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41.86.49.43 IP Address Geolocation Lookup Demo
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles
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Seychelles is an African country in the Indian Ocean. Its capital city is Victoria. The official languages are Creole, English, and French. It is a republic is made up of 115 islands.
Seychelles and the islands to the south, Madagascar and Mauritius, all had legal slavery and were part of the slave trade.[3] Most of the people are descendants of freed slaves, who make up about 90% of the population. Many of them also are descended from slave owners who abused their ancestors.[4][3] There are small minorities of immigrants from Europe, China and India. Most people are Roman Catholics, about 90% of them. About 8% are Protestants.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agalega and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles has an estimated population of 86,525. It is the smallest population of any African state.[5]
It is thought that Arab sailors first saw the islands in the 7th century. Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered the islands in 1502, and called them Three Brothers (Portuguese: Tres Irmãos), but he did not visit the islands. The British East India Company visited the islands, but they did not settle there.[6][7]
Seychelles is to the northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (994 mi) east of Kenya. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155.
According to the president of Nauru, the Seychelles has been ranked the ninth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change.[8]
Some of the districts in Seychelles include: Anse Boileau, Takamaka and Cote D’Or.
Seychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles. They are called Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé. There are two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also include satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands are not considered part of any district.
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla, and copra were the main exports. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector. In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a serious industry.
Flora and fauna
[change | change source]
Like many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles had loss of biodiversity during early human history. This included the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands. There was also the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii. This was partly due to a shorter period of human occupation being only since 1770. The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species. There are a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de Mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant is in a genus of its own (Medusagynaceae). Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia Rothmannia annae found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles. There are a further 26 species of crabs and 5 species of hermit crabs that live on the islands.[9]
The Aldabra Giant Tortoise now lives on many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds.
There are several unique varieties of orchids on the Islands.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery.
The main natural resources of the Seychelles are fish, copra, cinnamon, coconuts, salt and iron.
Other websites
[change | change source]
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Seychelles ( / s eɪ ˈ ʃ ɛ l z / say-SHELZ; French: [sɛʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is a 115- island country spanning an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, some 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles, with an estimated population of 86,525, has the smallest population of any African state. It has the highest Human Development Index in Africa and the highest income inequality in the world, as measured by the Gini index.
History
Scholars assume that Austronesian seafarers and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles. Remains of Maldivian mariner presence from the 12th century were found in Silhouette Island. The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral).
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV's Minister of Finance.
The British contested control over the islands between 1794 and 1810. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections were held in 1966 and 1970. Independence was granted in 1976 as a republic within the Commonwealth. In 1977, a coup d'état ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham, who was replaced by France Albert René. The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991. The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.
In January 2013, the country declared a state of emergency; the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundred of houses.
Politics
The Seychelles president, who is head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The previous president, France Albert René, first came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president in 1977 and installed him as president, one year after independence. He was re-elected thereafter during each election cycle. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006. Michel was reelected in 2011 in an election declared to be free and fair by over 100 international observers representing southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Indian Ocean Commission, although the opposition parties claim that there was vote-buying.
The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
The main rival parties are the ruling socialist Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF). As of 2009 the SPPF became the People's Party (PP) or Parti Lepep (LP) and the liberal democrat Seychelles National Party (SNP). Politics has been an integral part of the lives of the Seychellois since its inception in the early sixties. The range of opinion spans socialist and liberal democratic ideology.
Seychelles is part of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), La Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Seychelles performed excellently on the 2010 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, ranking second out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries, with an overall score of 79 out of 100, second only to Mauritius, which received a score of 83. Particularly good were its scores in Safety and Security, Participation and Human Rights, and Human Development. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance, based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.
Subdivisions
Seychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions that comprise all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé with two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also includes respective satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands are not considered part of any district.
Mahé
Bel Air
La Rivière Anglaise (English River)
Les Mamelles
Mont Buxton
Mont Fleuri
Plaisance
Roche Caiman
Saint Louis
Victoria
Anse aux Pins
Anse Boileau
Anse Etoile
Au Cap
Anse Royale
Baie Lazare
Beau Vallon
Bel Ombre
Cascade
Glacis
Grand'Anse Mahé
Pointe La Rue
Port Glaud
Takamaka
Praslin
Baie Sainte Anne (Anse Volbert)
Grand'Anse Praslin (Grande Anse)
La Digue and remaining Inner Islands
La Digue (Anse Réunion)
Education
Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles; the Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys' and girls' secondary schools with religious Brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944. A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age five. Ninety percent of all children attend nursery school at age four.
The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 85% in 1991.
Currently the public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. The schools are on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. There are three private schools: École Française, International School and the Independent school. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, National Institute of Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Centre, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Centre and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.
The current administration has advanced plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred. University of Seychelles, initiated in conjunction with the University of London, is launching education programmes which will include teaching and lead to the award of the recognised qualifications from the University of London.
Geography
An island nation, Seychelles is located to the northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (994 mi) east of Kenya. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155. The islands as per the Constitution are divided into groups as follows.
There are 42 granitic islands, in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette Island, La Digue, Curieuse, Felicite, Frégate, Ste-Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Île aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Île Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé), Chauve Souris (Praslin), Île La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics: Denis and Bird.
There are two coral islands south of the granitics: Coëtivy and Platte.
There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitics: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnoeufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Etoile, Bijoutier.
There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable Déposés Île aux Goëlettes Lapins Île du Milieu North Manaha South Manaha Middle Manaha North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.
There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Emile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Heron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption Island, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goëlettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).
According to the president of Nauru, the Seychelles has been ranked the ninth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change.
Climate
The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small. The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation is somewhat less on the other islands. During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
Climate data for Victoria ( Seychelles International Airport) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6) 30.4
(86.7) 31.0
(87.8) 31.4
(88.5) 30.5
(86.9) 29.1
(84.4) 28.3
(82.9) 28.4
(83.1) 29.1
(84.4) 29.6
(85.3) 30.1
(86.2) 30.0
(86) 29.8
(85.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 27.3
(81.1) 27.8
(82) 28.0
(82.4) 27.7
(81.9) 26.6
(79.9) 25.8
(78.4) 25.9
(78.6) 26.4
(79.5) 26.7
(80.1) 26.8
(80.2) 26.7
(80.1) 26.9
(80.4) Average low °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4) 24.6
(76.3) 24.8
(76.6) 25.0
(77) 25.4
(77.7) 24.6
(76.3) 23.9
(75) 23.9
(75) 24.2
(75.6) 24.3
(75.7) 24.0
(75.2) 23.9
(75) 24.4
(75.9) Precipitation mm (inches) 379
(14.92) 262
(10.31) 167
(6.57) 177
(6.97) 124
(4.88) 63
(2.48) 80
(3.15) 97
(3.82) 121
(4.76) 206
(8.11) 215
(8.46) 281
(11.06) 2,172
(85.49) Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 17 11 11 14 11 10 10 10 11 12 14 18 149 % humidity 82 80 79 80 79 79 80 79 78 79 80 82 79.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 153.3 175.5 210.5 227.8 252.8 232.0 230.5 230.7 227.7 220.7 195.7 170.5 2,527.7 Source #1: World Meteorological Organization Source #2: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Economy
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla, and copra were the chief exports. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist Donald Prell prepared for the then crown colony Governor General, an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. In 1964–65 the Seychelles connection to the outside world consisted of (1) excellent telegraphic service, (2) weekly seaplane service from Mombasa, Kenya, and (3) a monthly visit of the 10,304 ton British India Line's passenger ship M.S. Kampala. Mahé, Seychelles was a stopover port on the ship's round trip voyage from Mombasa, to Bombay. The island's population of 47,000 was about half of what it grew to be in 2011. In 1964, the major sources of funds supporting the island's economy included: (1) Agricultural exports, Rs. 8,660,000, (2) Grants in aid and other funding from British government, Rs. 2,920,000, (3) Funding from the United States covering the operating cost of the Indian Ocean Tracking Station, (part of the US Air Force Satellite Control Network), Rs. 4,500,000, (4) Invisible exports (funds received from sources outside the Seychelles) including, pensions and allotments to retired British expatriates, bank transfers from abroad, and miscellaneous purchases,), Rs. 3,260,000, and (5) Tourism, Rs. 860,000. The total value of imports (including freight, insurance) and miscellaneous funds transferred abroad, totalled Rs. 16,500,000, resulting in a surplus to the economy of Rs. 3,700,000. The report recommended establishing a Seychelles Development Corporation. The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé, was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.
In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a serious industry, basically dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles.
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla. The prime agricultural products currently produced in the Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts, and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon, and vanilla are the main export commodities of the islands.
In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC. Despite its growth, the vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991–1992 due largely to the Gulf War. Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Seychelles International Business Authority (SIBA) and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others).
Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs, and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, insurance (has now been privatised), banking (is being privatised very soon), imports of basic products (now being privatised), telecommunications (four private ISP/telecom companies), and a wide range of other businesses.
The national currency of the Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies it was depegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.
Demographics
When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the Gran'bla ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on indentured servitude to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were confined to a merchant class. Today the descendents of the Indian, Chinese, and Gran'bla form distinct ethnic communities, although most people are of 'black' African origin, often mixed with 'white' European or Asian heritage.
As the islands of Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of people who have immigrated. The largest ethnic groups are those of African, French, Indian, and Chinese descent. French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is primarily based upon French.
According to the 2002 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 82.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.4% are Anglican, and 4.5% are of other Christian denominations. There are small minorities who practice Hinduism (2.1%) and Islam (1.1%). Other non-Christian faiths account for 1.5% of the population while a further 2.1% were non-religious or did not specify a religion. The median age of Seychellois is 32 years.
Culture
Seychellois society is essentially matriarchal. Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditures and looking after the interests of the children. Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children. Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral. Older women can usually count on financial support from family members living at home or contributions from the earnings of grown children.
The music of Seychelles is diverse. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation—such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau), European contredanse, polka and mazurka, French folk and pop, sega from Mauritius and Réunion, taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres, and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music. A complex form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga.
Traditionally, despite a greater connection with Great Britain (e.g., in education, which follows the International General Certificate of Education (IGCSE), and on many aspects of the law) many foreign observers have stated that "the culture remains emphatically French" and about 70% of the population have a family name of French origin, compared with only about 20% family names of English origin. The two are often mixed, such that inhabitants receive an English first name and a French family name or vice-versa (e.g., Jean-Pierre Kingsmith).
Flora and fauna
Environmental legislation is very strict, and every tourism project must undergo an environmental review and a lengthy process of consultations with the public and conservationists. The Seychelles is a world leader in sustainable tourism. The end result of this sustainable development is an intact and stable natural environment, which attracts financially strong visitors (150,000 in 2007) rather than short-term mass tourism. Since 1993 a law guarantees the citizens the right to a clean environment and at the same time obliges them to protect this environment. The country holds a record for the highest percentage of land under natural conservation—nearly 50% of the total land area.
Like many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity during early human history, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de Mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because of the shape of its fruit which, with the husk removed, presents a "double" coconut resembling buttocks, the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed pods. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant in a genus of its own (Medusagynaceae) has resisted all efforts to propagate it. Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia Rothmannia annae found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and 5 species of hermit crabs live on the islands.
