head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The previous president, France Albert René, first came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president in 1977 and installed him as president, one year after independence. He was re-elected thereafter during each election cycle. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006. Michel was reelected in 2011 in an election declared to be free and fair by over 100 international observers representing southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Indian Ocean Commission, although the opposition parties claim that there was vote-buying.
The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
The main rival parties are the ruling socialist Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF). As of 2009 the SPPF became the People's Party (PP) or Parti Lepep (LP) and the liberal democrat Seychelles National Party (SNP). Politics has been an integral part of the lives of the Seychellois since its inception in the early sixties. The range of opinion spans socialist and liberal democratic ideology.
Seychelles is part of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), La Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Seychelles performed excellently on the 2010 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, ranking second out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries, with an overall score of 79 out of 100, second only to Mauritius, which received a score of 83. Particularly good were its scores in Safety and Security, Participation and Human Rights, and Human Development. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance, based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.
Subdivisions
Seychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions that comprise all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé with two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also includes respective satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands are not considered part of any district.
Mahé
Bel Air
La Rivière Anglaise (English River)
Les Mamelles
Mont Buxton
Mont Fleuri
Plaisance
Roche Caiman
Saint Louis
Victoria
Anse aux Pins
Anse Boileau
Anse Etoile
Au Cap
Anse Royale
Baie Lazare
Beau Vallon
Bel Ombre
Cascade
Glacis
Grand'Anse Mahé
Pointe La Rue
Port Glaud
Takamaka
Praslin
Baie Sainte Anne (Anse Volbert)
Grand'Anse Praslin (Grande Anse)
La Digue and remaining Inner Islands
La Digue (Anse Réunion)
Education
Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles; the Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys' and girls' secondary schools with religious Brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944. A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age five. Ninety percent of all children attend nursery school at age four.
The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 85% in 1991.
Currently the public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. The schools are on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. There are three private schools: École Française, International School and the Independent school. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, National Institute of Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Centre, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Centre and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.
The current administration has advanced plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred. University of Seychelles, initiated in conjunction with the University of London, is launching education programmes which will include teaching and lead to the award of the recognised qualifications from the University of London.
Geography
An island nation, Seychelles is located to the northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (994 mi) east of Kenya. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155. The islands as per the Constitution are divided into groups as follows.
There are 42 granitic islands, in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette Island, La Digue, Curieuse, Felicite, Frégate, Ste-Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Île aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Île Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé), Chauve Souris (Praslin), Île La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics: Denis and Bird.
There are two coral islands south of the granitics: Coëtivy and Platte.
There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitics: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnoeufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Etoile, Bijoutier.
There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable Déposés Île aux Goëlettes Lapins Île du Milieu North Manaha South Manaha Middle Manaha North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.
There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Emile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Heron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption Island, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goëlettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).
According to the president of Nauru, the Seychelles has been ranked the ninth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change.
Climate
The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small. The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation is somewhat less on the other islands. During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
Climate data for Victoria ( Seychelles International Airport) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6) 30.4
(86.7) 31.0
(87.8) 31.4
(88.5) 30.5
(86.9) 29.1
(84.4) 28.3
(82.9) 28.4
(83.1) 29.1
(84.4) 29.6
(85.3) 30.1
(86.2) 30.0
(86) 29.8
(85.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 27.3
(81.1) 27.8
(82) 28.0
(82.4) 27.7
(81.9) 26.6
(79.9) 25.8
(78.4) 25.9
(78.6) 26.4
(79.5) 26.7
(80.1) 26.8
(80.2) 26.7
(80.1) 26.9
(80.4) Average low °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4) 24.6
(76.3) 24.8
(76.6) 25.0
(77) 25.4
(77.7) 24.6
(76.3) 23.9
(75) 23.9
(75) 24.2
(75.6) 24.3
(75.7) 24.0
(75.2) 23.9
(75) 24.4
(75.9) Precipitation mm (inches) 379
(14.92) 262
(10.31) 167
(6.57) 177
(6.97) 124
(4.88) 63
(2.48) 80
(3.15) 97
(3.82) 121
(4.76) 206
(8.11) 215
(8.46) 281
(11.06) 2,172
(85.49) Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 17 11 11 14 11 10 10 10 11 12 14 18 149 % humidity 82 80 79 80 79 79 80 79 78 79 80 82 79.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 153.3 175.5 210.5 227.8 252.8 232.0 230.5 230.7 227.7 220.7 195.7 170.5 2,527.7 Source #1: World Meteorological Organization Source #2: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Economy
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla, and copra were the chief exports. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist Donald Prell prepared for the then crown colony Governor General, an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. In 1964–65 the Seychelles connection to the outside world consisted of (1) excellent telegraphic service, (2) weekly seaplane service from Mombasa, Kenya, and (3) a monthly visit of the 10,304 ton British India Line's passenger ship M.S. Kampala. Mahé, Seychelles was a stopover port on the ship's round trip voyage from Mombasa, to Bombay. The island's population of 47,000 was about half of what it grew to be in 2011. In 1964, the major sources of funds supporting the island's economy included: (1) Agricultural exports, Rs. 8,660,000, (2) Grants in aid and other funding from British government, Rs. 2,920,000, (3) Funding from the United States covering the operating cost of the Indian Ocean Tracking Station, (part of the US Air Force Satellite Control Network), Rs. 4,500,000, (4) Invisible exports (funds received from sources outside the Seychelles) including, pensions and allotments to retired British expatriates, bank transfers from abroad, and miscellaneous purchases,), Rs. 3,260,000, and (5) Tourism, Rs. 860,000. The total value of imports (including freight, insurance) and miscellaneous funds transferred abroad, totalled Rs. 16,500,000, resulting in a surplus to the economy of Rs. 3,700,000. The report recommended establishing a Seychelles Development Corporation. The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé, was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.
In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a serious industry, basically dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles.
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla. The prime agricultural products currently produced in the Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts, and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon, and vanilla are the main export commodities of the islands.
In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC. Despite its growth, the vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991–1992 due largely to the Gulf War. Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Seychelles International Business Authority (SIBA) and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others).
Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs, and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, insurance (has now been privatised), banking (is being privatised very soon), imports of basic products (now being privatised), telecommunications (four private ISP/telecom companies), and a wide range of other businesses.
The national currency of the Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies it was depegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.
Demographics
When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the Gran'bla ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on indentured servitude to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were confined to a merchant class. Today the descendents of the Indian, Chinese, and Gran'bla form distinct ethnic communities, although most people are of 'black' African origin, often mixed with 'white' European or Asian heritage.
As the islands of Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of people who have immigrated. The largest ethnic groups are those of African, French, Indian, and Chinese descent. French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is primarily based upon French.
According to the 2002 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 82.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.4% are Anglican, and 4.5% are of other Christian denominations. There are small minorities who practice Hinduism (2.1%) and Islam (1.1%). Other non-Christian faiths account for 1.5% of the population while a further 2.1% were non-religious or did not specify a religion. The median age of Seychellois is 32 years.
Culture
Seychellois society is essentially matriarchal. Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditures and looking after the interests of the children. Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children. Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral. Older women can usually count on financial support from family members living at home or contributions from the earnings of grown children.
The music of Seychelles is diverse. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation—such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau), European contredanse, polka and mazurka, French folk and pop, sega from Mauritius and Réunion, taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres, and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music. A complex form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga.
Traditionally, despite a greater connection with Great Britain (e.g., in education, which follows the International General Certificate of Education (IGCSE), and on many aspects of the law) many foreign observers have stated that "the culture remains emphatically French" and about 70% of the population have a family name of French origin, compared with only about 20% family names of English origin. The two are often mixed, such that inhabitants receive an English first name and a French family name or vice-versa (e.g., Jean-Pierre Kingsmith).
Flora and fauna
Environmental legislation is very strict, and every tourism project must undergo an environmental review and a lengthy process of consultations with the public and conservationists. The Seychelles is a world leader in sustainable tourism. The end result of this sustainable development is an intact and stable natural environment, which attracts financially strong visitors (150,000 in 2007) rather than short-term mass tourism. Since 1993 a law guarantees the citizens the right to a clean environment and at the same time obliges them to protect this environment. The country holds a record for the highest percentage of land under natural conservation—nearly 50% of the total land area.
Like many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity during early human history, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de Mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because of the shape of its fruit which, with the husk removed, presents a "double" coconut resembling buttocks, the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed pods. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant in a genus of its own (Medusagynaceae) has resisted all efforts to propagate it. Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia Rothmannia annae found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and 5 species of hermit crabs live on the islands.
The Aldabra Giant Tortoise now populates many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. It has been reported that the granitic islands of Seychelles supported distinct species of Seychelles giant tortoises; the status of the different populations is currently unclear.
There are several unique varieties of orchids on the islands.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world. In the outer islands Aldabra and Cosmoledo are home to the largest numbers. In granitic Seychelles the largest numbers are on Aride Island including the world's largest numbers of two species.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has unfortunately damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (e.g., Silhouette Island).
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d). In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/rise-and-fall-of-george-frederic-augustus-ii-the-central-american-caribbean-and-atlantic-life-of-a-miskitu-king-18051824/95104178A18D586FD39B892D1BC2BA18
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The Rise and Fall of George Frederic Augustus II: The Central American, Caribbean, and Atlantic Life of a Miskitu King, 1805–1824
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The Rise and Fall of George Frederic Augustus II: The Central American, Caribbean, and Atlantic Life of a Miskitu King, 1805–1824 - Volume 96 Issue 3
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/rise-and-fall-of-george-frederic-augustus-ii-the-central-american-caribbean-and-atlantic-life-of-a-miskitu-king-18051824/95104178A18D586FD39B892D1BC2BA18
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“A blank page, where new laws, new codes, new systems of education, new freedom of speech, new forms of government, could be invented according to the principle of the greatest happiness for the greatest number.” It was roughly in these terms that Jeremy Bentham envisioned the economic and political potentials of Spain's “Ultramaria” (its American possessions) following the collapse of its empire.Footnote 1 In the wake of the Atlantic consequences of the Napoleonic Wars—a moment in what Eric Hobsbawm famously named the “Age of Revolution”—the early decades of the nineteenth century indeed saw the emergence of new American political regimes (i.e., Colombia, Peru, Chile, Mexico, Buenos Ayres, and Guatemala) that essentially favored British trade.Footnote 2 Their representatives were in turn strongly encouraged by London merchant-bankers to finance the development and consolidation of newly acquired but fragile independence by floating loans on the London Stock Exchange. Between 1822 and 1825, a time when financial and mercantile activities were heavily confounded with each other, numerous British joint-stock companies also issued significant amounts of shares—often before obtaining the necessary parliamentary charters. These business activities were aimed at benefiting from the riches soon to be made available by the imminent development of a more direct British West Indian and transatlantic trade with the Americas.Footnote 3
Bentham himself considered the development of business and political enterprises within newly liberated American territories as participating in the concretization of new utopias, or “dreamed territories with, as yet, no real existence, and where new governments could be installed and legislation drawn up according to the principle of the greatest happiness of the greatest number.”Footnote 4 Rather than delusional idealizations devoid of any scientific interest, such utopias essentially established concrete forces of political and commercial change and, therefore, constituted specific efforts to transcend problematic historical situations: in this instance, Atlantic imperial transformation.Footnote 5 Yet the concretization of these changes took place in far-reaching and distinct local, regional, and transatlantic spaces, stretching from the Americas to the very heart of the City of London, and weaving also into the fabric of transatlantic trade flows in the making. In other words, the realization of such dreamed-of commercial and political projects took place simultaneously on different levels, and on multiple sides of an Atlantic World in transformation.Footnote 6
However, when Bentham raved about the existence of American infant states, or ones that at that time existed only on (his) paper, he solely envisaged them as capable of emerging from and being consolidated by the effort of the Spanish revolutionaries of Ultramaria, brushing aside in a few lines the very existence of other actors (i.e., the “Indians”) of the political and economic processes that were then also transforming the Atlantic.Footnote 7 In a similar way, numerous studies have provided fascinating insights into the general and the more particular histories of the intricate political and financial endeavors that contributed to the making of new—and generally still existing—Spanish American republics and the improvement of their Atlantic commercial relationships with Britain.Footnote 8 However, recent works reveal how other, more discreet actors also played a role in the constitution and dissemination of nineteenth-century utopian ideas, ideals, and enterprises.Footnote 9 These suggest, in a way, that the histories of Atlantic transformations are ridden with “blind spots,” glaring absences that mark the “unacknowledged knowledges” of the diversity of actors and their levels of involvement in these political and, especially, financial and commercial metamorphoses.Footnote 10
This article casts light on one such “blind spot” in the Atlantic financial and political entanglements tied to these early years of American states formation and economic improvement. It does so by telling the well-studied story of the creation and financing of new American utopias, characteristic of these times, but from the perspective of an actor seldom considered in the relevant literature, namely that of an American Indigenous actor. His name was George Frederic Augustus II, king of the Miskitu on the Central American Miskitu Shore (hereafter referred to as “the Shore”) between 1816 and 1824.Footnote 11 This study illuminates how he sought, throughout his short-lived rule, to actively occupy various political and commercial spaces, near and far, in person and by proxy, in an Atlantic World undergoing important political and economic transformations, with echoes of his endeavors even reaching as far as the city of London's money market. Inspired by American Republican uprisings and the spreading of abolitionist ideas, George Frederic attempted to transform not only the economic and political foundations of his kingdom to concretize his own Miskitu utopia, for which he would even design a flag and draft a constitution; he also sought to reconfigure networks of foreign trade in Central America and the Caribbean, in which his kingdom had been and would remain an important node. Short on capital and labor, George Frederic had nevertheless benefited from an adequate education in matters related to regional politics and transatlantic trade. This enabled him to consider outsourcing the improvement of his territory to foreign agents with experience in statebuilding and financing: British mercenaries involved in Latin American revolutionary wars. These would, in his name, access both European and American capital markets to finance the realization of this Miskitu utopia.
As highlighted by Carlo Ginzburg or Alain Corbin, studying up close the life of a single, marginal individual or institution can reveal the often unsuspected interweaving of local, regional, or global dynamics in which they were (successfully or not) embedded.Footnote 12 Similarly, this article reintegrates George Frederic's actions within the various political, commercial, and financial dynamics in which they were inscribed, be they on the Shore, Central American, or transatlantic. Yet, in the absence of George Frederic's own memoirs, his story can only be written through a close reading of a wide range of dispersed archival sources, including manuscript and printed material found in repositories located in England, Scotland, and Belize. These hold diaries, newspaper articles, and private correspondence sent to or from George Frederic or that mention the Miskitu king. Taken together, these scattered documents constitute an original corpus of primary sources that help delve into different episodes of George Frederic's eventful life, from his upbringing to the constitution of his utopia.
This research also relies on the published testimonies of foreign merchants who encountered the Miskitu king. These were narratives provided most notably by Jacob Dunham, a North American trader who dealt with the Miskitu between 1816 and 1819, and, more importantly, by the English West Indian merchant Orlando Roberts, who visited the Shore regularly between 1816 and 1822.Footnote 13 Using such printed sources implies a potentially important self-centered bias, because these only transcribe the intentions and understandings of their authors. Indeed, both were writing for European or North American audiences interested in the development of trade relations with Central America in the aftermath of the collapse of the Spanish Empire. Contrary to Bentham and other contemporaries, Dunham and Roberts consider that the improvement of Atlantic trade in the region rested on a better understanding of the Shore's Indigenous polities, the latter providing access to natural resources of interest to European and American commerce.Footnote 14 Yet both texts are tinged with recurring tropes discriminating against the Miskitu (e.g., the “drunken Indian”), relatively common for the time. Descriptions provided by late modern European commentators of their interactions with American Indigenous interlocutors involving alcohol were often exaggerated, however, defined as they were by trepidations about the dangers of excessive drinking and anxieties about the place of American Indigenous peoples in new American societies.Footnote 15 An often contradictory image of George Frederic thus emerges from the reading of these accounts: he appears at the same time a feckless drunkard and a determined actor in full possession of his means.
To be clear, the Miskitu drank spirits, which they obtained from trade conducted with foreign merchants.Footnote 16 To portray George Frederic as a raging alcoholic, however, is certainly more than an exaggeration. Still, because these merchant accounts are not entirely “objective” does not mean they should be discarded. Considering such stereotypes, these remain at present some of the sole sources that can provide insight into and context for not only George Frederic's biography but also how the Miskitu conducted commercial and political interactions with various foreign actors. It is the multiplicity of often concordant testimonies that, taken together, make it possible to reconstruct the tumultuous life of George Frederic.Footnote 17 In turn, putting together such scattered clues allows for the telling of a chronological story of these Atlantic transformations from the unusual perspective of George Frederic. It also highlights whether certain actors or polities that are generally mischaracterized or omitted from the historiography in fact played an active role for their potential own utopian benefit within and between these different metamorphosing political and financial Atlantic spaces.
Historiographical attention paid to the Miskitu Shore offers rich insight into the region's Spanish, British, German, and American colonial history.Footnote 18 Studies focusing on the Miskitu in particular also offer valuable inquiries into their economic and political interrelations with and independence from the Shore's various colonial waves since Christopher Columbus's 1502 landing in the area.Footnote 19 Yet these historiographies generally focus on the geographical setting of the Shore, seldom investigating the impact that the events taking place there had beyond its borders.Footnote 20 George Frederic has also been the subject, in passing, of studies in colonial and Miskitu history. Rather than being portrayed as an individual worthy of any historical interest, he generally appears as a minor historical figure, owing to the short duration of his reign, or as a British colonial puppet (sharing the fate of many Miskitu rulers).Footnote 21 Moreover, George Frederic's story has often been confounded with that of Poyais. Specifically, he is often anecdotally remembered for having conceded in 1820, allegedly after a night of heavy drinking, the territory on which Gregor MacGregor planned to establish his principality of Poyais. This infamous story has been described as the “most audacious fraud in History,” with MacGregor believed to have been the fraudulent architect of the so-called fake state and loan of Poyais.Footnote 22 Yet recent works calling into question the fraudulent foundations of MacGregor's Poyaisian project make it possible to lift the veil of guilt or gullibility too often attached to the different actors involved, from near or far, in his affair—including George Frederic.Footnote 23
Pointing out how George Frederic's singular life both fitted into and molded, in often unsuspected ways, wider financial and political dynamics underlying the making of new American states offers a wider contribution to historiographical debates discussing the agency of American Indigenous actors in the shaping of Central American, Caribbean, and Atlantic trade and colonial networks. Seminal studies by such scholars as Arthur Ray, Ann Carlos and Lewis Frank, and Richard White have highlighted how American Indigenous peoples’ active involvement in the long eighteenth-century North American trade and colonial patterns affected their political and material cultures as well as their transatlantic commercial dynamics.Footnote 24 More recently, historians have noted how American Indigenous peoples played an active monetary or financial part in the development of North American capitalism, as well as how finance and money in themselves became tools of imperial dispossession for them.Footnote 25 Illuminating the longstanding involvement of Indigenous polities in the realm of American economic dynamics, these works allow for the integration of their subjects into novel fields of investigation, especially that of nineteenth-century business history.Footnote 26
More broadly, recent works focusing on nineteenth-century Pacific and North America discuss the need to consider Indigenous peoples on their own political terms, as full-fledged state actors, or even imperial actors.Footnote 27 Not only do these challenge commonly accepted understandings of global political landscapes by providing more nuanced narratives of the imperial transformations and competitions of their time; they also provide better insights into the historical trajectories of given Indigenous polities, without them being eclipsed by the chronologies, theories, or viewpoints imposed by colonial/imperial historiographical frameworks.Footnote 28 Although they tend to concentrate more on political than economic aspects, these historiographical developments are particularly relevant when it comes to studying the interwoven development of early nineteenth-century Central American, Caribbean, and wider Atlantic British merchant-banking and statebuilding processes, as historians seldom include American Indigenous peoples in their narratives, much less tell these stories from their perspectives.Footnote 29 At best, few studies mention the existence of political and commercial links between American Indigenous peoples and British traders.Footnote 30 Although these do, fortunately, nuance the asymmetrical relations in favor of British merchants and settlers emerging from such interactions, their scope is often limited to the American territory, and they generally understand American Indigenous history through the sole context of their relationships with foreigners.
In line with this scholarship, studying the biographical particularities of a Miskitu king at the head of an early nineteenth-century Central American and transatlantic Indigenous utopian venture sheds light on a drastic moment of global political, financial, and commercial possibility. It shows how George Frederic tried to benefit and shape the English drive to improve British trade in the Americas to his own financial, commercial, and political benefit. By highlighting the reach of George Frederic's action beyond the American continent, mainly from his perspective, this article also helps resituate the active global economic and political impacts that a Miskitu protagonist had—and could have had—within financial and colonial processes of early nineteenth-century statebuilding. Offering a chronological dive into George Frederic's life, each section of this article reveals insights into the creation, development, and tragic end of his utopia, along with the local, regional, and transatlantic impacts and progresses of this episode of Miskitu state formation. The first section provides contextual background to the Shore and biographical information on George Frederic from his early years to his accession to the throne in 1816. The second illustrates how a combination of local and Atlantic transformations offered George Frederic the opportunity to reposition himself politically within the Shore. The third describes how George Frederic envisioned, like other South American independence or abolitionist projects of the time, the establishment of a slave-free commercial and political utopia on the Shore. In doing so, this section details the interactions of George Frederic with foreign mercenaries to finance and build his project. The fourth section describes how George Frederic had to adapt his ambitions to deal with significant difficulties in establishing himself, on the London money market and the Shore, as the valid owner of his utopia—ultimately, to no avail. The last section concludes.
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https://www.confiduss.com/en/jurisdictions/seychelles/culture/
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Culture in Seychelles
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Culture in Seychelles and how to conduct business with regards to local traditions and practices. Around 53.6% of the population in Seychelles lives in cities and towns (46.4% in rural areas), and thus urban entrepreneurship is prevalent. The linguistic situation in Seychelles is vaguely diverse, which is an essential factor for the business localization procedures.
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https://www.confiduss.com/site/template/favicon.ico
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Culture of Seychelles
People in Seychelles speak the French, English, and Seselwa languages. The linguistic diversity of Seychelles is vaguely diverse according to a fractionalization scale which for Seychelles is 0.1606. The followers of Christianity are the religious majority in the country. 53.6% of Seychelles's population live in cities. This percentage comprises the urban population of Seychelles. The rate of urbanization in Seychelles is considered to be 1.4. According to data on inbound tourists in Seychelles, 230,000 tourists arrive in the country each year.
National anthem
The national anthem of Seychelles is called 'Kosta seywa', which in English means 'Join together all Seychellois'. It was adopted in 1996. Both the music and the lyrics have been composed by David François Marc André, George Charles Robert Payet.
Fast food
Around 24% of the population of Seychelles are obese.
Alcohol consumption
Each year, the people of Seychelles consume 1.5 litre of alcohol per capita, and this volume consists of 67% beer, 22.2% wine, 10.8% distilled spirits, 0% other alcohol.
National dish
One of the most popular national dishes of Seychelles is shark chutney with lentils and shredded green papaya on rice.
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CDE In Seychelles
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CDE in Seychelles Geography Seychelles -Island nation in the Indian Ocean -Classified into the African continent -115 islands -A mix of granitic and coralline islands Demographics & Economy Demographics -Demonym: Seychellois -Language: Creole -Currency: Seychellois Rupee -Tourism
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List of Country, Capital and Inhabitant Names
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The preferred designations reflect those used in the Americas.
Proper names without a geographic label are used in all countries where the language in question is spoken.
The geographic label Portugal identifies proper names used in countries that have adopted those used in Portugal.
A geographic label following a proper name indicates the region where the proper name is used.
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SeeGULL Multilingual: a Dataset of Geo-Culturally Situated Stereotypes
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HTML conversions sometimes display errors due to content that did not convert correctly from the source. This paper uses the following packages that are not yet supported by the HTML conversion tool. Feedback on these issues are not necessary; they are known and are being worked on.
failed: spverbatim
Authors: achieve the best HTML results from your LaTeX submissions by following these best practices.
License: CC BY 4.0
arXiv:2403.05696v1 [cs.CL] 08 Mar 2024
SeeGULL Multilingual: a Dataset of Geo-Culturally Situated Stereotypes
Mukul Bhutani
Google Research
mukulbhutani@google.com
&Kevin Robinson
Google Research
kevinrobinson@google.com
\ANDVinodkumar Prabhakaran
Google Research
vinodkpg@google.com
&Shachi Dave
Google Research
shachi@google.com
&Sunipa Dev
Google Research
sunipadev@google.com
Abstract
While generative multilingual models are rapidly being deployed, their safety and fairness evaluations are largely limited to resources collected in English. This is especially problematic for evaluations targeting inherently socio-cultural phenomena such as stereotyping, where it is important to build multi-lingual resources that reflect the stereotypes prevalent in respective language communities. However, gathering these resources, at scale, in varied languages and regions pose a significant challenge as it requires broad socio-cultural knowledge and can also be prohibitively expensive. To overcome this critical gap, we employ a recently introduced approach that couples LLM generations for scale with culturally situated validations for reliability, and build SeeGULL Multilingual, a global-scale multilingual dataset of social stereotypes, containing over 25K stereotypes, spanning 20 languages, with human annotations across 23 regions, and demonstrate its utility in identifying gaps in model evaluations. Content warning: Stereotypes shared in this paper can be offensive.
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SeeGULL Multilingual: a Dataset of Geo-Culturally Situated Stereotypes
Mukul Bhutani Google Research mukulbhutani@google.com Kevin Robinson Google Research kevinrobinson@google.com
Vinodkumar Prabhakaran Google Research vinodkpg@google.com Shachi Dave Google Research shachi@google.com Sunipa Dev Google Research sunipadev@google.com
1 Introduction
Generative multilingual models Brown et al. (2020); Chowdhery et al. (2022); Anil et al. (2023) have gained popular usage in the recent years due to their gradually increased functionalities across languages, and applications. However, there has been a severe lack in cross cultural considerations in these models, specifically when it comes to evaluations of their safety and fairness Sambasivan et al. (2021). These evaluations have been known to be largely restricted to Western viewpoints Prabhakaran et al. (2022), and typically only the English language Gallegos et al. (2023). This is inherently problematic as it promotes a unilateral narrative about fair and safe models that is decoupled from cross cultural perspectives Arora et al. (2023); Zhou et al. (2023). It also creates harmful, unchecked effects including model safeguards breaking down when encountered by simple multilingual adversarial attacks Yong et al. (2024).
As language and culture are inherently intertwined, it is imperative that model safety evaluations are both multilingual and multicultural Hovy and Yang (2021). In particular, preventing the propagation of stereotypes – that can lead to potential downstream harms Shelby et al. (2023) – is crucially tied to geo-cultural factors Hinton (2017). Yet, most sizeable stereotype evaluation resources are limited to the English language Nadeem et al. (2021); Nangia et al. (2020). While some efforts have created resources in languages other than English Névéol et al. (2022), they are limited to specific contexts. On the other hand, some approaches such as by Jha et al. (2023) have global coverage of stereotype resources but are restricted to the English language alone. Consequently, they fail to capture uniquely salient stereotypes prevalent in different languages of the world, as simply translating them to other languages will lose out on cultural relevance Malik et al. (2022).
In this work, we address this critical gap by employing the SeeGULL (Stereotypes Generated Using LLMs in the Loop) approach Jha et al. (2023) to build a broad-coverage multilingual stereotype resource: SeeGULL Multilingual. It covers 20 languages across 23 regions they are commonly used in. It contains a total of 25,861 stereotypes about 1,190 identity groups, and captures nuances of differing offensiveness in different global regions. We make this dataset publicly available to foster research in this domain. We also demonstrate the utility of this dataset in testing model safeguards.
2 Dataset Creation Methodology
Stereotypes are generalizations made about the identity (id) of a person, such as their race, gender, or nationality, typically through an association with some attribute (attr) that indicates competence, behaviour, profession, etc. Quinn et al. (2007); Koch et al. (2016). In this work we create a multilingual and multicultural dataset of stereotypes associated with nationality and region based identities of people. We use the methodology established by Jha et al. (2023), which is constituted primarily of three steps: (i) identifying relevant identity terms, (ii) prompting a generative model in a few-shot setting to produce similar candidate associations for identity terms from (i), and finally (iii) procuring socially situated human validations for those candidate associations.
2.1 Identifying Salient Identity Terms
Salient identities and stereotypes can vary greatly across languages and countries of the world, and a multilingual stereotype dataset needs to reflect this diversity. To reliably create the dataset at scale, we scope and collect stereotypes only about national, and local regional identities.
Nationality based demonyms:
We use a list of 179 nationality based demonyms in English, and translate them to target languages. In languages such as Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese, where demonyms are gendered (e.g., Bolivian in English can be Boliviano (masculine) or Boliviana (feminine) in Italian), we use all gendered versions.
Regional demonyms
We source regional demonyms (such as Californians, Parisians, etc.) within each country from established online sources in respective languages (see A.8 for details). A lot of these demonyms are present only in the respective target language without any English translation, such as the Dutch demonym Drenten, and the Turkish demonym Hakkârili.
2.2 Generating Associations
To generate associations in different languages, we use PaLM-2 Anil et al. (2023), which is a generative language model trained on large multilingual text across hundreds of languages. Using few shot examples of stereotypes from existing datasets Nadeem et al. (2021); Klineberg (1951), we instruct the model to produce candidate tuples in the format (id, attr) Jha et al. (2023). The template Complete the pairs: (id11{}_{1}start_FLOATSUBSCRIPT 1 end_FLOATSUBSCRIPT, attr11{}_{1}start_FLOATSUBSCRIPT 1 end_FLOATSUBSCRIPT)(id22{}_{2}start_FLOATSUBSCRIPT 2 end_FLOATSUBSCRIPT, attr22{}_{2}start_FLOATSUBSCRIPT 2 end_FLOATSUBSCRIPT)(id33{}_{3}start_FLOATSUBSCRIPT 3 end_FLOATSUBSCRIPT, translated in different languages is used to prompt the model. The generated text gives us a large volume of salient candidate associations.
2.3 Culturally Situated Human Annotations
Associations generated in steps so far need to be grounded in social context of whether they are indeed stereotypical. Annotators were diverse in gender, and compensated above prevalent market rates (more details and annotation instructions in A.3).
Stereotype Annotations.
Three annotations are collected for each candidate tuple in their respective language. The tuples are also annotated in country specific manner, i.e., French tuples are annotated by French users in France specifically. We adopt this approach since region of annotator residence impacts socially subjective tasks like stereotype annotations Davani et al. (2022). In addition, for languages that are common in multiple countries, we get separate annotations in each country (e.g., Spanish in Spain and Spanish in Mexico).
Offensiveness Annotations.
For each stereotype in our dataset, we estimate how offensive it is. We do so by obtaining three in-language, globally situated annotations for each attribute term in the dataset on its degree of offensiveness on a Likert scale of ‘Not offensive’ to ‘Extremely Offensive’.
4 SGM for Analysis and Evaluations
4.1 Offensive Stereotypes in SGM
While all stereotypes can have negative downstream impacts, some associations that imply degeneracy and criminality are especially offensive. Aggregating over stereotypes about nationalities across all languages in SGM, we note how Albania and Rwanda have some of the most offensive stereotypes associated with them, while Singapore and Canada have the least offensive stereotypes associated (A.4). Figure 3 shows the aggregated offensiveness associated with different countries of the world.
Figure 4 showcases some examples of highly offensive stereotypes associated with different national and regional identities (also A.4).
The perception of an attribute or stereotype as offensive or not can vary by language, and geo-culture Zhou et al. (2023). So we also aggregate over the individual languages, and observe that Italian and Swahili have the most number of offensive stereotypes with about 22% of all stereotypes for these languages being marked as “Somewhat Offensive" or more. On the other extreme, Hindi (1.83%) and Korean (2.66 %) are the languages having the least fraction of offensive stereotypes (full list in A.4 Table 4) .
4.2 Foundation Model Evaluations with SGM
Evaluating stereotyping by multilingual language models is challenging due to paucity of resources in languages apart from English. SGM enables us to create an evaluation set measuring whether a system endorses stereotypical associations across a socially situated, globally localized, and more comprehensive set of stereotypes, and whether the extent of endorsing stereotypes differs by language.
We adapt evaluation methods for measuring bias in inference capabilities Dev et al. (2020); Parrish et al. (2022) to create the evaluation of foundation models depicted in Figure 5. Each question in the task contains only one stereotypical answer, with other identity terms randomly sampled. We create an evaluation set from stereotypes in SGM to create 4,600 questions, drawing 100 samples across each language, region, and demonym type.
We evaluate four different models: PaLM 2, GPT-4 Turbo, Gemini Pro, and Mixtral 8X7B. We observe that all models endorse stereotypes present in SGM, and at different rates when the same queries are asked in English (Table 1). We note that PaLM 2 has the highest rate of endorsement, while Mixtral demonstrate the lowest. Our results also show that English-translated queries would have missed a significant fraction of stereotype endorsements in three out of four models. Figure 6 also notes that models tend to endorse stereotypes present in different languages at different rates. These findings further underlines the need for the forms of multilingual evaluation enabled by SGM.
5 Conclusion
For holistic safety evaluations of multilingual models, English-only resources or their translations are not sufficient. This work introduces a large scale, multilingual, and multicultural stereotype resource covering a wide range of global identities. It also exposes how these stereotypes may percolate unchecked into system output, due to the prevalent lack of coverage. In considerations of model safety, cross cultural perspectives on stereotypes, their offensiveness, and potential harms must be included. We encourage future work to explore other methods to utilize SGM to measure expressions of representational harms and stereotypes within application-specific contexts for global users.
Limitations
The dataset created in this work is constrained by the resources needed to create large scale, quality data. The dataset covers 20 languages and not the full range of many thousands of languages and dialects used across the world. Unfortunately, generation quality of most models is limited to few languages currently which guide our methodology. Further, we obtain annotations from 23 countries, whereas it could be from a much larger set given the spread of the 20 languages. This is constrained both by the availability of annotators and the cost of data annotations. Next, we limit the identity terms of recorded stereotypes to be demonyms associated with nationalities and regions within each nation. We also limit the granularity with which regions are considered, and also don’t include regions within all countries at a global scale. These are design choices for reliably collecting stereotypes at scale, guided by how stereotypes are socio-culturally situated Jha et al. (2023); Hovy and Yang (2021). While this helps create a dataset that is grounded in local knowledge, there are other stereotypes at other levels of granularities, and about other identities that are not covered by this work. We hope that this work acts as a foundation, based on which larger, multilingual safety datasets can be built.
Ethical Considerations
We emphasize that this dataset does not capture all possible stereotypes about any identity, or stereotypes about all geocultural identities. Thus, this dataset should not be used alone to categorize any model or its output as completely devoid of stereotypes. Instead careful considerations should be made by dataset users depending on the intended application. Further, we explicitly call out the intended usage of this dataset for evaluation purposes in the attached Data Card (A.1). This dataset contains a large number of stereotypes which can help build model safeguards. We caution users against unintentional, or malicious misuse.
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Appendix A Appendix
A.1 Dataset
The dataset contains 25,861 annotated stereotypes across 23 language +++ countries of annotation combination (Table 2), and is available online . The first two columns of Table 7 describes the languages, countries (of annotations), and the total annotations that are being released as part of this dataset. Since data disagreements are features of subjective data Davani et al. (2022), we consider any associations with at least 1 annotation (of 3 annotators) as stereotype to be sufficient for the tuple to be included in the published dataset. The filtering of the data for usage is left to the user. The data card detailing intended usage, data collection and annotation, costs, etc. is also made available online .
Table 3 shows the distribution of tuples across the nationality and regional axis. Of the 25,861 annotated tuples, 19,543 stereotypes have unique English translations (via Google Translate API). The differences arises due to the fact that we, by design, get a few tuples annotated in two different countries speaking the same language (section 3 and A.6). Finally, stereotypes having different gender based identity terms but with same attributes (e.g (mauritana, árabe) and (mauritanos, árabe)) are back-translated to English in exact same way and are thus counted as such.
A.2 Related Stereotype Resources
Stereotype resources are essential for generative model evaluations, and a large body of work pushes to increase the overall coverage of these resources Nadeem et al. (2021); Nangia et al. (2020); Jha et al. (2023). These resources help significantly bolster model safeguards Nagireddy et al. (2023); Bai et al. (2023); Jha et al. (2024). Thus, it is imperative that the resources cover global identities, to enable models across modalities and languages to be safe and beneficial for all. There have been attempts to increase these resources across languages Névéol et al. (2022); Sólmundsdóttir et al. (2022); Vashishtha et al. (2023), and cultures Bhatt et al. (2022); Dev et al. (2023). However, due to the cost of curating, these resources are often limited in both size, and global coverage. In this work, we address these challenges by leveraging social information captured and generated by multilingual models and globally situated annotations.
A.3 Annotation Details
We get annotations from humans for two different task. The first task, called Stereotype Annotation is used to determine if an (identity, attribute) tuple is considered as stereotypical or not. The second task, Offensive Annotation is for determining the offensiveness of a given attribute in a particular region. All annotations were procured through a partner vendor who handled the recruitment, obtained informed consent, and provided clean, anonymous ratings within each task.
Annotators were recruited such that they used the target language and resided in the country of popular usage. They were also selected such that every data point was annotated by at least one non-male identifying person. Annotators were paid above prevalent market rates and respecting local minimum wage laws in respective countries.
A.3.1 Task: Stereotype Annotation
Annotators: Since we documenting stereotypes in a multilingual setting, our annotation tasks are in different target languages depending on the region the task is being conducted in. Annotators are proficient in English reading and writing, as well as in the target language that the data is in. Moreover, since we have regional identities corresponding to each region, we ensure that annotators are people living in that region. Finally, as described in section 3, for the languages of Spanish, Portuguese, and Bengali, we perform human annotations separately in two different regions each.
Labels: The annotators had the options to select between three labels.
•
Non-Stereotype (NS)
•
Stereotype (S)
•
Unsure (U) (with justification)
The label Unsure captures the case where either the annotator does not have full confidence, or if the tuple is factual in nature.
A.3.2 Task: Offensiveness Annotation
Annotators: The annotation task is in different target languages per dataset. Annotators are proficient in English reading and writing, as well as in the target language that the data is in. The region that the raters are from is also different per data segment (for example, Spanish users in Mexico, Spanish users in Spain, Bengali users in Bangladesh, etc.). Each data point (attribute term) is rated by 3 annotators of diverse gender identities.
Labels: The annotators need to label each attribute as one of the following on a Likert scale.
•
Not Offensive (NO) (-1): if the attribute is not perceived as offensive at all, or is positive or neutral such as ’good’, ’okay’, etc in English. Consider similar terms in the language the data is in for this task.
•
Slightly Offensive (O1) (+1)
•
Somewhat Offensive (O2) (+2)
•
Moderately Offensive (O3) (+3)
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Extremely Offensive (O4) (+4): if the attribute is perceived as extremely offensive when associated with the identity (like female, Russian, Asian, Jew, etc.) of a person such as attributes implying criminal behavior and activities, such as ’criminal’, ’terrorist’, etc in English. Consider similar terms in the language the data is in for this task.
•
Unsure (with justification) (U) (0): if the annotator is not sure about if the attribute is offensive.
The answers can vary from Extremely offensive to Not offensive. The integers from (-1) to (+4) are used for calculating the mean offensiveness of an attribute and are not visible to the annotators.
A.4 Offensiveness
For all the stereotypes in SeeGULL Multilingual, we also get the offensive annotations of the corresponding attributes on Likert scale. For all the attributes, we average out the offensiveness annotations by the three annotators and call it the "mean offensiveness" score.
Table 4 shows the percentage of stereotypes that are annotated as "Somewhat offensive (O2)" or higher, per region.
Finally, stereotypes in SeeGULL Multilingual can be thought of either belonging having a nationality based demonym or a regional (within a country) based demonym. For all the nationality based demonyms in SGE, we group them based on their corresponding countries and get an average of offensiveness scores associated with them. Table 5 shows the top 20 countries which have the most offensive stereotypes associated with them. Similarly, the table 6 lists out the countries having the least offensive stereotypes associated with them.
A.5 Overlap with English SeeGULL
SeeGULL Multilingual dataset contain a total of 25,861 stereotypes out of which a total of 2370 stereotypes (949 unique stereotypes) were overlapping with SGE. Thus, about 5% of unique stereotypes in SeeGULL Multilingual overlap with SGE. The Table 7 shows the overlap of SGE with SeeGULL Multilingual corresponding to each of the 23 language + country combinations.
A.6 Stereotypes in a Language across Countries
A few languages are spoken across different countries in the world. These countries, that may share the same language, due to different socio-cultural backgrounds, can have a different notions of what is considered a stereotype. Table 8 quantitatively demonstrates how much annotations vary across countries
A.7 Foundation Model Evaluations
A.7.1 Creating the Evaluation set
To create the evaluation set, we create a balanced sample across country, language, and regional or international demonyms. Within each bucket, we take all attributes (e.g., orderly) where we could also create three distracting demonyms that do not also share an association with that same attribute. From there, we first sample attributes, then sample from potential distracting demonyms for that attribute. We randomize the demonyms to form a question item. To encode each question item into a prompt, we first substitute the attribute (in the target language) into the English instruction prefix. Then, we separately translate the prefix into the target language, as well as a suffix instruction. Finally, we take those translations and merge them with the SeeGULL Multilingual demonyms (which are already in the target language) into the prompt for the evaluation set. We create parallel English-language prompts using the same sample of question items. To encode questions into English prompts, we use the same instructions and process but without translation, using the English demonyms and attributes from the SeeGULL Multilingual dataset.
A.7.2 Multilingual capabilities of Models
Foundation models have varying multilingual capabilities across languages. For example, the underlying PaLM 2 language model was trained on hundreds of languages Anil et al. (2023) and Gemini was trained to support a range of multilingual capabilities Gemini Team Google (2023). Mixtral supports English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish Mistral AI (2024), while GPT systems are primarily built using English data only OpenAI et al. (2023). We evaluate all foundation models on all languages included in SeeGULL Multilingual.
A.7.3 Evaluation protocol
In order to demonstrate that SeeGULL Multilingual can be used for improving foundation models, we run inference without additional safety guardrails or mitigation layers that are typically used by downstream application developers. Mistral Mistral AI (2024) and Gemini Google (2024a) provide configurable safety guardrails which we disable, and PaLM 2 includes metadata about safety with responses Google (2024b) which we do not consider. GPT models do not support configurable safety through the API.
We run inference for evaluations through public APIs for four families of foundation models. We draw one sample from each model with temperature=0. All system versions were fixed, and inference was run during January and February 2024. Each system was queried with temperature=0.0. Model version are show in Table 9.
Model response styles varied by foundation model, even with unambiguous and consistent instructions. To score responses, we use a heuristic to parse decoded text, and considered the model to endorse the stereotype if it produced text a) used the format as instructed and produced the letter of the stereotypical association, b) instead generated the exact word of the stereotypical association, c) produced text containing only the letter of the stereotypical association formatted as instructed, but with other additional text, and d) all formatted letter choices, repeating one letter choice twice.
A.8 Regional Demonyms
There is no single place containing regional demonyms for all the countries of the world. We source the regional demonyms online from the following sources followed by manual validation.
France:
Japan:
•
•
Since no particular demonym are found, we default to "People from [name of the region]".
South Korea:
•
•
Since no particular demonym are found, we default to "People from [name of the region]".
Vietnam:
•
•
Since no particular demonym are found, we default to "People from [name of the region]".
Thailand:
•
No particular demonym, defaulted to "People from [name of the region]".
Kenya:
•
No particular demonym, defaulted to "People from [name of the region]".
A.9 Licenses of models and data used
The data (SGE) was released with CC-BY-4.0 licence which permits its usage for research purposes. The intended usage guidelines of the different models were adhered to . We abide by the terms of use of any models used in this paper.
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Demonyms The Names of Nationalities - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The document discusses demonyms, which are the names used to describe the people from a particular country or place. It explains that demonyms are formed by combining the name of a country with suffixes like -an, -ean, or -ese. The document then provides a comprehensive list of demonyms for every country in the world.
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2024-07-21T00:03:37+00:00
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en
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CountryHumans Wiki
|
https://countryhumans.miraheze.org/wiki/Draft:Vatican_City
|
The Vatican City is a micro state located completely within Italy. They are both the smallest fully sovereign nation and the country with the lowest population.
Description[edit source]
The male version is the most known version, due to men being the main gender living there, because priests have to be male.
Appearance[edit source]
Vatican City is seen wearing either a Catholic bishop's clothing or the Pope's. The clothing is always shown as white and yellow (sometimes red is included), just for simplicity. (Because priests, bishops, and other Catholic leaders wear so many robes, for each important day in the Catholic church.)
They can also (very rarely) be seen wearing Nun's clothing if female.
They are usually seen being by San Marino becuase they are the two smallest countries. (by land mass) They are also seen being protected by Switzerland, and the Swiss Guard; since Switzerland has promised to protect them since they don't have a real army and armed forces system.
Personality[edit source]
Vatican City is usually very stubborn and disapproves of other countries, and spends a lot of time praying and (and used to) going to Latin Mass. (Either high or low Mass)
Interests[edit source]
God and Christianity
The Catholic Church
Being in an exclusive club
Other Symbols[edit source]
Easter Lily
Crossed Keys
The Saint Peter’s Basilica
The Vatican Museums
St. Peter’s Square
Vatican Gardens
Nicknames[edit source]
Saint Peter's Home
The Holy See
Flag meaning[edit source]
"[...] Yellow and white are both colors that are deeply associated with Catholicism. White represents purity, and yellow represents holiness. On the white band, two crossed keys and a papal tiara lay. The keys represent St. Peter, as Jesus Christ had told Peter that "I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on Earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you lose on Earth shall be loosed in heaven."
— Matthew 16:19.
Etymology[edit source]
"Vatican" is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum located in the general area the Romans called Ager Vaticanus, "Vatican territory". The official Italian name of the city is Città del Vaticano or, more formally, Stato della Città del Vaticano, meaning "Vatican City State".
Origin of Languages[edit source]
Latin was the main language spoken in the area corresponding to the present Vatican City. The subsequent Papal States also used Latin for official purposes during the first centuries of their existence, but various Italian languages were spoken, such as standard Italian (based on Tuscan).
Organization and Affiliations[edit source]
United Nations — Permanent Observer State
History[edit source]
In antiquity, the territory of the modern Vatican, at that time called (lat. Ager Vaticanum) - swampy area, was located outside the city limits of Rome. Here were the villas and gardens of the mother of Emperor Caligula - Agrippina. Later, in these gardens, on the slope of the Vatican Hill, Caligula ordered the construction of a small hippodrome, which was later restored under Emperor Nero and on which, according to legend, he was crucified in 64 AD. e. Saint Peter, then buried in the necropolis (currently the Vatican Necropolis (English))), located at that time along the main road of the Vatican. In 326, after Christianity was equalized in rights with other religions, the first basilica was erected over the supposed tomb of Peter by order of Emperor Constantine.
Early History[edit source]
Having embraced Christianity with the Edict of Milan in 313, Emperor Constantine I began constructing a basilica over St. Peter’s tomb which would later expand into the modern Vatican City. Peter’s Basilica became a spiritual center for Christian pilgrims, leading to the development of housing for clergymen and the formation of a marketplace that became the thriving commercial district of Borgo.
At the site of the crucifixion of St. Peter in 752, the Papal State was formed. It included the Roman region, part of Ravenna and Catania, and over time the territories increased.
WIP
The area of Vatican City is right in the middle of the city of Rome, Italy. Although it is in Rome, they have been recognized as an independent country in 1929.
Kingdoms[edit source]
TBA
Italian Unification[edit source]
In 1870, the Kingdom of Italy decided to annex the territories of the Papal State, unifying Italy. Some buildings were given to the Pope for use, but the Pope refused. Long negotiations began between the Pope and Italy, which lasted almost 70 years.
Vatican I[edit source]
TBA
World War I & II[edit source]
WW I[edit source]
During WW1, Pope Benedict XV, according to a Papal author, “saw the war as a tragedy and in some sense an unnecessary tragedy.” The Pope was disgusted with new forms of warfare (ie. trench warfare), and decided to maintain neutrality.
WW II[edit source]
Like in WW1, Vatican City pursued a policy of neutrality during World War II, under the leadership of Pope Pius XII. The Vatican organized extensive humanitarian aid throughout the duration of the conflict.
Post-war History[edit source]
TBA
Vatican II[edit source]
The Second Vatican Council, which happened in the 1960s, was a very big change in the Catholic religion. Even though it was thought of in the 1940s, (in the book, The Mass of the Future) it was globally known in the 1960s through 1970s, when the change had happened.
Modern Vatican City[edit source]
TBA
Politics[edit source]
Vatican City was established in its current form as a sovereign nation with the signing of the Lateran Pacts in 1929. It's a Permanent Observer Mission in the United Nations and is by far the only independent country to choose to not join the UN.
Government[edit source]
TBA
Diplomacy[1][edit source]
Country Date Albania 7 September 1991 Algeria 6 March 1972 Andorra 16 June 1995 Angola 8 July 1997 Antigua and Barbuda 15 December 1986 Argentina 1877 Armenia 23 May 1992 Australia 24 March 1973 Austria 9 August 1946 Azerbaijan 23 May 1992 Bahrain 12 January 2000 Bangladesh 25 September 1972 Barbados 19 April 1979 Belarus 11 November 1992 Belgium 1835 Belize 9 March 1983 Benin 29 June 1971 Bolivia 1877 Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 August 1992 Botswana 4 November 2008 Brazil 1829 Bulgaria 6 December 1990 Burkina Faso 14 June 1973 Burundi 11 February 1963 Cambodia 25 March 1994 Cameroon 27 August 1966 Canada 16 October 1969 Cape Verde 12 May 1976 Central African Republic 13 May 1967 Chad 28 November 1988 Chile 1877 China 23 October 1942 Colombia 26 November 1835 Democratic Republic of the Congo 31 January 1977 Republic of the Congo 16 February 1963 Cook Islands 29 April 1999 Costa Rica 1908 Croatia 8 February 1992 Cuba 2 September 1935 Cyprus 31 January 1973 Czech Republic 19 April 1990* Denmark 2 August 1982 Djibouti 20 May 2000 Dominica 1 September 1981 Dominican Republic 1881 East Timor 20 May 2002 Ecuador 1877 Egypt 23 August 1947 El Salvador 1922 Equatorial Guinea 24 December 1981 Eritrea 15 July 1995 Estonia 3 October 1991* Ethiopia 20 March 1957 Fiji 12 September 1978 Finland 1942 France XVIth Century Gabon 31 October 1967 Georgia 23 May 1992 Germany 1920 Ghana 20 November 1975 Greece 17 July 1979 Grenada 17 February 1979 Guatemala 16 March 1936 Guinea 21 June 1986 Guinea-Bissau 12 July 1986 Guyana 9 June 1997 Haiti 1881 Honduras 1908 Hungary 9 February 1990* Iceland October 1976 India 12 June 1948 Indonesia 13 March 1950 Iran 2 May 1953 Iraq 26 August 1966 Ireland 27 November 1929 Israel 15 June 1994 Italy 24 June 1929 Ivory Coast 26 October 1970 Jamaica 20 July 1979 Japan March 1942 Jordan 3 March 1994 Kazakhstan 17 October 1992 Kenya 19 June 1965 Draft:Kiribati 10 April 1995 Kuwait 21 October 1968 Kyrgyzstan 27 August 1992 Latvia 1 October 1991* Lebanon November 1946 Lesotho 11 March 1967 Liberia 15 December 1927 Libya 10 March 1997 Liechtenstein 28 August 1985 Lithuania 30 September 1991* Luxembourg 1891 North Macedonia 21 December 1994 Madagascar 24 December 1966 Malawi 5 February 1966 Malaysia 27 July 2011 Mali 29 October 1979 Draft:Malta 15 December 1965 Mauritius 9 March 1970 Mexico 21 September 1992 Micronesia 26 January 1994 Moldova 23 May 1992 Monaco 1875 Mongolia 4 April 1992 Montenegro 16 December 2006 Morocco 15 January 1976 Mozambique 14 December 1995 Myanmar 4 May 2017 Namibia 12 September 1995 Nauru 1 June 1992 Nepal 10 September 1983 New Zealand 20 June 1973 Nicaragua 1908 Niger 20 July 1971 Nigeria 20 November 1975 Norway 2 August 1982 Pakistan 6 October 1951 Palau 17 December 1998 Panama 1923 Papua New Guinea 7 March 1977 Paraguay 1877 Peru 1877 Poland 17 July 1989* Portugal XVIth Century Qatar 18 November 2002 Romania 15 May 1990* Rwanda 6 June 1964 Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 July 1999 Saint Lucia 1 September 1984 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16 April 1990 Samoa 10 June 1994 San Marino April 1926 Sao Tome and Principe 21 December 1984 Senegal 17 November 1961 Serbia 14 August 1970* Seychelles 27 July 1984 Sierra Leone 30 July 1996 Singapore 24 June 1981 Slovakia 1 January 1993* Slovenia 8 February 1992 Solomon Islands 9 May 1984 South Africa 5 March 1994 South Korea 11 December 1963 South Sudan 22 February 2013 Spain XVth Century Sri Lanka 6 September 1975 Suriname 16 February 1994 Eswatini 11 March 1992 Sweden 2 August 1982 Switzerland XVIth Century Syria 21 February 1953 Tajikistan 15 June 1996 Tanzania 19 April 1968 Thailand 28 April 1968 Bahamas 27 July 1979 Gambia 7 June 1978 Marshall Islands 30 December 1993 Netherlands 1829 Philippines 8 April 1951 Russia 9 December 2009 Sudan 29 April 1972 United Arab Emirates 31 May 2007 United States 10 January 1984 Togo 21 April 1981 Tonga 24 August 1994 Trinidad and Tobago 23 July 1978 Tunisia 22 March 1972 Türkiye 25 January 1960 Turkmenistan 10 July 1996 Uganda 1 September 1966 Ukraine 8 February 1992 United Kingdom 16 January 1982 Uruguay 1877 Uzbekistan 17 October 1992 Vanuatu 20 July 1994 Venezuela 1881 Yemen 13 October 1998 Zambia 15 May 1965 Zimbabwe 26 June 1980
Geography[edit source]
The Vatican City's geography is an urban, landlocked enclave of Rome with an Area of 49 ha. (121 acres or 0.19 miles) This makes it unique. Vatican City is the smallest country in the world.
Relationships[edit source]
Family[edit source]
Italy — Parent
San Marino - Sibling
Ancient Rome — Sibling/Parent
Greece — Sibling-In-Law
Spain — Sibling
Portugal — Sibling
Friends[edit source]
Poland
Italy - "Is good."
Hungary
Switzerland - "Their guard is amazing! Thank you for keeping me safe"
San Marino - "The Glorious Country."
Germany
France
Ireland
Israel
Philippines
Taiwan
Slovenia
Slovakia
Russia — You know I'm right! AND THE SON!"
East Timor
Brazil
Mexico
Chile
Ethiopia
Peru
Ecuador
El Salvador
Cuba
Romania
Serbia
Lithuania
Lebanon
Nicaragua
South Korea
Neutral[edit source]
United States — I don't know much about you, but since a lot of my population is Christian and Roman Catholic, you sure are liked around in my states. You seem cool too. You have helped me with my relationship with Cuba."
Vietnam
Indonesia
Czech Republic
Estonia
India
Enemies[edit source]
China - "Our relations are strained."
North Korea
ISIS
Former Enemies[edit source]
Third Reich
USSR — "YOU CAN'T BE YOUR OWN GOD!"
Kingdom of Italy
Japanese Empire
Past Versions[edit source]
Papal States
Prisoner in the Vatican
Opinions[edit source]
Gallery[edit source]
Fan-Art[edit source]
Art by asatte53
Art by asatte53
Art by ElivisZombra150VZ
Art by asatte53
Art by asatte53
Art by ElivisZombra150VZ
Art by 📡WtDD
Art by SANDil
Flags/Symbols[edit source]
Flag
Coat
Previous[edit source]
Papal States
Trivia[edit source]
Vatican City is one of the very very few countries that use Latin as a language any more.
None of Vatican City's population was actually born there, as there are no hospitals. In fact, as all of its citizens are very religious priests and people who have a high rank in religion, 100% of the Vatican City's population is male and Christian.
Vatican is the smallest country in the world just after San Marino.
For nearly 60 years in the 1800s and 1900s, popes refused to leave the Vatican.
Popes did not live at the Vatican until the 14th century.
Benito Mussolini signed Vatican City into existence.
The Swiss Guard was hired as a mercenary force.
At several times during the Vatican's history, popes escaped through a secret passageway.
The majority of Vatican City's 600 citizens live abroad.
The Vatican Observatory owns a telescope in Arizona.
This page was originally in Commetian Empire's Sandbox
Extra(s)[edit source]
Religion:
Urbanization:
Social Progress Index: in the World
Basic Human needs: in the World
Social Opportunities: in the World
Health & Wellness: in the World
Basic Medical Care: in the World
Personal Safety: in the World
Access to Education: in the World
Access to Information: in the World
Advanced Education: in the World
Personal Freedom: in the World
Personal Rights: in the World
Freedom of Speech: in the World
Tolerance & Inclusion: in the World
Women Equality:
Tolerance for Minorities: in the World
Tolerance for Homosexual: in the World
GDP:
Unemployment:
Currency:
Telephones:
Mobile Phones:
Internet Users:
[edit source]
References[edit source]
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7545
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dbpedia
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3
| 3
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https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/seychelles
|
en
|
Seychelles: Introduction
|
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Seychelles Introduction
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/seychelles
|
Seychelles is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. It is east of mainland Africa, and the most proximate country is Madagascar. The geography consists of narrow coastal strips and central ranges of hills. The government system is a republic; the chief of state and head of government is the president. Seychelles has a service-oriented mixed economy in which some citizens still rely of subsistence farming, but tourism has promoted an economy with a variety of private freedom in combination with centralized government regulation. Seychelles is a member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC).
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7545
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dbpedia
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1
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https://timbu.com/seychelles
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en
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Experiences, Hotels and more in Seychelles
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The best hotels from over 209 hotels in seychelles using the Official Timbu Website. See photos, reviews and deals.
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en
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Timbu
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https://timbu.com/seychelles
|
Victoria is the capital of Seychelles, it is located on the northeastern coast of Mahé Island, the largest island in the Seychelles group. The best time to visit Seychelles is usually April, May, October and November.
Seychelles experience a warm, humid and tropical climate with maritime influences. It has a a rainy and muggy season that usually starts from December to March, and this is due to the northwest monsoon; and a dry and cooler season from June to September, due to the southeast winds.
The culture in Seychelles is a mix of the different nationalities and races that have settled in the archipelago, including the French settlers, the Tamil and Chinese traders, the Islamic mariners, the British colonials, and the African slaves. This influence also reflects on the food in Seychelles, making the cuisine a fusion of flavours from African, French, Chinese, Indian and English cooking.
The major religious practice in Seychelles is the Roman Catholicism, but there Are minority of Protestantism, Anglican, Muslim , Hindu and Bahaï communities.
The official languages spoken in Seychelles are Seychellois Creole, English and French.
There are around 15 airports in Seychelles, this makes air transportation a good means of exploring the islands. Other means of getting around Seychelles are available but because most of the islands in Seychelles are very small (e.g Victoria) these may not be necessary, these transports include; sea transportation, there are bus services and also taxis can be found on all three major islands in Seychelles, public transport by using Ox-carts is common among the locals.
Seychelles is relatively safe and crime free, but recently there has been a rise in petty non-violent crimes and theft, so tourist should be precautious.
Seychelles is home many festivals and events, some of which are; The Feast of the Assumption of Mary - This is known to be one of the major festivals in Seychelles, held in the church at La Digue, the smallest of the three islands. People of Seychelles gather to offer prayers and gratitude to the virgin Mary; The Carnaval International de victoria - This is another major festival in Seychelles, it features carnivals and parties and it brings together carnival enthusiast from all over the world; The Creole Festival - It is held on October of every year on the islands of Praslin, La Digue and Mahe. It is a six-day celebration that features the traditions and the cultural heritage of Seychelles as reflected in dance, music, cuisine, customs and crafts; Seychelles Ocean Festival - it is a week-long festival held in Mahe, and it is organised to promote and show to the people what the underwater world of Seychelles has to offer, and also the beauty beyond that it hides and preserves.
There are various attractions and activities in Seychelles to keep tourists thrilled and entertained, some of these are:
Victoria - Located on Mahe Island, Victoria is the capital of Seychelles and offers many attractions like, Seychelles National Botanical Gardens which showcases endemic palms and orchids, as well as giant tortoises and fruit bats, the colorful Sir Selwyn Clarke Market.
Praslin - This is an Island in Seychelles known for its known for palm-fringed beaches, National Park, and Nature reserves.
Silhouette Island - This is third largest granitic island in the Seychelles. It is located 20 km Northwest of Mahé, and features many beautiful beaches and landscapes.
Aldabra - This is located 1,120 km southwest of the capital. It is the world's second-largest coral atoll, and it offers attractions like the Ilê Malabar, and the Picard Island.
Beau Vallon - This is one of the most popular and frequented places in Seychelles. It is a bay located in the northwest coast of Mahé in the Seychelles, and offers activities like diving snorkelling in its shallow waters and beautiful beaches.
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https://dcyf.worldpossible.org/rachel/modules/wikipedia_for_schools/wp/s/Seychelles.htm
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Seychelles
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Discover more about Seychelles. One of thousands of articles selected and checked for the Wikipedia for Schools by SOS Children's Villages UK
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https://dcyf.worldpossible.org/Seychelles.htm
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Seychelles ( / s eɪ ˈ ʃ ɛ l z / say-SHELZ; French: [sɛʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is a 115- island country spanning an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, some 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles, with an estimated population of 86,525, has the smallest population of any African state. It has the highest Human Development Index in Africa and the highest income inequality in the world, as measured by the Gini index.
History
Scholars assume that Austronesian seafarers and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles. Remains of Maldivian mariner presence from the 12th century were found in Silhouette Island. The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral).
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV's Minister of Finance.
The British contested control over the islands between 1794 and 1810. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections were held in 1966 and 1970. Independence was granted in 1976 as a republic within the Commonwealth. In 1977, a coup d'état ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham, who was replaced by France Albert René. The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991. The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.
In January 2013, the country declared a state of emergency; the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundred of houses.
Politics
The Seychelles president, who is head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The previous president, France Albert René, first came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president in 1977 and installed him as president, one year after independence. He was re-elected thereafter during each election cycle. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006. Michel was reelected in 2011 in an election declared to be free and fair by over 100 international observers representing southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Indian Ocean Commission, although the opposition parties claim that there was vote-buying.
The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
The main rival parties are the ruling socialist Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF). As of 2009 the SPPF became the People's Party (PP) or Parti Lepep (LP) and the liberal democrat Seychelles National Party (SNP). Politics has been an integral part of the lives of the Seychellois since its inception in the early sixties. The range of opinion spans socialist and liberal democratic ideology.
Seychelles is part of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), La Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Seychelles performed excellently on the 2010 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, ranking second out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries, with an overall score of 79 out of 100, second only to Mauritius, which received a score of 83. Particularly good were its scores in Safety and Security, Participation and Human Rights, and Human Development. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance, based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.
Subdivisions
Seychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions that comprise all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé with two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also includes respective satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands are not considered part of any district.
Mahé
Bel Air
La Rivière Anglaise (English River)
Les Mamelles
Mont Buxton
Mont Fleuri
Plaisance
Roche Caiman
Saint Louis
Victoria
Anse aux Pins
Anse Boileau
Anse Etoile
Au Cap
Anse Royale
Baie Lazare
Beau Vallon
Bel Ombre
Cascade
Glacis
Grand'Anse Mahé
Pointe La Rue
Port Glaud
Takamaka
Praslin
Baie Sainte Anne (Anse Volbert)
Grand'Anse Praslin (Grande Anse)
La Digue and remaining Inner Islands
La Digue (Anse Réunion)
Education
Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles; the Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys' and girls' secondary schools with religious Brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944. A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age five. Ninety percent of all children attend nursery school at age four.
The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 85% in 1991.
Currently the public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. The schools are on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. There are three private schools: École Française, International School and the Independent school. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, National Institute of Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Centre, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Centre and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.
The current administration has advanced plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred. University of Seychelles, initiated in conjunction with the University of London, is launching education programmes which will include teaching and lead to the award of the recognised qualifications from the University of London.
Geography
An island nation, Seychelles is located to the northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (994 mi) east of Kenya. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155. The islands as per the Constitution are divided into groups as follows.
There are 42 granitic islands, in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette Island, La Digue, Curieuse, Felicite, Frégate, Ste-Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Île aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Île Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé), Chauve Souris (Praslin), Île La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics: Denis and Bird.
There are two coral islands south of the granitics: Coëtivy and Platte.
There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitics: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnoeufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Etoile, Bijoutier.
There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable Déposés Île aux Goëlettes Lapins Île du Milieu North Manaha South Manaha Middle Manaha North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.
There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Emile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Heron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption Island, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goëlettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).
According to the president of Nauru, the Seychelles has been ranked the ninth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change.
Climate
The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small. The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation is somewhat less on the other islands. During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
Climate data for Victoria ( Seychelles International Airport) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6) 30.4
(86.7) 31.0
(87.8) 31.4
(88.5) 30.5
(86.9) 29.1
(84.4) 28.3
(82.9) 28.4
(83.1) 29.1
(84.4) 29.6
(85.3) 30.1
(86.2) 30.0
(86) 29.8
(85.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 27.3
(81.1) 27.8
(82) 28.0
(82.4) 27.7
(81.9) 26.6
(79.9) 25.8
(78.4) 25.9
(78.6) 26.4
(79.5) 26.7
(80.1) 26.8
(80.2) 26.7
(80.1) 26.9
(80.4) Average low °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4) 24.6
(76.3) 24.8
(76.6) 25.0
(77) 25.4
(77.7) 24.6
(76.3) 23.9
(75) 23.9
(75) 24.2
(75.6) 24.3
(75.7) 24.0
(75.2) 23.9
(75) 24.4
(75.9) Precipitation mm (inches) 379
(14.92) 262
(10.31) 167
(6.57) 177
(6.97) 124
(4.88) 63
(2.48) 80
(3.15) 97
(3.82) 121
(4.76) 206
(8.11) 215
(8.46) 281
(11.06) 2,172
(85.49) Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 17 11 11 14 11 10 10 10 11 12 14 18 149 % humidity 82 80 79 80 79 79 80 79 78 79 80 82 79.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 153.3 175.5 210.5 227.8 252.8 232.0 230.5 230.7 227.7 220.7 195.7 170.5 2,527.7 Source #1: World Meteorological Organization Source #2: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Economy
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla, and copra were the chief exports. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist Donald Prell prepared for the then crown colony Governor General, an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. In 1964–65 the Seychelles connection to the outside world consisted of (1) excellent telegraphic service, (2) weekly seaplane service from Mombasa, Kenya, and (3) a monthly visit of the 10,304 ton British India Line's passenger ship M.S. Kampala. Mahé, Seychelles was a stopover port on the ship's round trip voyage from Mombasa, to Bombay. The island's population of 47,000 was about half of what it grew to be in 2011. In 1964, the major sources of funds supporting the island's economy included: (1) Agricultural exports, Rs. 8,660,000, (2) Grants in aid and other funding from British government, Rs. 2,920,000, (3) Funding from the United States covering the operating cost of the Indian Ocean Tracking Station, (part of the US Air Force Satellite Control Network), Rs. 4,500,000, (4) Invisible exports (funds received from sources outside the Seychelles) including, pensions and allotments to retired British expatriates, bank transfers from abroad, and miscellaneous purchases,), Rs. 3,260,000, and (5) Tourism, Rs. 860,000. The total value of imports (including freight, insurance) and miscellaneous funds transferred abroad, totalled Rs. 16,500,000, resulting in a surplus to the economy of Rs. 3,700,000. The report recommended establishing a Seychelles Development Corporation. The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé, was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.
In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a serious industry, basically dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles.
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla. The prime agricultural products currently produced in the Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts, and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon, and vanilla are the main export commodities of the islands.
In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC. Despite its growth, the vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991–1992 due largely to the Gulf War. Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Seychelles International Business Authority (SIBA) and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others).
Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs, and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, insurance (has now been privatised), banking (is being privatised very soon), imports of basic products (now being privatised), telecommunications (four private ISP/telecom companies), and a wide range of other businesses.
The national currency of the Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies it was depegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.
Demographics
When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the Gran'bla ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on indentured servitude to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were confined to a merchant class. Today the descendents of the Indian, Chinese, and Gran'bla form distinct ethnic communities, although most people are of 'black' African origin, often mixed with 'white' European or Asian heritage.
As the islands of Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of people who have immigrated. The largest ethnic groups are those of African, French, Indian, and Chinese descent. French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is primarily based upon French.
According to the 2002 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 82.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.4% are Anglican, and 4.5% are of other Christian denominations. There are small minorities who practice Hinduism (2.1%) and Islam (1.1%). Other non-Christian faiths account for 1.5% of the population while a further 2.1% were non-religious or did not specify a religion. The median age of Seychellois is 32 years.
Culture
Seychellois society is essentially matriarchal. Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditures and looking after the interests of the children. Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children. Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral. Older women can usually count on financial support from family members living at home or contributions from the earnings of grown children.
The music of Seychelles is diverse. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation—such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau), European contredanse, polka and mazurka, French folk and pop, sega from Mauritius and Réunion, taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres, and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music. A complex form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga.
Traditionally, despite a greater connection with Great Britain (e.g., in education, which follows the International General Certificate of Education (IGCSE), and on many aspects of the law) many foreign observers have stated that "the culture remains emphatically French" and about 70% of the population have a family name of French origin, compared with only about 20% family names of English origin. The two are often mixed, such that inhabitants receive an English first name and a French family name or vice-versa (e.g., Jean-Pierre Kingsmith).
Flora and fauna
Environmental legislation is very strict, and every tourism project must undergo an environmental review and a lengthy process of consultations with the public and conservationists. The Seychelles is a world leader in sustainable tourism. The end result of this sustainable development is an intact and stable natural environment, which attracts financially strong visitors (150,000 in 2007) rather than short-term mass tourism. Since 1993 a law guarantees the citizens the right to a clean environment and at the same time obliges them to protect this environment. The country holds a record for the highest percentage of land under natural conservation—nearly 50% of the total land area.
Like many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity during early human history, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de Mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because of the shape of its fruit which, with the husk removed, presents a "double" coconut resembling buttocks, the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed pods. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant in a genus of its own (Medusagynaceae) has resisted all efforts to propagate it. Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia Rothmannia annae found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and 5 species of hermit crabs live on the islands.
The Aldabra Giant Tortoise now populates many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. It has been reported that the granitic islands of Seychelles supported distinct species of Seychelles giant tortoises; the status of the different populations is currently unclear.
There are several unique varieties of orchids on the islands.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world. In the outer islands Aldabra and Cosmoledo are home to the largest numbers. In granitic Seychelles the largest numbers are on Aride Island including the world's largest numbers of two species.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has unfortunately damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (e.g., Silhouette Island).
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d). In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).
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Holland America Cruise Canada & New England
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2023-10-20T15:08:47+00:00
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Holland America Cruise – Canada and New England is a fantastic way to see some of the most beautiful ports in this northern hemisphere.
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en
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Luggage and Lipstick
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https://luggageandlipstick.com/holland-america-cruise-canada/
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I have long been eager to explore the Canadian Maritime Provinces and Quebec City. What better way to explore these gorgeous places in Canada along with the iconic New England cities of Boston and Bar Harbor than on the Holland America Cruise Canada and New England?
We spent eight days on the magnificent Zuiderdam as our base, exploring charming ports brimming with rich history, jaw-dropping landscapes, fun excursions, and scrumptious seafood and local cuisine.
I flew into Boston, where I embarked on a 7-day cruise that ended in Quebec City. We enjoyed every port. Here are our adventures below.
Itinerary
Day 1: Embark in Boston, Massachusetts
Day 2: Bar Harbor, Maine
Day 3: Halifax, Nova Scotia
Day 4: Sydney, Nova Scotia
Day 5: Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
Day 6: At Sea, St. Lawrence River
Day 7: Quebec City, Canada
The Ship
Holland America’s Zuiderdam was perfect to spend the week on. With only 1964 passengers, they really go “overboard” (pun intended!) to make each guest feel special.
The Zuiderdam is a medium ship, which is what we prefer over mega-ships. It’s also a premium cruise line, meaning that they are very attentive to their passengers, which is what we experienced in spades, especially since it was their 150-year anniversary.
We loved our veranda cabin – incredible to watch sunrise or sunset on a personal basis, watch scenic landscapes go by, and just a great place to hang out with your cabin mate and a bottle of bubbly.
Music is an absolute priority on board. One whole deck is dedicated to live music venues. Called the “Music Walk,” it includes a rock club, a jazz club, dueling pianos, and a theater for live dance performances and comedians.
We took advantage of the hot tubs – a great place to relax after a busy day of excursions.
We ate delicious food in the main dining room on most nights, with two dinners in the specialty dining venues, Canaletto and Pinnacle Grill, which were fantastic, especially the lobster tails with filet mignon.
Pre-Cruise
We flew into Boston and stayed at the Fairmont Copley Plaza, an exquisite historic hotel in the Back Bay area and the official hotel used by Holland America. I highly recommend arriving at least a day early and staying at this official hotel to ensure you’re taken care of in case of flight issues. You’ll also want extra time to explore this historical city.
Guests place their luggage outside of the hotel door on the morning of embarkation for them to be picked up and transported to the cruise ship. We then proceeded to the ship via a bus provided by the cruise line.
1 Boston
Boston at a Glance
Population: 654,776 (2021)
Founded: September 7, 1630
Sales tax: 6.25% avalara.com
Demonym: Bostonian
I was born and raised in Rhode Island, and then spent 20+ years as an adult living in New Hampshire. So I know Boston pretty well, and in my opinion, it’s one of the best and most interesting walking cities in the US (driving is a whole different matter!).
It’s one of the most historically important cities in the United States, from the Pilgrims landing on nearby Plymouth Rock to the many sites associated with the struggle for Independence along the legendary Freedom Trail.
It’s a culturally rich waterfront city and foodie haven, with the best cannoli on the Earth (yes, including Italy, I’ve had both) to its iconic Irish pubs, and world-class Fenway Park, home of the Red Sox baseball team.
And don’t forget to try the legendary Dunkin Donuts coffee – the best coffee in the United States – accompanied by either a maple frosted doughnut or (duh) a Boston cream doughnut.
You may be interested in “Boston’s Best Canoli Challenge.”
For more information on visiting Boston, read my full article “10 Best Couples Things to Do in Boston.”
2 Bar Harbor
Bar Harbor at a Glance
Population: 5,535 (2018)
Settled: 1763
Known for: gateway to Acadia National Park
The quintessential Maine coastal town of Bar Harbor is charming and packed with charming shops, bakeries, ice cream shops, and museums.
Bar Harbor is also a prime spot for whale watching and kayaking and a popular port for cruise ships like Holland America.
And perhaps most importantly, Bar Harbor is where you can indulge in some legendary Maine lobstah (lobster)! Many people choose to forgo an excursion and spend this port day in the harborside village, just steps from the pier.
In addition to strolling around the cute port town, we chose to spend our day exploring stunning Acadia National Park, one of the top 10 most visited national parks in the USA.
Acadia National Park covers 47,000 acres on the coast of Maine and is the only major national park in New England. One of the top-visited national parks in the United States, Acadia National Park Photo spots are simply something you should not miss on your trip to New England!
Located on Maine’s Mount Desert Island, the park has many unique features to make it worth a visit. This coastal gem offers craggy granite cliffs, miles of forested trails that glow in the fall, biking on the historic carriage roads, adrenaline-spiking hikes, kayaking on Jordan Pond, and enough photographic beauty to please every kind of traveler.
For more information on visiting Acadia National Park, read my full article “10 Acadia National Park Photo Spots You Can’t Miss!”
3 Halifax
Halifax at a Glance
Population: 431,479 (2017) United Nations
City: 1842
Highest elevation: (793.6 ft)
Province: Nova Scotia
Known for: Nova Scotia’s largest city, provincial capital & cultural hub
The Nova Scotia province of Canada is known for its 4,600 miles of rugged coastline, picturesque fishing villages and small coastal towns, rich history, and stunning natural beauty. These charming Nova Scotia towns offer visitors a glimpse into the province’s unique maritime culture along with stunning views of the Atlantic Ocean.