The Aldabra Giant Tortoise now populates many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. It has been reported that the granitic islands of Seychelles supported distinct species of Seychelles giant tortoises; the status of the different populations is currently unclear.
There are several unique varieties of orchids on the islands.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world. In the outer islands Aldabra and Cosmoledo are home to the largest numbers. In granitic Seychelles the largest numbers are on Aride Island including the world's largest numbers of two species.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has unfortunately damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (e.g., Silhouette Island).
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d). In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).
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Seychellois vs Seychelles company
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2020-08-22T16:01:06+02:00
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Good evening,
How would you describe a company that's incorporated in the Seychelles islands?
2) A Seychelles company
2) A Seychellois company [pronounced...
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en
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WordReference Forums
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https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/seychellois-vs-seychelles-company.3734049/
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Good evening,
How would you describe a company that's incorporated in the Seychelles islands?
2) A Seychelles company
2) A Seychellois company [pronounced in a French manner]
An example:
1) I'd like to set up a Turkish company that will fully belong to a Seychelles holding company / Seychellois holding company.
With kind regards,
JW
I'd say "a Seychelles company".
I believe Seychellois is the demonym, so you could use it, but it's not very commonly used as far as I know.
I've already noticed whenever I say "Seychellois" (as I'd say it in French) people do not really seem to understand what I'm even talking about. Either "Seychellois" or my French raises eyebrows.
(In fact, when I say "Seychelles" I give people a couple of seconds to recall what "Seychelles" is. The most common reply is "What's that" or "Sea shell what?").
In this case, I think "Seychelles company" is easier to understand. I'll stick to it.
Thank you.
Either. With many countries they'd be about equally common: a Mauritius company = a Mauritian company. The problem is just whether everyone knows the word 'Seychellois'. With more familiar countries we'd usually use the adjective, but as you go to less familiar, it becomes more difficult to know what the adjective is.
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List of countries, emojis and nationalities/demonyms
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List of countries, emojis and nationalities/demonyms - emoji_country_nationality_list.csv
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https://gist.github.com/consti/e2c7ddc64f0aa044a8b4fcd28dba0700
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🇲🇲 MM Burma (Republic of the Union of Myanmar) Myanmarese Burmese
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Facts and Figures
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Last updated May 22, 2023 10:27:07
For best browsing, the site should have a screen resolution of 1920x1080
Browser Compatibility: Internet Explorer 11.0+, Firefox latest version, Google Chrome latest version
Last updated May 22, 2023 10:27:07
For best browsing, the site should have a screen resolution of 1920x1080
Browser Compatibility: Internet Explorer 11.0+, Firefox latest version, Google Chrome latest version
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/rise-and-fall-of-george-frederic-augustus-ii-the-central-american-caribbean-and-atlantic-life-of-a-miskitu-king-18051824/95104178A18D586FD39B892D1BC2BA18
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The Rise and Fall of George Frederic Augustus II: The Central American, Caribbean, and Atlantic Life of a Miskitu King, 1805–1824
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The Rise and Fall of George Frederic Augustus II: The Central American, Caribbean, and Atlantic Life of a Miskitu King, 1805–1824 - Volume 96 Issue 3
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“A blank page, where new laws, new codes, new systems of education, new freedom of speech, new forms of government, could be invented according to the principle of the greatest happiness for the greatest number.” It was roughly in these terms that Jeremy Bentham envisioned the economic and political potentials of Spain's “Ultramaria” (its American possessions) following the collapse of its empire.Footnote 1 In the wake of the Atlantic consequences of the Napoleonic Wars—a moment in what Eric Hobsbawm famously named the “Age of Revolution”—the early decades of the nineteenth century indeed saw the emergence of new American political regimes (i.e., Colombia, Peru, Chile, Mexico, Buenos Ayres, and Guatemala) that essentially favored British trade.Footnote 2 Their representatives were in turn strongly encouraged by London merchant-bankers to finance the development and consolidation of newly acquired but fragile independence by floating loans on the London Stock Exchange. Between 1822 and 1825, a time when financial and mercantile activities were heavily confounded with each other, numerous British joint-stock companies also issued significant amounts of shares—often before obtaining the necessary parliamentary charters. These business activities were aimed at benefiting from the riches soon to be made available by the imminent development of a more direct British West Indian and transatlantic trade with the Americas.Footnote 3
Bentham himself considered the development of business and political enterprises within newly liberated American territories as participating in the concretization of new utopias, or “dreamed territories with, as yet, no real existence, and where new governments could be installed and legislation drawn up according to the principle of the greatest happiness of the greatest number.”Footnote 4 Rather than delusional idealizations devoid of any scientific interest, such utopias essentially established concrete forces of political and commercial change and, therefore, constituted specific efforts to transcend problematic historical situations: in this instance, Atlantic imperial transformation.Footnote 5 Yet the concretization of these changes took place in far-reaching and distinct local, regional, and transatlantic spaces, stretching from the Americas to the very heart of the City of London, and weaving also into the fabric of transatlantic trade flows in the making. In other words, the realization of such dreamed-of commercial and political projects took place simultaneously on different levels, and on multiple sides of an Atlantic World in transformation.Footnote 6
However, when Bentham raved about the existence of American infant states, or ones that at that time existed only on (his) paper, he solely envisaged them as capable of emerging from and being consolidated by the effort of the Spanish revolutionaries of Ultramaria, brushing aside in a few lines the very existence of other actors (i.e., the “Indians”) of the political and economic processes that were then also transforming the Atlantic.Footnote 7 In a similar way, numerous studies have provided fascinating insights into the general and the more particular histories of the intricate political and financial endeavors that contributed to the making of new—and generally still existing—Spanish American republics and the improvement of their Atlantic commercial relationships with Britain.Footnote 8 However, recent works reveal how other, more discreet actors also played a role in the constitution and dissemination of nineteenth-century utopian ideas, ideals, and enterprises.Footnote 9 These suggest, in a way, that the histories of Atlantic transformations are ridden with “blind spots,” glaring absences that mark the “unacknowledged knowledges” of the diversity of actors and their levels of involvement in these political and, especially, financial and commercial metamorphoses.Footnote 10
This article casts light on one such “blind spot” in the Atlantic financial and political entanglements tied to these early years of American states formation and economic improvement. It does so by telling the well-studied story of the creation and financing of new American utopias, characteristic of these times, but from the perspective of an actor seldom considered in the relevant literature, namely that of an American Indigenous actor. His name was George Frederic Augustus II, king of the Miskitu on the Central American Miskitu Shore (hereafter referred to as “the Shore”) between 1816 and 1824.Footnote 11 This study illuminates how he sought, throughout his short-lived rule, to actively occupy various political and commercial spaces, near and far, in person and by proxy, in an Atlantic World undergoing important political and economic transformations, with echoes of his endeavors even reaching as far as the city of London's money market. Inspired by American Republican uprisings and the spreading of abolitionist ideas, George Frederic attempted to transform not only the economic and political foundations of his kingdom to concretize his own Miskitu utopia, for which he would even design a flag and draft a constitution; he also sought to reconfigure networks of foreign trade in Central America and the Caribbean, in which his kingdom had been and would remain an important node. Short on capital and labor, George Frederic had nevertheless benefited from an adequate education in matters related to regional politics and transatlantic trade. This enabled him to consider outsourcing the improvement of his territory to foreign agents with experience in statebuilding and financing: British mercenaries involved in Latin American revolutionary wars. These would, in his name, access both European and American capital markets to finance the realization of this Miskitu utopia.
As highlighted by Carlo Ginzburg or Alain Corbin, studying up close the life of a single, marginal individual or institution can reveal the often unsuspected interweaving of local, regional, or global dynamics in which they were (successfully or not) embedded.Footnote 12 Similarly, this article reintegrates George Frederic's actions within the various political, commercial, and financial dynamics in which they were inscribed, be they on the Shore, Central American, or transatlantic. Yet, in the absence of George Frederic's own memoirs, his story can only be written through a close reading of a wide range of dispersed archival sources, including manuscript and printed material found in repositories located in England, Scotland, and Belize. These hold diaries, newspaper articles, and private correspondence sent to or from George Frederic or that mention the Miskitu king. Taken together, these scattered documents constitute an original corpus of primary sources that help delve into different episodes of George Frederic's eventful life, from his upbringing to the constitution of his utopia.
This research also relies on the published testimonies of foreign merchants who encountered the Miskitu king. These were narratives provided most notably by Jacob Dunham, a North American trader who dealt with the Miskitu between 1816 and 1819, and, more importantly, by the English West Indian merchant Orlando Roberts, who visited the Shore regularly between 1816 and 1822.Footnote 13 Using such printed sources implies a potentially important self-centered bias, because these only transcribe the intentions and understandings of their authors. Indeed, both were writing for European or North American audiences interested in the development of trade relations with Central America in the aftermath of the collapse of the Spanish Empire. Contrary to Bentham and other contemporaries, Dunham and Roberts consider that the improvement of Atlantic trade in the region rested on a better understanding of the Shore's Indigenous polities, the latter providing access to natural resources of interest to European and American commerce.Footnote 14 Yet both texts are tinged with recurring tropes discriminating against the Miskitu (e.g., the “drunken Indian”), relatively common for the time. Descriptions provided by late modern European commentators of their interactions with American Indigenous interlocutors involving alcohol were often exaggerated, however, defined as they were by trepidations about the dangers of excessive drinking and anxieties about the place of American Indigenous peoples in new American societies.Footnote 15 An often contradictory image of George Frederic thus emerges from the reading of these accounts: he appears at the same time a feckless drunkard and a determined actor in full possession of his means.
To be clear, the Miskitu drank spirits, which they obtained from trade conducted with foreign merchants.Footnote 16 To portray George Frederic as a raging alcoholic, however, is certainly more than an exaggeration. Still, because these merchant accounts are not entirely “objective” does not mean they should be discarded. Considering such stereotypes, these remain at present some of the sole sources that can provide insight into and context for not only George Frederic's biography but also how the Miskitu conducted commercial and political interactions with various foreign actors. It is the multiplicity of often concordant testimonies that, taken together, make it possible to reconstruct the tumultuous life of George Frederic.Footnote 17 In turn, putting together such scattered clues allows for the telling of a chronological story of these Atlantic transformations from the unusual perspective of George Frederic. It also highlights whether certain actors or polities that are generally mischaracterized or omitted from the historiography in fact played an active role for their potential own utopian benefit within and between these different metamorphosing political and financial Atlantic spaces.
Historiographical attention paid to the Miskitu Shore offers rich insight into the region's Spanish, British, German, and American colonial history.Footnote 18 Studies focusing on the Miskitu in particular also offer valuable inquiries into their economic and political interrelations with and independence from the Shore's various colonial waves since Christopher Columbus's 1502 landing in the area.Footnote 19 Yet these historiographies generally focus on the geographical setting of the Shore, seldom investigating the impact that the events taking place there had beyond its borders.Footnote 20 George Frederic has also been the subject, in passing, of studies in colonial and Miskitu history. Rather than being portrayed as an individual worthy of any historical interest, he generally appears as a minor historical figure, owing to the short duration of his reign, or as a British colonial puppet (sharing the fate of many Miskitu rulers).Footnote 21 Moreover, George Frederic's story has often been confounded with that of Poyais. Specifically, he is often anecdotally remembered for having conceded in 1820, allegedly after a night of heavy drinking, the territory on which Gregor MacGregor planned to establish his principality of Poyais. This infamous story has been described as the “most audacious fraud in History,” with MacGregor believed to have been the fraudulent architect of the so-called fake state and loan of Poyais.Footnote 22 Yet recent works calling into question the fraudulent foundations of MacGregor's Poyaisian project make it possible to lift the veil of guilt or gullibility too often attached to the different actors involved, from near or far, in his affair—including George Frederic.Footnote 23
Pointing out how George Frederic's singular life both fitted into and molded, in often unsuspected ways, wider financial and political dynamics underlying the making of new American states offers a wider contribution to historiographical debates discussing the agency of American Indigenous actors in the shaping of Central American, Caribbean, and Atlantic trade and colonial networks. Seminal studies by such scholars as Arthur Ray, Ann Carlos and Lewis Frank, and Richard White have highlighted how American Indigenous peoples’ active involvement in the long eighteenth-century North American trade and colonial patterns affected their political and material cultures as well as their transatlantic commercial dynamics.Footnote 24 More recently, historians have noted how American Indigenous peoples played an active monetary or financial part in the development of North American capitalism, as well as how finance and money in themselves became tools of imperial dispossession for them.Footnote 25 Illuminating the longstanding involvement of Indigenous polities in the realm of American economic dynamics, these works allow for the integration of their subjects into novel fields of investigation, especially that of nineteenth-century business history.Footnote 26
More broadly, recent works focusing on nineteenth-century Pacific and North America discuss the need to consider Indigenous peoples on their own political terms, as full-fledged state actors, or even imperial actors.Footnote 27 Not only do these challenge commonly accepted understandings of global political landscapes by providing more nuanced narratives of the imperial transformations and competitions of their time; they also provide better insights into the historical trajectories of given Indigenous polities, without them being eclipsed by the chronologies, theories, or viewpoints imposed by colonial/imperial historiographical frameworks.Footnote 28 Although they tend to concentrate more on political than economic aspects, these historiographical developments are particularly relevant when it comes to studying the interwoven development of early nineteenth-century Central American, Caribbean, and wider Atlantic British merchant-banking and statebuilding processes, as historians seldom include American Indigenous peoples in their narratives, much less tell these stories from their perspectives.Footnote 29 At best, few studies mention the existence of political and commercial links between American Indigenous peoples and British traders.Footnote 30 Although these do, fortunately, nuance the asymmetrical relations in favor of British merchants and settlers emerging from such interactions, their scope is often limited to the American territory, and they generally understand American Indigenous history through the sole context of their relationships with foreigners.
In line with this scholarship, studying the biographical particularities of a Miskitu king at the head of an early nineteenth-century Central American and transatlantic Indigenous utopian venture sheds light on a drastic moment of global political, financial, and commercial possibility. It shows how George Frederic tried to benefit and shape the English drive to improve British trade in the Americas to his own financial, commercial, and political benefit. By highlighting the reach of George Frederic's action beyond the American continent, mainly from his perspective, this article also helps resituate the active global economic and political impacts that a Miskitu protagonist had—and could have had—within financial and colonial processes of early nineteenth-century statebuilding. Offering a chronological dive into George Frederic's life, each section of this article reveals insights into the creation, development, and tragic end of his utopia, along with the local, regional, and transatlantic impacts and progresses of this episode of Miskitu state formation. The first section provides contextual background to the Shore and biographical information on George Frederic from his early years to his accession to the throne in 1816. The second illustrates how a combination of local and Atlantic transformations offered George Frederic the opportunity to reposition himself politically within the Shore. The third describes how George Frederic envisioned, like other South American independence or abolitionist projects of the time, the establishment of a slave-free commercial and political utopia on the Shore. In doing so, this section details the interactions of George Frederic with foreign mercenaries to finance and build his project. The fourth section describes how George Frederic had to adapt his ambitions to deal with significant difficulties in establishing himself, on the London money market and the Shore, as the valid owner of his utopia—ultimately, to no avail. The last section concludes.
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United Micronations
Multi-Oceanic Archipelago (UMMOA) UMMOA English: United Micronations Multioceanic Archipelago (UMMOA)
Flag
Coat of Arms
Motto: E Interrete Libertas (From the Internet, Freedom) Anthem: Allegro composed by Stepan Ignatiev
Big Map
Territory: 30 islands, atolls, archipelagos or points scattered across the Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean; one Antarctic continental territory; one diaxenospitia
(UMMOA on Planet Earth) Locations: Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Antarctica Capital: Cyberterra (CT) (geo point) Largest City: Fifth World Community (5WC) Official Language(s): With few exceptions, the UMMOA now uses only UMMOA English (UGV; en-UGV; Ⓤ), and any other English language variant form used by governments, which also completely excludes the Oxford spelling (en-GB-oed) English language variant form used by many international organisations which neither recognise the UMMOA, nor its societalistic philosophy. Demonym/Ethnonym: Ummoagian (Um·mo·a·gi·an) (pronunciation) Leadership: Hon Most Rev Dr Cesidio Tallini
Governor of United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago Date of foundation: 19 January 2008 Date of territorial establishment: 6 May 2008 Date of statal establishment: 14 September 2011 Area claimed: circa 7,695 km2 (2,971 mi2) for insular area, 432,000 km2 (166,796 mi2) for continental area Territorial Disputes with: US, Canada, Belize, Portugal, Haiti, Colombia, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Marshall Islands, France, Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius, Seychelles, India, Bangladesh, and Kiribati Declared Disputes with: US (US Department of the Interior) Nationals (nominal and factual): 68 (as of 5 November 2013)
(UMMOA Demographics) Indigenous nationals: 3 (4.41%) Recognised Tribes: Ryamecah (RY) (Native North American), Hernici (8ED) (Aboriginal European) Diaxenospitians (cosmopolitan): 37 (54.41%) GDP: The UMMOA government does not treat the private wealth of its individual nationals as collective or national wealth, as it finds nothing legitimate with this imperialistic and parasitical practice. UMMOA nationals or Ummoagians have a nationalised wealth worth a current market value of 398.53 US dollars — figures as of 23 July 2015 Currency: Cyberterra Dollar (CTD) [≈ US$0.471] Time Zone(s): Cyberterra Mean Time or UTC+1 (no DST), or West Africa Time (WAT)/Congo-Kinshasa time
(local times vary between UTC + 12 to UTC – 11) Internet TLD(s): The UMMOA, through the UMMOA Foreign Ministry (UFM), currently favours the use of com and uk top-level domain labels whenever possible; otherwise it favours international, pe, and gs top-level domain labels. The UMMOA also manages two Internets: 1) an alternative root-server system or Internet, the Cesidian Root, with emphasis on top-level domain label control, primarily of alternative top-level domains from non-ICANN or regional roots; and 2) an ICANN-based system or Internet, International World, with emphasis on maximising second-level domain label control of int second-level domain labels, under various new generic top-level domains (gTLDs). Calling Code: +808 (Midway, Wake, etc.) Nations part of the Fifth World Community (5WC): Principado do Ilhéu da Pontinha, Sovereign Nations Oasis, The Tallini Family Bilateral Treaties/MOUs established with: Republic of Cabinda (Kabinda), CCLP Worldwide, Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem — Knights of Malta Multilateral Treaties entered into: DLCC Document Convention, Declaration of Washington, Anti-Antarctic Treaty System, Space Debris Treaty, Multi-Oceanic Garbage Patch Treaty, Great Pacific Garbage Patch Treaty, Cyberterra Treaty Organisational Memberships (NGOs): Nations Without States, The Multipurpose Inter-Parliamentary Union, CCLP Worldwide, Foundation for Endangered Languages, Middlebury Institute Recognitions (OEAS/UNPO members, IGOs, government agencies or ministries): Republic of Cabinda (or Kabinda), Government of Southern Cameroons (or Ambazonia/British Southern Cameroons), Organization of Emerging African States, United States Patent and Trademark Office, China's General Administration of Press and Publication, United Kingdom's Foreign & Commonwealth Office Patron Saint: The Patron Saint of Cyberterra, the virtual capital, is Saint René Descartes (13 December) Website: Global Website
The United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago (UMMOA) is a multi-oceanic archipelago governed by a quasi-federation of Fourth, Fifth and Sixth World nations, and the world's first supermicronation. The UMMOA's 29 insular possessions have no indigenous population, and an inhabitable area of 7,695 km2 (2,971 mi2). The UMMOA also claims a continental land mass of 432,000 km2 (166,796 mi2) in Antarctica. The UMMOA holds these truths to be self-evident: That all nations are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and sovereignty!
Pre-History
In January 2007, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) reportedly dropped the .UM country code top-level domain (ccTLD) from the master list of domain names in response to the domain being unused, and the desire of the University of Southern California (USC) Information Sciences Institute (ISI) to divest itself of responsibility for the domain.
Since the US still legally assumes that Roman law extends to the Internet (false assumption, because it can be demonstrated that Cesidian law really governs the Internet); since the .UM ccTLD also legally represents the United States Minor Outlying Islands, a statistical designation defined by ISO 3166-1, and consisting of 9 or 11 insular United States possessions; officers of the Cesidian Root, an intercontinental Internet independent of the ICANN, were prepared to legally occupy the .UM ccTLD as soon as ICANN and the ISI abandoned it. Like any seaworthy ship abandoned in international waters, any pirate could have legally occupied the .UM ccTLD.
Once the .UM ccTLD was legally occupied, the President of the Cesidian Root would have used the legally occupied .UM ccTLD to legally annex the United States Minor Outlying Islands (if the US can occupy the Internet based on territorial claims, then the reverse should also be kosher from a legal standpoint...), and would have renamed the islands the United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago (UMMOA).
There were even Italian and Interlingua translations of the name of the new country. The Italian version of the new country's name was the Arcipelago Multi-Oceanico delle Micronazioni Unite (Amomu). In Interlingua the country was the Archipelago Multi-Oceanic del Micronationes Unite (Amomu). Tallini even had a national motto ready ("E Interrete Libertas", or "From the Internet, Freedom", a beautiful flag, a coat of arms, and two additional TLDs for the country's use, the .UMMOA and .AMOMU ccTLDs (later, the .ISLANDS was also established for the UMMOA's use).
Unfortunately, these things were no secret to Cesidian Root operators, but were also no secret to US intelligence officers, who are spying on everyone's emails and possibly even undisclosed Internet files, especially the emails and the files of the folks of the Cesidian Root.
The .UM ccTLD was not abandoned immediately. In November 2007, at the registry website of www.nic.um, a message stated that "Registration is CLOSED at this time. We are only accepting Registrar Accounts." In December 2007, registration was opened with an "Annual Account Maintenance" fee of $1,200 and a $30 annual domain registration.
None of these actions, of course, make sense under a purely economic point of view, and in fact there were no active .UM sites other than the registry itself. These actions would make sense, however, if the sole true purpose of the company was essentially to preserve the sovereignty of the United States over the islands of the UMMOA, and to fend off any possible legitimate and brilliant attack by a rogue Internet like the Cesidian Root.