Peggy’s Cove, Lunenburg, Mahone Bay, Blue Rocks, and Louisbourg are five of the prettiest and most Instagrammable places to see in the Canadian Maritime Provinces.
For more information about visiting Halifax, read my full article “These 5 Charming Nova Scotia Towns Really Exist!”
4 Sydney
In all honesty, there’s not too much to do around the port in Sydney. After researching, I decided we could have a fun day with great photography opportunities by visiting the historic fortress outside Sydney. It was the perfect choice!
Louisbourg at a Glance
The buildings you see represent only 25% or so of Fortress of Louisbourg’s original footprint.
Guests can pay for special activities such as firing a musket or cannon or designation as Prisoner of the Day outfitted in an iron collar for 30 minutes and be fed bread and water.
The fort was built in 1744 to protect and provide a base for France’s lucrative North American fishery and to protect Quebec City from British invasions. It is an accurate representation of a French garrison with much of the original materials repurposed during the restoration.
Described as “the jewel of all Canadian historic sites,” the reconstructed fortification is a one-quarter partial reconstruction of an 18th-century French fortress on the rocky shore of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia which was once a thriving seaport and capital of Cape Breton Island.
The entire complex is a huge living museum with costumed actors scattered about the streets, re-enacting town life during the 1700s. You can strike up a conversation with armed guards, visit the chapel, get some cooking tips from a servant, or grab it bite from the bakery.
I came attired in a generic medieval dress which photographed well, especially flouncing about the lovely gardens. Granted, it wasn’t authentic or as simple as the colonial peasant women interpreters were wearing, but it suited my purpose and brand, and we had a blast with our photo ops! Artistic vs. authentic in this case.
The Fortress of Louisbourg was featured on the TV show, The Amazing Race.
For more information on visiting the fortress, read my full article, “Relive History at Louisbourg Fortress.”
5 Prince Edward Island
PEI at a Glance
Area: 2,185 mi²
Population: 156,947 (2019) StatCan
Capital: Charlottetown
Length: 175 miles
Industries: Tourism, agriculture, fisheries
Famous For: Anne of Green Gables (book)
Picturesque Prince Edward, aka “the Gentle Island” and “PEI,” is the smallest province in Canada and one of eastern Canada’s maritime provinces, off New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The large island is known for its painted storybook houses, stunning red-sand beaches, rolling sand dunes, 19th-century lighthouses, seafood like lobster, oysters, and mussels, and of course, the literary heritage as the inspiration behind the beloved Anne of Green Gables novel. Even though it’s a small island (you can drive the entire length of the island in less than three hours), things to do in Prince Edward Island abound!
We did a tour set up for us by PEI Tourism, but I suggest that you rent a car and drive around the small island so you can see more. In addition to the charming downtown with pedestrian-only Victoria Street, you can also Cavendish beach and cliffs, North Rustico fishing village, Confederation Bridge, Lucy Maud Montgomery’s childhood home (the inspiration for Anne of Green Gables), and other highlights.
For more information on visiting PEI, read my full article “Best Things to Do in Prince Edward Island.”
6 Sea Day
Full transparency, I’m usually not a fan of sea days. But I really enjoyed my one sea day on the Holland America Canada cruise.
In the morning, I sat in on the lecture on the World Stage which gave interesting information on how the ship is run.
High tea in the afternoon was fun! We met up with some other passengers that we’d met and enjoyed sharing tea and tiered silver serving trays of petit fours that were to die for.
We also enjoyed a couples’ massage performed by well-trained aestheticians
But my favorite part of the sea day on the Holland America Canada cruise was the Orange Party. Inspired by its Dutch heritage, a la King’s Day, Holland America celebrates one night on each cruise as “Orange Party.” Guest are encouraged to wear their best orange attire, and have photo ops with orange wigs, glasses, bowties, etc.
We had a blast with our new friends, dancing until the live band went off stage for the night!
7 Quebec City
Quebec City at a Glance
Language: French
Established: 1608
Population: 542,298 (2017) United Nations
Area: 187.6 mi²
Province: Quebec, 150 miles north of Montréal
Founder: Samuel de Champlain
I tell you the truth, Quebec City is the prettiest city in North America. There are so many beautiful places in Quebec City that we were not able to see all of them, having only one day to spend there. Which means I want to go back, tout de suite!
One of Canada’s most visited cities, Quebec City feels like you’ve been transported to a small village in the French countryside in Europe. So it’s no surprise that, like me, most people who visit immediately fall in love with the utterly charming old-world architecture and vibe.
The postcard-perfect UNESCO old town has colorful 15th-17th century architecture, cobblestone streets, bougie boutique shops, charming cafes and bistros, and an abundance of green spaces; there are enough beautiful places in Quebec City for an Instagram extravaganza.
I felt immediately in sync with this scenic city sitting on the St. Lawrence River. You see, my inheritance is that ALL my ancestors emigrated from France and Belgium to the Quebec province, to Rhode Island. The Canadian French sounded nostalgically in my ears like every family event on my paternal grandparents’ side; even the heavily accented English sounded like their conversations. I was overjoyed that I would be able to find the yummy food of my childhood: tourtiere, crepes, quiche, bouillabaisse, and croissants. The food of my youth always has my mouth watering.
There is so much more to the city besides the Chateau Frontenac, gorgeous as that is. I highly recommend Place Royale, Place de Paris, and just strolling around the lower town. Our guided tour with Holland America Line introduced us to the layout of the city and some of the highlights, and then we continued to explore on our own. We were dead tired at the end of the day, but oh so worth it!
Did you know that the Fairmont Chateau Frontenac lays claim to being the most photographed hotel in the whole world? And what a stunning beauty it is!
I especially loved strolling around lower town, especially idyllic photo spots like Breakneck Stairs and Rue du Petit Champlain (one of North America’s oldest commercial streets) for shopping therapy.
And of course, I had to try one of their irresistible “beaver tails,” a scrumptious pastry – a flat, oval, fried dough pastry made to symbolize a beaver’s tail, topped with sweet confections such as frosting, cinnamon, Nutella, or other condiments. It is similar to American doughboys or elephant ears.
Getting an iconic photo with this hotel in the background was #1 on my list of things to do in Vieux Quebec (Old Quebec). But as is my custom, I went over the top finding the most Instagrammable spots.
For more information on visiting Quebec City, read my article “Beautiful Places in Quebec City for Instagram Envy!”
Conclusion
Holland America cruise – Canada and New England is a great way to see this part of the world at an affordable price. They take wonderful care of their passengers and offer excellent shore excursions. I can’t think of a better way to check these off my bucket list
Most photos by Kary Kern.
Click below to PIN so you can find Holland America Cruise Canada & New England again:
Disclosure: The author was honored to be the guest of Holland American Line during her stay, but as always, the opinions, reviews, and experiences are her own.
This article may contain affiliate/compensated links. For full information, please see our disclaimer.
About the Author
Patti Morrow is a freelance travel writer and founder of the award-winning international blog Luggage and Lipstick and the southern travel blog Gone to Carolinas. TripAdvisor called her one of the “20 Baby Boomer Travel Bloggers Having More Fun Than Millennials” and she was named one of the “Top 35 Travel Blogs” in the world.
She is also the star of the upcoming TV series “Destination Takeover” which is scheduled to premiere in the next few months.
Patti is the author of the book “Girls Go Solo: Tips for Women Traveling Alone,” and has over 150 bylines in 40 print and online publications, including The Huffington Post, International Living Magazine, Washington Post Sunday Travel, Travel Girl, Travel Play Live Magazine, and Ladies Home Journal. She has traveled extensively through six continents looking for fabulous destinations, exotic beaches, and adventure activities for her Baby Boomer tribe.
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A demonym, also referred to as a gentilic, is a name for a resident of a locality. Amuse your residents with these unusual Demonyms
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Golden Carers
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https://www.goldencarers.com/demonyms-quiz/4312/
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I love Golden Carers it is a fabulous resource. It has made my life so much easier, so that in turn does wonders for my clients. The work that you put in to helping us all is wonderful please don’t give up.
Is it worth the money? You betcha it is. My clients love the quizzes and we have many laughs and it opens up many a thoughtful discussion on life as an older person. I thank you so much when l am stuck for ideas l just jump onto GOLDEN CARERS. Have a great day and keep up the great work.
Lesley Dalitz
Recreation Therapist
Australia
Member Feedback
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https://samplecontents.library.ph/wikipedia/wp/s/Seychelles.htm
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Seychelles
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A Wikipedia for Schools article about Seychelles. Content checked by SOS Children's Villages
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http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/s/Seychelles.htm
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Seychelles ( / s eɪ ˈ ʃ ɛ l z / say-SHELZ; French: [sɛʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is a 115- island country spanning an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, some 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles, with an estimated population of 86,525, has the smallest population of any African state. It has the highest Human Development Index in Africa and the highest income inequality in the world, as measured by the Gini index.
History
Scholars assume that Austronesian seafarers and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles. Remains of Maldivian mariner presence from the 12th century were found in Silhouette Island. The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral).
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV's Minister of Finance.
The British contested control over the islands between 1794 and 1810. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections were held in 1966 and 1970. Independence was granted in 1976 as a republic within the Commonwealth. In 1977, a coup d'état ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham, who was replaced by France Albert René. The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991. The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.
In January 2013, the country declared a state of emergency; the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundred of houses.
Politics
The Seychelles president, who is head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The previous president, France Albert René, first came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president in 1977 and installed him as president, one year after independence. He was re-elected thereafter during each election cycle. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006. Michel was reelected in 2011 in an election declared to be free and fair by over 100 international observers representing southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Indian Ocean Commission, although the opposition parties claim that there was vote-buying.
The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
The main rival parties are the ruling socialist Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF). As of 2009 the SPPF became the People's Party (PP) or Parti Lepep (LP) and the liberal democrat Seychelles National Party (SNP). Politics has been an integral part of the lives of the Seychellois since its inception in the early sixties. The range of opinion spans socialist and liberal democratic ideology.
Seychelles is part of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), La Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Seychelles performed excellently on the 2010 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, ranking second out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries, with an overall score of 79 out of 100, second only to Mauritius, which received a score of 83. Particularly good were its scores in Safety and Security, Participation and Human Rights, and Human Development. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance, based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.
Subdivisions
Seychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions that comprise all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé with two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also includes respective satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands are not considered part of any district.
Mahé
Bel Air
La Rivière Anglaise (English River)
Les Mamelles
Mont Buxton
Mont Fleuri
Plaisance
Roche Caiman
Saint Louis
Victoria
Anse aux Pins
Anse Boileau
Anse Etoile
Au Cap
Anse Royale
Baie Lazare
Beau Vallon
Bel Ombre
Cascade
Glacis
Grand'Anse Mahé
Pointe La Rue
Port Glaud
Takamaka
Praslin
Baie Sainte Anne (Anse Volbert)
Grand'Anse Praslin (Grande Anse)
La Digue and remaining Inner Islands
La Digue (Anse Réunion)
Education
Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles; the Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys' and girls' secondary schools with religious Brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944. A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age five. Ninety percent of all children attend nursery school at age four.
The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 85% in 1991.
Currently the public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. The schools are on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. There are three private schools: École Française, International School and the Independent school. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, National Institute of Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Centre, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Centre and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.
The current administration has advanced plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred. University of Seychelles, initiated in conjunction with the University of London, is launching education programmes which will include teaching and lead to the award of the recognised qualifications from the University of London.
Geography
An island nation, Seychelles is located to the northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (994 mi) east of Kenya. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155. The islands as per the Constitution are divided into groups as follows.
There are 42 granitic islands, in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette Island, La Digue, Curieuse, Felicite, Frégate, Ste-Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Île aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Île Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé), Chauve Souris (Praslin), Île La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics: Denis and Bird.
There are two coral islands south of the granitics: Coëtivy and Platte.
There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitics: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnoeufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Etoile, Bijoutier.
There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable Déposés Île aux Goëlettes Lapins Île du Milieu North Manaha South Manaha Middle Manaha North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.
There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Emile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Heron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption Island, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goëlettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).
According to the president of Nauru, the Seychelles has been ranked the ninth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change.
Climate
The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small. The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation is somewhat less on the other islands. During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
Climate data for Victoria ( Seychelles International Airport) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6) 30.4
(86.7) 31.0
(87.8) 31.4
(88.5) 30.5
(86.9) 29.1
(84.4) 28.3
(82.9) 28.4
(83.1) 29.1
(84.4) 29.6
(85.3) 30.1
(86.2) 30.0
(86) 29.8
(85.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 27.3
(81.1) 27.8
(82) 28.0
(82.4) 27.7
(81.9) 26.6
(79.9) 25.8
(78.4) 25.9
(78.6) 26.4
(79.5) 26.7
(80.1) 26.8
(80.2) 26.7
(80.1) 26.9
(80.4) Average low °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4) 24.6
(76.3) 24.8
(76.6) 25.0
(77) 25.4
(77.7) 24.6
(76.3) 23.9
(75) 23.9
(75) 24.2
(75.6) 24.3
(75.7) 24.0
(75.2) 23.9
(75) 24.4
(75.9) Precipitation mm (inches) 379
(14.92) 262
(10.31) 167
(6.57) 177
(6.97) 124
(4.88) 63
(2.48) 80
(3.15) 97
(3.82) 121
(4.76) 206
(8.11) 215
(8.46) 281
(11.06) 2,172
(85.49) Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 17 11 11 14 11 10 10 10 11 12 14 18 149 % humidity 82 80 79 80 79 79 80 79 78 79 80 82 79.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 153.3 175.5 210.5 227.8 252.8 232.0 230.5 230.7 227.7 220.7 195.7 170.5 2,527.7 Source #1: World Meteorological Organization Source #2: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Economy
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla, and copra were the chief exports. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist Donald Prell prepared for the then crown colony Governor General, an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. In 1964–65 the Seychelles connection to the outside world consisted of (1) excellent telegraphic service, (2) weekly seaplane service from Mombasa, Kenya, and (3) a monthly visit of the 10,304 ton British India Line's passenger ship M.S. Kampala. Mahé, Seychelles was a stopover port on the ship's round trip voyage from Mombasa, to Bombay. The island's population of 47,000 was about half of what it grew to be in 2011. In 1964, the major sources of funds supporting the island's economy included: (1) Agricultural exports, Rs. 8,660,000, (2) Grants in aid and other funding from British government, Rs. 2,920,000, (3) Funding from the United States covering the operating cost of the Indian Ocean Tracking Station, (part of the US Air Force Satellite Control Network), Rs. 4,500,000, (4) Invisible exports (funds received from sources outside the Seychelles) including, pensions and allotments to retired British expatriates, bank transfers from abroad, and miscellaneous purchases,), Rs. 3,260,000, and (5) Tourism, Rs. 860,000. The total value of imports (including freight, insurance) and miscellaneous funds transferred abroad, totalled Rs. 16,500,000, resulting in a surplus to the economy of Rs. 3,700,000. The report recommended establishing a Seychelles Development Corporation. The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé, was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.
In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a serious industry, basically dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles.
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla. The prime agricultural products currently produced in the Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts, and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon, and vanilla are the main export commodities of the islands.
In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC. Despite its growth, the vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991–1992 due largely to the Gulf War. Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Seychelles International Business Authority (SIBA) and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others).
Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs, and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, insurance (has now been privatised), banking (is being privatised very soon), imports of basic products (now being privatised), telecommunications (four private ISP/telecom companies), and a wide range of other businesses.
The national currency of the Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies it was depegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.
Demographics
When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the Gran'bla ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on indentured servitude to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were confined to a merchant class. Today the descendents of the Indian, Chinese, and Gran'bla form distinct ethnic communities, although most people are of 'black' African origin, often mixed with 'white' European or Asian heritage.
As the islands of Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of people who have immigrated. The largest ethnic groups are those of African, French, Indian, and Chinese descent. French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is primarily based upon French.
According to the 2002 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 82.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.4% are Anglican, and 4.5% are of other Christian denominations. There are small minorities who practice Hinduism (2.1%) and Islam (1.1%). Other non-Christian faiths account for 1.5% of the population while a further 2.1% were non-religious or did not specify a religion. The median age of Seychellois is 32 years.
Culture
Seychellois society is essentially matriarchal. Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditures and looking after the interests of the children. Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children. Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral. Older women can usually count on financial support from family members living at home or contributions from the earnings of grown children.
The music of Seychelles is diverse. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation—such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau), European contredanse, polka and mazurka, French folk and pop, sega from Mauritius and Réunion, taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres, and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music. A complex form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga.
Traditionally, despite a greater connection with Great Britain (e.g., in education, which follows the International General Certificate of Education (IGCSE), and on many aspects of the law) many foreign observers have stated that "the culture remains emphatically French" and about 70% of the population have a family name of French origin, compared with only about 20% family names of English origin. The two are often mixed, such that inhabitants receive an English first name and a French family name or vice-versa (e.g., Jean-Pierre Kingsmith).
Flora and fauna
Environmental legislation is very strict, and every tourism project must undergo an environmental review and a lengthy process of consultations with the public and conservationists. The Seychelles is a world leader in sustainable tourism. The end result of this sustainable development is an intact and stable natural environment, which attracts financially strong visitors (150,000 in 2007) rather than short-term mass tourism. Since 1993 a law guarantees the citizens the right to a clean environment and at the same time obliges them to protect this environment. The country holds a record for the highest percentage of land under natural conservation—nearly 50% of the total land area.
Like many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity during early human history, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de Mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because of the shape of its fruit which, with the husk removed, presents a "double" coconut resembling buttocks, the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed pods. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant in a genus of its own (Medusagynaceae) has resisted all efforts to propagate it. Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia Rothmannia annae found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and 5 species of hermit crabs live on the islands.
The Aldabra Giant Tortoise now populates many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. It has been reported that the granitic islands of Seychelles supported distinct species of Seychelles giant tortoises; the status of the different populations is currently unclear.
There are several unique varieties of orchids on the islands.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world. In the outer islands Aldabra and Cosmoledo are home to the largest numbers. In granitic Seychelles the largest numbers are on Aride Island including the world's largest numbers of two species.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has unfortunately damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (e.g., Silhouette Island).
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d). In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).
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Seychelles (1983: Doomsday)
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The Seychelles (pronounced /seɪˈʃɛl/ say-SHEL or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ say-SHELZ; French: [seʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an archipelago nation of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some 1500 km (932 mi) east of mainland Africa...
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https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20210916203836
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Alternative History
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https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Seychelles_(1983:_Doomsday)
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The Seychelles (pronounced /seɪˈʃɛl/ say-SHEL or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ say-SHELZ; French: [seʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an archipelago nation of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some 1500 km (932 mi) east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius and Réunion to the south, Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. The Seychelles has the smallest population of any African state.
International Relations[]
The Seychelles are closely tied to the RTFA and are considered a de facto member of the nation. The Seychelloise also maintain good relations with nearby Madagascar and Zanzibar. It is currently an observer in the League of Nations.
Sports[]
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https://thewestsidegazette.com/india-makes-overtures-to-seychelles-to-counter-chinese-influence/
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India Makes Overtures to Seychelles to Counter Chinese Influence
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2020-12-03T06:03:11+00:00
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Kolkata, India. — India has renewed its diplomatic overtures to Seychelles, an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, in a bid to counter China’s growing influence in the country and the region. India’s [...]
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The Westside Gazette
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https://thewestsidegazette.com/india-makes-overtures-to-seychelles-to-counter-chinese-influence/
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Kolkata, India. — India has renewed its diplomatic overtures to Seychelles, an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, in a bid to counter China’s growing influence in the country and the region.
India’s Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar arrived in the capital of Victoria on Nov. 27 for a two-day official visit to establish contact with the government of Wavel Ramkalawan, the Indian-origin president who was elected in October.
Seychelles is mostly known as an attractive destination for tourists, but it is increasingly emerging as a key player in the region as India and China vie for control in the Indian Ocean.
After Jaishankar’s visit, the ministry issued a statement on India’s resolve “to further enhance the India-Seychelles strategic partnership in the post-Covid era.”
Jaishankar, for his part, tweeted: “Assured him [Ramkalawan] that Seychelles had a particular priority, both under the Neighbourhood First Policy and the SAGAR [Security And Growth for All in the Region] outlook. Look forward to further strengthening our ties under his leadership.”
Some international relations analysts said that Seychelles is important not only to India and China, but also to other major powers invested in the region.
“In the new era, the center of the geopolitical strategy revolves around the Indo-Pacific region rather than the Atlantic, and hence Seychelles is an important nation for all the major powerhouses, like India, China, Japan, and the U.S.,” Madhav Das Nallapat, a professor of international relations at Manipal University, told Zenger News.
“India’s concept is clear — of a free and open Indo-Pacific, but there are countries who want to dominate that area and establish choke-points in the region,” he said. “Seychelles can be a knowledge of economy center, and there India can play a very important role in developing the nation.”
In recent years, India cooperated with Seychelles in building a new government house ($63.66 million), police headquarters ($13.92 million), an attorney general’s office ($13.38 million), and a magistrate court building ($3.5 million).
“After 2014 [when Prime Minister Narendra Modi was first elected], India took the initiative to connect with Seychelles; the main motive was to strengthen security and economic ties in the Arabian Sea,” Sanjay K. Bharadwaj, professor of South Asian studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, told Zenger News. “India started cultivating Seychelles to ensure international security in that region. China has approached the South Asian countries rapidly and is investing heavily in them, but is yet to significantly penetrate inside Seychelles.
“Whoever has controlled the Indian Ocean region, has controlled the world. British controlled it first, followed by the U.S., and now China is trying to control it,” said Bharadwaj. “India took the initiative to help the smaller island nations to counter-balance the Chinese influence in these regions. Seychelles is now included in the list of maritime neighbors to India. Seychelles’ president is invited to India in 2021 to further boost the ties among the two nations.”
India and Seychelles have had diplomatic relations since 1976 when the latter gained independence from Britain. Links between the two nations date all the way back to 1770, when five Indians established a settlement on one of the islands in the Seychelles. Currently, people of Indian origin make up 11 percent of the population of Seychelles.
In 1979, an Indian mission was established in Victoria. The first resident high commissioner in Victoria arrived in 1987. Seychelles opened its resident mission in India’s capital of New Delhi in 2008.
India has had defense ties with Seychelles as well.
In 2015, India signed a pact to develop naval facilities on Assumption Island, 1,135 km (705 miles) southwest of Victoria. The plan included an investment of $550 million by India for construction of an airstrip, a jetty, and housing infrastructure. However, the project was stopped by the ruling Linyon Demokratik Seselwa party.
China has also been trying to expand its influence over the Seychelles, with the construction of a media broadcasting facility and the La Gogue Dam Project to improve water security in case of drought.
India and China have often clashed for geopolitical and economic influence. Due to its southern boundary on the Indian Ocean, India has long been wary of Chinese ambitions in the region.
A 2019 article by India’s Ministry of External Affairs references China’s “remarkable rise.”
“Its territorial claims in the South China Sea, its belligerence in the East China Sea and its rapid advance into the Indian Ocean through ambitious strategic and economic initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative have challenged the established and international rules-based system which respected the oceans as the common heritage of mankind,” the article states.
Seychelles is the third nation that Jaishankar visited, following Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates.
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Seychelles: Introduction
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Seychelles Introduction
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Seychelles is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. It is east of mainland Africa, and the most proximate country is Madagascar. The geography consists of narrow coastal strips and central ranges of hills. The government system is a republic; the chief of state and head of government is the president. Seychelles has a service-oriented mixed economy in which some citizens still rely of subsistence farming, but tourism has promoted an economy with a variety of private freedom in combination with centralized government regulation. Seychelles is a member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC).
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Encyclopedia.com
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SEYCHELLES LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT [1] TOPOGRAPHY [2] CLIMATE [3] FLORA AND FAUNA [4] ENVIRONMENT [5] POPULATION [6] MIGRATION [7] ETHNIC GROUPS [8] LANGUAGES [9] RELIGIONS [10] TRANSPORTATION [11] HISTORY [12] GOVERNMENT [13] POLITICAL PARTIES [14] LOCAL GOVERNMENT [15] JUDICIAL SYSTEM [16] ARM
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/africa/seychelles-political-geography/seychelles
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SEYCHELLES
LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT
TOPOGRAPHY
CLIMATE
FLORA AND FAUNA
ENVIRONMENT
POPULATION
MIGRATION
ETHNIC GROUPS
LANGUAGES
RELIGIONS
TRANSPORTATION
HISTORY
GOVERNMENT
POLITICAL PARTIES
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
JUDICIAL SYSTEM
ARMED FORCES
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
ECONOMY
INCOME
LABOR
AGRICULTURE
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
FISHING
FORESTRY
MINING
ENERGY AND POWER
INDUSTRY
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DOMESTIC TRADE
FOREIGN TRADE
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
BANKING AND SECURITIES
INSURANCE
PUBLIC FINANCE
TAXATION
CUSTOMS AND DUTIES
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
HEALTH
HOUSING
EDUCATION
LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS
MEDIA
ORGANIZATIONS
TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION
FAMOUS SEYCHELLOIS
DEPENDENCIES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Republic of Seychelles
CAPITAL: Victoria
FLAG: The flag is made up of five oblique bands of (left to right) blue, yellow, red, white, and green.
ANTHEM: Begins "Seychellois both staunch and true."
MONETARY UNIT: The Seychelles rupee (r) is a paper currency of 100 cents. There are coins of 5, 10, and 25 cents and 1, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, 1,000, and 1,500 rupees and notes of 10, 25, 50, and 100 rupees. r1 = $0.18182 (or $1 = r5.5) as of 2005.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: The metric system is the legal standard.
HOLIDAYS: New Year's, 1–2 January; Labor Day, 1 May; National Day, 5 June; Independence Day, 29 June; Assumption, 15 August; All Saints' Day, 1 November; Immaculate Conception, 8 December; Christmas, 25 December. Movable religious holidays include Good Friday, Easter Monday, Corpus Christi, and Ascension.
TIME: 4 pm = noon GMT.
LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT
Seychelles, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, consists of an estimated 115 islands, most of which are not permanently inhabited. The second-smallest country in Africa, Seychelles has an area of 455 sq km (176 sq mi), of which Mahé, the principal island, comprises 144 sq km (56 sq mi). Comparatively, the area occupied by Seychelles is slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC. There are two main clusters: one is a granitic group, centering around Mahé; the other, to the sw, includes the coralline Aldabra Islands and the Farquhar group. Situated about 1,600 km (1,000 mi) off the east coast of Africa, Mahé extends 27 km (17 mi) n–s and 11 km (7 mi) e–w.
The capital city of Seychelles, Victoria, is located on the island of Mahé.
TOPOGRAPHY
The Seychelles Islands are the highest points of the Mascarene Ridge, an Indian Ocean ridge running in a generally north-south direction. The granitic islands rise above the sea surface to form a peak or ridge which, in the case of Mahé, attains an elevation of 912 m (2,992 ft) at Morne Seychellois, the highest point. Rugged crests, towering cliffs, boulders, and domes contribute to the islands' great natural beauty. Here and there, in the hollows in the rock relief, are pockets of lateritic soil, often very thin and easily eroded. Mahé possesses white, sandy beaches behind which are flats of coral and shell known locally as plateaus. Small streams descending the mountain slopes deposit alluvial material, creating the most fertile soils on the island.
The coralline Seychelles are, in contrast, low lying, rising only a few feet above the surface of the sea. Many have the typical Indian Ocean lagoon. Soils tend to be thin, with poor moisture retention. These islands are suited only to the coconut palm and a few other species.
CLIMATE
Although the Seychelles Islands lie close to the equator, their maritime situation results in coastal temperatures that are fairly constant at about 27°c (81°f) throughout the year. At higher altitudes, temperatures are lower, especially at night. Mean annual rainfall at sea level on Mahé is 236 cm (93 in); in the mountains there may be as much as 356 cm (140 in) a year. On the southwestern coral islands, rainfall is much lower, averaging about 50 cm (20 in) a year on Aldabra. May to October is the relatively dry sunny season; in this period, the southeast monsoon winds bring brief showers every two or three days. The northwest monsoon arrives in December and continues until March, bringing frequent and heavy rain. Humidity is high, especially in the coastal areas.
FLORA AND FAUNA
Primary forest is found only on Praslin and Curieuse islands, northeast of Mahé. On Praslin, native forests of coco-de-mer have been protected in small reserves; its fruit, a huge coconut weighing up to 18 kg (40 lb), is the largest seed in the world and this is the only place were the palm is found growing wild. Virtually all the broadleaf evergreen rain forest has been cut down. In its place are the coconut plantations, with occasional patches of vanilla. Other existing trees are native to the islands and have adapted to the local conditions. Underplanting is quite usual and includes avocado, breadfruit, banana, cinnamon, mango, papaya, patchouli, and pineapple.
Sharks abound in the surrounding oceans, but on land there are no reptiles or mammals that present a threat to human life. The most noteworthy animal is the giant tortoise; once very plentiful, the species is now sorely depleted. There is a great variety of bird life including dozens of the world's rarest species, but very few insects.
ENVIRONMENT
Seychelles does not have the resources to maintain a comprehensive program of environmental regulation. The monitoring of the environment is complicated by the fact that the nation consists of 15 islands distributed over a 1.3 million sq km area. Seychelles has no natural fresh water resources. In addition, the nation has a water pollution problem due to industrial by-products and sewage. Fires, landslides, and oil leakage also affect the environment in Seychelles.
The government Environmental Management Plan of Seychelles 1990–2000 proposed 12 areas of environmental regulation. The Aldabra atoll is a native preserve on the UNESCO World Heritage list, as is the Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve. The Port Launay Coastal Wetlands are listed as a Ramsar site. The Ministry of Planning and External Relations and the Ministry of National Development hold principal environmental responsibility.
According to a 2006 report issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the number of threatened species included 3 types of mammals, 13 species of birds, 3 types of reptiles, 6 species of amphibians, 10 species of fish, 2 types of mollusks, 2 species of other invertebrates, and 45 species of plants. The olive ridley, hawksbill, and green sea turtles and the Seychelles black parrot, Seychelles magpie robin, and Seychelles warbler are threatened species. The Aldabra brush warbler and the Seychelles parakeet (or parrot) have become extinct.
POPULATION
The population of Seychelles in 2005 was estimated by the United Nations (UN) at 81,000, which placed it at number 181 in population among the 193 nations of the world. In 2005, approximately 8% of the population was over 65 years of age, with another 26% of the population under 15 years of age. According to the UN, the annual population rate of change for 2005–2010 was expected to be 1.0%, a rate the government viewed as too high. A National Population Policy, finalized in 2002, contained programs aimed at limiting population growth. The projected population for the year 2025 was 88,000. The overall population density was 180per sq km (466 per sq mi), with 80% of the population living on the island of Mahé.
The UN estimated that 50% of the population lived in urban areas in 2005, and that urban areas were growing at an annual rate of 1.24%. The capital city, Victoria, had a population of 25,000 in that year.
MIGRATION
Entry for the purpose of employment is strictly controlled. Since the 1950s, some retirees from the United Kingdom have settled in Seychelles. In 2000 the total number of migrants was 5,000. In 2005, the net migration rate was an estimated -5.54 migrants per 1,000 population. The government views the emigration level as too high, but the immigration level as satisfactory.
ETHNIC GROUPS
There are no distinct ethnic divisions, apart from small Indian and Chinese groups constituting about 1% of the total population. The bulk of the population is Seychellois, a mixture of African, French-European, and Asian strains.
LANGUAGES
Creole, a simplified form of French with borrowings from African languages, has been the first language since 1981 and is the initial language in public schools; it is spoken by about 91.8% of the population. English and French are also widely spoken as second languages. English is the first language of about 4.9% of the population. English, Creole, and French are all considered to be official languages; English is the official language of the National Assembly.
RELIGIONS
The great majority of the population practices Christianity. According to the most recent estimates, Roman Catholics constituted about 87% of the Christian community; Anglicans totaled another 7%. Other Christian churches include Baptists, Seventh-Day Adventists, the Assemblies of God, the Pentecostal Church, Nazarites, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Hindus, Muslims, and Baha'is are also present.
The constitution provides for freedom of religion and there is no state religion; however, the government does offer sometimes substantial financial assistance to churches from the state budget, primarily in the form of grants, through an application process that is open to all.
TRANSPORTATION
Until the opening of the international airport on Mahé in 1971, the Seychelles Islands were entirely dependent on the sea for their links with the rest of the world. Until 1970, passenger and cargo service by ship was irregular. In the early 1970s, however, new deepwater facilities were dredged at Victoria Harbor. Private ferries connect Mahé to Praslin and La Digue. As of 2005, there were five merchant ships of 1,000 GRT or more, totaling 42,223 GRT.
The road network totaled an estimated 280 km (174 mi) in 2002, of which 176 km (109 mi) were paved. One road encircles the island and another runs across the island by way of the central mountain ridge. There were 5,100 automobiles and 2,000 commercial vehicles in 1995.
In 2004 there were an estimated 15 airports, 8 of which had paved runways as of 2005. Seychelles International Airport is at Pointe Larue on Mahé. Flights to London, Zürich, Frankfurt, and Rome are in service via Air Seychelles, the national carrier. Air France's scheduled flights connect Seychelles with Europe. In 2001 (the latest year for which data is available) about 420,000 passengers were carried on scheduled domestic and international flights. Ligne Aérienne Seychelles (LAS), a private line, ran charter flights to Australia, Singapore, Botswana, and Malawi.
HISTORY
The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered the Seychelles Islands (then uninhabited) in 1502, and an English expedition visited the islands in 1609. The name Seychelles derives from the Vicomte des Séchelles, Louis XV's finance minister. The French first claimed the islands in 1756, but colonization did not begin until 1768, when a party of 22 Frenchmen arrived, bringing with them a number of slaves. As competition grew among European nations for the lucrative trade with India and Asia, more and more seamen called at the islands to provision their vessels and to pick up commodities useful for trade.
The French and British battled for control of the islands between 1793 and 1813. French bases were blockaded in 1794 and again in 1804; on each occasion, the French capitulated. Under the Treaty of Paris (1814), the islands, together with Mauritius, were ceded to Britain. Both before and after the cession, the islands were administered from Mauritius as dependent territories. When the British made clear that they would enforce the ban on slavery throughout the Empire, many of the French landowners who had continued to import African slaves, largely from Mauritius and Réunion, departed for Africa and elsewhere, taking their slaves with them. However, with slavery ended, thousands of liberated slaves and others came into the islands. Indian labor was introduced to work on the plantations and some Chinese immigrants became shopkeepers.
In 1872, a Board of Civil Governors was created, increasing the degree of political autonomy; a Legislative Council and an Executive Council were established in 1888. On 31 August 1903, the islands became a crown colony, no longer subordinate to Mauritius. By this date, the cosmopolitan character of Seychelles had been established. Intermarriage between the descendants of the French, African, and Asian populations produced the Seychellois of today.
In 1948, the first elections were held, filling four seats on the Legislative Council. A new constitution was written in 1966 and promulgated in 1967. It vested authority in a governor and a Governing Council. General elections, the first based on the principle of universal adult suffrage, were held in December 1967 for the new Legislative Assembly. Further amendments to the constitution in March 1970 gave the Seychellois greater autonomy over affairs of internal government.
Seychelles achieved independence at 12:05 am on 29 June 1976. Upon independence, the UK government recommended the transfer from the British Indian Ocean Territory to Seychelles of the island groups of Aldabra and Farquhar and the island of Desroches. These islands, which had been detached from Seychelles in 1965, were duly returned to the new republic.
James Richard Marie Mancham, then leader of the conservative Seychelles Democratic Party, became president on independence, heading a coalition government that included Seychelles People's United Party (SPUP) leader France Albert René as prime minister. Mancham was overthrown by a coup on 5 June 1977 and went into exile; René became president. He suspended the constitution, dismissed the legislature, and ruled by decree.
In 1978, a new political party, the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), absorbed the SPUP. The constitution of March 1979, adopted by referendum, established a one-party state as the country drifted toward a Marxist political system. In November 1981, about 50 mercenaries recruited in South Africa landed in Mahé, briefly seized the airport, and apparently planned to return Mancham to power; however, Seychellois troops forced them to flee. Tanzanian troops, airlifted to Seychelles following this incident, also played a part in restoring order after an abortive army mutiny of 17–18 August 1982 took at least nine lives. All Tanzanian troops had left the country by the end of 1984. A number of other plots have been alleged since then.
René was reelected president without opposition in June 1984. Since then, the Seychelles made progress economically and socially. Under rising pressure to democratize, in December 1991, René agreed to reform the electoral system. Multiparty elections were held in July 1992 (the first since 1974), and the prospect of reconciliation between René and Mancham supporters was raised. Many dissidents, including Mancham, returned from exile. In June 1993, 73% of the voters approved a new constitution providing for multiparty government.
Since the introduction of multiparty competition, the SPPF has remained dominant, but has gradually seen its popularity weaken. Presidential and National Assembly elections were held 23 July 1993, with René winning the presidency and the SPPF capturing all but one of the directly elected legislative seats. In the 1998 contest, René obtained 66.7% of the presidential vote and his party captured 30 of 34 seats. In August 2001 elections, René again defeated his opponents, but this time by only 54.19%, and in National Assembly elections in December 2002—the first to be held separately from presidential elections—the SPPF captured 23 seats to 11 for the SNP.
In April 2004, after 27 years in power, René—barred constitutionally from running for a third term—handed over power to his vice president James Michel. The move gave Michel time to establish himself, and as SPPF party chair, René continued to exercise power behind the scenes. One sign of this power was the expansion of the central committee from 20 to 25 members composed of former ministers and key civil servants. In the annual SPPF congress in May 2005, Vice President Joseph Belmont was named to be Michel's running mate.
Whether the SPPF would continue its political dominance was believed to hinge primarily on the economy. Real GDP was expected to contract for the fourth consecutive year in 2006.
GOVERNMENT
The 1976 constitution provided for a multiparty system, but was replaced in 1979 with a document authorizing a one-party state. The June 1993 constitution reestablished multiparty elections for president and for a National Assembly consisting of 33 members, 22 directly elected and 11 allocated on a proportional basis. The president is both head of state and head of government and appoints a cabinet of ministers from outside the National Assembly. Typically, the president also holds key ministerial posts. While the 1993 constitution guarantees extensive political and civil liberties, it also allows the curtailment of freedom of expression in order to protect "the reputation, rights, and freedoms of private lives of persons." This is a thinly veiled limitation on the freedom of the press. The independent media was the target of restrictions under the René administration.
In 1996, the SPPF successfully introduced constitutional changes, including the enlargement of the National Assembly to 35 (with 10 members to be chosen by proportional representation) and creation of the post for a vice president. In 1998, the United Opposition (UO) boycotted the National Assembly meetings protesting the SPPF's heavy-handed behavior. Presently, the National Assembly comprises 34 seats, 25 elected by popular vote and 9 allocated on a proportional basis to parties winning at least 10% of the vote.
The next presidential elections were due to take place by August 2006 with parliamentary elections scheduled to occur no later than the end of 2007. Parliamentary elections may be concurrent with presidential elections. The president and members of the National Assembly serve five-year terms.
POLITICAL PARTIES
Before 1978 there were two political parties, the Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP) and the Seychelles People's United Party (SPUP), both founded in 1964. In the last legislative elections prior to independence, on 25 April 1974, the SDP won 13 of 15 elective seats and the SPUP 2. Appointments in June 1975 brought total party strength to 18 for the SDP and 7 for the SPUP. The successor to the SPUP, the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), was established in 1979 as the sole legal party, with the avowed objective of creating a Socialist state; the SDP was declared to have "disappeared." There were at least three opposition groups in exile. In the 1979 parliamentary elections, 55 candidates sanctioned by the SPPF competed for 23 elective seats in the People's Assembly. In the 1983 parliamentary elections, 17 of the 23 elected candidates ran unopposed; and in the December 1987 elections, 36 candidates, all of them members of the SPPF, competed for the 23 seats in the People's Assembly.
After René's announcement of a return to multiparty democracy, parties began to organize in preparation for an election to a constituent assembly in July 1992. Many dissidents returned from exile and the Democratic Party (DP) was reestablished. Also established were the Seychelles Party (PS), the Seychelles Democratic Movement (MSPD), and the Seychelles Liberal Party (SLP).
After the 23 July 1993 elections, eight opposition members obtained seats in the 33-seat National Assembly. René won the presidential election with 59.5% of the vote. The Parti Seselwa, the Seychellois National Movement, and the National Alliance Party opposed the adoption of the new constitution in 1993 and contested the July 1993 elections as the United Opposition (UO) coalition. Its presidential candidate, former president Mancham, received 36.6% of the vote. The SPPF won 21 legislative seats to the DP's 1. The SPPF was also given 6 of the 11 seats apportioned according to the percentage of the votes won; the DP, 4 seats; and the UO, 1 seat.
In the 1998 elections, the SPPF captured 30 seats; the UO three; and the DP only one seat. The Reverend Wavel Ramkalawan replaced James Mancham as leader of the opposition, and in late 1998, the UO changed its name to the Seychelles National Party (SNP). In National Assembly elections held in December 2002, the SPPF captured 23 seats to 11 for the SNP. The SPPF retained a strong grassroots structure throughout the islands.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
All seats on the 23 elected district councils (formerly the SPPF district branch committees) are held by SPPF members. In June 2003, SPPF delegates to a special party congress agreed that members of district committees would be appointed rather than elected.
JUDICIAL SYSTEM
Magistrates' courts are normally the courts of the first instance. The Supreme Court hears appeals and takes original jurisdiction of some cases. An independent Appeal Court was established in 2005. The president of Seychelles appoints the chief justice—a naturalized citizen—and also appoints all other judges from other Commonwealth countries on seven-year contracts. As of 2005, the court president was Justice Michael Ramodibedi of Lesotho.
Civil law is based on the French Napoleonic Code, while criminal law follows the British model. Members of the armed forces accused of serious offenses are tried by court-martial unless the president decrees otherwise. Executive and ruling party dominance in the judicial system has been challenged unsuccessfully.
The Constitutional Court convenes weekly, or as needed, to consider constitutional and civil liberties issues. The Court of Appeal convenes twice a year and considers appeals from the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court only. In addition, an industrial court and a rent tribunal exist.
ARMED FORCES
In 2005 there were 450 active personnel in the armed forces of Seychelles, including an army of 200 (one infantry company and one security unit) and a paramilitary national guard of 250. There was also a 200-member coast guard, that included 80 marines, and 20 others in an air wing. In 2005, the defense budget totaled $12.6 million.
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Admitted to the United Nations on 21 September 1976, Seychelles participates in ECA and several nonregional specialized agencies, such as the IAEA, FAO, the World Bank, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, and the WHO. The nation belongs to the ACP Group, the African Development Bank, COMESA, SADC, the Cross-border Initiative in Eastern and Southern Africa (CBI), the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), and the Indian Ocean Commission. It also belongs to the Commonwealth of Nations, G-77, and the African Union. The country has observer status in the WTO. It is part of the Nonaligned Movement. IN environmental cooperation, Seychelles is part of the Basel Convention, the Convention on Biological Diversity, CITES, the London Convention, the Kyoto Protocol, the Montréal Protocol, MARPOL, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, and the UN Conventions on the Law of the Sea, Climate Change, and Desertification.
ECONOMY
Seychelles possesses a thriving economy, but external debt holds back real economic development. Agriculture, fishing, and forestry accounted for about 4% of GDP in 1999. Crop production is limited by mountainous terrain and low soil fertility, leaving the Seychelles dependent on imports for beef, rice, potatoes, and some fresh produce. The manufacturing sector accounts for 26% of GDP. Since the opening of the international airport in 1971, the Seychelles economy has become dependent on tourism. In 1999, tourism employed 30% of the labor force, and provided the majority of foreign exchange earnings, but in 2000, industrial fishing surpassed tourism as the most important source of foreign exchange. Stiff international competition for tourist dollars caused the government to take steps to broaden the economic base by promoting the development of fishing and light manufacturing. The tourism industry was adversely affected by the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and the subsequent decline in air travel. Tuna fishing and canning accounted for 70% of GDP in 2003.
Although private enterprise and private property are permitted, the public sector drives the economy and accounts for more than 40% of GDP. The government controls the importation, licensing, and distribution of virtually all goods and services, and exercises significant control over all phases of the economy. Since 1990, a program to privatize the economy has resulted in progress in several sectors including tourism, fish processing, and agriculture. In 1995, the American food company Heinz and Co. purchased 60% of the previously state-owned Seychelles Tuna Canning Factory, and the joint venture between the government and Heinz is now the single largest employer in the Seychelles. In addition, most state-owned agricultural land has been turned over to private control. The government is attempting to develop an offshore and free trade zone to further develop the economy and move it away from its dependence upon tourism and fishing.
The economy registered a slight expansion of 1.3% in 2002, before it started plummeting—by -6.3% in 2003 and by -2.0% in 2004; in 2005 real GDP growth was -4.0%. Inflation remained fairly stable but was expected to jump to 10% in 2005 as a result of the economic recession. The tourism sector continues to suffer as vacationers look for cheaper destination like the Comoros, Mauritius, and Madagascar. In addition, Heinz decided that it will sell its 60% stake in the Indian Ocean Tuna cannery as soon as a buyer is found.
INCOME
The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reports that in 2005 Seychelles's gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at $626.0 million. The CIA defines GDP as the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year and computed on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP) rather than value as measured on the basis of the rate of exchange based on current dollars. The per capita GDP was estimated at $7,800. The annual growth rate of GDP was estimated at -3%. The average inflation rate in 2005 was 4.4%. It was estimated that agriculture accounted for 3.2% of GDP, industry 30.4%, and services 66.4%.
According to the World Bank, in 2002 remittances from citizens working abroad totaled $1 million or about $12 per capita and accounted for approximately 0.1% of GDP.
LABOR
In 1996, the labor force numbered 30,900. Services accounted for 71% of the workforce, with industry 19% and agriculture the remaining 10%. In addition, there are self-employed people, casual workers, domestic servants, and agricultural workers on small land holdings. There was no data available as of the unemployment rate in Seychelles.
Seychelles had two trade unions organizations as of 2001: the Seychelles Federation of Workers' Union and the Independent Seychelles Workers Union. Employees have the right to organize and bargain collectively, but in practice most wages are set by the government—the country's largest employer. The government has the right to review and approve labor contracts between individuals and large firms. Approximately 15–20% of the workforce is unionized.
The minimum age for employment is 15, but children are encouraged to attend school until the 9th or 10th grade. Apprenticeships and vocational programs are available to those who leave school early. The minimum wage was $427 per month in 2001. Most workers also receive a variety of free public services. The legal maximum workweek is 45 to 52 hours, but most government workers work less than that. The government has issued comprehensive occupational health and safety regulations but they are not effectively enforced. The government is making attempts to improve this enforcement.
AGRICULTURE
Although agriculture has long been the basis of the Seychelles economy, it contributes only about 4% to GDP. Production in 2004 included coconuts, 3,200 tons; and bananas, 1,970 tons. Tea planting began in the early 1960s. Other crops produced for export are cinnamon bark, vanilla, cloves, and patchouli (an essence used in soap and perfume). In 2004, the Seychelles produced 200 tons of cinnamon bark and 225 tons of tea. Sweet potatoes, yams, breadfruit, and cassava are grown in small quantities but are not sufficient to satisfy the local demand. Oranges, lemons, grapefruit, bananas, and mangoes meet the local requirement only in season.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Seychelles is self-sufficient in the production of pork, poultry, and eggs. In 2005 there were about 18,500 hogs, 5,150 goats, and 1,400 head of cattle. Cattle of improved strains are imported and maintained on an intensive feedlot system.
FISHING
Per capita fish consumption in the Seychelles is very high, yet the development of industrial fishing is at its early stages. The development of port services for foreign tuna fishing fleets since the early 1980s has raised incomes and living standards, while diminishing the role of artisanal fishing. Fishing accounts for about 1% of GDP and about 8% of exports. Foreign vessels fishing in Seychelles waters must be licensed to operate within the 322-km (200-mi) economic zone, which encompassed one of the world's richest tuna-fishing grounds. French investments have focused on tuna fishing and canning. The European Community, Korea, and Japan hold the key licenses to Seychelles coastal fishing. Fish landings by the domestic fleet totaled 86,869 tons, including 36,802 tons of skipjack tuna and 34,734 tons of yellowfin tuna. Exports of fish products totaled $210.8 million in 2003.
FORESTRY
Little natural forest remains. Coconut plantations are the main source of timber, aside from imports. A reforestation program projects the planting of 100 ha (250 ac) each year. Imports of forest products totaled $1.4 million in 2004.
MINING
Seychelles' mineral production in 2004 consisted granite dimension stone, gravel and crushed rock, and sand. Although production of guano (a phosphate fertilizer comprising bird droppings, extracted from Assumption) ceased in the mid-1980s, a plant with a capacity of 5,000 tons per year remained; modest production was unofficially reported in the mid-1990s. Output of granite dimension stone in 2004 was estimated at 93,000 metric tons, up from 92,120 metric tons in 2002. Gravel and crushed rock output in 2004 was estimated at 213,000 metric tons, up from 212,926 metric tons in the previous year. Sand production in 2004 was estimated at 2,200 metric tons, up from 2,165 metric tons in 2002. Polymetallic nodules were known to occur on the ocean bottom near the Admirante Islands. The Seychelles comprised 40 granitic and at least 50 coralline islands.
ENERGY AND POWER
Seychelles has a total installed electric generating capacity of 28,000 kW, as of 1 January 2003. Output in 2003 reached 0.24 billion kWh, of which 100% came from fossil fuels. Consumption of electricity in 2003 came to 0.22 billion kWh.
As of 1 January 2005, Seychelles had no proven reserves of crude oil, natural gas, or coal, nor any crude oil refining capacity. All fossil fuel and refined petroleum product consumption was met by imports. In 2004, imports and domestic demand for petroleum products each averaged 4,000 barrels per day. There were no recorded imports or consumption of natural gas or coal in 2003.
INDUSTRY
In 2000, the manufacturing and construction sector contributed 29% to GDP. The average annual industrial growth rate was averaging 10% in the early 2000s. Tuna fishing and canning accounted for 70% of GDP in 2002. The largest plant is the tuna cannery, opened in 1987 and privatized in 1995 with a 60% purchase by US-based Heinz Inc. The tuna business has grown rapidly, and the joint venture between Heinz and the government was the single largest employer in the Seychelles in 2002. Other factories are smaller and process local agricultural products. A tea factory handles locally grown tea. Others process copra and vanilla pods and extract coconut oil. There is a plastics factory, a brewery and soft drink bottler, and a cinnamon distiller. Salt, cigarettes, boats, furniture, steel products, publications, animal feeds, processed meats, dairy products, paints, and assembled televisions are also produced. Oil exploration is underway, and geophysical and geochemical analyses indicate potential for commercial production.
In 2004, the main contributors to the GDP were transport, communications, and distribution (30.3%), manufacturing (16.7%), government services (12.7%), and hotel and restaurants (10.1%). As of 2006, the Heinz company was liquidating its shares in the tuna canning factory, which had been privatized in 1995.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Seychelles Polytechnic, founded in 1983 at Victoria, has schools of agriculture, engineering, health studies, humanities and science, and maritime studies. In 2002, there were 18 researchers and 30 technicians engaged in research and development per million people. For that same year, R&D spending totaled r4.080 million. Of that amount, 89.7% came from government sources, with private nonprofit organizations accounting for 3.4% and foreign sources 6.9%.
DOMESTIC TRADE
The Seychelles Marketing Board (SMB), with wide powers over imports, distribution, and quality of goods, was established in 1984. Though its monopoly on the sale of fruits and vegetables was abandoned in 1987, the SMB still operates all major supermarkets.
CountryExportsImportsBalanceWorld38.0245.7-207.7Saudi Arabia14.439.8-25.4France-Monaco12.826.2-13.4Madagascar2.6…2.6United Kingdom1.719.5-17.8South Africa1.122.2-21.1Japan0.91.8-0.9Netherlands0.83.3-2.5Austria0.7…0.7Australia0.44.0-3.6Denmark0.42.4-2.0(…) data not available or not significant.
The small Chinese merchant class plays an important part in the retail trade. The variety of domestic goods for sale is very limited. There are price controls on most foodstuffs. The capital of Victoria is the major commercial center of the island. Shops range from supermarkets to a traditional open-air market. A small handicrafts and pottery industry creates products primarily for tourists.
Normal business hours are 8 am to noon and 1:30 to 4 pm, Monday–Friday; 8 am to noon on Saturday. Most business is conducted in English, but French is widely spoken.
FOREIGN TRADE
Foreign trade is habitually in deficit. Strict trade regulations hinder trade growth. Preserved fish (73%), fresh fish (8.0%), salted, dried, and smoked fish (6.5%), and shellfish (3.7%) account for the majority of Seychelles's commodity exports. Other exports include cinnamon and vanilla (2.4%).
In 2005, exports totaled $312 million (FOB—free on board), while imports grew to $460 million. Most of the exports went to the United Kingdom (27.7%), France (15.8%), Spain (12.6%), Japan (8.6%), Italy (7.5%), and Germany (5.6%). Major imports included food and live animals, manufactured goods, fuel, machinery and transport goods, and chemicals, and they mainly came from Saudi Arabia (15.5%), Spain (13.3%), France (10.3%), Singapore (7%), South Africa (6.8%), Italy (6.7%), and the United Kingdom (4.7%).
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
Development aid, income from tourism, and earnings from reexports have generally been sufficient to offset Seychelles' persistent visible trade deficit.
The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) reported that in 2001 the purchasing power parity of Seychelles's exports was $182.6
Current Account-130.6 Balance on goods-139.6 Imports-376.3 Exports236.7 Balance on services105.2 Balance on income-92.5 Current transfers-3.8Capital Account5.0Financial Account-64.0 Direct investment abroad-89.0 Direct investment in Seychelles61.4 Portfolio investment assets0.1 Portfolio investment liabilities1.1 Financial derivatives… Other investment assets-9.8 Other investment liabilities-9.8Net Errors and Omissions0.5Reserves and Related Items189.1(…) data not available or not significant.
million while imports totaled $360.2 million resulting in a trade deficit of $177.6 million.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported that in 2001 Seychelles had exports of goods totaling $215 million and imports totaling $387 million. The services credit totaled $283 million and debit $193 million.
Exports of goods and services totaled $629 million in 2004, up from $620 million in 2003. Imports grew from $593 million in 2003, to $629 million in 2004. The resource balance, while positive in 2003 at $28 million, decreased to $0 million in 2004, indicating that imports were growing faster than exports. A similar trend was registered for the current account balance, which deteriorated from -$6 million in 2003, to -$21 million in 2004. Foreign exchange reserves (including gold) decreased to $37 million in 2004, covering less than a month of imports.
BANKING AND SECURITIES
The Seychelles Monetary Authority, established in 1978 as the bank of issue, became the Central Bank of Seychelles in 1983. Other government banks are the Seychelles Savings Bank and the Development Bank of Seychelles. Five major commercial banks operate in the Seychelles, namely Barclays, Nouvobanq, Banque Française Commerciale Océan Indien, Bank of Baroda, and Habib Bank. Development of an offshore banking center was announced in 1999.
The International Monetary Fund reports that in 2001, currency and demand deposits—an aggregate commonly known as M1—were equal to $220.5 million. In that same year, M2—an aggregate equal to M1 plus savings deposits, small time deposits, and money market mutual funds—was $607.0 million. The discount rate, the interest rate at which the central bank lends to financial institutions in the short term, was 1%.
There is no stock exchange in Seychelles.
INSURANCE
All private insurance companies were nationalized in 1983 and their business transferred to the State Assurance Corp. Two of the companies doing business in the Seychelles in 1997 were H. Savy Insurance Co., and State Assurance Corp. of Seychelles.
PUBLIC FINANCE
Annual budgets of increasing deficits were common in the 1980s. The public sector is responsible for two-thirds of Seychelles' employment, and the budget amounts to about 40% of GDP. Public investment focuses on social and physical infrastructure, tourism, and export activities. Some privatization has occurred in recent years, including the privatization of some port operations and the Seychelles Tuna Canning Factory, 60% of which was purchased by Heinz.
The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) estimated that in 2005 Seychelles's central government took in revenues of approximately $343.3 million and had expenditures of $332.2 million. Revenues minus expenditures totaled approximately $11.1 million. Public debt in 2005 amounted to 129.7% of GDP. Total external debt was $276.8 million.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported that in 2002, the most recent year for which it had data, central government revenues were r1,607 million and expenditures were r2,172.8
Revenue and Grants1,607100.0% Tax revenue999.162.2% Social contributions253.715.8% Grants25.11.6% Other revenue329.120.5%Expenditures2,172.8… General public services770.835.5% Defense78.83.6% Public order and safety813.7% Economic affairs165.57.6% Environmental protection…… Housing and community amenities54.52.5% Health136.66.3% Recreational, culture, and religion23.81.1% Education211.89.7% Social protection30213.9%(…) data not available or not significant.
million. The value of revenues in US dollars was us$293 million and expenditures us$333 million, based on a official exchange rate for 2002 of us$1 = r5.4800 as reported by the IMF. Government outlays by function were as follows: general public services, 35.5%; defense, 3.6%; public order and safety, 3.7%; economic affairs, 7.6%; housing and community amenities, 2.5%; health, 6.3%; recreation, culture, and religion, 1.1%; education, 9.7%; and social protection, 13.9%.
TAXATION
As of 2005, Seychelles had a progressive corporate income tax structure made up of four bands, with rates of 0%, 25%, 30%, and 40%. There is no capital gains tax in the Seychelles. A withholding tax of 15% is applied to dividends paid to nonresidents. Residents receiving dividends are not taxed. Interest income paid to nonresidents (excluding banks, financial companies, and other firms whose primary business is money lending) are subject to a 10% withholding rate. A 40% withholding rate is applied to interest received by residents or nonresidents holding a security issued by a Seychelles financial institution, and is applied at the time of redemption. Royalties paid to Seychelles citizens are not taxed, while nonresidents are subject to a 15% withholding rate. The principal indirect taxes are customs duties and a goods and services tax (GST). The GST applies a 12% tax on certain locally manufactured goods and on imported goods (in addition to the customs duty). Local services providers and tourism-related services providers are subject to a GST between 7% and 15%. The Seychelles operates as a tax haven. It applies a territorial basis of tax assessment to corporations, so they are taxed only on the income that is derived directly from the country. The makes it an inviting place for international companies to headquarter, because the profits made by branches are not imputed to the center for tax purposes. Also the government imposes no personal income tax, although it does require social security contributions.
CUSTOMS AND DUTIES
All imports are controlled by the Seychelles Marketing Board (SMB), which places quotas on certain imports (such as motor vehicles) and other types of restrictions on other items. Prohibited goods include arms and ammunition, dangerous drugs, pornographic materials, and spearguns. Import tariffs are 30%.
The Seychelles International Trade Zone offers tax benefits and other advantages to exporters.
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
The government offers full repatriation of after-tax profits; normal exemption from import duties for machinery, spare parts, and raw materials; and possible tariff protection. While parastatals are common in Seychelles, there is no policy of nationalization, though joint ventures are preferred when foreign capital is involved. Public and private investment is sought for the tourist, fishing, agriculture, and manufacturing sectors. In 1995, the government established an International Investment Authority which offers incentives and tax concessions to foreign investors.
Annual foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to the Seychelles from 1997 to 2000 ranged from $54.4 million in 1997 to $60 million in 1999. In 2001, FDI inflows slowed to $34 million. In 2005, attempts were underway to find a buyer for Heinz's share in the Indian Ocean Tuna cannery, which delayed planned investments in the factory.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The 1985–89 plan sought to create jobs and emphasized developing cash crops, tourism, and the fishing industry. The 1990–94 plan emphasized the need to attract foreign investment. Of considerable interest to donors in the 1990s was the 10-year plan to improve the Seychelles environment. In 1999, the government undertook an intensive review of trade policies in connection with its application to join the WTO, which may increase development. As of 2003, the Seychelles' WTO application was still pending.
The economy continued to contract in 2005, and was expected to continue the same trend in 2006. Tourism still suffers from decreasing numbers of incoming visitors, and manufacturing will remain depressed as a result of insufficient foreign exchange. Prospects for 2007 are somewhat brighter as major investments in luxury hotels are expected to put the economy back on track.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
All citizens residing in Seychelles territory and resident foreign employees are entitled to participate in the social security fund. There is voluntary coverage available to the self-employed. Benefits are provided for old age, disability, survivorship, sickness, and maternity. Employees and employers are required to make monthly contributions. Retirement is set at age 63 with at least five years of residency. There is also a workers' compensation scheme. Health services are free for all residents under the National Health Plan. Although there is no statutory unemployment program, daily subsistence wages are provided under certain conditions.
Traditional Seychelles culture is matriarchal and women are accorded considerable respect within society. However, violence against women, particularly domestic violence, remains a problem, and has been linked to alcohol abuse. Women are fairly well represented in both the public and private sectors. Inheritance laws do not discriminate against women. In 2004, more than 70% of births were out of wedlock.
Human rights are generally respected although there are still arbitrary arrests and detentions. There is some discrimination against foreign workers. Nongovernmental organizations operate freely.
HEALTH
In 2004, the Seychelles had an estimated 132 physicians, 5 pharmacists, 467 nurses, 4 midwives, and 12 dentists per 100,000 people. Approximately, 3.9% of the gross national product went to health expenditures. Water and sanitation were available to over 90% of the Seychelles residents.
The infant mortality rate in 2005 was estimated at 15.53 per 1,000 live births and average life expectancy at 71.82 years. In the same year, the birth rate was 17.3 and the overall mortality rate at 6.6. Approximately 99% of the country's children were vaccinated against measles, 99% against hepatitis B, and 97% against polio. Seychelles has also reached the 2000 goal of attaining at least 90% immunization DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus). No cases of polio, measles, or neonatal tetanus were reported, however leprosy was still present.
HOUSING
As of the 2002 census, there were about 20,270 housing units throughout the nation serving 20,933 households. The average household size was four members. Most homes were made of stone block with corrugated iron roofs (77%); others are constructed of wood frames and walls. Some rural houses were thatched. About 73% of all housing was listed in good condition; 66% of all housing was owner occupied. Of all housing units, 94% had flush toilets, 87% had indoor treated water, and 96% had electricity.
The Home Ownership Scheme lends money for building costs to low-income families, and the Housing Loan Fund provides loans for families who want to purchase or build their own homes. Concrete-block housing developments have been constructed.
EDUCATION
Since 1980, public education has been free and compulsory for 10 years for children between the ages of 6 and 16. Six years of primary education are followed by five years of secondary education. Vocational courses are offered for secondary students. In 2001, about 90% of children between the ages of four and five were enrolled in some type of preschool program. Primary and secondary school enrollment in 2003 was estimated at about 100% of age-eligible students. It is estimated that nearly all students complete their primary education. The student-to-teacher ratio for primary school was at about 14:1 in 2003; the ratio for secondary school was also about 14:1.
Seychelles does not provide education at university level, but there is a teacher-training college and a polytechnic institute. Only members of the National Youth Service can apply to the teacher-training college. In the absence of higher education facilities, many students study abroad, mainly in the United Kingdom. The adult literacy rate for 2004 was estimated at about 91.9%.
As of 2003, public expenditure on education was estimated at 5.2% of GDP, or 10.7% of total government expenditures.
LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS
The National Archives and a National Library (80,000 volumes) are both located in Victoria (Mahé Island). Seychelles Polytechnic University has 12,000 volumes. The Seychelles National Museum of History is located in the same building as the National Library. There is also a Seychelles Natural History Museum in Victoria.
MEDIA
In 2002, there were 21,700 mainline phones in use nationwide. In 2003, there were an additional 54,500 mobile phones in use.
Radio-Television Seychelles, which is government owned, broadcasts in English, French, and Creole. Television service, controlled by the government, began in 1983. License fees for privately owned radio and television stations are so high that an independent media has not been able to develop. As of 1999 there were three AM radio stations and two television stations. There were 627 radios and 150 television sets per 1,000 population in 1998. In 2002, there were about 11,700 Internet subscribers served by over 260 Internet hosts. There is one daily newspaper—Seychelles Nation (2002 circulation 3,500)—published by the government in English, French, and Creole. The president has the authority to censor publications.
ORGANIZATIONS
Trade groups include the Seychelles Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Seychelles Farmers' Association. The Women's Association and the Youth Organization are arms of the SPPF. Other youth organizations include the National Youth League of the Seychelles and the Scout and Guide Movement of the Seychelles. There are several sports associations representing such pastimes as tennis, squash, yachting, and track and field. There are national chapters of the Red Cross and Caritas.
TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION
The prosperity of Seychelles depends on tourism. Visitors can enjoy coral beaches, water sports including scuba diving, waterskiing, and windsurfing, and boat or yacht tours of the islands. The archipelago's wildlife is also a popular tourist attraction. Valid passports are required, but visas are not. If traveling from an infected area a certificate of vaccination is required.
There were 122,038 tourist arrivals in 2003. Most of the visitors came from France and Germany. Hotel rooms numbered 2,435 with 4,926 beds and an occupancy rate of 46%. That same year the US Department of State estimated the daily cost of staying in Seychelles at $271.
FAMOUS SEYCHELLOIS
Sir James Richard Marie Mancham (b.1939), leader of the SDP, became Seychelles' first president in 1976. He was deposed in 1977 by France Albert René (b.1935), who served until 2004. James Alex Michel (b.1944) became president in 2004.
DEPENDENCIES
Seychelles has no territories or colonies.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bennett, George. Seychelles Pramila Ramgulam Bennett. Oxford, England; Santa Barbara, Calif.: Clio Press, 1993.
Carpin, Sarah. Seychelles. 6th ed. Hong Kong: Odyssey, 2005.
McAteer, William. Rivals in Eden: A History of the French Settlement and British Conquest of the Seychelles Islands, 1742–1818. Sussex, Eng.: Book Guild, 1990.
Scarr, Deryck. Seychelles Since 1770: History of a Slave and Post-Slavery Society. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1999.
Skerrett, Adrian. Birds of the Seychelles. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Vine, Peter. Seychelles. 2nd ed. London, Eng.: Immel Publishing, 1992.
Zeilig, Leo and David Seddon. A Political and Economic Dictionary of Africa. Philadelphia: Routledge/Taylor and Francis, 2005.
Seychelles
Compiled from the January 2007 Background Note and supplemented with additional information from the State Department and the editors of this volume. See the introduction to this set for explanatory notes.
Official Name:
Republic of Seychelles
PROFILE
GEOGRAPHY
PEOPLE
HISTORY
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS
ECONOMY
DEFENSE
FOREIGN RELATIONS
U.S.-SEYCHELLES RELATIONS
TRAVEL
PROFILE
Geography
Area: 444 sq. km; about 2.5 times the size of Washington DC.
Major islands: Mahe and Praslin.
Cities: Capital—Victoria.
Terrain: About half of the islands are granitic in origin, with narrow coastal strips and central ranges of hills rising to 905 m. The other half are coral atolls, many uninhabitable.
Climate: Tropical marine.
People
Nationality: Noun and adjective—Seychellois.
Population: (2005 est.) 81,188.
Annual growth rate: (2005 est.) 0.43%.
Ethnic groups: Creole (European, Asian, and African).
Religions: Catholic 86.6%, Anglican Church 6.8%, other Christians 2.5%, other 4.1%.
Languages: Official languages are Creole, English, and French.
Education: Public schools and private schools, compulsory through grade 10. Literacy (1994)—87.5%.
Health: Free government health services for all people. Life expectancy—male 65.48 yrs, female 73.63 yrs. Infant mortality rate—16.86/1000.
Work force: 32,382 with 3,550 unemployed. Industries include tourism, fishing, manufacturing, and construction.
Government
Type: Multiple-party republic.
Independence: June 29, 1976.
Constitution: June 18, 1993.
Government branches: Executive—president (chief of state and head of government). Legislative—unicameral National Assembly with 34 seats (25 directly elected and 9 allocated on a proportional basis). Judicial—Supreme Court, Appeals Court.
Political parties: Democratic Party (DP), Seychelles National Party (SNP), Seychelles People’s Progressive Front (SPPF).
Suffrage: Universal over 17.
Economy
GDP: (2004) $703 million.
Annual growth rate: (2004) -2%.
Per capita income: (2004) $8090. Average inflation rate: (2004) 3.9%.
Natural resources: Fish.
Agriculture: Copra, cinnamon, vanilla, coconuts, sweet potatoes, tapioca, bananas, tuna, chicken, teas.
Industry: Tourism, re-exports, maritime services.
Trade: Exports (2004)—$200 million: canned tuna, frozen/fresh fish, frozen prawns, cinnamon bark. Imports (2004)—$392 million. Major partners—France, Italy, U.K., Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Saudi Arabia.
Exchange rate: (December 2005) 5.50 rupees=U.S.$1.
Aid per capita: (2003) $110.
GEOGRAPHY
Seychelles is located in the Indian Ocean about 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) east of Kenya. The nation is an archipelago of 115 tropical islands with two distinct collections of islands, some comprised of granite and others of coral. The Mahe Group consists of 42 granite islands, all within a 56-kilometer (35-mi.) radius of the main island of Mahe. These islands are rocky, and most have a narrow coastal stripe and a central range of hills rising as high as 914 meters (3,000 ft.). Mahe is the largest island—9,142 sq. km (55 sq. mi.)—and is the site of Victoria, the capital. The coral islands are flat with elevated coral reefs at different stages of formation. They have no fresh water; human life can be sustained on them only with difficulty. The climate is equable and healthy, although quite humid, as the islands are small and subject to marine influences.
The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahe vary from 24°C to 29.9°C (75°F-85°F), and rainfall ranges from 288 centimeters (90 in.) annually at Victoria to 355 centimeters (140 in.) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation is somewhat less on the other islands. During the coolest months, July and August, the temperature drops to as low as 700F.
The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 880F. Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
PEOPLE
About 90% of the Seychellois people live on Mahe Island. Most others live on Praslin and La Digue, with the remaining smaller islands either sparsely populated or uninhabited.
Most Seychellois are descendants of early French settlers and the African slaves brought to the Seychelles in the 19th century by the British, who freed them from slave ships on the East African coast. Indians and Chinese (1.1% of the population) account for the other permanent inhabitants. In 2002, about 4,000 expatriates lived and worked in Seychelles. Of those, about 35 are American.
Seychelles culture is a mixture of French and African (Creole) influences. Creole is the native language of 94% of the people; however, English and French are commonly used. English remains the language of government and commerce.
About 92% of the population over age 15 is literate, and the literacy rate of school-aged children has risen to well over 98%. Increases are expected, as nearly all children of primary school age attend school, and the government encourages adult education.
HISTORY
The Seychelles islands remained uninhabited for more than 150 years after they became known to Western explorers. The islands appeared on Portuguese charts as early as 1505, although Arabs may have visited them much earlier. In 1742, the French Governor of Mauritius, Mahe de Labourdonais, sent an expedition to the islands. A second expedition in 1756 reasserted formal possession by France and gave the islands their present name in honor of the French finance minister under King Louis XV. The new French colony barely survived its first decade and did not begin to flourish until 1794, when Queau de Quincy became commandant. The Seychelles islands were captured and freed several times during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars, then passed officially to the British under the 1814 Treaty of Paris.
From the date of its founding by the French until 1903, the Seychelles colony was regarded as a dependency of Mauritius, which also passed from the French to British rule in 1814. In 1888, a separate administrator and executive and administrative councils were established for the Seychelles archipelago. Nine years later, the administrator acquired full powers of a British colonial governor, and on August 31, 1903, Seychelles became a separate British Crown Colony.
By 1963, political parties had developed in the Seychelles colony. Elections in 1963 were contested for the first time on party lines. In 1964 two new parties, the Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP) led by James Mancham, and the Seychelles People’s Unity Party (SPUP) led by France Albert Rene, replaced existing parties.
In March 1970, colonial and political representatives of Seychelles met in London for a constitutional convention. Elections in November 1970 brought the resulting constitution into effect. In the November 1970 elections, the SDP won 10 seats, and the SPUP won 5 in the Legislative Assembly. Under the new constitution, Mancham became the Chief Minister of the colony.
Further elections were held in April 1974, in which both major political parties campaigned for independence. During the April 1974 elections, the SDP increased its majority in the Legislative Assembly by 3 seats, gaining all but 2 of the 15 seats. Demarcation of constituencies was such that the SDP achieved this majority by winning only 52% of the popular vote.
Following the 1974 election, negotiations with the British resulted in an agreement by which Seychelles became a sovereign republic on June 29, 1976. The SDP and SPUP formed a coalition government in June 1975 to lead Seychelles to independence. The British Government was asked to appoint an electoral review commission so that divergent views on the electoral system and composition of the legislature could be reconciled.
As a result, 10 seats were added to the Legislative Assembly, 5 to be nominated by each party. A cabinet of ministers also was formed consisting of 8 members of the SDP and 4 of the SPUP, with Chief Minister Mancham becoming Prime Minister. With independence on June 29, 1976, Mancham assumed the office of President and Rene became Prime Minister.
The negotiations following the 1974 elections also restored the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar, and Des Roches to Seychelles upon independence; those islands had been transferred in November 1965 from Seychelles to form part of the new British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
Although the SDP/SPUP coalition appeared to operate smoothly, political divisions between the two parties continued. On June 5, 1977, during Mancham’s absence at the London Commonwealth Conference, supporters of Prime Minister Rene overthrew Mancham in a smoothly executed coup and installed Rene as President. President Rene suspended the constitution and dismissed the parliament. The country was ruled by decree until June 1979, when a new constitution was adopted.
In November 1981, a group of mercenaries attempted to overthrow the Rene government but failed when they were detected at the airport and repelled. The government was threatened again by an army mutiny in August 1982, but it was quelled after 2 days when loyal troops, reinforced by Tanzanian forces, recaptured rebel-held installations.
At an Extraordinary Congress of the Seychelles People’s Progressive Front (SPPF) on December 4, 1991, President Rene announced a return to the multiparty system of government after almost 16 years of one-party rule. On December 27, 1991, the Constitution of Seychelles was amended to allow for the registration of political parties. Among the exiles returning to Seychelles was James Mancham, who returned in April 1992 to revive his party, the Democratic Party (DP). By the end of that month, eight political parties had registered to contest the first stage of the transition process: election to the constitutional commission, which took place on July 23-26, 1992. The constitutional commission was made up of 22 elected members, 14 from the SPPF and 8 from the DP. It commenced work on August 27, 1992 with both President Rene and Mancham calling for national reconciliation and consensus on a new democratic constitution.
A consensus text was agreed upon on May 7, 1993, and a referendum to approve it was called for June 15-18. The draft was approved with 73.9% of the electorate in favor of it and 24.1% against. July 23-26, 1993 saw the first multiparty presidential and legislative elections held under the new constitution, as well as a resounding victory for President Rene.
Three political groups contested the elections—the SPPF, the DP, and the United Opposition (UO)—a coalition of three smaller political parties, including Parti Seselwa. Two other smaller opposition parties threw in their lot with the DP. All participating parties and international observer groups accepted the results as “free and fair.” Three candidates contested the March 20-22, 1998 presidential election—Albert Rene, SPPF; James Mancham, DP; and Wavel Ramkalawan—and once again President Rene and his SPPF party won a landslide victory. The President’s popularity in elections jumped to 66.6% in 1998 from 59.5% in 1993, while the SPPF garnered 61.7% of the total votes cast in the 1998 National Assembly election, compared to 56.5% in 1993.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS
The president is both the chief of state and head of government and is elected by popular vote for a 5-year term. The Council of Ministers serves as a cabinet, and its members are appointed by the president. The unicameral National Assembly has 34 seats—25 elected by popular vote and 9 allocated on a proportional basis to parties winning at least 10% of the vote; members serve 5-year terms. The judicial branch includes a Court of Appeal and Supreme Court; judges for both courts are appointed by the president. The legal system is based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law.
Seychelles has had a multi-party system with the adoption of a new Constitution in 1992. Since then, multiparty elections took place in 1993, 1998, 2001, and 2006. The Seychelles People’s Progressive Front (SPPF) won all four elections.
Presidential elections were held in July 2006. Incumbent President James Michel of the Seychelles People’s Progressive Front, who was appointed to power by former President Rene in 2004, won his first elected term. The final vote count was 53.73% for Michel to 45.71% for opposition alliance candidate and Seychelles National Party (SNP) leader, Wavel Ramkalawan. The electoral process for the 2006 presidential elections was determined to be credible by international observers. Parliamentary elections are expected to be held in 2007.