Moreover, the United States Minor Outlying Islands are not quite a "territory" by international legal standards anyway since:
The US Minor Outlying Islands are grouped together entirely as a statistical convenience (they are not a real territory in Montevideo Convention terms, even though the entity is associated with real natural islands);
The US Minor Outlying Islands are not administered collectively (they are not a real country or state);
The US Minor Outlying Islands do not share a single cultural or political history beyond being currently uninhabited islands under the sovereignty of the United States (they are not a real nation).
Given these characteristics, the UMMOA is more legitimately the property of a federation of autonomous and scattered micronations, than the claim of an otherwise legitimate country the size of the United States.
The Invasion
On 19 January 2008 the www.ummoa and www.amomu domains came alive in the Cesidian Root. The Hon Most Rev Dr Cesidio Tallini, who was already Governor of Independent Long Island, Founding Member of the Commonwealth Nations Research Society, President and Founder of the Cesidian Root, and Bishop of the Cesidian Church, started a first Independent Long Island-registered organisation called the United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago (UMMOA), for the expressed purpose of providing each macro- and micronational member of the organisation an UMMOA-based embassy, so any micronation can stand on legal ground in Montevideo Convention terms. The UMMOA exists so that all nations are created equal.
The UMMOA shall exist on the legal foundation called jus cerebri humani, since it is, in essence, the intellectual creation of Tallini, as much as new and distinct territorial claim. Since Tallini was born on Independent Long Island, but not on any of the islands of the UMMOA; since the UMMOA has no indigenous population; Tallini, and any national of the UMMOA federation, has become a citizen of that country by naturalisation (jus via naturalisation).
On 14 April 2008, the Geographer of the UMMOA discovered a new islet whose existence the government was not aware of previously. The islet appeared to be south of Serranilla Bank, and due to the manner in which it was discovered, it was given the name of Yahoo Islet (Yahoo Islet was once known as Beacon Cay)
On 6 May 2008, the UMMOA legally invaded the U.S. namespace, and annexed the 9 or 11 insular possessions formerly known as the United States Minor Outlying Islands.
On 30 December 2008, the Geographer of the UMMOA discovered that most websites give erroneous time data regarding some islands/atolls of the UMMOA. Inaccuracies were found with five of the islands/atolls, out of eleven, and corrections were made on the UMMOA website to ensure accurate data at least there. The data is now available at the http://time.ummoa.net website.
Immediate Post-Invasion Period
On 28 August 2009, the HMRD Cesidio Tallini launched a new legal concept: the Cesidian law jurisdiction. This new legal concept allows people to break free of the often oppressive ties they have to a specific territorial jurisdiction, but has also caused a merging of territorial and virtual jurisdiction concepts.
With the growth of the United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago (UMMOA) as a nation, what was formerly just a US territory, and an irregular territory at best, has begun to grow and diversify. The UMMOA today is more than just the physical USMOI, since the City of Cyberterra became the virtual capital of the UMMOA, and thus the virtual city has merged with the eleven original insular areas, and has become a very real twelfth insular area. In fact, not only does Cyberterra have a different local time compared to the other insular possessions, and the local time is the Cyberterra Mean Time (CMT) time zone, but Cyberterra also has its own terrestrial coordinates of 43°0'0" North and 15°0'0" East in the Adriatic Sea, and thereby occupies a third ocean or sea after the already physically occupied Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Moreover, Cyberterra utilises the amateur radio call sign of IL6, which is in fact the non-official call sign used for the Adriatic Sea islands of the Italian regions of Marche and Abruzzo.
UMMOA's Post-Twelfth Components
The United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago (UMMOA) started with 12 components:
eleven islands, scattered across the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea: Navassa Island, Bajo Nuevo Bank, Serranilla Bank, Jarvis Island, Palmyra Atoll, Kingman Reef, Johnston Atoll, Baker Island, Howland Island, Midway Atoll, and Wake Island;
the UMMOA Community of Nations.
The City of Cyberterra was originally founded in September 2002, but it wasn't until the concept of Cyberterra Mean Time (CMT) was introduced in August 2009 that Cyberterra began to morph into a Cesidian law jurisdiction, the episcopal see of the Cesidian Church, the capital of the UMMOA, the world's first cybernetic realm, and the thirteenth national component.
On 6 August 2010, the fourteenth national component came into being.
The UMMOA, a multi-oceanic archipelago governed by a quasi-federation of Fourth, Fifth and Sixth World nations, originally had 4 de jure embassies, i.e. potential embassies to the sovereign countries of the United States, Italy, Cameroon, and India. Seeing how difficult it is to gain even minimal legal status with sovereign states, the UMMOA registered the Fifth World Community (5WC) as the fourteenth national component, in order to begin to establish natural imperia for the application of Cesidian law, and within registered Cesidian law jurisdictions.
So now the UMMOA, through the Fifth World Community, has gained another six de facto embassies:
The Tallini Family on Long Island;
The Lion and The Lamb Commonwealth in the US state of Iowa;
Commonwealth of Drakenheim in the US state of South Carolina;
Commonwealth of Drakesburg, also in the US state of South Carolina;
Commonwealth of Nations Oasis Belize, in the Central American country of Belize;
Principado do Ilhéu da Pontinha, off the shore of the port of Funchal (Madeira).
The Fifth World Community, by the way, is an inhabited locality, but it is distributed not across a single geographic area, an archipelago, or conurbation, but across several continents. The Fifth World Community is also the world's first diaxenospitia.
On 7 January 2011, the fifteenth national component came into being when the Governor of the UMMOA claimed a piece of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP), and launched the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Treaty (GPGPT) website, in order to make everyone aware that UN states and the UN have claimed the Earth all for themselves, but none of these takes responsibility for that which was not originally part of the Earth, and which clearly doesn't belong on the Earth either.
On 23 June 2011, the sixteenth national component came into being when the Governor of the UMMOA claimed a piece of every oceanic garbage patch, and launched the Multi-Oceanic Garbage Patch Treaty (MOGPT) website.
On 26 June 2011, the seventeenth national component came into being when the Governor of the UMMOA claimed a piece of all of the space debris, and launched the Space Debris Treaty (SDT) website.
On 20 August 2011, with a great suggestion of the Hon. Ilya Pakhomov, the UMMOA decided to claim an 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23th, and 24th national component. Therefore, the UMMOA now claims the following disappearing islands: Ghoramara Island (India), Lohachara Island (India), Bedford Island (India), New Moore/South Talpatti (India/Bangladesh), Tebua Tarawa (Kiribati), Bikeman Island (Kiribati) and Abanuea (Kiribati).
On 11 September 2011, the UMMOA expanded its claims by claiming a piece of the African continent. With the seas claiming greater and greater areas of both lowland territories and islands, the UMMOA, as a signatory of both the GPGPT and MOGPT treaties, decided to claim a 25th national component, the Banc du Geyser (France/Madagascar/Comoros).
On 14 September 2011, the UMMOA as a state became an Associate Member of the Organization of Emerging African States (OEAS), and as an international organisation it became a Consultative Agency to the OEAS Secretariat on the matter of the Oceanic Biome.
On 26 October 2011, the UMMOA became an affiliated institutional member of the Federation of International Blue Cross & Blue Crescent Organisations (FIBCO).
On 8 March 2012, a UMMOA member claims a new Red Sea island. The island, located in the Zubair Group, and unnamed until that day, was baptised "Aphrodite Island" by the HMRD Cesidio Tallini, the Governor of the UMMOA, and claimed on behalf of all UMMOA nations. Aphrodite Island became the UMMOA's 26th national component.
Territorially speaking, these eleven claims are recognised by the Organization of Emerging African States (OEAS): Banc du Geyser, Aphrodite Island (a new Red Sea island which formed thorough a volcanic eruption, which took place between December 2011 and January 2012, and which was never claimed by any other state), Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, Tromelin Island, Amsterdam Island, Saint Paul Island, Crozet Islands, and Kerguelen Islands. The OEAS also recognises these islands or archipelagos as UMMOA protectorates: Mayotte and Chagos Archipelago. So two intergovernmental organisations recognise the UMMOA's claims to 22 islands, and the UMMOA is also recognised as the protector of another 2 islands or archipelagos.
On 25 March 2012, Saint René Descartes University, in partnership with the Centre for Philosophical Studies of the Existentialist School of Montedoglio, started the first Italian-language training course on Neoexistentialism and Fifth World Philosophy.
On 30 March 2012, the Cyberterra Treaty became effective.
On 1 April 2012, the first Consensus AMOMUS is published.
On 5 May 2012, the Organization of Emerging African States (OEAS) recognised an additional 10 allodial title UMMOA claims beyond the Banc du Geyser claim — the latter claim was itself recognised on 14 September 2011. This decision, in turn, brought the total number of recognised African Ummoagian insular claims to 11. The OEAS also recognised the UMMOA's land tenure claim to another 2 islands or archipelagos — Mayotte and the Chagos Archipelago — so the UMMOA can fulfill its mission there as Protector to the African islands.
On 3 June 2012, a gentleman became the first person to voluntarily pay UMMOA taxes.
In December 2012 the Governor of the UMMOA was made Ambassador at Large of Antarctica and Unrepresented or Underrepresented Polities for The Multipurpose Inter-Parliamentary Union (TMIPU), and was appointed Interim Deputy Minister of Information for the Republic of Cabinda (Kabinda).
On 21 February 2013, the Ryamecah Declaration of Indigenous Independence (ISBN 1482510553) was published. This marks the beginning of the official existence of the Native American Ryamecah (RY) Confederation — the Ryamecah started less officially on 18 January 2013.
On 26 February 2013, the ICC responds to a UMMOA complaint as it would to any other subject of International law: http://ummoa.net/ICC-jurisdiction_note.pdf
On 18 March 2013, Tallini was appointed Nations without States representative for the UMMOA.
On 15 April 2013, a Saint René Descartes University prize recommendation is welcomed by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, and he is made one of the 259 Candidates for the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize.
On 7 June 2013, the Paradiplomatic Affairs (PDA) organisation is launched.
On 22 July 2013, the Quinquennial Anniversary of the juridical establishment of the United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago (UMMOA) was celebrated; a Special Mass of celebration was offered for all.
On 24 July 2013, Pontinha becomes member of Paradiplomatic Affairs (PDA) and the Fifth World Community (5WC).
On 6 August 2013, the UMMOA Foreign Ministry granted de facto recognition to the States of Brazil, India, and Costa Rica.
On 22 September 2013, the Government of Southern Cameroons recognises the UMMOA's Aphrodite Island claim.
On 28 September 2013, the first UMMOA census is started.
On 26 October 2013, the UMMOA does the first national worth (and national pro capita worth) calculation.
On 4 November 2013, the first UMMOA audio advert goes live.
On 13 November 2013, the Cesidian Root Language Monitor is born.
On 16 November 2013, the UMMOA becomes an official body of the Foundation for Endangered Languages.
On 22 December 2013, the UMMOA Foreign Ministry grants de facto recognition to Guatemala.
On 27 December 2013, the UMMOA Collective Membership Mark [UMMOA™] application was filed by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in order to indicate membership in a foreign nation, was assigned serial number '86153190'.