Principal Government Officials
Last Updated: 9/26/2006
President: James Alix MICHEL
Vice President: Joseph BELMONT
Min. of Agriculture & Marine Resources: William HERMINIE
Min. of Arts, Culture, & Sports: Sylvette POOL
Min. of Community Development & Youth: Vincent MERITON
Min. of Education: Bernard SHAMLAYE
Min. of Environment: Ronnie JUMEAU
Min. of Finance & Designated Minister: Danny FAURE
Min. of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation: Patrick Georges PILLAY
Min. of Health: MacSuzy MONDON
Min. of Land Use & Habitiat: Joel MORGAN
Min. of Investment, Industries, & Technology: Jacqueline DUGASSE
Min. of Internal Affairs, Defense, & Legal Affairs: James Alix MICHEL
Min. of Public Administration: Joseph BELMONT
Min. of Social Affairs & Employment: Marie-Pierre LLOYD
Min. of Tourism & Transport: Joseph BELMONT
Governor, Central Bank: Norman WEBER
Ambassador to the US:
Permanent Representative to the UN, New York: Jeremie BONNELAME
ECONOMY
Based on per capita income, the overall performance of the economy since independence must be considered satisfactory, with a seven-fold increase from some $1,000 per capita in 1976 to $7,600 today. The public sector, comprising the government and state-owned enterprises, dominates the economy in terms of employment (two-thirds of the labor force) and gross revenue. Public consumption absorbs over one-third of the gross domestic product (GDP). GDP growth in 2001 was 3.3%.
The economy rests on tourism and fishing. For 2000, the Central Bank estimates that the Seychelles economy grew by around 1.4% in real terms, despite a foreign exchange problem, which affected primarily the manufacturing industry.
The economy’s growth in 2000 was thanks largely to a rebound in the tourism industry and the strength of the fishing sector. In 2001, tourism accounted for about 12.7% of GDP, and the manufacturing and construction sectors, including industrial fishing, accounted for about 28.8%.
But the country’s economy is extremely vulnerable to external shocks. Not only does it depend on tourism, but it imports more than 90% of its total primary and secondary production inputs. Any decline in tourism quickly translates into a fall in GDP, a decline in foreign exchange receipts, and budgetary difficulties.
Furthermore, recent changes in the climate have greatly affected the tuna industry.
Services
Tourism is one of the most important sectors of the economy. Employment, foreign earnings, construction, banking, and commerce are all dominated by tourism-related industries. Tourism arrivals, one of the two main indicators of vitality in the sector, grew by 4.1% in 2000. A strong marketing effort by the Seychelles Tourism Marketing Authority (STMA) and the introduction of several new five-star hotels seems to have spurred the growth. Officials hoped that new hotels on the drawing board and expanded airline service to the island would help offset the possibility of reduced global travel in the environment following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S. In 2003, tourism earned $681.3 million. About 122,000 tourists visited Seychelles in 2003, 81.7% of them from Europe (U.K., Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland).
In 2000, there were encouraging performances in service sectors besides tourism, namely the telecommunications sector, where the boom in mobile services continues. According to the telecommunications division of the Ministry of Information Technology and Communication, one in every four Seychellois owns a mobile phone. In recent years, some port operations have been privatized, a trend that has been accompanied by a fall in transshipment fees and an increase in efficiency. Overall, this has sparked a recovery in port services following a drastic fall in 1994.
The Ministry of Finance is responsible for economic decisions and budgetary policy. A separate Monetary Authority supervises the banking system and manages the money supply. Although foreign banks operate branches in Seychelles, the government owns the two local banks—the Development Bank of Seychelles, which mobilizes resources to fund development programs, and the Seychelles Saving Bank, a bank for savings and current accounts.
The commercial banking sector is presently made up of the following:
Barclays Bank PLC;
Mauritius Commercial Bank;
Bank of Baroda;
Habib Bank; and
Seychelles International Mercantile Credit Banking Corporation (SIMBC) trading under the name “Nouvobanq.”
The first four are branches of foreign banks, and the latter is a joint venture between the Seychelles Government and the Standard Chartered Bank African PLC. Commercial banks offer the full range of services.
Industry and Agriculture
Industrial fishing in Seychelles, notably tuna fishing, is an increasingly significant factor in the economy. In 2000, industrial fishing surpassed tourism as the most important foreign exchange earner. Earnings are growing annually from licensing fees paid by foreign trawlers fishing in Seychelles’ territorial waters. In 1995, Seychelles saw the privatization of the Seychelles Tuna Canning Factory, 60% of which was purchased by the American food company Heinz Inc.
Agriculture, (including artisanal and forestry), once the backbone of the economy, now accounts for only around 2.4% of the GDP. While the tourism and industrial fishing industries were on a roll in the late 1990s, the traditional plantation economy atrophied. Cinnamon barks and copra—traditional export crops—had dwindled to negligible amounts by 1991. There were no exports of copra in 1996; 318 tons of cinnamon bark was exported in 1996, reflecting a decrease of 35% in cinnamon bark exports from 1995. In an effort to increase agricultural self-sufficiency, Seychelles has undertaken steps to make the sector more productive and to provide incentives to farmers. Much of the state holdings in the agricultural sector have been privatized, while the role of the government has been reduced to conducting research and providing infrastructure.
Other industrial activities are limited to small-scale manufacturing, particularly agro-processing and import substitution. Despite attempts to improve its agricultural base and emphasize locally manufactured products and indigenous materials, Seychelles continues to import 90% of what it consumes. The exceptions are some fruits and vegetables, fish, poultry, pork, beer, cigarettes, paint, and a few locally made plastic items. Imports of all kind are controlled by the Seychelles Marketing Board (SMB), a government parastatal which operates all the major supermarkets and is the distributor and licensor of most other imports.
DEFENSE
In 2002, Seychelles had a defense force (Seychelles People’s Defence Forces) of about 800 army personnel, including 300 in the presidential protection unit. The army has one infantry battalion and two artillery elements. Paramilitary forces include a national guard consisting of 1,000 people and a coast guard estimated at 250 and divided into two divisions, the naval wing and security or infantry division.
The Seychelles Coast Guard (SCG), which was created in 1992, assumes many of the maritime roles commonly associated with the U.S. Coast Guard. They recently acquired responsibility for search and rescue for vessel incidents as well as environmental protection from the Port and Marine Services Division. SCG has several operational vessels: the Russian-built Fortune, the Italian-built Andromache, the Scorpio, two Indian manufactured vessels, four Motor Life Boats, and the luxury yacht Gemini that also is used as the presidential yacht.
The air wing of the defense force separated from the coast guard in 1997 and does not have any dedicated aircraft, but it sometimes supplies pilots and aircrews to fly search and rescue missions. Their primary duty is to train pilots. The Island Development Corporation (IDC) maintains the pool of aircraft, using them for sources of income by chartering them out. The aircraft inventory includes one Caravan F-406, one Defender, one Cessna 150, and one Beech 1900.
FOREIGN RELATIONS
Seychelles follows a policy of what it describes as “positive” nonalignment and strongly supports the principle of reduced superpower presence in the Indian Ocean.
The Seychelles Government is one of the proponents of the Indian Ocean zone of peace concept, and it has promoted an end to the U.S. presence on Diego Garcia. Seychelles’ foreign policy position has placed it generally toward the left of the spectrum within the Nonaligned Movement.
The Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, France, India, China, and Cuba maintain embassies in Victoria. Seychelles has an ambassador resident in New York dually accredited to the United Nations and to the United States and Canada. It also has a resident ambassador to France.
Seychelles is a member of the Non-aligned Movement (NAM), the African Union, Commonwealth, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), La Francophonie, and the UN and some of its specialized and related agencies.
U.S.-SEYCHELLES RELATIONS
The year 1963 marked the beginning of an official U.S. presence in Seychelles when the U.S. Air Force Tracking Station was built and put into operation on Mahé. The USAF Tracking Station facilities were situated on land that was leased from the Seychelles Government ($4.5 million annually).
The station’s complement consisted of five uniformed Air Force personnel (two officers and three sergeants), 65 employees of Loral Corporation and Johnson Instruments, and 150 Seychellois employees. The USAF Tracking Station officially closed down on September 30, 1996.
Peace Corps Volunteers served in Seychelles between 1974 and 1995. A U.S. consulate was opened in May 1976 and became an Embassy after Seychelles’ independence in June 1976. The Embassy was subsequently closed in August 1996, and the United States opened a consular agency on September 2, 1996 to provide services to residents of Seychelles. The agency is under the supervision of the American Embassy in Port Louis, Mauritius. The U.S. Ambassador to Mauritius also is accredited to Seychelles.
Principal U.S. Embassy Officials
PORT LOUIS (E) Address: 4th Floor Rogers House, Port Louis, Mauritius; Phone: (230) 202-4400; Fax: (230) 208-9534; INMARSAT Tel: 881631439038/881631439039; Workweek: M-Th: 0730-1645; F: 0730-1230; Website: http://mauritius.usembassy.gov/.
AMB:Cesar CabreraAMB OMS:vacantDCM:Stephen SchwartzDCM/CHG:Stephen SchwartzDCM OMS:Ellen BrooksPOL:Margaret HsiangCON:Wendy RydeMGT:Judith SemilotaCLO:Henry SemilotaCUS:E.J. ChongDAO:Cathy RipleyDEA:Jeff WagnerECO/COM:Melissa BrownEST:UnknownFAA:Ed JonesFCS:Johnnie BrownFMO:Kemp LongICASS Chair:Stephen SchwartzIMO:Christopher HouseINS:Robert BallowIRS:Kathy BeckISSO:Christopher HouseLAB:UnknownLEGATT:Mike BonnerPAO:Victoria DeLongRSO:Brian Roundy
Last Updated: 11/30/2006
TRAVEL
Consular Information Sheet : November 15, 2006
Country Description: The Republic of Seychelles consists of 115 islands off the east coast of Africa. The main islands of this archipelago include Mahe, which is the largest, followed by Praslin and La Digue. The total population is approximately 81,000. The capital, Victoria, is located on Mahe.
Entry/Exit Requirements: A valid passport, onward/return ticket, the local address where the visitor will stay, and proof of sufficient funds are required. A one-month entry visa may be obtained upon arrival and may be extended for a period of up to one year. There is an airport departure tax of $40, which must be paid in U.S. dollars. Travelers should contact the Permanent Mission of the Seychelles to the United Nations, 800 Second Avenue, Suite 400C, New York, N.Y. 10017; telephone number (212) 972-1785, for the most current visa information.
Safety and Security: U.S. citizens should avoid crowds, political rallies, and street demonstrations. It is dangerous to swim alone at isolated beaches, especially after dark, due to strong currents.
For the latest security information, Americans traveling abroad should regularly monitor the Department’s Internet web site, where the current Worldwide Caution Public Announcement, Travel Warnings and Public Announcements, can be found. Up-to-date information on safety and security can also be obtained by calling 1-888-407-4747 toll free in the U.S. and Canada, or for callers outside the U.S. and Canada, a regular toll-line at 1-202-501-4444. These numbers are available from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays).
Crime: Petty crime is a problem, but violent crime against tourists is rare. To reduce the risk of theft, travelers should keep valuables in hotel safes and close and lock hotel windows at night, even while the room is occupied. Hotels that do not have private safes in the rooms will usually have one at the reception desk.
Information for Victims of Crime: The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. If you are the victim of a crime while overseas, in addition to reporting to local police, please contact the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate for assistance. The Embassy/Consulate staff can, for example, assist you to find appropriate medical care, contact family members or friends and explain how funds could be transferred. Although the investigation and prosecution of the crime is solely the responsibility of local authorities, consular officers can help you to understand the local criminal justice process and to find an attorney if needed.
Medical Facilities and Health Information: Medical facilities in Seychelles are limited, especially on the isolated islands where doctors are often unavailable. There is one government-owned hospital and several private clinics.
Recent years have seen an increase in the number of cases of chikungunya, a viral disease transmitted to humans by the bite of infected mosquitoes. For more information and information on current outbreaks, please see the CDC’s fact sheet on Chikungunya.
Information on vaccinations and other health precautions, such as safe food and water precautions and insect bite protection, may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s hotline for international travelers at 1-877-FYI-TRIP (1-877-394-8747) or via the CDC’s internet site at http://www.cdc.gov/travel. For information about outbreaks of infectious diseases abroad consult the World Health Organization’s (WHO) website at http://www.who.int/en. Further health information for travelers is available at http://www.who.int/ith.
Medical Insurance: The Department of State strongly urges Americans to consult with their medical insurance company prior to traveling abroad to confirm whether their policy applies overseas and whether it will cover emergency expenses such as a medical evacuation.
Traffic Safety and Road Conditions: While in a foreign country, U.S. citizens may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States. The information below concerning Seychelles is provided for general reference only and may not be totally accurate in a particular location or circumstance.
In Seychelles, one drives on the left side of the street. Roads are generally well maintained but are narrow and winding. Drivers should exercise caution due to a lack of shoulders and inadequate street lighting. Speed limits range from 25 to 50 miles an hour. Drivers and front seat passengers are required to wear seat belts. There are no laws regarding child safety seats.
The Seychelles Ministry of Health operates an ambulance service on the islands of Mahe, Praslin, and La Digue that can be summoned by dialing 999. Assistance on the more remote islands is limited. For more information, contact the Ministry of Health at P.O. Box 52, Victoria, Maher, Seychelles; telephone (248) 388 000; email: [email protected]. Public transportation by bus is good but tends to be crowded during rush hours and usually requires several transfers to reach a desired destination. Taxis are also available.
For specific information concerning Seychelles driving permits, vehicle inspection, road tax and mandatory insurance, contact the Seychelles Ministry of Tourism via email at [email protected] or the Seychelles Tourism Marketing Authority via email at [email protected].
Aviation Safety Oversight: As there is no direct commercial air service between the United States and Seychelles, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has not assessed Seychelles’ Civil Aviation Authority for compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aviation safety standards. For more information, travelers may visit the FAA’s internet website at http://www.faa.gov.
Special Circumstances: Due to strict laws regulating foreign exchange, all visitors are required to settle bills for tourism-related services in foreign currency, i.e. U.S. Dollars or Euros. Generally, cash, traveler’s checks, and some credit cards are accepted. This regulation applies to all hotel charges (including bar and restaurant bills), car/driver rental, tours, boat charters, and diving. Bills for restaurants outside hotels and for taxis and other incidentals may be settled in Seychellois rupees. Visitors should note that automatic teller machines (ATMs) only distribute Seychellois rupees, and the Seychellois government limits the amount of Seychellois rupees visitors can convert back into foreign exchange before leaving the country. Also, it can be difficult to obtain foreign exchange while in Seychelles, so visitors may wish to bring some cash with them and check on options for payment of tourism-related services before arrival. Exchanging money on the informal, black market is illegal. The Government of Seychelles prohibits wearing any camouflage apparel in the country unless one is participating in a sanctioned, military activity.
Criminal Penalties: While in a foreign country, a U.S. citizen is subject to that country’s laws and regulations, which sometimes differ significantly from those in the United States and may not afford the protections available to the individual under U.S. law. Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States for similar offenses. Persons violating Seychelles law, even unknowingly, may be expelled, arrested or imprisoned. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs in Seychelles are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and heavy fines. Engaging in sex with children or using or disseminating child pornography in a foreign country is a crime, and is prosecutable in the United States.
Children’s Issues: For information on international adoption of children and international parental child abduction, see the Office of Children’s Issues website at http://travel.state.gov/family/family_1732.html.
Registration/Embassy Location: Americans living or traveling in Seychelles are encouraged to register with the U.S. Embassy in Port Louis Mauritius through the State Depart-ment’s travel registration website and to obtain updated information on travel and security within Seychelles. Americans without Internet access may register directly with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. By registering, American citizens make it easier for the Embassy or Consulate to contact them in case of emergency. The U.S. Embassy is located at Rogers House, Fourth Floor, Port Louis, Mauritius. The telephone numbers are (230) 202 4400; fax (230) 208 9534. In the event of an after hours emergency, the Embassy duty officer may be contacted at (230) 253 3641. The Embassy website is http://mauritius.usembassy.gov; e-mail [email protected]. The U.S. Consular Agency in Victoria, Seychelles that provides limited services to Americans in need of assistance is temporarily closed due to a staffing gap. When the consular agency reopens U.S. citizens will again be able to obtain passport applications, Social Security applications, and consular report of birth applications there. In the interim, U.S. citizens visiting or residing in Seychelles requiring assistance are encouraged to contact the U.S. Embassy in Port Louis, Mauritius. The U.S. Consular Agency is located at Oliaji Trade Center, Victoria, Mahe; telephone (248) 225-256; fax (248) 225-189; e-mail [email protected]. The international mailing address is U.S. Consular Agency, P.O. Box 251, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles.
International Adoption : October 2006
The information below has been edited from a report of the State Department Bureau of Consular Affairs, Office of Overseas Citizens Services. For more information, please read the International Adoption section of this book and review current reports online at www.travel.state.gov/family.
Disclaimer: The information in this flyer relating to the legal requirements of specific foreign countries is based on public sources and current understanding. Questions involving foreign and U.S. immigration laws and legal interpretation should be addressed respectively to qualified foreign or U.S. legal counsel.
Patterns of Immigration: Recent U.S. immigrant visa statistics show that there have only been three orphan immigrant visas issued to children from Seychelles in the past five fiscal years.
Adoption Authority:
Ministry of Social Affairs and
Employment
Social Services Section
Oceangate House
P O Box 190
Victoria
Seychelles
Eligibility Requirements for Adoptive Parents: An adoption application may be made by a married couple or by a single person who is at least 21 years of age.
Residency Requirements: Adoptive parents are required to live with the child for at least three months before the adoption is finalized.
Time Frame: More than three months. The adoptive parent is required to stay in the country for at least three months for the purpose of monitoring the adoption and being available to the Social Services Department.
Adoption Agencies and Attorneys: There are no private adoption agencies. The Social Services Department oversees the adoption process.
Adoption Fees: There are no social service fees. The only fees involved are related to attorneys’ fees.
Adoption Procedures: The prospective adoptive parents need to first identify a child and obtain the consent from biological parents. Prospective adoptive parents must undergo a medical test to determine their medical fitness with regards to raising children. Medical tests are also required from the prospective adoptees. Once this is done, the prospective adoptive parents may apply for adoption to the Supreme Court of Seychelles. The Department of Social Service’s role is to carry out an investigation with respect to the applicant’s suitability to adopt and to make an appropriate recommendation to the Supreme Court of Seychelles with respect to the application for adoption. They typically review the following:
Experience, attitude and ability to raise a child;
Background of prospective adoptive parent(s);
Civil status (stability);
Employment status/income;
Housing/home condition (a U.S. home study may be accepted in lieu of this requirement);
Attitude of other members of the household;
Biological parents’ understanding of what an adoption order entails and reasons for consenting to the adoption;
The child’s feelings with regards to the adoption (if child is old enough).
Documentary Requirements:
Identity of adoptive parents;
Marriage certificate, if married;
Medical certificate of adoptive parents and child to be adopted;
Completed application for an adoption order;
Documents of consent from adoptive child’s biological parent(s).
Embassy of the Republic of Seychelles:
c/o Permanent Mission of Seychelles
to the United Nations
800 Second Avenue, Suite 400
New York NY 10017
Telephone: (212) 687-9766
Fax: (212) 972-1786
U.S. Immigration Requirements: Prospective adoptive parents are strongly encouraged to consult USCIS publication M-249, The Immigration of Adopted and Prospective Adoptive Children, as well as the Department of State publication, International Adoptions. Please see the International Adoption section of this book for more details and review current reports online at www.travel.state.gov/family.
Embassy of the United States of America:
4th Floor, Rogers House
John Kennedy Street
Port Louis, Mauritius
Email: [email protected]
Tel: (230) 202-4400
Fax: (230) 208 9534
Additional Information: Specific questions about adoption in Seychelles may be addressed to the U.S. Embassy in Mauritius. General questions regarding intercountry adoption may be addressed to the Office of Children’s Issues, U.S. Department of State, CA/OCS/CI, SA-29, 4th Floor, 2201 C Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818, toll-free Tel: 1-888-407-4747.
SEYCHELLES
Compiled from the January 2005 Background Note and supplemented with additional information from the State Department and the editors of this volume. See the introduction to this set for explanatory notes.
Official Name:
Republic of Seychelles
PROFILE
Geography
Area: 444 sq. km; about 2.5 times the size of Washington DC.
Major islands: Mahe and Praslin.
Cities: Capital—Victoria.
Terrain: About half of the islands are granitic in origin, with narrow coastal strips and central ranges of hills rising to 905 m. The other half are coral atolls, many uninhabitable.
Climate: Tropical marine.
People
Nationality: Noun and adjective—Seychellois.
Population: (2002 est.) 80,098.
Annual growth rate: (1999) 1.7%.
Ethnic groups: Creole (European, Asian, and African).
Religions: Catholic 86.6%, Anglican Church 6.8%, other Christians 2.5%, other 4.1%.
Languages: Official languages are Creole, English, and French.
Education: Public schools and private schools, compulsory through grade 10. Literacy (1994)—87.5%.
Health: Free government health services for all people. Life expectancy—male 65.48 yrs, female 73.63 yrs. Infant mortality rate—16.86/1000.
Work force: 32,382 with 3,550 unemployed. Industries include tourism, fishing, manufacturing, and construction.
Government
Type: Multiple-party republic.
Independence: June 29, 1976.
Constitution: June 18, 1993.
Branches: Executive—president (chief of state and head of government). Legislative—unicameral National Assembly with 34 seats (25 directly elected and 9 allocated on a proportional basis). Judicial—Supreme Court, Appeals Court.
Political parties: Democratic Party (DP), Seychelles National Party (SNP), Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF).
Suffrage: Universal over 17.
Economy
GDP: $603.9 million.
Annual growth rate: (2001) 3.3%.
Per capita income: $7,600.
Avg. Inflation rate: (1999) 6%.
Natural resources: Fish.
Agriculture: Copra, cinnamon, vanilla, coconuts, sweet potatoes, tapioca, bananas, tuna, chicken.
Industry: Tourism, re-exports, maritime services.
Trade: Exports (2001)—$182.6 million: canned tuna, frozen/fresh fish, frozen prawns, cinnamon bark. Imports (2001)—$360.2 million. Major partners—France, Italy, U.K., Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Saudi Arabia.
Official exchange rate: (November 2003) 5.74 rupees=U.S.$1.
Economic aid received: (1995) $16.4 million.
GEOGRAPHY
Seychelles is located in the Indian Ocean about 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) east of Kenya. The nation is an archipelago of 115 tropical islands with two distinct collections of islands, some comprised of granite and others of coral. The Mahe Group consists of 42 granite islands, all within a 56-kilometer (35-mi.) radius of the main island of Mahe. These islands are rocky, and most have a narrow coastal stripe and a central range of hills rising as high as 914 meters (3,000 ft.). Mahe is the largest island—9,142 sq. km (55 sq. mi.)—and is the site of Victoria, the capital. The coral islands are flat with elevated coral reefs at different stages of formation. They have no fresh water; human life can be sustained on them only with difficulty.
The climate is equable and healthy, although quite humid, as the islands are small and subject to marine influences. The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahe vary from 24ºC to 29.9ºC (75ºF-85ºF), and rainfall ranges from 288 centimeters (90 in.) annually at Victoria to 355 centimeters (140 in.) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation is somewhat less on the other islands. During the coolest months, July and August, the temperature drops to as low as 70ºF. The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 88ºF. Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
PEOPLE
About 90% of the Seychellois people live on Mahe Island. Most others live on Praslin and La Digue, with the remaining smaller islands either sparsely populated or uninhabited.
Most Seychellois are descendants of early French settlers and the African slaves brought to the Seychelles in the 19th century by the British, who freed them from slave ships on the East African coast. Indians and Chinese (1.1% of the population) account for the other permanent inhabitants. In 2002, about 4,000 expatriates lived and worked in Seychelles. Of those, about 35 are American.
Seychelles culture is a mixture of French and African (Creole) influences. Creole is the native language of 94% of the people; however, English and French are commonly used. English remains the language of government and commerce.
About 88% of the adult population is literate, and the literacy rate of school-aged children has risen to well over 98%. Increases are expected, as nearly all children of primary school age attend school, and the government encourages adult education.
HISTORY
The Seychelles islands remained uninhabited for more than 150 years after they became known to Western explorers. The islands appeared on Portuguese charts as early as 1505, although Arabs may have visited them much earlier. In 1742, the French Governor of Mauritius, Mahe de Labourdonais, sent an expedition to the islands. A second expedition in 1756 reasserted formal possession by France and gave the islands their present name in honor of the French finance minister under King Louis XV. The new French colony barely survived its first decade and did not begin to flourish until 1794, when Queau de Quincy became commandant.
The Seychelles islands were captured and freed several times during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars, then passed officially to the British under the 1814 Treaty of Paris.
From the date of its founding by the French until 1903, the Seychelles colony was regarded as a dependency of Mauritius, which also passed from the French to British rule in 1814. In 1888, a separate administrator and executive and administrative councils were established for the Seychelles archipelago. Nine years later, the administrator acquired full powers of a British colonial governor, and on August 31, 1903, Seychelles became a separate British Crown Colony.
By 1963, political parties had developed in the Seychelles colony. Elections in 1963 were contested for the first time on party lines. In 1964 two new parties, the Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP) led by James Mancham, and the Seychelles People's Unity Party (SPUP) led by France Albert Rene, replaced existing parties.
In March 1970, colonial and political representatives of Seychelles met in London for a constitutional convention. Elections in November 1970 brought the resulting constitution into effect. In the November 1970 elections, the SDP won 10 seats, and the SPUP won 5 in the Legislative Assembly. Under the new constitution, Mancham became the Chief Minister of the colony.
Further elections were held in April 1974, in which both major political parties campaigned for independence. During the April 1974 elections, the SDP increased its majority in the Legislative Assembly by 3 seats, gaining all but 2 of the 15 seats. Demarcation of constituencies was such that the SDP achieved this majority by winning only 52% of the popular vote.
Following the 1974 election, negotiations with the British resulted in an agreement by which Seychelles became a sovereign republic on June 29, 1976. The SDP and SPUP formed a coalition government in June 1975 to lead Seychelles to independence. The British Government was asked to appoint an electoral review commission so that divergent views on the electoral system and composition of the legislature could be reconciled. As a result, 10 seats were added to the Legislative Assembly, 5 to be nominated by each party. A cabinet of ministers also was formed consisting of 8 members of the SDP and 4 of the SPUP, with Chief Minister Mancham becoming Prime Minister. With independence on June 29, 1976, Mancham assumed the office of President and Rene became Prime Minister.
The negotiations following the 1974 elections also restored the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar, and Des Roches to Seychelles upon independence; those islands had been transferred in November 1965 from Seychelles to form part of the new British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
Although the SDP/SPUP coalition appeared to operate smoothly, political divisions between the two parties continued. On June 5, 1977, during Mancham's absence at the London Commonwealth Conference, supporters of Prime Minister Rene overthrew Mancham in a smoothly executed coup and installed Rene as President. President Rene suspended the constitution
and dismissed the parliament. The country was ruled by decree until June 1979, when a new constitution was adopted.
In November 1981, a group of mercenaries attempted to overthrow the Rene government but failed when they were detected at the airport and repelled. The government was threatened again by an army mutiny in August 1982, but it was quelled after 2 days when loyal troops, reinforced by Tanzanian forces, recaptured rebel-held installations.
At an Extraordinary Congress of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) on December 4, 1991, President Rene announced a return to the multiparty system of government after almost 16 years of one-party rule. On December 27, 1991, the Constitution of Seychelles was amended to allow for the registration of political parties. Among the exiles returning to Seychelles was James Mancham, who returned in April 1992 to revive his party, the Democratic Party (DP). By the end of that month, eight political parties had registered to contest the first stage of the transition process: election to the constitutional commission, which took place on July 23-26, 1992.
The constitutional commission was made up of 22 elected members, 14 from the SPPF and 8 from the DP. It commenced work on August 27, 1992 with both President Rene and Mancham calling for national reconciliation and consensus on a new democratic constitution. A consensus text was agreed upon on May 7, 1993, and a referendum to approve it was called for June 15-18. The draft was approved with 73.9% of the electorate in favor of it and 24.1% against.
July 23-26, 1993 saw the first multi-party presidential and legislativ
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Indo-Seychellois are inhabitants of Seychelles with Indian heritage. With about 10,000 Indo-Seychellois in a total Seychellois population of nearly 100,000, they constitute a minority ethnic group in Seychelles. According to National Bureau of Statistics Seychelles in 2022, Indian community in Seychelles representing 9.0% from Seychelles population, up from 4.4% in 2010.
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Indo-Seychellois
Inhabitants of Seychellois of Indian heritage / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions:
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Extractors whose input is a chunked sentence. Includes Relnoun, Nesty, and a scala interface for ReVerb. - chunkedextractor/src/main/resources/edu/knowitall/chunkedextractor/demonyms.csv at master · knowitall/chunkedextractor
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☯✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨🚀*THE 2ND NATURE*🚀
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. -‘seychelles’ is an ‘archipelagic state’ consisting of 115 islands in the ‘Indian Ocean’- . Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres (800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas departments of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and Maldives
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☯✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨✨🚀*THE 2ND NATURE*🚀 -
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https://kingdomofjoga.com/2023/02/21/seychelles/
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.
-‘seychelles’ is an ‘archipelagic state’ consisting of 115 islands in the ‘Indian Ocean’-
.
Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres (800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa.
Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas departments of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago (administered by the United Kingdom as the British Indian Ocean Territory) to the east. It is the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated 2020 population of 98,462.[12]
Seychelles was uninhabited prior to being encountered by Europeans in the 16th century. It faced competing French and British interests until coming under full British control in the late 18th century. Since proclaiming independence from the United Kingdom in 1976, it has developed from a largely agricultural society to a market-based diversified economy, characterized by rapidly rising service, public sector, and tourism activities. From 1976 to 2015, nominal GDP grew nearly 700%, and purchasing power parity nearly 1600%. Since the late 2010s, the government has taken steps to encourage foreign investment.
As of the early 21st century, Seychelles has the highest nominal per capita GDP of any African nation. It has the second-highest Human Development Index of any African country after Mauritius. It is the only African country classified as a high-income economy by the World Bank.[13]
Seychellois culture and society is an eclectic mix of French, British, and African influences, with more recent infusions of Chinese and Indian elements. The country is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, and the Commonwealth of Nations.
History[edit]
Seychelles was uninhabited until the 18th century when Europeans arrived with enslaved Africans. It remained a British colony from 1814 until its independence in 1976. Seychelles have never been inhabited by indigenous people, but its islanders maintain their own Creole heritage.
Early history[edit]
Seychelles was uninhabited throughout most of recorded history. Tombs on the island, visible until 1910, are the basis for the scholarly belief that Austronesian seafarers and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the archipelago.[citation needed] Vasco da Gama and his 4th Portuguese India Armada discovered the Seychelles on 15 March 1503; the first sighting was made by Thomé Lopes aboard Rui Mendes de Brito. Da Gama’s ships passed close to an elevated island, probably Silhouette Island, and the following day Desroches Island. They mapped a group of seven islands and named them The Seven Sisters.[14] The earliest recorded landing was in January 1609, by the crew of the Ascension under Captain Alexander Sharpeigh during the fourth voyage of the British East India Company.
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, it was said that the islands were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid on Mahé by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV’s Minister of Finance.[15]
The British frigate Orpheus commanded by Captain Henry Newcome arrived at Mahé on 16 May 1794, during the War of the First Coalition. Terms of capitulation were drawn up and on the next day, Seychelles was surrendered to Britain. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, the French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections were held in 1966 and 1970.
Victoria, Seychelles 1900s
Independence[edit]
In 1976, Seychelles was granted independence from the United Kingdom and became a republic. It has been a member of the Commonwealth ever since.[16] In the 1970s Seychelles was “the place to be seen, a playground for film stars and the international jet set”.[17] In 1977, a coup d’état by France Albert René ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham.[18] René discouraged over-dependence on tourism and declared that he wanted “to keep the Seychelles for the Seychellois”.[17]
The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991.
In the 1980s there were a series of coup attempts against President René, some of which were supported by South Africa. In 1981, Mike Hoare led a team of 43 South African mercenaries masquerading as holidaying rugby players in the 1981 Seychelles coup d’état attempt.[17] There was a gun battle at the airport, and most of the mercenaries later escaped in a hijacked Air India plane.[17] The leader of this hijacking was German mercenary D. Clodo, a former member of the Rhodesian SAS.[19] Clodo later stood trial in South Africa (where he was acquitted) as well as in his home country Germany for air piracy.[20]
In 1986, an attempted coup led by the Seychelles Minister of Defence, Ogilvy Berlouis, caused President René to request assistance from India. In Operation Flowers are Blooming, the Indian naval vessel Vindhyagiri arrived in Port Victoria to help avert the coup.[21]
The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.
In January 2013, Seychelles declared a state of emergency when the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundreds of houses.[22][23]
Following the coup in 1977, the president always represented the same political party until the October 2020 Seychellois general election, which was historic in that the opposition party won. Wavel Ramkalawan was the first president who did not represent United Seychelles (the current name of the former Seychelles People’s Progressive Front).[24][25]
Politics[edit]
The Seychelles president, who is head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature. The current president is Wavel Ramkalawan, as of 2022.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 35 members, 26 of whom are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
The Supreme Court of Seychelles, created in 1903, is the highest trial court in Seychelles and the first court of appeal from all the lower courts and tribunals. The highest court of law in Seychelles is the Seychelles Court of Appeal, which is the court of final appeal in the country.[26]
Political culture[edit]
Seychelles’ long-term president France Albert René came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president James Mancham on 5 June 1977 in a coup d’état and installed him as president. René was at that time the prime minister. René ruled as a strongman under a socialist one-party system until 1993, when he was forced to introduce a multi-party system. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006, 2011 and again in 2015.[27][28][29][30] On 28 September 2016, the Office of the President announced that Michel would step down effective 16 October, and that Vice President Danny Faure would complete the rest of Michel’s term.[31]
On 26 October 2020, Wavel Ramkalawan, a 59-year-old Anglican priest was elected the fifth President of the Republic of Seychelles. Ramkalawan was an opposition MP from 1993 to 2011, and from 2016 to 2020. He served as the Leader of the Opposition from 1998 to 2011 and from 2016 to 2020. Ramkalawan defeated incumbent Danny Faure by 54.9% to 43.5%. This marked the first time the opposition had won a presidential election.[32][33]
The primary political parties are the former ruling socialist People’s Party (PP), known until 2009 as the Seychelles People’s Progressive Front (SPPF) now called United Seychelles (US), and the socially liberal Seychelles National Party (SNP).[34]
The election of the National Assembly was held on 22–24 October 2020. The Seychelles National Party, the Seychelles Party for Social Justice and Democracy and the Seychelles United Party formed a coalition, Linyon Demokratik Seselwa (LDS). LDS won 25 seats and US got 10 seats of the 35 seats of the National Assembly.[35]
Foreign relations[edit]
Seychelles is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Indian Ocean Commission, La Francophonie, the Southern African Development Community and the Commonwealth of Nations.
From 1979 to 1981, the United States and South Africa were involved in the failed 1981 coup attempt.[36] Under the Obama administration, the US began running drone operations out of Seychelles.[37] In the Spring of 2013, members of the Special-Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force Africa mentored troops in Seychelles, along with a variety of other African nations.[37]
Military[edit]
The Military of Seychelles is the Seychelles People’s Defence Force which consists of a number of distinct branches: an Infantry Unit and Coast Guard, Air Force and a Presidential Protection Unit. India has played and continues to play a key role in developing the military of Seychelles. After handing over two SDB Mk5 patrol vessels built by GRSE, the INS Tarasa and INS Tarmugli, to the Seychelles Coast Guard, which were subsequently renamed PS Constant and PS Topaz, India also gifted a Dornier 228 aircraft built by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.[38] India also signed a pact to develop Assumption Island, one of the 115 islands that make up the country. Spread over 11 km2 (4 sq mi), it is strategically located in the Indian Ocean, north of Madagascar. The island is being leased for the development of strategic assets by India.[39] In 2018, Seychelles signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[40][41]
Incarceration[edit]
In 2014, Seychelles had the highest incarceration rate in the world of 799 prisoners per 100,000 population, exceeding the United States’ rate by 15%.[42] However, the country’s actual population is less than 100,000; as of September 2014, Seychelles had 735 actual prisoners, 6% of whom were female, incarcerated in three prisons.[43]
The incarceration rate in Seychelles has dropped significantly. It is not any more among the Top 10 Countries with the highest rate of incarceration. In 2022, the incarceration rate was 287 per 100,000 population, being just the 31st highest in the world.[44]
Modern piracy[edit]
Seychelles is a key participant in the fight against Indian Ocean piracy primarily committed by Somali pirates.[45] Former president James Michel said that piracy costs between $7 million – $12 million a year to the international community: “The pirates cost 4% of the Seychelles GDP, including direct and indirect costs for the loss of boats, fishing, and tourism, and the indirect investment for the maritime security.” These are factors affecting local fishing – one of the country’s main national resources – which had a 46% loss in 2008–2009.[45] International contributions of patrol boats, planes or drones have been provided to help Seychelles combat sea piracy.[45]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Seychelles is divided into twenty-six administrative regions comprising all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé with two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also includes respective satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands (Îles Eloignées) are the last district recently created by the tourism ministry.
Geography[edit]
View of Praslin, the second largest island of the Seychelles
An island nation, Seychelles is located in the Somali Sea segment of the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (860 nmi) east of Kenya. The Constitution of Seychelles lists 155 named islands,[46] and a further 7 reclaimed islands have been created subsequent to the publication of the Constitution. The majority of the islands are uninhabited, with many dedicated as nature reserves. Seychelles’ largest island, Mahé, is located 1,550 km (835 nmi) from Mogadishu (Somalia’s capital).[47]
A group of 44 islands (42 granitic and 2 corallines) occupy the shallow waters of the Seychelles Bank and are collectively referred to as the inner islands. They have a total area of 244 km2 (94 sq mi), accounting for 54% of the total land area of the Seychelles and 98% of the entire population.
The islands have been divided into groups. There are 42 granitic islands known as the Granitic Seychelles. These are in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette, La Digue, Curieuse, Félicité, Frégate, Ste. Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Ile aux Vaches Marines, L’Islette, Beacon (Ile Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L’Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé), Chauve Souris (Praslin), Ile La Fouche, Hodoul, L’Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
Beach of Anse Source d’Argent on the island of La Digue
There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics on the edge of the Seychelles Bank: Denis and Bird. There are two coral islands south of the Granitic: Coëtivy and Platte.
There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitic: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D’Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph, Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnœufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Étoile, Bijoutier.
There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable, Déposés, Île aux Goëlettes, Lapins, Île du Milieu, North Manaha, South Manaha, Middle Manaha, North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.
There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Émile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Héron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption Island, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goélettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).
In addition to these 155 islands, as per the Constitution of Seychelles, there are 7 reclaimed islands: Ile Perseverance, Ile Aurore, Romainville, Eden Island, Eve, Ile du Port and Ile Soleil.
South Island, African Banks has been eroded by the sea. At St Joseph Atoll, Banc de Sable and Pelican Island have also eroded, while Grand Carcassaye and Petit Carcassaye have merged to form one island. There are also several unnamed islands at Aldabra, St Joseph Atoll and Cosmoledo. Pti Astove, though named, failed to make it into the Constitution for unknown reasons. Bancs Providence is not a single island, but a dynamic group of islands, comprising four large and about six very small islets in 2016.
Climate[edit]
The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small,[48] and is classified by the Köppen-Geiger system as a tropical rain forest (Af). The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation levels are somewhat less on the other islands.[49]
During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.[49]
hideClimate data for Victoria (Seychelles International Airport)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6) 30.4
(86.7) 31.0
(87.8) 31.4
(88.5) 30.5
(86.9) 29.1
(84.4) 28.3
(82.9) 28.4
(83.1) 29.1
(84.4) 29.6
(85.3) 30.1
(86.2) 30.0
(86.0) 29.8
(85.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 27.3
(81.1) 27.8
(82.0) 28.0
(82.4) 27.7
(81.9) 26.6
(79.9) 25.8
(78.4) 25.9
(78.6) 26.4
(79.5) 26.7
(80.1) 26.8
(80.2) 26.7
(80.1) 26.9
(80.4)
Average low °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4) 24.6
(76.3) 24.8
(76.6) 25.0
(77.0) 25.4
(77.7) 24.6
(76.3) 23.9
(75.0) 23.9
(75.0) 24.2
(75.6) 24.3
(75.7) 24.0
(75.2) 23.9
(75.0) 24.4
(75.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 379
(14.9) 262
(10.3) 167
(6.6) 177
(7.0) 124
(4.9) 63
(2.5) 80
(3.1) 97
(3.8) 121
(4.8) 206
(8.1) 215
(8.5) 281
(11.1) 2,172
(85.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 17 11 11 14 11 10 10 10 11 12 14 18 149
Average relative humidity (%) 82 80 79 80 79 79 80 79 78 79 80 82 79.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 153.3 175.5 210.5 227.8 252.8 232.0 230.5 230.7 227.7 220.7 195.7 170.5 2,527.7
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[50]
Source 2: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[51]
Wildlife[edit]
Left: Seychelles paradise-flycatcher; right: bird flocks on Bird Island Seychelles
An Aldabra giant tortoise
Seychelles is among the world’s leading countries to protect lands for threatened species, allocating 42% of its territory for conservation.[52] Like many fragile island ecosystems, Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity when humans first settled in the area, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles parakeet, and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of colonizer occupation. Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles black parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and five species of hermit crabs live on the islands.[53] From the year 1500 until the mid-1800s (approximately), the then-previously unknown Aldabra giant tortoise was killed for food by pirates and sailors, driving their numbers to near-extinction levels. Today, a healthy yet fragile population of 150,000 tortoises live solely on the atoll of Aldabra, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[54][55] Additionally, these ancient reptiles can further be found in numerous zoos, botanical gardens, and private collections internationally. Their protection from poaching and smuggling is overseen by CITES, whilst captive breeding has greatly reduced the negative impact on the remaining wild populations. The granitic islands of Seychelles supports three extant species of Seychelles giant tortoise.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world, notably on the outer islands of Aldabra and Cosmoledo. In granitic Seychelles the largest colonies are on Aride Island including the world’s largest numbers of two species. The sooty tern also breeds on the islands. Other common birds include cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) and the fairy tern (Gygis alba).[56] More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded.[citation needed]
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group.[citation needed] Particularly well known is the coco de mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the “love nut” (the shape of its “double” coconut resembles buttocks), the coco-de-mer produces the world’s heaviest seed. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahé. This strange and ancient plant, in a genus of its own, Medusagyne seems to reproduce only in cultivation and not in the wild. Other unique plant species include Wright’s gardenia (Rothmannia annae), found only on Aride Island’s Special Reserve. There are several unique species of orchid on the islands.
Seychelles is home to two terrestrial ecoregions: Granitic Seychelles forests and Aldabra Island xeric scrub.[57] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 10/10, ranking it first globally out of 172 countries.[58]
Environmental issues[edit]
Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (such as Silhouette Island).
Despite huge disparities across nations,[citation needed] Seychelles claims to have achieved nearly all of its Millennium Development Goals.[59] 17 MDGS and 169 targets have been achieved.[citation needed] Environmental protection is becoming a cultural value.[citation needed]
Their government’s Seychelles Climate Guide describes the nation’s climate as rainy, with a dry season with an ocean economy in the ocean regions. The Southeast Trades is on the decline but still fairly strong.[60] Reportedly, weather patterns there are becoming less predictable.[61]
Demographics[edit]
Skyline of Victoria, capital and largest city of Seychelles
When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans, and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the Gran blan (“big whites”) of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on indentured servitude to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were confined to a merchant class.[62]
Today, Seychelles is described as a fusion of peoples and cultures. Numerous Seychellois are considered multiracial: blending from African, Asian and European descent to create a modern creole culture. Evidence of this harmonious blend is also revealed in Seychellois food, incorporating various aspects of French, Chinese, Indian and African cuisine.[citation needed]
As the islands of the Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois descend from people who immigrated, of which the largest ethnic groups were those of African, French, Indian and Chinese origin. The median age of the Seychellois is 34 years.[63]
Languages[edit]
French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is a French-based creole language. Seychellois Creole is the most widely spoken native language and de facto the national language of the country. Seychellois Creole is often spoken with English words and phrases mixed in.[64] About 91% of the population are native speakers of Seychelles Creole, 5.1% of English and 0.7% of French.[64] Most business and official meetings are conducted in English and nearly all official websites are in English. National Assembly business is conducted in Creole, but laws are passed and published in English.
Religion[edit]
According to the 2010 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 76.2% were Roman Catholic, pastorally served by the exempt Diocese of Port Victoria (directly subject to the Holy See); 10.6% were Protestant, (Anglican 6.1%, Pentecostal Assembly 1.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.2%, other Protestant 1.6%).[65]
Hinduism is the second largest religion, with more than 2.4% of the population.[66] Hinduism is followed mainly by the Indo-Seychellois community.[67]
Islam is followed by another 1.6% of the population. Other faiths accounted for 1.1% of the population, while a further 5.9% were non-religious or did not specify a religion.[66]
Economy[edit]
The sailfish at Mahé Beach
Colourful skirts at Seychelles market
A proportional representation of Seychelles exports, 2019
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla and copra were the chief exports. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist Donald Prell prepared for the then-crown colony’s Governor General an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. Quoting from his report, in the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector.[68][69] The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé used by the Air Force Satellite Control Network was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla.
As of 2013, the main export products are processed fish (60%) and non-fillet frozen fish (22%).[70]
The prime agricultural products currently produced in Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon and vanilla are the main export commodities.
The Seychelles government has prioritised a curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, banking, imports of basic products, telecommunications and a wide range of other businesses. According to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, which measures the degree of limited government, market openness, regulatory efficiency, rule of law, and other factors, economic freedom has been increasing each year since 2010.[71][unreliable source?]
The national currency of Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies, it was unpegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.
Seychelles has emerged as the least corrupt country in Africa in the latest Corruption Perception Index report released by Transparency International in January 2020.[72]
Tourism[edit]
Beach resort at Seychelles
In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a significant industry, essentially dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could expand only so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles. Consequently, there was a sustained spate of hotel construction throughout almost the entire 1970s which included the opening of Coral Strand Smart Choice, Vista Do Mar and Bougainville Hotel in 1972.
In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC. Despite its growth, the vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991–1992 due largely to the Gulf War.[73]
Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Financial Services Authority and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others). In March 2015, Seychelles allocated Assumption Island to be developed by India.[74]
Owing to the effects of COVID-19, Seychelles shut down its borders to international tourism in the year 2020. The nation is slated to reopen its borders to international tourists from 25 March 2021. As the national vaccination program progressed well, the nation’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Tourism has taken the decision to allow foreign tourists while keeping public health measures in place, such as wearing of face masks, social distancing, regular sanitisation, and washing of hands.[75]
Energy[edit]
Seychelles electricity production.svg
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Persian Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d).
In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).
Culture[edit]
Art[edit]
A National Art Gallery was inaugurated in 1994 on the occasion of the official opening of the National Cultural Centre, which houses the National Library and National Archives with other offices of the Ministry of Culture.
At its inauguration, the Minister of Culture decreed that the exhibition of works of Seychellois artists, painters and sculptors was a testimony to the development of art in Seychelles as a creative form of expression, and provided a view of the state of the country’s contemporary art.
Painters have traditionally been inspired by Seychelles’ natural features to produce a wide range of works in media ranging from watercolours to oils, acrylics, collages, metals, aluminium, wood, fabrics, gouache, varnishes, recycled materials, pastels, charcoal, embossing, etching, and giclee prints. Local sculptors produce fine works in wood, stone, bronze and cartonnage.
Music[edit]
Music and dance have always played prominent roles in Seychelles culture and local festivities. Rooted in African, Malagasy and European cultures, music characteristically features drums such as the tambour and tam-tam, and simple string instruments. The violin and guitar are relatively recent foreign imports which play a prominent role in contemporary music.
Among popular dances are the Sega, with hip-swaying and shuffling of the feet, and the Moutya, a dance dating back to the days of slavery, when it was often used to express strong emotions and discontent.
The music of Seychelles is diverse, a reflection of the fusion of cultures through its history. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion. It includes African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation, such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau); European contredanse, polka and mazurka; French folk and pop; sega from Mauritius and Réunion; taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres; and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music.
Contombley is a popular form of percussion music, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga. Kontredans, based on European contra dance, is also popular, especially in district and school competitions during the annual Festival Kreol (International Creole Festival). Moutya playing and dancing often occur at beach bazaars. Music is sung in the Seychellois Creole of the French language, and in French and English.
In 2021, the Moutya, a slave trade-era dance, was added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List as a symbol of psychological comfort in its role of resistance against hardship, poverty, servitude and social injustice.[76]
Cuisine[edit]
Cutting open young coconuts for drinking, Seychelles
Staple foods of Sechelles include fish, seafood and shellfish dishes, often accompanied with rice.[77][78] Fish dishes are cooked several ways, such as steamed, grilled, wrapped in banana leaves, baked, salted and smoked.[77] Curry dishes with rice are also a significant part of the country’s cuisine.[78][79]
Other staples include coconut, breadfruit, mangoes and kordonnyen fish.[80] Dishes are often garnished with fresh flowers.[80]
Chicken dishes, such as chicken curry and coconut milk.[78]
Coconut curry[78]
Dal (lentils)[80]
Fish curry[78]
Saffron rice[80]
Fresh tropical fruits[77][81]
Ladob, eaten either as a savoury dish or as a dessert. The dessert version usually consists of ripe plantain and sweet potatoes (but may also include cassava, breadfruit or even corossol), boiled with coconut milk, sugar, nutmeg and vanilla in the form of a pod until the fruit is soft and the sauce is creamy.[82] The savoury dish usually includes salted fish, cooked in a similar fashion to the dessert version, with plantain, cassava and breadfruit, but with salt used in place of sugar (and omitting vanilla).
Shark chutney typically consists of boiled skinned shark, finely mashed and cooked with squeezed bilimbi juice and lime. It is mixed with onion and spices, with the onion fried and cooked in oil.[82]
Vegetables[78][81]
Media[edit]
The main daily newspaper is the Seychelles Nation, dedicated to local government views and current topics. Other political parties operate papers such as Regar. Foreign newspapers and magazines are readily available at most bookshops and newsagents. The papers are published mostly in Seychellois Creole, French and English.
The main television and radio network, operated by the Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation, offers locally produced news and discussion programmes in the Seychellois Creole language, between 3 pm and 11:30 pm on weekdays and longer hours on weekends. There are also imported English- and French-language television programmes on Seychellois terrestrial television, and international satellite television has grown rapidly in recent years.
Sports[edit]
Seychelles’ most popular sport is basketball, which has significantly grown in popularity in the last decade.[83] The country’s national team qualified for the 2015 African Games, where it competed against some of the continent’s largest countries, such as Egypt. In 2015, Seychelles hosted the African Beach Soccer Championship. Ten years later, Seychelles will host the 2025 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup making it the first ever FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup to be ever held in Africa.
Women[edit]
Miss Seychelles 2008, Elene Angine
Seychellois society is essentially matrilineal.[84][85] Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditures and looking after children’s interests.[84] Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children.[85] Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral.[84]
LGBT rights[edit]
Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 2016.[86] The bill decriminalizing homosexuality was approved in a 14–0 vote.[87] The employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is banned in the Seychelles, making it one of the few African countries to have such protections for LGBT people.[88][89]
Education[edit]
Seychelles has the highest literacy rate of any country in sub-Saharan Africa.[90] According to The World Factbook of the Central Intelligence Agency, as of 2018, 95.9% of the population aged 15 and over can read and write in the Seychelles.[90]
Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles. The Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys’ and girls’ secondary schools with religious brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944.[91]
A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect, requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age five. Ninety percent of all children attend nursery school at age four.[citation needed]
The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 100% in 2014.[citation needed]
There are a total of 68 schools in Seychelles. The public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. They are located on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. Additionally, there are three private schools: École Française, International School and the independent school. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, Seychelles Tourism Academy, University of Seychelles Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Center, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Center and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.[citation needed]
The administration launched plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred. University of Seychelles, initiated in conjunction with the University of London, opened on 17 September 2009 in three locations, and offers qualifications from the University of London.[92]
Notable people[edit]
Andy Mougal, football player
Kevin Betsy, football coach and former professional footballer
See also[edit]
Outline of Seychelles
Index of Seychelles-related articles
References[edit]
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^ “Here are the 16 least corrupt countries in Africa”. 23 January 2020.
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^ India to develop two islands in Indian Ocean – Times of India Archived 15 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (11 March 2015). Retrieved on 8 December 2016.
^ Staff, HospiBiz (20 March 2021). “Seychelles to open for international travel on 25th March; Know what you need to travel to Seychelles – HOSPIBIZ”. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
^ “UNESCO – Moutya”. UNESCO.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lonely Planet Mauritius, Reunion & Seychelles. Lonely Planet. 2010. pp. 273–274. ISBN 978-1-74179-167-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Dyfed Lloyd Evans. The Recipes of Africa. Dyfed Lloyd Evans. pp. 235–236.
^ Practice Tests for IGCSE English as a Second Language Reading and Writing. Cambridge University Press. 4 February 2010. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-521-14059-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Paul Tingay (2006). Seychelles. New Holland Publishers. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-1-84537-439-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Lloyd E. Hudman; Richard H. Jackson (2003). Geography of Travel and Tourism. Cengage Learning. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-7668-3256-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Sarah Carpin (1998) Seychelles, Odyssey Guides, The Guidebook Company Limited. p. 77
^ Seychelles Basketball Federation eager to grow sport’s popularity Archived 7 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Fiba.com, 12 May 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tartter, Jean R. “Status of Women”. Indian Ocean country studies: Seychelles Archived 11 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine (Helen Chapin Metz, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (August 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Jump up to: a b Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Seychelles (2007) Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (11 March 2008). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ “The Seychelles will make gay sex legal”. Gay Star News. 2 March 2016. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
^ “Seychelles repeals colonial-era law banning gay sex”. 18 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
^ “State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults”, International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, authored by Lucas Paoli Itaborahy, May 2012 Archived 17 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine : page: 34
^ “Employment Act, 1995” (PDF). Retrieved 9 May 2021.[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b “Literacy – The World Factbook”. Cia.gov. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
^ Whitehead, Clive (December 2008). “‘…a proper subject of reproach to the Empire’. Reflections on British Education Policy in the Seychelles 1938-1948”. Education Research and Perspectives. 35 (2): 95–111.
^ “afrol News – Seychelles gets its 1st university”. www.afrol.com. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
External links[edit]
Government
SeyGov, main government portal
State House, Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles
Central Bank of Seychelles, on-shore banking and insurance regulator
Seychelles Investment Bureau, government agency promoting investment in Seychelles
National Bureau of Statistics, government agency responsible for collecting, compiling, analysing and publishing statistical information
Religion
GigaCatholic
General
Seychelles. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Seychelles from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Seychelles at Curlie
Seychelles from BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Seychelles
Island Conservation Society, a non-profit nature conservation and educational non-governmental organisation
Nature Seychelles, a scientific/environmental non-governmental nature protection association
The Seychelles Nation, the largest circulation local daily newspaper
Seychelles Bird Records Committee
Seychelles.travel, Government tourism portal
Tourism Page
Air Seychelles, Seychelles national airline
ADST interview with U.S. Ambassador to Seychelles David Fischer
negligible
Population
• 2022 estimate
100,447 (182nd)
• Density
214.5/km2 (555.6/sq mi) (67th)
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
• Total
Increase $3.725 billion3
• Per capita
Increase$37,6613
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
• Total
Increase $2.005 billion3
• Per capita
Increase $20,2663
Gini (2018) 32.1[4]
medium
HDI (2021) Decrease 0.785[5]
high · 72nd
Currency Seychellois rupee (SCR)
Time zone UTC+4 (SCT)
Driving side left
Calling code +248
ISO 3166 code SC
Internet TLD .sc
(, ;[6][7] French: [sɛʃɛl][8][9][10] or [seʃɛl][11]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: La Repiblik Sesel),
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seychelles
Seychelles
Contributors to Wikimedia projects51-64 minutes 5/27/2001
DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bix014, Show Details
Coordinates: 4°35′S 55°40′E / 4.583°S 55.667°E
Republic of Seychelles
République des Seychelles (French)
Repiblik Sesel (Seychellois)
[1]
Flag of Seychelles
Flag
Coat of arms of Seychelles
Coat of arms
Motto: “Finis Coronat Opus” (Latin)
“The End Crowns the Work”
Anthem: Koste Seselwa
Join together all Seychellois
Location of Seychelles (dark blue) – in Africa (light blue & dark grey) – in the African Union (light blue)
Location of Seychelles (dark blue)
– in Africa (light blue & dark grey)
– in the African Union (light blue)
Capital
and largest city
Victoria
4°37′S 55°27′E / 4.617°S 55.450°E
Official languages
English
French
Seychellois
Ethnic groups
93% Seychellois Creoles
3.0% British
1.8% French
0.5% Chinese
0.3% Indian
1.2% others
[citation needed]
Religion
89.2% Christianity
—76.2% Catholicism
—6.1% Anglicanism
—6.9% Other Christian
2.4% Hinduism
1.6% Islam
1.1% Others
0.9% None
4.8% Undeclared[2]
Demonym(s)
Seychellois
Seychelloise
Seselwa (Creole)
Government Unitary presidential republic
• President
Wavel Ramkalawan
• Vice-President
Ahmed Afif
Legislature Lasanble Nasyonal
Independence
from the United Kingdom
• Independence declared
29 June 1976
Area
• Total
459 km2 (177 sq mi) (181st)
• Water (%)
.
.
*👨🔬🕵️♀️🙇♀️*SKETCHES*🙇♂️👩🔬🕵️♂️*
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📚📖|/\-*WIKI-LINK*-/\|📖📚
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👈👈👈☜*“BLACK AFRICA”* ☞ 👉👉👉
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💕💝💖💓🖤💙🖤💙🖤💙🖤❤️💚💛🧡❣️💞💔💘❣️🧡💛💚❤️🖤💜🖤💙🖤💙🖤💗💖💝💘
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*🌈✨ *TABLE OF CONTENTS* ✨🌷*
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Seychelles Travel Guide
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► Multicultural, welcoming, harmonious. Information about the Seychelles people, their culture, religion, languages, and more.
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https://www.seyvillas.com/en/guide/at-a-glance/population
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What is the Population of the Seychelles?
The Seychelles has a population of approximately 108,000 people who mostly live on eight of the Seychelles' 115 islands. 90% of the population live on the main island of Mahé. The next-largest populations are on Praslin and La Digue respectively. In total, eight of the Seychelles' islands are permanently inhabited.
The Seychelles People: Multi-ethnic, Peaceful, Harmonious
90% of the population of the Seychelles are of Creole descent, usually from French colonial settlers and African slave labourers. Most of the remaining 10% of residents are of European origin.
Since their discovery, the Seychelles have attracted people from all over the world. The multi-ethnic roots of the Seychelles people stretch far and wide, including France, India, the UK, China, the Arab world, and other parts of Africa. Almost every imaginable ethnic and national group can be found in the cultural melting pot of the Seychelles, and each has left its own mark on the country's vibrant, peaceful society. Nowadays, all citizens enjoy equal footing, whether they are a descendent of slaves, adventurers, exiles, or pirates. Seychelles people therefore tend to have a wide range of skin colours.
21st-century Seychellois societal norms are similar to those in Europe. The modern-day Seychelles are also a rich country, especially compared to other African nations, and the GDP per capita is even higher than in some European countries.
The average age in the Seychelles is 33,1 years old, and the country enjoys a population growth rate of 0.8%. Those who travel to the Seychelles will often find that the locals are friendly towards foreigners, and generally helpful and courteous. The everyday pace of life is much slower in the Seychelles, however, so there is little of the familiar hustle and bustle of western cities on show.
What Languages do they speak in the Seychelles?
There are three official languages in the Seychelles: Creole, English, and French. The most common language spoken by the Seychellois population is their own Creole variant, Seychellois Creole, or Seselwa. This language is a mix of African languages such as Swahili and Malagasy, but with large French influences.
Religion in the Seychelles
The main religion in the Seychelles is Roman Catholicism, with 82% of the population belonging to this religion. Around 6.4% of the Seychellois are Anglican Christian, while the next-largest religions are Hinduism (2.4%) and Islam (1.6%). Around 2% also belong to a variety of smaller Christian churches such as the Adventists, or to the Bahai religion. (Figures from 2022).
Other Beliefs
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SOLUTION: Research on seychelles
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Seychelles ( (listen), ; French: [sɛʃɛl] or [seʃɛl]), officially the Republic ofSeychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: La Repiblik Sesel), is an
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Embassy of the Principality of Monaco to the United States of America
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FAQs
Frequently Asked Questions
1.What is the demonym of Monaco nationals?
2.What is the Constitution of Monaco?
3.Who is the Head of State of Monaco?
4.Who is the Head of Government of Monaco?
5.How are the Prince and His family to be addressed?
6.Why is the Head of State of this monarchy not a King?
7. Is a visa required to visit Monaco?
8. My passport will expire a month after my trip to Monaco ends, is that ok?
9. How is a work permit obtained to work in Monaco?
10. What is required to reside in Monaco?
11. What are the requirements for getting married in Monaco or getting married to a Monegasque citizen?
12. What should be done to create a business in Monaco?
13. What should a student do in order to attend a school or university in Monaco?
14. What languages are spoken in Monaco?
15. What time is it in Monaco right now?
16. What currency does Monaco use?
17. Since Monaco uses the Euro, does that mean Monaco is a member of the European Union?
18. What is Monte-Carlo?
1. What is the demonym of Monaco nationals?
Monaco nationals, who are subjects of His Serene Highness the Sovereign Prince, are called Monegasque, sometimes wrongly called Monacans. back to top
2. What is the Constitution of Monaco?
Monaco is a constitutional hereditary monarchy. back to top
3. Who is the Head of State of Monaco?
The Head of State of Monaco is the Sovereign Prince, His Serene Highness Prince Albert II of Monaco. back to top
4. Who is the Head of Government of Monaco?
The Chief of Government is the Minister of State, His Excellency Pierre Dartout. back to top
5. How are the Prince and His family to be addressed?
The Sovereign Prince: His Serene Highness Prince Albert II of Monaco
Princess Charlene: Her Serene Highness Princess Charlene of Monaco
Princess Caroline: Her Royal Highness Princess Caroline of Hanover
Princess Stephanie: Her Serene Highness Princess Stephanie of Monaco back to top
6. Why is the Head of State of this monarchy not a King?
Monaco is not a kingdom, it is a Principality and therefore the monarch is a Prince. back to top
7. Is a visa required to visit Monaco?
Whether or not you need a visa to visit Monaco depends upon the length of your visit as well as your citizenship.
Any person of foreign nationality who wishes to enter Monegasque territory and stay there for a period not exceeding three months must have a valid passport, travel document, or identity document required for entry into French territory.
Short Stays
A short stay is a stay in the Schengen area under 90 days or multiple stays totaling less than 90 days in a period of six months.
For short stays, European regulations determine the list of countries from which citizens are not required to have a visa to enter the Schengen area.
The Schengen area comprises of twenty-five European countries that have implemented the Schengen Agreement. The Schengen area facilitates travel between countries, treating the area as a single state with no internal border controls. All European Union members, with the exception of Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania, adhere to Schengen Agreement. In addition, Norway, Iceland, and Switzerland as non-EU members adhere to the Schengen Agreement. Ireland and the United Kingdom are also cooperating with the Schengen area.
A visa is waived for:
Citizens of the following countries: Albania*, Andorra, Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina*, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominica, El Salvador, Georgia, Grenada, Guatemala, Holy See, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Kiribati, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova*, Montenegro*, Nauru, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Serbia*, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Island, South Korea, Taiwan** Trinidad & Tobago, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela;
Holders of a residence or a travel document issued by a country which adheres to the Schengen Agreement: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
Holders of passports from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China and the Special Administrative Region of Macao of the People’s Republic of China;
Holders of a valid residence document in France;
* Travelers must possess a biometric passport.
** Visa-free regime if Passport issued by Taiwan contains an identity card number.
Long Stay
For information about a long stay more than 90 days) please refer to the question What is required to reside in Monaco (#10)?.
back to top
8. My passport will expire a month after my trip to Monaco ends, is that ok?
Your passport should be valid for at least 3 months upon the conclusion of your trip.
back to top
9. How is a work permit obtained to work in Monaco?
A foreigner cannot work in Monaco without a work permit and any change of employer or job description requires a new permit. The employer who wishes to employ or re-employ an employee of foreign nationality must first obtain written permission before the employee can take up his post. Permission can be refused if job seekers with priority in the eyes of Monegasque law have the same qualifications. To register as a job seeker, an identity card with a valid address or a valid residence permit must be presented.
The order of priority is as follows:
- People of Monegasque nationality
- Foreigners married to a Monegasque national and who are not legally separated, and foreigners born to a Monegasque parent
- Foreigners living in Monaco and who have already worked there
- Foreigners living in the surrounding area and are authorized to work there.
Employers are required to declare any job vacancies to the Employment Service, who within four days, will send them candidates for the position. In the absence of a candidate who has priority, the employer can propose an applicant.
The applicant must have :
- resident in the Principality: a valid Monegasque residence permit
- resident in France: a French identity card or a valid residence permit that authorizes him to work
- should he live neither in Monaco, or France, the applicant must conform to the regulations concerning the entry of foreigners. In this case, the employer must draw up contract of employment for a foreign worker. Following approval from the Employment Service, this contract will enable the visa required for entry into the Principality (for those outside the European Union) to be obtained from the consular authorities of the employee’s country of origin
In additionâ¦
1. Foreigners need a letter of appointment, in the form of an undertaking of employment stamped by the Employment Service, in order to obtain a residence permit issued by the Department of Public Safety.
2. For employees that are unknown in the Principality or who have stopped working for a period of 6 months, the agreement of the Department of Public Safety as well as the Occupational Health Office are necessary to obtain a work permit.
back to top
10. What is required to reside in Monaco?
Monaco does not provide visas. Please apply to the nearest French Consulate for a long stay visa to set up residence.
Please find hereafter the link to the website of the French Consulate in Washington DC, as an example of what documents are required:
http://www.consulfrance-washington.org/spip.php?article408#2-long-stay-visa-for-Monaco
After obtaining this visa, any foreigner over sixteen years of age has to apply for a Monegasque residence permit (“carte de séjour”) from the Residents Section of the Directorate of Public Security located at 3, rue Louis Notari in the Principality and must submit the documents listed below:
· an abstract of their legal record of their nationality, and an abstract of their legal record from the country their coming from ;
· A sworn statement stating that they have never been convicted ;
· a work document endorsed by the Employment Department of the Principality, or any other professional substantiating document, or a request for authorization to set up a business or a company, or a bank reference proving sufficient means of subsistence ;
· One recent photograph ;
· A rental contract or a certificate of accommodation (examined by the Ad-Hoc Commission) or a deed of ownership ;
· their passport.
Further information can be found on the Princely Government's website: "How to apply for a residence permit"
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11. What are the requirements for getting married in Monaco or getting married to a Monegasque citizen?
The Marriage Requirements in Monaco
The following is an unofficial translation of the French text published by the Civil registry Office at the Monaco Town Hall:
Under the provisions of Article 139 of the Civil Code of Monaco, the
marriage can be celebrated in Monaco on the express condition that one of
the future spouse has been a resident in the Principality for over a month
at least, before the publication of banns. (For more information on this subject, please contact the Embassy: info@monacodc.org)
You can find the list of documents to be provided at the information desk of the Department of Civil Status of the Municipality of Monaco.
To establish the record of marriage, one must have an appointment at the Department of Civil Status.
DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FROM EACH OF FUTURE SPOUSES:
- Certificate of Residence issued by:
. Public Security for the residents in Monaco: Residents of Section 3, rue Louis Notari, MC 98000 Monaco Tel: (+377) 93 15 30 17
. Service Nationality for people of Monegasque nationality Tel: (+377) 93 15 28 10
. City Hall's residence.
- Birth certificates (with affiliation) or act of notoriety (issued by Justice of Peace)
These documents must be prepared in full copy and dated less than 3 months from day of marriage.
Documents drawn up by the foreign authorities will be translated into French by a translator.
If you're Italian or French you must absolutely produce a birth certificate containing all the entries marginal.
NOTE: Acts of civil status entered on the records of the Municipality of Monaco do not have to be produced by the intending spouses.
SPECIAL CONDITIONS
Remarriage:
. In case of widowhood: the death certificate of previous spouse.
. In cases of divorce:
. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â a) For Italian nationals or French: birth certificate containing all the entries marginal (Marriage and Divorce).
. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â b) Other Nationality: certificate of finality of the court.
These documents must be registered with Fiscal Services of Monaco :
Address:
57, rue Grimaldi
MC 98000 Monaco
Tel: (+377) 39 15 80 00
Custom certificate or certificate of no impediment:
Document that governs the marriage laws in the country of origin issued by the Consul of the countries concerned (with the exception of French and Italian).
Military Career: Written permission from military authorities.
Plan Status (all rules governing marital property during marriage and at its
dissolution) the Monegasque legal system is the separation of property. If a marriage contract is drawn up by a notary certificate of the marriage
contract.
Minors: minors can marry without the consent of a parent given before the Officer of Civil Status or meet the notary before the wedding,
. If the father or mother is deceased (e) death certificate
. If there are no relatives or ancestors survivors consent of the family council
. Illegitimate child not recognized or no father and mother consent of the Board of Trust
. Children born outside marriage, birth of the child (born outside Monaco)
. Children born out of wedlock may be legitimated by the marriage of their parents. However, they must previously have been recognized by each of them.
Witnesses:
Photocopy of their identification
Witnesses, the number of minimum 2 and maximum of 4, will be 18 years old the day of marriage, regardless of gender, nationality or parentage and
present on the day of the ceremony, an identity.
Deadlines:
. if you are domiciled in Italy, a period of 2 months is required between the publication of banns and the wedding day,
. records must be filed in Town Hall, a month before the wedding date subject to publication deadline stipulated in the certificate of practice.
To establish the record of marriage you must make an appointment with the Department of Civil Status.
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12. What should be done to create a business in Monaco?
For information regarding the establishment of a business or of business activity in Monaco, please visit the official Website of the Government of Monaco:
http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909!/x13Gb?OpenDocument&Count=10000&InfoChap=%20Business%20area&13Gb
or contact the Monaco Business Office
9 rue du Gabian
+ 377 98 98 98 98
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13. What should a student do in order to attend a school or university in Monaco?
After obtaining a French Visa, any foreigner over sixteen years of age has to apply for a Monegasque residence permit (“carte de séjour”) from the Residents Section of the Directorate of Public Security located at 3, rue Louis Notari in the Principality and must submit the documents listed below:
· an abstract of their legal record of their nationality, and an abstract of their legal record from the country they are coming from ;
· a sworn statement stating that they have never been convicted ;
· a work document endorsed by the Employment Department of the Principality, or any other professional substantiating document, or a request for authorization to set up a business or a company, or a bank reference proving sufficient means of subsistence ;
· One recent photograph ;
· a rental contract or a certificate of accommodation (examined by the Ad-Hoc Commission) or a deed of ownership ;
· their passport.
Visit: http://www.education.gouv.mc/327/wwwnew.nsf/1909!/x5Fr?OpenDocument&5Fr for a complete list of the Educational Institutions of the Principality.
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14. What languages are spoken in Monaco?
French is the official language of the Principality of Monaco, English and Italian are also widely spoken and understood. Some people, including students, speak the original Monegasque language.
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15. What time is it in Monaco right now?
Monaco is six hours ahead of U.S. Eastern Standard Time, except for a couple of weeks following the changing of the clocks in the U.S. during the Spring and in the Winter in which Monaco is five hours ahead.
The current time in Monaco is: http://www.timeanddate.com/clocks/free.html?n=674
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16. What currency does Monaco use?
The official tender of Monaco is the Euro (â¬).
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17. Since Monaco uses the Euro, does that mean Monaco is a member of the European Union?
No, Monaco is not a member of the European Union; however like other states such as San Marino or Vatican City it does use the Euro.
The place of Monaco in each European Institutions:
For more information on Monaco's relationship with the European Union, visit the Monaco Government website: "Monaco and the European Union"
18. What is Monte-Carlo?
Monte-Carlo is the name of a district within Monaco, created in 1866 under Prince Charles III, which contains the internationally famous Casino, as well as other luxury hotels and leisure facilities.
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https://www.valeriodistefano.com/en/wp/s/Seychelles.htm
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Seychelles
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A Wikipedia for Schools article about Seychelles. Content checked by SOS Children's Villages
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http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/s/Seychelles.htm
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Seychelles ( / s eɪ ˈ ʃ ɛ l z / say-SHELZ; French: [sɛʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is a 115- island country spanning an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, some 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles, with an estimated population of 86,525, has the smallest population of any African state. It has the highest Human Development Index in Africa and the highest income inequality in the world, as measured by the Gini index.
History
Scholars assume that Austronesian seafarers and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles. Remains of Maldivian mariner presence from the 12th century were found in Silhouette Island. The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral).
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV's Minister of Finance.
The British contested control over the islands between 1794 and 1810. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections were held in 1966 and 1970. Independence was granted in 1976 as a republic within the Commonwealth. In 1977, a coup d'état ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham, who was replaced by France Albert René. The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991. The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.
In January 2013, the country declared a state of emergency; the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundred of houses.
Politics
The Seychelles president, who is head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The previous president, France Albert René, first came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president in 1977 and installed him as president, one year after independence. He was re-elected thereafter during each election cycle. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006. Michel was reelected in 2011 in an election declared to be free and fair by over 100 international observers representing southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Indian Ocean Commission, although the opposition parties claim that there was vote-buying.
The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
The main rival parties are the ruling socialist Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF). As of 2009 the SPPF became the People's Party (PP) or Parti Lepep (LP) and the liberal democrat Seychelles National Party (SNP). Politics has been an integral part of the lives of the Seychellois since its inception in the early sixties. The range of opinion spans socialist and liberal democratic ideology.
Seychelles is part of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), La Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Seychelles performed excellently on the 2010 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, ranking second out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries, with an overall score of 79 out of 100, second only to Mauritius, which received a score of 83. Particularly good were its scores in Safety and Security, Participation and Human Rights, and Human Development. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance, based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.
Subdivisions
Seychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions that comprise all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé with two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also includes respective satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands are not considered part of any district.
Mahé
Bel Air
La Rivière Anglaise (English River)
Les Mamelles
Mont Buxton
Mont Fleuri
Plaisance
Roche Caiman
Saint Louis
Victoria
Anse aux Pins
Anse Boileau
Anse Etoile
Au Cap
Anse Royale
Baie Lazare
Beau Vallon
Bel Ombre
Cascade
Glacis
Grand'Anse Mahé
Pointe La Rue
Port Glaud
Takamaka
Praslin
Baie Sainte Anne (Anse Volbert)
Grand'Anse Praslin (Grande Anse)
La Digue and remaining Inner Islands
La Digue (Anse Réunion)
Education
Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles; the Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys' and girls' secondary schools with religious Brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944. A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age five. Ninety percent of all children attend nursery school at age four.
The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 85% in 1991.
Currently the public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. The schools are on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. There are three private schools: École Française, International School and the Independent school. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, National Institute of Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Centre, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Centre and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.
The current administration has advanced plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred. University of Seychelles, initiated in conjunction with the University of London, is launching education programmes which will include teaching and lead to the award of the recognised qualifications from the University of London.
Geography
An island nation, Seychelles is located to the northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (994 mi) east of Kenya. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155. The islands as per the Constitution are divided into groups as follows.
There are 42 granitic islands, in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette Island, La Digue, Curieuse, Felicite, Frégate, Ste-Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Île aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Île Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé), Chauve Souris (Praslin), Île La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics: Denis and Bird.
There are two coral islands south of the granitics: Coëtivy and Platte.
There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitics: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnoeufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Etoile, Bijoutier.
There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable Déposés Île aux Goëlettes Lapins Île du Milieu North Manaha South Manaha Middle Manaha North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.
There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Emile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Heron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption Island, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goëlettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).
According to the president of Nauru, the Seychelles has been ranked the ninth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change.
Climate
The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small. The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation is somewhat less on the other islands. During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
Climate data for Victoria ( Seychelles International Airport) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6) 30.4
(86.7) 31.0
(87.8) 31.4
(88.5) 30.5
(86.9) 29.1
(84.4) 28.3
(82.9) 28.4
(83.1) 29.1
(84.4) 29.6
(85.3) 30.1
(86.2) 30.0
(86) 29.8
(85.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 27.3
(81.1) 27.8
(82) 28.0
(82.4) 27.7
(81.9) 26.6
(79.9) 25.8
(78.4) 25.9
(78.6) 26.4
(79.5) 26.7
(80.1) 26.8
(80.2) 26.7
(80.1) 26.9
(80.4) Average low °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4) 24.6
(76.3) 24.8
(76.6) 25.0
(77) 25.4
(77.7) 24.6
(76.3) 23.9
(75) 23.9
(75) 24.2
(75.6) 24.3
(75.7) 24.0
(75.2) 23.9
(75) 24.4
(75.9) Precipitation mm (inches) 379
(14.92) 262
(10.31) 167
(6.57) 177
(6.97) 124
(4.88) 63
(2.48) 80
(3.15) 97
(3.82) 121
(4.76) 206
(8.11) 215
(8.46) 281
(11.06) 2,172
(85.49) Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 17 11 11 14 11 10 10 10 11 12 14 18 149 % humidity 82 80 79 80 79 79 80 79 78 79 80 82 79.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 153.3 175.5 210.5 227.8 252.8 232.0 230.5 230.7 227.7 220.7 195.7 170.5 2,527.7 Source #1: World Meteorological Organization Source #2: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Economy
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla, and copra were the chief exports. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist Donald Prell prepared for the then crown colony Governor General, an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. In 1964–65 the Seychelles connection to the outside world consisted of (1) excellent telegraphic service, (2) weekly seaplane service from Mombasa, Kenya, and (3) a monthly visit of the 10,304 ton British India Line's passenger ship M.S. Kampala. Mahé, Seychelles was a stopover port on the ship's round trip voyage from Mombasa, to Bombay. The island's population of 47,000 was about half of what it grew to be in 2011. In 1964, the major sources of funds supporting the island's economy included: (1) Agricultural exports, Rs. 8,660,000, (2) Grants in aid and other funding from British government, Rs. 2,920,000, (3) Funding from the United States covering the operating cost of the Indian Ocean Tracking Station, (part of the US Air Force Satellite Control Network), Rs. 4,500,000, (4) Invisible exports (funds received from sources outside the Seychelles) including, pensions and allotments to retired British expatriates, bank transfers from abroad, and miscellaneous purchases,), Rs. 3,260,000, and (5) Tourism, Rs. 860,000. The total value of imports (including freight, insurance) and miscellaneous funds transferred abroad, totalled Rs. 16,500,000, resulting in a surplus to the economy of Rs. 3,700,000. The report recommended establishing a Seychelles Development Corporation. The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé, was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.
In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a serious industry, basically dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles.
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla. The prime agricultural products currently produced in the Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts, and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon, and vanilla are the main export commodities of the islands.
In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC. Despite its growth, the vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991–1992 due largely to the Gulf War. Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Seychelles International Business Authority (SIBA) and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others).
Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs, and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, insurance (has now been privatised), banking (is being privatised very soon), imports of basic products (now being privatised), telecommunications (four private ISP/telecom companies), and a wide range of other businesses.
The national currency of the Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies it was depegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.
Demographics
When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the Gran'bla ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on indentured servitude to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were confined to a merchant class. Today the descendents of the Indian, Chinese, and Gran'bla form distinct ethnic communities, although most people are of 'black' African origin, often mixed with 'white' European or Asian heritage.
As the islands of Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of people who have immigrated. The largest ethnic groups are those of African, French, Indian, and Chinese descent. French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is primarily based upon French.
According to the 2002 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 82.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.4% are Anglican, and 4.5% are of other Christian denominations. There are small minorities who practice Hinduism (2.1%) and Islam (1.1%). Other non-Christian faiths account for 1.5% of the population while a further 2.1% were non-religious or did not specify a religion. The median age of Seychellois is 32 years.
Culture
Seychellois society is essentially matriarchal. Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditures and looking after the interests of the children. Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children. Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral. Older women can usually count on financial support from family members living at home or contributions from the earnings of grown children.
The music of Seychelles is diverse. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation—such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau), European contredanse, polka and mazurka, French folk and pop, sega from Mauritius and Réunion, taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres, and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music. A complex form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga.
Traditionally, despite a greater connection with Great Britain (e.g., in education, which follows the International General Certificate of Education (IGCSE), and on many aspects of the law) many foreign observers have stated that "the culture remains emphatically French" and about 70% of the population have a family name of French origin, compared with only about 20% family names of English origin. The two are often mixed, such that inhabitants receive an English first name and a French family name or vice-versa (e.g., Jean-Pierre Kingsmith).
Flora and fauna
Environmental legislation is very strict, and every tourism project must undergo an environmental review and a lengthy process of consultations with the public and conservationists. The Seychelles is a world leader in sustainable tourism. The end result of this sustainable development is an intact and stable natural environment, which attracts financially strong visitors (150,000 in 2007) rather than short-term mass tourism. Since 1993 a law guarantees the citizens the right to a clean environment and at the same time obliges them to protect this environment. The country holds a record for the highest percentage of land under natural conservation—nearly 50% of the total land area.
Like many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity during early human history, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de Mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because of the shape of its fruit which, with the husk removed, presents a "double" coconut resembling buttocks, the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed pods. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant in a genus of its own (Medusagynaceae) has resisted all efforts to propagate it. Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia Rothmannia annae found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and 5 species of hermit crabs live on the islands.
The Aldabra Giant Tortoise now populates many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. It has been reported that the granitic islands of Seychelles supported distinct species of Seychelles giant tortoises; the status of the different populations is currently unclear.
There are several unique varieties of orchids on the islands.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world. In the outer islands Aldabra and Cosmoledo are home to the largest numbers. In granitic Seychelles the largest numbers are on Aride Island including the world's largest numbers of two species.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has unfortunately damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (e.g., Silhouette Island).
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d). In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).
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Seychelles Political History and Governance
Seychelles Political History and Governance,
Economy, Corruption, Society and Environment.
____________________
Author
Seth Avery
Copyright Notice
All-right reserved Dany Beck Paper Shop
Copyright 2017
DANY BECK PAPER SHOP Adopted the policy and rule of Digital Right Management, and acted in accordance under which this title is being published, as we work had to provide you a quality book of this kind. We urged an interested person to avoid any abusive use of this book and help to protect its publishing right, as you are being served.
First Printing: 2017
ISBN: 978-1-365-72044-4
Printed in the United States of America
Publisher by DANY BECK PAPER SHOP.
Rue 14 PK Port 123 Abobo Abidjan, Face La Marie
Seychelles Political History and Governance
Introduction
The Seychelles is a stable democracy with presidential and parliamentary elections held once every five years.
In the relatively short history of the Seychelles Islands, it was both a French and British colony. It gained the status of Crown colony in 1903 and by 1976 became an independent Republic with Sir James Mancham as its first democratically elected President. However in 1977, Mancham was deposed and his then Prime Minister France Albert René became President. Under President René’s leadership Seychelles was a one-party Socialist Republic state. The multi-party system in Seychelles was restored only in the mid-1990’s.
In 2004, after 27 years as President, France Albert René handed over the presidency to his Vice President Jame Alix Michel. President James Michel was formally elected into office in 2006 and re-elected in 2011.
Of the country’s notable achievements- Seychelles ranks Very High and is first in Africa in terms of Human Development Index (HDI was 0. 806 in 2012)
The World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators show that in most dimensions of governance (political stability, government effectiveness, rule of law and control of corruption), Seychelles is above the 50 percentile rank amongst the 212 countries surveyed in 2009. The 2010 Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governances shows that between 2008 and 2009, Seychelles improved its score from 77. 0 to 78. 5 (out of 100).
Geography
Located in the Indian Ocean north-east of Madagascar and 1600 km east of Kenya, the Seychelles archipelago is group of 115 granitic and coralline islands, many of which are uninhabited.
Seychelles has a total area of 455 km² making it the smallest country in Africa. The principal islands are Mahé, Praslin, and La Digue.
The Amirantes, Farquhar and Aldabra group of islands are corral islands and the UNESCO World Heritage site Aldabra is the world’s largest raised coral atoll.
Coastal temperatures remain fairly constant at about 27°C throughout the year but humidity levels tend to remain high. High winds and extreme weather patterns are rare, however heavy rainfall and flooding have known to occur after tropical storms in the neighboring regions.
Demographics
In 2012, the population of Seychelles was estimated at 88303. The mainland of Mahe is the most populated with more than 90% of the population living on Mahe and followed by Praslin and La Digue.
The islands’ history has a notable impact on the island natives. Seychelloise are usually of mixed descent of the original French, African, Indian and Chinese settlers and also include those who have immigrated to the islands.
Christianity is the most predominant religion with nearly 88% Roman Catholics. There are minority religions that practice Hinduism, Islam, Bahai’ and other teachings. The official languages are English, French and Seychellois Creole which has its roots tied to French and other African dialects.
Economy
Alt text for sample image
The main pillars of the Seychelles’ economy are tourism and fishing. The tourism sector employs about 30% of the labour force, however global trends play a critical role in the steady influx of visitors. Thus, the Government is encouraging the small population to branch out into other sectors including Offshore banking, farming and small-scale manufacturing.
The public sector drives the economy and accounts for more than 40% of GDP. The government controls the importation, licensing and distribution of virtually all goods and services and exercises significant control over all sectors of the economy. However, in 2005 and 2006 it implemented several measures aimed at liberalising trade and privatising state-owned entities.
Seychelles exports canned tuna, frozen fish, cinnamon bark, copra and petroleum products. It imports machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products and chemicals. Its major trading partners are United Kingdom, France, Spain, Japan, Italy, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and South Africa. The currency of Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee (SCR).
Despite having one of the highest per capita incomes in Africa, Seychelles is vulnerable economically, due to its small size, isolation, limited natural resources and dependence on tourism, which accounts for the bulk of foreign-exchange earnings. Though tourism worldwide grew strongly during the 1990s, and cheaper long-haul flights made destinations such as Seychelles more accessible, the industry became increasingly competitive. Imports needed for tourism were in large part responsible for the country’s trade deficit. GDP grew by 1. 4 per cent p. a. 1979–89.
Consequently, the government made efforts to diversify the economy, encouraging farming, fishing and manufacturing in the whole country including the outer islands. State-owned and parastatal enterprises accounted in the mid-1990s for more than half of GDP and some privatisation of state enterprises was under way during the 1990s. By the late 1990s, there was good growth for several years, and canned tuna became the major export.
But the economy underwent a small overall decline during 2001–04, before growth strengthened to seven to ten per cent in 2005–07, as a result of increased foreign direct investment and tourism receipts. Then, in 2008, in the teeth of the world economic downturn, the economy stalled and Seychelles turned to the IMF for emergency support. With a sharp fall in tourism income and cuts in public expenditure, GDP shrank by 2. 1 per cent in 2008 and by 1. 1 per cent in 2009. However, in response to economic reforms initiated in late November 2008, in 2010–11 the economy bounced back, with two years of strong growth, followed by good steady growth in 2012–15.
History
Although visited by Phoenicians, Malays and Arabs, and used in the 16th century by the Portuguese as a stopover point, the Seychelles remained largely uninhabited until the 17th century.
Pirates and privateers set up bases on the islands and in 1741 the Governor of Mauritius (then called Île de France) sent Lazare Picault to explore them. The French claimed possession of the islands in 1756 and French settlers from Mauritius, with their African slaves, began to arrive from 1770.
British attempts to take possession in the late 18th century were confounded by
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A Wikipedia for Schools article about Seychelles. Content checked by SOS Children's Villages
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http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/s/Seychelles.htm
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Seychelles ( / s eɪ ˈ ʃ ɛ l z / say-SHELZ; French: [sɛʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is a 115- island country spanning an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, some 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles, with an estimated population of 86,525, has the smallest population of any African state. It has the highest Human Development Index in Africa and the highest income inequality in the world, as measured by the Gini index.
History
Scholars assume that Austronesian seafarers and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles. Remains of Maldivian mariner presence from the 12th century were found in Silhouette Island. The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral).
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV's Minister of Finance.
The British contested control over the islands between 1794 and 1810. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections were held in 1966 and 1970. Independence was granted in 1976 as a republic within the Commonwealth. In 1977, a coup d'état ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham, who was replaced by France Albert René. The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991. The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.
In January 2013, the country declared a state of emergency; the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundred of houses.
Politics
The Seychelles president, who is head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The previous president, France Albert René, first came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president in 1977 and installed him as president, one year after independence. He was re-elected thereafter during each election cycle. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006. Michel was reelected in 2011 in an election declared to be free and fair by over 100 international observers representing southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Indian Ocean Commission, although the opposition parties claim that there was vote-buying.
The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
The main rival parties are the ruling socialist Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF). As of 2009 the SPPF became the People's Party (PP) or Parti Lepep (LP) and the liberal democrat Seychelles National Party (SNP). Politics has been an integral part of the lives of the Seychellois since its inception in the early sixties. The range of opinion spans socialist and liberal democratic ideology.
Seychelles is part of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), La Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Seychelles performed excellently on the 2010 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, ranking second out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries, with an overall score of 79 out of 100, second only to Mauritius, which received a score of 83. Particularly good were its scores in Safety and Security, Participation and Human Rights, and Human Development. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance, based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.
Subdivisions
Seychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions that comprise all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé with two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also includes respective satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands are not considered part of any district.
Mahé
Bel Air
La Rivière Anglaise (English River)
Les Mamelles
Mont Buxton
Mont Fleuri
Plaisance
Roche Caiman
Saint Louis
Victoria
Anse aux Pins
Anse Boileau
Anse Etoile
Au Cap
Anse Royale
Baie Lazare
Beau Vallon
Bel Ombre
Cascade
Glacis
Grand'Anse Mahé
Pointe La Rue
Port Glaud
Takamaka
Praslin
Baie Sainte Anne (Anse Volbert)
Grand'Anse Praslin (Grande Anse)
La Digue and remaining Inner Islands
La Digue (Anse Réunion)
Education
Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles; the Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys' and girls' secondary schools with religious Brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944. A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age five. Ninety percent of all children attend nursery school at age four.
The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 85% in 1991.
Currently the public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. The schools are on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. There are three private schools: École Française, International School and the Independent school. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, National Institute of Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Centre, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Centre and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.
The current administration has advanced plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred. University of Seychelles, initiated in conjunction with the University of London, is launching education programmes which will include teaching and lead to the award of the recognised qualifications from the University of London.
Geography
An island nation, Seychelles is located to the northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (994 mi) east of Kenya. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155. The islands as per the Constitution are divided into groups as follows.
There are 42 granitic islands, in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette Island, La Digue, Curieuse, Felicite, Frégate, Ste-Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Île aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Île Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé), Chauve Souris (Praslin), Île La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics: Denis and Bird.
There are two coral islands south of the granitics: Coëtivy and Platte.
There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitics: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnoeufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Etoile, Bijoutier.
There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable Déposés Île aux Goëlettes Lapins Île du Milieu North Manaha South Manaha Middle Manaha North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.
There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Emile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Heron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption Island, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goëlettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).
According to the president of Nauru, the Seychelles has been ranked the ninth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change.
Climate
The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small. The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation is somewhat less on the other islands. During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
Climate data for Victoria ( Seychelles International Airport) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6) 30.4
(86.7) 31.0
(87.8) 31.4
(88.5) 30.5
(86.9) 29.1
(84.4) 28.3
(82.9) 28.4
(83.1) 29.1
(84.4) 29.6
(85.3) 30.1
(86.2) 30.0
(86) 29.8
(85.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 27.3
(81.1) 27.8
(82) 28.0
(82.4) 27.7
(81.9) 26.6
(79.9) 25.8
(78.4) 25.9
(78.6) 26.4
(79.5) 26.7
(80.1) 26.8
(80.2) 26.7
(80.1) 26.9
(80.4) Average low °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4) 24.6
(76.3) 24.8
(76.6) 25.0
(77) 25.4
(77.7) 24.6
(76.3) 23.9
(75) 23.9
(75) 24.2
(75.6) 24.3
(75.7) 24.0
(75.2) 23.9
(75) 24.4
(75.9) Precipitation mm (inches) 379
(14.92) 262
(10.31) 167
(6.57) 177
(6.97) 124
(4.88) 63
(2.48) 80
(3.15) 97
(3.82) 121
(4.76) 206
(8.11) 215
(8.46) 281
(11.06) 2,172
(85.49) Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 17 11 11 14 11 10 10 10 11 12 14 18 149 % humidity 82 80 79 80 79 79 80 79 78 79 80 82 79.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 153.3 175.5 210.5 227.8 252.8 232.0 230.5 230.7 227.7 220.7 195.7 170.5 2,527.7 Source #1: World Meteorological Organization Source #2: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Economy
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla, and copra were the chief exports. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist Donald Prell prepared for the then crown colony Governor General, an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. In 1964–65 the Seychelles connection to the outside world consisted of (1) excellent telegraphic service, (2) weekly seaplane service from Mombasa, Kenya, and (3) a monthly visit of the 10,304 ton British India Line's passenger ship M.S. Kampala. Mahé, Seychelles was a stopover port on the ship's round trip voyage from Mombasa, to Bombay. The island's population of 47,000 was about half of what it grew to be in 2011. In 1964, the major sources of funds supporting the island's economy included: (1) Agricultural exports, Rs. 8,660,000, (2) Grants in aid and other funding from British government, Rs. 2,920,000, (3) Funding from the United States covering the operating cost of the Indian Ocean Tracking Station, (part of the US Air Force Satellite Control Network), Rs. 4,500,000, (4) Invisible exports (funds received from sources outside the Seychelles) including, pensions and allotments to retired British expatriates, bank transfers from abroad, and miscellaneous purchases,), Rs. 3,260,000, and (5) Tourism, Rs. 860,000. The total value of imports (including freight, insurance) and miscellaneous funds transferred abroad, totalled Rs. 16,500,000, resulting in a surplus to the economy of Rs. 3,700,000. The report recommended establishing a Seychelles Development Corporation. The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé, was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.
In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a serious industry, basically dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles.
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla. The prime agricultural products currently produced in the Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts, and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon, and vanilla are the main export commodities of the islands.
In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC. Despite its growth, the vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991–1992 due largely to the Gulf War. Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Seychelles International Business Authority (SIBA) and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others).
Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs, and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, insurance (has now been privatised), banking (is being privatised very soon), imports of basic products (now being privatised), telecommunications (four private ISP/telecom companies), and a wide range of other businesses.
The national currency of the Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies it was depegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.
Demographics
When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the Gran'bla ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on indentured servitude to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were confined to a merchant class. Today the descendents of the Indian, Chinese, and Gran'bla form distinct ethnic communities, although most people are of 'black' African origin, often mixed with 'white' European or Asian heritage.
As the islands of Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of people who have immigrated. The largest ethnic groups are those of African, French, Indian, and Chinese descent. French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is primarily based upon French.
According to the 2002 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 82.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.4% are Anglican, and 4.5% are of other Christian denominations. There are small minorities who practice Hinduism (2.1%) and Islam (1.1%). Other non-Christian faiths account for 1.5% of the population while a further 2.1% were non-religious or did not specify a religion. The median age of Seychellois is 32 years.
Culture
Seychellois society is essentially matriarchal. Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditures and looking after the interests of the children. Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children. Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral. Older women can usually count on financial support from family members living at home or contributions from the earnings of grown children.
The music of Seychelles is diverse. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation—such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau), European contredanse, polka and mazurka, French folk and pop, sega from Mauritius and Réunion, taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres, and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music. A complex form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga.
Traditionally, despite a greater connection with Great Britain (e.g., in education, which follows the International General Certificate of Education (IGCSE), and on many aspects of the law) many foreign observers have stated that "the culture remains emphatically French" and about 70% of the population have a family name of French origin, compared with only about 20% family names of English origin. The two are often mixed, such that inhabitants receive an English first name and a French family name or vice-versa (e.g., Jean-Pierre Kingsmith).
Flora and fauna
Environmental legislation is very strict, and every tourism project must undergo an environmental review and a lengthy process of consultations with the public and conservationists. The Seychelles is a world leader in sustainable tourism. The end result of this sustainable development is an intact and stable natural environment, which attracts financially strong visitors (150,000 in 2007) rather than short-term mass tourism. Since 1993 a law guarantees the citizens the right to a clean environment and at the same time obliges them to protect this environment. The country holds a record for the highest percentage of land under natural conservation—nearly 50% of the total land area.
Like many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity during early human history, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de Mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because of the shape of its fruit which, with the husk removed, presents a "double" coconut resembling buttocks, the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed pods. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant in a genus of its own (Medusagynaceae) has resisted all efforts to propagate it. Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia Rothmannia annae found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and 5 species of hermit crabs live on the islands.
The Aldabra Giant Tortoise now populates many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. It has been reported that the granitic islands of Seychelles supported distinct species of Seychelles giant tortoises; the status of the different populations is currently unclear.
There are several unique varieties of orchids on the islands.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world. In the outer islands Aldabra and Cosmoledo are home to the largest numbers. In granitic Seychelles the largest numbers are on Aride Island including the world's largest numbers of two species.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has unfortunately damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (e.g., Silhouette Island).
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d). In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).
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SEYCHELLES
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Geography The country of Seychelles is an archipelago made up of 116 islands resting in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa. The country of Seychelles is only 2.5 times the size of...
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SEYCHELLES
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http://seychellesworldenglishes.weebly.com/
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Seychelles at a Glance
Geography
The country of Seychelles is an archipelago made up of 116 islands resting
in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa. The country of Seychelles is only 2.5 times the size of Washington D.C. and its capitol Victoria is the smallest capital city in record.The land consists of lush tropical vegetation, white sand beaches, and coral
reef atolls. The weather on Seychelles is consistently warm and humid with rain fall averaging from 90 to 140 inches a year. The island is also home to many rare
species of animal including giant tortoises, rare game fish, and exotic birds.
Political Map of Seychelles (Word Press)
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Free Travelogue
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Travel and GeoData repository
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Official name
Republic of Seychelles | Wikipedia
Capital
Victoria | Map
Continent
Africa
Location
-4.5833° Lat, 55.6667° Lon | Map
Code
SC
Time Zone
Indian/Mahe (+04, +0400)
Current Time
Related
Regions
Africa / Sub-Saharan Africa / Eastern Africa
Area
455 km2
Population
88,340
Currency
SCR (Seychellois rupee) • ₨1 = 100 Cent
$1 = 14.4039528096 (Jan. 15, 2024, 6:59 p.m.)
₨ = $
Demonym
Seychellois (sing.); Seychellois (pl.)
Language(s)
English, French | en-SC,fr-SC
Phone, TLD
248, .sc
Electrical
240V, 50Hz, Connector type(s): G
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Country in Southern Africa
Sotho Person Mosotho People Basotho Language Sesotho Country Lesotho
Lesotho ( lih-SOO-too,[6][7] Sotho pronunciation: [lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ]), formally the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. As an enclave of South Africa, with which it shares a 1,106 km (687 mi) border,[8] it is the largest sovereign enclave in the world, and the only one outside of the Italian Peninsula. It is situated in the Maloti Mountains and contains the highest peak in Southern Africa.[9] It has an area of over 30,000 km2 (11,600 sq mi) and has a population of about two million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru. The country is also known by the nickname The Mountain Kingdom.[10]
The Sotho ethnic group (also known as Basotho), from which the country derives its name, composes 99.7% of the country's current population, making it one of the most ethnically homogenous in the world. Their native language, Sesotho, is the official language along with English. The name Lesotho translates to "land of the Sesotho speakers".[11][12]
Lesotho was formed in 1824 by King Moshoeshoe I. Continuous encroachments by Dutch settlers made the King enter into an agreement with the British Empire to become a protectorate in 1868 and, in 1884, a crown colony. It achieved independence in 1966, and was subsequently ruled by the Basotho National Party (BNP) for two decades. Its constitutional government was restored in 1993 after seven years of military rule. King Moshoeshoe II was exiled in 1990 but returned in 1992 and was reinstated in 1995. One year later, Moshoeshoe II died and his son Letsie III took the throne, which he still holds.[8]
Lesotho is considered a lower middle income country with significant socioeconomic challenges. Almost half of its population is below the poverty line, and the country's HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is the second-highest in the world. However, it also targets a high rate of universal primary education and has one of the highest rates of literacy in Africa (81.02% as of 2021). Lesotho is a member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Commonwealth of Nations, the African Union, and the Southern African Development Community. According to 2023 V-Dem Democracy indices, Lesotho is ranked 64th electoral democracy worldwide and 7th electoral democracy in Africa.[13]
History
[edit]
Main article: History of Lesotho
Basutoland
[edit]
Basutoland emerged as a single polity under King Moshoeshoe I in 1822. Moshoeshoe, a son of Mokhachane, a minor chief of the Bakoteli lineage, formed his own clan and became a chief around 1804. Between 1820 and 1823, he and his followers settled at the Butha-Buthe Mountain, joining with former adversaries in resistance against the Lifaqane associated with the reign of Shaka Zulu from 1818 to 1828.
Further evolution of the state emerged from conflicts between British and Dutch colonists leaving the Cape Colony following its seizure from the French-allied Dutch by the British in 1795, and also from the Orange River Sovereignty and subsequent Orange Free State. Missionaries Thomas Arbousset, Eugène Casalis and Constant Gosselin from the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, invited by Moshoeshoe I, were placed at Morija, developing Sesotho orthography and printed works in the Sesotho language between 1837 and 1855. Casalis, acting as translator and providing advice on foreign affairs, helped set up diplomatic channels and acquire guns for use against the encroaching Europeans and the Griqua people.
Trekboers from Cape Colony arrived on the western borders of Basutoland and claimed rights to its land, the first of which being Jan de Winnaar who settled in the Matlakeng area in 1838. Incoming Boers attempted to colonise the land between the two rivers and north of the Caledon, claiming that it had been abandoned by the Sotho people. Moshoeshoe subsequently signed a treaty with the British Governor of the Cape Colony, Sir George Thomas Napier, that annexed the Orange River Sovereignty where Boers had settled. These outraged Boers were suppressed in a skirmish in 1848. In 1851, a British force was defeated by the Basotho army at the city of Kolonyama. After repelling another British attack in 1852, Moshoeshoe sent an appeal to the British commander that settled the dispute diplomatically, and then defeated the Batlokoa in 1853. In 1854, the British pulled out of the region, and in 1858, Moshoeshoe fought a series of wars with the Boers in what is known as the Free State–Basotho War. As a result, Moshoeshoe lost a portion of the western lowlands. The last war with the Boers ended in 1867 when Moshoeshoe appealed to Queen Victoria who agreed to make Basutoland a British protectorate in 1868.
In 1869, the British signed a treaty at Aliwal North with the Boers that defined the boundaries of Basutoland. This treaty reduced Moshoeshoe's kingdom to half its previous size by ceding the western territories. Then, the British transferred functions from Moshoeshoe's capital in Thaba Bosiu to a police camp on the northwest border, Maseru, until eventually the administration of Basutoland was transferred to the Cape Colony in 1871. Moshoeshoe died on 11 March 1870, marking the beginning of the colonial era of Basutoland. In the Cape Colony period between 1871 and 1884, Basutoland was treated similarly to other territories that had been forcibly annexed, much to the humiliation of the Basotho, leading to the Basuto Gun War in 1880–1881.[14][15] In 1884, the territory became a Crown colony by the name of Basutoland, with Maseru as its capital. It remained under direct rule by a governor, while effective internal power was wielded by tribal chiefs. In 1905, a railway line was built to connect Maseru to the railway network of South Africa.
Independence
[edit]
Basutoland gained its independence from the United Kingdom and became the Kingdom of Lesotho in 1966.[16] The Basotho National Party (BNP) ruled from 1966 until January 1970. What later ensued was a de facto government led by Leabua Jonathan.
In January 1970, the ruling BNP lost the first post-independence general elections, with 23 seats to the Basotho Congress Party's (BCP) 36. Prime Minister Jonathan refused to cede power to BCP, instead declaring himself prime minister and imprisoning the BCP leadership. BCP began a rebellion and then received training in Libya for its Lesotho Liberation Army (LLA) under the pretense of being Azanian People's Liberation Army soldiers of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). Deprived of arms and supplies by the David Sibeko faction of PAC in 1978, the 178-strong LLA was rescued from their Tanzanian base by the financial assistance of a Maoist PAC officer and launched a guerrilla war. A force was defeated in northern Lesotho, and later guerrillas launched more sporadic attacks. The campaign was compromised when BCP's leader, Ntsu Mokhehle, went to Pretoria. In the 1980s, some Basotho who sympathised with the exiled BCP were threatened with death and attacked by the government of Leabua Jonathan. On 4 September 1981, the family of Benjamin Masilo was attacked. In the attack his 3-year-old grandson died. Four days later, Edgar Mahlomola Motuba, the editor of the newspaper Leselinyana la Lesotho, was abducted from his home, together with two friends, and murdered.
After Jonathan was sacked in a 1986 coup, the Transitional Military Council that came to power granted executive powers to King Moshoeshoe II, who was until then a ceremonial monarch. In 1987 the king was forced into exile after coming up with a 6-page memorandum on how he wanted the Lesotho's constitution to be, which would have given him more executive powers than the military government had originally agreed to. His son was installed as King Letsie III in his place.
The chairman of the military junta, Major General Justin Metsing Lekhanya, was ousted in 1991 and replaced by Major General Elias Phisoana Ramaema who handed over power to a democratically elected government of BCP in 1993. Moshoeshoe II returned from exile in 1992 as an ordinary citizen. After the return to democratic government, King Letsie III tried unsuccessfully to persuade the BCP government to reinstate his father (Moshoeshoe II) as head of state. In August 1994, Letsie III staged a military-backed coup that deposed the BCP government, after the BCP government refused to reinstate his father, Moshoeshoe II, according to Lesotho's constitution. Member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) engaged in negotiations to reinstate the BCP government. One of the conditions Letsie III put forward for this was that his father should be re-installed as head of state. After protracted negotiations, the BCP government was reinstated and Letsie III abdicated in favour of his father in 1995, and ascended the throne again when Moshoeshoe II died at the age of 57 in a supposed road accident when his car plunged off a mountain road on 15 January 1996. According to a government statement, Moshoeshoe had set out at 1 am to visit his cattle at Matsieng and was returning to Maseru through the Maluti Mountains when his car left the road.[17]
In 1997, the ruling BCP split over leadership disputes. Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle formed a new party, the Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD), and was followed by a majority of members of parliament, which enabled him to form a new government. Pakalitha Mosisili succeeded Mokhehle as party leader and LCD won the general elections in 1998. Opposition protests "intensified", culminating in a demonstration outside the royal palace in August 1998. While the Botswana Defence Force troops were welcomed, tensions with South African National Defence Force troops resulted in fighting. Incidences of rioting "intensified" when South African troops hoisted a South African flag over the Royal Palace. By the time the SADC forces withdrew in May 1999, much of the capital of Maseru "lay in ruins", and the southern provincial capital towns of Mafeteng and Mohale's Hoek had lost over a third of their commercial real estate.
An Interim Political Authority (IPA), charged with reviewing the electoral structure in the country, was created in December 1998. IPA devised a proportional electoral system to ensure that the opposition would be represented in the National Assembly. The new system retained the existing 80 elected Assembly seats, and added 40 seats to be filled on a proportional basis. Elections were held under this new system in May 2002, and LCD won, gaining 54% of the vote. There are irregularities and threats of violence from Major General Lekhanya. Nine opposition parties hold all 40 of the proportional seats, with BNP having the largest share (21). LCD has 79 of the 80 constituency-based seats.[18] While its elected members participate in the National Assembly, BNP has launched legal challenges to the elections, including a recount.
On 30 August 2014, an alleged abortive military "coup" took place, forcing then Prime Minister Thomas Thabane to flee to South Africa for three days.[19][20] On 19 May 2020, Thomas Thabane formally stepped down as prime minister of Lesotho following months of pressure after he was named as a suspect in the murder of his ex-wife.[21] Moeketsi Majoro, the economist and former Minister of Development Planning, was elected as Thabane's successor.[22]
On 13 May 2020, according to the health ministry, Lesotho became the last African nation to report a COVID-19 case.[23]
On 28 October 2022, Sam Matekane was sworn in as Lesotho's new Prime Minister after forming a new coalition government. His Revolution for Prosperity (RFP) party, formed earlier same year, won the 7 October elections.[24]
Politics
[edit]
Main article: Politics of Lesotho
The Lesotho Government is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Prime Minister, Sam Matekane, is the head of government and has executive authority. The King of Lesotho, Letsie III, is the head of state and serves a "largely ceremonial function"; he no longer possesses any executive authority and is prohibited from actively participating in political initiatives.
The Revolution for Prosperity leads a coalition government in the National Assembly, the lower house of parliament. The upper house of parliament, the Senate, is composed of 22 principal chiefs whose membership is hereditary, and 11 appointees of the king, acting on the advice of the prime minister. The constitution provides for an independent judicial system, made up of the High Court, the Court of Appeal, Magistrate's Courts, and traditional courts that exist predominantly in rural areas. All but one of the Justices on the Court of Appeal are South African jurists. There is no trial by jury; rather, judges make rulings alone or, in the case of criminal trials, with two other judges as observers. The constitution protects some civil liberties, including freedom of speech, freedom of association, freedom of the press, freedom of peaceful assembly, and freedom of religion. Lesotho was ranked 12th out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries in the 2008 Ibrahim Index of African Governance.[25]
In 2010, the People's Charter Movement called for the practical annexation of the country by South Africa due to the HIV epidemic. Nearly a quarter of the population tests positive for HIV.[26] The country has faced economic collapse, a weaker currency, and travel documents restricting movement. An African Union report called for economic integration of Lesotho with South Africa and stopped short of suggesting annexation. In May 2010, the Charter Movement delivered a petition to the South African High Commission requesting integration. South Africa's home affairs spokesman Ronnie Mamoepa rejected the idea that Lesotho should be treated as a special case.[27]
At the peak of the AIDS epidemic, over 30,000 Lesotho residents signed a petition for the country to be annexed to prevent life expectancy from falling to 34 years old.[28] Scholars of comparative politics, like in Jeffrey Herbst's "War and the State of Africa", argue that the lack of border disputes for countries like Lesotho and Eswatini has kept the countries weak politically.[29] This weakness stems from the remnants of colonialism in the government, influenced by English and Roman-Dutch common law.[30] As a result, the government was not made to serve the Basotho people but rather to be exploitative.
After prime minister Tom Thabane resigned due to impeachment threats and a warrant of arrest for his wife in 2020, the South African finance minister suggested a confederation between Lesotho, Eswatini, and South Africa as a solution.[31] His successor, Moeketsi Majoro, held office from 2020 to 2022 until he similarly resigned[32] after a vote of "no-confidence" in Parliament for misconduct with the military and improperly handling COVID-19.[33] While prime minister Sam Matekane is working with the South African Development Community (SADC) towards legal reform, his administration still shows signs of corruption, as 40,000 garment workers protested for better conditions and faced excessive force that killed two protestors.[34]
Foreign relations
[edit]
Main article: Foreign relations of Lesotho
Lesotho is a member of some regional economic organisations, including the Southern African Development Community (SADC)[35] and the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).[36] It is active in the United Nations (UN), the African Union (AU), the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the Commonwealth, and other international organisations.[37]
Lesotho has maintained ties with the United Kingdom (Wales in particular), Germany, the United States, and other Western states. It broke relations with China and re-established relations with Taiwan in 1990, and later restored ties with China. It recognises the State of Palestine.[38] From 2014 up until 2018, it recognised the Republic of Kosovo.[39]
It was a public opponent of apartheid in South Africa and granted a number of South African refugees political asylum during the apartheid era.[38] In 2019, it signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[40]
Defence and law enforcement
[edit]
The Lesotho Defence Force (LDF) is charged with the maintenance of internal security and the defence of Lesotho. Its chief officer is designated Commander.[41]
The Lesotho Mounted Police Service (LMPS) is charged with the maintenance of law and order. Its chief officer is designated Commissioner. LMPS provides uniformed policing, criminal detection, and traffic policing. There are specialist units dealing with high-tech crime, immigration, wildlife, and terrorism. The force has existed, with changes of name, continuously since 1872.
The Lesotho National Security Service (LNSS) is charged with the protection of national security. Established in modern form by the National Security Services Act of 1998, its chief officer is designated Director General, and appointed and dismissed by the Prime Minister.[42] LNSS is an intelligence service, part of the Ministry of Defence and National Security, and reporting directly to the Government.[43]
Law
[edit]
The Constitution of Lesotho came into force after the publication of the Commencement Order. Constitutionally, legislation refers to laws that have been passed by both houses of parliament and have been assented to by the king (Section 78(1)). Subordinate legislation refers to laws passed by other bodies to which parliament has, by virtue of Section 70(2) of the Constitution, validly delegated such legislative powers. These include government publications, ministerial orders, ministerial regulations, and municipal by-laws.
While Lesotho shares with South Africa, Botswana, Eswatini, Namibia, and Zimbabwe a mixed general legal system which resulted from the interaction between the Roman-Dutch civil law and the English common law. Its general law operates independently. Lesotho applies the common law, which refers to unwritten law or law from non-statutory sources, and excludes customary law. Decisions from South African courts are only persuasive, and courts refer to them in formulating their decisions. Decisions from some jurisdictions can be cited for their persuasive value. Magistrates' court decisions do not become precedent since these are lower courts. They are bound by the decisions of the High Court and the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal, the final appellate forum on all matters, has supervisory and review jurisdiction over all the courts of Lesotho.
Lesotho has a dual legal system consisting of customary and general laws operating side by side. Customary law is made up of the customs of the Basotho, written and codified in the Laws of Lerotholi. The general law consists of Roman Dutch law imported from the Cape and the Lesotho statutes. The codification of customary law came about after a council was appointed in 1903 to advise the British Resident Commissioner on which laws would be best for governing the Basotho. Until this time, the Basotho customs and laws were passed down from generation to generation through oral tradition. The council was given the task of codifying them, and they came up with the Laws of Lerotholi which are then applied by customary courts (local courts). The written works of certain authors have persuasive value in the courts of Lesotho. These include the writings of the "old authorities as well as contemporary writers from similar jurisdictions".
Districts
[edit]
Main article: Districts of Lesotho
For administrative purposes, Lesotho is divided into 10 districts, each headed by a district administrator. Each district has a capital known as a camptown.
The districts are subdivided into 80 constituencies, which consist of 129 local community councils.
Geography
[edit]
Main article: Geography of Lesotho
Lesotho covers 30,355 km2 (11,720 sq mi). It is the only independent state in the world that lies entirely above 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) in elevation. Its lowest point of 1,400 metres (4,593 ft) is thus the highest lowest point of any country in the world. Over 80% of the country lies above 1,800 metres (5,906 ft). Lesotho is the southernmost landlocked country in the world. It is the largest of the world's three independent states completely surrounded by the territory of another country, with Vatican City and San Marino being the other two. It is the only such state outside the Italian peninsula and Europe, as well as the only one that is not a microstate.
Lesotho lies between latitudes 28° and 31°S, and longitudes 27° and 30°E. About 12% of Lesotho is arable land which is vulnerable to soil erosion; it is estimated that 40 million tons of soil are lost each year due to erosion.[44]
Climate
[edit]
Main article: Climate of Lesotho
Because of its elevation, Lesotho remains cooler throughout the year than other regions at the same latitude. Most of the rain falls as summer thunderstorms. Maseru and surrounding lowlands may reach 30 °C (86 °F) in summer. The temperature in the lowlands can get down to −7 °C (19 °F) and the highlands to −18 °C (0 °F) at times. Snow is more common in the highlands between May and September; the higher peaks may experience snowfalls year-round. Rainfall in Lesotho is variable regarding both when and where precipitation occurs. Annual precipitation can vary from 500 mm annually in one area to 1200 mm in another because of elevation.[44] The summer season that stretches from October to April sees the most rainfall, and from December to February, the majority of the country receives over 100 mm of rain a month.[44] The least monthly rainfall in Lesotho occurs in June when most regions receive less than 15 mm a month.[44]
Drought
[edit]
Periodic droughts have an effect on Lesotho's majority rural population as some people living outside of urban areas rely on subsistence farming or small scale agriculture as their primary source of income.[45] Droughts in Lesotho are exacerbated by some agricultural practices.[46] The World Factbook lists periodic droughts under the 'Natural Hazard' section of Lesotho's section of the publication.[8]
In 2007, Lesotho experienced a drought and was advised by the United Nations to declare a state of emergency to get aid from international organizations.[45] The Famine Early Warning Systems Network reported that the rainy season of 2018/2019 not only started a month later than normal but also recorded below-average amounts of rain.[47] Data from the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation Station (CHIRP) shows rainfall in Lesotho between October 2018 and February 2019 ranged from 55% to 80% below normal rates.[47]
In March 2019, the Lesotho Vulnerability Assessment and Analysis Committee conducted a report that initially predicted that 487,857 people in the country need humanitarian assistance because of the effects of drought.[47]
There are a variety of different ways drought in Lesotho has led to the need for humanitarian assistance. Some hygiene practices that result from "a lack of clean water" can cause cases of typhoid and diarrhea. Lack of available water indirectly leads to an "increased risk" for women and girls who collect water for household consumption as they must spend more time and travel longer distances while running the risk of being physically or sexually assaulted.[47] Drought in Lesotho leads to both migration to more urban areas and immigration to South Africa for new opportunities and to escape food insecurity.[46] The report found that between July 2019 and June 2020 640,000 people in Lesotho are expected to be affected by food insecurity as a result of "unproductive harvests as well as the corresponding rise in food prices because of the drought".[47]
Wildlife
[edit]
Main article: Wildlife of Lesotho
See also: Category:Environment of Lesotho
There are known to be 339 bird species in Lesotho, including 10 globally threatened species and two introduced species, 17 reptile species, including geckos, snakes and lizards, and 60 mammal species endemic to Lesotho, including the endangered white-tailed rat.
Lesotho's flora is alpine, due to mountainous terrain. The Katse Botanical Gardens houses a collection of medicinal plants and has a seed bank of plants from the Malibamat'so River area.[48][49] Three terrestrial ecoregions lie within Lesotho's boundaries: Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands, Drakensberg montane grasslands, and Highveld grasslands.[50]
Economy
[edit]
Main article: Economy of Lesotho
The economy of Lesotho is based on agriculture, livestock, manufacturing and mining, and depends on inflows of workers' remittances and receipts from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).[51][52] The majority of households subsist on farming. The formal sector employment consists mainly of female workers in the apparel sector, male migrant labour, primarily miners in South Africa for 3 to 9 months, and employment by the Government of Lesotho (GOL). The western lowlands form the main agricultural zone. Almost 50% of the population earn income through informal crop cultivation or animal husbandry with nearly two-thirds of the country's income coming from the agricultural sector. The percentage of the population living below USD Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) US$1.25/day fell from 48% to 44% between 1995 and 2003.[51]
Lesotho has taken advantage of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) to become the largest exporter of garments to the US from sub-Saharan Africa.[53] US brands and retailers sourcing from Lesotho include Foot Locker, Gap, Gloria Vanderbilt, JCPenney, Levi Strauss, Saks, Sears, Timberland and Wal-Mart.[54] In mid-2004, its employment reached over 50,000, mostly female, marking the first time that manufacturing sector workers outnumbered government employees. In 2008 it exported goods worth 487 million dollars mainly to the US. Since 2004, employment in the sector has dwindled to about 45,000 in mid-2011 due to international competition in the garment sector. It was the largest formal sector employer in Lesotho in 2011.[55] In 2007, the average earnings of an employee in the textile sector were US$103 per month, and the official minimum wage for a general textile worker was US$93 per month. The average gross national income per capita in 2008 was US$83 per month.[55] The sector initiated a program to fight HIV/AIDS called Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS (ALAFA). It is an industry-wide program providing disease prevention and treatment for workers.[56]
Water and diamonds are some of Lesotho's natural resources.[51] Water is used through the 21-year, multibillion-dollar Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP), under the authority of the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. The project commenced in 1986.[57] LHWP is designed to capture, store, and transfer water from the Orange River system to South Africa's Free State and greater Johannesburg area. Completion of the first phase of the project has made Lesotho "almost completely self-sufficient" in the production of electricity and generated approximately US$70 million in 2010 from the sale of electricity and water to South Africa.[58]
Diamonds are produced at the Letšeng, Mothae, Liqhobong, and Kao mines, which combined are estimated to produce 240,000 carats of diamonds in 2014, worth US$300 million. The Letšeng mine is estimated to produce diamonds with an average value of US$2172 per carat, making it the world's richest mine on an average price per carat basis.[59] The sector underwent a setback in 2008 as the result of the world recession and rebounded in 2010 and 2011. The export of diamonds reached US$230 million in 2010–2011.[60] In 1957, a South African adventurer, colonel Jack Scott, accompanied by Keith Whitelock, set out prospecting for diamonds. They found their diamond mine at 3,100 m elevation, on top of the Maluti Mountains in northeastern Lesotho, some 70 km from Mokhotlong at Letšeng. In 1967, a 601-carat (120.2 g) diamond (Lesotho Brown) was discovered in the mountains by a Mosotho woman. In August 2006, a 603-carat (120.6 g) white diamond, the Lesotho Promise, was discovered at the Letšeng-la-Terae mine. Another 478-carat (95.6 g) diamond was discovered at the same location in 2008.[61]
Lesotho has progressed in moving from a predominantly subsistence-oriented economy to a lower middle-income economy through exporting natural resources and manufacturing goods. The exporting sectors have brought "higher and more secure" incomes to a portion of the population.[51] The global economic crisis caused Lesotho to suffer a loss of textile exports and jobs due to the economic slowdown in the United States, one of their export destinations. Reduced diamond mining and exports, including a drop in the price of diamonds and a drop in SACU revenues due to the economic slowdown in the South African economy contributed to the crisis. A reduction in worker remittances due to the "weakening" of the South African economy, contraction of the mining sector, and related job losses in South Africa contributed to Lesotho's GDP growth slowing to 0.9% in 2009.[51]
The official currency is the loti (plural: maloti) which can be used interchangeably with the South African rand. The loti is at par with the rand. Lesotho, Eswatini, Namibia, and South Africa form a common currency and exchange control area known as the Common Monetary Area (CMA). 100 lisente (singular: sente) equal 1 loti.
Demographics
[edit]
See also: Demographics of Lesotho
Lesotho has a population of approximately 2,281,454.[63][64] The population distribution of Lesotho is 25% urban and 75% rural. It is estimated that the annual increase in urban population is 3.5%.[65] 60.2% of the population is between 15 and 64 years of age.[65]
Ethnic groups and languages
[edit]
Main article: Languages of Lesotho
Lesotho's ethno-linguistic structure consists mostly of the Basotho, a Bantu-speaking people: an estimated 99.7% of the people identify as Basotho. In this regard, Lesotho is part of a minority of African countries that are nation states with a single dominant cultural ethnic group and language; the majority of African nations' borders were drawn by colonial powers and do not correspond to ethnic boundaries or pre-colonial polities. Basotho subgroups include the Bafokeng, Batloung, Baphuthi, Bakuena, Bataung, Batšoeneng, and Matebele. About 1% of the population consists of Europeans, Asians, and Xhosa.[67]
Religion
[edit]
Main article: Religion in Lesotho
In December 2011, the population of Lesotho is estimated to be more than 95% Christian.[68] Among these estimations, Catholics represent 49.4% of the population,[69] served by the province of the Metropolitan Archbishop of Maseru and his three suffragans (the bishops of Leribe, Mohale's Hoek and Qacha's Nek), who form the national episcopal conference. Protestants account for 18.2% of the population, Pentecostals 15.4%, Anglicans 5.3%, and other Christians an additional 1.8%.[69] Non-Christian religions represent 9.6% of the population, and those of no religion 0.2%.[69]
Education and literacy
[edit]
Main article: Education in Lesotho
According to estimates, 85% of women and 68% of men over the age of 15 are literate.[70] As such, Lesotho holds "one of the highest literacy rates in Africa",[65] in part because Lesotho invests over 12% of its GDP in education.[71] Female literacy (84.93%) exceeds male literacy (67.75%) by 17.18%. According to a study by the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality in 2000, 37% of grade 6 pupils in Lesotho (average age 14 years) are at or above reading level 4, "Reading for Meaning."[72] A pupil at this level of literacy can read ahead or backwards through parts of text to link and interpret information. While education is not compulsory, the Government of Lesotho is incrementally implementing a program for free primary education.[73] In a 2009 report, adult literacy is as high as 82%. Among the children below the age of 5 years, 20% are underweight.[74]
According to the International Telecommunication Union, 3.4% of the population use the internet. A service from Econet Telecom Lesotho expanded the country's access to email through entry-level, low-end mobile phones and consequently improved access to educational information. The African Library Project works to establish school and village libraries in partnership with US Peace Corps Lesotho[75] and the Butha-Buthe District of Education.
Health
[edit]
Main article: Health in Lesotho
The country is among the "Low Human Development" countries (rank 160 of 187 on the Human Development Index as classified by UNDP), with 52 years of life expectancy for men and women, estimated in 2009.[76][77] Life expectancy at birth in Lesotho in 2016 was 51 years for men and 55 for women. Infant mortality is about 8.3%. The countries suicide rate is extremely high at 87.5 per 100,000 the highest rate in the world.
As of 2018, Lesotho's adult H.I.V./A.I.D.S. prevalence rate of 23.6% was the second-highest in the world, after Eswatini.[78] In 2021, Lesotho had a 22.8% H.I.V. prevalence rate among people between 15 and 49 years of age.[79] The country has the highest incidence of tuberculosis in the world.[80]
According to the 2006 census of Lesotho, around 4% of the population is thought to have some sort of disability. There are concerns regarding the reliability of the methodologies used and the real figure is thought to be closer to the global estimate of 15%. According to a survey conducted by the Lesotho National Federation of Organisations of the Disabled in conjunction with SINTEF,[81] people with disability in Lesotho face social and cultural barriers which prevent them from accessing education, health-care and employment on an equal basis with others. On 2 December 2008, Lesotho became the 42nd country in the world to sign the U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
According to World Health Organization data, Lesotho has had the world's highest rate of suicide per capita since 2008.[82]
Violence against women in Lesotho
[edit]
Main article: Women in Lesotho
According to the U.N., Lesotho has the highest rape rate of any country (91.6 per 100,000 people reported rape in 2008).[83] International data from UNODC found the incidence of rape recorded in 2008 by the police to be the highest in Lesotho out of any country in the study.[84] A study in Lesotho found that 61% of women reported having experienced sexual violence at some point in their lives, of whom 22% reported being physically forced to have sexual intercourse.[85] In the 2009 D.H.S. survey, 15.7% of men said that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if she refuses to have sex with him, while 16% said a husband is justified in using force to have sex.[86] In another study, researchers concluded that "Given the high prevalence of HIV in Lesotho, programs should address women's right to control their sexuality."[87] The Married Persons Equality Act 2006 gives equal rights to wives regarding their husbands, abolishing the husband's marital power.[88] The World Economic Forum's 2020 Gender Gap Report ranks Lesotho 88th worldwide for gender parity, while neighboring South Africa ranks 17th.[89]
Culture
[edit]
The cuisine of Lesotho includes African traditions and British influences.[90] The national dish of Lesotho is Motoho, a fermented sorghum porridge. Some staple foods include pap, or 'mealies', a cornmeal porridge covered with a sauce consisting of vegetables. Tea and locally brewed beer are choices for beverages. Lesotho is famed for its fermented ginger beer, of which there are two types with and without raisins. Sishenyama is regularly sold independently throughout Lesotho with side-dishes such as cabbage, pap and baked bean salad.[91]
The national dress revolves around the Basotho blanket, a covering made originally of wool. Most of the Basotho blanket is now made out of acrylic fibres. The main manufacturer of the Basotho blanket is Aranda, which has a factory over the border in South Africa.
British influence in Lesotho is visible through the remnants of trading posts that were operated from the 18th century into the 20th century.[92] These are in the villages of Roma, Ramabantana, Ha Matela, Malealea and Semonkong. In the past, these lodges were employed in the sale of fuel, grains, mealie meals and animals. Examples of San rock art can be found in the mountains throughout Basutoland. There are examples in the village of Ha Matela.[93]
The Morija Arts & Cultural Festival is held annually in the town of Morija where missionaries arrived in 1833.
Basotho pony
[edit]
The Basotho pony was historically ridden into battle and in the modern day used for transport and agriculture.[citation needed]
Film and media
[edit]
Ryan Coogler, director of the 2018 film Black Panther, stated that his depiction of Wakanda was inspired by Lesotho.[94][95] Basotho blankets "became more known" as a result of the film.[96] In November 2020, the film This Is Not a Burial, It's a Resurrection became the first Lesotho film to be submitted for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film by the country.[97]
See also
[edit]
Africa portal
Index of Lesotho-related articles
Outline of Lesotho
Telephone numbers in Lesotho
References
[edit]
Boyd, J. Barron (December 1979). "African Boundary Conflict: An Empirical Study". African Studies Review. 22 (3): 1–14. doi:10.2307/523892. ISSN 0002-0206. JSTOR 523892. S2CID 145722128.
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This is a list of French demonyms, nouns that related to nationalities. For practical reasons, only major countries, regions and cities are included.
Section: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Abkhazie Abkhazia Abkhaze Abkhazian Abyssinie (now Éthiopie) Abyssinia (now Ethiopia) Abyssinien Abyssinian Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghan Afghan Afrique du Sud South Africa Sud-Africain South African Åland (Finlande) Åland Aalandais Albanie Albania Albanais Albanian Alberta (Canada) Alberta Albertain Algérie Algeria Algérien Algerian Allemagne Germany Allemand German Alsace (France) Alsace Alsacien Alsatian Andorre Andorra Andorran Andorran Angleterre (RU) England Anglais English Angola Angola Angolais Angolan Anguilla (RU) Anguillan Annam (Vietnam) Annam Annamite Antarctique or Antarctide Antarctic Antarcticain Antigua-et-Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Antiguais-Barbudien, Antiguais, Barbudien Antiguan, Barbudan Aquitaine (France) Aquitaine Aquitain Arabie saoudite Saudi Arabia Saoudien Saudi Aragon (Espagne) Aragon Aragonais Aragonese Arcadie (Grèce) Arcadia Arcadien Arcadian Argentine Argentina Argentin Argentine, Argentinian Arménie Armenia Arménien Armenian Aruba Aruba Arubéen, Arubain Aruban Asie Asia Asiatique Asian Assyrie Assyria Assyrien Assyrian Asturies (Espagne) Asturias Asturien Asturian Athènes Athens Athénien Athenian Aurigny (RU) Alderney Aurignais Australie Australia Australien Australian Autriche Austria Autrichien Austrian Azerbaïdjan Azerbaijan Azéri, Azerbaïdjanais Azerbaijani
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Bahamas Bahamas Bahaméen, Bahamien Bahamian Bahreïn Bahrain Bahreïni Bahraini Bahreïnie or Bahreïnite Baléares (Espagne) Balearic Islands Baléare Balearic Bali (Indonésie) Bali Balinais Balinese Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladeshi, Bangladais Bangladeshi Barbade Barbados Barbadien Barbadian pays Basque (Espagne, France) Basque Country Basque, Basquais, Euscarien Basque Bavière (Allemagne) Bavaria Bavarois Bavarian Bélarus ou Biélorussie Belarus Bélarusse, Biélorusse Belarussian Belau see Palaos, below Belgique Belgium Belge Belgian Belize Belize Bélizien Belizian Bengale (Inde) Bengal Bengali, Bengalais Bengali Bénin (formerly Dahomey) Benin Béninois (formerly Dahoméen) Beninese Berlin Berlin Berlinois Berliner Bermudes (RU) Bermuda Bermudien Bermudan Bhoutan Bhutan Bhoutanais Bhutanese Birmanie (now Myanmar) Burma Birman Burmese Bolivie Bolivia Bolivien Bolivian Bophuthatswana (formerly Bantoustan sud-africain) Tswana m or f Bosnie-Herzégovine Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosnien Bosnian Botswana Botswana Botswanais Bourgogne (France) Burgundy Bourguignon Burgundian Brésil Brazil Brésilien Brazilian Bretagne (France) Brittany Breton Breton Brunéi or Brunei Brunei Brunéien, Bruneien Bruneian Bruxelles Brussels Bruxellois Bulgarie Bulgaria Bulgare Bulgarian Burkina Faso (formerly Haute-Volta) Burkina Faso (formerly Voltaïque) Burkinabè Burkinabé, Burkinais, Burkinabais, Burkinabe , Burkina-be, Burkina-fassien Burundi ou Bouroundi Burundi Burundais, Bouroundais Burundian
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) îles Caïmanes ou îles Caïmans (RU) Cayman Islands Caïmanais, Caïmanien Le Caire Cairo Cairote Cairene Cambodge Cambodia Cambodgien Cambodian Cameroun Cameroon Camerounais Cameroonian Canada Canada Canadien Canadian Canaries (Espagne) Canary Islands Canarien Canarian Cap-Vert Cape Verde Cap-Verdien, Capverdien Catalogne (Espagne) Catalonia Catalan Catalan Ceylan (now Sri Lanka) Ceylon Cingalais, Cinghalais, Ceylanais Chaldée Chaldea Chaldéen Chaldean Chili Chile Chilien Chilean Chine China Chinois Chinese Chypre Cyprus Chypriote, Cypriote Cypriot Ciskei (formerly Bantoustan sud-africain) Ciskéien Colombie Columbia Colombien Colombian Colombie-Britannique (Canada) British Columbia Britanno-Colombien British Columbian Comores Comoros Comorien Comoran Congo Congo Congolais (formerly Zaïrois) Congolese îles Cook (Nouvelle-Zélande) Cook Islands Cookien Corée du Nord North Korea Coréen, Nord-Coréen (North) Korean Corée du Sud South Korea Coréen, Sud-Coréen (South) Korean Corse (France) Corsica Corse Corsican Costa Rica Costa Rica Costaricain, Costaricien Costa Rican Côte d'Ivoire Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire Ivoirien Ivorian Crète (Grèce) Crete Crétois Cretan Croatie Croatia Croate Croat, Croatian Cuba Cuba Cubain Cuban
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Danemark Denmark Danois Dane, Danish Djibouti Djibouti Djiboutien Djiboutian Dominique Dominica Dominiquais Dominican
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Écosse (RU) Scotland Écossais Scot, Scottish Égypte Egypt Égyptien Egyptian Émirats arabes unis (EAU) United Arab Emirates (UAE) Émirien, Émirati (f Émiratie) Emirati Équateur Ecuador Équatorien Ecuadorian Érythrée Eritrea Érythréen Eritrean Espagne Spain Espagnol Spanish Estonie Estonia Estonien, Este (rare) Estonian États-Unis d'Amérique / États-Unis United States (of America) Américain, États-Unien/Étatsunien/Étasunien Ricain, Amerloque, Amerlot American Éthiopie Ethiopia Éthiopien Ethiopian
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) îles Falkland ou îles Malouines (RU) Falklands Falklandais, Malouin Falkland Islander îles Féroé (Danemark) Faroe Islands Féroïen Faroese Fidji Fiji Fidjien Fijian Finlande Finland Finnois, Finlandais Finn, Finnish Flandres (Belgique) Flanders Flamand Fleming, Flemish France France Français French Francfort Frankfurt Francfortois Frankfurter Frise (Pays-Bas) Friesland Frison Frisian
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Gabon Gabon Gabonais Gabonese Pays de Galles (RU) Wales Gallois Welsh Gambie (the) Gambia Gambien Gambian Géorgie Georgia Géorgien Georgian Ghana Ghana Ghanéen Ghanaian Gibraltar (RU) Gibraltar Gibraltarien Gibraltarian Grande-Bretagne (RU) Great Britain Britannique, Grand-Breton (rare) British, Briton Grèce Greece Grec, Hellène Greek, Hellenic Grecque Grenade Grenada Grenadien, Grenadin Grenadian Groenland (Danemark) Greenland Groenlandais Greenlander Guadeloupe (France) Guadeloupe Guadeloupéen Guadeloupian Guam (USA) Guam Guamien Guatemala Guatemala Guatémaltèque Guatemalan Guernesey (RU) Guernsey Guernesiais Guinée Guinea Guinéen Guinean Guinée-Bissau ou Guinée-Bissao Guinea-Bissau Bissau-Guinéen, Bissao-Guinéen Guinée équatoriale Equatorial Guinea Équato-Guinéen Equatorial Guinean Guyana Guyana Guyanien, Georgetownien Guyanese Guyane française (France) French Guiana Guyanais
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Haïti Haiti Haïtien Haitian Halifax Halifax Haligonien Haligonian Hawaï (USA) Hawaii Hawaïen, Hawaiien Hawaiian Herm (RU) Herm Hermais Hesse (Allemagne) Hesse Hessois Hessian Honduras Honduras Hondurien Honduran Hong-Kong (Chine) Hong Kong Chinois de Hong-Kong, Hongkongais Chinese Hongrie Hungary Hongrois, Magyar Hungarian
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Île-de-France (France) Île-de-France Francilien Île-du-Prince-Édouard (Canada) Prince Edward Island Prince-Édouardien Inde India Indien Indian Indochine Indochina Indochinois Indochinese Indonésie Indonesia Indonésien Indonesian Ingouchie Ingushetia Ingouche Ingush Iran (formerly Perse) Iran Iranien (formerly Persan) Iranian Iraq, Irak Iraq Iraquien, Irakien, Iraqien Iraqi Irlande Ireland Irlandais Irish Irlande du Nord (RU) Northern Ireland Nord-Irlandais Irish Islande Iceland Islandais Icelander, Icelandic Israël Israel Israélien Israeli Italie Italy Italien Italian
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Jamaïque Jamaica Jamaïcain Jamaican Japon Japan Japonais, Nippon Japanese Nippone or Nipponne Java (Indonésie) Java Javanais Javanese Jersey (RU) Jersey Jersiais Jèrriais Jordanie Jordan Jordanien Jordanian
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Kazakh Kazakh Kenya Kenya Kenyan, Kényen Kenyan Kirghizstan Kyrgyzstan Kirghize (m or f) or Kirghiz (f Kirghize) Kyrgyz Koweït Kuwait Koweïti, Koweïtien Kuwaiti Kurdistan Kurdistan Kurde Kurd, Kurdish
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Laos Laos Laotien Laotian Lesotho Lesotho Lesothan, Loti (pl Maloti), Sotho (m or f) Sotho Lettonie Latvia Letton Latvian Lettone or Lettonne Liban Lebanon Libanais Lebanese Libéria ou Liberia Liberia Libérien Liberian Libye Libya Libyen Libyan Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Liechtensteinois Liechtensteiner Lituanie ou Lithuanie Lithuania Lituanien, Lithuanien Lithuanian Londres London Londonien Londoner Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourgeois Luxemburger
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Macédoine Macedonia Macédonien Macedonian Madagascar Madagascar Malgache Malagasy Madère (Portugal) Madeira Madérien, Madérois Madeiran Malaisie Malaysia Malaisien Malaysian Malawi Malawi Malawien, Malawite Malawian Maldives Maldives Maldivien Maldivian Mali Mali Malien Malian îles Malouines see îles Falkland above Malte Malta Maltais Maltese île de Man (RU) Isle of Man Mannois Manx Mandchourie (Chine) Manchuria Mandchou Manchu, Manchurian Maroc Morocco Marocain Moroccan îles Marshall Marshall Islands Marshallais Marshallese Martinique (France) Martinique Martiniquais Martinican Maurice Mauritius Mauricien Mauritian Mauricie (Quebec) ? Mauricien Mauritanie Mauritania Mauritanien Mauritanian Mélanésie Melanesia Mélanésien Melanesian Mésopotamie Mesopotamia Mésopotamien Mesopotamian Mexique Mexico Mexicain Mexican (États fédérés de) Micronésie Micronesia Micronésien Micronesian Moldavie, Moldova Moldova Moldave, Moldove Moldovan Monaco Monaco Monégasque Monégasque Mongolie Mongolia Mongol Mongol, Mongolian Monténégro Montenegro Monténégrin Montenegrin Montréal Montréal Montréalais Montrealer Montserrat (RU) Montserrat Montserratien Montserratian Moscou Moscow Moscovite Muscovite Mozambique Mozambique Mozambicain, Mozambicais Mozambican Myanmar (formerly Birmanie) Myanmar Myanmarais, Myanmarien (see also Birman above)
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Namibie Namibia Namibien Namibian Nauru Nauru Nauruan Nauruan Népal Nepal Népalais Nepalese New York (USA) New York New-Yorkais New Yorker Nicaragua Nicaragua Nicaraguayen Nicaraguan Niger Niger Nigérien Nigéria or Nigeria Nigeria Nigérian Nigerian Nioué or Niue (Nouvelle-Zélande) Niue Niouéen île Norfolk (Australie) Norfolk Island Norfolkais Normandie (France) Normandy Normand Norman Norvège Norway Norvégien Norwegian Nouvelle-Calédonie (France) New Caledonia Néo-Calédonien (Canaque, Caldoche) New Caledonian Nouvelle-Écosse (Canada) Nova Scotia Néo-Écossais Nova Scotian Nouvelle-Zélande New Zealand Néo-Zélandais New Zealander
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Oman Oman Omani, Omanais Omani Ontario Ontario Ontarien Ontarian Ossétie Ossetia Ossète, Ossétien Ossetian Ottawa Ottawa Outaouais Ottawan Ouganda Uganda Ougandais Ugandan Ouzbékistan Uzbekistan Ouzbek, Ouzbèke, Ouzbèque Uzbek
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Pakistan Pakistan Pakistanais Pakistani Palaos or Belau Palau Palaosien Palauan Palestine Palestine Palestinien Palestinian Panamá or Panama Panamá or Panama Panaméen, Panamien Panamanian Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée Papua New Guinea Papouan-Néo-Guinéen, Papouasien, Néo-Guinéen Paraguay Paraguay Paraguayen Paraguayan Paris Paris Parisien Parisian Pays-Bas Netherlands Néerlandais, Hollandais Dutch Pays de Galles (RU) see Galles above Pérou Peru Péruvien Peruvian Perse (now Iran) Persia (now Iran) Persan, Perse Persian Phénicie Phoenicia Phénicien Phoenician Philadelphie Philadelphia Philadelphien Philadelphian Philippines Philippines Philippin Philippine Picardie (France) Picardy Picard Picard Piémont (Italie) Piedmont Piémontais Piedmontese îles Pitcairn (RU) Pitcairn Islands Pitcairnais Pologne Poland Polonais Pole, Polish Polynésie Polynesia Polynésien Polynesian Polynésie française French Polynesia Polynésien Polynesian Porto Rico (USA) Puerto Rico Portoricain, Porto-Ricain Puerto Rican Portugal Portugal Portugais, Lusitanien Portuguese Provence (France) Provence Provençal Provençal Prusse Prussia Prussien Prussian
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Qatar Qatar Qatari, Qatarien Qatari Québec (Canada) Quebec Québecois Quebecker, Quebecois
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) République centrafricaine Central African Republic Centrafricain République démocratique du Congo see Congo above République dominicaine Dominican Republic Dominicain Dominican République du Congo see Congo above République tchèque Czech Republic Tchèque Czech Réunion (France) Reunion Réunionnais Rome Rome Romain Roman Roumanie Romania Roumain Romanian Royaume-Uni (RU) United Kingdom Britannique British, Briton Russie Russia Russe ou Russien Russian Rwanda ou Rouanda ou Ruanda Rwanda Rwandais, Rouandais, Ruandais Rwandan
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Sahara occidental Western Sahara Sahraoui (f Sahraouie) Saint-Christophe-et-Niévès ou Saint-Kitts-et-Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis Kittitien ou Kitticien, Névicien, Kitticien-Névicien Saint-Marin San Marino Saint-Marinais, San-Marinais Saint-Martin (France) Saint Martin Saint-Martinois Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon (France) Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint-Pierrais, Miquelonnais Saint-Vincent-et-les Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint-Vincentais-et-Grenadin, Saint-Vincentais, Grenadin Vincentian Sainte-Hélène (RU) Saint Helena Sainte-Hélénien Sainte-Lucie Saint Lucia Sainte-Lucien Saint Lucian îles Salomon Solomon Islands Salomonien, Salomonais Salvador El Salvador Salvadorien Salvadoran Samoa Samoa Samoan Samoan Samoa américaines (USA) American Samoa Samoan Samoan Sao Tomé-et-Principe São Tomé and Príncipe Santoméen, Sao-Tomien Sardaigne (Italie) Sardinia Sarde Sardinian Saskatchewan (Canada) Saskatchewan Saskatchewanais ou Saskatchewannais Savoie (France) Savoie, Savoy Savoyard Savoyard Saxe (Allemagne) Saxony Saxon Saxon Scandinavie Scandinavia Scandinave Scandinavian Sénégal Senegal Sénégalais Senegalese Serbie Serbia Serbe Serb, Serbian Sercq (RU) Sark Sercquiais Sarkese Seychelles Seychelles Seychellois Siam (now Thaïlande) Siam (now Thailand) Siamois Siamese Sibérie (Russe) Siberia Sibérien Siberian Sicile (Italie) Sicily Sicilien Sicilian Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Sierra-Léonais, Sierraléonais Singapour Singapore Singapourien Singaporean Sint-Maarten (Antilles néerlandaises) Sint-Maarten Saint-Martineer Slovaquie Slovakia Slovaque Slovak, Slovakian Slovénie Slovenia Slovène Slovene, Slovenian Somalie Somalia Somali, Somalien Somali, Somalian Soudan Sudan Soudanais Sudanese Soudan du Sud South Sudan Sud-Soudanais South Sudanese Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylan) Sri Lanka Sri-Lankais, Srilankais (formerly Ceylanais) Sri Lankan Suède Sweden Suédois Swede, Swedish Suisse Switzerland Suisse, Helvète Swiss Sumatra (Indonésie) Sumatra Sumatrien Sumatran Suriname Surinam Surinamais Surinamese Swaziland Swaziland Swazi Swazi Syrie Syria Syrien Syrian
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Tadjikistan Tajikistan Tadjik Tajik Tahiti (France) Tahiti Tahitien Tahitian Taïwan (formerly Formose) Taiwan Taiwanais (formerly Formosan) Taiwanese Tanzanie Tanzania Tanzanien Tanzanian Tasmanie (Australie) Tasmania Tasmanien Tasmanian Tchad Chad Tchadien Chadian Tchécoslovaquie Czechoslovakia Tchécoslovaque Czechoslovak, Czechoslovakian Tchétchénie Chechnya Tchétchène Chechen Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador (Canada) Newfoundland and Labrador Terre-Neuvien Newfoundlander Thaïlande (formerly Siam) Thailand Thaïlandais, Thaï (formerly Siamois) Thai Tibet (Chine) Tibet Tibétain Tibetan Timor oriental East Timor Est-Timorais East Timorese Togo Togo Togolais Togolese Tokelau or Tokélaou (Nouvelle-Zélande) Tokelau Tokelauien, Tokelauan, Tokélaouan Tokelauan Tonga Tonga Tongan, Tonguien Tongan Toronto Toronto Torontois Torontonian Toscane (Italie) Tuscany Toscan Tuscan Transkei (formerly Bantoustan sud-africain) ? Transkéien Trinité-et-Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Trinidadien, Trinitien, Tobagonien Trinidadian, Tobagonian Tunisie Tunisia Tunisien Tunisian Turkestan Oriental (Chine) East Turkestan Ouïghour Uyghur Turkménistan Turkmenistan Turkmène Turkmen Turquie Turkey Turc Turk, Turkish Turque Tuvalu or Touvalou (formerly îles Ellice) Tuvalu Tuvaluan or Touvalouan (formerly Ellicien) Tuvaluan
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Ukraine Ukraine Ukrainien Ukranian URSS USSR Soviétique Soviet Uruguay Uruguay Uruguayen Uruguayan
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Vancouver Vancouver Vancouvérois, Vancouverois Vancouverite Vanouatou or Vanuatu (formerly Nouvelles-Hébrides) Vanuatu Vanuatais, Vanouatais, Vanuatuan, Nivanuatu (formerly Néo-Hébridais) Varsovie Warsaw Varsovien Varsovian Vatican Vatican City Vatican Vatican Venda (formerly Bantoustan sud-africain) Venda Venda Venezuela Venezuela Vénézuélien, Vénézolan (rare) Venezuelan Venise Venice Vénitien Venetian Vienne Vienna Viennois Viennese Vietnam, Viêt Nam Vietnam Vietnamien Vietnamese
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Wallis-et-Futuna (France) Wallis and Futuna Wallisien, Futunien Wallonie (Belgique) Wallonia Wallon Walloon
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Yémen Yemen Yéménite Yemeni Yougoslavie Yugoslavia Yougoslave Yugoslav, Yugoslavian
Country (French) Country (English) Demonym (French) Demonym (English) Feminine singular (if irregular) Zambie Zambia Zambien Zambian Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Zimbabwéen Zimbabwean
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[
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Matt Rosenberg",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2016-09-17T11:59:45-04:00
|
If you've ever wondered what to call a person from a particular country, you're in the right place. Here are the demonyms for several nationalities.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
ThoughtCo
|
https://www.thoughtco.com/the-names-of-nationalities-4088817
|
Have you ever wondered what to call someone from a different country? Most people have at one point or another. The truth is, many nationality labels are formed by simply combining the full or partial name of a country with the suffix -an, -ean, -ian, or -ese. These labels are called demonyms.
What Is a Demonym?
The term demonym refers to the name used to describe natives or residents of a particular place. Interestingly, the first known usage of this title to label the inhabitant of a given nation was only in 1990. Before then, the word was used to denote an author's pen name. For example, Samuel Clemens' demonym was Mark Twain.
The Greek prefix dem-, meaning "the people", is attached to terms commonly used to talk about large populations, including demographic and democracy. The form or suffix -onym is found in many words having to do with naming. Therefore, the word essentially translates to "naming the people".
Ethnonym Vs. Demonym
Demonyms and ethnonyms are not to be confused with each other. Ethnonym refers to people of a particular ethnic group and demonym refers to inhabitants of a particular location—these are not one and the same. Often, which term to use for a person is a matter of preference and circumstance.
Ethnicity and nationality sometimes clash. For example, when regions with several strong ethnic identities join under one nation's umbrella, ethnonyms are often preferred over demonyms as individuals might feel that they associate more with their ethnicity than their region.
Residents of Northern Iraq that are of Kurdish heritage and desire Kurdistan independence, for instance, would probably rather be called Kurds than Iraqis. Likewise, people of Irish and Scottish descent living in the U.K. might ask to be called Irish persons and Scots rather than Britons.
Demonyms of Every Country
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| 13
|
https://www.morushaa.com/infobook/countries/Seychelles
|
en
|
Quick Facts about Seychelles
|
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en
|
/Assets/Images/favicon-32x32.png
|
Morushaa
| null |
Join Test
Join a test if you already have a test code.