On 7 January 2014, the UMMOA Foreign Ministry recognised the following countries or autonomous regions because they have enacted anti-GMO laws, or have otherwise acted as Moral Agents on important issues: Egypt, Ireland, and Madeira.
On 1 February 2014, the UMMOA extended its national missions to practical language preservation.
On 5 March 2014, a shift at Intermicronational World (IW) occurred, which first caused the publishing of daily, not "casually, when available" news, and later the publishing of news in other languages as well.
On 23 May 2014, Tallini discovers that Cesidian political science is gaining unexpected academic respectability article.
On 8 June 2014, the UMMOA established the world's first dedicated Ministry of Antarctic Affairs website.
On 7 July 2014, the UMMOA sends material support to Donets Basin article.
On 30 July 2014, the UMMOA declares Green Island the 30th UMMOA insular possession article.
On 16 August 2014, the UMMOA recognises the Bitcoin (BTC) cryptocurrency article.
On 20 August 2014, the UMMOA ceases to recognise any passport or diplomatic passport article.
On 26 August 2014, the UMMOA Trademark became the UMMOA® Registered Trademark 4592162 article.
On 4 September 2014, Tallini discovers that the article he wrote on the afternoon of 26 August 2014, about the UMMOA® Registered Trademark 4592162, is rigorous proof that the UMMOA is a Third World nation article.
Multilingual toponyms (more official in bold)
US/British English: United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago (UMMOA)
Español: Archipiélago Multioceánico de las Micronaciones Unidas (UMMOA)
中文：大洋洲諸列島微國家聯盟（United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago, UMMOA）
UMMOA English: United Micronations Multioceanic Archipelago (UMMOA)
Deutsch: Union der Mikronationen Multi-Ozeanischer Archipel (UMMOA)
Français: Archipel Multi-Océanique des Micronations-Unies (AMOMU)
Русский: Мульти-Океанический Архипелаг Объединенных Микронаций (МОАОМ)
Italiano: Arcipelago Multioceanico delle Micronazioni Unite (AMOMU)
Napulitano: Arcipelago Multioceanico d"e Micronazzione Aunite (AMOMA)
Português: Arquipélago Multioceânico das Micronações Unidas (AMOMU)
Interlingua: Archipelago Multi-Oceanic del Micronationes Unite (AMOMU)
Latina: Archipelagus Multioceanicis Micronationum Unitarum (AMOMU)
العربية: أرخبيل الدول المجهرية الأوقيانية المتحدة ▪
See also
Global Earth Oceans
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Fifth World
Macronations
Micronations
Cyberterra
Cesidian law
Cesidian law jurisdiction
References
Archaeology
New discoveries in the Fort of São José — CEAM investigators continue archaeological work, 5WC.org, 20 October 2013
Early Native American city became experiment in multiculturalism (citation), Illinois State Archaeological Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 9 March 2014
Art & Poetry
Arte e poesia della vita, Artemisium News, 5 May 2010
Arte e poesia della vita (poster of sponsored cultural event), 7 May 2010
Awards
Saint René Descartes University's 2013 Nobel Peace Prize recommendation welcomed, StRDU, 15 April 2013
The UMMOA already associated with two international superprize candidates, CRt, 26 May 2013
Louis Pouzin awarded Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering, CRt, 26 June 2013
Dictionaries
UMMOA acronym meaning, All Acronyms, 12 March 2016
UMMOA acronym meaning, Acronym Finder, 12 March 2016
UMMOA acronym meaning, Abbreviations.com, 12 March 2016
AMOMU acronym meaning, All Acronyms, 12 March 2016
AMOMU acronym meaning, Acronym Finder, 12 March 2016
UGV acronym meaning, All Acronyms, 12 March 2016
UGV acronym meaning, Acronym Finder, 12 March 2016
UGV acronym meaning, Abbreviations.com, 12 March 2016
Diplomacy & Paradiplomacy
CNRS Membership Certificate for United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago, Commonwealth Nations Research Society, 7 February 2008
ISPSP Certificate of Incorporation for the UMMOA, ISPSP, 22 July 2008
Atlas of the Member Nations of the Commonwealth Nations Research Society, Commonwealth Nations Research Society, 3 September 2008
Incorporations to International Parliament for Safety and Peace, Parlamento Mondiale per la Sicurezza e la Pace, December 2010
Protocollo di reciprocità tra l'AMOMU e O.S.J. Malta, "Cavalieri di Malta", April 2010
Accordo bilaterale tra l'AMOMU e O.S.J. Malta, "Cavalieri di Malta", September 2010
Why Are Micronations Found, by Fatih Aşan, Academia.edu, 17 July 2011
Accordo di Reciprocità con AMOMU, Azzurro Italia, August 2011
The United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago (UMMOA), OEAS, 23 January 2012
Bishop Cesidio Tallini Appointed by Universal Life Church World Headquarters As the Universal Life Church International Ambassdor and United Nations Representative, SBWire, 3 July 2012
UMMOA, Nations without States, 12 January 2015
Economics
National Self Determination through Private Enterprise: The New Economic Plan for Emerging African States, by Dr. Jonathan Levy, PhD, Panafricanvisions.com, 18 January 2013
Environment
Great Pacific Garbage Patch Treaty, January 2011
Multi-Oceanic Garbage Patch Treaty, June 2011
Space Debris Treaty, June 2011
Indian Ocean Islands, Organization of Emerging African States, September 2011
Cyberterra Treaty, March 2012
Anti-Antarctic Treaty System, October 2012
The Question of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, by Kymberley Chu, Costeas-Geitonas School Model United Nations, July 2015
Foreign/International Relations
Summary of BIOT public consultation responses, Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO), BIOT Resettlement Policy Review consultation, 21 January 2016
General
New Countries With New Concepts, EscapeArtist.com Inc.
Self-Proclaimed States, The Microfreedom Index, May 2008
Micronations - Konstituierte Staaten in konstruierten Welten, by Irina Ulrike Andel (M.Phil. Thesis), Universität Wien, October 2010
Introduction to the United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago (UMMOA) and related things, Google Scholar, 2011
Evidence of the UMMOA's Existence, UMMOA, February 2011
La Libera Repubblica di Alcatraz nell'Arcipelago Multi-Oceanico delle Micronazioni Unite (AMOMU)!, Libera Repubblica di Alcatraz, 3 March 2011
Offshore Census: Citizens of the State of Sabotage,by Robert Jelinek, 15 April 2011
State of Emergence: The First NSK Citizens' Congress in Berlin, by Alexei Monroe, Plöttner Verlag, 31 October 2011
Indigenous Affairs
Ryamecah Declaration of Indigenous Independence, CreateSpace, 21 February 2013
Information Technology
DNS News, by Loïc Damilaville, Issue 133, May 2009
Report: WikiLeaks Could Be Operated in International Waters, by Damon Poeter, PCMag.com, 31 January 2012
WikiLeaks переедет в международные воды? (Will WikiLeaks move into international waters?), PCWeek.ua, 10 February 2012
The Cesidian Root: A bizarre peek at the world wide weird, by Sasha Bogursky, FoxNews.com, 29 February 2012
The Cesidian Root: A bizarre peek at the world wide weird, by Sasha Bogursky, FoxNews.com, 2 March 2012
Deepweb and Cybercrime, by Vincenzo Ciancaglini, Marco Balduzzi, Max Goncharov, and Robert McArdle, Trend Micro, 3 October 2013
Intermicronational
List of Physical Micronations, List of Micronations (LOM), April 2010
Forms of state recognition, State of Sabotage (SoS), 16 September 2010
Principality of Valldemosa, Principality of Valldemosa, 3 February 2012
The Republic of Columbusplein, by Jorge Mañes Rubio, SeeThisWay.com, 23 January 2014
Law
Сецидианское право, новая модель (Article about Cesidian law), by Татьяна Бонч-Осмоловская (Tatiana Bonch-Osmolovskaya), PostNonFiction.org, 25 October 2014
Linguistics
UMMOA English (en-ummoa), ugv.nz, 1 October 2014
News & Interviews
Micronation legally invades U.S. and annexes 11 islands/atolls, OpenPR, 7 May 2008
UMMOA achieves real international recognition, PRLog, 26 July 2008
Organization of Emerging Africa States
OEAS Endorses New Economic Policy for Africa, PRWeb, 5 December 2012
References
New Countries With New Concepts, EscapeArtist.com Inc.