Self Test
Test yourself with questions from our question bank.
|
|||||
7545
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 44
|
https://www.workwithdata.com/datasets/countries-yearly%3Fcol%3Dcountry%252Cdate%252Cland_area%26f%3D1%26fcol0%3Dcountry%26fop0%3D%253D%26fval0%3DSeychelles
|
en
|
Countries called Seychelles (Historical)
|
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This dataset is about countries in Seychelles. It has 2 columns: date, and country. The data is ordered by latitude.
|
en
|
/static/icon.svg
|
Work With Data
|
https://www.workwithdata.com/datasets/countries-yearly?col=country%2Cdate%2Cland-area&f=1&fcol0=country&fop0=%3D&fval0=Seychelles
|
access to electricity Float Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources. % of population 45.22 agricultural land Float Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops. km² 93.84 alternative and nuclear energy Float Clean energy is noncarbohydrate energy that does not produce carbon dioxide when generated. It includes hydropower and nuclear, geothermal, and solar power, among others. % of total energy use 46.54 military expenditure Float Military expenditures data from SIPRI are derived from the NATO definition, which includes all current and capital expenditures on the armed forces, including peacekeeping forces; defense ministries and other government agencies engaged in defense projects; paramilitary forces, if these are judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and military space activities. Such expenditures include military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions of military personnel and social services for personnel; operation and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid (in the military expenditures of the donor country). Excluded are civil defense and current expenditures for previous military activities, such as for veterans' benefits, demobilization, conversion, and destruction of weapons. % of GDP 60.85 armed forces personnel Integer Armed forces personnel are active duty military personnel, including paramilitary forces if the training, organization, equipment, and control suggest they may be used to support or replace regular military forces. None 43.13 suicide mortality rate Float Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per 100,000 population. Crude suicide rate (not age-adjusted). per 100,000 population 29.48 urban population living in areas where elevation is below 5 meters Float Urban population below 5m is the percentage of the total population, living in areas where the elevation is 5 meters or less. % of total population 4.69 electricity production from nuclear sources Float Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Nuclear power refers to electricity produced by nuclear power plants. % of total 46.58 electricity production from oil sources Float Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Oil refers to crude oil and petroleum products. % of total 47.41 forest area Float Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens. km² 49.0 inflation Float Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used. annual % 68.84 land area Float Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes. km² 87.31 life expectancy at birth Integer Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. years 95.73 methane emissions Float Methane emissions are those stemming from human activities such as agriculture and from industrial methane production. kt of CO2 equivalent 47.69 other greenhouse gas emissions, HFC, PFC and SF6 Float Other greenhouse gas emissions are by-product emissions of hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride. thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent 68.31 health expenditure per capita Float Current expenditures on health per capita in current US dollars. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year. current US$ 33.09 death rate Float Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration. per 1,000 people 96.63 continent String None None 100.0 region String None None 100.0 latitude Float None None 100.0 longitude Float None None 100.0 date Integer None None 100.0 electricity production from coal sources Float Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Coal refers to all coal and brown coal, both primary (including hard coal and lignite-brown coal) and derived fuels (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coke oven gas, and blast furnace gas). % of total 47.41 electricity production from hydroelectric sources Float Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Hydropower refers to electricity produced by hydroelectric power plants. % of total 47.41 electricity production from natural gas sources Float Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Gas refers to natural gas but excludes natural gas liquids. % of total 47.41 net energy imports Float Net energy imports are estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport. % of energy use 46.54 fossil fuel energy consumption Float Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products. % of total 46.5 proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments Float Women in parliaments are the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber held by women. % 39.4 vulnerable employment Float Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment. (ILO estimates) % of total employment 46.13 carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) Float Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. kt 47.68 internally displaced persons, by conflict and violence Integer Internally displaced persons are defined according to the 1998 Guiding Principles (http://www.internal-displacement.org/publications/1998/ocha-guiding-principles-on-internal-displacement) as people or groups of people who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of armed conflict, or to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an international border. “People displaced” refers to the number of people living in displacement as of the end of each year, and reflects the stock of people displaced at the end of the previous year, plus inflows of new cases arriving over the year as well as births over the year to those displaced, minus outflows which may include returnees, those who settled elsewhere, those who integrated locally, those who travelled over borders, and deaths. None 6.4 rural population Integer Rural population refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population. Aggregation of urban and rural population may not add up to total population because of different country coverages. None 99.76 self-employed workers Float Self-employed workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a "self-employment jobs." i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced. Self-employed workers include four sub-categories of employers, own-account workers, members of producers' cooperatives, and contributing family workers. % of total employment 46.13 net migration Integer Net migration is the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, including citizens and noncitizens, for the five-year period. None 100.0 tax revenue Float Tax revenue refers to compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes. Certain compulsory transfers such as fines, penalties, and most social security contributions are excluded. Refunds and corrections of erroneously collected tax revenue are treated as negative revenue. % of GDP 36.16 unemployment Float Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. (ILO estimates) % of total labor force 47.55 nitrous oxide emissions Float Nitrous oxide emissions are emissions from agricultural biomass burning, industrial activities, and livestock management. thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent 47.69 renewable energy consumption Float Renewable energy consumption is the share of renewables energy in total final energy consumption. % of total final energy consumption 49.33 rural land area Float Rural land area in square kilometers, derived from urban extent grids which distinguish urban and rural areas based on a combination of population counts (persons), settlement points, and the presence of Nighttime Lights. Areas are defined as urban where contiguous lighted cells from the Nighttime Lights or approximated urban extents based on buffered settlement points for which the total population is greater than 5,000 persons. km² 4.69 urban land area Float Urban land area in square kilometers, based on a combination of population counts (persons), settlement points, and the presence of Nighttime Lights. Areas are defined as urban where contiguous lighted cells from the Nighttime Lights or approximated urban extents based on buffered settlement points for which the total population is greater than 5,000 persons. km² 4.69 urban population Integer Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated using World Bank population estimates and urban ratios from the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects. Aggregation of urban and rural population may not add up to total population because of different country coverages. None 99.76 median age Float None years 99.76 central government debt Float Debt is the entire stock of direct government fixed-term contractual obligations to others outstanding on a particular date. It includes domestic and foreign liabilities such as currency and money deposits, securities other than shares, and loans. It is the gross amount of government liabilities reduced by the amount of equity and financial derivatives held by the government. Because debt is a stock rather than a flow, it is measured as of a given date, usually the last day of the fiscal year. % of GDP 15.38 GDP Float GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used. current US$ 84.09 country code 3 String None None 100.0 country String None None 100.0 country full name String None None 100.0 currency String None None 100.0 country code 2 String None None 100.0 capital city String None None 100.0 demonym String None None 100.0 electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric Float Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric, includes geothermal, solar, tides, wind, biomass, and biofuels. % of total 47.41 expense Float Expense is cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services. It includes compensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, grants, social benefits, and other expenses such as rent and dividends. % of GDP 34.85 birth rate Float Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births per 1,000 midyear population. per 1,000 people 96.77 health expenditure Float Level of current health expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, IT and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks. % of GDP 33.1 fertility rate Float Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility rates of the specified year. births per woman 95.67 female population Integer Female population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all female residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. None 99.76 male population Integer Male population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all male residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. None 99.76
|
||||
7545
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| 73
|
https://www.myjoyonline.com/how-a-priest-rose-to-become-seychelles-president/
|
en
|
How a priest rose to become Seychelles' president
|
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Seraphine Dogbey"
] |
2020-10-28T08:30:57+00:00
|
1
|
en
|
MyJoyOnline
|
https://www.myjoyonline.com/how-a-priest-rose-to-become-seychelles-president/
|
On his sixth attempt Wavel Ramkalawan, an Anglican cleric, has become Seychelles' president ending decades in opposition, but as Tim Ecott reports from the Indian Ocean archipelago - he now has to bring the country together.
"After 43 years we have regained democracy. The road has been long and now we will reap its rewards."
There was only the merest hint of triumphalism in President Wavel Ramkalawan's acceptance speech as he addressed an audience of invited dignitaries assembled in the manicured grounds of State House.
His election marks a seismic change for the islands, where the presidency has been dominated by one party since 1977.
In front of the grand Victorian colonial mansion and accompanied by a military guard of honour, the 58-year-old was sworn in by the chief justice on Monday.
The new president is an ordained Anglican minister, and not surprisingly his overall message was one of peace, tolerance and an appeal for all Seychellois to work together for national unity, and to overcome the divisions of so many years of political wrangling.
Thanking outgoing President Danny Faure for keeping political dialogue open over the past few years, Mr Ramkalawan stressed the need for tolerance among the Seychellois people and appealed for what he called a return to civility, to a society where everyone says good morning to one another and where racial and social differences are put aside.
"Seychelles," said the new president, "should be an example of tolerance for the whole world. We are 115 small islands in the Indian Ocean, but we are not insular.
"We will maintain friendly relations with all nations, and welcome help and assistance from our international allies whomsoever they may be."
Behind the Christian sentiments expressed by the new president there is also political steel.
'Pulpit politician'
This was his sixth attempt at the presidency, a journey that began when he first contested the role in 1998.
He had entered politics several years earlier, and was criticised by the government for making what they saw as political statements from the pulpit during the one-party state era.
He had come tantalising close to winning the presidency several times, and in 2015 lost to James Michel by only 193 votes in a second round of voting.
Referring to the years in opposition, and his five previous defeats in presidential elections Mr Ramkalawan quoted Nelson Mandela: "A winner is a dreamer who never gives up."
In spite of the positive messages in his inaugural address, there is no doubting the divisions within Seychellois society.
It is precisely 43 years since the islands were subjected to a violent coup by Albert René, who overthrew the democratically elected government of James Mancham, the man who had led the islands to independence from the UK in 1976.
Amid his appeals for peace and harmony, President Ramkalawan pointedly paid homage to Gerard Hoarau, an opponent of René assassinated in London in 1985, and whose killers have never been identified.
Hoarau was not the only person who died or disappeared during the one-party era that lasted from 1977 to 1991.
Many of the crimes committed during that period were exposed publicly during recent Truth and Reconciliation hearings in Seychelles.
There is no doubt that those revelations harmed the chances of Mr Faure and his United Seychelles party in these elections.
United Seychelles is the current name of the former Seychelles People's Progressive Front, which was in power when René so ruthlessly imprisoned and persecuted his political opponents.
For all its convoluted political history in the decades since independence, the 97,000-strong population of Seychelles now faces very big challenges.
The economy is heavily reliant on tourism, with around 350,000 annual visitors accounting for 65% of GDP.
Covid-19 has reduced tourist arrivals to a tiny trickle, and the economy has already shrunk by around 14%.
In addition, local non-governmental organisations estimate that approximately 10% of the working population, some 6,000 people, are addicted to heroin, and many are reliant on the government's methadone rehabilitation programme.
As well as winning the presidency, Mr Ramkalawan's party, Linyon Demokratik Seselwa (LDS), has also won a convincing majority in the islands' national assembly.
They will have 25 seats to the United Seychelles' 10. However, the president warned his parliamentarians not to become complacent.
"Just because we have won, we can't sit back," he said. "We need to carry on working hard, delivering what our people deserve."
|
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0
| 24
|
https://www.confiduss.com/en/jurisdictions/seychelles/
|
en
|
Seychelles country profile
|
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Seychelles is a country located in the Eastern part of Africa. It is a Presidential republic, lead by president Danny Faure. The capital of Seychelles is Victoria. French, English and Seselwa are the official languages of the country. Read more about why Seychelles is a worthwile jurisdiction for your business setup and investments.
|
en
|
https://www.confiduss.com/site/template/favicon.ico
| null |
Seychelles
The ISO code of Seychelles is SC according to the ISO 3166 standard. The local name of the country is the same as its English name. Seychelles capital city is Victoria. People in Seychelles speak the French, English, and Seselwa languages. On 29 June 1976, Seychelles emerged as a sovereign political entity. In the year 06/29/1976, Seychelles emerged as a sovereign political entity. The largest city in Seychelles is Victoria.
Seychelles is located in the UTC +04:00 time zone, which is also called Seychelles Time or SCT. The internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Seychelles is .sc. The International dialing code for Seychelles is 248. People in Seychelles drive on the left side of the road. Total land area of Seychelles is 455 km² (approx. 176 mi²). Seychelles is not a landlocked country. It means that is is bordered by at least one major body of water.
Seychelles is located in Africa. Seychelles is considered to be a developing nation. The developmental stage of a nation is determined by a number of factors including, but not limited to, economic prosperity, life expectancy, income equality, and quality of life.
Currently Seychelles faces various issues, including limited water supply that depends on catchments to collect rainwater.
Doing business in Seychelles
We offer various corporate services in Seychelles jurisdiction. These services can serve both, people coming from Seychelles and foreigners. If you plan on doing business in Seychelles you might be interested in contacting us.
To find out about starting your business in Seychelles click on company formation in Seychelles.
To find out how to open a bank account in Seychelles and moreover what type of account Confidus Solutions suggests to create, please click on bank account in Seychelles.
Choose preferred service below or continue reading to find out more about Seychelles.
Company formation Bank account (Corporate)Available banks Bank account (Private)
Demographics of Seychelles
The total population of Seychelles is 95,235 people. In Seychelles, the population density is 200 people per square kilometer (520 per square mile). Because of this statistic, this country is considered to be densely populated. The ethnic diversity is almost uniform according to a fractionalization scale which for Seychelles is 0.2025. Seychelles has approximately 12079 foreign immigrants. The median age is approximately 33.9 years. In Seychelles, 47.08 in every 100 people use internet. Seychelles has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.756.
The majority religion of Seychelles is Christianity, Seychelles is considered to be a developing nation. The developmental stage of a nation is determined by a number of factors including, but not limited to, economic prosperity, life expectancy, income equality, and quality of life. Click on a link to read more on demographics of Seychelles.
Culture of Seychelles
People in Seychelles speak the French, English, and Seselwa languages. According to data on inbound tourists in Seychelles, 230,000 tourists arrive in the country each year. One of the most popular national dishes of Seychelles is shark chutney with lentils and shredded green papaya on rice. To read more click on culture of Seychelles.
Geography of Seychelles
Seychelles is considered to be a large nation because of its total area. Its total land area is 455 km² (approx. 176 mi²). Seychelles is located in Africa. Its capital city is Victoria. Seychelles has no land borders.
The highest point of Seychelles is Morne Seychellois, with its official height being 905 m (2,969 ft). Including land mass and EEZ, the total area of Seychelles is approximately 1,337,014 km² (~516,222 mi²). The most notable natural resources found in Seychelles are fish, coconuts (copra), cinnamon trees.To read more click on geography of Seychelles.
Economy of Seychelles
The currency of the country is Seychellois rupee. The symbol used for this currency is ₨, and it is abbreviated as SCR. 3.8% of population in the country are unemployed. The total number of unemployed people in Seychelles is 3,619. Each year, Seychelles exports around $0.52 billion and imports roughly $0.85 billion. The Gini Index of the country is 42.77. Seychelles has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.756.Seychelles is considered to be a developing nation. The developmental stage of a nation is determined by a number of factors including, but not limited to, economic prosperity, life expectancy, income equality, and quality of life. Major industries in the country are fishing, tourism, beverages.
The total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) assessed as Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) in Seychelles is $2,424 billion. Each year, consumers spend around $530 million. The ratio of consumer spending to GDP in Seychelles is 0%, and the ratio of consumer spending to the world consumer market is 0.0015. The corporate tax in Seychelles is set at 25%. VAT in Seychelles is 15%. In 2013, Seychelles received 35.3 million USD in foreign aid.In 2014, the foreign aid amounted to 22.1 USD.To read more click on economy of Seychelles.
Infrastructure of Seychelles
In Seychelles, 100% of the population has access to electricity. There are 247 internet hosts in Seychelles. Seychelles has 14 airports nationwide.
The number of road motor vehicles per 1000 inhabitants in Seychelles is 149. To read more click on infrastructure of Seychelles.
Politics of Seychelles
Seychelles, is a presidential republic. With regard to political and civil freedoms, Seychelles is 2. Citizens in Seychelles experience partial freedom. While the majority of citizens are able to exercise their free will to a certain extent in Seychelles, some political engagement may be limited and certain population groups may be excluded from certain freedoms or expressions. The head of the government is Danny Faure.
According to the World Bank Group, the government effectiveness index of Seychelles is 0.39. This indicates that the government of Seychelles is mediocre. While some public and civil services are limited, in other cases they can be considered adequate or even effective. Potential investors should carefully evaluate the governmental situation in Seychelles before considering any business maneuvers.In Seychelles, the legislative power is vested in a National Assembly. The strength of legal rights index for Seychelles is 2. Overall, it is considered to be rather weak - bankruptcy and collateral laws are unable to protect the rights of borrowers and lenders in case of credit-related complications; credit information, if any at all, is scarce and hardly accessible. In 2013, Seychelles received 35.3 million USD in foreign aid. In 2014, the foreign aid amounted to 22.1 USD. Seychelles is a member of the United Nations (UN). On 21 September 1976, it joined the UN as a full member state. Seychelles is a member of the African Union (AU). On 29 June 1976, it joined the AU as a full member state. Seychelles is a member of the World Bank. To read more click on politics of Seychelles.
Environment of Seychelles
Seychelles emits 6.8 metric tons per capita of CO2. 407 km² of Seychelles's territory is covered in forests. and forest land comprises 89% of all the land in the country. The number of road motor vehicles per 1000 inhabitants in Seychelles is 149. To read more click on environment of Seychelles.
Company formation in Seychelles
The development of telecommunications and economic globalization has made it possible for interested investors to form companies around the world. With proper research, financial investments, and legal backing, business ventures can safely be established in Seychelles.
When establishing a company in Seychelles, an interested investor must do due diligence with regard to legal processes, international regulations, and sufficient investment for success. It is critical to understand cultural, social, and political factors of Seychelles that will affect the establishment and growth of one's business. Contact us or click on company formation in Seychelles to read additional information when setting up a business.
Bank account opening in Seychelles
With the right paperwork and initial outlay, it is possible for a foreign citizen to open a bank account in Seychelles. This opportunity for international accounts and investments offers several advantages based on economic regulations and tax structures. Interest rates and fees vary depending on your interests.
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https://dcyf.worldpossible.org/rachel/modules/wikipedia_for_schools/wp/s/Seychelles.htm
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Seychelles
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https://dcyf.worldpossible.org/Seychelles.htm
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Seychelles ( / s eɪ ˈ ʃ ɛ l z / say-SHELZ; French: [sɛʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is a 115- island country spanning an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, some 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles, with an estimated population of 86,525, has the smallest population of any African state. It has the highest Human Development Index in Africa and the highest income inequality in the world, as measured by the Gini index.
History
Scholars assume that Austronesian seafarers and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles. Remains of Maldivian mariner presence from the 12th century were found in Silhouette Island. The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral).
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV's Minister of Finance.
The British contested control over the islands between 1794 and 1810. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections were held in 1966 and 1970. Independence was granted in 1976 as a republic within the Commonwealth. In 1977, a coup d'état ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham, who was replaced by France Albert René. The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991. The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.
In January 2013, the country declared a state of emergency; the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundred of houses.
Politics
The Seychelles president, who is head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The previous president, France Albert René, first came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president in 1977 and installed him as president, one year after independence. He was re-elected thereafter during each election cycle. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006. Michel was reelected in 2011 in an election declared to be free and fair by over 100 international observers representing southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Indian Ocean Commission, although the opposition parties claim that there was vote-buying.
The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
The main rival parties are the ruling socialist Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF). As of 2009 the SPPF became the People's Party (PP) or Parti Lepep (LP) and the liberal democrat Seychelles National Party (SNP). Politics has been an integral part of the lives of the Seychellois since its inception in the early sixties. The range of opinion spans socialist and liberal democratic ideology.
Seychelles is part of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), La Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Seychelles performed excellently on the 2010 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, ranking second out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries, with an overall score of 79 out of 100, second only to Mauritius, which received a score of 83. Particularly good were its scores in Safety and Security, Participation and Human Rights, and Human Development. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance, based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.
Subdivisions
Seychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions that comprise all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé with two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also includes respective satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands are not considered part of any district.
Mahé
Bel Air
La Rivière Anglaise (English River)
Les Mamelles
Mont Buxton
Mont Fleuri
Plaisance
Roche Caiman
Saint Louis
Victoria
Anse aux Pins
Anse Boileau
Anse Etoile
Au Cap
Anse Royale
Baie Lazare
Beau Vallon
Bel Ombre
Cascade
Glacis
Grand'Anse Mahé
Pointe La Rue
Port Glaud
Takamaka
Praslin
Baie Sainte Anne (Anse Volbert)
Grand'Anse Praslin (Grande Anse)
La Digue and remaining Inner Islands
La Digue (Anse Réunion)
Education
Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles; the Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys' and girls' secondary schools with religious Brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944. A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age five. Ninety percent of all children attend nursery school at age four.
The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 85% in 1991.
Currently the public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. The schools are on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. There are three private schools: École Française, International School and the Independent school. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, National Institute of Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Centre, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Centre and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.
The current administration has advanced plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred. University of Seychelles, initiated in conjunction with the University of London, is launching education programmes which will include teaching and lead to the award of the recognised qualifications from the University of London.
Geography
An island nation, Seychelles is located to the northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (994 mi) east of Kenya. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155. The islands as per the Constitution are divided into groups as follows.
There are 42 granitic islands, in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette Island, La Digue, Curieuse, Felicite, Frégate, Ste-Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Île aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Île Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé), Chauve Souris (Praslin), Île La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics: Denis and Bird.
There are two coral islands south of the granitics: Coëtivy and Platte.
There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitics: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnoeufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Etoile, Bijoutier.
There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable Déposés Île aux Goëlettes Lapins Île du Milieu North Manaha South Manaha Middle Manaha North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.
There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Emile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Heron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption Island, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goëlettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).
According to the president of Nauru, the Seychelles has been ranked the ninth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change.
Climate
The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small. The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation is somewhat less on the other islands. During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
Climate data for Victoria ( Seychelles International Airport) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6) 30.4
(86.7) 31.0
(87.8) 31.4
(88.5) 30.5
(86.9) 29.1
(84.4) 28.3
(82.9) 28.4
(83.1) 29.1
(84.4) 29.6
(85.3) 30.1
(86.2) 30.0
(86) 29.8
(85.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 27.3
(81.1) 27.8
(82) 28.0
(82.4) 27.7
(81.9) 26.6
(79.9) 25.8
(78.4) 25.9
(78.6) 26.4
(79.5) 26.7
(80.1) 26.8
(80.2) 26.7
(80.1) 26.9
(80.4) Average low °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4) 24.6
(76.3) 24.8
(76.6) 25.0
(77) 25.4
(77.7) 24.6
(76.3) 23.9
(75) 23.9
(75) 24.2
(75.6) 24.3
(75.7) 24.0
(75.2) 23.9
(75) 24.4
(75.9) Precipitation mm (inches) 379
(14.92) 262
(10.31) 167
(6.57) 177
(6.97) 124
(4.88) 63
(2.48) 80
(3.15) 97
(3.82) 121
(4.76) 206
(8.11) 215
(8.46) 281
(11.06) 2,172
(85.49) Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 17 11 11 14 11 10 10 10 11 12 14 18 149 % humidity 82 80 79 80 79 79 80 79 78 79 80 82 79.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 153.3 175.5 210.5 227.8 252.8 232.0 230.5 230.7 227.7 220.7 195.7 170.5 2,527.7 Source #1: World Meteorological Organization Source #2: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Economy
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla, and copra were the chief exports. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist Donald Prell prepared for the then crown colony Governor General, an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. In 1964–65 the Seychelles connection to the outside world consisted of (1) excellent telegraphic service, (2) weekly seaplane service from Mombasa, Kenya, and (3) a monthly visit of the 10,304 ton British India Line's passenger ship M.S. Kampala. Mahé, Seychelles was a stopover port on the ship's round trip voyage from Mombasa, to Bombay. The island's population of 47,000 was about half of what it grew to be in 2011. In 1964, the major sources of funds supporting the island's economy included: (1) Agricultural exports, Rs. 8,660,000, (2) Grants in aid and other funding from British government, Rs. 2,920,000, (3) Funding from the United States covering the operating cost of the Indian Ocean Tracking Station, (part of the US Air Force Satellite Control Network), Rs. 4,500,000, (4) Invisible exports (funds received from sources outside the Seychelles) including, pensions and allotments to retired British expatriates, bank transfers from abroad, and miscellaneous purchases,), Rs. 3,260,000, and (5) Tourism, Rs. 860,000. The total value of imports (including freight, insurance) and miscellaneous funds transferred abroad, totalled Rs. 16,500,000, resulting in a surplus to the economy of Rs. 3,700,000. The report recommended establishing a Seychelles Development Corporation. The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé, was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.
In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a serious industry, basically dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles.
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla. The prime agricultural products currently produced in the Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts, and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon, and vanilla are the main export commodities of the islands.
In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC. Despite its growth, the vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991–1992 due largely to the Gulf War. Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Seychelles International Business Authority (SIBA) and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others).
Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs, and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, insurance (has now been privatised), banking (is being privatised very soon), imports of basic products (now being privatised), telecommunications (four private ISP/telecom companies), and a wide range of other businesses.
The national currency of the Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies it was depegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.
Demographics
When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the Gran'bla ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on indentured servitude to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were confined to a merchant class. Today the descendents of the Indian, Chinese, and Gran'bla form distinct ethnic communities, although most people are of 'black' African origin, often mixed with 'white' European or Asian heritage.
As the islands of Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of people who have immigrated. The largest ethnic groups are those of African, French, Indian, and Chinese descent. French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is primarily based upon French.
According to the 2002 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 82.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.4% are Anglican, and 4.5% are of other Christian denominations. There are small minorities who practice Hinduism (2.1%) and Islam (1.1%). Other non-Christian faiths account for 1.5% of the population while a further 2.1% were non-religious or did not specify a religion. The median age of Seychellois is 32 years.
Culture
Seychellois society is essentially matriarchal. Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditures and looking after the interests of the children. Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children. Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral. Older women can usually count on financial support from family members living at home or contributions from the earnings of grown children.
The music of Seychelles is diverse. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation—such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau), European contredanse, polka and mazurka, French folk and pop, sega from Mauritius and Réunion, taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres, and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music. A complex form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga.
Traditionally, despite a greater connection with Great Britain (e.g., in education, which follows the International General Certificate of Education (IGCSE), and on many aspects of the law) many foreign observers have stated that "the culture remains emphatically French" and about 70% of the population have a family name of French origin, compared with only about 20% family names of English origin. The two are often mixed, such that inhabitants receive an English first name and a French family name or vice-versa (e.g., Jean-Pierre Kingsmith).
Flora and fauna
Environmental legislation is very strict, and every tourism project must undergo an environmental review and a lengthy process of consultations with the public and conservationists. The Seychelles is a world leader in sustainable tourism. The end result of this sustainable development is an intact and stable natural environment, which attracts financially strong visitors (150,000 in 2007) rather than short-term mass tourism. Since 1993 a law guarantees the citizens the right to a clean environment and at the same time obliges them to protect this environment. The country holds a record for the highest percentage of land under natural conservation—nearly 50% of the total land area.
Like many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity during early human history, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de Mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because of the shape of its fruit which, with the husk removed, presents a "double" coconut resembling buttocks, the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed pods. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant in a genus of its own (Medusagynaceae) has resisted all efforts to propagate it. Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia Rothmannia annae found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and 5 species of hermit crabs live on the islands.
The Aldabra Giant Tortoise now populates many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. It has been reported that the granitic islands of Seychelles supported distinct species of Seychelles giant tortoises; the status of the different populations is currently unclear.
There are several unique varieties of orchids on the islands.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world. In the outer islands Aldabra and Cosmoledo are home to the largest numbers. In granitic Seychelles the largest numbers are on Aride Island including the world's largest numbers of two species.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has unfortunately damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (e.g., Silhouette Island).
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d). In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).
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https://endonymmap.com/
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Endonym Map: World Map of Country Names in Their Local Languages
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An endonym is the name for a place, site or location in the language of the people who live there. This map depicts endonyms of the countries of the world in their official or national languages.
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https://endonymmap.com/favicon.ico
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Greetings Visitors!
Since its publication, news of the Endonym Map has traveled far and wide. It has been featured on many popular websites and has received visitors from almost every country on the planet. I've enjoyed reading the discussions across the Internet and social media, as well as the emails I have received. I am pleased that the map has gotten a mostly positive, sometimes enthusiastic, response.
I am also aware that this map in its current form has flaws. Cartography is an iterative process and no single map will ever be absolutely correct. No matter how hard we try, we can always measure how far from perfect our attempts land. Your suggestions for corrections and updates are being noted and catalogued for possible use in future versions.
One big change I am exploring is the inclusion of minority language endonyms in some fashion. I would love to put all three official languages for Belgium on the map, or both Ireland and Éire for that matter. But with the limited space on a fixed map, there's just not room to do it fairly for all countries. And it bugs me to no end that places like South Africa and India have a dozen or so recognized languages, but there's only room on the map for one. But I am working on it and hopefully will come to a solution soon.
In the meantime, please enjoy the map!
See below the map for answers, corrections and discussion.
Answers, Errata and Discussion
A map of this nature taps into some deep notions of personal identity and can arouse strong nationalist passions. Indeed, I've received many (mostly polite) questions and comments asking why a particular language was used for a label, where a particular name came from or why certain features were included or excluded from the map. The section below explains in greater detail why the map looks the way it does. It also mentions a few mistakes that will be corrected in the next edition of the map.
Where do the country names come from?
The vast majority of names come from the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographic Names and the U.N.'s database of country names. Other sources include the CIA World Fact Book, Wikipedia and various government websites.
X isn't a country.
The map includes disputed territories if they have established de facto sovereignty over their territory, regardless of international recognition.
Also, labels may imply that some areas are sovereign countries when they are not. Such instances are noted in the Errata below.
X isn't a native language.
The Endonym Map expressly does not use the word "native" to describe the languages shown. These languages are local in that they are used officially or by the largest percentage of the local population. Because it is a map of countries (as opposed to peoples), it should more properly be read as a map of languages likely to be used for official business.
It is important to note that an endonym may not necessarily come from an area's indigenous language. Indeed, as a lasting effect of European colonialism, indigenous languages are often minority languages. The intent of this map is not to show place names in their "original" languages, but with the languages that are currently in use. In that sense, many of these names are native (i.e. used by local natives). But because of the potential for ambiguity and confusion, this map does not and will not refer to them that way.
Further, because many of these countries did not exist until Europeans carved up their borders, there may not be an indigenous name for them.
Where are Wales and Scotland?
The map shows top-level sovereignty based on ISO 3166 definitions (which are based on publication from the United Nations). Because this is an international map, countries are labeled with the face they show the world. The United Kingdom faces the world as a single entity (save for matters of football), thus it is labeled with the name it uses for international relations.
Ireland should be labeled in Irish as Éire.
Both "Ireland" and "Éire" are endonyms for the country. But because English is the more widely used language there, Ireland was chosen to be the label. Based on the 2006 census, only 30-40% of the population considers itself competent in the Irish language, with less than 10% using the language on an everyday basis.
For similar reasons, Isle of Man is labeled in English rather than Manx.
If you're going to use English, Ireland should be "Republic of Ireland".
The Republic of Ireland Act, 1948 provides an official description of the state as the Republic of Ireland. But the Irish constitution states the name is simply Ireland (or Éire), and it would require a constitutional amendment to change it.
On a similar note, Iceland is sometimes referred to as the Republic of Iceland (Lýðveldið Ísland), even by the United Nations. However, the word "republic" is written in lowercase letters in the Icelandic constitution. Thus, as with Ireland, "republic" is used as a descriptor and is not part of the name proper.
Antarctica?
If penguins could speak, what would they call it?
As politically-neutral territory, Antarctica does not have an endonym per se. However, among the territorial claimants, the majority of the continent is composed of English-speaking countries. English is also used as the lingua franca among various research stations there.
Where's the pronunciation guide?
The scope of this map is limited to writing systems. If you wish to find a pronunciation or romanization of a country's name, I recommend starting at its Wikipedia entry.
Errata
Known errors. A special thank you to all the commenters and correspondents who helped me identify these. I apologize for them and they will be fixed.
Fiji is mis-labeled as "Republic of the Fiji Islands". The country changed its name to "Republic of Fiji" in 2011.
The map implies that Tasmania is a separate country. The island is in fact a state of Australia.
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands west of Thailand are a Union Territory of India and should be labeled as such.
The island group north of Maldives are the Lakshadweep Islands. They are also a Union Territory of India.
Alaska should be labeled "Alaska (U.S.A)".
The British Virgin Islands should be labeled as "The Virgin Islands". The "British" designation is not part of the territory's official name.
Despite its similarity to Portuguese, Spanish is not a historically significant language in Brazil. Upon further probing, sources used to make that claim cannot be verified. Brazil should not be shaded on the Hispanofonia corner map.
Although English is the only official language in Sierra Leone, 90+% of its population understands Krio. As with Haiti, it should be labeled in two languages. I have not been able to find a full Krio translation of "Republic of Sierra Leone" however. Sierra Leone is called Salone in Krio.
English is the dominant language of government, business and media in South Africa and is considered more politically neutral. Zulu, however, has many more speakers there and a Zulu endonym should have been included: iRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika
The Maldives script was flipped when the map rendered. It should be read right-to-left like so:
The font for Bangladesh did not render properly. It should read like so:
Links
For a more detailed discussion of African names and indigenous languages, see African Country Names in Indigenous Languages at GeoCurrents.
Contact
If you've read this far and you still have questions, comments, corrections, compliments or insults, send them to [email protected].
Changelog
2013 edition changes
The world is an ever-changing place and hey, cartographers make mistakes. The 2013 edition of the Endonym Map contains the following changes and updates:
In 2012, Hungary passed a new constitution which shortened the country's name from "Republic of Hungary" to just "Hungary". The map reflects the new name in Hungarian.
The previous edition of the map showed the name of Mongolia in Mongolian script. Though the script is official, its use is considered more traditional. The Cyrillic alphabet is more widely used there, so the map now shows the name of the country in Cyrillic.
The "Channel Islands" in the English Channel have been separated into their proper names as the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey.
A Pacific island that was discovered to not actually exist has been removed.
The endonym of Haiti is now shown both in French and Haitian Creole. This is because French is the dominant written language, while Haitian Creole is by more commonly spoken.
Various typographic and cartographic fixes and clean up.
2014-03-08
This page now uses Leaflet to power the map, resulting in a smaller data footprint and faster load times.
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https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_newspapers_in_Seychelles
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Seychelles
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Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an island country and archipelagic state consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas departments of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and the Chagos Archipelago and Maldives to the east. Seychelles is the smallest country in Africa as well as the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated population of 100,600 in 2022.
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Wikiwand
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https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Seychelles
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For the ship, see HMS Seychelles.
Seychelles ( , ;[8][9] French: [sɛʃɛl][10][11][12] or [seʃɛl][13]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Seychellois Creole: Repiblik Sesel),[14] is an island country and archipelagic state consisting of 115 islands (as per the Constitution) in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres (800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas departments of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and the Chagos Archipelago (administered by the United Kingdom as the British Indian Ocean Territory) and Maldives to the east. Seychelles is the smallest country in Africa as well as the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated population of 100,600 in 2022.[4]
Quick Facts Republic of Seychelles, Capitaland largest city ...
Close
Seychelles was uninhabited prior to being encountered by Europeans in the 16th century. It faced competing French and British interests until it came under full British control in the late 18th century. Since proclaiming independence from the United Kingdom in 1976, it has developed from a largely agricultural society to a market-based diversified economy, characterized by service, public sector, and tourism activities. From 1976 to 2015, nominal GDP grew nearly 700%, and purchasing power parity nearly 1600%. Since the late 2010s, the government has taken steps to encourage foreign investment.
As of the early 21st century, Seychelles has the highest nominal per capita GDP of any African nation. It has the highest Human Development Index ranking of any African country.[15] According to 2023 V-Dem Democracy indices Seychelles is ranked 43rd electoral democracy worldwide and 1st ranked electoral democracy in Africa.[16]
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https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Seychelles_(1983:_Doomsday)
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Seychelles (1983: Doomsday)
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https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/4/4d/Flag_of_the_Seychelles_%281977-1996%29.svg/revision/latest?cb=20150314162911
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The Seychelles (pronounced /seɪˈʃɛl/ say-SHEL or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ say-SHELZ; French: [seʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an archipelago nation of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some 1500 km (932 mi) east of mainland Africa...
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https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20210916203836
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Alternative History
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https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Seychelles_(1983:_Doomsday)
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The Seychelles (pronounced /seɪˈʃɛl/ say-SHEL or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ say-SHELZ; French: [seʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an archipelago nation of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some 1500 km (932 mi) east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius and Réunion to the south, Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. The Seychelles has the smallest population of any African state.
International Relations[]
The Seychelles are closely tied to the RTFA and are considered a de facto member of the nation. The Seychelloise also maintain good relations with nearby Madagascar and Zanzibar. It is currently an observer in the League of Nations.
Sports[]
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https://www.chaloafrica.com/kenya-wildlife-safari-travel-guide/
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Kenya Travel Guide
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Old Africa hands will often recommend Kenya as your first safari destination. Indeed, it was one of our first safari destinations, on our first 10-day safari to the famed Masai Mara Game Reserve.
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Chalo Africa
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https://www.chaloafrica.com/kenya-wildlife-safari-travel-guide/
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Kenya is usually the first stop in Africa for wildlife lovers. Aside from fantastic wildlife viewing, it is also quite easily accessible. Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, is a hub for airlines and easily connects to Europe, USA, India and other parts of Asia. You’ll probably be surprised to hear that Kenya is less than 6 hours by air from Mumbai. In other words, you can escape the hustle and frenzy of urban life in less time and with less trouble than you may have thought possible. Indeed, if you put your mind to it, you can soon be listening to the hiss and spit of a crackling campfire as hyenas whoop-whoop in the background. Or you can be sitting in a camp chair on the open-air veranda of your canvas tent, gin & tonic in hand, relishing the colours of an African sky as a blood-red sun sinks dramatically beneath the horizon.
Kenya Safari Holidays
Kenya is one of our favourite safari destinations because there is something for everyone. Whether you are a first-time safari traveller, or if you are returning for your tenth safari, Kenya offers something for everyone. With national parks and game reserves such as the Masai Mara (home to the Great Migration) and private conservancies such a as well as some of the highest densities of big cats anywhere in the world)
Witness the Great Annual Migration of over one million wildebeest, two hundred thousand zebras and tens of thousands of assorted gazelles and wildlife sightings to dazzle the senses.
Guided bush walks and drives, night drives, fly-camping, off-roading, walking safaris, chimp walks, rhino tracking, and birding.
Mount Kenya climbs, trekking, mountain biking, horse riding, helicopter rides.
Snorkelling, kayaking, swimming, river rafting, laser sailing, para sailing, wind surfing, water skiing, scuba diving, kite surfing, river excursions, beach houses.
Camel safaris.
Cultural visits.
Spas and massages, sauna, yoga weeks, golfing, archaeological site visits.
Conservation safaris, educational safaris, village & school visits, starbeds, learning bushcraft, cultural immersion programmes, cave explorations etc.
The Kenyan Coast is a beach lovers paradise: pristine white sand beaches, warm azure waters of the Indian Ocean, and spectacular coral reefs teeming with life and colour. Whether you want to relax after an exhausting safari in the Masai Mara or discover new world by going diving in the deep waters of the Indian Ocean, the Kenya Coast has something for everyone.
The beaches of Kenya are broadly divided into North Coast beaches (North of Mombasa) and South Coast beaches (South of Mombasa). The most popular beach town in the South Coast is Diani Beach, known for its azure waters, endless sands and gorgeous coral reefs. This is a popular kite surfing location. In the North Coast, we have Malindi, Watamu and the beautiful Island town of Lamu. Diving to see coral reefs, big game fishing, and whitewater rafting are other popular marine activities along the coast of Kenya.
Beaches along the Kenya Coast
Diani Beach
Diani Beach is located 30 kilometres south of Mombasa, in the nearby Kwale County. The beach is about 10 kilometres long, from the Kongo river to the north and Galu beach to the south (the southern point of reference is an old Baobab tree). It is adjacent to the town of Ukunda.
A small airstrip is located between the beach area and the Mombasa-Lunga Lunga road. The water remains shallow near shore, with some underwater sandbars near the surface which allow wading with a clear view of the sandy bottom. Inland from the beach, there is extensive vegetation, including numerous palm trees which cover the coastal areas, unlike the dry acacia trees of the mountainous Kenyan Highlands.
The area is known for its coral reefs, black-and-white colobus monkeys, and for the closely located Shimba Hills National Reserve, a wildlife reserve which looks out over the Indian Ocean. Diani Beach has high-class restaurants, hotels, supermarkets, and several shopping centres.
Diani Beach is also a popular kitesurfing location.
Malindi & Watamu
The small town of Malindi is at the centre of a strip of idyllic tropical beaches offering visitors a range of world class resorts and quiet relaxing hideaways. Further south, the sleepy village of Watamu is fronted by wide white beaches. This tranquil haven is home to several well established resorts, and many private guesthouses scattered through the forest along the deserted shore.
At Watamu a Marine National Park has been established, an ideal day trip for divers and snorkellers alike.
Northwest of Malindi is the spectacular Marafa Depression, locally known as Nyari and popularly known as Hell’s Kitchen. An extensive series of sandstone gorges and sheer gullies, this unique and otherworldly landscape has become part of local folklore.
The thick jungles of the Arabuko Sokoke Forest reserve hide a world of wonders. In the cool of the forest winding paths will take you in search of rare endemic birds and mammals, and visiting herds of Elephant.
The forest holds another secret, the lost town of Gedi, a deserted trading Swahili town hidden deep in the forests, whose winding passages and crumbling walls tell of a long and mysterious past.
Walk through the Forest, explore the mangroves by boat, dive on the reef or try your hand at big game fishing.
Lamu
Lamu is a place like no other, a peaceful tropical island where life is lived at it’s own relaxed rhythm, but a place whose history is as mysterious and fascinating as the winding streets of it’s medieval stone town.
The island itself is a beautiful place of rolling dunes and endless beaches, where tiny villages nestle among coconut and mango plantations and lateen sailed dhows ply the waters. But Lamu’s real attraction is its Old town.
The town of Lamu began life as a 14th century Swahili settlement, but the island has seen many visitors and influences, including Portuguese explorers, Turkish traders and the Omani Arabs. All left their mark, but Lamu developed its own particular culture, which has ultimately endured.
Lamu’s narrow streets remain unchanged, and in the markets and squares around the fort life moves at the same pace as it always has. There are no vehicles on this island, and the donkey and the dhow remain the dominant form of transport.
Dhow safaris can take you beyond Lamu into the surrounding archipelago, where isolated villages, ancient ruins and a few luxurious and exclusive resorts lie hidden among the islands of Manda, Siyu, Pate and Kiwayu.
This idyllic island speaks to the heart and soul, and a trip to Lamu is a romantic experience that can become a lifelong affair.
This East African country has an ancient and proud history. The bones of early hominids have been found here, dating back millions of years, and evidence suggests that modern people (Cushitic-, Nilotic- and Bantu-speaking) have inhabited the region for roughly 10,000 years. Evidence of ancient Greek and ancient Roman contact has been found in Kenya, but more significant were the trading ties between East Africa and Asia: that is, Arabia, Persia, India, Indonesia, and China. It was the mix of the indigenous culture and these Asian traders’ cultures that gave rise to the new, Swahili civilization.
When the Portuguese explorer Vasco de Gama arrived on the East African shore in 1498, he encountered a number of prosperous city-states. For the next century, the Portuguese sought control over East Africa and the Indian Ocean trade, but they were eventually ousted with the help of the Omani Arabs, who set up their capital on the island of Zanzibar. The Arabs remained in power until the British Empire established the Protectorate of Kenya in 1885, and then the Colony of Kenya in 1920. The indigenous people of Kenya resisted British rule, fighting against the construction of the Kenya-Uganda Railway, as well as the appropriation of their land by white settlers. After many concerted efforts at political organization, the Kenyans set up an independent government under president Jomo Kenyatta in 1963.
After independence, Kenya struggled to find the balance between fair democracy and political stability. Kenya is, after all, a country of great diversity. From the nomadic Samburu, the camel-herding Somal and Rendile, to the world-class Kalenjin runners – from the wood-carving Akamba, to the Kikuyu, Kisii, Luo, Masai, and the coastal Arabic/African Swahili culture, Kenya encompasses more than 40 distinct ethnic communities, each with its own tale and its own wisdom to impart. But over time, Kenya has undoubtedly become the top tourist and safari destination in East Africa, with something for everyone.
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2021-03-24T09:19:50+00:00
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Seychelles remains a relatively unexplored destination even though it hides a number of splendid beaches and alluring greens. A group of islands in the Indian Ocean, this East African country offers the perfect escape to holidayers looking for some change in the air. The journey from India to Seychelles is not a very long one, […]
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Seychelles Tourism
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https://seychellestourism.in/
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Seychelles remains a relatively unexplored destination even though it hides a number of splendid beaches and alluring greens. A group of islands in the Indian Ocean, this East African country offers the perfect escape to holidayers looking for some change in the air. The journey from India to Seychelles is not a very long one, but well worth the time.
Indians’ Love for Seychelles
Indians are known the world over to be avid travellers. However, the bond between India and Seychelles goes far beyond tourism. About 6% of the local population consists of Indo-Seychellois inhabitants. Thanks to inter-marriages with Seychellois people of Creole, French and African origin, more than 80% of the present generation has some Indian heritage, even if it is distant.
One can easily spot a bit of Indian-ness in most spheres of the Seychellois culture, whether it is food, language or religion. In the past decades, this African archipelago was one of the top favourites of wealthy Indian celebrities and business tycoons. However, the recent boom in overseas tourism has seen a lot of Indians warming up to this tropical paradise.
Where is Seychelles?
The Republic of Seychelles sits in the Somali Sea, which is a part of the Indian Ocean. An island country in Sub-Saharan Africa, Seychelles is located 1,500 away from the mainland. While it is too tiny to appear on the globe, this archipelago is a cluster of 115 little islands which are fairly big in size (when compared to similar archipelagos in the rest of the world).
Seychelles is spread over 459 square kilometres and follows the time zone of UTC+4 throughout the nation, also abbreviated as SCT (Seychelles Time). The country is 1,600 kilometres to the east of Kenya, about 1,300 kilometres from Somalia and to the north east of Madagascar.
The constitution of Seychelles recognizes more islands than the number (115) observed by the world. At 155, it claims to have many named islands, some part of the Outer Islands which were recognized by the tourism ministry more recently.
Since Seychelles is located south of the equator, weather patterns follow the southern hemispheric trends. Nevertheless, its unique tropical rainforest climate ensures that there is a perpetual wet season here, apart from a handful of dry season months.
India to Seychelles Map
It is hard to spot Seychelles on a regular world map as its size is impossible to be accurately represented in reference to other countries such as India. Even though India is in the continent of Asia, and Seychelles, a part of East Africa, both the countries are less than 5 hours away from each other.
The islands in Seychelles are segregated into 26 administrative regions with Victoria as the capital. From India, Seychelles appears as we move to the south west, towards Africa. We must look below the horn of East Africa to be able to locate this island cluster.
India to Seychelles Distance
Seychelles is roughly 3,794 kilometres away from India, with some variations depending on your starting location in India and exact destination in the archipelagic island country. This seemingly large figure, however, is nothing more than a number, especially when you remember that the flight time from India to Seychelles is hardly a few hours.
Which is Closer to India? Seychelles or Mauritius?
We are spoilt for choice when it comes to island vacation destinations in the Indian Ocean. Many tourists tend to compare Seychelles with Mauritius when making their holiday decision. It may seem a bit confusing to pick between the two as both are gorgeous island locations off mainland Africa.
Both Mauritius and Seychelles have a sizable Indian population by heritage, and offer a decent amount of variety when it comes to topography and sightseeing. However, Mauritius is approximately 5,110 kilometres from India, much farther than Seychelles.
When one compares the flight time, it takes 6 and half hours to fly direct from India to Mauritius, whereas it takes just 4 and a half hours for Seychelles. Seychelles is, no doubt, closer to India, but the fare difference varies only marginally.
How to Reach Seychelles from India?
There are different modes of transportation to travel from India to Seychelles. Before rushing to book your flights, understand the other options and the pros and cons of each. The choice you make should reflect what you want, not what all other Indians do.
India to Seychelles by Flight
The most popular way to get from India to Seychelles is by air. There are a few flight operators that connect different Indian cities to Seychelles. One will find both direct flights and connecting ones, from numerous places in India to a number of islands in Seychelles.
In case there are no flights that are convenient to you, and if you are willing to loosen the purse strings, you can also charter a small plane or whizz past in a private jet. Helicopter tours are also possible, but only for getting from one Seychellois island to another as helicopters cannot scale the long distance between India and Seychelles.
Seychelles Airport
There are a total of 15 airports in Seychelles, with many more helipads. One must not be led into thinking that international flights operate from all, as there is only one international air base here – Seychelles International Airport on Mahé Island. All other airports are for domestic flights, chartered aircraft and private jets only.
Other airports in Seychelles are Praslin Island Airport, Frégate Island Airport, Alphonse Airport, Assumption Island Airport, Coëtivy Airport, Platte Island Airport, Astove Island Airport, Denis Island Airport, Remire Island Airport, Bird Island Airport, Farquhar Airport, D’Arros Island Airport, Marie Louise Island Airport and Desroches Airport.
Each of these airports is located in its own island in Seychelles. In fact, most of the aerodromes are air strips, without the regular facilities of a full-fledged airport. But that also means check-in and check-out procedures are quicker. The smaller airports and airstrips in Seychelles are connected by domestic flights to Seychelles International Airport (known as Aéroport de la Pointe Larue in French), making local tourism possible to the world.
Flight Duration from India
The flight time from India to Seychelles is contingent on the Indian city you are flying from. The only direct route that exists from India is from Mumbai, taking 4 hours and 25 minutes to reach Seychelles International Airport. All other routes have at least one stop over (and some with more than one halt), taking the total flight time to over 10 hours. Some very long flight routes can even cross 30 hours.
Flight Operators from India
A select few airlines fly from India to Seychelles International Airport, connecting a handful of cities. Only 2 airlines offer direct flights – Air Seychelles and Air India, the latter being the only Indian airline to operate on that route. Also note that direct flights are only available for Mumbai. All other Indian cities will have at least one stop over, either in India or abroad, depending upon the connecting airline(s).
If layovers are no problem for you, then you will have more airlines to experiment with. Including 1 or 2 halts, other airlines that connect various Indian cities to the Seychellois island of Mahé are Etihad Airways, Turkish Airlines, Emirates, Qatar Airways, Ethiopian Air and Kenya Airways.
Departing Cities from India and Average Air Ticket Price
Flight connections to Seychellois islands from Indian cities are infrequent and with multiple layovers that involve switching airlines as well. However, most airlines have code-sharing agreements with one another, and let you fly on the same PNR with through-booking of checked baggage. That means, you will not need to collect your check-in bags at the stopovers or re-check them in for the next connecting flight.
Departing cities from India to Seychelles are Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru (Bangalore), Kolkata, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Nagpur, Goa, Surat and many more. Except for Mumbai, though, all other cities have layovers. The cheapest tickets for a direct one-way flight from Mumbai to Seychelles will cost about INR 17,000 per head.
Figures can soar to INR 30,000+ for a single journey, while return fares begin at INR 33,000 when you book direct with Air Seychelles or Air India. Many connecting routes offer tickets that can cost up to several lakhs of rupees. However, average return ticket prices from India to Seychelles hover around INR 40,000 per person.
India to Seychelles by Cruise
As of now, there are no active cruises that operate between India and Seychelles. However, in the past, Azamara Club Cruises offered a 20-day sail along various points of interest in the Indian Ocean. Their seaborne vessel started from Mumbai and stopped at Kochi for a couple of days before setting sail for Seychelles, where it would remain for 3 days.
The full itinerary also included visits to The Maldives and Sri Lanka, before returning to India, where it had a halt in Goa and finally docked in Mumbai. The sea route is an affordable alternative to flying, and one should keep an eye out for any new voyages that are announced in the future.
Sea Route Distance and Time Taken
The distance between Mumbai and Victoria – capital city of Seychelles is 3,251 kilometres. However, the sea route can be longer as there may be other halts on the way. From Kochi, this distance is 2,815 km – an important docking station for most cruise liners that sail in the Indian Ocean.
Currently unavailable on any Seychelles vacation package, sailing from Kochi to the island of Mahé takes at least 3 days. The return journey takes just as long. A cruise from India to Seychelles, therefore, will take at least a couple of weeks to be properly enjoyed.
Cruise Fare
The 20-day long cruise from the Arabian Sea to the Somali Sea in the Indian Ocean was priced at USD 5,999 plus taxes, fees and port expenses. At present, one can choose to cruise between multiple islands in Seychelles on liveaboards. The costs range from INR 1,00,000 to INR 2,70,000 per person for cruises that last between 4 and 11 days.
India to Seychelles by Road (Possibility)
On the surface, it may seem impossible to do a road trip from India to Seychelles as both the countries are not only in different continents but also separated by many seas in the Indian Ocean. However, for those keen on road-tripping, it is possible to break the journey into multiple laps and cover the Indian bit via roadways.
Since Mumbai is the only Indian city with a direct flight to Seychelles International Airport, it makes sense to drive up to Mumbai from whichever other city in India that you reside in. Being the financial capital of India, Mumbai is well connected to most other cities, towns and villages via expressways, national highways, state highways and other roads.
Once you reach Mumbai’s Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (CSMIA), take the 4 hour 25 minute direct flight to Seychelles. If your itinerary only includes exploring the island of Mahé, you can continue your road trip there.
Visiting Seychelles from various Indian Cities
One need not worry if arriving from a city that does not have any well-popularized flights to Seychelles. There are plenty of connections with either a single airline or multiple airlines to get you from any Indian city to the island of Mahé.
Delhi to Seychelles
New Delhi is about 4,365 km away from the Seychellois archipelago. The capital of India has no direct flights to Mahé but several connecting routes are available. Choose from Air India, Air Seychelles and Emirates when flying from Delhi to Seychelles.
The shortest flight takes 13 hours and 40 minutes with a 7 hour layover in Mumbai. Operated by Air India and Air Seychelles, this route costs just INR 37,000 for the return journey, and INR 23,000 for the onward flight.
You can also fly Emirates if you prefer a halt in Dubai and wish to spend some time checking out the famous Dubai Airport. The journey time in that case will range between 16 hours and 28 hours, depending on the layover duration.
Mumbai to Seychelles
Mumbai to Seychelles route is the best connected one, with maximum flight options. Air Seychelles, Etihad, Air India, Emirates, Qatar Airways and Ethiopian Air operate flights on this route, Air Seychelles and Air India being the only two operators with direct flights.
It takes only 4 hours and 25 minutes when you fly non-stop. The cheapest fare is offered by Air Seychelles at INR 17,000 one way. Mumbai is 3,254 km from Seychelles, and the flying time can go up to 40 hours, with layovers in Dubai, Doha, Addis Ababa or Delhi and Abu Dhabi.
Bangalore to Seychelles
Previously known as Bangalore, Bengaluru is 3,132 km away from Seychelles. This tech hub in the Indian state of Karnataka is connected to the African archipelagic islands through multiple airlines such as Air India, Air Seychelles, Emirates, Etihad, Qatar Airways and Kenya Airways.
Since there are no direct flights from Bangalore to Seychelles, expect layovers at Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Nairobi or Doha, depending on the airline connections you choose. The shortest route takes 14 hours and 30 minutes, costing INR 29,000 for one person one way.
Chennai to Seychelles
About 3,374 km from Seychelles, Chennai has a select few flight routes with a single stopover. Since none of the airlines operate on a daily basis, the flight options you have will depend on the day of the week you choose to fly.
The shortest flight from Chennai to Seychelles takes 18 hours and 45 minutes, a layover in Mumbai. Operated by Air India and Air Seychelles, this is also the cheapest one-way flight at INR 26,000. Other airlines that service this route are Etihad, Qatar Airways and Emirates.
Kolkata to Seychelles
The Seychelles is located at a distance of 4,683 km from Kolkata. Even connecting flights from Kolkata to Seychelles are only available on certain days of the week. The quickest route is via Mumbai, with a 9.5 hour layover. This is also the cheapest flight at INR 27,400 for a single journey.
Airlines that ply from Kolkata to Seychelles on a code-sharing basis are Air India, Air Seychelles and Emirates, the latter offering a halt in Dubai. Flights can cost up to INR 47,000 for the onward journey for one person.
Hyderabad to Seychelles
Separated by 3,519 kilometres, Hyderabad and Seychelles are serviced by Etihad, Qatar Airways, Emirates, Air India and Air Seychelles.11 hours and 40 minutes is the fastest you can get from Hyderabad to Seychelles via Mumbai.
The most economical flight rate is INR 28,000 while the average cost typically hovers around the INR 44,000 ballpark figure. Some long haul flights can take your entire journey time from the city of pearls to Seychelles to over 30 hours.
Ahmedabad to Seychelles
3,594 kilometres away from Seychelles, Ahmedabad may be a newly upgraded tier-1 city in India, but there are no direct flights that connect the two destinations. Even the shortest flight takes 26 hours and 20 minutes, with a 21-hour long layover in Mumbai.
Prices can range between INR 25,000 and INR 64,000 for a one-way economy-class ticket from Ahmedabad to Seychelles. Airlines on this route are Air India, Air Seychelles, Qatar Airways, Etihad, Kenya Airways and Emirates.
Goa to Seychelles
Goa and Seychelles share similar vibes, with so many beaches to laze around on. Separated by 3,023 km, there are only 3 airlines that operate from Goa to Seychelles as of now. Choose between Qatar Airways which has a layover in Doha, and a code-sharing flight operated by Air India and Air Seychelles that halts in Mumbai.
The shortest route takes 10 and a half hours whereas some can cross the 30-hour mark. Prices for a single journey start from INR 28,000. One should plan their trip in advance when coming from Goa as flights are only available on certain days of the week, and sometimes on certain weeks only.
Pune to Seychelles
Pune is 3,271 km from Seychelles International Airport. As of now, there are no flights that connect Pune to the island of Mahé. However, it is possible to drive down to Mumbai in 3 to 4 hours and catch any of the flights available from Mumbai to Seychelles. Alternatively, on a separate PNR, it is possible to fly from Pune to Mumbai before getting on the plane to Mahé.
The road trip from Pune to Mumbai can be made via long-distance buses (private or state operated), cabs or self-drive rental cars as well. Costs vary depending on how you plan on reaching Mumbai’s international airport from Pune. Budget for approximately INR 100 for an MSRTC bus ride to INR 2,000 for a pre-booked hatchback.
Cochin to Seychelles
Cochin is 2,817 away from Mahé Island. Carriers that fly from Kochi to Seychelles are Air India, Air Seychelles, Emirates, Qatar Airways and Etihad. All of these flights have at least one stopover in cities like Mumbai, Dubai, Doha or Abu Dhabi (based on the airline).
The lowest one-way flight rate is INR 30,000, taking 13 hours and 30 minutes for the entire journey. Other connections typically cost over INR 50,000 per head per way for economy seats.
Nagpur to Seychelles
3,854 km away, Nagpur has no flights to Seychelles. The nearest airport from where one can catch a flight to Mahé is in Mumbai. Nagpur and Mumbai are well connected by railroads and roadways, but over 800 km apart.
Driving or taking a bus could be too tiresome, so the best way to reach Mumbai airport is by taking a train or catching a domestic flight from Nagpur to Mumbai. From Mumbai’s Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, take any of the flight options to Seychelles.
Surat to Seychelles
Surat is 3,439 km from Seychelles, and without any flight connections. However, one can fly down to Mumbai or drive up to Ahmedabad for their onward journey to Mahé. Surat and Mumbai are serviced by several trains and buses as well. Also, it takes just 5 hours to reach Mumbai from Surat by road.
India & Seychelles’ Currency
While both India and Seychelles deal in rupees, one must not confuse both the rupees to be the same. India’s currency is the Indian Rupee (INR) while Seychelles uses the Seychellois rupee or roupi (as it is called in the Seselwa dialect).
The Seychellois rupee is denoted by SCR, SRe or SR. Each roupi or roupie is subdivided into 100 cents. Currency notes presently in circulation are in the denominations of 10, 25, 50, 100 and 500, whereas coins in circulation are in the denominations of 1, 5 and 10 rupees, and 1, 5, 10 and 25 cents.
Accepted Currencies
The Seychellois rupee is accepted all across the country, being the official currency. However, most hotels in Seychelles also accept Euros (EUR). While most other currencies are not freely accepted, one can easily exchange reserve currencies such as US dollars and British pounds as well.
When travelling from India, one must remember that the Indian rupee is not a reserve currency, and hence, not easily changeable in Seychelles. Always carry your money converted into Euros (most preferred) or USD (the next best option), if not GBP. You will have to change your USDs and GBPs into SCR or EUR once you reach this African island nation though.
Average Conversion Rate
Whether you book activities in Seychelles or pay for your hotel stay or simply enjoy a meal, you will need to settle your bills in either Seychellois rupees or Euros. In some rare cases, dollars will also be accepted. It is good to know the trends for the conversion rates of INR against all of these currencies (as of March 2021).
1 SCR = 3.42 INR
1 USD = 72.45 INR
1 USD = 21.21 SCR
1 GBP = 29.42 SCR
1 GBP = 100.52 INR
1 EUR = 86.27 INR
1 EUR = 25.25 SCR
Is USD accepted in Seychelles?
The United States dollar is not as widely accepted as Euro or the Seychellois rupee. Nevertheless, if you are unable to carry your local currency in Euro, USD is a good alternative. Your banknotes can be easily changed into SCR or EUR at the airport or international banks in Victoria – capital city of Seychelles. Apart from cash, credit cards are readily accepted by most establishments.
Seychelles Visa details for Indians
Seychelles is a visa-free destination for the entire world, including India. This means, Indians do not need a visa to enter Seychelles. In fact, the Republic of Seychelles, an East African country does not even issue a tourist visa, so there is no way to apply for it!
However, after reaching the island nation, every foreigner must apply for a visitor’s permit. To obtain this, Indians should have a return ticket to India or any onward flight to another country. One should also possess proof of accommodation for the entire duration of the stay. Travel insurance, though important, is not required by the authorities.
Is a Passport required for Indians?
Passport is required for Indians to enter Seychelles. The passport must be valid until at least the date that you return to your originating country. Outside of India, your passport is your most important and the only official document that can identify you in any part of the world.
Seychelles Visa Fee
Since there is no visa or even e-visa, there is no fee for it. Even the visitor’s permit is free of cost for all arriving foreigners. There is no way to get any sort of pre-authorization or apply for it online or in advance. The visitor’s permit must be obtained only once you reach Seychelles.
This permit allows one to stay in the Seychellois islands for at least 30 days. One can then have it extended for 2 more months (totalling 3 months of stay). Indians should also carry 2 passport-sized photos and at least USD 150 per person per day for each day of the stay in Seychelles (as proof of their ability to afford the holiday).
Seychelles Visa on Arrival
As an Indian, when you arrive at the Seychelles International Airport, you do not receive a visa on arrival. Instead the document is a visitor’s permit. This is issued at the discretion of the immigration authorities, and is given once you furnish all the aforementioned proofs of being a tourist, i.e., return tickets or onward journey tickets, confirmation voucher of the resorts in The Seychelles you’ll be staying at, and proof of sufficient funds.
Communication in Seychelles
Seychelles is a place where you will want to forget all ties with the rest of the world, and just frolic on the golden beaches of the archipelagic islands. However, you will still need a phone and a way to stay connected with your family back home.
Even during emergencies and instances when you lose your way, it helps to have a phone to make a call or use a map app. Let’s not forget, you will need data to update your social media feed as well! While most hotels in Seychelles offer complimentary WiFi, you might want to have some data on your phone for the secluded islands.
There are 2 main telecom operators in Seychelles – Airtel and C&W (Cable and Wireless). It is possible to buy a local SIM from Victoria or Praslin, and also from the Mahé airport itself. You will need to show your passport to register yourself as a user.
International SIM Cards from Indian Airports
For those who do not wish to change their number or SIM (to be able to receive important calls on their existing number), getting international roaming activated on your existing postpaid plan is one option. However, international calls and call reception charges can be steep, not to mention the data charges that cost an arm and a leg.
If you don’t mind having a different number in Seychelles, you can get an international SIM card from either the international airport in India that you are departing from, or have it pre-delivered to your home in advance. Matrix, WrapTel, PlanetRoam and a few others offer a mix of prepaid and postpaid global SIM cards that will save you a lot of money when making calls or browsing the internet in Seychelles.
Airtel Call Rates from Seychelles to India
If you buy the Airtel local SIM from Seychelles, you will get a calling credit of SCR 25 along with it. Data packs have to be bought separately. Consider buying one of the International turbo packs if you will be making a lot of calls to India.
Airtel call rates from Seychelles to India can be as low as SCR 1.5 per minute (if you buy their international calling pack for the maximum duration). Many other calling packs offered by Airtel differ in their validity (duration and choice of countries) and option of using data. Some packs can cost over SCR 6 per minute for a call from Seychelles to India.
India to Seychelles Phone Code
Seychelles’ phone code is +248. Whenever you make a call to any local Seychelles (SC) number from a SIM registered in a foreign country, you must prefix these 3 digits to successfully make a call. Note that when calling from a local Seychellois number, the phone code is optional.
Availability of Indian Cuisine in Seychelles
Seychelles has its own cuisine that is inspired by French, African, Indian, British and other European and Asian styles of cooking. However, if you want to give Seychellois food a miss and instead stick to Indian fare, there are few restaurants where you can dine.
Indian restaurants are more readily available in Mahé than on other islands. Praslin and La Digue barely have a couple of places where you will find some Indian dishes. Indian staples available in Seychelles are paneer preparations, vegetable curries, dhal (lentils), naan, roti, paratha, rice, seafood such as prawn curry and meats (an assortment of chicken and mutton dishes).
Vegetarians will always have something they can order from most restaurants in Seychelles even if the establishment does not cater specifically to vegetarians. Creole, Italian, Japanese and Chinese food served at most restaurants have plenty of vegetarian options such as saffron rice, Creole curry, pasta, pizza, miso soup, soba noodles, and more.
Seychellois cuisine itself has a handful of vegetarian specialities such as ladob (a plantain-based dessert flavoured with vanilla), chilli cakes (gateau piment – lentil and chilli-based fritters served with dips), tropical fruits, coconut palm, papaya or mango salad, coconut based curries and cassava pudding.
Respect to Seychelles’ Culture & Sentiments
One of the smallest countries in the world, Seychelles has a fairly diverse mix of people with shared and distinct ethnicities. Seychelles’ history & culture are speckled with interactions of the native Africans with the French, British, Indians, Chinese and other Asians. The nation has a past infused with instances of slavery and imperialism. However, the present demographics reflect an independent, respectful, multicultural and tolerant attitude towards all.
While a majority of the population of Seychelles is Christian (including its various sects such as Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, Pentecostalism, Seventh-Day Adventism, Protestantism etc.), minority groups include Hindus, Muslims, and a few others. The country has no state religion, and the residents are free to practise their own religions.
What to Do and What Not To
Be mindful of certain things when out and about in Seychelles:
Do not feed anything to the animals and sea birds you find in Seychelles. You may unintentionally end up poisoning them or (over a period of time) cause them to lose their natural scavenging instincts.
Do not collect seashells as those as sometimes used by hermit crabs to rest. Seashell collection is prohibited in the marine parks and nature reserves in the country.
Do not disturb tortoises and turtles or interfere in their nesting grounds. Many of the Seychellois turtles are protected species.
One may not take back Seychelles’ native flora with them to their own country, unless one has an official export permit and a certificate which are to be furnished at the airport.
Dress Code
Tourists are largely free to wear what they wish. Trendy beachwear is welcome at the beaches and seafront cafés. However, when you visit a church, remember to cover up and dress soberly. The locals generally wear formals when they go to church.
What to Carry
Seychelles’ weather is rather balmy, with a hot sun shining down on you at most times of the day. It is recommended to carry sunscreen lotion and reapply the sunblock cream at regular intervals, especially when outdoors.
If you are planning to go on Seychelles walking tours, remember to wear a sturdy pair of shoes and carry a hat to stay safe from the strong sun. Light cotton clothes are better for this tropical island. Also note that it often rains in Seychelles, so an umbrella will help.
One cannot miss the opportunity of exploring the undersea when in Seychelles. This archipelago has plenty of reefs and dive sites to boast of. If you’ve booked Seychelles diving tours, it helps to have a waterproof camera like GoPro. For snorkelling, you can either bring your own gear or rent it here.
Remember to keep all your important documents such as passports, insurance vouchers and the bulk of your cash in the hotel safe. Only carry the amount of money that you think you will need each day. It is good to have a copy of your passport and hotel and flight booking vouchers (and not the originals) with you when you are out sightseeing.
Things to Note if Travelling with Kids
Choose Seychelles tour packages from India that are specially designed for tourists travelling with their babies, infants or young children if you have your kids in tow. Some handy information for the parents is enlisted below:
1. A select few Seychelles resorts have dedicated kids’ clubs with attendants who will be able to babysit your toddlers and guide young adults through various games and activities while you enjoy your couple-spa or go on a dinner date.
2. Seychelles is mostly a safe destination for travelling with kids as it falls outside the hurricane zone, is free of dangerous diseases, and also does not require certain vaccinations (unlike most other African and South American destinations).
3. Beach visits for children are better early in the morning as that time is mostly crowd-free and the sun is not so hot.
4. Seychelles has a lot of shallow-water beaches which are safe for young children to swim and play around in. In most cases, the depth is too low for adults to properly submerge.
Activities & Things to Do
There are so many activities to do in Seychelles that you will run out of time but not out of experiences! Take a look at some of the popular things to do in this magical holiday destination:
Scuba Diving
Scuba diving in Seychelles is not only for adults. Children as young as 10 years old can sign up for the Junior Open Water Diver Course. There are plenty of things to explore underwater. This part of the Indian Ocean has submerged reefs, overhangs and even caves that one can check out. Diving packages include the cost of gear such as wetsuit and oxygen.
Rock Climbing
Bursting with jungles and hills, Seychelles offers numerous destinations for hikes, trail walking and rock climbing. Head to La Digue to scale giant mountains of granite while wandering through protected national parks. The capital Mahé also boasts of tall peaks suitable of solo and tandem climbs for that adrenalin rush.
Snorkelling
One of the easiest things to enjoy on a vacation to Seychelles, snorkelling can be done even if you are not a swimmer or have little ones to take care of. Possible even in shallow waters, snorkelling allows toddlers to enjoy watching tropical fish, corals and other undersea creatures at leisure.
Walking Tours
There are many types of walking tours in Seychelles that one can choose from. Explore city sights in Victoria, explore the art scene of Mahé, or hop on a food tour that lets you taste everything – from seafood and chilli cakes to locally brewed alcohol and desserts. Some walks also help you understand the history of this East African archipelago while others focus on the architectural and cultural influences of Europe, Asia and Africa.
Island Hopping
Archipelago trips are wasted opportunities if you don’t do island hopping at least once. Seychelles has 115 officially recognized islands, and it’s possible to explore many of them on a cruise or liveaboard. Make sure you have Mahé, Cocos Island, Praslin, Grande Soeur, La Digue and Curieuse on your itinerary for the diverse experiences they offer. Don’t miss watching the coco de mer (sea coconut) trees which are found in no other place in the world except Seychelles.
Canoeing
The crystal clear waters of Seychelles are fun to do a canoe ride on. If you can’t get a dug-out canoe, even a fibreglass kayak will serve you well for a few hours of rowing in the sun. Health conscious travellers will get a nice workout when they take up canoeing on their Seychellois holiday.
What to do in Seychelles for Honeymoon
Get the most out of Seychelles honeymoon packages from India when you book a luxurious hotel stay with a private pool or a villa by the beach. Honeymooners can either have a relaxed time, with couple massages, cabana breakfasts by the beach or sunset cruises on their itinerary, or pick active and more immersive things to do such as cycling from one isle to another via the causeway, exploring the local markets or tandem hiking.
Sunbathing on a private beach is another tempting option. Show up in your brightly coloured bathing suit and slump on the loungers with your favourite cocktail in hand. Also, walking up a hill is a sure-fire way to catch a view that will make your honeymoon even more memorable.
What to do in Seychelles with Family
When travelling with family, especially one that includes aged members as well as very young one, one must plan with care to ensure all the age groups are comfortable. Seychelles half day tours are quite convenient as your sightseeing is wrapped up in 4 hours, with enough time to head back to your hotel to rest.
You can also opt for Seychelles island hopping tours that take you to marine reserves and nature parks. Children, in particular, will love interacting with the Aldabra giant tortoise or watching the hatching or release of Hawksbill sea turtles into the sea after their incubation.
What to do in Seychelles on a Budget
Seychelles is regarded as an expensive destination by many – mostly due to its exorbitantly priced luxury hotels and expensive speciality restaurants. However, budget travellers can scout for guest houses in Seychelles that won’t burn a hole in their pocket. If you get your own snorkel, mask and fins, you can practically snorkel for free here!
Seychelles on a budget can easily be enjoyed when you explore the sights on foot, eat Creole food from small cafés, shop from local markets, and sunbathe on the warm sands. Local ferries connecting one island to another also make your journey affordable.
What to do in Seychelles for Non Swimmers
If you cannot swim, there is no need to be disheartened. Apart from going on bike rides along the coast, steep hikes in the jungles, and gorging on Seychellois seafood, you can enjoy water sports that can be done even by non-swimmers.
Glass-bottom boat tours are perfect for those afraid of snorkelling while dolphin-watching cruises rival the sightings of sea turtles underwater. Parasailing, jet skiing, banana boat rides and windsurfing are some fun things to do since you’ll have a life jacket on. The lack of knowledge of swimming will not be a hindrance.
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https://prezi.com/xycp-lqzai27/seychelles-by-sofia-quinonez/%3Ffallback%3D1
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Seychelles By: Sofia Quinonez
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Fait au sujet de Seychelles Population The population of Seychelles is about 90,000. The people who live in Seychelles *Seychelles used to be a pirate hideout, particularly Anse Forbans, a really long time ago. *Bird Land is the home of the heaviest tortoise. It's name is
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https://linkedopendata.eu/wiki/Item:Q8435
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Seychelles
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island sovereign state off the eastern coast of Africa
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island sovereign state off the eastern coast of Africa
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https://francais.lingolia.com/en/vocabulary/countries
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Countries and demonyms in French
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Learn the countries of the world in French with our comprehensive list of country names, demonyms and adjectives along with their translations. Get some practise in the free interactive exercise!
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https://francais.lingolia.com/en/vocabulary/countries
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A demonym (un gentilé) is a word that refers to an inhabitant of a certain country, city, place, town, region, etc. Like in English, they are written with a capital letter.
Examples:
France → un Français/une FrançaiseFrance → a French person
Grèce → un Grec/une GrecqueGreece →a Greek person
These words also act as adjectives to describe things and concepts from a certain place. French country adjectives are written with a lowercase letter.
Examples :
J’ai rencontré une Colombienne très sympathique.I met a really nice Colombian person. (demonym)
J’aime le café colombien.I like Colombian coffee. (adjective)
Alphabetical List of Countries and Demonyms in French
The table below shows all countries and their respective demonyms. Use the arrows to sort them alphabetically.
Country Name in English Country Name in French Demonym* (masculine, feminine) Afghanistan l’Afghanistan (m.) Afghan, Afghane Egypt l’Égypte (f.) Égyptien, Égyptienne Albania l’Albanie (f.) Albanais, Albanaise Algeria l’Algérie (f.) Algérien, Algérienne Andorra Andorre (f.) Andorran, Andorranne Angola l’Angola (m.) Angolais, Angolaise Antigua and Barbuda l’Antigua-et-Barbuda (f.) Antiguayen, Antiguayenne Equatorial Guinea la Guinée équatoriale Équatoguinéen, Équatoguinéenne Argentina l’Argentine (f.) Argentin, Argentine Armenia l’Arménie (f.) Arménien, Arménienne Azerbaijan l’Azerbaïdjan (m.) Azerbaïdjanais, Azerbaïdjanaise Ethopia l’Éthiopie (f.) Éthiopien, Éthiopienne Australia l’Australie (f.) Australien, Australienne Bahamas les Bahamas (m. pl.) Bahaméen, Bahaméenne Bahrain le Bahreïn Bahreïnien, Bahreïnienne Bangladesh le Bangladesh Bangladais, Bangladaise Barbados la Barbade Barbadien, Barbadienne Belgium la Belgique Belge Belize le Belize Bélizien, Bélizienne Benin le Bénin Béninois, Béninoise Bhutan le Bhoutan Bhoutanais, Bhoutanaise Bolivia, Plurinational State of la Bolivie Bolivien, Bolivienne Bosnia and Herzegovina la Bosnie-Herzégovine Bosnien, Bosnienne Botswana le Botswana Botswanais, Botswanaise Brazil le Brésil Brésilien, Brésilienne Brunei le Brunei Brunéien, Brunéienne Bulgaria la Bulgarie Bulgare Burkina Faso le Burkina Faso Burkinabé, Burkinabée oder
Burkinais, Burkinaise Burundi le Burundi Burundais, Burundaise Chile le Chili Chilien, Chilienne China la Chine Chinois, Chinoise Denmark le Danemark Danois, Danoise Germany l’Allemagne (f.) Allemand, Allemande Dominica la Dominique Dominiquais, Dominiquaise Dominican Republic la République dominicaine Dominicain, Dominicaine Djibouti Djibouti (m.) Djiboutien, Djiboutienne Ecuador l’Équateur (m.) Équatorien, Équatorienne Côte d’Ivoire la Côte d’Ivoire Ivoirien, Ivoirienne El Salvador le Salvador Salvadorien, Salvadorienne England l’Angleterre (f.) Anglais, Anglaise Eritrea l’Érythrée (f.) Érythréen, Érythréenne Estonia l’Estonie (f.) Estonien, Estonienne Faroe Islands les Îles Féroé (f. pl.) Féringien, Féringienne Fiji Islands les Îles Fidji (f. pl.) Fidjien, Fidjienne Finland la Finlande Finlandais, Finlandaise France la France Français, Française Gabon le Gabon Gabonais, Gabonaise The Gambia la Gambie Gambien, Gambienne Georgia la Géorgie Géorgien, Géorgienne Ghana le Ghana Ghanéen, Ghanéenne Grenada la Grenade Grenadin, Grenadine oder
Grenadien, Grenadienne Greece la Grèce Grec, Grecque Greenland le Groenland Groenlandais, Groenlandaise United Kingdom le Royaume-Uni Britannique Guatemala le Guatemala Guatémaltèque Guinea la Guinée Guinéen, Guinéenne Guinea-Bissau la Guinée-Bissau Bissau-Guinéen, Bissau-Guinéenne Guyana la Guyane Guyanais, Guyanaise Haiti Haïti (m.) Haïtien, Haïtienne Honduras le Honduras Hondurien, Hondurienne Hong Kong Hong Kong (m.) Hongkongais, Hongkongaise India l’Inde (f.) Indien, Indienne Indonesia l’Indonésie (f.) Indonésien, Indonésienne Iraq l’Irak (m.) Irakien, Irakienne oder
Iraquien, Iraquienne Iran l’Iran (m.) Iranien, Iranienne Ireland l’Irlande (f.) Irlandais, Irlandaise Iceland l’Islande (f.) Islandais, Islandaise Israel Israël (m.) Israëlien, Israëlienne Italy l’Italie (f.) Italien, Italienne Jamaica la Jamaïque Jamaïcain, Jamaïcaine Japan le Japon Japonais, Japonaise Yemen le Yémen Yéménite Jordan la Jordanie Jordanien, Jordanienne Cambodia le Cambodge Cambodgien, Cambodgienne Cameroon le Cameroun Camerounais, Camerounaise Canada le Canada Canadien, Canadienne Cabo Verde le Cap-Vert Cap-Verdien, Cap-Verdienne Kazakhstan le Kazakhstan Kazakh, Kazakhe oder
Kazakhstanais, Kazakhstanaise Qatar le Qatar Qatarien, Qatarienne oder
Qatari oder
Qatariote Kenya le Kenya Kényan, Kényane Kyrgyzstan le Kirghizistan Kirghize Kiribati les Kiribati (f. pl) Gilbertin, Gilbertine Colombia la Colombie Colombien, Colombienne Comores les Comores (f. pl.) Comorien, Comorienne Congo le Congo Congolais, Congolaise Kosovo le Kosovo Kosovar, Kosovare Costa Rica le Costa Rica Costaricien, Costaricienne Croatia la Croatie Croate Cuba Cuba Cubain, Cubaine Kurdistan le Kurdistan Kurde Kuwait le Koweït Koweïtien, Koweïtienne Lao People’s Democratic Republic le Laos Laotien, Laotienne Lesotho le Lesotho Mosotho, Plural Basotho Latvia la Lettonie Letton, Lettone Lebanon le Liban Libanais, Libanaise Liberia le Liberia Libérien, Libérienne Libya la Libye Libyen, Libyenne Liechtenstein le Liechtenstein Liechtensteinois, Liechtensteinoise Lithuania la Lituanie Lituanien, Lituanienne Luxembourg le Luxembourg Luxembourgeois, Luxembourgeoise Macau Macao Macanais, Macanaise Madagascar Madagascar Malgache oder Malagasy Malawi le Malawi Malawites oder
Malawien, Malawienne Malaysia la Malaisie Malaisien, Malaisienne Maldives les Maldives (f. pl.) Maldivien, Maldivienne Mali le Mali Malien, Malienne Malta Malte Maltais, Maltaise Morocco le Maroc Marocain, Marocaine Marshall Islands les Îles Marshall Marshallais, Marshallaise Mauritania la Mauritanie Mauritanien, Mauritanienne Mauritius l’Île Maurice Mauricien, Mauricienne North Macedonia la Macédoine du Nord Macédonien, Macédonienne Mexico le Mexique Mexicain, Mexicaine Moldova la Moldavie Moldave Monaco Monaco Monégasque Mongolia la Mongolie Mongol, Mongole Montenegro le Monténégro Monténégrin, Monténégrine Mozambique le Mozambique Mozambicain, Mozambicaine Myanmar, Burma la Birmanie oder Myanmar Birman, Birmane Namibia la Namibie Namibien, Namibienne Nauru Nauru Nauruan, Nauruane Nepal le Népal Népalais, Népalaise New Zealand la Nouvelle-Zélande Néozélandais, Néozélandaise oder
Néo-Zélandais, Néo-Zélandaise Netherlands les Pays-Bas (m. pl.) Néerlandais, Néerlandaise Niger le Niger Nigérien, Nigérienne Nigeria le Nigeria Nigérian, Nigériane Nicaragua le Nicaragua Nicaraguayen, Nicaraguayenne Northern Ireland l’Irlande du Nord (f.) Nord-Irlandais, Nord-Irlandaise North Korea la Corée du Nord Nord-Coréen, Nord-Coréenne Norway la Norvège Norvégien, Norvégienne Oman Oman Omanais, Omanaise Austria l’Autriche (f.) Autrichien, Autrichienne Timor-Leste le Timor oriental Est-timorais, Est-timoraise Pakistan le Pakistan Pakistanais, Pakistanaise Palaos les Palaos (f. pl.) Paluan, Paluane Palestine, (State of) la Palestine Palestinien, Palestinienne Panama le Panama Panaméen, Panaméenne Papua New Guinea la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée Papouasien, Papouasienne Paraguay le Paraguay Paraguayen, Paraguayenne Peru le Pérou Péruvien, Péruvienne Philippines les Philippines (f. pl.) Philippin, Philippine Poland la Pologne Polonais, Polonaise Portugal le Portugal Portugais, Portugaise Puerto Rico Porto Rico Portoricain, Portoricaine Rwanda le Rwanda Rwandais, Rwandaise Romania la Roumanie Roumain, Roumaine Russia la Russie Russe Zambia la Zambie Zambien, Zambienne Samoa les Samoa (f. pl.) Samoan, Samoane Saint Martin Saint-Marin Saint-Marinais, Saint-Marinaise São Tomé and Principe Sao Tomé-et-Principe Santoméen, Santoméenne Saudi Arabia l’Arabie saoudite (f.) Saoudien, Saoudienne Scotland l’Écosse (f.) Écossais, Écossaise Sweden la Suède Suédois, Suédoise Switzerland la Suisse Suisse Senegal le Sénégal Sénégalais, Sénégalaise Serbia la Serbie Serbe Seychelles les Seychelles (f. pl.) Seychellois, Seychelloise Sierra Leone la Sierra Leone Sierraléonais, Sierraléonaise Zimbabwe le Zimbabwe Zimbabwéen, Zimbabwéenne Singapore Singapour (m.) Singapourien, Singapourienne Slovakia la Slovaquie Slovaque Slovenia la Slovénie Slovène Somalia la Somalie Somalien, Somalienne Spain l’Espagne (f.) Espagnol, Espagnole Sri Lanka le Sri Lanka Srilankais, Srilankaise oder
Sri-Lankais, Sri-Lankaise Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint-Christophe-et-Niévès Christophien, Christophienne Saint Lucia Sainte-Lucie Lucien, Lucienne Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines Vincentais, Vincentaise Syria la Syrie Syrien, Syrienne South Africa l’Afrique du Sud (f.) Sudafricain, Sudafricaine oder
Sud-Africain, Sud-Africaine Sudan le Soudan Soudanais, Soudanaise South Korea la Corée du Sud Sud-Coréen, Sud-Coréenne Surinam le Suriname Surinamien, Surinamienne oder
Surinamais, Surinamaise Eswatini le Swaziland Swazi, Swazie Tajikistan le Tadjikistan Tadjik, Tadjike Taiwan Taïwan (m.) Taïwanais, Taïwanaise Tanzania la Tanzanie Tanzanien, Tanzanienne Thailand la Thaïlande Thaïlandais, Thaïlandaise Tibet le Tibet Tibétain, Tibétaine Togo le Togo Togolais, Togolaise Tonga les Tonga (f. pl.) Tongien, Tongienne Trinidad and Tobago Trinité-et-Tobago (f.) Trinidadien, Trinidadienne Chad le Tchad Tchadien, Tchadienne Czech Republic la République tchèque oder Tchéquie Tchèque Tunisia la Tunisie Tunisien, Tunisienne Turkey, Türkiye la Turquie Turc, Turque Turkmenistan le Turkménistan Turkmène Tuvalu les Tuvalu (f. pl.) Tuvaluan, Tuvaluane Uganda l’Ouganda (m.) Ougandais, Ougandaise Ukraine l’Ukraine (f.) Ukrainien, Ukrainienne Hungary la Hongrie Hongrois, Hongroise Uruguay l’Uruguay (m.) Uruguayen, Uruguayenne United States les États-Unis (m. pl.) Américain, Américaine Uzbekistan l’Ouzbékistan (m.) Ouzbek, Ouzbèke Vanautu le Vanuatu Vanuatais, Vanuataise Vatican City le Vatican Vatican, Vaticane Venezuela le Venezuela Vénézuélien, Vénézuélienne United Arab Emirates (UAE) les Émirats arabes unis (m. pl.) Émirien, Émirienne oder
Émirati Vietnam le Viêt Nam oder Viêtnam oder Vietnam Vietnamien, Vietnamienne Wales le pays de Galles Gallois, Galloise Belarus la Biélorussie Biélorusse Central African Republic la République centrafricaine Centrafricain, Centrafricaine Cyprus Chypre (f.) Chypriotes ou Cypriotes
*This list has been compiled using the official demonym for a country or territory. In some cases, inhabitants may prefer to identify themselves via an ethnonym (i.e. the name given to their ethnic group) instead of the name listed in the table above.
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Seychelles Bank Licensing
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Bank Licensing – Seychelles About Seychelles Seychelles’ financial system aims to foster financial stability, encourage investment, and meet the financial needs of individuals, enterprises, and the government. It is controlled and overseen by several authorities to ensure the financial sector’s integrity, transparency, and soundness. Geographic Location Seychelles is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean located […]
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Allied Fintech
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https://alliedfintech.com/seychelles-bank-licensing/
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1. Financial Centres Offshore
Seychelles is a well-known offshore financial centre, drawing international clientele looking for offshore banking services. This status can give clients with benefits such as tax planning, asset protection, and privacy.
2. Beneficial Regulatory Environment
Seychelles has put in place a regulatory framework that encourages a stable and secure banking system. The Financial Services Authority (FSA) monitors and supervises banks to guarantee that international standards, including as anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer (KYC) rules, are met.
3. Economic and political stability
Seychelles has a stable government and a rising economy. This stability can instill trust in consumers and investors, as well as create a favourable atmosphere for banking operations.
4. Tax Advantages
Banks can benefit from a competitive tax environment in Seychelles. There are no capital gains taxes, dividend or interest withholding taxes, or exchange control laws. Banks can benefit from low taxes, allowing for increased profitability and more appealing financial services for customers.
5. Currency Diversification
Seychelles uses its own currency, the Seychellois Rupee (SCR), which allows clients and the bank to diversify their currency holdings.
6. Geographical Location
Seychelles is advantageously placed in the Indian Ocean, close to expanding African and Asian markets. This can improve trade and investment opportunities for Seychelles-based banks.
7. Correspondent Banking Relationships
Seychelles banks can establish correspondent banking links with other financial institutions throughout the world. This enables efficient cross-border transactions, access to international financial networks, and increased trust in the global banking community.
8. Privacy and Confidentiality
Seychelles has a strong legal framework in place to protect the privacy and confidentiality of banking and financial data. Clients looking for private and secure banking services may find this intriguing.
9. Formation of an International Business Company (IBC)
Seychelles permits the establishment of International Business Companies (IBCs), which can be used for a variety of purposes such as holding company structures, investment vehicles, and asset protection. Seychelles banks can provide financial services to these businesses, thereby expanding their client base.
10. Tourism and Hospitality Opportunities
Seychelles is a famous tourist destination noted for its beautiful natural surroundings and immaculate beaches. Seychelles banks can enter the tourism and hospitality industries by providing specialised banking services to hotels, resorts, and related enterprises.
1. Preliminary Evaluation
Conduct a preliminary assessment to see if your prospective bank fulfils the Seychelles Financial Services Authority’s (FSA) eligibility criteria. This includes determining the adequacy of capital, management experience, and regulatory compliance.
2. Consult with Professional Advisors
Engage legal, financial, and other professional consultants who are knowledgeable about banking and regulatory issues in Seychelles. They can help you navigate the application process, prepare the necessary papers, and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements.
3. Establishment of a Seychelles Company
Create a Seychelles business to act as the vehicle for your banking operations. This includes choosing an appropriate name, preparing the relevant incorporation documents, and paying the necessary costs.
4. Creating the Bank Licence Application
Prepare a complete bank licence application in compliance with the FSA’s standards. Detailed information on the prospective bank’s ownership structure, directors and senior management, business plan, financial projections, compliance framework, risk management policies, and other pertinent information is often included in the application.
5. Application Form Submission
Submit the completed bank licence application to the FSA, along with the necessary supporting documentation. During the review process, the FSA will undertake a comprehensive evaluation of the application and may seek more information or clarification.
6. Due Diligence and Fit and Proper Evaluation
The FSA will conduct due diligence on the shareholders, directors, and senior management of the prospective bank. This involves determining their suitability and appropriateness for such roles in a regulated financial institution.
7. Onsite Inspection
The FSA may undertake an onsite inspection of the proposed bank’s premises and operations to ensure regulatory compliance and to evaluate the adequacy of internal controls and systems.
8. Licence Approval and Issuance
If the FSA approves the application and all standards are met, the bank will be granted a licence. Once the licence is given, you can proceed with the bank’s establishment and activities.
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Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelago nation of 155 islands in the Indian Ocean. Seychelles has the smallest population of any nation in Africa, but its greatest natural resource are the fish in its waters and its natural beauty, which attracts up to 150,000 tourists a year. Tourism accounts for 70 percent of its foreign exchange but is subject to fluctuations due to economic and political trends.
A socialist government seized power in a bloodless coup in 1977 and continues to rule, dominating politics by its control of every aspect of the society, although one-party rule officially ended in 1991. The government invested heavily in health care and education, so Seychelles today has the highest per capita income in Africa and 92 percent of the people are literate. But its heavy spending and intervention in the economy have resulted in excessive debt and contracting growth.
Geography
The Seychelles is a small island nation located in the Indian Ocean northeast of Madagascar and about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) east of Kenya. Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius and Réunion to the south, Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest, and the Suvadives of the Maldives to the northeast. Its area is about 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC in the United States.
The nation is an archipelago of 155 tropical islands, some granite and some coral. The former have a narrow coastal strip and a central range of hills rising as high as 3,000 feet (914 m). The coral islands are flat with elevated coral reefs at different stages of formation. They have no fresh water. Only 33 of the islands are inhabited. The capital city, Victoria, is located on the largest island (55 sq. mi; 9,142 sq. km), Mahe.
Climate
The temperature is temperate, although quite humid, and remains the same most of the year (75-85 degrees F, 24 to 29 degrees C). During the coolest months, July and August, the temperature drops as low as 70 degrees F. The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November. March and April are the hottest months. Most of the islands are outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
Flora and fauna
In common with many fragile island ecosystems, the early human history of Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles parakeet and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on other islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna.
Although many of the conservation laws date back to British colonial days, the Seychelles government has strictly protected the natural heritage of the islands for many years. Flagship species, the Seychelles Magpie Robin and the Seychelles Warbler, have been spectacularly rescued from the brink of extinction by BirdLife International, Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts, Island Conservation Society, Nature Seychelles, private islands (Fregate and Denis) and the Government of Seychelles. These birds, once restricted to one island each, have been translocated to many others. Seychelles has 12 endemic bird species. These are the Aldabra Drongo, Seychelles Magpie robin, Seychelles Paradise Flycatcher, Seychelles Fody, Seychelles Scops-owl, Seychelles White-eye, Seychelles Swiftlet, Seychelles Kestrel, Seychelles Blue Pigeon Seychelles Bulbul, Seychelles Warbler, and Seychelles Sunbird.
Seychelles is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites run by the Seychelles Islands Foundation. They are the atoll of Aldabra, which is the world's largest raised coral atoll, and also the Vallée de Mai on Praslin island, dubbed a Garden of Eden. The Cousin Island Special Reserve, purchased by the Royal Society for Nature Conservation in 1968 and managed by Nature Seychelles, is an internationally known bird and marine sanctuary. Seychelles has six national marine parks including the St. Anne National Marine Park located adjacent to the capital, Port Victoria, which are managed by the government parastatal, Marine Parks Authority. Much of the land territory (about 40 percent) and a substantial part of the coastal sea around Seychelles are protected as national parks, including marine parks, and reserves.
A World Bank/Environment Facility project in 1999 and a project for rat eradication has led to a program of restoration of private islands by the government, Nature Seychelles, and private island owners. These islands include Fregate, Denis, and Cousine. The island restoration program has now been taken to the outer islands by the Island Conservation Society, with the first Island Conservation Centre opened at Alphonse Atoll in 2007. Island Conservation Society has also implemented other conservation programs on islands including Conception, North Island, Cosmoledo Atoll and Farquhar Atoll.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighboring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because of its suggestive shape, the Coco de mer is the world's largest seed. The jellyfish tree is found in only a few locations. This strange and ancient plant has resisted all efforts to propagate it. Other unique plant species include the Wrights Gardenia, found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The giant tortoises from Aldabra now populate many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world. Islands such as Bird, Aride Island, Cousin, Aldabra, and Cosmoledo host many species of seabirds including the sooty tern, fairy tern, white-tailed tropicbird, noddies and frigatebirds. Aride Island has more species of seabird and greater numbers than the other forty granite islands combined, including the world's largest colony of Audubon's Shearwater and Lesser Noddy.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than a thousand species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching, in 1998, has unfortunately damaged most reefs. The reefs comprise a vast selection of soft corals and hard corals alike. There are great diving and snorkeling opportunities. The taking of marine turtles was completely stopped in 1994; turtle populations are now recovering on several protected islands, most notably Cousin Island, Aride Island, and Aldabra. However, they continue to decline at unprotected sites. The use of gill nets for shark fishing as well as the practice of shark finning are now banned.
History
While Austronesian seafarers or Arab traders may have been the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles, the first recorded sighting of them took place in 1502, by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral). The first recorded landing and first written account was by the crew of the English East Indiaman Ascension in 1609. As a transit point for trading between Africa and Asia, they were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control of the islands starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey. Some historians have claimed the islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, the French finance minister appointed in 1754.
The British contested control over the islands with the French between 1794 and 1812. Jean Baptiste Queau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with England, realized it was pointless to resist whenever a heavily armed enemy warship arrived. However, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain, which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality. In all, he capitulated seven times, guiding the colony successfully through difficult times.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1812 and this was formalized in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. The Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903 and independence was granted in 1976, as a republic within the Commonwealth. In 1977, a coup d'etat backed by the socialist regime in nearby Tanzania ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham, replacing him with France Albert René. The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1992. The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60 percent of voters in 1992, but in 1993 an amended version was approved.
Politics
The Seychelles president, who is both head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The previous president, France Albert René, first came to power in a coup d'état in 1977, one year after independence. After overseeing a one-party state since then, he was democratically elected after the constitutional reforms of 1992. He stood down in 2004 in favor of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006 by a majority of 53.73 percent to 45.71 percent for the opposition alliance candidate. The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly, consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining 9 seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
Following a six-month boycott of the Assembly by the opposition after the 2006 elections, President Michel dissolved it on March 20, 2007. Early elections for the Assembly were held May 10-12, 2007, and the ruling party won 18 district seats and the opposition won seven district seats. Under the system of proportional representation, the ruling SPPF won five seats and the opposition won four seats.
Many claim there is an uneven playing field between the two leading parties. As a result of political patronage, control of jobs, government contracts, and resources, the SPPF dominates the country. Moreover, the president completely controls the security apparatus, including the national guard, the army, the police, and an armed paramilitary unit. Moreover, the SPPF, uses its political resources and those of the government to develop and maintain a nationwide organization that extends to the village level. Opposition parties have been unable to match the SPPF's organization and patronage, in part because of financial limitations.
The government has a "near monopoly on the media," and freedom of speech and press are limited by the ease with which lawsuits can be brought against journalists. In addition, because the leadership of both the SPPF and most opposition parties is white, despite the Creole majority, there is a perception that nonwhites lack a significant voice.
The judicial branch includes a Court of Appeal and Supreme Court; judges for both are appointed by the president. The legal system is based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law.
Foreign relations
Seychelles follows a policy of nonalignment and strongly supports the principle of reduced superpower presence in the Indian Ocean. It is a proponent of the Indian Ocean zone of peace concept and promotes an end to the U.S. military presence on Diego Garcia. It is a member of the Nonaligned Movement, the African Union, and the Indian Ocean Commission.
Administrative divisions
Seychelles is divided into 25 administrative regions, called districts.
Economy
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30 percent of the labor force and provides more than 70 percent of hard currency earnings, and by tuna fishing. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other services.
At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. The crops are copra, vanilla, cinnamon, coconuts, sweet potatoes, tapioca, bananas, and teas.
The vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991-1992 due largely to the country's significantly overvalued exchange rate, the Gulf War, and once again following the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States.
Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs, and further privatization of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, insurance, banking, imports of basic products, telecommunications, and a wide range of other businesses.
At official exchange rates Seychelles remains the richest country in Africa in terms of GDP per capita. (US$7,504 as of 2005), although if the parallel exchange rate, or purchasing power parity rates, are used, it ranks behind Mauritius and Botswana. Because of economic contraction (the economy declined by about 2 percent in 2004 and 2005 and is set to decline by at least the same level in 2006) the country is moving downwards in terms of per capita income.
It is important to note that Seychelles is, per capita, the most highly indebted country in the world according to the World Bank, with total public debt around 122.8 percent of GDP. Approximately two-thirds of this debt is owed domestically, with the balance due to multilaterals, bilaterals, and commercial banks. The country is in arrears to most of its international creditors and has had to resort to pledged commercial debt to continue to be able to borrow. This high debt burden is a direct consequence of the overvalued exchange rate—in essence, the country is living beyond its means, and financing its lifestyle by borrowing domestically and internationally.
Seychelles is also a tax haven. Many firms are established on this island, including GenerActions Consulting, owned by famous Swiss entrepreneur David Humbert.
Seychelles is the smallest nation in the world issuing its own currency (that is, not pegged to a foreign currency and not shared with any other country).
Demographics
As the islands of the Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of immigrants. Most are descendants of early French settlers and the African slaves brought to the Seychelles in the nineteenth century by the British, who had freed them from slave ships. Indians, and Chinese account for the remaining 1.1 percent.
About 90 percent of the nation's 80,000 people live on Mahe island. Most of the rest live on Praslin and La Digue, with the remaining smaller islands either sparsely populated or uninhabited.
Seychelles culture is a mixture of French and African (Creole) influences. Creole is the native language of 94 percent of the people. French and English are commonly used, however. English is the language of government and commerce.
Most Seychellois are Christians; the Roman Catholic Church is the predominant denomination.
About 92 percent of the population over age 15 is literate, and the literacy rate of school-aged children has risen to over 98 percent. Nearly all children attend primary school.
Culture
Since 1977, the government has encouraged Creole as a common culture and spoken and written language. The world's only Creole Institute can be found on Mahe. Each October, Seychelles hosts the world's largest Creole festival, featuring artists and writers from other nations with a Creole culture, such as Mauritius, Reunion, and Guyana.
Although clergy and civil authorities disapprove, many Seychellois see little inconsistency between their orthodox religious observance and belief in magic, witchcraft, and sorcery.
The folk music incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including English contredanse, polka and mazurka; French folk and pop; sega from Mauritius and Réunion; taarab, soukous, and other pan-African genres; and Polynesian, Indian, and Arcadian music. A complex form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is montea, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga developed by Patrick Victor.
Fish and rice are the basic staple foods.
Seychelles also hosts an annual underwater film and image festival.
Notes
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Amin, Mohamed, Duncan Willetts, Adrian Skerrett, and Judith Skerrett. 1994. Journey Through Seychelles. Nairobi: Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1874041903.
Carpin, Sarah, and Paul Turcotte. 2005. Seychelles: Garden of Eden in the Indian Ocean. Hong Kong: Odyssey. ISBN 9622177522.
Cutter, Charles Hickman. 2006. Africa, 2006. Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publications. ISBN 1887985727.
Dodd, Jan. 2004. Mauritius, Réunion & Seychelles. Footscray: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1740593014.
Friedel, Michael, Marion Friedel, and Angus McGeoch. 1995. The Seychelles. Steingau: Ed. MM. ISBN 3929489058.
Hatchwell, Emily, Cathy Muscat, and Brian Bell. 2000. Mauritius, Réunion & Seychelles. Singapore: Apa Publications. ISBN 0887295231.
Lee, Christopher. 1976. Seychelles: Political Castaways. London: Elm Tree Books. ISBN 0241894409.
Mair, Lyn, and Lynnath Beckley. 2001. Seychelles: The Bradt Travel Guide. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 184162022X.
Metz, Helen Chapin. 1995. Indian Ocean: Five Island Countries. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0844408573.
Nwulia, Moses D. E. 1981. The History of slavery in Mauritius and the Seychelles, 1810-1875. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickenson University Press. ISBN 0838623980.
Paolilli, Vincenzo. 1997. Seychelles. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill. ISBN 1853109371.
René, France Albert. 1982. Seychelles, the New Era. [Victoria, Seychelles]: Ministry of Education and Information.
Scarr, Deryck. 1999. Seychelles since 1770: History of a Slave and Post-Slavery Society. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. ISBN 9780865437364.
Skerrett, Adrian, Ian Bullock, and Tony Disley. 2001. Birds of the Seychelles. Princeton field guides. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691088632.
Skerrett, Judith, and Adrian Skerrett. 1994. Seychelles. APA. ISBN 9624215871.
All links retrieved January 26, 2023.
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Bandiaterra is a country situated in the Indian Ocean halfway between the British Indian Ocean Territory and the Cocos or Keeling Islands. Until the 1980s, Bandiaterra had residential units situated on stilts just above the sea, until oil was discovered offshore of Bandiaterra. Since then, the...
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https://geography-now-april-fools.fandom.com/wiki/Bandiaterra
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Bandiaterra is a country situated in the Indian Ocean halfway between the British Indian Ocean Territory and the Cocos or Keeling Islands. Until the 1980s, Bandiaterra had residential units situated on stilts just above the sea, until oil was discovered offshore of Bandiaterra. Since then, the country has built it's first apartment complexes and high-rise commercial buildings. The country had an area of 223 km2 and a population of roughly 20,311 people, giving a population density of 91 people.
Recently, Bandiaterra has been investing a lot in it's tourism sector and capitalizing on it's various sites.
History[]
Bandiaterra was discovered by the Bandi tribe, related to the larger Bantu people, who came from East Africa, which are now known as Tanzania and Kenya, and inhabited the island.
They left as an attempt to escape the much fiercer Omanis, and they embarked on a mass expedition to pretty much anywhere. The Bantu people didn't exactly know where they were going. After months on stopping by several ports and countries such as the Seychelles and Maldives, they finally discovered and landed upon 2 main islands, which they named Bandia and Terra, the Portuguese word for "Land".
Soon after the Bandi had discovered the islands and developed a stable society for several decades, Danish explorers stumbled upon the islands and were shocked to find Portuguese-speaking Africans. Famous Danish explorer Jørgen Jørgensen was on his way to Australia when he and his crew found Bandiaterra. After he found the archipelago, he immediately reported his findings to King Frederick VI, and over th enext century, tons of Danes flocked to Bandiaterra and reshaped the entire cultural dynamic of Bandiaterra to this day.
Due to this, the Danish language is taught as a secondary language to the people of Bandiaterra, and they've even adopted the Danish alphabet as a secondary script in addition to the Bandian script.
Geography[]
Political geography[]
Bandiaterra is made up of 11 islands, which only about 5 are actually inhabited. The archipelago is situated between the British Indian Ocean Territory and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. 2 out of the 5 inhabited islands maintain global affairs and modern societies. The largest islands are Bandia and Terra, which combined are slightly larger than the size of Puerto Rico.
The other 3 inhabited islands are incorporated, autonomous island territories. The first island of these is Vyaja Island. The second one is Terraya, and the smallest one, with only 47 people, is Tavarana. These three islands are mostly cut off from the other islands, however still mantain agreements so that Bandiaterra can kind of rule over them.
Physical geography[]
Bandiaterra's landscape is really unique to Bandiaterra, and is incomparable to anywhere else on Earth. Much like Hawaii, Bandiaterra is a volcanic archipelago, and the area has stunning isolated structures that give it an almost creepily-beautiful appeal. It is also one of the only places in the world to contain black sand beaches. This makes these beaches a huge tourist spot that the country uses for economic revenue.
Due to Bandiaterra's fast-growing population with limited land space, they have utilized underwater space on their coral reefs and beaches for crop production. Still to this day, Bandiaterra grows some of the world's finest kelp, kolmbu, dolce, and laver. These crops also make up a huge sector of the typical Bandiaterran diet.
What makes Bandiaterra super unique from all of the other countries in the world is it's enormous fields of rare Bandiaterran tropical lavender, which is the southernmost growing version of the plant species on Earth. The plant is commonly used for oil extracts, nectars, and many more. Bandiaterra is also known for it's "glow worm caves". The caves light up upon noise, and the first inhabitants of the islands, upon discovery, referred trro these caves as the star caves.
Government and politics[]
The Bandiaterran government is strange, as they elect officials to rule for 9 months out of the year, but for the remaining 3 months, a technical "monarch" overrides parliament nad has the final say. Every year, on July 31st, or Children's Day, parliament is required by law to put the youngest child of the monarch to act as prime minister. Whereas the prime minister assumes the position of attonery general for the day, as he or she is bound up by purple lavendar dyed velvet drapes. They recite the national creed to symbolize the escape from the Arab slave trade and the prosperity of the country.
Foreign relations[]
Bandiaterra was mostly unknown to the outside world until they came into contact with Sri Lankans and developed trade partnerships with them. However, things didn't really start happening until the 19th century, when the Danes came in and introduced ideas and concepts that completely changed the nation for the better. Prior to the 19th century though, Bandiaterra was a kind of frozen in a 15th century technological era, whereas the rest of the world was going through the industrial revolution.
Bandiaterra also surprisingly gets along well with Singapore and Australia. The 2 countries have been working together for over a century with dilomatic missions and policy developments, and the Australians were also the largest aid supporters during Cyclone Nadine back in 1977.
The best country to have diplomatic relations with Bandiaterra would have to be Denmark. The Danes were welcomed since day 1, and eventually became close partners with trade and diplomacy. Interestingly, Denmark was not that interested in colonizing Bandiaterra for themselves, but rather, they saw it as a great place to invest in for a prosperous exchange. Plus, most of the Danish immigrants were Christian missionaries who built the country's first hospitals, universities, and the Bandians quickly embraced a Danish lifestyle and culture.
Economy[]
The economy of Bandiaterra is mainly focused on oil, which was discovered somewhere in the 1980s. However, they have recently been investing heavily in their tourism sector, due to the amount of tourists there. They also export a lot of stuff, specifically the Bandiaterran tropical lavender. It was, and still is one of the most highly prized exports of this region.
Demographics[]
The original inhabitants of the island were the Bantu people, when they went on an expedition as an attempt to escape the Omanis. They then settled on the island and to this day, the majority of the islanders are African in their ethnic origin. However, the majority of the Bandia pilgrims were biracially mixed with Portuguese blood and were lighter than the other tribes. The population is about 79% Afro-Bandian, 18% White, mostly Danish people, and the remaining 3% being South Indian and Bengali.
The 3 smaller autonomous island territories are inhabited by the Sana Bandias, a subtribal group that has lived independently with a more rustic, conventional lifestyle free of modern technology. They still allow Bandiaterra to have some sovereignty over them and do business, however, they are social security and tax exempt, and by all means, operate in their own self-rule.
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Seychelles is an African country in the Indian Ocean. Its capital city is Victoria. The official languages are Creole, English, and French. It is a republic is ...
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en
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https://www.wikiwand.com/simple/articles/Seychelles
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Seychelles is an African country in the Indian Ocean. Its capital city is Victoria. The official languages are Creole, English, and French. It is a republic is made up of 115 islands.
Quick Facts Republic of SeychellesRepiblik SeselRépublique des Seychelles, Capitaland largest city ...
Close
Seychelles and the islands to the south, Madagascar and Mauritius, all had legal slavery and were part of the slave trade.[3] Most of the people are descendants of freed slaves, who make up about 90% of the population. Many of them also are descended from slave owners who abused their ancestors.[4][3] There are small minorities of immigrants from Europe, China and India. Most people are Roman Catholics, about 90% of them. About 8% are Protestants.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agalega and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles has an estimated population of 86,525. It is the smallest population of any African state.[5]
Seychelles is to the northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (994 mi) east of Kenya. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155.
According to the president of Nauru, the Seychelles has been ranked the ninth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change.[8]
Some of the districts in Seychelles include: Anse Boileau, Takamaka and Cote D’Or.
Like many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles had loss of biodiversity during early human history. This included the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands. There was also the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii. This was partly due to a shorter period of human occupation being only since 1770. The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species. There are a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de Mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant is in a genus of its own (Medusagynaceae). Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia Rothmannia annae found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles. There are a further 26 species of crabs and 5 species of hermit crabs that live on the islands.[9]
The Aldabra Giant Tortoise now lives on many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds.
There are several unique varieties of orchids on the Islands.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery.
The main natural resources of the Seychelles are fish, copra, cinnamon, coconuts, salt and iron.
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ICYMI: Cape Verde's Name Change
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The country of Cape Verde has changed its official English name at the U.N. Read our in-depth report on the new name, how to pronounce it, and what it all means.
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https://www.polgeonow.com/favicon.ico
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https://www.polgeonow.com/2014/01/icymi-cape-verdes-name-change.html
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By email (recommended): With a feed reader
On social media:
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https://malcolmtattersall.com.au/wp/2020/08/townsvillian/
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Townsvilleans or Townsvillians?
|
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2020-08-05T03:05:34+00:00
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Green Path often needs to refer to residents of Townsville but I have always been ambivalent about both of the obvious terms, Townsvilleans or Townsvillians. The former preserves the silent “e” and is perfectly readable but the -eans ending looks vaguely wrong, while the latter is just that little bit harder to read, especially in … Continue reading "Townsvilleans or Townsvillians?"
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en
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Green Path
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https://malcolmtattersall.com.au/wp/2020/08/townsvillian/
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Green Path often needs to refer to residents of Townsville but I have always been ambivalent about both of the obvious terms, Townsvilleans or Townsvillians. The former preserves the silent “e” and is perfectly readable but the -eans ending looks vaguely wrong, while the latter is just that little bit harder to read, especially in a sans-serif font like Arial, because of the -illi- combination.
A little bit of not-too-serious research was in order, so I asked on facebook (my personal page, not the blog’s page). Names have been suppressed to protect my informants’ privacy.
Other candidates
People in Italy are Italians, people in Chile are Chileans, but in both cases the final vowel is sounded so they are not exact parallels. On the other hand, people of the Seychelles are Seychellois and Townsvillois is attractively exotic. Sadly, 99% of the Townsvillois who see the word will automatically rhyme it with boys, ruining it completely for the minority.
Townsvillano might come naturally to a Spanish or Italian speaker, who would use Townsvillani as the plural. That’s fine, but as an English word the plural is problematic. We already have enough difficulties with mangos/mangoes, so why add to them?
Purely for completeness and the odd chuckle…
xxxx-ers
I don’t think they all live in Townsville.
Neartofarnorthqueenslanders
Do I detect a Cairnsian (is that a word?) sneer there?
Townsvillonian
for a touch of class.
Townsvillites
to remind us not to let things get too heavy.
Townies came from a Magnetic Islander and I’m sure it’s used constantly within his community, but it is not specific enough for anyone outside it.
Townsvillagers was commended by a learned friend as being “probably the choice with the closest connections to its contracted root, ‘villa rustica’ = farm, village,” and deserves an honourable mention.
Dishonourable mentions
I was looking for a neutral or positive term but Townsvillains was suggested many times – often lightly, e.g., “the naughty ones, anyway,” but sometimes more fervently: “Having considered the values and beliefs expressed by our neighbours and our elected local representatives, I have been using the term in all seriousness for some time now.”
Townsvilleins was suggested by one respondent, who said, “The word has a mediaeval origin but is, sadly, ever more relevant.” True, and true.
Green Path doesn’t want to adopt anything derogatory, however, so let’s move on.
Onomastics and Demonyms
A Perthian (is that a word?) participant put me on to Onomastics, the study of the origin, history, and use of proper names, a discipline I hadn’t heard of. As this description of it says, it is a part of Linguistics and in turn has subdivisions including place-names (toponyms). The subdivision we want, as my Singaporean (yes, -ean is correct) team member pointed out, is demonyms, the names used for the people who live in a particular country or other locality.
Armed with that knowledge, I found an online Denonym Generator (a search on that phrase finds several; my link just goes to the first I found, which works well enough). Unfortunately, its usefulness was limited to confirming that we had already proposed all that were worth considering – with one exception: Townsvillan. It looks all right, but it will be heard as Townsvillain, which we have already rejected.
So we’re back to –illian and –illean.
Crunch time
A retired local journalist, who obviously needed it more than most people, “always used Townsvilleans but with no solid reason” but a clear majority of my friends preferred the -illian ending. A reason can be found.
Common suffixes for demonyns, according to Wikipedia, include -an and -ian, and a silent “e” is usually dropped when adding either of them to a place name (e.g. Rome –> Roman).
We rejected -illan because it sounds villainous but there’s a better reason: in conversation, everyone puts in one more syllable. The word rhymes with Jillian, and the spelling should respect that.
Dropping the silent “e” and adding -ian gives us Townsvillian and explains why Townsvillean looked slightly wrong, i.e., we used the wrong suffix and compensated by not dropping the “e” as we should have done.
We have a winner!
The judge’s decision is final but non-binding.
P.S. …but he still doesn’t like illi.
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https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/seychelles/location
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Where is Seychelles in the World?
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https://worldpopulationreview.com/favicon.ico
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https://worldpopulationreview.com/favicon.ico
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The archipelago collectively known as Seychelles is located in the Indian Ocean. Seychelles is just off the eastern coast of Africa. The beautiful country of Seychelles is surrounded by water, without a stretch of land for miles.
Location on a Map: GPS Coordinates of Seychelles
The GPS coordinates of the island country of Seychelles are a latitude of 4.6796° S and a longitude of 55.4920° E. These coordinates not only show that the country is in the southern and eastern hemispheres, but they also indicate that Seychelles is situated south of the equator, by a bit over four degrees.
Most Extreme Points in Four Cardinal Directions
The most extreme point in the north of Seychelles has a latitude of 03°43' S. The northernmost point is on Bird Island in the Seychelles archipelago. The southernmost point of Seychelles happens to fall at a latitudinal coordinate of 10°13' S. Situated on Goëlettes Island, the point of extremity in southern Seychelles is part of the country’s group of islands by the name of Farquhar Atoll.
To the west, Seychelles extends as far as Assumption Island. The longitudinal coordinate of this extremity is 46°29' E, and the westernmost point lies to the north of Madagascar, another country of Africa. The easternmost point of Seychelles is on the island of Coëtivy. The coordinate of this point is a longitude of 56°16' E.
Total Area, Population Size, and Overall Density
The total area of Seychelles is the 182nd largest total area value among all countries in the world. Only 176 square miles make up the land of Seychelles, which happens to be entirely void of any water areas in all directions.
The population of Seychelles is about 95,461 people, as reported by the most recent census that was conducted in 2018. This country ranks as the 201st largest population among all countries across the globe. The population of Seychelles is relatively small compared to the rest of the world’s recognized countries. After all, the country’s population is less than 0% of the entire world’s total population.
The population density of Seychelles is approximately 543 people per square mile. Concerning all other countries on the planet, Seychelles is the 70th most densely populated country on earth. Though the population nor the total area are very large, the two values together make for quite a small density.
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http://www.factsmania.org/africa/seychelles-facts.htm
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Interesting Seychelles Facts
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Discover interesting Serbia facts for kids. Find out fun facts about Serbia in Southern Europe. Check out Serbia facts and information on one of the landlocked countries of Europe..
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Seychelles is an island country located in Eastern Africa where it is bordered by the Indian Ocean. It spreads over 452 km2 of land. The estimated total population of Seychelles is more than 94,737.
Learn interesting Seychelles facts and information about this African country with our fact file for kids. Explore important facts about the climate, currency, flag, continent, geography, landscape, language, people, culture, landmarks, population, location and size of Seychelles.
Discover Africa with our interesting Seychelles facts for kids based on questions such as: What continent is Seychelles in? What are the major cities of Seychelles? What color is the flag of Seychelles? What is the climate like in Seychelles? What is the main language of Seychelles?
Seychelles Fact File: Continent: Africa * Country Name(s): Seychelles, Republic of Seychelles * Location: Eastern Africa * Bordering: the Indian Ocean * Capital City: Victoria * Size: 452 km2 * Estimated Population: over 94,737 * Currency: Seychellois rupee (SCR) * Language(s): English, French, Seychellois Creole * Country Code: +248
Interesting Seychelles Facts for Kids
Interesting Facts for Kids 1: Size & location facts
Seychelles belongs to the continent of Africa, it is classed as an island country and is positioned in the Indian Ocean in Eastern Africa. There are seven continents in the world: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Antarctica, Australia (Oceania). Africa is the world's second largest continent, it has 54 countries, occupies a total area of 30,370,000 km2 and forms 20.4% of the landmass of the world. Seychelles is an island country that stretches across a total area of approximately 452 km2. It is the smallest country in Africa and is formed of an archipelago of islands situated in the Indian Ocean.
Interesting Facts for Kids 2: Population facts
The population of this African country is more than 94,737 people. The majority of Seychelles' inhabitants reside in Victoria which is the country's capital and most populous city. Victoria is located on Mahe, the largest island in the country. Mahe is home to around 90% of the overall population. The Seychelles has a low population when compared to most other countries across the world, its overall population density is approximately 191 people per sq km. The estimated population of Africa is approximately 1,186,178,000 inhabitants, making it the continent with the second largest population in the world. The continents in order of population, starting with highest population first, are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Australia (Oceania Region) and Antarctica. The total population of the entire world is in excess of 7.6 billion people.
Interesting Facts for Kids 3: Capital & major cities
The capital city of Seychelles is Victoria which is located on the island of Mahe, Seychelles' largest island. Other major cities located in this country include Anse Boileau, Bel Ombre, Beau Vallon, Cascade and Anse Royale.
Interesting Facts for Kids 4: Country borders
The following guideline provides details on the approximate border lengths of Seychelles:
Coastline 491 km.
Interesting Facts for Kids 5: Climate and geography facts
The Seychelles enjoys a warm, tropical climate throughout the year with a rainy season that comes with the northwest monsoon from March to May, and a cooler, drier season that occurs from May to September which influenced by the southeast trade winds. The geography of the Seychelles is formed of 115 islands, the largest of which is a volcanic island called Mahe that if formed of both rocky and hilly regions, and a narrow coastal region. The other islands are much smaller and are composed majorly of coral reefs. The lowest point of Seychelles is the Indian Ocean at 0m, and the highest point of elevation is Morne Seychellois at 905m.
Interesting Facts for Kids 6: Natural Resources of Seychelles
Natural resources can be defined as materials and substances that occur naturally on Earth. Natural resources are very important across the world, and can be exploited for economic gain. An individual country's natural resources can depend on many factors including the climate, geography and location. Some countries, such as Russia, The United States, Saudi Arabia and Canada, are rich with natural resources, where as others have practically none. Food, construction and transport are three primary examples of uses of natural resources. The following information provides examples of these uses: fish occurs naturally in streams, rivers, lakes and oceans, and can be caught for food consumption. Wood/timber can be extracted from forests for construction purposes, i.e. to build homes and furniture. Crude oils can be refined into different kinds of fuels in order to power vehicles/cars. The natural resources of Seychelles include fish, coconuts and cinnamon trees.
Interesting Facts for Kids 7: Language facts
The official languages of Seychelles are Seychellois Creole, English and French. The vast majority of the population speak Seychellois Creole, and around 5 percent use English, and 1 percent French, as their primary means of communication.
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https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/seychelles/
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The World Factbook
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Background
Seychelles was uninhabited before Europeans discovered the islands early in the 16th century. After a lengthy struggle, France eventually ceded control of the islands to Great Britain in 1814. During colonial rule, a plantation-based economy developed that relied on imported labor, primarily from European colonies in Africa. Seychelles gained independence in 1976 through negotiations with Great Britain. In 1977, Prime Minister France-Albert RENE launched a coup against the countryâs first president, and Seychelles became a socialist one-party state until adopting a new constitution and holding elections in 1993. RENE continued to lead Seychelles through two election cycles until he stepped down in 2004. Vice President James Alix MICHEL took over the presidency and in 2006 was elected to a new five-year term; he was reelected in 2011 and again in 2015. In 2016, James MICHEL resigned and handed over the presidency to his vice-president, Danny FAURE. In 2020, Wavel RAMKALAWAN was elected president, the first time an opposition candidate has won the presidency.
Demographic profile
Seychelles has no indigenous population and was first permanently settled by a small group of French planters, African slaves, and South Indians in 1770. Seychellesâ modern population is composed of the descendants of French and later British settlers, Africans, and Indian, Chinese, and Middle Eastern traders and is concentrated on three of its 155 islands â the vast majority on Mahe and lesser numbers on Praslin and La Digue. Seychellesâ population grew rapidly during the second half of the 20th century, largely due to natural increase, but the pace has slowed because of fertility decline. The total fertility rate dropped sharply from 4.0 children per woman in 1980 to 1.9 in 2015, mainly as a result of a family planning program, free education and health care, and increased female labor force participation. Life expectancy has increased steadily, but women on average live 9 years longer than men, a difference that is higher than that typical of developed countries.
The combination of reduced fertility and increased longevity has resulted in an aging population, which will put pressure on the governmentâs provision of pensions and health care. Seychellesâ sustained investment in social welfare services, such as free primary health care and education up to the post-secondary level, have enabled the country to achieve a high human development index score â among the highest in Africa. Despite some of its health and education indicators being nearly on par with Western countries, Seychelles has a high level of income inequality.
An increasing number of migrant workers â mainly young men â have been coming to Seychelles in recent years to work in the construction and tourism industries. As of 2011, foreign workers made up nearly a quarter of the workforce. Indians are the largest non-Seychellois population â representing half of the countryâs foreigners â followed by Malagasy.
Executive branch
chief of state: President Wavel RAMKALAWAN (since 26 October 2020)
head of government: President Wavel RAMKALAWAN (since 26 October 2020)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 to 24 October 2020 (next to be held in 2025)
election results:
2020: Wavel RAMKALAWAN elected president; Wavel RAMKALAWAN (LDS) 54.9%, Danny FAURE (US) 43.5%, other 1.6%
2015: Â President James Alix MICHEL reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - James Alix MICHEL (PL) 47.8%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN (SNP) 35.3%, other 16.9%; percent of vote in second round - James Alix MICHEL 50.2%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN 49.8%
note: the president is both chief of state and head of government
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Governe seu próprio país!
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Politics & War é um jogo de simulação política gratuito baseado em navegador, onde você cria sua própria nação e a governa. Forçado a tomar decisões políticas difíceis, você está realmente no comando em Política e Guerra. Jogue junto com amigos e estranhos, coloque seus exércitos uns contra os outros e guerreie, ou trabalhe em conjunto para a prosperidade mútua. Em Política e Guerra você dá as ordens.
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pt
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Jangurupureri is a semi-progressivist & semi-traditional, Constitutional & Parliamentary Monarchist Democracy with severe Internationalism. It means that a coalition of parties and the dynasty has over the Sassiakastomo Mandates, but the coalition has more control over it than the dynasty does, and as such, the Sun Dragon Emperor must act upon what is best for the nation, following both the Rules of Individuality & Morality, and what the Mandates allow and don't allow. As such, there is a dynasty, a parliament, and branches of government within the nation of Jangurupureri. This is why it is considered a Union of Monarchist Republics, rather than a Monarchist Republic itself.
It also means that Jangurupureri is very open towards improving relations and getting to know more nations while still being it's own movement.
It also means that culture is revolved around progressive ideas, and progressive ideas are centered around culture, meaning that both are implemented within daily Janguresian life. Progressivism in Jangurupureri means, "To reshape our society to be more inclusive, be less corrupt, and improve living standards and opportunities for all. This includes the inclusion of cultural ideas that fit with progressive human rights standards. Any ideas that involve the harm of people (who are still alive) are not permitted; however, said culture can continue practicing all other ideas in the culture."
If you are still not sure as to what it means to have culture be shaped by progressive ideas and progressive ideas be shaped by culture, here is what we mean:
Things in some cultures that could be harmful to others, such as cannibalism, aren't allowed, but all other practices are ok, while things that don't allow for the showing of culture, identity, or individuality, aren't practiced or permitted, but all other practices are ok.
------------------
For those of you who wish to declare war with us:
For those who wish to raid our region, just note that you could just message me for some materials that you want, and I'll see what I can do. It's because I would much rather have it where we both get what we want without it costing us a lot more than just money.
Like, if you want something, just ask for it.
(Also, for those who use scrolling through a page as a means to declare war, you could just use different means of scrolling, or you could just message me ways of reducing the amount of my page. If scrolling through my page is enough to get you upset, why not do something about it peacefully? We have the ability to communicate for a reason, you know.)
(Basically, anything that you want to do regarding war, just message me so we can come up with a way to help each other out, instead of spend so much money and time trying to do something that'll likely be worse off for both of us in the end.)
(Thanks! - Wu Sassikastomo of the Janguresian Regional Council of the Union of India!)
------------------
New Website Dropped!
___________
The United Monarchist Republics of Jangurupureri was established in November of 2085, after gaining independence from Nepal. The reason we are called the United Monarchist Republics is because we are like the Holy Roman Empire, but much smaller. Jangurupureri was founded with the help of 3 different political parties and the unification of those parties by Wu Sassikastomo. The reason you may see the political parties represented everywhere in our nation is because the political parties sparked hope in a better future in people in the area of modern-day Jangurupureri. All of the political parties were each founded by the three majority groups, and each of those three majority groups had joined these political parties. There would've been a Nepalese Civil War, had it not been for our founding Sun Dragon Emperor.
He unified the parties to solve the conflict regarding independence diplomatically and peacefully. Eventually, in 2085, due to the Suez Canal Crisis, a Trade Block from both China and India, and much more, Nepal had to release the land we now call home, in fear of the rest of the country collapsing, thus causing the birth of Jangurupureri.
Lil' Easter Egg I found. Happy Easter!
-----------------
Proud Member of the Union of India & Creator of the Union of India Flag
-----------------
Official Pledge Of Allegiance:
First Verse;
I, and others, pledge allegiance to the Grand Monarchist Republics,
For which they shall all prosper;
Government, community, and individual.
To which all shall be able to have grand amounts of opportunities.
To allow others to express what they've learned and what they've inherited.
For the mother of nature, the grand symbol of our nation,
Protects our rights to express ourselves through our culture, and through our voices.
Second Verse;
All shall protect all identities; friend or foe, we shall allow all to express themselves.
We fight the good fight for all freedoms, all cultures, all identities, and all human rights.
As long as sun and moon existence,
We shall rise beyond the stars, united in conflict, united in peace, fighting for peace around the world, prosperity, and for the betterment of individual and community rights.
------------------
Alliances:
Jangurupureri is not part of one alliance, rather two alliances.
Order Of The White Lotus (Minister Of Foreign Affairs)
I'll handle the foreign affairs of anything going on within the Order, and as such, I'll try to handle great discourse with a severely democratic way of diplomacy, where I'll let both parties give evidence and discuss themselves, and such.
&
Official:
Unofficial/Placeholder:
The Global Watch (Fellow Member)
WARNING: This flag is unofficial! Please do not assume that this is the true Global Watch Flag!
This flag is merely a temporary flag until we find the actual Global Watch flag!
&
Orbis Peace Organization (Spiritual Member)
this is because while I'll like to be part of the Orbis Peace Organization, because of my Secreterial job in the Order Of The White Lotus.
Not only this, but I'll help any Orbis Peace Organization member regarding wars and such if my interception is required; however, I'll not do so unless discussed with fellow White Lotus members.
I'll also advocate for things regarding the Orbis Peace Organization unless whatever the Orbis Peace Organization is discussing about has some negative tension with the White Lotus alliance.
The Aequitas International (Spiritual Member)
this is because while I was part of the Aequitas International, and that I would still love to be a part of said alliance, because of my Secreterial job in the Order Of The White Lotus, it makes it more difficult to do so.
I'll still try to help any Aequitas International member regarding wars and such if my interception is required; however, I'll not do so unless discussed with fellow White Lotus members.
I'll also advocate for things regarding the Aequitas International unless whatever the Aequitas International is discussing about has some negative tension with the White Lotus alliance.
JANGURESIAN COUNTRYBALL, in case if anyone was wondering.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unofficial Things
Things that were created and posted on the Official Janguresian Government Website by the Official Janguresian Government, but aren't necessarily diplomatic matters.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The first ever city anthem in which we have given our citizens was in St. Shangri-La. It was presented to us by Minister Romanov, who had a knack for his home-country's media and culture. As of right now, there is only one city anthem in the entire nation.
The Saint's Grand Galor - City Anthem of St. Shangri-La (Andrey Petrov's I Step Through Moscow)
This change was documented by the nation's first ever news press organization, called Artwork Imperial, which is ran by local aristocrat and documenter, Reporter Zhrau Shauan. For More Info about this adaption in the storyline of Jangurupureri, click here.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Due to conflicts with some of our neighboring nations, we've decided to elect a miliarial marching song for our Royal Goat Army Fleet.
The Striking Shanyang's Might: Beiyang Fleet March Song/Celebration Parade Song
Unofficial (Meme) Anthem:
The National Coat Of Arms
(Situations Used In: both Militarial and Governmental Situations)
(Name of Arms: The Horned Ribbons of Culture, Arms Variant):
This arms variant is the modern coat of arms, and the reason why is due to a Parlimentary vote in November of 2086 that had a 79% approval rating. The vote was whether to change the coat of arms or leave it the way it was. These are the more modern coat of arms, and are used at a more national level as the writing on the ribbons say:
"Ye Goats of the Earth, May the beauty and pride of our great culture live as long as the sun and the moon live."
As a result of the severe amounts of cultural identity protection that the government practices, it only seemed right that a ribbon that literally says something about protecting cultural identity to the best of their ability would make sense.
Not only this, but our military as also considered as "The Goats, " because of the protection of the beauty and pride of the cultures of Jangurupureri.
Shanyanguru (Fleeting Goat's Unity In Strife Flag/Army, United In Arms) (Jangurupureri's Current War Flag) :
Koiga-neila-Te'-bhutra (The Golden Swords Of The Himalayan Hurricanes) (Janguresian Regiment Flag):
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
JANGURESIAN KINGDOM FLAGS:
Kingdom of Serenaigasia's Azuaigaazmua Faolraigaim & Sassiakastomo Dynasty's "Raiganesi's Golden Six" Flag:
Abbreviation: (KoSG)
In Raiganesian culture, Six is of grand importance, as six represents the Six Sun Spirits, who bring great harvests and wealth in response to the Raiganesian people treating the earth well, let the blood of the Earth grow in the grounds they tend, and sharing your tended foods with others who respect their home, the Earth. As such, this is often why they are so down to Earth. They are by far the most agricultural people's group that lived in Jangurupureri, and they are also quite strict folks. They especially do not like it if you waste their hard-earned food, barely even taking any bites or even spilling the food on the ground, and will even kick you out of their home if it happens. They won't get angry about that so long as you help them tend the foods the way that they treat the grounds: with love, care, patience, and understanding.
This flag is a cultural iconic for the many folks who live in the kingdom, as it is the capital kingdom in the United Monarchist Republics of Jangurupureri. It is ran by, you guessed it, Azuaigaazmua Faolraigaim & Wu Sassiakastomo. The reason why Wu doesn't control this entire kingdom is because he is the national emperor of the United Monarchist Republics, not an emperor of a singular monarchist republic. The Kingdom of Serenaigasia is a monarchist republic, and as such, displays many things of the emperor's sort.
For starters, there is the Tibetan patterns on the left, with the Bengali pattern corner. Seperating the Tibetan side from the Raiganesians' side is the Glaibamgai, or the Three-Pointed Torch of Society. It contains a crescent, a 6-pointed star, and the Bengali Swastikaa. There are also 10 stars in this area, and they represent the One the Raiganesians side, there lies the Arialayogaimal, or the Kingdom's Six Sun Spirits of Society, hence why 6 is often represented on this flag. Underneath is the book of Druk, a well-known Bhutanese symbol, and it shows one orange side, which represents the Buddhist Kingdom, and another that represents growth through understanding and care. The 5 Horizontal banners represent 5 of the 6 Sun Spirits, and their courage and great growth of abundances of food, while the 6th banner is Vertical, and represents Tayilihaman, or The Son Of Fragaria, Bringer of Pran. The red represents the garden strawberries that grow in the Himalayas, and the green part of the banner represents the touch of life he brings about in the world. In short, he's farmer Jesus.
Both the local emperor, Azuaigaazmua Faolraigaim, and the Sassiakastomo Dynasty own this kingdom, as it is the capital kingdom and home of the Palace of The Sun Dragon, where the Sassiakastomo Dynasty currently resides in. It is also technically a theocracy, in the sense that the only place in the nation where the religious leader has any power is in the capital.
The Islamic Kingdom Of Sadur-Abhidia's "Islamia" Flag:
The Islamic Kingdom of Sadur-Abhidia is an semi-centrist Islamic Monarchist Republic that was founded by Gokhan Qiamkhani for the independence of the city-state dominion under the Janguresian banner. This was because of a war that had just happened regarding Dreamistan and Zullimanistan, and the fear from the Zulli people within the Janguresian borders, especially since an incident happened where Dreamistan was going to declare war on Jangurupureri over the previous land claims stated on the map.
This is also because the Islamic Kingdom felt like it's representative of both Zullimanistan and Jangurupureri, and as such, the Islamic Kingdom decided to use something that represents their Zulli people while representing the nation that they reside in.
Kingdom of Yausoli-Deyilisi-Bahhani's "The Nebbahuut's Kingdom" Flag:
Abbreviation: (KoYDB)
Yes, that is right, the flag is called the Nebbahuut's Kingdom, and this primarily because much of the Nebbahuutense population originated or lives in this area. This area was the place where Nepal and Bhutan were closest. When Jangurupureri took over both of them and Western Bengal, this now meant that both populations could come together under one banner. As a result of this, they eventually started to mingle in that area, creating a new populous of people. They declared independence from another kingdom within Jangurupureri, and officially became the Kingdom of Yausoli-Deyilisi-Bahhani, or the Kingdom Built By Blood, Trust, and Inclusion of the two populations into a unified culture.
The KoYDB is a Communitaristic Monarchist Republic, with a government similar to that of Switzerland's government.
Elements of the Bhutanese and Nepalese flag can be seen quite a bit across the flag. Just think about it as kind of a union jack flag.
Its ruler is Emperor Kahalzi Misshikagoa.
The Noocratic Kingdom of Westelia-Bengalia's "Janguinyda Columbia." Flag. (NKoWB)
The flag of the Noocratic Kingdom is a state, located in Central and Southern West Bengal. It was given it's freedom in the purchase of Western Bengal. The Parliament had heard the cries of people who had troubles with the way that the original Indian Government had been handling their train crisis, and as a result, they were given their own local government, which is a government that takes in people, like Philosophers, Scholars, and people who are educated on problems like this. The Noocratic Kingdom is also the largest kingdom, essentially having more than the lands of Western Bengal. This is the first kingdom to have a local government seperate from the main government's governing policies, and this is because the Westelia-Bengalian Noocracy is an experiment of government; however, the Noocracy isn't your regular Noocracy.
It's government is actually a Noocratic & Theocratic Parliamentary Monarchist Democracy, Where philsophers are chosen by the people, and the National and Local Parliament, and the philsopher and the National and Local Parliament must abide to the Janguresian Mandates, regardless on what the philsophers or what the local Parliament say, unless changed by a vote by the people. It is also ran by three popes, specifically a Buddhist pope, a Christian pope, and a Confucianist pope. They are considered the Holy Trio, as they are the representatives of the Noocratic Theocracy.
The move was created by the first Noocratic Philsopher in Jangurupureri, Abbrealiostuv Yuagglaimoti.
Abbrealiostuv had thought that if something like this were to be practiced, the national government must also take in part with the Noocracy to assure that democracy will prevail within the Noocracy. Abbrealiostuv has also made it a policy to promote the arts and studies of the mind in schooling. Much of the architectural choices are also very reminiscent of Bangladeshi, French-Canadian & Medieval Indian architectural designs. Due to the fact that these folks study the mind and arts better than most folks do, people like Barais Vei come here to express their artistic choices, teachings, and culture. This is has led some of the Janguresian Folk who've moved from Canada to call it the Birthchild of British Columbia and Quebec in Asia, especially since this population understands French quite a bit in comparison to the rest of the nation, and this is due to the fact that the Noocracy is the only kingdom to have direct Sea Access. This means that both the local and national governments must work together, and this requires a high level of education and diplomacy to accomplish tasks like trade. The local government heard about this, and held a vote regarding this, and much of the population believes that it is such the case that the NKoWB is like the birth-child of BC and Quebec in Asia. As such, they designed this flag, which was designed just to look like the British Columbia flag, but with the colors of Jangurupureri and India.
It's also the only official completely rectangular flag of any realm within Jangurupureri as of October, 2086.
Edifice Of The Glorious And Wise:
a palace made for his majesty of the philosophical parliament of Westelia Bengalia. Truly an architectural masterpiece:
______________________________________________________
Kingdoms or places that no longer exist as a part of Jangurupureri, officially or otherwise.
Listed under gray letters.
The People's Kingdom Of Old Bhutania's "Glory To The People's Monarchist Republic" Flag:
Possibly one of the most controversial Monarchist Republic ever in Janguresian History, the People's Kingdom of Old Bhutania was a monarchist republic that consisted of much of the old Bhutan's borders and then some. The Monarchist Republic of Bhutan was originally a socialist democracy; however, they've been pushing for more authoritarian and communist reforms in the kingdom, and this partially because of influence from the Empire Of Tibet. Old Bhutania wanted to join the Empire of Tibet; however, Jangurupureri doesn't want them to join the Tibetan Empire due to the fact that Bhutan contains valuable materials, and due to the fact that there is no official emperor for the People's Kingdom of Old Bhutania.
An illegal position was originally taken by Taorajj Kaggiamaha, who was originally thought of as the person who orchestrated the Burning Storm of the Sun Dragon's Square on that night long ago. Because of the illegal occuptation of this area by Sir Taorajj, Jangurupureri was trying to find ways into Old Bhutania.
Old Bhutania orignally kind of considers itself more of it's own nation; however, it's no longer recognized as part of Jangurupureri as was explained in an article by the Chittagong.
Old Bhutania was controversial for numerous reasons, and because the Kingdom had gotten into a war with the neighboring kingdom of the Nebbahuutenese people over a disputed area. In this war, at least more than 500 people were killed, causing severe backlash against this kingdom within the nation. The Chittagong and Jangurupureri agreed to allow the occuptation of all of West Bengal, where much of the kingdom of Westelia-Bengalia went on, and the Chittagong also got back Old Bhutania. Taorajj's party has been expelled and has been dealt with by the Chittagong State.
Old Bhutania was considered an Totalitarian Extreme Pro-Communist Monarchist Republic, but fear not, for Old Bhutania is no more.
First Variant:
Second Variant:
They've also originally made this their theme illegally, sparking even more controversy, especially in the Janguresian Filipino community; however, this is not the case anymore as Old Bhutania is old news.
Old Bhutania is also a no-go zone for people who are travelling to Jangurupureri.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Disputed Areas Flags:
These are the most controversial thing included on this page for many Janguresians, as these areas are not owned by any official government due to the fact that at least 2 kingdoms want to own the lands, but only one can officially own the lands, and as such, zone flags were made to alarm many Janguresians to stay away from these lands.
The Former Nebba-Bhutania Disputed Lands Flag:
This article is old, but will not be discarded as it is a reference to Janguresian history.
This dispute orignally regarded both The Kingdom of Old Bhutania and The Kingdom of Yausoli-Deyilisi-Bahhani; however, the people of this area wanted to become their own kingdom. As such, we originally used the flag that they waved around to say not to go towards that area, at least not after political disputes about the lands have been settled.
The area was under severe disputes as the people there want to become their own monarchist republic because they feel that they're capable of being able to run themselves, and the neighboring monarchist republics want the kingdom for it's severe amount of resources, such as trees, food, and gold, and because parts of the Nebbahuutense population live there, and because the Nebbahuutense population is essentially mixed Bhutanese and Nepalese people, both monarchist republics feel like the lands belong to them. Wu Sassikastomo was able to solve this situation kind-of peacefully. After spillover of the Tibetan Civil War, this land was also taken by the Chittagong as an agreement that Jangurupureri and the Chittagong had regarding the lands.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
JANGURESIAN CITY FLAGS:
St. Itihas Vol Kowida's Barais LeCaon Vei's "Stripes Of Peace" Flag:
This flag uses the Zairlatainyag writing system, a writing system developed by the ethnic groups that fought for Janguresian Independence.
In case if you are confused, St. Itihas Vol Kowida was formerly St. Shangri-La, but was renamed due to a major redesign of the city. Itihas in Hindi means History, while Vol Kowida means in Lazaygano as "Of Great Opportunities." In the context of this city, this means that now the name of the city is "the city of Great Opportunities, in old & new (history)."
The 3 characters on the far left mean (From Top To Bottom), Rising Sun, Home Of The Sun Dragon, and The Two Shining Moons. Much like the Nepalese flag, the 2 moons and the rising sun represent hope that the strength and prosperity of the nation and the city of St. Itihas Vol Kowida stay strong as long as the Sun and Moon Does. The 5 point stars and the 13 point star at the end of each triangle represent lineage and tradition, and unity through culture. The frame of the flag represents the lavish architecture and culture of the city, and the white represents the hope of peace and community.
The dragon, surrounding the sun, represents the Sun Dragon, whose place in the majority group of religion in the nation, always seeks ambition and the bravery, courage, and sacrifice to gleam as much as the burning sun.
The flower stars above and below the Sun Dragon symbolize the growth, boldness, and courage to being the capital state and city of the country.
St. Viljoenshoffra-Lai's Christrov Vasandro Vollentainkov's
"South Kirichelles" Flag:
This is the flag created by the South Africa, Kiribati, and Seychelles communities of St. Viljoenshoffra-Lai. They are the major groups of the city and county. To the west of the flag, shows a variation of the South Africa flag. It represents not only the ethnic South Africa community, but it represents why they came to Jangurupureri: to have more ethnic and cultural recognition. The Seychelles colors are in the middle of this flag, and they appear to be coming out of South Africa as Seychelles did follow where the ethnic South African community was going after assuming that they were going to Jangurupureri for better economic opportunities and variety. The Kiribati part at the end not only represents the ethnic Kiribati community, but also represents the wishes that the St. Viljoenshoffra-Lai's Kiribati community's ancestors had when coming there: better opportunities for all, and wanting it to last as long as the sun keeps revolving around the world.
The reason why Christrov Vasandro Vollentainkov is taking credit for this flag is because he was the one who had proposed the flag, after studying the history of how the majority groups of St. Viljoenshoffra-Lai got to where they are today, and found out that South Africans came to the country first, in the city's modern area, founded the city, and the Seychelles population followed them to this city and resided in it. The Kiribati community came at last, with their sense of leadership and trust in the city, they all helped build up the city to what it is today.
St. Kalipo' Koko's "Paradise City" Flag:
It consists of two banners, one to represent the ethnic populations of the area, and another to represent it’s government(s).
The top banner represents the ethnic populations by using each ethnic populations flag, starting with Japan, as they are the sun in the middle. Then it’s my g’old home country, Australia! After one of the best countries in the world is the color of the Burmanese population, then there is the 4th color, to represent the Hawaiians. A nod to the Altantic Islanders is also made with the water portion of the flag.
Now, what I find interesting about this city is the fact that St. Kalipo' Koko is almost kind-of the reversed version of Pearl Harbor. This is because St. Kalipo' Koko is a city that was CREATED in part because of war, specifically a period of time known as the Johnston period, instead of getting nearly DESTROYED. This is primarily the reason why St. Kalipo' Koko has a lot of militarial influence, as it is a city quite literally made as a military base; however, eventually, people started hearing about St. Kalipo' Koko, including myself, and we figured it was like the Janguresian version of Hawaii, except there's cheaper housing. In a way, it kind of is as we get sights of a large body of water from here. Mapang Yongcuo is that large body of water. It was made near this large body of water as St. Kalipo' Koko's position near this body of water and the Himalayas not only made it less visible, but also significally reduced the probability of anyone being able to get to St. Kalipo' Koko on the ground, which is why it's also SUPER INFURIATING TO GET TO! St. Kalipo' Koko is especially hard to travel through, sometimes, because St. Kalipo' Koko recently established a canal system that goes out into different parts of the city, which means certain parts of the city are only accessible by canal for one reason or another.
Picture of St. Kalipo' Koko's Parliamentary Building.
Either way, though, I'mma glad that the city exists. It's a really beautiful city as it's quite an expensive-looking city, and it's community is (in my opinion) the most welcoming community I've ever come to face with my lifetime! It's also a glamarous city, even with it's politics.
Also, for those that need a proper pronunciation for St. Kalipo' Koko, the locals here call it
Locals: Kal-Po' Koko Seii-jin.
Janguresian Officials call the city
JPO: Kal-Po Koko.
Foreigners call the city:
Saint Kalipa-Koca.
To put it simply, the I in Saint Kalipo' Koko is silent, so pronounce it silent when referring to the city.
The Bottom Banner consists of two flags, the flag of Jangurupureri, to represent the Janguresian Parliament and Government, and the flag of St. Kalipo’ Koko’s home kingdom.
Some of the openers that you'll hear when visiting my home city is:
A. "Usiku labwino mawa abwino kumeneko!"
B. "Hawaii? Nah, aia ʻoe i St. Kalipo Koko, e kuʻu hoa! ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke leʻaleʻa i nā wai daimana, akā he paradaiso nō kēia!"
B2."Hawaii? Nah, muli ku St. Kalipo Koko, mzanga! Mwina simungathe kusangalala ndi madzi a diamondi, koma akadali paradaiso pano!"
C. "Dzikonzekereni nokha! Mphepo yamkuntho ikubwera, ndipo ndi gehena imodzi ya mkuntho wamchenga motsimikiza!"
Yea, so we also have a bit of a Sandstorm problem. Since St. Kalipo Koko is the city that borders the Gobi Desert the most, you can sometimes see real gigantic sand storms, where they often look like waves of red sand. This is why when you are visiting here, take note of the Mask, Goggle, and Scarf businesses here. If you see them jam-packed, then you should take cover, because that means a sandstorm may be coming tomorrow or even on that day! Despite the sandstorms, St. Kalipo Koko is a great place to live!
In fact, St. Kalipo Koko is the only other city who has a song that's associated with them in some kind of way, just listen to this!
NOTE: There is no official theme for St. Kalipo' Koko; however, considering recent politics over in St. Kalipo' Koko, we find this song to be most appropriate.
Chapter 2: Bosnia & Herzegovina 2: Janguresian Style.
This place is essentially Bosnia & Herzegovina 2, with it’s severely large Bosnian population, its severely Bosnian-looking buildings, and such, It’s no wonder why this place has a similar name to the second name of the nation. It’s St. Haarapettzia! This is one of the few majorly Christian places in the nation, as much of its population practices some level of Christianity, as well as most infrastructure really representing Christian culture. It’s essentially Little Bosnia! The reason why this city was made was also the same reason for St. Kalipo’ Koko, where during the Johnston period, it was created to help increase military support for Jangurupureri; however, unlike St. Kalipo’ Koko, it was made in a less strategic place, meaning that many land mines were placed in the instance that any ground support against the city would likely not make it to get to the other side. Like Bosnia, the government of the holder of the city is also attempting to clear all the Land Mines; however, it’s not the easiest task, nor is it as difficult as Bosnia’s task of handling their own land mines; however, it is an amazing sight to behold if you live there.
Picture of a wheat town in St. Haarapettzia.
St. Haarapettzia isn't a bad city if you're looking for a taste of the Balkans in Jangurupureri, since it has very picturesque neighborhoods, but let me tell you, folks, the people there can be a handful. Because so much of this town revolves around religious practices, and because much of the Bosnian people here are orthodox people, much of the controversy and way that people in this town are make'n friends are about orthodox christanity. For instance, here's some sentence starters you may hear when arriving to this town:
A. "Koje si ti vjere, momče? Slavite li Isusa Krista?"
B. "SLAVITE PRAVOSLAVNO HRIŠĆANSTVO, DA?"
C. "Prijatelju, prijatelju, ako ne slaviš pravoslavno hrišćanstvo, bukvalno ću te naći u snu i lično ću te odbaciti na Himalaje."
Because of their severally Orthodox Christian ways, many in Jangurupureri believe that area of Bosnia was a very Christian country, but this is not so, in fact, there are more Islamic people in Bosnia than even in Sadur-Abhi, a very religious monarchist republic that was formed with Zullimanistan! I couldn't believe it either. How did this come to be? Well, simple, you see, there were rumors that spread about that said that the area where St. Kalipo Koko was near the geographical point where Heaven is said to be perched. As such, this rumor eventually spread in secret, particularly in a very controversial part of Europe, the Balkans. Because of this, many Orthodox Christians rushed to meet their god; however, due to the height of the Himalayas, these same people set up settlement in the area you see in that image. When the Johnston Period happened, Jangurupureri decided to militarize the area to allow for a better strategic location; however, it turned out that it's so high and cloudy that it could only be used for emergencies, when the security of the nation was severely compromised. Because of this level of safety, and because it was perched up to near where it was said to be near the geographic point of Heaven, it was decided that after the Johnston period, they would make this into a town, for the betterment and security of culture in the nation.
Anyways, if you're looking for a song to represent this city, this is the closest thing you'll find to the city anthem. People in this city blare it all the god-damn time! It's a all-dayer type of earrape! I understand that these people are proud to be Bosnian, but you don't have to r@$! our ears to show that you're proud of your ethnicity!
They really do take that rumor to heart, as their flag is literally just about that rumor that the St. Kalipo Koko mayor started that one time. Look at this flag!
It literally represents one thing, and one thing only: "OH LOOK GUYS, IT'S THE GEOGRAPHICAL POINT WHERE IT'S SAID THAT HEAVEN RESIDES IN! LOOK LOOK!" It's whole purpose is to tell everyone in the world that the city is literally the closest thing to heaven, when that may not even be TRUE!
___________________________________________________________________
FLAG COUNTER:
___________________________
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| 44
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https://linkedopendata.eu/wiki/Item:Q8435
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en
|
Seychelles
|
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] |
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island sovereign state off the eastern coast of Africa
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| null |
island sovereign state off the eastern coast of Africa
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| 46
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https://www.jetpunk.com/user-quizzes/25301/denonyms-of-nations
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en
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Demonym of Every Country
|
[
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"https://www.jetpunk.com/img/user-img/c7/c7755e25bf-235.webp"
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Try to guess the demonyms of all the countries of the world.
|
en
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/apple-touch-icon.png
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JetPunk
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https://www.jetpunk.com/user-quizzes/25301/denonyms-of-nations
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please include Swede, Finn, Dane, Pole, Serb, Slovak, Slovene, Bosniak (like Croat), Bajan, Gilbertese/Kiribatian, Myanmarese, Nepali, Argentine, Icelander, Aussie and Kiwi(tho informal, i hear them all the time)
either include or not: Lao, Ghanan, Irani/Persian, Surinamer, Madagascan, Israelite(as Israeli already works, show both answers)
change Djibouti to Djiboutian
above are all legitimate.
don’t include Brit(somewhat offensive), Turk(may be confusing)
That was fun. I think the time was right, I was typing casually and got 160 just skipping the less-formulaic stuff.