They're Everywhere! - Find Your Local Secessionist Group Here, LewRockwell.com, 7 July 2009
Réunions secrètes entre militaires et ET en 2009, Le Pouvoir Mondial, 14 February 2010
Modern-Day US Secessionists: An Interactive Map, by Nick Baumann, Dave Gilson, & Tim Murphy, Mother Jones, November/December 2010
Offshore Census: Citizens of the State of Sabotage, by Robert Jelinek, Springer Vienna Architecture, 15 April 2011
Report: WikiLeaks Could Be Operated in International Waters, by Damon Poeter, PCMag.com, 31 January 2012
WikiLeaks переедет в международные воды? (Will WikiLeaks move into international waters?), PCWeek.ua, 10 February 2012
The Cesidian Root: A bizarre peek at the world wide weird, by Sasha Bogursky, FoxNews.com, 2 March 2012
Another Look at Project SERPO, Phantoms and Monsters, 14 March 2012
OEAS Endorses New Economic Policy for Africa, PRWeb, 5 December 2012
Deepweb and Cybercrime, by Vincenzo Ciancaglini, Marco Balduzzi, Max Goncharov, and Robert McArdle, Trend Micro, 3 October 2013
UMMOA, USPTO, 27 December 2013
The Republic of Columbusplein, by Jorge Mañes Rubio, SeeThisWay.com, 23 January 2014
UMMOA, Nations without States, 12 January 2015
Secession
Current North American Secessionist Groups. Middlebury Institute, August 2008
2008 Legitimate Grievances (US Citizens versus US Government) ELECTION 2008 – Lipstick on the Pig, by Robert David STEELE Vivas, Public Intelligence Blog, 5 October 2008
They're Everywhere! - Find Your Local Secessionist Group Here, LewRockwell.com, 7 July 2009
Modern-Day US Secessionists: An Interactive Map, by Nick Baumann, Dave Gilson, & Tim Murphy, Mother Jones, November/December 2010
Nation Issue 1, Nations without States (c/o PO Box 4217, Hornchurch, Essex RM12 4PJ, UK), Nation, May 2013
Let's Split! A Complete Guide to Separatist Movements and Aspirant Nations, from Abkhazia to Zanzibar, Christopher F Roth, Litwin Books, 1 March 2015
Election 2008: Lipstick on the Pig, by Robert David Steele (Author), Bernie Sanders (Preface), Tom Atlee (Preface), Thom Hartmann (Preface), Sterling Seagraves (Preface), CreateSpace, 13 April 2015
Self-Determination For All — Freedom For UMMOA!, National Liberal Party, 7 August 2015
Atlante dei Paesi che non esistono. Alla scoperta di 50 nazioni che non hanno confini, by Nick Middleton (Author), & A. Arduini (Translator), Rizzoli, 22 October 2015
An Atlas of Countries That Don't Exist: A Compendium of Fifty Unrecognized and Largely Unnoticed States, by Nick Middleton, Macmillan, 5 November 2015
Längtansfulla länder som icke är, by Torbjörn Elensky, Svenska Dagbladet, 8 January 2016
25 Paesi che non esistono, by Paolo Armelli, Wired.it, 28 January 2016
Atlas der Länder, die es nicht gibt: Ein Kompendium über fünfzig nicht anerkannte und weithin unbekannte Staaten, by Nick Middleton (Author), & Edith Beleites (Translator), Bastei Lübbe (Quadriga), 11 March 2016
地圖上不存在的國家 (An Atlas of Countries That Don't Exist: A Compendium of Fifty Unrecognized and Largely Unnoticed States), by Nick Middleton (Author), & 鄭煥昇 (Translator), 行人 (Publisher), 25 March 2016
Atlas des pays qui n'existent pas : Cinquante Etats improbables, non reconnus et largement méconnus, by Nick Middleton (Author), & Christine Mignot (Translator), Flammarion (Publisher), 12 October 2016
Atlas De Países Que No Existen, by Nick Middleton (Author), & Josep Escarré Reig (Translator), Geoplaneta (Publisher), 10 November 2016
Beyond the Map: Unruly Enclaves, Ghostly Places, Emerging Lands and Our Search for New Utopias, Alastair Bonnett, Aurum Press, 6 July 2017
圖外之地：39個從地圖上逃逸的地理異數，一場新烏托邦的世界探尋, 阿拉史泰爾．邦尼特(Alastair Bonnett), 臉譜, 29 May 2018
UMMOA Sponsors, UMMOA.com, 16 August 2013
Intermicronational World (IW) becomes media sponsor, Intermicronational World, 28 April 2014
Cesidian Church (CCh) becomes a sponsor, Cesidian Church, 13 May 2014
Sports
Alternative Football News, Condeferation of European New Federations (CENF), Issue #4, 1 September 2008
I Giochi SIGNOR: Sport Integrati e Giochi delle Nazioni, Organizzazioni e Religioni, CreateSpace, 28 May 2012
Non-FIFA Flash, NFB, 13 December 2013
List of non-national representative teams in men's football, World Public Library, 14 March 2016
Technology
UMMOA Technology, UMMOA Technology, 21 February 2014
WHOIS Running the Internet: Protocol, Policy, and Privacy, by Garth O. Bruen, Wiley, 2 November 2015
Trademarks
UMMOA, Trademarks411, 27 December 2013
UMMOA, tmQuest, 27 December 2013
UMMOA, Trademarkia, 27 December 2013
UMMOA, Justia Trademarks, 27 December 2013
UMMOA, Markify, 27 December 2013
UMMOA, Bizapedia, 27 December 2013
UMMOA, USPTO, 27 December 2013
UFOs & ETs
Réunions secrètes entre militaires et ET en 2009, Le Pouvoir Mondial, 14 February 2010
Another Look at Project SERPO, Phantoms and Monsters, 14 March 2012
Vexillology
United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago (UMMOA), Flags of the World, 10 April 2014
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Demonyms: The Names of Nationalities
|
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Matt Rosenberg",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2016-09-17T11:59:45-04:00
|
If you've ever wondered what to call a person from a particular country, you're in the right place. Here are the demonyms for several nationalities.
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en
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/favicon.ico
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ThoughtCo
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-names-of-nationalities-4088817
|
Have you ever wondered what to call someone from a different country? Most people have at one point or another. The truth is, many nationality labels are formed by simply combining the full or partial name of a country with the suffix -an, -ean, -ian, or -ese. These labels are called demonyms.
What Is a Demonym?
The term demonym refers to the name used to describe natives or residents of a particular place. Interestingly, the first known usage of this title to label the inhabitant of a given nation was only in 1990. Before then, the word was used to denote an author's pen name. For example, Samuel Clemens' demonym was Mark Twain.
The Greek prefix dem-, meaning "the people", is attached to terms commonly used to talk about large populations, including demographic and democracy. The form or suffix -onym is found in many words having to do with naming. Therefore, the word essentially translates to "naming the people".
Ethnonym Vs. Demonym
Demonyms and ethnonyms are not to be confused with each other. Ethnonym refers to people of a particular ethnic group and demonym refers to inhabitants of a particular location—these are not one and the same. Often, which term to use for a person is a matter of preference and circumstance.
Ethnicity and nationality sometimes clash. For example, when regions with several strong ethnic identities join under one nation's umbrella, ethnonyms are often preferred over demonyms as individuals might feel that they associate more with their ethnicity than their region.
Residents of Northern Iraq that are of Kurdish heritage and desire Kurdistan independence, for instance, would probably rather be called Kurds than Iraqis. Likewise, people of Irish and Scottish descent living in the U.K. might ask to be called Irish persons and Scots rather than Britons.
Demonyms of Every Country
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― Seychelles Maltese Rescue ― ADOPTIONS ― RescueMe.Org
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http://images.rescueme.org/pn/maltese-fb.png
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"Click here to view Maltese Dogs in Seychelles for adoption. Individuals & rescue groups can post animals free." ― ♥ RESCUE ME! ♥ ۬
|
https://www.rescueme.org/favicon-rescueme.ico
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http://maltese.rescueme.org/sc
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Maltese are unusually prone to playing in puddles. Maltese are believed to have been brought home from the Crusades by returning English knights. Maltese are named for the island of Malta. Maltese were popular with women in the middle ages, and would often be carried in their sleeves, earning them the nickname the Roman Ladies Dog. Marie Antoinette was one of many royals and famous people to have owned Maltese. Related pages:
Maltese Rescue
Seychelles Animal Rescue
Seychelles is Iocated in Sub-Saharan Africa and spans across approximateIy 170 square miIes. Most peopIe in Seychelles speak Seselwa Creole. The population of Seychelles is about 81,000. The capital of Seychelles is Victoria. Threatened species known from Seychelles include the Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat.
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dbpedia
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https://swap.stanford.edu/was/20150108064326mp_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara
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en
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Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the partially recognised state, see Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
Coordinates:
Western Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; Amazigh: Tanẓṛuft Tutrimt; Spanish: Sahara Occidental) is a largely Moroccan-controlled territory in North Africa, bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria to the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Its surface area amounts to 266,000 square kilometres (103,000 sq mi). It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. The largest city is Laâyoune, which is home to over half of the population of the territory, in total estimated at just more than 500,000.[1]
Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since the 1960s when it was a Spanish colony.[2] The Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front independence movement, with its Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) government, dispute control of the territory.
Since a United Nations-sponsored ceasefire agreement in 1991, most of the territory has been controlled by Morocco, backed by France[citation needed], and the remainder by the Polisario/SADR, backed by Algeria.[3] Internationally, major powers such as the United States have taken a generally ambiguous and neutral position on each side's claims, and have pressed both parties to agree on a peaceful resolution. Both Morocco and Polisario have sought to boost their claims by accumulating formal recognition, essentially from African, Asian, and Latin American states in the developing world. Polisario has won formal recognition for SADR from 81 states, and was extended membership in the African Union, while Morocco has won recognition for its position from the Arab League.[4][5] In both instances, recognitions have over the past two decades been extended and withdrawn according to changing international trends.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Spanish province
1.3 Demands for independence
1.4 Stalling of the referendum and Settlement Plan
1.5 Baker Plan
1.6 Today
2 Politics
2.1 Human rights
3 Regions
4 Dispute
5 Geography
6 Economy
6.1 Exploitation debate
7 Demographics
7.1 The Spanish census and MINURSO
8 Culture
9 See also
10 Notes and references
11 External links
[edit] History
Main article: History of Western Sahara
[edit] Early history
The earliest recorded inhabitants of the Western Sahara were agriculturalists called the Bafour.[6] The Bafour were later replaced or absorbed by Berber-speaking populations which eventually merged in turn with migrating Arab tribes, although it is clear from the historical record that the Arabic-speaking majority in the Western Sahara descend from Berber tribes that adopted Arabic over time. There may also have been some Phoenician contacts in antiquity, but such contacts left few if any long-term traces.
The arrival of Islam in the 8th century played a major role in the development of relationships between the Saharan regions that later became the modern territories of Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Algeria, and neighbouring regions. Trade developed further, and the region became a highway for caravans, especially between Marrakech and Tombouctou in Mali. In the Middle Ages, the Almohads and Almoravids movements and dynasties both were able to control the area.
Towards the late Middle Ages, the Beni Hassan Arab bedouin tribes invaded the Maghreb, reaching the northern border-area of the Sahara in the 14th and 15th centuries. Over roughly five centuries, through a complex process of acculturation and mixing seen elsewhere in the Maghreb and North Africa, the indigenous Berber tribes adopted Hassaniya Arabic and a mixed Arab-Berber nomadic culture.
[edit] Spanish province
After an agreement among the European colonial powers at the Berlin Conference in 1884 on the division of spheres of influence in Africa, Spain seized control of the Western Sahara and established it as a Spanish protectorate after a series of wars against the local tribes reminiscent of similar European colonial adventures of the period, in the Maghreb, sub-Saharan Africa, and elsewhere. After 1939 this area was administered by Spanish Morocco. As a consequence, Ahmed Belbachir Haskouri, the Chief of Cabinet, General Secretary of the Government and Head of the palace for the caliph of Spanish Morocco cooperated with the Spaniards to select governors in that area. The Saharan Lords who were already in prominent positions such as the members of Maa El Ainain family provided a list recommending new governors. Together with the Spanish High Commissioner, Belbachir selected from the list of recommendations. During the prophet's birthday celebration these Lords paid their due respect to the caliph to show loyalty to the Moroccan monarchy. As time went by, Spanish colonial rule began to unravel with the general wave of decolonization after World War II, which saw Europeans lose control of North African and sub-Saharan African possessions and protectorates. Spanish decolonization in particular began rather late, but internal political and social pressures for it in mainland Spain built up towards the end of Francisco Franco's rule, in the context of the global trend towards complete decolonization. Spain began rapidly and even chaotically divesting itself of most of its remaining colonial possessions. After initially being violently opposed to decolonization, Spain began to give in and by 1974–75 issued promises of a referendum on independence. The nascent Polisario Front, a nationalist organization that had begun fighting the Spanish in 1973, had been demanding such a move.
At the same time, Morocco and Mauritania, which had historical claims of sovereignty over the territory based on competing traditional claims, argued that the territory was artificially separated from their territories by the European colonial powers. The third neighbour of Spanish Sahara, Algeria, viewed these demands with suspicion, influenced also by its long-running rivalry with Morocco. After arguing for a process of decolonization guided by the United Nations, the Algerian government under Houari Boumédiènne committed itself in 1975 to assisting the Polisario Front, which opposed both Moroccan and Mauritanian claims and demanded full independence.
The UN attempted to settle these disputes through a visiting mission in late 1975, as well as a verdict from the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which declared that Western Sahara possessed the right of self-determination. On November 6, 1975 the Green March into Western Sahara began when 350,000 unarmed Moroccans converged on the city of Tarfaya in southern Morocco and waited for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross into Western Sahara.