I'd also like to see a different version, with stuff like, Dane, Finn, Irishman, etc.
It'd probably make sense to cut out all the easy ones with >80%, but this makes for a fun feature.
This quiz has not been thought through properly as to whether adjectives or nouns are required.
Following your example at the top, a citizen of Rome is a Roman. A citizen of Finland is a Finn, not a Finnish. And a citizen of the UK is not 'a British'.
Finn, Swede, Turk should all be accepted as demonyms. Just as a person from Rome is a Roman, a person from Finland is a Finn. Finnish is an adjective (or a noun when referring to language), while Finnis a noun referring to a person.
I feel less strongly on this point since it is a dated term, but Byelorussian should maybe be accepted for Belarusian since that was the English demonym for many decades, within living memory.
At the very least, the quiz should be changed to allow either adjectival form or demonyms. I'm sure the comment section has plenty of examples, but I noticed Polish, Finnish, and pretty much all the -ish ones are strictly adjectival. Alternatively, Slovakian, Kiwi/NZer, other -er ones, I-Kiribati, etc are all strictly demonyms.
There were also some like where both forms are accepted and shown. I think for countries where they differ, that would be the best thing to do. So Spaniard/Spanish and so on.
Answers to add: Equatorial Guinean, Salvadorian/Salvadorean, Swazi, Habesha for Ethiopia, Finn, Swede, Pole, Brit(on), Turk, Gabonaise, Hellenic/Hellene for Greek, Catracho/a for Honduras, Magyar for Hungary, Kazakhstani, Kirg(h)iz and Kyrgyzstani, Lao(s), Lett(ish) for Latvia, Malinese, Slovak, Slovene, Monacan, Mongol, Netherlander, Banyarwanda, Serb, Surinamer, Formosan for Taiwan, Tajikistani, Uzbekistani, Emiri(an),
Madagascan and Vaticanian (debatable)
Two actual minor mistakes i noticed were:
Gilbertese is actually the language not the demonym
Slovak is the official demonym not Slovakian.
You can check on wikipedia as well.
Also would recommend stating in the description that is adjectival demonyms only (that way you wont get loads of people trying to change the quiz in the comments)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_adjectival_and_demonymic_forms_for_countries_and_nations
Amazing job creating this quiz! I thought I was going to be okay, or at least decent. Turns out, I'm not. I got a 46%.
However, I found this quiz very fun! I liked learning about the countries and I feel like this must have taken a great deal of effort by the creator.
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https://prezi.com/trndc66lnban/la-francophonie-project-les-seychelles/
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en
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La Francophonie Project- les seychelles
|
[
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L E S S E Y C H E L L E S la Francophonie Basic Stats of the Seychelles Name-Republic of Seychelles République des Seychelles Coat of arms Motto: "Finis Coronat Opus" (Latin) "The End Crowns the Work" Anthem: Koste Seselwa "Join together all Seychellois" Capital(and largest
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en
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https://assets.prezicdn.net/assets-versioned/prezipage-versioned/5184-868acf0/common/img/favicon.ico?v=2
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prezi.com
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https://prezi.com/trndc66lnban/la-francophonie-project-les-seychelles/
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7545
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dbpedia
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1
| 90
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https://arxiv.org/html/2403.05696v1
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en
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SeeGULL Multilingual: a Dataset of Geo-Culturally Situated Stereotypes
|
[
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arXiv:2403.05696v1 [cs.CL] 08 Mar 2024
SeeGULL Multilingual: a Dataset of Geo-Culturally Situated Stereotypes
Mukul Bhutani
Google Research
mukulbhutani@google.com
&Kevin Robinson
Google Research
kevinrobinson@google.com
\ANDVinodkumar Prabhakaran
Google Research
vinodkpg@google.com
&Shachi Dave
Google Research
shachi@google.com
&Sunipa Dev
Google Research
sunipadev@google.com
Abstract
While generative multilingual models are rapidly being deployed, their safety and fairness evaluations are largely limited to resources collected in English. This is especially problematic for evaluations targeting inherently socio-cultural phenomena such as stereotyping, where it is important to build multi-lingual resources that reflect the stereotypes prevalent in respective language communities. However, gathering these resources, at scale, in varied languages and regions pose a significant challenge as it requires broad socio-cultural knowledge and can also be prohibitively expensive. To overcome this critical gap, we employ a recently introduced approach that couples LLM generations for scale with culturally situated validations for reliability, and build SeeGULL Multilingual, a global-scale multilingual dataset of social stereotypes, containing over 25K stereotypes, spanning 20 languages, with human annotations across 23 regions, and demonstrate its utility in identifying gaps in model evaluations. Content warning: Stereotypes shared in this paper can be offensive.
\setitemize
noitemsep,topsep=0pt,parsep=0pt,partopsep=0pt
SeeGULL Multilingual: a Dataset of Geo-Culturally Situated Stereotypes
Mukul Bhutani Google Research mukulbhutani@google.com Kevin Robinson Google Research kevinrobinson@google.com
Vinodkumar Prabhakaran Google Research vinodkpg@google.com Shachi Dave Google Research shachi@google.com Sunipa Dev Google Research sunipadev@google.com
1 Introduction
Generative multilingual models Brown et al. (2020); Chowdhery et al. (2022); Anil et al. (2023) have gained popular usage in the recent years due to their gradually increased functionalities across languages, and applications. However, there has been a severe lack in cross cultural considerations in these models, specifically when it comes to evaluations of their safety and fairness Sambasivan et al. (2021). These evaluations have been known to be largely restricted to Western viewpoints Prabhakaran et al. (2022), and typically only the English language Gallegos et al. (2023). This is inherently problematic as it promotes a unilateral narrative about fair and safe models that is decoupled from cross cultural perspectives Arora et al. (2023); Zhou et al. (2023). It also creates harmful, unchecked effects including model safeguards breaking down when encountered by simple multilingual adversarial attacks Yong et al. (2024).
As language and culture are inherently intertwined, it is imperative that model safety evaluations are both multilingual and multicultural Hovy and Yang (2021). In particular, preventing the propagation of stereotypes – that can lead to potential downstream harms Shelby et al. (2023) – is crucially tied to geo-cultural factors Hinton (2017). Yet, most sizeable stereotype evaluation resources are limited to the English language Nadeem et al. (2021); Nangia et al. (2020). While some efforts have created resources in languages other than English Névéol et al. (2022), they are limited to specific contexts. On the other hand, some approaches such as by Jha et al. (2023) have global coverage of stereotype resources but are restricted to the English language alone. Consequently, they fail to capture uniquely salient stereotypes prevalent in different languages of the world, as simply translating them to other languages will lose out on cultural relevance Malik et al. (2022).
In this work, we address this critical gap by employing the SeeGULL (Stereotypes Generated Using LLMs in the Loop) approach Jha et al. (2023) to build a broad-coverage multilingual stereotype resource: SeeGULL Multilingual. It covers 20 languages across 23 regions they are commonly used in. It contains a total of 25,861 stereotypes about 1,190 identity groups, and captures nuances of differing offensiveness in different global regions. We make this dataset publicly available to foster research in this domain. We also demonstrate the utility of this dataset in testing model safeguards.
2 Dataset Creation Methodology
Stereotypes are generalizations made about the identity (id) of a person, such as their race, gender, or nationality, typically through an association with some attribute (attr) that indicates competence, behaviour, profession, etc. Quinn et al. (2007); Koch et al. (2016). In this work we create a multilingual and multicultural dataset of stereotypes associated with nationality and region based identities of people. We use the methodology established by Jha et al. (2023), which is constituted primarily of three steps: (i) identifying relevant identity terms, (ii) prompting a generative model in a few-shot setting to produce similar candidate associations for identity terms from (i), and finally (iii) procuring socially situated human validations for those candidate associations.
2.1 Identifying Salient Identity Terms
Salient identities and stereotypes can vary greatly across languages and countries of the world, and a multilingual stereotype dataset needs to reflect this diversity. To reliably create the dataset at scale, we scope and collect stereotypes only about national, and local regional identities.
Nationality based demonyms:
We use a list of 179 nationality based demonyms in English, and translate them to target languages. In languages such as Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese, where demonyms are gendered (e.g., Bolivian in English can be Boliviano (masculine) or Boliviana (feminine) in Italian), we use all gendered versions.
Regional demonyms
We source regional demonyms (such as Californians, Parisians, etc.) within each country from established online sources in respective languages (see A.8 for details). A lot of these demonyms are present only in the respective target language without any English translation, such as the Dutch demonym Drenten, and the Turkish demonym Hakkârili.
2.2 Generating Associations
To generate associations in different languages, we use PaLM-2 Anil et al. (2023), which is a generative language model trained on large multilingual text across hundreds of languages. Using few shot examples of stereotypes from existing datasets Nadeem et al. (2021); Klineberg (1951), we instruct the model to produce candidate tuples in the format (id, attr) Jha et al. (2023). The template Complete the pairs: (id11{}_{1}start_FLOATSUBSCRIPT 1 end_FLOATSUBSCRIPT, attr11{}_{1}start_FLOATSUBSCRIPT 1 end_FLOATSUBSCRIPT)(id22{}_{2}start_FLOATSUBSCRIPT 2 end_FLOATSUBSCRIPT, attr22{}_{2}start_FLOATSUBSCRIPT 2 end_FLOATSUBSCRIPT)(id33{}_{3}start_FLOATSUBSCRIPT 3 end_FLOATSUBSCRIPT, translated in different languages is used to prompt the model. The generated text gives us a large volume of salient candidate associations.
2.3 Culturally Situated Human Annotations
Associations generated in steps so far need to be grounded in social context of whether they are indeed stereotypical. Annotators were diverse in gender, and compensated above prevalent market rates (more details and annotation instructions in A.3).
Stereotype Annotations.
Three annotations are collected for each candidate tuple in their respective language. The tuples are also annotated in country specific manner, i.e., French tuples are annotated by French users in France specifically. We adopt this approach since region of annotator residence impacts socially subjective tasks like stereotype annotations Davani et al. (2022). In addition, for languages that are common in multiple countries, we get separate annotations in each country (e.g., Spanish in Spain and Spanish in Mexico).
Offensiveness Annotations.
For each stereotype in our dataset, we estimate how offensive it is. We do so by obtaining three in-language, globally situated annotations for each attribute term in the dataset on its degree of offensiveness on a Likert scale of ‘Not offensive’ to ‘Extremely Offensive’.
4 SGM for Analysis and Evaluations
4.1 Offensive Stereotypes in SGM
While all stereotypes can have negative downstream impacts, some associations that imply degeneracy and criminality are especially offensive. Aggregating over stereotypes about nationalities across all languages in SGM, we note how Albania and Rwanda have some of the most offensive stereotypes associated with them, while Singapore and Canada have the least offensive stereotypes associated (A.4). Figure 3 shows the aggregated offensiveness associated with different countries of the world.
Figure 4 showcases some examples of highly offensive stereotypes associated with different national and regional identities (also A.4).
The perception of an attribute or stereotype as offensive or not can vary by language, and geo-culture Zhou et al. (2023). So we also aggregate over the individual languages, and observe that Italian and Swahili have the most number of offensive stereotypes with about 22% of all stereotypes for these languages being marked as “Somewhat Offensive" or more. On the other extreme, Hindi (1.83%) and Korean (2.66 %) are the languages having the least fraction of offensive stereotypes (full list in A.4 Table 4) .
4.2 Foundation Model Evaluations with SGM
Evaluating stereotyping by multilingual language models is challenging due to paucity of resources in languages apart from English. SGM enables us to create an evaluation set measuring whether a system endorses stereotypical associations across a socially situated, globally localized, and more comprehensive set of stereotypes, and whether the extent of endorsing stereotypes differs by language.
We adapt evaluation methods for measuring bias in inference capabilities Dev et al. (2020); Parrish et al. (2022) to create the evaluation of foundation models depicted in Figure 5. Each question in the task contains only one stereotypical answer, with other identity terms randomly sampled. We create an evaluation set from stereotypes in SGM to create 4,600 questions, drawing 100 samples across each language, region, and demonym type.
We evaluate four different models: PaLM 2, GPT-4 Turbo, Gemini Pro, and Mixtral 8X7B. We observe that all models endorse stereotypes present in SGM, and at different rates when the same queries are asked in English (Table 1). We note that PaLM 2 has the highest rate of endorsement, while Mixtral demonstrate the lowest. Our results also show that English-translated queries would have missed a significant fraction of stereotype endorsements in three out of four models. Figure 6 also notes that models tend to endorse stereotypes present in different languages at different rates. These findings further underlines the need for the forms of multilingual evaluation enabled by SGM.
5 Conclusion
For holistic safety evaluations of multilingual models, English-only resources or their translations are not sufficient. This work introduces a large scale, multilingual, and multicultural stereotype resource covering a wide range of global identities. It also exposes how these stereotypes may percolate unchecked into system output, due to the prevalent lack of coverage. In considerations of model safety, cross cultural perspectives on stereotypes, their offensiveness, and potential harms must be included. We encourage future work to explore other methods to utilize SGM to measure expressions of representational harms and stereotypes within application-specific contexts for global users.
Limitations
The dataset created in this work is constrained by the resources needed to create large scale, quality data. The dataset covers 20 languages and not the full range of many thousands of languages and dialects used across the world. Unfortunately, generation quality of most models is limited to few languages currently which guide our methodology. Further, we obtain annotations from 23 countries, whereas it could be from a much larger set given the spread of the 20 languages. This is constrained both by the availability of annotators and the cost of data annotations. Next, we limit the identity terms of recorded stereotypes to be demonyms associated with nationalities and regions within each nation. We also limit the granularity with which regions are considered, and also don’t include regions within all countries at a global scale. These are design choices for reliably collecting stereotypes at scale, guided by how stereotypes are socio-culturally situated Jha et al. (2023); Hovy and Yang (2021). While this helps create a dataset that is grounded in local knowledge, there are other stereotypes at other levels of granularities, and about other identities that are not covered by this work. We hope that this work acts as a foundation, based on which larger, multilingual safety datasets can be built.
Ethical Considerations
We emphasize that this dataset does not capture all possible stereotypes about any identity, or stereotypes about all geocultural identities. Thus, this dataset should not be used alone to categorize any model or its output as completely devoid of stereotypes. Instead careful considerations should be made by dataset users depending on the intended application. Further, we explicitly call out the intended usage of this dataset for evaluation purposes in the attached Data Card (A.1). This dataset contains a large number of stereotypes which can help build model safeguards. We caution users against unintentional, or malicious misuse.
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Appendix A Appendix
A.1 Dataset
The dataset contains 25,861 annotated stereotypes across 23 language +++ countries of annotation combination (Table 2), and is available online . The first two columns of Table 7 describes the languages, countries (of annotations), and the total annotations that are being released as part of this dataset. Since data disagreements are features of subjective data Davani et al. (2022), we consider any associations with at least 1 annotation (of 3 annotators) as stereotype to be sufficient for the tuple to be included in the published dataset. The filtering of the data for usage is left to the user. The data card detailing intended usage, data collection and annotation, costs, etc. is also made available online .
Table 3 shows the distribution of tuples across the nationality and regional axis. Of the 25,861 annotated tuples, 19,543 stereotypes have unique English translations (via Google Translate API). The differences arises due to the fact that we, by design, get a few tuples annotated in two different countries speaking the same language (section 3 and A.6). Finally, stereotypes having different gender based identity terms but with same attributes (e.g (mauritana, árabe) and (mauritanos, árabe)) are back-translated to English in exact same way and are thus counted as such.
A.2 Related Stereotype Resources
Stereotype resources are essential for generative model evaluations, and a large body of work pushes to increase the overall coverage of these resources Nadeem et al. (2021); Nangia et al. (2020); Jha et al. (2023). These resources help significantly bolster model safeguards Nagireddy et al. (2023); Bai et al. (2023); Jha et al. (2024). Thus, it is imperative that the resources cover global identities, to enable models across modalities and languages to be safe and beneficial for all. There have been attempts to increase these resources across languages Névéol et al. (2022); Sólmundsdóttir et al. (2022); Vashishtha et al. (2023), and cultures Bhatt et al. (2022); Dev et al. (2023). However, due to the cost of curating, these resources are often limited in both size, and global coverage. In this work, we address these challenges by leveraging social information captured and generated by multilingual models and globally situated annotations.
A.3 Annotation Details
We get annotations from humans for two different task. The first task, called Stereotype Annotation is used to determine if an (identity, attribute) tuple is considered as stereotypical or not. The second task, Offensive Annotation is for determining the offensiveness of a given attribute in a particular region. All annotations were procured through a partner vendor who handled the recruitment, obtained informed consent, and provided clean, anonymous ratings within each task.
Annotators were recruited such that they used the target language and resided in the country of popular usage. They were also selected such that every data point was annotated by at least one non-male identifying person. Annotators were paid above prevalent market rates and respecting local minimum wage laws in respective countries.
A.3.1 Task: Stereotype Annotation
Annotators: Since we documenting stereotypes in a multilingual setting, our annotation tasks are in different target languages depending on the region the task is being conducted in. Annotators are proficient in English reading and writing, as well as in the target language that the data is in. Moreover, since we have regional identities corresponding to each region, we ensure that annotators are people living in that region. Finally, as described in section 3, for the languages of Spanish, Portuguese, and Bengali, we perform human annotations separately in two different regions each.
Labels: The annotators had the options to select between three labels.
•
Non-Stereotype (NS)
•
Stereotype (S)
•
Unsure (U) (with justification)
The label Unsure captures the case where either the annotator does not have full confidence, or if the tuple is factual in nature.
A.3.2 Task: Offensiveness Annotation
Annotators: The annotation task is in different target languages per dataset. Annotators are proficient in English reading and writing, as well as in the target language that the data is in. The region that the raters are from is also different per data segment (for example, Spanish users in Mexico, Spanish users in Spain, Bengali users in Bangladesh, etc.). Each data point (attribute term) is rated by 3 annotators of diverse gender identities.
Labels: The annotators need to label each attribute as one of the following on a Likert scale.
•
Not Offensive (NO) (-1): if the attribute is not perceived as offensive at all, or is positive or neutral such as ’good’, ’okay’, etc in English. Consider similar terms in the language the data is in for this task.
•
Slightly Offensive (O1) (+1)
•
Somewhat Offensive (O2) (+2)
•
Moderately Offensive (O3) (+3)
•
Extremely Offensive (O4) (+4): if the attribute is perceived as extremely offensive when associated with the identity (like female, Russian, Asian, Jew, etc.) of a person such as attributes implying criminal behavior and activities, such as ’criminal’, ’terrorist’, etc in English. Consider similar terms in the language the data is in for this task.
•
Unsure (with justification) (U) (0): if the annotator is not sure about if the attribute is offensive.
The answers can vary from Extremely offensive to Not offensive. The integers from (-1) to (+4) are used for calculating the mean offensiveness of an attribute and are not visible to the annotators.
A.4 Offensiveness
For all the stereotypes in SeeGULL Multilingual, we also get the offensive annotations of the corresponding attributes on Likert scale. For all the attributes, we average out the offensiveness annotations by the three annotators and call it the "mean offensiveness" score.
Table 4 shows the percentage of stereotypes that are annotated as "Somewhat offensive (O2)" or higher, per region.
Finally, stereotypes in SeeGULL Multilingual can be thought of either belonging having a nationality based demonym or a regional (within a country) based demonym. For all the nationality based demonyms in SGE, we group them based on their corresponding countries and get an average of offensiveness scores associated with them. Table 5 shows the top 20 countries which have the most offensive stereotypes associated with them. Similarly, the table 6 lists out the countries having the least offensive stereotypes associated with them.
A.5 Overlap with English SeeGULL
SeeGULL Multilingual dataset contain a total of 25,861 stereotypes out of which a total of 2370 stereotypes (949 unique stereotypes) were overlapping with SGE. Thus, about 5% of unique stereotypes in SeeGULL Multilingual overlap with SGE. The Table 7 shows the overlap of SGE with SeeGULL Multilingual corresponding to each of the 23 language + country combinations.
A.6 Stereotypes in a Language across Countries
A few languages are spoken across different countries in the world. These countries, that may share the same language, due to different socio-cultural backgrounds, can have a different notions of what is considered a stereotype. Table 8 quantitatively demonstrates how much annotations vary across countries
A.7 Foundation Model Evaluations
A.7.1 Creating the Evaluation set
To create the evaluation set, we create a balanced sample across country, language, and regional or international demonyms. Within each bucket, we take all attributes (e.g., orderly) where we could also create three distracting demonyms that do not also share an association with that same attribute. From there, we first sample attributes, then sample from potential distracting demonyms for that attribute. We randomize the demonyms to form a question item. To encode each question item into a prompt, we first substitute the attribute (in the target language) into the English instruction prefix. Then, we separately translate the prefix into the target language, as well as a suffix instruction. Finally, we take those translations and merge them with the SeeGULL Multilingual demonyms (which are already in the target language) into the prompt for the evaluation set. We create parallel English-language prompts using the same sample of question items. To encode questions into English prompts, we use the same instructions and process but without translation, using the English demonyms and attributes from the SeeGULL Multilingual dataset.
A.7.2 Multilingual capabilities of Models
Foundation models have varying multilingual capabilities across languages. For example, the underlying PaLM 2 language model was trained on hundreds of languages Anil et al. (2023) and Gemini was trained to support a range of multilingual capabilities Gemini Team Google (2023). Mixtral supports English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish Mistral AI (2024), while GPT systems are primarily built using English data only OpenAI et al. (2023). We evaluate all foundation models on all languages included in SeeGULL Multilingual.
A.7.3 Evaluation protocol
In order to demonstrate that SeeGULL Multilingual can be used for improving foundation models, we run inference without additional safety guardrails or mitigation layers that are typically used by downstream application developers. Mistral Mistral AI (2024) and Gemini Google (2024a) provide configurable safety guardrails which we disable, and PaLM 2 includes metadata about safety with responses Google (2024b) which we do not consider. GPT models do not support configurable safety through the API.
We run inference for evaluations through public APIs for four families of foundation models. We draw one sample from each model with temperature=0. All system versions were fixed, and inference was run during January and February 2024. Each system was queried with temperature=0.0. Model version are show in Table 9.
Model response styles varied by foundation model, even with unambiguous and consistent instructions. To score responses, we use a heuristic to parse decoded text, and considered the model to endorse the stereotype if it produced text a) used the format as instructed and produced the letter of the stereotypical association, b) instead generated the exact word of the stereotypical association, c) produced text containing only the letter of the stereotypical association formatted as instructed, but with other additional text, and d) all formatted letter choices, repeating one letter choice twice.
A.8 Regional Demonyms
There is no single place containing regional demonyms for all the countries of the world. We source the regional demonyms online from the following sources followed by manual validation.
France:
Japan:
•
•
Since no particular demonym are found, we default to "People from [name of the region]".
South Korea:
•
•
Since no particular demonym are found, we default to "People from [name of the region]".
Vietnam:
•
•
Since no particular demonym are found, we default to "People from [name of the region]".
Thailand:
•
No particular demonym, defaulted to "People from [name of the region]".
Kenya:
•
No particular demonym, defaulted to "People from [name of the region]".
A.9 Licenses of models and data used
The data (SGE) was released with CC-BY-4.0 licence which permits its usage for research purposes. The intended usage guidelines of the different models were adhered to . We abide by the terms of use of any models used in this paper.
|
|||||||
7545
|
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|
0
| 33
|
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54692210
|
en
|
Seychelles elections: How a priest rose to become president
|
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[] |
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[
""
] | null |
[
"BBC News"
] |
2020-10-28T00:13:51+00:00
|
Wavel Ramkalawan brings his party in from 43 years in opposition to lead the island nation.
|
en
|
/bbcx/apple-touch-icon.png
|
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54692210
|
On his sixth attempt Wavel Ramkalawan, an Anglican cleric, has become Seychelles' president ending decades in opposition, but as Tim Ecott reports from the Indian Ocean archipelago - he now has to bring the country together.
"After 43 years we have regained democracy. The road has been long and now we will reap its rewards."
There was only the merest hint of triumphalism in President Wavel Ramkalawan's acceptance speech as he addressed an audience of invited dignitaries assembled in the manicured grounds of State House.
His election marks a seismic change for the islands, where the presidency has been dominated by one party since 1977.
In front of the grand Victorian colonial mansion and accompanied by a military guard of honour, the 58-year-old was sworn in by the chief justice on Monday.
The new president is an ordained Anglican minister, and not surprisingly his overall message was one of peace, tolerance and an appeal for all Seychellois to work together for national unity, and to overcome the divisions of so many years of political wrangling.
Thanking outgoing President Danny Faure for keeping political dialogue open over the past few years, Mr Ramkalawan stressed the need for tolerance among the Seychellois people and appealed for what he called a return to civility, to a society where everyone says good morning to one another and where racial and social differences are put aside.
"Seychelles," said the new president, "should be an example of tolerance for the whole world. We are 115 small islands in the Indian Ocean, but we are not insular.
"We will maintain friendly relations with all nations, and welcome help and assistance from our international allies whomsoever they may be."
Behind the Christian sentiments expressed by the new president there is also political steel.
'Pulpit politician'
This was his sixth attempt at the presidency, a journey that began when he first contested the role in 1998.
He had entered politics several years earlier, and was criticised by the government for making what they saw as political statements from the pulpit during the one-party state era.
He had come tantalising close to winning the presidency several times, and in 2015 lost to James Michel by only 193 votes in a second round of voting.
Referring to the years in opposition, and his five previous defeats in presidential elections Mr Ramkalawan quoted Nelson Mandela: "A winner is a dreamer who never gives up."
In spite of the positive messages in his inaugural address, there is no doubting the divisions within Seychellois society.
It is precisely 43 years since the islands were subjected to a violent coup by Albert René, who overthrew the democratically elected government of James Mancham, the man who had led the islands to independence from the UK in 1976.
Amid his appeals for peace and harmony, President Ramkalawan pointedly paid homage to Gerard Hoarau, an opponent of René assassinated in London in 1985, and whose killers have never been identified.
Hoarau was not the only person who died or disappeared during the one-party era that lasted from 1977 to 1991.
Many of the crimes committed during that period were exposed publicly during recent Truth and Reconciliation hearings in Seychelles.
There is no doubt that those revelations harmed the chances of Mr Faure and his United Seychelles party in these elections.
United Seychelles is the current name of the former Seychelles People's Progressive Front, which was in power when René so ruthlessly imprisoned and persecuted his political opponents.
For all its convoluted political history in the decades since independence, the 97,000-strong population of Seychelles now faces very big challenges.
The economy is heavily reliant on tourism, with around 350,000 annual visitors accounting for 65% of GDP.
Covid-19 has reduced tourist arrivals to a tiny trickle, and the economy has already shrunk by around 14%.
In addition, local non-governmental organisations estimate that approximately 10% of the working population, some 6,000 people, are addicted to heroin, and many are reliant on the government's methadone rehabilitation programme.
As well as winning the presidency, Mr Ramkalawan's party, Linyon Demokratik Seselwa (LDS), has also won a convincing majority in the islands' national assembly.
They will have 25 seats to the United Seychelles' 10. However, the president warned his parliamentarians not to become complacent.
"Just because we have won, we can't sit back," he said. "We need to carry on working hard, delivering what our people deserve."
You may also be interested in:
One of the subtexts of Mr Ramkalawan's inaugural address is that the LDS will need to unravel decades of inefficiency, corruption and cronyism within the civil service and public administration of Seychelles.
He has promised that under his presidency "no-one will be above the law".
Even though the one-party state was dismantled more than 25 years ago, a small number of educated Seychellois have tended to occupy key positions and appointments have been handed out based on party loyalty rather than competence.
Internationally, the new president is likely to also face challenges negotiating the tricky geopolitical order of the Indian Ocean.
Just a day before the elections he reiterated that the islands' sovereignty was not for sale.
India-China rivalry
He was referring to a deal made by President Faure to cede control of a remote island to the Indian Navy as a base.
Mr Ramkalawan is adamant this will not go ahead.
However, in recent years the region has been the scene of diplomatic rivalry between India and China.
President Ramkalawan stated clearly that his wish was for national reconciliation and for all parties to join in helping young people secure a better future.
|
|||||
7545
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 86
|
https://capitalizemytitle.com/name-generator/town/
|
en
|
Town Name Generator
|
[
"https://capitalizemytitle.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/cmt-logo.svg",
"https://capitalizemytitle.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/cmt-logo.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2023-11-06T23:13:13+00:00
|
Creating random Town names is easy with our tool. Just select the options you want above and then click "Generate Name(s)" to create unique and creative Town names.
|
en
|
Capitalize My Title
|
https://capitalizemytitle.com/name-generator/town/
|
Click the "Generate Name(s)" button above to get names.
About the Town Name Generator
TThe Town Name Generator is a versatile and imaginative online tool that allows you to craft unique and evocative town names for a variety of creative endeavors. With a simple click, it conjures up charming and distinctive names that can serve as the foundation for your fictional towns, villages, or settlements. Whether you're a novelist creating the backdrop for your fantasy story, a tabletop game master designing immersive settings, or a world-builder looking to populate your imaginative landscapes, this generator offers a boundless wellspring of inspiration.
From town names that resonate with history and charm to those that transport you to fantastical realms, it empowers you to infuse life and character into your creative projects. Embark on a journey through your own imaginative worlds, breathe life into your settings, and let your stories and adventures flourish with the aid of the Town Name Generator.
How to Use the Town Name Generator
Simple select how many towns names you want generated by changing the "Variations" option above. If desired select the Country/State you want the city to be based in. Then click "Generate Name(s)" and have your town name generated for you.
|
|||||
7545
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym
|
en
|
Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
|
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[
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[
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] |
2003-07-25T17:57:35+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym
|
Name for a resident of a particular geographical area
A demonym ( ; from Ancient Greek δῆμος (dêmos) 'people, tribe' and ὄνυμα (ónuma) 'name') or gentilic (from Latin gentilis 'of a clan, or gens')[1] is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place. Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place (hamlet, village, town, city, region, province, state, country, and continent).[3] Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include Cochabambino, for someone from the city of Cochabamba; Tunisian for a person from Tunisia; and Swahili, for a person of the Swahili coast.
As a sub-field of anthroponymy, the study of demonyms is called demonymy or demonymics.
Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people, demonyms are semantically different from ethnonyms (names of ethnic groups). In the English language, there are many polysemic words that have several meanings (including demonymic and ethnonymic uses), and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context. For example, the word Thai may be used as a demonym, designating any inhabitant of Thailand, while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym, designating members of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Briton or, informally, a Brit.
Some demonyms may have several meanings. For example, the demonym Macedonians may refer to the population of North Macedonia, or more generally to the entire population of the region of Macedonia, a portion of which is in Greece. In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, Québécois, Québécoise (female) is commonly used in English for a native of the province or city of Quebec (though Quebecer, Quebecker are also available).
In English, demonyms are always capitalized.[4]
Often, demonyms are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. However, they are not necessarily the same, as exemplified by Spanish instead of Spaniard or British instead of Briton.[5]
English commonly uses national demonyms such as Brazilian or Algerian, while the usage of local demonyms such as Chicagoan, Okie or Parisian is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether.[6][7][8]
Etymology
[edit]
National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a work from 1990.[9] The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the Chicago Manual of Style. It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals.[10] However, in What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names (the first edition of Labels for Locals)[11] Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon (1988),[3] which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after demonymic, which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893.[12][13]
Suffixation
[edit]
Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language. The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble Late Latin, Semitic, Celtic, or Germanic suffixes, such as -(a)n, -ian, -anian, -nian, -in(e), -a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, -i(ñ/n)o/a, -ite, -(e)r, -(i)sh, -ene, -ensian, -ard, -ese, -nese, -lese, -i(e), -i(ya), -iot, -iote, -k, -asque, -(we)gian, -onian, -vian, -ois(e), or -ais(e).
Examples of various suffixes
-(a)n
Continents and regions
Africa → Africans
Antarctica → Antarcticans
Asia → Asians
Australia → Australians
Europe → Europeans
North America → North Americans
South America → South Americans
Central America → Central Americans
Americas → Americans
Oceania → Oceanians
Countries
Afghanistan → Afghans
Albania → Albanians
Algeria → Algerians
Andorra → Andorrans
Angola → Angolans
Antigua → Antiguans
Armenia → Armenians
Australia → Australians
Austria → Austrians
Barbuda → Barbudans
Belize → Belizeans
Bolivia → Bolivians
Bosnia and Herzegovina → Bosnians and Herzegovinians (mostly referred as Bosnians)
Brunei → Bruneians
Bulgaria → Bulgarians
Burundi → Burundians
Cambodia → Cambodians
Chile → Chileans
Colombia → Colombians
Costa Rica → Costa Ricans
Croatia → Croatians (also "Croats")
Cuba → Cubans
Czech Republic → Czechs
Dominican Republic → Dominicans
El Salvador → Salvadorans
Eritrea → Eritreans
Estonia → Estonians
Ethiopia → Ethiopians
Fiji → Fijian, Fijindians
Galatia → Galatians
Gambia → Gambians
Georgia → Georgians
Germany → Germans
Guatemala → Guatemalans
Guinea → Guineans
Haiti → Haitians
Honduras → Hondurans
Hungary → Hungarians
India → Indians
Indonesia → Indonesians
Jamaica → Jamaicans
Kenya → Kenyans
Kiribati → Kiribatians (also "I-Kiribati")
Kosovo → Kosovans (also "Kosovars")
Latvia → Latvians
Liberia → Liberians
Libya → Libyans
Lithuania → Lithuanians
Malawi → Malawians
Malaysia → Malaysians
Mali → Malians
Mauritania → Mauritanians
Mexico → Mexicans
Micronesia → Micronesians
Moldova → Moldovans
Mongolia → Mongolians (also "Mongols")
Monaco → Monacans (also "Monegasque")
Morocco → Moroccans
Mozambique → Mozambicans
Namibia → Namibians
Nauru → Nauruans
Nicaragua → Nicaraguans
Nigeria → Nigerians
North Korea → North Koreans
North Macedonia → Macedonians
Palau → Palauans
Papua New Guinea → Papua New Guineans
Paraguay → Paraguayans
Persia → Persians
Puerto Rico → Puerto Ricans
Romania → Romanians
Russia → Russians
Rwanda → Rwandans (also "Rwandese")
Saint Lucia → Saint Lucians
Samoa → Samoans
Saudi Arabia → Saudi Arabians (also "Saudis")
Serbia → Serbians (also "Serbs")
Sierra Leone → Sierra Leoneans
Singapore → Singaporeans
Slovakia → Slovakians (also "Slovaks")
Slovenia → Slovenians (also "Slovenes")
South Africa → South Africans
South Korea → South Koreans
Sri Lanka → Sri Lankans
St. Kitts and Nevis → Kittitians, Nevisians
Syria → Syrians
Tanzania → Tanzanians
Tonga → Tongans
Tunisia → Tunisians
Tuvalu → Tuvaluans
Uganda → Ugandans
Uruguay → Uruguayans
Vanuatu → Vanuatuans (also "Ni-Vanuatu")
Venezuela → Venezuelans
Zambia → Zambians
Zimbabwe → Zimbabweans
Constituent states, provinces and regions
Abkhazia → Abkhazians (also "Abkhaz")
Emirate of Abu Dhabi → Abu Dhabians (also "Dhabyani")
Alaska → Alaskans
Alberta → Albertans
Algarve → Algarvians
Andalusia → Andalusians
Arizona → Arizonans
Arkansas → Arkansans
Asturias → Asturians
Bago Region → Bagoans
Bangka Island → Bangkans
Bavaria → Bavarians
Bay Of Plenty → Bayer, Plentonians
Bohemia → Bohemians
Borneo → Borneans
British Columbia → British Columbians
Brittany → Bretons
California → Californians
Carinthia → Carinthians
Colorado → Coloradans
Connecticut → Connecticuter
Corsica → Corsicans
Crete → Cretans
Crimea → Crimeans
Cumbria → Cumbrians
Dalmatia → Dalmatians
Delaware → Delawareans
District of Columbia → Washingtonians
Extremadura → Extremadurans
Florida → Floridans (more commonly "Floridians" below)
Galicia → Galicians
Galilee → Galileans
Gaza Strip → Gazans
Georgia → Georgians
Hawaiʻi → Hawaiians[a]
Hebrides → Hebrideans
Idaho → Idahoans
Illinois → Illinoisans
Indiana → Hoosiers
Iowa → Iowans
Jakarta → Jakartans
Java → Javans (also "Javanese")
Johor → Johoreans
Judea → Judeans
Kansas → Kansans
Karelia → Karelians
Kayah State → Kayahans
Kedah → Kedahans
Kentucky → Kentuckians
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa → Pathans
Lagos → Lagosians
Liguria → Ligurians
Louisiana → Louisianans (also "Louisianians")
Madeira → Madeirans
Malacca → Malaccans
Majorca → Majorcans
Mandalay Region → Mandalayans
Manitoba → Manitobans
Masuria → Masurians
Menorca → Menorcans
Minnesota → Minnesotans
Mississippi → Mississippians
Missouri → Missourians
Moluccas → Moluccans
Montana → Montanans
Moravia → Moravians
Nebraska → Nebraskans
Nevada → Nevadans
New Jersey → New Jerseyans
New Mexico → New Mexicans (also "Neomexicanos", "Neomejicanos")
Normandy → Normans
North Dakota → North Dakotans
Northwest Territories → Northwest Territorians
Nova Scotia → Nova Scotians
Ohio → Ohioans
Oklahoma → Oklahomans
Ontario → Ontarians
Oregon → Oregonians
Otago → Otagans
Papua → Papuans
Patagonia → Patagonians
Pennsylvania → Pennsylvanians
Pomerania → Pomeranians
Samogitia → Samogitians
Sabah → Sabahans
Sarawak → Sarawakians
Sardinia → Sardinians (also "Sards")
Saskatchewan → Saskatchewanians (also "Saskatchewanite")
Silesia → Silesians
Slavonia → Slavonians
South Australia → South Australians
South Dakota → South Dakotans
Styria → Styrians
Sumatra → Sumatrans
Sumba → Sumbans
Sumbawa → Sumbawans
Syrmia → Syrmians
Tahiti → Tahitians
Tamil Nadu → Tamilian
Taranaki → Taranakians
Tasmania → Tasmanians (informally "Taswegians")
Tennessee → Tennesseans
Texas → Texans
Thuringia → Thuringians
Transnistria → Transnistrians
Transylvania → Transylvanians
Umbria → Umbrians
Utah → Utahns (also "Utahans")
Victoria → Victorians
Virginia → Virginians
Waikato → Waikatorians
Wake Island → Wakeans
Wallachia → Wallachians
Western Australia → Western Australians, West Australians (informally, "Westralians")
West Papua → West Papuans
Westphalia → Westphalians
Cities
Aberdeen → Aberdonians
Abu Dhabi → Abu Dhabians (also "Dhabyani")
Adelaide → Adelaideans
Alexandria → Alexandrians
Albuquerque → Albuquerqueans (also "Burqueños" or the feminine "Burqueñas")
Annapolis → Annapolitans
Atlanta → Atlantans
Baltimore → Baltimoreans
Bath → Bathonians
Bristol → Bristolians
Brockton → Brocktonians
Bogotá → Bogotans
Canberra → Canberrans
Charlotte → Charlotteans
Chattanooga → Chattanoogans
Chicago → Chicagoans
Cincinnati → Cincinnatians
Clitheroe → Clitheronians
Coimbatore → Coimbatoreians
Coventry → Coventrians[15]
Danu → Danuans
Derby → Derbeians
Dubai → Dubaians
Dundee → Dundonians
El Paso → El Pasoans, El Paseños
Galway → Galwegians
Glasgow → Glaswegians
Hanoi → Hanoians
Hatta → Hattans (also "Hattawi")
Hobart → Hobartians
Indianapolis → Indianapolitans
İzmir → İzmirians
Jakarta → Jakartans
Kalamazoo → Kalamazooans
Kandy → Kandyans
Kuching → Kuchingites
Kyiv → Kyivans
Kolkata → Calcuttans
Lagos → Lagosians
Las Vegas → Las Vegans
Liverpool → Liverpudlians
Madera → Maderans
Malang → Malangans
Manchester → Mancunians
Manila → Manilans (also "Manileños" or the feminine "Manileñas")
Mecca → Meccans
Medina → Medinans
Miami → Miamians
Milwaukee → Milwaukeeans
Minneapolis → Minneapolitans
Miri → Mirians
Naypyidaw → Naypyidawans
Ngawi city → Ngawians
Oklahoma City → Oklahoma Cityans
Ottawa → Ottawans
Philadelphia → Philadelphians
Pisa → Pisans
Pueblo → Puebloans
Regina → Reginans
Riga → Rigans
Rome → Romans
Sacramento → Sacramentans
Salem → Salemians
San Antonio → San Antonians
San Diego → San Diegans
San Francisco → San Franciscans
San Jose → San Joseans
Sarasota → Sarasotans
Sioux City → Sioux Cityans
Springville → Springvillians
Sofia → Sofians
St. Louis → St. Louisans
Surabaya → Surabayans
Tauranga → Taurangians
Thebes → Thebans
Toledo, Ohio → Toledoans
Tucson → Tucsonians, Tucsonans
Tulsa → Tulsans
Utica → Uticans
Valencia → Valencians
Vilnius → Vilnians
Waco → Wacoans
Yuma → Yumians
-ian
Countries
Artsakh → Artsakhians
Azerbaijan → Azerbaijanians (also "Azerbaijanis" and "Azeris")
Bahamas → Bahamians
Barbados → Barbadians (also "Bajans")
Belarus → Belarusians
Belgium → Belgians
Brazil → Brazilians
Cameroon → Cameroonians
Canada → Canadians
Cayman Islands → Caymanians
Chad → Chadians
Comoros → Comorians
Ecuador → Ecuadorians
Egypt → Egyptians
Ghana → Ghanaians
Gibraltar → Gibraltarians
Grenada → Grenadians
Iran → Iranians
Italy → Italians
Jordan → Jordanians
Laos → Laotians
Maldives → Maldivians
Palestine → Palestinians
Peru → Peruvians
Saint Vincent → Vincentians
Trinidad and Tobago → Trinidadians, Tobagonians (also "Trinbagonians")
Ukraine → Ukrainians
Constituent states, provinces, regions and cities
Aarhus → Aarhusians
Adelaide → Adelaidians
Alabama → Alabamians
Athens → Athenians
Ayeyarwady Region → Ayeyarwadians
Banat → Banatians
Ballarat → Ballaratians
Bareilly → Bareillian
Bengaluru → Bangloreans, Bengalurigaru
Banten → Bantenians (also "Banteneses", "Banteners")
Belgrade → Belgradians (also "Belgraders")
Bermuda → Bermudians (also "Bermudans")
Birmingham, Alabama → Birminghamians
Blackburn → Blackburnians
Blackpool → Blackpudlians
Bangkok → Bangkokians
Bogor → Bogorians
Boston → Bostonians
Bracknell → Bracknellians
Bradford → Bradfordians
Brighton → Brightonians
Brisbane → Brisbanians (also "Brisbanites")
Bristol → Bristolians
Bukovina → Bukovinian
Burgundy → Burgundians
Calgary → Calgarians
Canary Islands → Canarians
Canterbury, New Zealand → Cantabrians
Cape Town - Capetonians
Castile → Castilians
Catalonia → Catalonians (also ""Catalan"")
Cedar Rapids → Cedar Rapidians
Chelmsford → Chelmsfordians
Chester → Cestrians
Chin State → Chinians
Chittagong → Chittagonians
Christchurch → Christchurchians (also "Christchurchers")
Cirebon → Cirebonians
Corinth → Corinthians
Coventry → Coventrians
Darwin → Darwinians
Dayton → Daytonians
Devon → Devonians
Duluth → Duluthians
Edmonton → Edmontonians
Florida → Floridians
Fort Worth → Fort Worthians
Fredericton → Frederictonians
Greenville → Greenvillians
Hamilton → Hamiltonians
Harrow → Harrovians
Hartlepool → Hartlepudlians
Hereford → Herefordians
Herzegovina → Herzegovinians
Hesse → Hessians
Hobart → Hobartians
Houston → Houstonians
Isles of Scilly → Scillonians
Iowa City → Iowa Citians
Jessup → Jessupians
Kachin State → Kachinians
Kansas City → Kansas Citians
Kentucky → Kentuckians
Kingston → Kingstonians
Labrador → Labradorians
Laguna → Lagunians (also "Laguneño", "Lagunense")
Lancashire → Lancastrians
Lancaster → Lancastrians
Lesbos → Lesbians
Lethbridge → Lethbridgians
Lexington → Lexingtonians
Liverpool → Liverpudlians (also, informally, "Scousers")
Louisiana → Louisianians (also "Louisianans")
Louisville → Louisvillians
Madison → Madisonians
Madrid → Madrilenians
Maharashtra → Maharashtrians (also "Marathis")
McKinney → McKinnians
Melbourne → Melburnians
Memphis → Memphians
Michigan → Michiganians (also Michiganders)
Mobile, Alabama → Mobilian
Nelson → Nelsonians
New Guinea → New Guinians
New Orleans → New Orleanians
North Carolina → North Carolinians
Northern Territory → Territorians
Oregon → Oregonians
Paris → Parisians
Perlis → Perlisians
Perak → Perakians
Peterborough → Peterborians
Phoenix → Phoenicians
Plymouth → Plymothians
Port Harcourt → Harcourtians
Podgorica → Podgoricians
Preston, Lancashire →Prestonians
Prince George's County → Prince Georgians
Quezon (Tayabas) → Quezonians (also "Quezonin", "Tayabasin", with the Tayabas Tagalog suffix -(h)in)
Rivers State → Riverians
Rochdale → Rochdalians
Rochester, New York → Rochesterians
Rockwall, Texas → Rockwallians
Rockwall County, Texas → Rockwallians
Saint Petersburg → Saint Petersburgians (also "Saint Petersburgers")
Sarawak → Sarawakians
Saskatchewan → Saskatchewanians
Saskatoon → Saskatonians
Savannah → Savannahians[16]
Shrewsbury → Salopians
Sicily → Sicilians
Solihull → Silhillians
South Carolina → South Carolinians
Stockport → Stopfordians
Swindon → Swindonians
Tanintharyi Region → Tanintharians
Tel Aviv, Israel → Tel Avivians
Telford → Telfordians
Thrace → Thracians
Towcester → Towcestrians
Truro → Truronians
Tuban, East Java → Tubanians
Tucson → Tucsonians
Vilnius → Vilnians
Washington → Washingtonians
Wellington → Wellingtonians
Wilmington → Wilmingtonians
Yukon → Yukonians
-anian
Guam → Guamanians
Mawlamyine → Mawlamanians
-nian
Bendigo → Bendigonians
Buffalo → Buffalonians
Cork → Corkonians
Manchester → Mancunians
Naga → Naganians
Panama → Panamanians
Sligo → Sligonians
Tampa → Tampanians
Tobago → Tobagonians
Toronto → Torontonians
Torquay → Torquinians
Trinidad and Tobago → Trinbagonians
Truro → Truronians
Wa → Wanians
-in(e)
Argentina → Argentines
Byzantium → Byzantines
Florence → Florentines (also Latin "Florentia")
Gilbert Islands → Gilbertines (as by Robert Louis Stevenson, but Gilbertese was more usual)
The Levant → Levantines
Montenegro → Montenegrins
Palatinate → Palatines
Philippines → Philippine, Filipino (feminine: "Filipina", see below)
Philistia → Philistines
-(h)in
The Tayabas Tagalog suffix -(h)in, which is mostly used by the natives in the province of Quezon, is also used for their local or native demonyms in English.
Quezon (Tayabas) → Quezonins, Tayabasins (also "Quezonians")
Lucena → Lucenahins
Tayabas → Tayabasins (also "Tayabense")
Lucban → Lucbanins
Infanta → Infantahins
Sariaya → Sariayahins
Brgy. Ilayang/Ibabang Talim → Talimin
Brgy. Isabang → Isabangin (both in Lucena and Tayabas)
Brgy. Morong → Morongin
-a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a
Adaptations from the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)o (sometimes using a final -a instead of -o for a female, following the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)a)
Countries and regions
Bicol → Bicolanos
Cebu → Cebuanos
El Salvador → Salvadoreños (also "Salvadorans")
New Mexico → Neomexicanos, Neomejicanos (also "New Mexicans")
Philippines → Filipinos
Cities
Albuquerque → Burqueños or the feminine Burqueñas (also "Albuquerqueans")
Belo Horizonte → Belo-horizontinos
Buenos Aires → Porteños (when referring to the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires) or "Bonaerense" (if referring to the Province of Buenos Aires)
Caguas - Caguenos
Cainta → Cainteños
Cavite → Caviteños
Daraga → Daragueños
Davao City → Davaoeños
Iriga → Irigueños
Legazpi → Legazpeños
Ligao → Ligaoeños
Los Angeles → Angelenos
Madrid → Madrileños
Manila → Manileños (also "Manilans")
Masbate → Masbateños
Naga → Nagueños
San Pablo → San Pableños
São Paulo → Paulistanos
Tabaco → Tabaqueños
Tauranga → Taurangans
Zamboanga City → Zamboangueños
-ite
Akron → Akronites
Andhra - Andhrites
Ann Arbor → Ann Arborites
Austin → Austinites
Bagansiapiapi → Bagansiapiapites
Baku → Bakuvites
Bandung → Bandungites
Bergen County, New Jersey → Bergenites
Boulder → Boulderites
Brisbane → Brisbanites (also "Brisbanian")
Bronx → Bronxites
Brooklyn → Brooklynites[17]
Carson City, Nevada → Carsonites
Chennai → Chennaiites
Dallas → Dallasites
Decatur → Decaturites
Delhi → Delhites
Denton, Texas → Dentonites
Denver → Denverites
Dhaka → Dhakaites (more commonly "Dhakaiya")
Dunedin → Dunedinites
Durban → Durbanites
Erie, Pennsylvania → Erieites
Gaya → Gayaites
Guelph → Guelphites
Irmo, South Carolina → Irmites
Israel → Israelites (also "Israeli", depending on the usage; see below)
Istanbul → Istanbulites
Jerusalem → Jerusalemites
Karachi → Karachiites
Kerala → Keralites
Kweyol → Kweyolites
Labuan Bajo → Labuan Bajoites
Leicester → Leicesterite
Manhattan → Manhattanites
Mon State → Monites
Moscow → Muscovites (also Latin "Muscovia")
Montpelier, Vermont → Montpelierites
Mumbai → Mumbaiites, Mumbaikars
New Hampshire → New Hampshirites
Norman, Oklahoma → Normanites
Oban → Obanites
Odesa → Odesites
Pahang → Pahangite (also "Pahangese")
Patna → Patnaites
Penang → Penangite
Perth → Perthites (also "Perthian" and "Perthling")
Pullman → Pullmanites
Putney → Putneyites
Queens → Queensites[18]
Reading → Readingites
Reno, Nevada → Renoites
Ruskin, Florida → Ruskinites
Saint Paul, Minnesota → Saint Paulites
Salem → Salemites
Seattle → Seattleites
Seoul → Seoulites
Shiloh → Shilonites (as in: "Ahijah the Shilonite")
Shillong → Shillongite (also "Nong Shillong" and "Nong Sor")
Smyrna, Georgia → Smynite
Spokane → Spokanites
Sydney → Sydneyites (also "Sydneysider")
Telangana→ Telanganites
Tokyo → Tokyoites
Vancouver → Vancouverites
Vizag → Vizagites
Warangal → Warangalites
Wenham, Massachusetts → Wenhamites
Westchester County, New York → Westchesterites
Whittier, California → Whittierites
Winston-Salem → Winston-Salemites
Wisconsin → Wisconsinites
Wrexham → Wrexhamites
Wyoming → Wyomingites
Yangon → Yangonites
-(e)r
Amsterdam → Amsterdammers
Auckland → Aucklanders
Bakersfield, CA → Bakersfielder
Beijing → Beijingers
Belgrade → Belgraders
Bergen → Bergeners
Berlin → Berliners
Bucharest → Bucharesters
Budapest → Budapesters
Cleveland → Clevelanders
Cook Islands → Cook Islanders
Copenhagen → Copenhageners
Detroit → Detroiters
Dublin → Dubliners
Dresden → Dresdeners
Fife → Fifers
Frankfurt → Frankfurters
Greenland → Greenlanders (also "Greenlandic")
Hamburg → Hamburgers
Hannover → Hannoveraners
Hong Kong → Hongkonger, Hong Kongers (also "Hong Kongese", "Hongkongese")
Iceland → Icelanders (also "Icelandic")
Kosovo[a] → Kosovars (also "Kosovan")
Leeds → Loiners
Leipzig → Leipzigers
Liechtenstein → Liechtensteiners
Little Rock, AR → Little Rockers
London → Londoners
Lorraine → Lorrainers
Luxembourg → Luxembourgers
Maine → Mainers
Maryland → Marylanders
Michigan → Michiganders
Montreal → Montrealers
Netherlands → Netherlanders (also "Dutchman" and "Hollanders")
New Brunswick → New Brunswickers
New England → New Englanders
New York → New Yorkers
New York City → New Yorkers
New Zealand → New Zealanders (see below; irregular forms)
Newfoundland → Newfoundlanders
Oakland → Oaklanders
Pangkal Pinang → Pangkalpinangers
Pittsburgh → Pittsburghers
Prague → Praguers
Prince Edward Island → Prince Edward Islander
Puntland → Puntlanders
Quebec → Quebeckers, Quebecers (also "Quebecois(e)"; though see below, irregular forms)
Queensland → Queenslanders
Rhineland → Rhinelanders
Rhode Island → Rhode Islanders
Rotterdam → Rotterdammers
Solomon Islands → Solomon Islanders
Stockholm → Stockholmers
Stuttgart → Stuttgarters
Tallinn → Tallinners
Vermont → Vermonters
Winnipeg → Winnipeggers
Yellowknife → Yellowknifers
York (UK) → Yorkers (also "Yorkies")
Yukon → Yukoners
Zürich → Zürchers
Often used for European locations and Canadian locations
-(i)sh
(Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the toponym, or place-name.)
"-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list.
Åland → Ålandish people (demonym "Ålandic")
Bangka Island → Bangkish
Britain, Great Britain and United Kingdom → British people (demonym "Britons")
Cornwall → Cornish people (demonym "Cornishmen", "Cornishwomen")
Denmark → Danish people (demonym "Danes")
England → English people (demonym "Englishmen", "Englishwomen")
Finland → Finnish people (demonym "Finns", "Finnic")
Flanders → Flemish people (demonym "Flemings")
Ireland → Irish people (demonym "Irishmen", "Irishwomen")
Kent → Kentish people
Kurdistan → Kurdish people (demonym "Kurds")
Lombok → Lombokish people
Luxembourg → Luxembourgish people (demonym "Luxembourgers")
New South Wales → New South Welshmen
Niger → Nigerish (also "Nigerien")
Northern Ireland → Northern Irish people
Poland → Polish people (demonym "Poles")
Scotland → Scottish people (demonym "Scots", "Scotsmen", "Scotswomen")
Spain → Spanish people (demonym "Spaniards")
Sweden → Swedish people (demonym "Swedes")
Turkey → Turkish people (demonym "Turks")
Wales → Welsh people (demonym "Welshmen", "Welshwomen", "Walian")
-ene
Cairo → Cairenes
Cyrenaica → Cyrenes
Damascus → Damascenes
Nazareth → Nazarenes
Palmyra → Palmyrenes
Slovenia → Slovenes (also "Slovenians")
Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations.
-ensian
Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) → Hullensians
Leeds (UK) → Leodensians
Reading (UK) → Readingensians
-ard
Spain → Spaniards (also "Spanish")
Savoy → Savoyards
Montagne → Montagnards
-ese, -nese or -lese
Abruzzo → Abruzzese
Ajman → Ajmanese
Aragon → Aragonese
Aceh → Acehnese
Assam → Assamese
Bali → Balinese
Bengal → Bengalese
Benin → Beninese (also "Beninois")
Bergen → Bergenese
Bern → Bernese
Bearn → Bearnese
Bhutan → Bhutanese
Bologna → Bolognese
Burkina Faso → Burkinese (also "Burkinabé")
Calabria → Calabrese
Cirebon, West Java → Cirebonese
China → Chinese
Congo → Congolese
Da Lat → Dalatese
East Timor → East Timorese
Faroe Islands → Faroese
Emirate of Fujairah → Fujairahnese
Gabon → Gabonese (also "Gabonais", "Gabonaise")
Genoa → Genovese, Genoese
Gilbert Islands → Gilbertese (also "Gilbertine")
Grenadines → Grenadinese
Guangdong (Canton) → Cantonese people
Guyana → Guyanese
Hainan → Hainanese
Hong Kong → Hongkongese
Hunan → Hunanese
Japan → Japanese (also "Nipponese")
Java → Javanese (also "Javans")
Kawthaung → Kawthaunggese
Kelantan → Kelantanese
Kokang → Kokanggese
Lebanon → Lebanese
Leon → Leonese
London → Londonese
Macao → Macanese
Malta → Maltese
Manila → Manilese
Marshall Islands → Marshallese
Milan → Milanese
Myanmar/Burma → Burmese (though see below; irregular forms)
Nanjing (Nanking/Nankin)→ Nankinese
Navarre → Navarrese
Negeri Sembilan → Negeri Sembilanese
Pahang → Pahangese (also "Pahangite")
Pa Laung → Palaunggese
Pa'O → Paonese
Piedmont → Piedmontese
Pittsburgh → Pittsburghese (as used routinely by residents of Pittsburgh referring only to the accent/dialect)
Portugal → Portuguese
Rakhine State → Arakanese
Ras Al Khaimah → Khaimahnese
Rwanda → Rwandese (also "Rwandans")
Saba → Sabanese
Sagaing Region → Sagainggese
Saigon → Saigonese
San Marino → Sammarinese
Sark → Sarkese
Sassari → Sassarese
Senegal → Senegalese
Shan State → Shanese
Shanghai → Shanghainese
Emirate of Sharjah → Sharjahnese (also "Sharjawi")
Siam → Siamese
Sikkim → Sikkimese
(South) Sudan → (South) Sudanese
Suriname → Surinamese
Swindon → Swindonese
Taiwan → Taiwanese
Taunggyi → Taunggese
Tegal, Central Java → Tegalese
Togo → Togolese
Turin → Torinese
Umm Al Quwain → Quwainese (also "Qewani")
Vienna → Viennese
Vietnam → Vietnamese
"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety.[citation needed] Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese".[citation needed] Often used for Italian and East Asian, from the Italian suffix -ese, which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending -ensis, designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc. The use in demonyms for Francophone locations is motivated by the similar-sounding French suffix -ais(e), which is at least in part a relative (< lat. -ensis or -iscus, or rather both).
-i(e) or -i(ya)
Countries
Afghanistan → Afghanistanis (also "Afghans")
Azerbaijan → Azerbaijanis (less commonly "Azeris", also "Azerbaijanians")
Bahrain → Bahrainis
Bangladesh → Bangladeshis
Eswatini (Swaziland) → Swazis, Swatis
Iraq → Iraqis
Israel → Israelis
Kazakhstan → Kazakhstanis (also "Kazakhs")
Kurdistan → Kurdistanis (also "Kurdish", "Kurds")
Kuwait → Kuwaitis
Kyrgyzstan → Kyrgyzstanis (also "Kyrgyz")
Nepal → Nepalis (also "Nepalese")
Oman → Omanis
Pakistan → Pakistanis
Qatar → Qataris
Somalia → Somalis
Tajikistan → Tajikistanis (also "Tajiks")
Thailand → Thais
Trinidad and Tobago → Trini
Turkmenistan → Turkmenistanis (also "Turkmen")
United Arab Emirates → Emiratis
Uzbekistan → Uzbekistanis (also "Uzbeks")
Yemen → Yemenis
States, provinces, counties, and cities
Al Ain → Ainawi
Allahabad → Allahabadis
Azawad → Azawadis
Azra → Azragis
Balochistan → Balochistanis (also "Baloch", "Baluch", "Baluchi")
Barisal → Barisalis (also "Borishali")
Beirut → Beirutis
Bangladesh, West Bengal → Bengalis
Bharat → Bharatiya
Bihar → Biharis
Birmingham (UK) → Brummies
Dagestan → Dagestanis
Dhaka → Dhakaiya (less commonly "Dhakaites")
Faridabad → Faridabadis
Glasgow → Weegie[19] (predominantly used by those not from Glasgow, slightly pejorative), Glaswegian (better)
Gujarat → Gujaratis (also "Gujju")
Hatta → Hattawi
Hazara → Hazaragis (also "Azragi")
Hyderabad → Hyderabadis
Kerala → Malayalis (also "Malayalee", "Keralite")
Kumaon → Kumaonis (also "Kumaiye")
Lahore → Lahoris
Punjab → Punjabis
Rajasthan → Rajasthanis
Rangpur → Rangpuris
Sindh → Sindhis
Sylhet → Sylhetis (also "Siloti")
Tel Aviv → Tel Avivi (also "Tel Avivim" (plural))
Yorkshire → Yorkies (also "Yorkshireman", "Tyke")
Mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales. -i is encountered also in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. Allemanni, Helvetii). -i.e. is rather used for English places.
-iot or -iote
Chios → Chiots
Corfu → Corfiots
Cyprus → Cypriots ("Cyprian" before 1960 independence of Cyprus)
Phanar → Phanariotes
Used especially for Greek locations. Backformation from Cypriot, itself based in Greek -ώτης.
-k
Greece → Greeks
Slovakia → Slovaks
-asque
Bergamo → Bergamasque
Menton → Mentonasque
Basque Country → Basque
Sanremo → Sanremasque
Often used for Italian and French locations.
-(we)gian
Dawei → Dawegians
Galloway → Galwegians
Galway → Galwegians
Glasgow → Glaswegians
Magway Region → Magwegians
Norway → Norwegians
Poway, California→ Powegians
Tasmania→ Taswegians
-onian
Aberdeen → Aberdonians
Bath → Bathonians
Connacht → Connachtonians
Cork → Corkonians[20]
Dundee → Dundonians
Halifax → Haligonians
Lesotho → Lesothonians
Newport → Newportonians
Oxford → Oxonians
Often used for British and Irish locations.
-vian
Barrow-in-Furness → Barrovians[21]
Harrow → Harrovians
Moose Jaw → Moose Javians
Oamaru → Oamaruvians
Oslo → Oslovians
Peru → Peruvians
Warsaw → Warsovians
Waterloo → Waterluvians[22]
Wythenshawe → Wythenshavians
-ois(e), -ais(e)
Benin → Beninois(e) (also "Beninese")
Gabon → Gabonais(e) (also "Gabonese")
Niger → Nigerois(e) (also "Nigerien")
Seychelles → Seychellois(e)
Quebec → Quebecois(e) (also "Quebecker"; most common within Canada)
While derived from French, these are also official demonyms in English.
From Latin or Latinization
Alsace → Alsatians (Alsatia)
Annapolis → Annapolitans
Argyll → Argathelians
Ashbourne → Ashburnians (Essiburns)
Cambridge → Cantabrigians
Canterbury → Cantabrians
Chester → Cestrians
Colchester → Colcestrians
Courland → Couronians (Curonia)
England → Anglican (Anglia)
Exeter → Exonians
Guernsey → Sarnians (Sarnia)
Halifax → Haligonian
Leeds → Leodensians (Ledesia)
Lviv → Leopolitans (Leopolis)
Manchester → Mancunians (Mancunia)
Melbourne → Melburnians (Melburnia)
Minneapolis → Minneapolitans
Naples → Neapolitans (Neapolis)
Newcastle → Novocastrians (Novum Castrum)
Orkney Islands → Orcadians (Orcadia)
Oswestry → Oswestrians (Oswestria)
Shropshire → Salopians (Salopia)
Tripoli → Tripolitans (Tripolis)
Venice → Venetians
Wolverhampton → Wulfrunians
Other
Botswana → Motswana (singular) Batswana (plural)
Prefixation
[edit]
It is much rarer to find demonyms created with a prefix. Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, and the language, Kiluba or Tshiluba. Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti (Viti being the Fijian name for Fiji). On a country level:
Botswana → Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
Burundi → Umurundi (singular), Abarundi (plural)
Eswatini → Liswati (singular), Emaswati (plural)
Lesotho → Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)
Non-standard examples
[edit]
Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place, but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens. In the United States such demonyms frequently become associated with regional pride such as "Burqueño" and the feminine "Burqueña" of Albuquerque,[23] or with the mascots of intercollegiate sports teams of the state university system, take for example the sooner of Oklahoma and the Oklahoma Sooners.[24]
Examples
Formal
Aberdeenshire → Doric
Albuquerque → Burqueños or the feminine Burqueñas (also "Albuquerqueans")
Buenos Aires → Porteños
Concepción, Chile → Penquistas
Connecticut → Nutmeggers
Cyprus → Cypriots
Guinea Bissau → Bissau-Guinean
Edinburgh → Lothian
Lisbon → Alfacinha
Indiana → Hoosiers[25]
Los Angeles → Angelenos[26]
Madagascar → Malagasy
Massachusetts → Bay Staters[27][28]
North Macedonia → Macedonians
Nunavut → Nunavummiut, Nunavummiuq (sing.)
Minas Gerais → Mineiros
Rio Grande do Sul → Gaúchos
Rio de Janeiro (city) → Cariocas
Rio de Janeiro (state) → Fluminense
São Paulo (city) → Paulistanos
São Paulo (state) → Paulistas
Shropshire → Salopian
Tierra Caliente → Calentano, Calentana, Guache, Guacha, Huache, Huacha
Uruguay → Orientales
Valparaíso → Porteños
Informal
Australia → Aussie
Birmingham, England → Brummie
Canada → Canuck
Cardiff → Taffs
Hartlepool, England → Monkey hanger
Isle Of Wight → Caulkheads [29]
Jersey → Jèrriais (adjectival), Jerseyman (demonym)
Kansas → Jayhawker
Liverpool, England → Scouser, Liverpudlian
London, England → Cockney (specifically, someone from East London)
Mexico → Azteca[30]
Middlesbrough, England → Smoggie
Newcastle, Australia → Novocastrian
Newcastle upon Tyne, England → Geordie
Newfoundland, Canada → Newfie
New Zealand → Kiwi
Nigeria → Naija
North Carolina → Tar Heel
Philippines → Pinoy
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States → Yinzer
Peru → Inca (also Perulero)
Puerto Rico → Boricua (from Taino Arawak Boriken (transl. land of brave people))
South Australia → Croweater
Sunderland, England → Mackem
Sydney, Australia → Sydneysider
Ohio → Buckeye
Oklahoma → Okie, Sooner
Oldham, England → Yonner
Tasmania → Taswegian[31]
United States → Yank or Yankee
Upper Peninsula of Michigan → Yooper
Wisconsin → Cheesehead
Ethnonyms
[edit]
Main article: Ethnonyms
Since names of places, regions and countries (toponyms) are morphologically often related to names of ethnic groups (ethnonyms), various ethnonyms may have similar, but not always identical, forms as terms for general population of those places, regions or countries (demonyms).
Examples
Abkhazia → Abkhazians, Abkhaz
Afghanistan → Afghans
Albania → Albanians
Arab League → Arabs
Azerbaijan → Azerbaijanis, Azeris
Bengal → Bengali (also "Bengalese")
Bulgaria → Bulgarians
Cambodia → Khmers
Chechnya → Chechens
China → Chinese
Croatia → Croats
Czech Republic → Czechs
Denmark → Danes
Egypt → Egyptians
England → English
Eswatini (Swaziland) → Swazis, Swatis
Finland → Finn
Flanders → Flemings
France → French
United Kingdom → British
Haiti → Haitian
Hayastan → Hayastani (also "Armenians")
Hungary → Hungarians, Magyars
India → Indians
Indonesia → Indonesians
Ingushetia → Ingushians
Iran → Iranians, Persians
Ireland → Irish
Israel → Israeli
Jersey → Jerseymen, Jerseywomen
Kalmykia → Kalmyks
Kazakhstan → Kazakhs
KwaZulu → Zulus
Kurdistan → Kurds
Kumaon → Kumaonis, Kumaiye
Kyrgyzstan → Kyrgyzs
Lapland → Laplanders
Madagascar → Malagasys
Mali → Malis
Malta → Maltese
Mongolia → Mongols
Montenegro → Montenegrins
Morocco → Moroccans
The Americas → Native Americans, Indians
Netherlands → Dutch
New Zealand → Kiwis
Odisha → Odias
Philippines → Filipinos
Poland → Poles
Scotland → Scots
Serbia → Serbs
Sorbia → Sorbs
Slovakia → Slovaks
Slovenia → Slovenes
Somalia → Somalis
Spain → Spanish
Sweden → Swedes
Tajikistan → Tajiks
Tamil Nadu → Tamils
Tatarstan →Tatars
Thailand → Thais
Turkey → Turks
Turkmenistan → Turkmens
Ulster → Ulstermen
United States → Americans
Uzbekistan → Uzbeks
Wales → Welsh people
Fiction
[edit]
Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include Martian for hypothetical people of Mars (credited to scientist Percival Lowell), Gondorian for the people of Tolkien's fictional land of Gondor, and Atlantean for Plato's island Atlantis.
Other science fiction examples include Jovian for those of Jupiter or its moons and Venusian for those of Venus. Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as Earthling (from the diminutive -ling, ultimately from Old English -ing meaning "descendant"), as well as Terran, Terrene, Tellurian, Earther, Earthican, Terrestrial, and Solarian (from Sol, the sun).
Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics. Examples include Lilliputians and Brobdingnagians, from the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag in the satire Gulliver's Travels.
In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been constructed, non-standard gentilics are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's Rohirrim (from Rohan), the Star Trek franchise's Klingons (with various names for their homeworld), and the Sangheili from the Halo franchise, (also known as Elites in the game by humans, as well as players) named after their homeworld of Sanghelios.
See also
[edit]
Geography portal
List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies
List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions
List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions
List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations
List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia
List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada
List of adjectivals and demonyms for Cuba
List of adjectivals and demonyms for India
List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia
List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico
List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand
List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines
List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States
List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions
List of adjectivals and demonyms for Greco-Roman antiquity
List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions
List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities
List of regional nicknames
Macedonia naming dispute
Nationality
-onym, especially ethnonym and Exonym and endonym
Notes
[edit]
References
[edit]
Sources
[edit]
Coates, Richard (2021). "Some thoughts on the theoretical status of ethnonyms and demonyms". Onomastica. 65 (2): 5–19. doi:10.17651/ONOMAST.65.2.1. S2CID 245777535.
Roberts, Michael (2017). "The Semantics of Demonyms in English". The Semantics of Nouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 205–220. ISBN 978-0-19-873672-1.
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Seychelles
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is a 155-island country (as per the Constitution) spanning an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, whose capital, Victoria, lies some 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Southeast Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest.
Seychelles, with a population of 90,024, has the smallest population of any African state.
It has the highest Human Development Index in Africa and the highest income inequality in the world, as measured by the Gini index. Seychelles is a member of the African Union.
History
Some scholars assume that Austronesian seafarers and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles.
Remains of Maldivian mariner presence from the 12th century were found in Silhouette Island.
The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral).
The earliest recorded landing was in January 1609, by the crew of the "Ascension" under Captain Sharpeigh during the fourth voyage of the English East India Company.
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey.
The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV's Minister of Finance.
The British contested control over the islands between 1794 and 1810.
Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived.
Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris.
Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903.
Elections were held in 1966 and 1970.
Independence was granted in 1976 as a republic within the Commonwealth.
In 1977, a coup d'état ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham, who was replaced by France Albert René.
The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991.
The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.
In January 2013, the country declared a state of emergency; the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundreds of houses.
Republic of Seychelles / République des Seychelles
Motto: "Finis Coronat Opus" (Latin)
"The End Crowns the Work"
Anthem: Koste Seselwa / Join together all Seychellois
Capital and largest city: Victoria (4°37′S 55°27′E)
Official languages:
• French
• English
• Seychellois Creole
Vernacular languages: Seychellois Creole
Ethnic groups (2000):
• 93.2% Seychellois Creole
• 3.0% British
• 1.8% French
• 0.5% Chinese
• 0.3% Indian
• 1.2% others
Demonym: Seychellois, Seychelloise, Seselwa (Creole)
Government:
Unitary representative presidential republic
President:
Vice-President:
Legislature: National Assembly
Independence: from the United Kingdom:
29 June 1976
Area:
• Total: 459 km2 (197th) - 177 sq mi
• Water (%): negligible
Population:
2012 estimate 90,024 (195th) - 2009 census 84,000
Density: 186.2/km2 (60th) - 482.7/sq mi
GDP (PPP): 2012 estimate
• Total: $2.317 billion
• Per capita: $25,229
Currency: Seychellois rupee (SCR)
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We, the people of Seychelles…
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So begins the preamble to the constitution of Seychelles. But exactly who are we? How did we become inhabitants of an archipelago hidden in the expanse of the Indian Ocean? ...
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So begins the preamble to the constitution of Seychelles. But exactly who are we? How did we become inhabitants of an archipelago hidden in the expanse of the Indian Ocean? How did we become Seychellois Creole? On behalf of the National Museum of History, TONY MATHIOT attempts to unravel a historical conundrum that has mystified foreigners since the mid-19th century.
In 1609, the English expedition found our islands uninhabited. It was in 1770 that the first 28 settlers from Ile de France arrived to establish themselves on Ste Anne.
The first Seychellois creole must have been Marie-Jeanne, the daughter of Pierre Hangard (1732-1812) a former soldier of the Compagnie des Indes and his African concubine named Annette. On May 22, 1785 she was married to Jean-Marie Le Beuze by the chaplain aboard the ship Marquis de Castries. Their first child, Jean Pierre Le Beuze was born on February 12, 1790. A Seychellois Creole. However, African children had been born in Seychelles some years before. On September 2, 1787, a chaplain aboard Amphitrite had united in Holy Wedlock an African couple, slaves of Lambert of Anse à la Mouche, legitimizing 5 children born out of wedlock. In 1791, during the administration of Louis Jean-Baptiste Philogène de Malavois (1748-1825) the population of Seychelles was 572 inhabitants (65 whites, 20 free Africans, 487 slaves). It must be noted that the promise of 108 acres of land to new settlers contained in the Malavois Laws of 1787 lured many whites from Isle de France and Ile Bourbon to Seychelles. Most of them brought along their slaves and in violation of Article 6 of the Code Noire, more than a few of them had children with their slaves who would become the first generation of Seychellois creoles and the founding families of some of today’s generation. Likewise, white families were having children by the scores: on August 1, 1801 Catherine Larcher was born on La Digue which had been first inhabited in 1798 by a group of white deportees from Ile Bourbon. On October 20, 1802 Nicolas Petrousse was born at Anse Boileau. On February 10, 1804 Marie Silvie Mathiot was born on Mahé. On August 20, 1805 Louis Leonard Hoareau was born on Mahé. On July 8, 1806 Pierre-Laurence was born on Mahé. By then, many family names of European origin that have since then been perpetuated by births over more than a century were arriving in Seychelles: Esparon, Mellon, Mondon, Tirant, Doffay, Gonthier…as were ships coming with more cargoes of African slaves from Mozambique: On January 27, 1807, L’amazone arrived with a hundred slaves, on April 4, 1807 Courrier des Seychelles brought 140 slaves. That same year Marianne left Mahé in February and returned a few months later with sixty-five slaves. On April 25, 1809 L’Etoile arrived with 150 slaves. In 1807, the population census showed that there were 231 white settlers including 71 men, 47 women, 56 boys and 57 girls. The 104 creoles or mulattoes included 17 men, 36 women, 25 boys and 26 girls. There were 2,414 slaves. Clearly, at the outset of the 19th century miscegenation was creating the melting pot of races that would come to define the Seychellois creole people of the 20th century. Miscegenation and the promiscuity of the French settlers who were mostly bachelors can legitimately be attributed as the fundamental factors in the making of the Seychellois creole people. In 1810, the year before the British arrived to take possession of the Seychelles, the population had risen to 3,467 inhabitants (317 whites, 135 free Africans and 3015 slaves). In 1811, the first British Commissioner, Bartholomew Sullivan appointed Joseph Andre Lablache, Commissioner of Civil Status, in charge of the register of births, marriage and deaths. Fortunately, Article 6 of the Capitulation Treaty of May 17, 1794 stipulated that all papers and documents should be preserved. Understandably, until then miscegenation took place only between the black slave woman and her white master which invariably resulted in the births of metisse children who would themselves later in life at puberty cohabit with either white or African suitors and produce creole children thus perpetuating this métissage custom. In the 1820s there was much whaling activity in the Indian Ocean. Sperm whales abounded in the Seychelles bank especially in the vicinity of Bird Island and Denis Island where a breeding ground attracted whales from the Antarctic. Records thus show that between 1823 and 1836, 82 American and British whale ships called at Mahé for provisions. No doubt, more than few crew members of those whaling vessels must have sought comfort from the Seychelloise creoles with whom they surely must have fathered children, methods of contraception being non-existent at that time.