[edit] Demands for independence
In the waning days of General Franco's rule, the Spanish government secretly signed a tripartite agreement with Morocco and Mauritania as it moved to abandon the Territory on 14 November 1975, mere days before Franco's death. Although the accords foresaw a tripartite administration, Morocco and Mauritania each moved to annex the territory, with Morocco taking control of the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara as its Southern Provinces and Mauritania taking control of the southern third as Tiris al-Gharbiyya. Spain terminated its presence in Spanish Sahara within three months, even repatriating Spanish corpses from its cemeteries. The Moroccan and Mauritanian moves, however, met staunch opposition from the Polisario, which had by now gained backing from Algeria. In 1979, following Mauritania's withdrawal due to pressure from Polisario, including a bombardment of its capital and other economic targets by the Polisario, Morocco extended its control to the rest of the territory, and gradually contained the guerrillas through setting up the extensive sand-berm in the desert to exclude guerilla fighters. Hostilities ceased in a 1991 cease-fire, overseen by the peacekeeping mission MINURSO, under the terms of a UN Settlement Plan.
[edit] Stalling of the referendum and Settlement Plan
The referendum, originally scheduled for 1992, foresaw giving the local population the option between independence or affirming integration with Morocco, but it quickly stalled. In 1997, the Houston Agreement attempted to revive the proposal for a referendum, but likewise has hitherto not had success. As of 2007 , however, negotiations over terms have not resulted in any substantive action. At the heart of the dispute lies the question of who qualifies to be registered to participate in the referendum, and, since about 2000, Morocco's renewed refusal to accept independence as an option on the referendum ballot combined with Polisario's insistence that independence be a clear option in the referendum.
Both sides blame each other for the stalling of the referendum. The Polisario has insisted on only allowing those found on the 1974 Spanish Census lists (see below) to vote, while Morocco has insisted that the census was flawed by evasion and sought the inclusion of members of Sahrawi tribes with recent historical presence in the Spanish Sahara.
Efforts by the UN special envoys to find a common ground for both parties did not succeed. By 1999 the UN had identified about 85,000 voters, with nearly half of them in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara or Southern Morocco, and the others scattered between the Tindouf refugee camps, Mauritania and other places of exile. Polisario accepted this voter list, as it had done with the previous list presented by the UN (both of them originally based on the Spanish census of 1974), but Morocco refused and, as rejected voter candidates began a mass-appeals procedure, insisted that each application be scrutinized individually. This again brought the process to a halt.
According to a NATO delegation, MINURSO election observers stated in 1999, as the deadlock continued, that "if the number of voters does not rise significantly the odds were slightly on the RASD side".[7] By 2001, the process had effectively stalemated and the UN Secretary-General asked the parties for the first time to explore other, third-way solutions. Indeed, shortly after the Houston Agreement (1997), Morocco officially declared that it was "no longer necessary" to include an option of independence on the ballot, offering instead autonomy. Erik Jensen, who played an administrative role in MINURSO, wrote that neither side would agree to a voter registration in which they were destined to lose (see Western Sahara: Anatomy of a Stalemate).
[edit] Baker Plan
As personal envoy of the Secretary-General, James Baker (who also had John R. Bolton in his delegation) visited all sides and produced the document known as the "Baker Plan".[8] This was discussed by the United Nations Security Council in 2000, and envisioned an autonomous Western Sahara Authority (WSA), which would be followed after five years by the referendum. Every person present in the territory would be allowed to vote, regardless of birthplace and with no regard to the Spanish census. It was rejected by both sides, although it was initially derived from a Moroccan proposal. According to Baker's draft, tens of thousands of post-annexation immigrants from Morocco proper (viewed by Polisario as settlers, but by Morocco as legitimate inhabitants of the area) would be granted the vote in the Sahrawi independence referendum, and the ballot would be split three-ways by the inclusion of an unspecified "autonomy", further undermining the independence camp. Also, Morocco was allowed to keep its army in the area and to retain the control over all security issues during both the autonomy years and the election. In 2002, the Moroccan king stated that the referendum idea was "out of date" since it "can not be implemented";[9] Polisario retorted that that was only because of the King's refusal to allow it to take place.
In 2003, a new version of the plan was made official, with some additions spelling out the powers of the WSA, making it less reliant on Moroccan devolution. It also provided further detail on the referendum process in order to make it harder to stall or subvert. This second draft, commonly known as Baker II, was accepted by the Polisario as a "basis of negotiations" to the surprise of many.[10] This appeared to abandon Polisario's previous position of only negotiating based on the standards of voter identification from 1991 (i.e. the Spanish census). After that, the draft quickly garnered widespread international support, culminating in the UN Security Council's unanimous endorsement of the plan in the summer of 2003.
[edit] Today
Currently, the Baker II document appears to be a dead letter, and Baker resigned his post at the United Nations in 2004.[citation needed] His resignation followed several months of failed attempts to get Morocco to enter into formal negotiations on the plan, but he met with rejection. The new king, Mohammed VI of Morocco, opposes any referendum on independence, and has said Morocco will never agree to one: "We shall not give up one inch of our beloved Sahara, not a grain of its sand".[11]
Instead, he proposes, through an appointed advisory body Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS), a self-governing Western Sahara as an autonomous community within Morocco. His father, Hassan II of Morocco, initially supported the referendum idea in principle in 1982, and in signed contracts with Polisario and the UN in 1991 and 1997; thus engaging to a referendum. However, no major powers have expressed interest in forcing the issue, and Morocco has historically showed little real interest in an actual referendum.
The UN has put forth no replacement strategy after the breakdown of Baker II, and renewed fighting has been raised as a possibility. In 2005, former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan reported increased military activity on both sides of the front and breaches of several cease-fire provisions against strengthening military fortifications.
Morocco has repeatedly tried to get Algeria into bilateral negotiations, based on its view of Polisario as the cat's paw of the Algerian military. It has received vocal support from France and occasionally (and currently) from the United States. These negotiations would define the exact limits of a Western Sahara autonomy under Moroccan rule, but only after Morocco's "inalienable right" to the territory was recognized as a precondition to the talks. The Algerian government has consistently refused, claiming it has neither the will nor the right to negotiate on the behalf of the Polisario Front.
Demonstrations and riots by supporters of independence and/or a referendum broke out in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara in May 2005, and in parts of southern Morocco (notably the town of Assa). They were met by police. Several international human rights organizations expressed concern at what they termed abuse by Moroccan security forces, and a number of Sahrawi activists have been jailed. Pro-independence Sahrawi sources, including the Polisario, have given these demonstrations the name "Independence Intifada", while most sources have tended to see the events as being of limited importance. International press and other media coverage has been sparse, and reporting is complicated by the Moroccan government's policy of strictly controlling independent media coverage within the territory.
Demonstrations and protests still occur, after Morocco declared in February 2006 that it was contemplating a plan for devolving a limited variant of autonomy to the territory, but still explicitly refused any referendum on independence. As of January 2007, the plan has not been made public, even if the Moroccan government claims that it has been more or less completed.[12][13]
Polisario has intermittently threatened to resume fighting, referring to the Moroccan refusal of a referendum as a breach of the cease-fire terms, but most observers seem to consider armed conflict unlikely without the green light from Algeria, which houses the Sahrawis' refugee camps and has been the main military sponsor of the movement.
In April 2007, the government of Morocco suggested that a self-governing entity, through the Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS), should govern the territory with some degree of autonomy for Western Sahara. The project was presented to the UN Security Council in mid-April 2007. The stalemating of the Moroccan proposal options has led the UN in the recent "Report of the UN Secretary-General" to ask the parties to enter into direct and unconditional negotiations to reach a mutually accepted political solution.[14]
[edit] Politics
The legal status of the territory and the question of its sovereignty remains unresolved; the territory is contested between Morocco and Polisario Front. It is considered a non self-governed territory by the United Nations.
The government of Morocco is a formally constitutional monarchy under Mohammed VI with a bicameral parliament. The last elections to the lower house were deemed reasonably free and fair by international observers. Certain powers such as the capacity to appoint the government and to dissolve parliament remain in the hands of the monarch. The Morocco-controlled parts of Western Sahara are divided into several provinces treated as integral parts of the kingdom. The Moroccan government heavily subsidizes the Saharan provinces under its control with cut-rate fuel and related subsidies, to appease nationalist dissent and attract immigrants – or settlers – from loyalist Sahrawi and other communities in Morocco proper.[15]
The exiled government of the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is a form of single-party parliamentary and presidential system, but according to its constitution, this will be changed into a multi-party system at the achievement of independence. It is presently based at the Tindouf refugee camps in Algeria, which it controls. It also claims to control the part of Western Sahara to the east of the Moroccan Wall, known as the Free Zone. This area has a very small population, estimated to be approximately 30,000 nomads.[16] The Moroccan government views it as a no-man's land patrolled by UN troops. The SADR government whose troops also patrol the area regard it as the liberated territories and have proclaimed a village in the area, Bir Lehlou as SADR's provisional capital.
[edit] Human rights
The Western Sahara conflict has resulted in severe human rights abuses, most notably the displacement of tens of thousands of Sahrawi civilians from the country, the expulsion of tens of thousands of Moroccan civilians by the Algerian government from Algeria,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and numerous casualties of war and repression.
During the war years (1975–91), both sides accused each other of targeting civilians. Moroccan claims of Polisario terrorism has generally little to no support abroad, with the USA, EU and UN all refusing to include the group on their lists of terrorist organizations. Polisario leaders maintain that they are ideologically opposed to terrorism, and insist that collective punishment and forced disappearances among Sahrawi civilians [2] should be considered state terrorism on the part of Morocco [3]. Both Morocco and the Polisario additionally accuse each other of violating the human rights of the populations under their control, in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara and the Tindouf refugee camps in Algeria, respectively. Morocco and organizations such as France Libertés consider Algeria to be directly responsible for any crimes committed on its territory, and accuse the country of having been directly involved in such violations.[25]
Morocco has been repeatedly criticized for its actions in Western Sahara by international human rights organizations such as Amnesty International[26],[27][28] Human Rights Watch[29][30] and the World Organization Against Torture[31],[32][33] Freedom House,[34] Reporters Without Borders,[35] the International Committee of the Red Cross and the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights[36]
Polisario has received criticism from the French organization France Libertes on its treatment of Moroccan prisoners-of-war,[37] and on its general behaviour in the Tindouf refugee camps in reports by the Belgian organization ESISC, or European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center.[38][39][40] A number of former Polisario officials who have defected to Morocco accuse the organisation of abuse of human rights and sequestration of the population in Tindouf.[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]
[edit] Regions
Three Moroccan regions overlap the territory of Western Sahara:
Guelmim-Es Semara – also includes Moroccan territory outside of Western Sahara
Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra
Oued Ed-Dahab-Lagouira
Morocco controls territory to the west of the berm (border wall) while the Polisario Front controls territory to the east (see map on right).
[edit] Dispute
The Western Sahara was partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the northern two-thirds of the territory.[49] When Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979, Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control over the whole territory.[49] The official Moroccan government name for Western Sahara is the "Southern Provinces," which indicates Río de Oro and Saguia el-Hamra.