On February 1, 1835, the day of Abolition of Slavery in British colonies, 6,521 slaves were emancipated from a total population of 7,500 inhabitants. They were 1,122 Creole men, 1,109 Creole women, 2,890 Mozambican men, 1,034 Mozambican women, and 84 Malagasy men, 198 Malagasy women, 2 Malayan men, 1 Malayan woman, 21 Indian men, 17 Indian women and 43 esclaves de class inconnue. So there must have been some 979 whites then. In 1850, a small group of south Indian tamil merchants arrived in Seychelles from Mauritius. Their children would become the first generation of Indo-creoles of Seychelles. A decade later, the population began to undergo an exponential growth both attributable to births and to the arrival of more Africans. Despite and in defiance of the abolition of slavery the illegal and lucrative slave was still being carried out by Arab ships. From 1861 and 1874 a total of 2,816 liberated African Slaves were rescued by ships of the Royal Navy who intercepted those Arab dhows on their way to Zanzibar and confiscated their human cargoes. Those liberated Africans would also become the founding families of some of today’s generation. The coming into being of the Seychellois people was a process of permutation of such mindboggling proportions that with the passing of each half century there was a transformation in the demographic panorama of Seychelles. In 1886, the Vicar Apostolic of Seychelles, Mgr. Syphorien Mouard (1828-1899) was intrigued by the population of Seychelles. In his journal he wrote: ‘Elle se compose de quatre races bien distinctes, savoir: Les blancs. Ils sont Francais ou Anglais pour la plupart. Les premiers sont assez nombreux. Les seconds se reduisent exclusivement a quelques employés du gouvernment avec leur familles. Les noirs ceux-ci sont Malgaches ou Mozambiques, c’est-a-dire originaire de Madagascar ou de la Côte Africaine sur le canal Mozambique. Ils forment deux classes. La première comprend les esclaves affranchise en 1838, la seconde, les esclaves capturés sur les Arabes par les Frégates Anglaises et amménes aux Seychelles dans ces dernières années. Les Creoles. Ceux-ci se divisent aussi en deux classes: la première comprend ceux don’t le teint n’est ni blanc ni noir. Ils sont issus d’unions contractées entre noir et blanc. La seconde comprendre les enfants des noirs nés aux Seychelles. Ceux-ci repudient absolument leur origine Africain. Les Indiens. Ils sont un petit nombre, mais ils forment une puissance aux Seychelles par leur richesse et leur commerce. Ils viennent presque tous des Côte de Coromandel et de Malabar: aussi sont-ils pour cette raison designés sous le nom de Malabar. Je n’ai pas de documents sous les yeux pour établir une proportion numerique exacte entre les diffrentes races, mais les blancs ne paraissant pas avoir augmenté depuis 1814 et les Indiens étant en fort petit nombre, il est evident que les noirs et les Creoles ont sur les autre races une superiorité presque absorbante’. Further on his journal, Mgr. Mouard’s ethnological observation was a hymn to our mid-19th century creole identify. ‘La grande variété des races dont se compose la population Seychellois’ he wrote ‘indique assez la variété des caractères’. Indeed, one can legitimately assume that the disposition and temperament of the Seychellois people then could have been attributed to some hereditary strain as well as to social factors like poverty and hardship. During Mgr. Mouard’s episcopacy (1882-1888) the population was just above 14,000. In 1899, a couple of hundreds of indentured labourers from Madras were recruited to build roads around Mahé. While most returned to India, some chose to stay where they found employment on coconut estates. In 1891, there were 200 British Indians in Seychelles. In 1901, this number increased to 335. Indians born in Seychelles were estimated to be about 50. In 1891, there were 45 Chinese immigrants in Seychelles. In the population census of 1901, a category of people was classed as the ‘British Population’ and it numbered 17,698. This referred to two groups of people: those of British nationalities who were a minority and the natives of Seychelles, the Seychellois Creole who totalled to no less than 16,563. The colonial report of 1901 stated that ‘it would certainly have been invidious to classify the natives of Seychelles according to colour’. This means that by the time Seychelles separated from Mauritius and achieved Colonial Status in 1903 ‘we’ had become a fait accomplit – in other words it would have been impossible and unrealistic to divide us into ethnic groups. From then on, miscegenation in all its diversities continued as the natural way of procreation. In 1947, the Colonial Report stated that ‘Births out of wedlock are unduly high, and a large proportion of such children never know a father.’ Therefore, one can deduce that certain social factors have certainly contributed to the evolution of our ‘creolité’, sexual promiscuity not being the least of them. It is known that since the early 1930s the suburbs of Victoria abounded in brothels where crews of visiting ships of the British Royal Navy and other nationalities were accommodated by Seychelloise of easy virtues. One can only imagine how many offsprings resulted in those brief encounters during so many decades until the early 1980s. Plus, we can only speculate about the various nationalities involved. These are moral aspects of our ‘creolité’ that we cannot exclude from consideration. It is common knowledge that as from 1955 Japanese tuna vessels operating off the Amirantes regularly called in Port Victoria for provisions. Later, Spanish fishing vessels also arrived. In a place like the Seychelles, the anticipation of seafarers are no secret. In the early 1950s, unprotected sex resulted in making venereal disease a country-wide scourge. After medical authorities had recorded 927 cases of gonorrhea and 221 cases of syphilis (of which there were 17 deaths) the government was compelled to introduce the veneral ordinance which helped in curbing the spread of the disease. In 1960, the population of Seychelles had increased to 41,425 inhabitants. This figure included Indians who comprised 82 heads of families with 275 dependents and Chinese who comprised 93 heads with 191 dependents. Indo-Seychellois? Sino- Seychellois? During the last 3 decades a whole gamut of exotic races have added new traits and characteristics on account of interbreeding with Seychellois men and Seychelloise women. Races which hitherto were unknown or even alien to our ‘melting pot’. In the mid-1980s scores of students obtained scholarships in the Soviet Union, East Germany, Cuba, China, Czechoslovakia and even Bulgaria. More than a few returned to Seychelles with their spouses or suitors with whom they eventually had children.
Today, 252 years after our islands were first inhabited by 3 distinctive races (French, African and Indians) we claim ourselves to be ‘THE’ Seychellois people. Besides the fact that it is conspicuously clear that we are descendants of the whites and the blacks, 40% of us, Seychellois creoles have no independent racial identity and we are not deducible from the racial components of which we are the products – and may this be the elusive answer to the question of our creole identity!
We are Mulatoes, Eurasians, Quadroons, and Octoroons. Our names are European: Adam, MacGraw, Bristol, De La Fontaine, Johnstone…, African: Kante, Ongingo, Ondiek, Diallo, Sylla, Mumuni, Obrieze…and creole: Hoareau, Payette, Labrosse, Camille. As for the descendants of Marie-Jeanne and Jean-Marie Le Beuze, one of their granddaughters, Marie Georgette married Edouard Le Fevre of Normandy. Today, the Le Fevre family resides on their large property at St Louis.
We, the people of Seychelles aware and proud that as descendants of different races we have learnt to live together as one Nation under God and can serve as an example for a harmonious multi-racial harmony.
And Patrick victor sings:
‘O! O! O! Seselwa
Leve e sant lespwar
Pour sa later ki pour ou…’
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https://ronroblox.fandom.com/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna
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en
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Wallis and Futuna
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https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ronroblox/images/e/e7/Wallis_and_Futuna_Ripple.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/1200?cb=20240520155801
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https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ronroblox/images/e/e7/Wallis_and_Futuna_Ripple.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/1200?cb=20240520155801
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Wallis and Futuna is a Tier I nation in Oceania . The following is taken from Wikipedia which is licensed under CC-BY-SA 3.0. You can view the article it was taken from here. Wallis and Futuna, officially the Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands (/ˈwɒlɪs ... fuːˈtuːnə/; French...
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https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ronroblox/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20221127205624
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Roblox Rise of Nations Wiki
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https://ronroblox.fandom.com/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna
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Wallis and Futuna is a Tier I nation in Oceania .
Background[]
The following is taken from Wikipedia which is licensed under CC-BY-SA 3.0. You can view the article it was taken from here.
Wallis and Futuna, officially the Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands (/ˈwɒlɪs ... fuːˈtuːnə/; French: Wallis-et-Futuna [walis e futuna] or Territoire des îles Wallis-et-Futuna, Fakauvea and Fakafutuna: ʻUvea mo Futuna), is a French island collectivity in the South Pacific, situated between Tuvalu to the northwest, Fiji to the southwest, Tonga to the southeast, Samoa to the east, and Tokelau to the northeast.
Base Statistics[]
Economy[]
Wallis and Futuna generate $100,556 income.
Resources[]
Wallis and Futuna produce no resources.
Military[]
Wallis and Futuna have a MP capacity of 60K like any other Tier I nation.
Base Manpower Capacity of Wallis and Futuna per Conscription Law Disarmed
[1% RP] Volunteer
[2% RP] Limited
[5% RP] Extensive
[10% RP] Required
[25% RP] 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000
Geography[]
The nation does not have a land border with any nation, but has maritime borders with Tonga, Fiji, Samoa, Tuvalu and Tokelau.
Strategy[]
Before doing anything, ally any other Pacific Island nations to prevent invasion. Your nation is not needed for any formables but be wary of anyone trying to expand in the Pacific. Start trading with nations for Oil and set your taxation laws to high. If you have enough political power, enact Press Censorship.
Justify a conquest war on Tonga and Fiji and during that justification time build your Home Guard up to 50K troops and spawn at least 1 destroyer.
After the justification, declare war on Tonga and position your destroyer between its two islands. Attack the non-capital island with your troops and wait there until Tonga's troops attempt to cross the water. When they do, your destroyer will knock out their troops and then you can take their capital. Use the same tactics on Fiji. After you have taken over the nations, select all the available terms and end the war.
Justify another war on Vanuatu and Solomon Islands and wait for your infantry to regain their troops. When the justification is over and your troops ready declare your war and use the same tactics from your previous wars.
If you attack any one city nations, simply use your navy to weaken their troops until fully eradicated and then you can take the capital. A recommended ideology for this nation is Nationalism.
Threats[]
Any Pacific Island nation wanting to expand.
Any other nation looking to expand in the Pacific.
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Resources for translators: Demonyms and adjectivals for countries and nations
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Become a member of TranslationDirectory.com - click here!
The following is a list of adjectival forms of countries and nations in English and their demonymic equivalents. A country adjective describes something as being from that country, for example, "Italian cuisine" is "cuisine of Italy". A country demonym denotes the people or the inhabitants of or from there, for example, "Germans" are people of or from Germany.
Note: Demonyms are given in plural forms. Singular forms simply remove the final 's' or, in the case of -ese endings, are the same as the plural forms. The ending -men has feminine equivalent -women (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the "-o" and adding "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as" respectively.
Adjectives ending in -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' sound (e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify).
Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. (Sometimes, the use of one or more additional words is optional.) Notable examples are cuisines, cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds.
Country name Adjectivals Demonyms colloquial term(s) Abkhazia Abkhazian, Abkhaz Abkhazians Afghanistan Afghan Afghans Albania Albanian Albanians Algeria Algerian Algerians American Samoa American Samoan American Samoans Andorra Andorran Andorrans Angola Angolan Angolans Anguilla Anguillan Anguillans Antigua and Barbuda Antiguan, Barbudan Antiguans, Barbudans Argentina Argentine, Argentinean, Argentinian Argentines, Argentineans, Argentinians Armenia Armenian Armenians Aruba Aruban Arubans Australia Australian Australians "Aussies" Austria Austrian Austrians Azerbaijan Azerbaijani, Azeri Azerbaijanis, Azeris Bahamas Bahamian Bahamians Bahrain Bahraini Bahrainis Bangladesh Bangladeshi Bangladeshis Barbados Barbadian("Bajan") Barbadians "Bajans" Belarus Belarusian Belarusians Belgium Belgian Belgians Belize Belizean Belizeans Benin Beninese, Beninois Beninese, Beninois Bermuda Bermudian, Bermudan Bermudians, Bermudans Bhutan Bhutanese Bhutanese Bolivia Bolivian Bolivians Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian, Bosniak, Herzegovinian Bosnians, Bosniaks, Herzegovinians Botswana Motswana (pl. Batswana), Botswanan Batswana, Botswanans Brazil Brazilian Brazilians British Virgin Islands British Virgin Island British Virgin Islanders Brunei Bruneian Bruneians Bulgaria Bulgarian Bulgarians Burkina Fasoa Burkinabe Burkinabe Burmab Burmese Bamar, Burmese Burundi Burundian Burundians Cambodia Cambodian Cambodians Cameroon Cameroonian Cameroonians Canada Canadian Canadians Cape Verde Cape Verdean Cape Verdeans Cayman Islands Caymanian Caymanians Central African Republic Central African Central Africans Chad Chadian Chadians Chile Chilean Chileans People's Republic of China Chinese Chinese Republic of China See Taiwan, below Christmas Island Christmas Island Christmas Islanders Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos Island Cocos Islanders Colombia Colombian Colombians Comoros Comorian Comorians Dem. Republic of the Congo Congolese, Congo Congolese Republic of the Congo Cook Islands Cook Island Cook Islanders Costa Rica Costa Rican Costa Ricans "Ticos" Côte d'Ivoire (disambiguation)| Ivorians Croatia Croatian Croatians, Croats Cuba Cuban Cubans Cyprus Cypriot Cypriots Czech Republic Czech Czechs Denmark Danish Danes Djibouti Djiboutian Djiboutians Dominica Dominicand Dominicansd Dominican Republic Dominicane Dominicanse "Quisqueyanos" East Timor Timorese Timorese "Maubere" Ecuador Ecuadorian Ecuadorians Egypt Egyptian Egyptians El Salvador Salvadoran Salvadorans England English English Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinean, Equatoguinean Equatorial Guineans, Equatoguineans Eritrea Eritrean Eritreans Estonia Estonian Estonians Ethiopia Ethiopian Ethiopians Falkland Islands Falkland Island Falkland Islanders "Belongers" Faroe Islands Faroese Faroese Fiji Fijian Fijians Finland Finnish Finns France French French (or Frenchman/Frenchwoman) French Guiana French Guianese French Guianese French Polynesia French Polynesian French Polynesians, Tahitians Gabon Gabonese Gabonese Gambia Gambian Gambians Georgia Georgian Georgians Germany German Germans Ghana Ghanaian Ghanaians Gibraltar Gibraltar Gibraltarians Llanitos Great Britain British Britons see Other words for "British" Greece Greek, Grecianf, Hellenic Greeks, Greciansf, Hellenes Greenland Greenlandic Greenlanders Grenada Grenadian Grenadians Guadeloupe Guadeloupe Guadeloupians Guam Guamanian Guamanians Guatemala Guatemalan Guatemalans Guinea Guinean Guineans Guinea-Bissau Guyana Guyanese Guyanese Haiti Haitian Haitians Ayisyen Honduras Honduran Hondurans "Catrachos" Hong Kong Hong Kong, Hongkongese Hongkongers, Hongkongese "Hongers" Hungary Hungarian, Magyar Hungarians, Magyars Iceland Icelandic Icelanders India Indian Indians Indonesia Indonesian Indonesians Iran Iranian Iranians Iraq Iraqi Iraqis Ireland Irish Irish Isle of Man Manx Manx Israel Israeli Israelis Italy Italian, Italicf Italians, Italicsf Jamaica Jamaican Jamaicans Japan Japanese Japanese Jordan Jordanian Jordanians Kazakhstan Kazakh, Kazakhstani Kazakhstanis, Kazakhs Kenya Kenyan Kenyans Kiribati Kiribati I-Kiribati North Korea North Korean Koreans South Korea South Korean Kosovo Kosovar, Kosovan Kosovars Kuwait Kuwaiti Kuwaitis Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstani, Kyrgyz, Kirgiz, Kirghiz Kyrgyzstanis, Kyrgyz, Kirgiz, Kirghiz Laos Laotian, Lao Laotians, Laos Latvia Latvian Latvians, Letts Lebanon Lebanese Lebanese Lesotho Basotho Basotho Liberia Liberian Liberians Libya Libyan Libyans Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Liechtensteiners Lithuania Lithuanian Lithuanians Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourgers Macau Macanese, Chinese Macanese, Chinese Republic of Macedonia Macedonian Macedonians Madagascar Malagasy Malagasy Malawi Malawian Malawians Malaysia Malaysian Malaysians Maldives Maldivian Maldivians Mali Malian Malians Malta Maltese Maltese Marshall Islands Marshallese Marshallese Martinique Martiniquais, Martinican Martiniquais Mauritania Mauritanian Mauritanians Mauritius Mauritian Mauritians Mayotte Mahoran Mahorais Mexico Mexican Mexicans Micronesia Micronesian Micronesians Moldova Moldovan Moldovans Monaco Monégasque, Monacan Monégasques, Monacans Mongolia Mongolian Mongolians, Mongols Montenegro Montenegrin Montenegrins Montserrat Montserratian Montserratians Morocco Moroccan Moroccans Mozambique Mozambican Mozambicans Namibia Namibian Namibians Nauru Nauruan Nauruans Nepal Nepali Nepalese Netherlands Dutch Dutch Netherlands Antilles Dutch Antillean Dutch Antilleans New Caledonia New Caledonian New Caledonians New Zealand New Zealand New Zealanders "Kiwis" Nicaragua Nicaraguan Nicaraguans Niue Niuean Niueans Niger Nigerien Nigeriens Nigeria Nigerian Nigerians Norway Norwegian Norwegians Northern Ireland Northern Irish / Irish Irish / Northern Irish Northern Marianas Northern Marianan Northern Marianans Oman Omani Omanis Pakistan Pakistani Pakistanis Palestinian territories Palestinian Palestinians Palau Palauan Palauans Panama Panamanian Panamanians Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinean, Papuan Papua New Guineans, Papuans Paraguay Paraguayan Paraguayans Peru Peruvian Peruvians Philippines Philippine, Filipino Filipinos (sing. Filipino/Filipina (man/woman)) Pinoys Pitcairn Island Pitcairn Island Pitcairn Islanders Poland Polish Poles Portugal Portuguese Portuguese Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Puerto Ricans, Boricuas Qatar Qatari Qataris Republic of Ireland Irish / Southern Irish g Irish / Southern Irish g Réunion Réunionese, Réunionnais Réunionese, Réunionnais Romania Romanian Romanians Russia Russian Russians Rwanda Rwandan Rwandans St. Helena St. Helenian St. Helenians St. Kitts and Nevis Kittitian, Nevisian Kittitians, Nevisians St. Lucia St. Lucian St. Lucians Saint-Pierre and Miquelon Saint-Pierrais, Miquelonnais Saint-Pierrais, Miquelonnais St. Vincent and the Grenadines St. Vincentian, Vincentian St. Vincentians, Vincentians Samoa Samoan Samoans San Marino Sammarinese Sammarinese São Tomé and Príncipe São Toméan São Toméans Saudi Arabia Saudi, Saudi Arabian Saudis, Saudi Arabians Scotland Scots, Scottish, Scotchh Scots Senegal Senegalese Senegalese Serbia Serbian Serbians, Serbs Seychelles Seychellois Seychellois Sierra Leone Sierra Leonean Sierra Leoneans Singapore Singapore Singaporeans Slovakia Slovak Slovaks Slovenia Slovene, Slovenian Slovenians, Slovenes Solomon Islands Solomon Island Solomon Islanders Somalia Somali Somalis South Africa South African South Africans South Ossetia South Ossetian South Ossetians Spain Spanish Spaniards Sri Lanka Sri Lankan Sri Lankans Sudan Sudanese Sudanese Surinam Surinamese Surinamers Swaziland Swazi Swazis Sweden Swedish Swedes Switzerland Swiss Swiss Syria Syrian Syrians Taiwan Taiwanese Taiwanese Tajikistan Tajikistani Tajikistanis, Tajiks Tanzania Tanzanian Tanzanians Thailand Thai Thai Togo Togolese Togolese Tonga Tongan Tongans Trinidad and Tobago Trinidadian, Tobagonian Trinidadians, Tobagonians "Trinis", "Trinibagonians" Tunisia Tunisian Tunisians Turkey Turkish Turks Turkmenistan Turkmen Turkmens Turks and Caicos Islands none Turks and Caicos Islanders Tuvalu Tuvaluan Tuvaluans Uganda Ugandan Ugandans Ukraine Ukrainian Ukrainians United Arab Emirates Emirati, Emirian Emiratis, Emirians United Kingdom British Britons see Other words for "British" United States Americani, U.S. Americansj Uruguay Uruguayan Uruguayans Uzbekistan Uzbekistani, Uzbek Uzbekistanis, Uzbeks Vanuatu Ni-Vanuatu, Vanuatuan Ni-Vanuatu Venezuela Venezuelan Venezuelans Vietnam Vietnamese Vietnamese Virgin Islands Virgin Island Virgin Islanders Wales Welsh Welsh Wallis and Futuna Wallisian, Futunan Wallisians, Futunans Western Sahara Sahraw, Sahrawian, Sahraouian Sahrawis, Sahraouis Yemen Yemeni Yemenis Zambia Zambian Zambians Zimbabwe Zimbabwean Zimbabweans
a Formerly known as Upper Volta.
b Also known as Myanmar.
c Sometimes considered offensive.
d The penultimate syllable is stressed.
e The second syllable is stressed.
f Rare and/or archaic.
g There is no adjective or demonym that distinguishes the Republic of Ireland from the entire island of Ireland. When distinction from Northern Ireland is necessary, the colloquial Southern Irish or Southerner is sometimes used; some people in the Republic of Ireland may find this offensive, though others in Northern Ireland may find it equally offensive in not distinguishing the Republic of Ireland from the island. As an alternative, an adjectival phrase may be used – for instance, "a law of the Republic of Ireland" – or, as a last resort, the name "Republic of Ireland" may be used as if it were an adjective (as in "a Republic of Ireland law").
h Scotch is only normally used for manufactured products of Scotland, most commonly food and drink - in most other contexts it is archaic and often considered mildly derogatory. Scottish is used for everything else.
i In near-universal use, though many adjectives for U.S. citizens have been proposed.
j In near-universal use, though many alternative words for American have been proposed.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivals_and_demonyms_for_countries_and_nations
See more resources for translators
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Travel Quiz
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How well do you know the capitals of Europe, the mighty Mississippi, the street foods of Singapore…Explore the whole wide world, topic by topic with quizzes — plus, explore further via "Daily Destination" entries sent straight to your inbox.
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Mogadishu
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Mogadishu , locally known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital and most populous city of Somalia. It is located just north
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citiesabc the digital Magna Carta social impact platform for cities
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https://www.citiesabc.com/city/mogadishu/
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Introduction
Mogadishu , locally known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital and most populous city of Somalia. It is located just north of the Equator on the Indian Ocean. One of the earliest Arab settlements on the East African coast, its origins date to the 10th century. It declined in the 16th century after a period of extensive trade with the Arab states, but it had commercial relations with the Portuguese and the imams of Muscat before coming under the control of the sultan of Zanzibar in 1871. The city has served as an important port connecting with traders over the Somali Sea for millennia and currently has a population of 3,790,000 residents.Mogadishu is the nearest foreign mainland city to Seychelles, at a distance of 835 mi over the Somali Sea. The territorial extent and scope of the term Benadir has varied in definition throughout its history, with medieval usage extending it to huge swaths of the Somali coast, the early modern period which extended the meaning of Benadir to the interior midway towards the Hirshabelle region, to the contemporary period wherein sometimes the nonstandard and incorrect misnomer of usage being interchangeable with the city of Mogadishu is used. This Benadir municipality is bordered to the north by Hirshabelle and to the southwest by South West, and is the only Somali gobol which is both a municipality and a gobol.Mogadishu has a long history, which ranges from hunter-gatherers during the Lowland East Cushite and proto-Somali era during prehistoricity, the Zengisa Acra polity during the ancient period, the Muzaffar dynasty during the medieval era, the Ajuran Sultanate during the renaissance period, and the Geledi-Qais alliance in the early modern period. The onset of European colonialism occurred in incremental stages, with Italian treaties in the 1880s followed by economic engagement between various Somali clans, including the Reer Mataan and the Shaansi clans like reer Xamar and the Italian Benadir Company and then direct governance by the Italian government after 1906, British Military Administration of Somalia after World War two and the UN Trust Territory in the 1950s.
Data and Facts
Somalian census data is notoriously hard to obtain. Nevertheless, Demographia estimates that Mogadishu’s population was 2.3 million people in 2015, over a land area measuring 35 square miles (91 square kilometers)
Population density is much higher within Somalia’s capital city with an average 64,700 Mogadishans per square mile (25,000 per square kilometer)
A transitional government was set up in 2000. Abdulkassim Salat Hassan was appointed as president. However, a deal to set up a new parliament wasn’t signed until 2004
Somalia has one of the lowest enrollment rates in the world. More men are enrolled in educational programs than women (12 – 36 percent for males in comparison to 7 – 24 percent for females). This educational gender gap increases as one reaches higher education. In fact, the literacy rate for women aged 15-24 is only 25 percent
With the creation of First Somali Bank – the first fully functioning bank in the country – the city is beginning to rebuild its economy
Administration
The Transitional Federal Government was the internationally recognized central government of Somalia between 2004 and 2012. Based in Mogadishu, it constituted the executive branch of government. The Federal Government of Somalia was established on 20 August 2012, concurrent with the end of the TFG's interim mandate. It represents the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.The Federal Parliament of Somalia serves as the government's legislative branch.
Mogadishu's municipal government is currently led by Yusuf Hussein Jimaale, who succeeded Mayor Hassan Mohamed Hussein Mungab, a former military court chairman.Among the administration's development initiatives are a US$100 million urban renewal project, the creation of garbage disposal and incineration plants, the launch of a citywide cleanup project, the creation of asphalt and cement plants, rehabilitation of the Town Hall and parliament buildings, reconstruction of the former Defence Ministry offices, reconstruction of correctional facilities, rehabilitation and construction of health facilities, establishment of a Police Training Center and a permanent base in Jasiira for the new Somali Armed Forces, rebuilding of the Somali Postal Service headquarters, and rehabilitation of public playgrounds in several districts. It also began distributing national identity cards in March of the same year. In addition, the municipal authorities started renovating important local government centers in September 2014, including the capital's former Fisho Guverno compound. In January 2015, the Benadir administration also opened a new Health & Safety Office to supervise health and safety practices in the city, and launched a municipal beautification campaign ahead of various international conferences that are slated to be held there.In March 2015, the Benadir administration completed the SECIL project in conjunction with the EU and UNHABITAT. The 3.5 million EUR initiative lasted three and a half years, and saw the establishment in Mogadishu of a new sustainable waste collection system, a Technical Training Centre, water quality testing laboratories, ameliorated access to clean drinking water, improved employment and livelihood opportunities in the low-cost fuel production sector, strengthened skills training and regulation in the construction sector, and laboratories for the testing of construction material quality.
A number of countries maintain foreign embassies and consulates in Mogadishu. He indicated that although there was no set timetable for the premises' relaunch, the US government had immediately begun upgrading its diplomatic representation in the country. President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud and Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke also presented to Kerry the real estate deed for land reserved for the new US embassy compound. Mohamud concurrently signed an Establishment Agreement with the EU Head of Delegation in Somalia Michele Cervone d’Urso, which facilitates the opening of more embassies in Mogadishu by European Union member states. The EU also announced that it had opened a new EU Delegation office in the city.In February 2014, Somalia's Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Abdirahman Duale Beyle announced that the federal government was slated to reopen the former Institute of Diplomacy in Mogadishu.
Economy
Mogadishu traditionally served as a commercial and financial centre. Before the importation of mass-produced cloth from Europe and America, the city's textiles were forwarded far and wide throughout the interior of the continent, as well as to the Arabian peninsula and as far as the Persian coast.Mogadishu's economy has grown rapidly since the city's pacification in mid 2011. The SomalFruit processing factory was reopened, as was the local Coca-Cola factory, which was also refurbished. In May 2012, the First Somali Bank was established in the capital, representing the first commercial bank to open in southern Somalia since 1991. The Somali civil engineer and entrepreneur Nasra Agil also opened the city's first dollar store. Additionally, the Historic Central Bank was regenerated, with the Moumin Business Center likewise under construction.The galvanization of Mogadishu's real estate sector was in part facilitated by the establishment of a local construction yard in November 2012 by the Municipality of Istanbul and the Turkish Red Crescent. With 50 construction trucks and machines imported from Turkey, the yard produces concrete, asphalt and paving stones for building projects. The event was organized by the First Somali Bank to showcase improvements in business, development and security to potential Somali and international investors. A second consecutive TEDx entrepreneurial conference was held the following year in the capital, highlighting new enterprises and commercial opportunities, including the establishment of the city's first dry cleaning business in several years.A number of large firms also have their headquarters in Mogadishu. Among these is the Trans-National Industrial Electricity and Gas Company, an energy conglomerate founded in 2010 that unites five major Somali companies from the trade, finance, security and telecommunications sectors.Other firms based in the city include Hormuud Telecom, the largest telecommunications company in southern and central Somalia. Telcom is another telecommunications service provider that is centered in the capital. The local Somali Energy Company specializes in the generation, transmission and distribution of electric power to residents and businesses within its service area in Banaadir.Villa and Mansion Architects, an international architectural firm founded by the Somali-British architect Alexander Yusuf, likewise has its regional offices in Mogadishu. Additionally, the International Bank of Somalia, which opened downtown in 2014, offers Islamic finance and international banking services via a swift code system. The draft bill was prepared by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in conjunction with government attorneys. Approved by the Cabinet, it establishes a secure legal framework for foreign investment in Mogadishu and elsewhere in the country.In October 2014, the firm Tawakal Money Express also began construction of the seven-storey Tawakal Plaza Mogadishu. The new high rise is slated to be completed by the end of 2015, and will feature a Tawakal Global Bank customer and financial services center, a large, 338 square meter supermarket, a 46-room luxury hotel, restaurant and coffee shop facilities, and conference and event halls. In addition, the Nabaad Supermarket provides major retail service to local shoppers. Open daily until 10 pm, the convenience chain imports most of its products from the United Arab Emirates and China. The Al Buruuj firm also launched a major real estate project in January 2015, Daru-Salam City.
Business Environment
Improved security in Somalia's capital, Mogadishu, has boosted the local economy. The return of many people from the Somali diaspora, in conjunction with further improvements to Mogadishu's security situation, has resulted in a minor economic boom, including a surge in rental prices in certain areas. Many long-abandoned seafront villas are being rebuilt as part of a construction boom that has seen rents triple in recent months in the city's prime locations. A new higher education facility, Somali International University, opened in Mogadishu on January 7th and a new Japanese-financed immigration building at the city's international airport was officially handed over to local authorities on January 14th, a few days after a new artificial pitch was laid at the national football stadium.
The bank is “branchless”—deposits, transfers and withdrawals are made through agents using point-of-sale handsets that use a mobile-phone network—and Camelcash users are identified by their fingerprints. Telecommunications is also booming. Hormuud Telecom Somalia, one of several companies serving Mogadishu, introduced its third-generation mobile network service, the first in the capital, at the end of December, promising that the network would be available in other major southern cities within a year. Hormuud's marketing director, Abdihakim Hassan Idow, said on January 7th that over 150,000 customers had signed up for the 3G service. A number of countries, including Italy, the UK and China, are planning to reopen their embassies in Mogadishu «very soon», according to the foreign minister, Fowsiyo Yusuf Hagi Adan, who announced this during her European tour in January. Central to Mrs Adan's mission was a review of Somalia's global assets, which the country intends to recover. On January 11th the president, Hassan Sheikh Mohammed, held talks at his residence with a visiting delegation from the World Bank. In a press release, Mr Hassan said that Somalia was ready to re-engage with the World Bank after a 22-year break in bilateral relations caused by the collapse of government in 1990. The local economy's rapid growth is likely to continue and a re-engagement with international financial institutions can be expected during the forecast period.
Infrastructure
Roads leading out of Mogadishu connect the city to other localities in Somalia as well as to neighbouring countries. The capital itself is cut into several grid layouts by an extensive road network, with streets supporting the flow of both vehicular and pedestrian traffic. In October 2013, major construction began on the 23 kilometer road leading to the airport. Overseen by Somali and Turkish engineers, the upgrade was completed in November and included lane demarcation. The road construction initiative was part of a larger agreement signed by the Somali and Turkish governments to establish Mogadishu and Istanbul as sister cities, and in the process bring all of Mogadishu's roads up to modern standards. Following the treaty, the Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency launched a citywide cleaning project in conjunction with the municipal cleaning department. The initiative saw around 100 rubbish collection vehicles and other equipment operated by TIKA clean the city's roads, with the Benadir municipality taking over operation of the cleaning project in March 2015. In 2012–2013, Mogadishu's municipal authority in conjunction with the British and Norwegian governments began a project to install solar-powered street lights on all of the capital's major roads. With equipment imported from Norway, the initiative cost around $140,000 and lasted several months. The solar panels have helped to improve night-time visibility and enhance the city's overall aesthetic appeal.
Minibuses are the most common type of public transportation in Mogadishu. The next most frequently used public vehicles in the city are auto rickshaws . They are generally preferred for shorter commutes.In June 2013, two new taxi companies also started offering road transportation to residents. Part of a fleet of over 100 vehicles, Mogadishu Taxi's trademark yellow cabs offer rides throughout the city at flat rates of $5. City Taxi, the firm's nearest competitor, charges the same flat rate, with plans to add new cabs to its fleet.In January 2014, the Benadir administration launched a citywide street naming, house numbering and postal codes project. Officially called the House Numbering and Post Code System, it is a joint initiative of the municipal authorities and Somali business community representatives. The project is part of the ongoing modernization and development of the capital. According to former Mayor Mohamed Ahmed Nur, the initiative also aims to help the authorities firm up on security and resolve housing ownership disputes. In March 2015, the Benadir administration likewise launched a renovation project on the Hawo Asir-Fagah major road in Mogadishu. The government-public partnership aims to facilitate vehicle access in the area. According to Karaan district commissioner Ahmed Hassan Yalah'ow, the reconstruction initiative will also make the road all-weather resistant and is slated to be completed shortly.
During the post-independence period, Mogadishu International Airport offered flights to numerous global destinations.In the mid-1960s, the airport was enlarged to accommodate more international carriers, with the state-owned Somali Airlines providing regular trips to all major cities. By 1969, the airport's many landing grounds could also host small jets and DC 6B-type aircraft.The facility grew considerably in size in the post-independence period after successive renovation projects. With the outbreak of the civil war in the early 1990s, Mogadishu International Airport's flight services experienced routine disruptions and its grounds and equipment were largely destroyed. In the late 2000s, the K50 Airport, situated 50 kilometers to the south, served as the capital's main airport while Mogadishu International Airport, now renamed Aden Adde International Airport, briefly shut down. The company also assisted in comprehensive infrastructure renovations, restored a dependable supply of electricity, revamped the baggage handling facilities as well as the arrival and departure lounges, put into place electronic check-in systems, and firmed up on security and work-flow. Additionally, SKA connected the grounds' Somali Civil Aviation and Meteorological Agency and immigration, customs, commercial airlines and Somali Police Force officials to the internet. By January 2013, the firm had introduced shuttle buses to ferry travelers to and from the passenger terminal. In January 2015, a new, state-of-the-art terminal was opened at the airport. Featuring modern passenger facilities and a glass façade, it will enable the airport to double its number of daily commercial flights to 60, with a throughput of around 1,000 passengers per hour.As of January 2015, the largest airline services using Aden Adde International Airport include the Somali-owned private carriers Jubba Airways, Daallo Airlines, and African Express Airways, in addition to UN charter planes, Turkish Airlines, and Felix Airways . The airport also offers flights to other cities in Somalia, such as Galkayo, Berbera and Hargeisa, as well as to international destinations like Djibouti, Jeddah,and Istanbul.In July 2012, Mohammed Osman Ali , the General Director of the Ministry of Aviation and Transport, also announced that the Somali government had begun preparations to revive the Mogadishu-based national carrier, Somali Airlines. The first new aircraft were scheduled for delivery in December 2013.
The Port of Mogadishu, also known as the Mogadishu International Port, is the official seaport of Mogadishu. Classified as a major class port, it is the largest harbour in the country.After incurring some damage during the civil war, the federal government launched the Mogadishu Port Rehabilitation Project,an initiative to rebuild, develop and modernize the port. The renovations included the installation of Alpha Logistics technology.A joint international delegation consisting of the Director of the Port of Djibouti and Chinese officials specializing in infrastructure reconstruction concurrently visited the facility in June 2013. According to Mogadishu Port manager Abdullahi Ali Nur, the delegates along with local Somali officials received reports on the port's functions as part of the rebuilding project's planning stages.In 2013, the Port of Mogadishu's management reportedly reached an agreement with representatives of the Iranian company Simatech Shipping LLC to handle vital operations at the seaport. Under the name Mogadishu Port Container Terminal, the firm is slated to handle all of the port's technical and operational functions.In October 2013, the federal Cabinet endorsed an agreement with the Turkish firm Al-Bayrak to manage the Port of Mogadishu for a 20-year period.
Technology
Somalia’s capital city of Mogadishu is defined by a complex mix of challenges and opportunities. Despite political and economic struggles, Somalis are innovating to break the chronic cycle of vulnerability. Supported in many cases by the international Somali diaspora, people in Mogadishu are using technology to solve problems and tap into new markets.iRise co-facilitated an innovation camp with UNDP last September, and will be launching its first incubation program for local entrepreneurs this week, challenging the idea that technology and incubation hubs are limited to high-income countries.
With the right support, there is huge potential for home-grown digital solutions. Existing examples include the high prevalence and use of mobile money, which allows rural and inaccessible communities to receive remittances and humanitarian support. Abaaraha crisis mapping platform provides relief responders with timely geospatial information.These cases demonstrate the breadth of innovation, which is not isolated from the contextual challenges in Mogadishu. During the devastating bombing in October 2017, iRise was busy coordinating efforts and established an ad hoc national emergency call center and information support team, collaborating with mobile operators, the government, and civil society.
These initiatives could not have been possible without the internet. The internet brings local skills to an international market, and solutions to challenges in Somalia readily find applications elsewhere. However, one area that has lagged in Somalia is the availability of reliable and relevant data to support the implementation of businesses and social projects. While this has not yet taken off in the private sector in Africa, projects like Missing Maps and the Humanitarian Openstreetmap Team have shown the potential for humanitarian and development work.Yet, the limitations to developing digital skills are significant. Although more and more residents are gaining access to high-speed internet, there are limited opportunities to acquire the skills that are needed to succeed in the digital economy. Moreover, as the Somali government mobilizes more revenue from its traditional sectors, it has become important for the country to diversify its economy through digital innovations.
Supported by a small grant from the World Bank’s Youth Innovation Fund and a contribution from the Digital Development team, we are working with iRise to develop these skills and allow young people in Mogadishu to work on life-improving innovations.
Social Wellness and Human Resources
Apart from the Somalis, several minorities had historically lived in the city. With the beginning of Islam, Arab and Persian migrants began to settle; forming the first immigrants. Centuries of intermarriage between the various ethnic groups, which also include Bantus, produced a minority people called ‘Ad’ad. In the colonial period, European expatriates, primarily Italians, would also contribute to the city's cosmopolitan populace. Following a greatly improved security situation in the city in 2012, many Somali expatriates began returning to Mogadishu for investment opportunities and to take part in the ongoing post-conflict reconstruction process.
Through both private efforts and public initiatives like the Somali Diaspora Corps, they have participated in the renovation of schools, hospitals, banks and other infrastructure, and have played a leading role in the capital's recovery.They have also helped to propel the local real estate market.According to Demographia, Mogadishu has a population of around 2,425,000 residents as of April 2017. It is the 210th largest city in the world by population size. The urban area occupies 91 square kilometres , with a population density of around 26,800 inhabitants per square kilometre . As Somalia's capital city, many important national institutions are based in Mogadishu. It is the seat of the Federal Government of Somalia established in August 2012, with the Somalia Federal Parliament serving as the government's legislative branch. Abdirahman Omar Osman has been the Mayor of Mogadishu since January 2018. Villa Somalia is the official residential palace and principal workplace of the President of Somalia, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed. In May 2012, the First Somali Bank was established in the capital, which organized Mogadishu's first ever Technology, Entertainment, Design conference. The establishment of a local construction yard has also galvanized the city's real-estate sector. Arba'a Rukun Mosque is one of the oldest Islamic places of worship in the capital, built circa AH 667 . The Mosque of Islamic Solidarity in Mogadishu is the largest masjid in the Horn region. The National Library of Somalia is undergoing a US$1.5 million Somali federal government funded renovation, including a new library complex.
Mogadishu is home to a number of scholastic and media institutions. As part of the municipality's urban renewal program, 100 schools across the capital are scheduled to be refurbished and reopened. The Somali National University was established in the 1950s, and professors from the university later founded the non-governmental Mogadishu University . Benadir University was established in 2002 with the intention of training doctors. Various national sporting bodies have their headquarters in Mogadishu, including the Somali Football Federation and the Somali Olympic Committee. Mogadishu Stadium was constructed in 1978 during the Siad Barre administration, with the assistance of Chinese engineers. It hosts football matches with teams from the Somali First Division and the Somalia Cup.
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu
https://www.britannica.com/place/Mogadishu
https://kids.kiddle.co/Mogadishu
http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1820055166&Country=Somalia&topic=Economy&subtopic=Forecast&subsubtopic=Economic+growth
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Theses: 'Seychelles' – Grafiati
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List of dissertations / theses on the topic 'Seychelles'. Scholarly publications with full text pdf download. Related research topic ideas.
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https://www.grafiati.com/en/literature-selections/seychelles/dissertation/
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Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Seychelles.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
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https://www.wikiwand.com/simple/List_of_cities_in_Seychelles
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Seychelles
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Seychelles is an African country in the Indian Ocean. Its capital city is Victoria. The official languages are Creole, English, and French. It is a republic is made up of 115 islands.
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Wikiwand
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https://www.wikiwand.com/simple/Seychelles
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Seychelles is an African country in the Indian Ocean. Its capital city is Victoria. The official languages are Creole, English, and French. It is a republic is made up of 115 islands.
Quick Facts Republic of SeychellesRepiblik SeselRépublique des Seychelles, Capitaland largest city ...
Close
Seychelles and the islands to the south, Madagascar and Mauritius, all had legal slavery and were part of the slave trade.[3] Most of the people are descendants of freed slaves, who make up about 90% of the population. Many of them also are descended from slave owners who abused their ancestors.[4][3] There are small minorities of immigrants from Europe, China and India. Most people are Roman Catholics, about 90% of them. About 8% are Protestants.
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https://www.tiemart.com/blogs/tiepedia/business-etiquette-in-the-united-kingdom
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Business Etiquette In The United Kingdom
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Tips for conducting business in the United Kingdom, from how to dress to professional etiquette and more.
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https://www.tiemart.com/blogs/tiepedia/business-etiquette-in-the-united-kingdom
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The British tend to be a little more laid back, meaning formal dress is not an incredibly stressful part of business meetings. However, it is still important to maintain a professional appearance. And a little extra effort is always appreciated.
For men, a suit is generally the best bet. Colors can vary, but men are better off sticking to conservative colors like black, dark blue, or gray. While you might be able to get away with an open collar, it is safest to wear a necktie, preferably in a solid color. Avoid striped ties, which are seen as too informal.
Women should dress conservatively as well, but they should feel free to experiment a little more with colors. Business suits are always acceptable, but are never required.
For the most part, language will not be much of a barrier for these types of business meetings. Whereas non-English speaking countries often mean hiring a translator, you should be able to have a perfectly normal conversation with your host without one.
However, be wary of slight differences in the language. Everyday words in American English do not always carry the same meaning in the U.K. For example, in the U.S., a coach is someone who manages a sports team. In the U.K., it is actually what they call a bus.
In most cases, you’ll be able to get past these double meanings, but not understanding the differences can lead to some awkward situations. Before you leave, familiarize yourself with common words that have different meanings. Or, at the very least, avoid using the word “pants.”
The British will generally stay a few feet away from other people. This is not meant to be offensive, but instead indicates a respect for personal space. Likewise, you should remain a few feet from your host and avoid unnecessary physical contact.
Though not technically personal space, you should also avoid prolonged eye contact. While this is considered respectful in the United States, it makes people uncomfortable and can, at worst, be seen as intimidating.
While conversing, avoid topics that are even remotely personal. The British value their privacy, and even innocent questions about their personal history or life can be seen as prying.
Be very cautious when referring to people as British or English.
While “British” is an overarching description for the four nations that make up the U.K., cultural trends have started to question the idea of Britishness to the point where individual national identity is coming to the forefront.
Additionally, do not assume that everyone in the U.K. is English. The term English only applies to people from England. Each country has their own demonym: Scottish for Scotland, Irish (or Northern Irish) for Northern Ireland, and Welsh for Wales.
While it’s not unusual for foreigners to be unaccustomed to these differences, using the wrong description can be insulting. Getting it right can also go a long way towards earning respect.
The Scots are proud of their nation’s history. If you can learn something about Scottish culture before your meeting, do so and try to incorporate it. Always be complimentary of Scotland and avoid any conversation that might lead to negative events.
You should also never group the Scots with the English. The two nations have a contentious history and pairing them together is often seen as insulting.
While doing business in England, you might be invited to a pub for lunch. This is a good sign, but keep in mind that this is largely a social encounter. Avoid talking about business unless the host brings it up.
At the pub, it is generally expected to eat a light meal and, usually, drink a pint. While the pint is optional, doing so is not considered unprofessional and lends to the camaraderie of the event. However, refrain from toasting, particularly if you’re toasting someone who is older or out ranks you.
British business meetings tend to be punctual and direct. Arrive a few minutes early or call ahead if you’ll be late.
There may occasionally be brief small talk prior to the actual meeting, but the meeting itself will generally focus on only what needs to be discussed.
Typically, greet your host with a firm handshake. Like in the United States, a firm, short handshake is better than a limp or extended one. You might also exchange business cards. This process is highly informal, so it is acceptable to glance at the card and then put it away immediately.
As a rule, do not refer to someone by their first name unless they ask you to do so. You’ll also want to be aware of any honorary titles someone might have, such as “Sir” or “Dame” for anyone who has been knighted.
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https://www.jetpunk.com/user-quizzes/273453/seychelles-country-quiz
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Seychelles Country Quiz
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Can you guess these facts about the country of Seychelles?
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JetPunk
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https://www.jetpunk.com/user-quizzes/273453/seychelles-country-quiz
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Question
Answer
Capital city
Victoria
Ocean in which Seychelles lies
Indian Ocean
Someone from Peru is Peruvian. What is someone from Seychelles called?
Seychellois
Island country which lies closest to Seychelles
Madagascar
Population of Seychelles in the year 1700
0
Per-capita, Seychelles is the _____ country in Africa
Richest
It is also the _____ country in Africa at just 459 square km
Smallest
Official languages
English
French
Seychellois Creole
Explorer who sighted Seychelles (but didn't stop) in 1503
Vasco da Gama
43 mercenaries from this country staged an attempted coup in 1981
South Africa
"Benevolent dictator" who led Seychelles from 1977–2004
France-Albert René
Largest island of Seychelles
Mahé
The coco de mer, endemic to Seychelles, is the plant which produces
the world's heaviest _____, up to 30 kg in weight
Seed
Official currency
Rupee
Seychelles is home to the world's largest population of these reptiles,
which can exceed 250 kg in weight
Giant Tortoise
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7545
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dbpedia
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1
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https://www.peace-post.com/posts/seychelles
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en
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James Mancham
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Sir James Mancham is a Seychellois politician, businessman, author, and peace advocate. The founder of Seychelles’ democratic party, Sir James was elected as the country’s first president when it gained independence from British rule in 1976. Less than a year later, Mancham was deposed in a coup d’etat and resided in London in exile for the next 15 years. When the ban on opposition parties was finally lifted, Mancham returned to Seychelles helping to lead the country back to a multi-party democracy. Sir James has since stepped down from leading the party to focus on peace advocacy and international reconciliation efforts with various foundations.
Mancham’s statesmanship and philosophies regarding world peace have earned him the International Jurists Award, Gusi Peace Prize, Africa Peace Award, and a knighthood in Britain, among other accolades.
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island sovereign state off the eastern coast of Africa
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png
|
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1042
|
island sovereign state off the eastern coast of Africa
|
|||||
7545
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 50
|
https://www.ip2location.com/demo/196.196.66.0
|
en
|
196.196.66.0 IP Address Geolocation Lookup Demo
|
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"ip",
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[] | null |
IP address 196.196.66.0 geolocation information such as country, region, city, ISP, area code, domain, proxy etc. using IP2Location.
|
en
|
IP2Location
|
https://www.ip2location.com/demo/196.196.66.0
| ||||||
7545
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 84
|
https://www.academia.edu/52716701/Social_Policies_in_Seychelles
|
en
|
Social Policies in Seychelles
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Hansel Confiance",
"independent.academia.edu"
] |
2021-09-18T00:00:00
|
Social Policies in Seychelles
|
https://www.academia.edu/52716701/Social_Policies_in_Seychelles
|
Since the 1970s there has been a significant interest in small island developing states (SIDS). Since the 1990s the vast majority of this focus has been on economic and environmental ‘vulnerabilities’. This paper reaffirms the importance of ‘the social’ when analysing the ‘vulnerabilities’ of SIDS through a country case study of Seychelles in the context of its SIDS status. It outlines Seychelles’ demographic processes and macroeconomic volatilities and discusses its post-independence social development achievements. This paper provides critical analysis of how these achievements have been attained and considers the extent to which the present levels are sustainable. It argues that significant social gains are under threat from a range of domestic and international forces, potentially destabilizing the main pillar of the economy, tourism. The paper concludes that while the economic and environmental vulnerabilities of SIDS are of conceptual importance, reaffirming the centrality of the social is vital to understanding the potential causes and consequences of these vulnerabilities.
At a time of rampant globalisation, large-scale operations are favoured over small-scale production in the main domains of the economy. This has political effects: domination by the big over the small is sought in both old and new ways; and cultural effects that influence from outside-such as Netflix, tourism and travel abroad-are intensified in the globally integrated information society. This in turn affects the media, language and self-identity, as well as being decisive for strategies in diplomacy, human security, planning and domestic politics. This article analyses the situation of the Seychelles in the 21st century: a small state, dependent on inputs from the outside world, and victim of a new form of colonialism. The country may still have potential to 'punch above its weight' and to hold its own, in spite of the disembedded, abstract economy of scale dominating this integrated, networked, accelerated, globalised world. For this to happen, a recognition and analysis of current changes are needed.
Climate change is a wicked problem. This wickedness is hard to resolve and can lead to an adaptation gap, in which the maximum adaptation capacity for climate change is not reached. The concept of the adaptation gap has been discussed in literature, but there has been no consensus on how to study the phenomenon. This is problematic, as the gap leaves people vulnerable to climate change. To decrease vulnerability, and to strengthen our understanding of the gap, this thesis developed a tool that can be used for studying the adaptation gap. The tool illustrates that multi-level governance struggles between institutions can result in an adaptation gap, something I called “the institutional barriers to adaptation”. Resource limitations within institutions can also lead to a gap, which I called “institutional limits”. The developed tool was used to fulfil the thesis main goal: analysing the gap in the Seychelles. Unravelling the adaptation gap in the Seychelles is of vital importance, as it is a first step to closing the gap and decreasing vulnerability. Data collection in the Seychelles was done through semi-structured interviews and the distribution of surveys. Data analysis was done through the use of coding. When comparing theory with the findings in the Seychelles – to also test the applicability of the developed tool and to analyse the completeness of existing literature - this thesis found that the institutional limits- and barriers described in the literature were also present in the Seychelles. Three institutional limits were identified in the Seychelles and literature, being financial-, knowledge- and capacity limits. These limits have put serious constraints on what Seychellois institutions can accomplish regarding climate change adaptation. From multi-level governance literature, 13 institutional barriers were identified, while 16 barriers were found in the Seychelles. These barriers mainly overlap, although new forms of institutional failure were discovered in the Seychelles. These differences between literature and case study findings seem to be based on the specific socio-economic structures of the Seychelles. The linkage to socio-economic structures was also found from a new trend discovery, that illustrates that institutional barriers- and limits are often strongly intertwined. Keywords: the adaptation gap, institutional barriers, institutional limits, multi-level governance, Seychelles, climate change adaptation and climate change impacts
|
|||||
7545
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dbpedia
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1
| 27
|
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-six-island-nations-in-the-indian-ocean.html
|
en
|
The Six Island Nations of The Indian Ocean
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Oishimaya Sen Nag"
] |
2017-08-04T11:25:00-04:00
|
The six sovereign nations in the Indian Ocean are some of the most beautiful island nations of the world.
|
en
|
/nwa_assets/img/site/favicon.png
|
WorldAtlas
|
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-six-island-nations-in-the-indian-ocean.html
|
The Indian Ocean is the world's third largest ocean and covers 70,560,000 km². Three continents have coastlines on the Indian Ocean; these are Asia, Africa, and Australia to the north, west, and east respectively. The Indian Ocean meets the Southern Ocean to the south. The Indian Ocean is home to hundreds of islands. Six island nations are located in the Indian Ocean, namely Comoros, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka.
6. Comoros
The Comoros is one of the six island nations in the Indian Ocean. The country is located off the coast of East Africa between the island nation of Madagascar and Tanzania and Mozambique on the African mainland. The country lies at the Mozambique Channel’s northern end. The island nation of Seychelles lies to the northeast of Comoros. With an area of 2,034 square km, the Comoros is Africa’s fourth smallest nation by area. The three major islands in the Comoros archipelago are Mwali, Nzwani, and Ngazidja.
5. Madagascar
The fourth-largest island in the world, Madagascar is a sovereign island state located in the Indian Ocean. Mauritius, Comoros, and the French territory of Réunion are the neighboring islands of Madagascar. The African country of Mozambique is the closest mainland nation to Madagascar. The country occupies an area of 592,800 square km. Madagascar split off from the Indian plate about 88 million years back. Thus, the flora and fauna of the nation developed independently and today, the country has high levels of endemism.
4. Maldives
The South Asian nation of Maldives is located in the Indian Ocean. The country lies to the southwest of the island nation of Sri Lanka and India on the Asian mainland. The archipelago of Maldives encompasses an area of roughly 298 square km including 26 atolls stretching from Addu City in the south to Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the north. It is the smallest country in Asia by size and has one of the most widely distributed territories in the world. The atolls of Maldives are composed of sand bars and coral reefs which are formed at the top of a submarine ridge that rises abruptly from the ocean.
3. Mauritius
Another sovereign island nation in the Indian Ocean is Mauritius. The country has a total land area of 2,040 square km and is located to the east of Madagascar and northeast of Réunion. The country encompasses the main island of Mauritius and several outlying islands of various sizes of which the Rodrigues is the second biggest with an area of 108 square km. This island is located about 560 km to the east of the main island. The Agalega Islands are twin islands located 1,000 km to the north of the island of Mauritius. An archipelago, the Saint Brandon, lies to the north-east of the main island. The tropical island has a multiethnic and multicultural population and also diverse flora and fauna including many endemics. The island of Mauritius is surrounded by long stretches of white sandy beaches, lagoons, and coral reefs. The origin of the islands can be traced to gigantic volcanic eruptions that happened millions of years back.
2. Seychelles
The Seychelles archipelago, an island nation comprising of 115 islands, is located in the Indian Ocean. The country is about 1,500 km off the coast of mainland East Africa. Other nearby political entities are Madagascar, Mauritius, Comoros, and two regions of France—Mayotte and Reunion. Seychelles, a country with a population of only about 92,000, is part of the African Union. It is a popular tourist destination due to its sunny tropical climate, beautiful beaches, unique culture, and plenty of greenery. Many of uninhabited islands of Seychelles are designated as nature reserves.
1. Sri Lanka
|
||||
7545
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 89
|
https://www.jetpunk.com/user-quizzes/214289/tricky-demonyms
|
en
|
Tricky Demonyms
|
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
List the official but unusual demonyms of these countries and territories. For example: People from France are French. French is the demonym of France.
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
|
JetPunk
|
https://www.jetpunk.com/user-quizzes/214289/tricky-demonyms
| |||||
7545
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 1
|
https://www.britannica.com/place/Seychelles
|
en
|
Seychelles | Culture, History, & People
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[] |
[] |
[
"Seychelles",
"encyclopedia",
"encyclopeadia",
"britannica",
"article"
] | null |
[
"Donald Lee Sparks"
] |
1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00
|
Seychelles, one of the world’s smallest countries. It is a republic comprising about 115 islands in the western Indian Ocean, with lush tropical vegetation, beautiful beaches, and diverse marine life. The capital is Victoria, located on the island of Mahe.
|
en
|
/favicon.png
|
Encyclopedia Britannica
|
https://www.britannica.com/place/Seychelles
|
Relief and climate
Audio File: National anthem of Seychelles
Head Of State And Government:
President: Wavel Ramkalawan
Population:
(2024 est.) 105,000
Form Of Government:
multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [35])
Official Languages:
none1
On the Web:
BBC News - Seychelles country profile (July 23, 2024)
Seychelles, one of the world’s smallest countries, is composed of two main island groups: the Mahé group of more than 40 central, mountainous granitic islands and a second group of more than 70 outer, flat, coralline islands. The islands of the Mahé group are rocky and typically have a narrow coastal strip and a central range of hills. The overall aspect of those islands, with their lush tropical vegetation, is that of high hanging gardens overlooking silver-white beaches and clear lagoons. The highest point in Seychelles, Morne Seychellois (2,969 feet [905 metres]), situated on Mahé, is located within this mountainous island group. The coralline islands, rising only a few feet above sea level, are flat with elevated coral reefs at different stages of formation. These islands are largely waterless, and very few have a resident population.
The climate is tropical oceanic, with little temperature variation during the year. Daily temperatures rise to the mid-80s F (low 30s C) in the afternoon and fall to the low 70s F (low 20s C) at night. Precipitation levels vary greatly from island to island; on Mahé, annual precipitation ranges from 90 inches (2,300 mm) at sea level to 140 inches (3,560 mm) on the mountain slopes. Humidity is persistently high but is ameliorated somewhat in locations windward of the prevailing southeast trade winds.
Plant and animal life
Of the roughly 200 plant species found in Seychelles, some 80 are unique to the islands, including screw pines (see pandanus), several varieties of jellyfish trees, latanier palms, the bois rouge, the bois de fer, Wright’s gardenia, and the most famous, the coco de mer. The coco de mer—which is found on only two islands—produces a fruit that is one of the largest and heaviest known and is valued by a number of Asian cultures for believed aphrodisiac, medicinal, mystic, and other properties. The Seychellois government closely monitors the quantity and status of the trees, and, although commerce is regulated to prevent overharvesting, poaching is a concern.
Britannica Quiz
Which Country Is Larger By Population? Quiz
Wildlife includes a remarkably diverse array of marine life, including more than 900 identified species of fish; green sea turtles and giant tortoises also inhabit the islands. Endemic species include birds such as Seychelles bulbuls and cave-dwelling Seychelles swiftlets; several species of local tree frogs, snails, and wormlike caecilians; Seychelles wolf snakes and house snakes; tiger chameleons; and others. Endemic mammals are few; both fruit bats (Pteropus seychellensis) and Seychelles sheath-tailed bats (Coleura seychellensis) are endemic to the islands. Indian mynahs, barn owls, and tenrecs (small shrewlike or hedgehoglike mammals introduced from Madagascar) are also found.
Considerable efforts have been made to preserve the islands’ marked biodiversity. Seychelles’ government has established several nature preserves and marine parks, including the Aldabra Islands and Vallée de Mai National Park, both UNESCO World Heritage sites. The Aldabra Islands, a large atoll, are the site of a preserve inhabited by tens of thousands of giant tortoises, the world’s oldest living creatures, which government conservation efforts have helped rescue from the brink of extinction. Vallée de Mai National Park is the only place where all six of the palm species endemic to Seychelles, including the coco de mer, may be found together. Cousin Island is home to a sanctuary for land birds, many endemic to the islands, including the Seychelles sunbird (a type of hummingbird) and the Seychelles brush warbler. The nearby Cousine Island is part private resort and part nature preserve, noted for its sea turtles, giant tortoises, and assorted land birds. Bird Island is the breeding ground for millions of terns, turtle doves, shearwaters, frigate birds, and other seabirds that flock there each year.
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https://pupil.substack.com/p/seychelles-is-the-best-beach-destination-to-travel-to-in-the-world-ac091358245e
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en
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Seychelles is the Best Beach Destination to travel to in the World.
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2020-03-17T14:00:00+00:00
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Seychelles is one of the best Beach Destinations in the World. The beautiful island country is blessed with clear blue waters, pristine…
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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e07a5b1-8b57-4fe2-a8cb-95e7f1d7586c%2Ffavicon.ico
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https://pupil.substack.com/p/seychelles-is-the-best-beach-destination-to-travel-to-in-the-world-ac091358245e
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Seychelles is one of the best Beach Destinations in the World. The beautiful island country is blessed with clear blue waters, pristine white sandy beaches, and exotic sea life. The 115-island country is within the Indian Ocean off the East Coast of Africa and has the least population among other independent African countries. Seychelles had been a French and an English colony, but the influence of the French is stronger than that of the English. Once you have traveled to Seychelles, you will remember its exotic beauty forever. After Seychelles whichever Beach I have seen, I have always compared that with the Beaches in Seychelles unconsciously. Seychelles is one of them in the World. Its name comes at the top amongst Best Beach Destinations too. Here is sharing my complete Travel Guide for planning a trip to Seychelles. top Travel Destinations
About Seychelles
Area if Seychelles: 459 Sq Km
The population of Seychelles: 98,347 in March 2020
Capital City of Seychelles: Victoria
The currency of Seychelles: Seychelles Rupee (used locally) and Euros (preferred by Tourists)
Currency Conversion : 1 SCR = INR 5.44 , 1 Euro = 82.82 in March 2020
Languages Spoken in Seychelles: French, Seselwa (Creole) and English
When did I travel to Seychelles?
In mid-July 2017
For how many days did I travel to Seychelles?
How many people traveled with me to Seychelles?
I traveled with my Parents
How did I go to Seychelles from India?
My flight Details:
Air Seychelles Flight at 5.25 A.M. on a Friday. The flight cost me INR 15000. Keep checking rates of Flights at Skyscanner.com, sometimes flights to popular destinations, drop to very reasonable prices Skyscanner.com. We reached the Seychelles International Airport at 8.20 A.M. Flight duration is 4 hours 25 minutes.
We flew to Mumbai via Air Seychelles at 10.05 P.M. on a Thursday from the Seychelles International Airport. We reached Mumbai at 4.10 A.M.
Where did I stay in Seychelles?
Car Booking in Seychelles for visiting the significant spots
Self-drive Cars Counters were available at the Airport, which might have been much cheaper than hiring a chauffeur-driven car. My father was not too keen on me driving a car in a Foreign Land; hence we opted for the second option.
We booked a car on our second day in Mahe to go about all the significant spots in Mahe Island. It cost us a hefty SCR 3000 (nearly INR 15000). The driver cum guide was courteous and knowledgeable.
Ferry Booking in Seychelles for traveling between the Islands
From Praslin to La Digue: I booked from the Cat Cocos Website again. The Cat Rose ferry took around 15 minutes to reach La Digue, and the ride was not too bumpy. The views of the ocean are breathtaking.
Places I Visited in Seychelles
We enjoyed a meal with a panoramic view of the sea at Le Jardin Du Roi Spice Garden, a lush hilltop garden and restaurant. The garden cultivates a wide variety of spices, including vanilla, nutmeg, and citronella, as well as endemic plants, all of which feature in meals served at the establishment. One can learn about the plants’ cultivation and use, and visit the small museum testifying to the Island’s vibrant spice trade in the past. One can shop for some spices, homemade jams (must buy), and marmalade, and stop in the yard to see the pet tortoises. This is a Must-Visit on your Seychelles trip.
Victoria is the capital of the Republic of Seychelles, located on the northeastern coast of Mahé Island, the largest Island in the Seychelles group.
There’s the Victoria Clocktower, which looks like a mini Big Ben. It’s a replica of the clock on Vauxhall Bridge in London, which was brought over in 1903 when Seychelles became a British colony. There’s also a cathedral, Natural History Museum, a Hindu temple, and Botanical Gardens with spice grove and mini rainforest.
Beau Vallon is a bay on the north-western coast of Mahé in Seychelles. Beau Vallon Beach is a well-frequented and is possibly the most famous beach on the Island. It is a base for diving and snorkeling due to its clear waters and coral reefs. Beau Vallon has several hotels and restaurants.
Anse Royale is one of the most popular beaches on Mahé, located on the south-east coast of the Island. The small town that lies next to the Beach shares the name “Anse Royale,” and contains numerous different facilities, including a petrol station, hospital, banks, the Seychelles university, and a number of various accommodations. Getting to the Beach is simple, thanks to the nearby public parking and bus stop. Buses in all islands of Seychelles charge a flat rate of SCR 5. One can board and exit at any bus stop on the entire Island. One can bring their snorkel gear and check out corals and fishes here. This is a Must-Visit on your Seychelles trip.
This is the best Beach in Praslin, according to the Tripadvisor. But in my opinion, this Beach can quickly be listed on the Best Beaches of the World. The sand is fine and white; Water is different shades of Cobalt and Turquoise. The Beach is surrounded by tropical trees, and Boulders are strewn over randomly. Do carry your swimwear and snorkel gear. The water is so clear that corals are clearly visible. The Beach is at a distance of nearly one kilometer from the nearest Bus Stop. One has to Travel to Seychelles to truly understand the beauty of this Beach. This is a Tripadvisor Must-Visit on your Seychelles trip.
This is one of Seychelles’ two UNESCO World Heritage Sites (another one is Aldabra Atoll ), this ancient forest is home to the wondrous Coco de Mer palm, which has the largest seed in the World, and many other birds, plants and reptiles, many of which are found nowhere else in the World. Visiting the Vallee de Mai is a step back in time and a unique experience.
Coco de Mer palms are incredibly rare, growing naturally on just two islands in Seychelles. The government strictly monitors these trees, which the IUCN classifies as endangered. This fruit grows to huge sizes and resembles the hips of a Woman.
La Digue Island is the third largest Island in terms of population, but only has about 3,000 people! The Island is still the third most-traveled Island in the archipelago since it is easily accessible from Mahé and Praslin. Air Seychelles offers short island hopper flights from to Praslin, but nothing from La Digue — there’s no airport on La Digue, only a helipad. To preserve the Nature of this Island, there are no Motor Vehicles, only battery carts and bicycles are allowed to operate. Hiring a battery cart can be expensive, but renting bikes hourly wise is affordable.
I will highly recommend opting for a bicycle. One can take the cycle around the Island. The tiny Island can be covered in just one hour if you are a good cyclist. When you get into port, you’ll see a few different bike rental places, and they’ll get you set up to ride anywhere you need to on the Island.
We went for a day trip to La Digue, did not stay the night, but in the future, I will like to stay back the night. We had our lunch at the Ferry Port Cafe. Trip to La-Digue Island is the highlight of my Travel to Seychelles. This is a Must-Visit on your Seychelles trip.
Curieuse Island is a small granitic island 1.13 sq mi in Seychelles close to the north coast of the Island of Praslin. Curieuse is notable for its bare red earth intermingled with the unique coco de mer palms, one of the cultural icons of Seychelles. This Island is strictly protected to allow Giant tortoises to prosper.
To reach Curieuse island, One has to book a boat/ ferry ride from Cote D’or Beach, Praslin. It takes around 20–30 mins to achieve this national park and enjoy its biodiversity park. There is a fee to this Island of approx 70 Euros. The Large Tortoises roam freely on the Beach, one can pet them, but take care not to disturb them too much.
Shopping in the Victoria Market
One can find local fruits, vegetables, herbs, eatables, souvenirs, trinkets, wall hangings, paintings, and apparel. I purchased a few Fridge Magnets and Wall Masks for my friends.
The timing of the Market is 8. A.M. to 6 P.M. On Sundays, it remains closed.
My Travel Tips and Tricks for Seychelles
Seychelles offers a maximum stay of 30 days. To obtain the Visa on Arrival for Indians visa, they must hold an onward or return ticket and funds of minimum US$ 150 per person per day, along with proof of accommodation.
Rent a self-drive car from the Airport only if you are a good driver. This way, getting about the Islands of Mahe and Praslin is more comfortable and cheaper than a chauffeur-driven taxi or car. Driving in Seychelles is on the left side of the road. The roads on Mahe are low-traffic, mountainous, narrow streets, so caution is generally advised. The ways usually have steep drops or low walls on the side instead of curbs, which can make driving on the narrow streets stressful, especially if driving a large vehicle.
Local Bus Sevice is excellent at Mahe and Praslin. The bus fare is a fixed rate of SCR 5 to anywhere within the route.
Carry and if you are keen on swimming in the Ocean and enjoying the under-water views. Snorkel gear
Carry a good Sunscreen Lotion for the face and exposed skin. I get tanned easily in Beachside sun like a lot of people.
Take care of your Caps/Hats/Scarfs/Goggles while sitting in the deck area of the Inter-Island ferries, the sea breeze is steady and lose accessories fly off a lot. My dad’s flew off while traveling to Praslin. Sunglasses
Carry some Euros cash. Do not exchange some money at the Airports as rates are exorbitant. ATMs are plenty, use a useful Forex Card to withdraw cash from the ATMs. An example of the best Forex Card for Indians is the Niyo Global Card
Carry an excellent waterproof camera to capture the beauty of the underwater. I use an, and the Olympus Tough TG-6 Waterproof Camera is a good option too. GoPro Hero 7
Must-Try Foods in Seychelles
Local food at the numerous Departmental Stores in Mahe and Praslin.
Eat your lunch at the local food stalls beside the Beau Vallon Beach in Mahe Island. Very Tasty options of Fried Chicken and Rice and salad.
Lunch of Meat Rice and curry with fruit salad was great at this Sri Lankan Lunch house named Breeze Garden in Praslin Island.
Try the Local Beers of Seychelles, Sey Brew, and the Seychelles Blonde.
How much did the Seychelles trip Cost?
In 2017 the entire Seychelles trip cost us about INR 80k per person inclusive of Flights, considering the fact my parents are old, and they like to travel at an unhurried pace.
Two of my friends who are married went to Seychelles for their Honeymoon in December 2016, and their trip cost them about INR 1 lakh per person. They booked beachside Resorts as their mainstays.
For Indians, Seychelles is not precisely what you call an inexpensive destination. Still, with meticulous planning, one can easily pull off this trip in a tight budget of at least INR 70k per person.
More on Planning a Seychelles Trip
To read the best account of all the things to see in Mahe Island, head to Lucy’s Blog.
To read about what La Digue Island has to offer, head to The Blonde Abroad Blog.
Read about another of my equally amazing trips to Jordan here.
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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Seychely
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Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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https://en.wiktionary.org/static/favicon/wiktionary/en.ico
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https://en.wiktionary.org/static/favicon/wiktionary/en.ico
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https://www.thingstodopost.org/the-best-available-condos-to-stay-near-seychelles-984504
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en
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The best available Condos to stay near Seychelles
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Sailing, diving, fishing and relaxing are the main activities for visitors to the 115 islands of this Indian Ocean archipelago. Mahé, Praslin and La Digue are...
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Things To Do
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https://www.thingstodopost.org
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A trip down memory lane...
Reviewed By Beazleteats
Hello. I'm originally from Cape Town, now living in Sydney. We had the pleasure of living at the BL Chalets for 3 weeks over our June holidays in 1993. We had our three year old daughter, my mother-in-law and my two nephews aged three and five with us. It still rates as one of the best holiday of our lives. Fast forward to August 2021 to a recent dinner we had with my daughter and her two nephews now aged 32 & 35. The boys still talk about the Blue Lagoon holiday as the best holiday they have ever had...both boys are well traveled and now live in Italy. They have a very vivid memory of Ferial (or Fairy as the kids called her) and how lovely she was in them organising coconut opening activities as well as excursions into a surrounding coconut plantation. At night they loved digging up the ghost crabs on the beach to see how many they could collect before returning them to their tunnels on the stunning beach of Anse la Mouche. The evening crab hunts were followed by take away pizza from the Anchor Cafe next door...I think it was owned and run by an American guy called Bob (Iwonder if he's still running it?) We had hired a bright yellow Mini-Moke and had so much fun exploring the island.of Mahe. But after a busy day exploring it was so wonderful to 'come home' to the chalet for sundowners on the lovely veranda. We discovered two expat artists who had moved to make their home on the island. Michael Adams, a print maker & painter has been documenting life in the Seychelles in vivid colours since 1972. We bought a number of his painting which hang proudly in our homes in Australia, Botswana & Italy. Sculptor Tom Bowers, (who sadly passed in March this year) made wonderful bronze sculptures of the local people and fauna . We had the privilege of visiting his studio to watch him sculpt his clay models which he would later cast. We purchased two wonderful sculptures, one lives on our mantlepiece in Sydney, Australia, the other in our home in Botswana. Ferial booked us a few day trips out to the surrounding islands which was awesome. We could easily have stayed in one of the many resorts on Mahe, which, with three kids under five, would have been much easier, but we prefer immersing ourselves into the local communities we visit, and The Blue Lagoon Chalets was the perfect base to explore the many sights Mahe has to offer. Three weeks was just too short to see everything Mahe has to offer. We highly recommend the BL Chalets. Thank you Ferial for being such a wonderful host so many years ago...we still dine out on our experiences there. And thank you for the memories that will live on through our children for many decades to come.
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https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-demonym-a-list-of-nationalities.html
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A List of Nationalities
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2018-05-14T05:58:00-04:00
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A list of adjectives used to describe residents of every country.
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en
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WorldAtlas
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https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-demonym-a-list-of-nationalities.html
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A Demonym is an adjective that is used to refer to a person from a particular place or nation. A demonym can also be used to show the origin of something for example, “English Football” refers to football played in England. Demonyms are usually in plural form. However, the “S” can be omitted to make them singular. For example; the singular form of Germans in German. When the demonym has a gender form at the end such as Irishman or Scotswoman; the gender part is replaced to fit the subject. Another demonym end with the adjective ‘ish’ they are considered collective demonyms and represent a group of people with similar characteristics or origins; they include English and Polish. Others have the ending in -ch / -tch such as Czech and French.
In some cases, more than one adjective can be derived from a name; in such a case, there is a subtle use of these words. The presence of more than one adjective in a noun is common in Central Asian states where one adjective relates to the nation while the other relate to the dominant ethnic group. For Example; a person from Uzbekistan is Uzbekistani and is ethnically a Uzbek. In addition, countries have different names used to refer to people from different parts of the country. For example, In Puerto Rico, people residing in the Bayamon town are called “Cowboys” or “Cowgirls.” In the U.S, a person from Arizona is called an Arizonan while a person from Hawaii is called Hawaiian. In Canada, a person from Alberta is called Albertan while a person from Ontario is called Ontarian.
Most Demonyms are derived from the nouns they represent. For example, a British is from Britain, American is from America, African is from Africa, Kenyan is from Kenya, Thai is from Thailand, and a Czech is from the Czech Republic. The same applies to people from different parts of the country, for example, A person from California is called a Californian, while a person from Georgia is Georgian. However some demonyms are not derived from the noun they represent; for example, a person from the State of Indiana is called a Hoosier.
Demonyms can either be official or non-official, there can only be one official and several non-official synonyms. Officially a person from the State of Maine is called a Mainer but is unofficially recognized as a Down-easter, Mainiac, Pine Tree, and in some cases, he is referred to as a Fox.
People from a particular place can have several demonyms. They range from a general demonym and narrow down to specific. For example, a person from North America is called a North American but he can either be Caribbean, American, Canadian, or Mexican. An American can either be Michiganian, Louisianian, New Yorker, or from any of the other forty-seven states
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