Not under control of the Moroccan government is the area that lies between the border wall and the actual border with Algeria. (for map [4] see external links) The Polisario Front claims to run this as the Free Zone on behalf of the SADR. The area is patrolled by Polisario forces,[50] and access is restricted, even among Sahrawis, due to the harsh climate of the Sahara, the military conflict and the abundance of land mines.[51] Still, the area is traveled and inhabited by many Sahrawi nomads from the Tindouf refugee camps of Algeria and the Sahrawi communities in Mauritania.[citation needed] United Nations MINURSO forces are also present in the area. The UN forces oversee the cease-fire between Polisario and Morocco agreed upon in the 1991 Settlement Plan.[52]
The Polisario forces (of the Sahrawi People's Liberation Army, SPLA) in the area are divided into seven "military regions", each controlled by a top commander reporting to the President of the Polisario proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.[53][not in citation given] The total size of the Polisario's guerrilla army present in this area is unknown, but it is believed to number a few thousand men, despite many combantants being demobilized due to the cease-fire.[54] These forces are dug into permanent positions, such as gun emplacements, defensive trenches and underground military bases, as well as conducting mobile patrols of the territory.[55][not in citation given]
Major Sahrawi political events, such as Polisario congresses and sessions of the Sahrawi National Council (the SADR parliament in exile) are held in the Free Zone (especially in Tifariti and Bir Lehlou), since it is considered politically and symbolically important to conduct political affairs on Sahrawi territory. In 2005, MINURSO lodged a complaint to the Security Council of the United Nations for "military maneuvers with real fire which extends to restricted areas" by Morocco [56]. A concentration of forces for the commemoration of the Saharawi Republic’s 30th anniversary[57] were however subject to condemnation by the United Nations,[58] as it was considered an example of a cease-fire violation to bring such a large force concentration into the area. In late 2009, Morocco do military maneuvers on Umm Dreiga, in the exclusion zone, violating the cease-fire. Both parties have been accused of such violations by the UN, but to date there has been no serious hostile action from either side since 1991.
Annual demonstrations against the Moroccan Wall are staged in the region by Sahrawis and international activists from Spain, Italy and other mainly European countries. These actions are closely monitored by the UN.[59][not in citation given]
During the joint Moroccan-Mauritanian control of the area, the Mauritanian-controlled part, roughly corresponding to Saquia el-Hamra, was known as Tiris al-Gharbiyya.
[edit] Geography
Main article: Geography of Western Sahara
Western Sahara is located in Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Mauritania and Morocco. It also borders Algeria to the northeast. The land is some of the most arid and inhospitable on the planet, but is rich in phosphates in Bou Craa.
[edit] Economy
Aside from its rich phosphate deposits and fishing waters, Western Sahara has few natural resources and lacks sufficient rainfall for most agricultural activities. There is speculation that there may be rich off-shore oil and natural gas fields, but the debate persists as to whether these resources can be profitably exploited, and if this would be legally permitted due to the non-decolonized status of Western Sahara (see below).
Western Sahara's economy is centred around nomadic herding, fishing, and phosphate mining. Most food for the urban population is imported. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan government. The government has encouraged citizens to relocate to the territory by giving subsidies and price controls on basic goods. These heavy subsidies have created a state-dominated economy in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara, with the Moroccan government as the single biggest employer.
[edit] Exploitation debate
After reasonably exploitable oil fields were located in neighbouring Mauritania, speculation intensified on the possibility of major oil resources being located off the coast of Western Sahara. Despite the fact that findings remain inconclusive, both Morocco and the Polisario have made deals with oil and gas exploration companies. US and French companies (notably Total and Kerr-McGee) began prospecting on behalf of Morocco.
In 2002, Hans Corell, Under-Secretary General of the United Nations and head of its Office of Legal Affairs issued a legal opinion on the matter.[60] This opinion stated that while exploration of the area was permitted, exploitation was not, on the basis that Morocco is not a recognized administrative power of the territory, and thus lacks the capacity to issue such licenses. After pressures from corporate ethics-groups, Total S.A. pulled out.
In May 2006 the remaining company Kerr-McGee also left following sales of numerous share holders like the National Norwegian Oil Fund, due to continued pressure from NGOs and corporate groups.
Despite the UN report and the development regarding the exploration of oil, the European Union wants to exploit fishing resources in waters outside Western Sahara and has signed a fishing treaty with Morocco.
In a previously confidential legal opinion (published in 23 February 2010, although it was forwarded in July 2009), the European Parliament’s Legal Service has declared fishing by European vessels in Western Sahara’s waters to be in violation of international law [5].
[edit] Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Western Sahara
The indigenous population of Western Sahara is known as Sahrawis. These are Hassaniya-speaking tribes of mixed Arab–Berber heritage, effectively continuations of the tribal groupings of Hassaniya speaking Moorish tribes extending south into Mauritania and north into Morocco as well as east into Algeria. The Sahrawis are traditionally nomadic bedouins, and can be found in all surrounding countries. War and conflict has led to major displacements of the population.
As of July 2004, an estimated 267,405 people (excluding the Moroccan army of some 160,000) lived in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara. Many Moroccans have settled the area, and the settler population is today thought to outnumber the indigenous Western Sahara Sahrawis. The precise size and composition of the population is subject to political controversy.
The Polisario-controlled parts of Western Sahara are barren. This area has a very small population, estimated to be approximately 30,000.[61] The population is primarily made up of nomads who engage in herding camels back and forth between the Tindouf area and Mauritania. However, the presence of mines scattered throughout the territory by both the Polisario and the Moroccan army makes it a dangerous way of life.
[edit] The Spanish census and MINURSO
A 1974 Spanish census claimed there were some 74,000 Sahrawis in the area at the time (in addition to approximately 20,000 Spanish residents), but this number is likely to be on the low side, due to the difficulty in counting a nomad people, even if Sahrawis were by the mid-1970s mostly urbanized. Despite these possible inaccuracies, Morocco and the Polisario Front agreed on using the Spanish census as the basis for voter registration when striking a cease-fire agreement in the late 1980s, contingent on the holding of a referendum on independence or integration into Morocco.
In December 1999 the United Nations' MINURSO mission announced that it had identified 86,425 eligible voters for the referendum that was supposed to be held under the 1991 Settlement plan and the 1997 Houston accords. By "eligible voter" the UN referred to any Sahrawi over 18 years of age that was part of the Spanish census or could prove his/her descent from someone who was. These 86,425 Sahrawis were dispersed between Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara and the refugee camps in Algeria, with smaller numbers in Mauritania and other places of exile. These numbers cover only Sahrawis 'indigenous' to the Western Sahara during the Spanish colonial period, not the total number of "ethnic" Sahrawis (i.e., members of Sahrawi tribal groupings), who also extend into Mauritania, Morocco and Algeria. The number was highly politically significant due to the expected organization of a referendum on self-determination.
The Polisario has its home base in the Tindouf refugee camps in Algeria, and declares the number of Sahrawi population in the camps to be approximately 155,000. Morocco disputes this number, saying it is exaggerated for political reasons and for attracting more foreign aid. The UN uses a number of 90,000 "most vulnerable" refugees as basis for its food aid program.
[edit] Culture
Main article: Culture of Western Sahara
The major ethnic group of the Western Sahara are the Sahrawis, a nomadic or Bedouin tribal or ethnic group speaking the Hassānīya dialect of Arabic, also spoken in much of Mauritania. They are of mixed Arab-Berber descent, but claim descent from the Beni Hassan, a Yemeni tribe supposed to have migrated across the desert in the 11th century.
Physically indistinguishable from the Hassaniya speaking Moors of Mauritania, the Sahrawi people differ from their neighbors partly due to different tribal affiliations (as tribal confederations cut across present modern boundaries) and partly as a consequence of their exposure to Spanish colonial domination. Surrounding territories were generally under French colonial rule.
Like other neighboring Saharan Bedouin and Hassaniya groups, the Sahrawis are Muslims of the Sunni sect and the Maliki fiqh. Local religious custom ('urf) is, like other Saharan groups, heavily influenced by pre-Islamic Berber and African practices, and differs substantially from urban practices. For example, Sahrawi Islam has traditionally functioned without mosques in the normal sense of the word, in an adaptation to nomadic life.
The originally clan- and tribe-based society underwent a massive social upheaval in 1975, when a part of the population was forced into exile and settled in the refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria. Families were broken up by the fight. For developments among this population, see Sahrawi and Tindouf Province.
[edit] See also
Main article: Outline of Western Sahara
Communications in Western Sahara
List of cities in Western Sahara
List of Western Sahara-related topics
MINURSO
Music of Western Sahara
Sahraoui Scout Association
Transportation in Western Sahara
[edit] Notes and references
Cited references
General references
Tony Hodges (1983), Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War, Lawrence Hill Books (ISBN 0-88208-152-7)
Anthony G. Pazzanita and Tony Hodges (1994), Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, Scarecrow Press (ISBN 0-8108-2661-5)
Toby Shelley (2004), Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa's Last Colony?, Zed Books (ISBN 1-84277-341-0)
Erik Jensen (2005), Western Sahara: Anatomy of a Stalemate, International Peace Studies (ISBN 1-58826-305-3)
[edit]
General information
Country Profile from BBC News
CIA World Factbook Western Sahara
Western Sahara entry at The World Factbook
Western Sahara at the Open Directory Project
Wikimedia Atlas of Western Sahara
Western Sahara travel guide from Wikitravel
United Nations
The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)
MINURSO Deployment map as of February 2009]
Reports of the UN Secretary General
Human Rights
Amnesty International Human rights in Morocco and Western-Sahara
Human Rights Watch Human rights in Morocco and Western-Sahara
The Sahrawi Association of Victims of Grave Human Rights Violations Committed by the Moroccan State(ASVDH)
Other
News headline links from AllAfrica.com
Western Sahara Project archaeology and past environmental change in Western Sahara
The largest prison in the world: landmines, walls, UXOs and the UN's role in the Western Sahara. Pablo San Martín & Joanna C. Allan. GEES, 2007.
Western Sahara, Landmine Monitor Report 2008
Jacob Mundy - "Seized of the Matter". The UN and the Western Sahara Dispute.PDF On the Baker Plan debate
Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental, a multilingual resource
Western Sahara Online (pro-Morocco)
Western Sahara - A Forgotten Country!PDF (99.8 KiB)
Sahara Update News
Western Sahara Resource Watch
Sahara Occidental News in English, French, Spanish and German
French:
Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental (ARSO)
Association Sahraouie Des Victimes des Violations Graves des Droits de l’Homme Commises par l’Etat du Maroc (ASVDH)
Spanish:
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https://www.valeriodistefano.com/en/wp/s/Seychelles.htm
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A Wikipedia for Schools article about Seychelles. Content checked by SOS Children's Villages
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http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/s/Seychelles.htm
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Seychelles ( / s eɪ ˈ ʃ ɛ l z / say-SHELZ; French: [sɛʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is a 115- island country spanning an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, some 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles, with an estimated population of 86,525, has the smallest population of any African state. It has the highest Human Development Index in Africa and the highest income inequality in the world, as measured by the Gini index.
History
Scholars assume that Austronesian seafarers and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles. Remains of Maldivian mariner presence from the 12th century were found in Silhouette Island. The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral).
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV's Minister of Finance.
The British contested control over the islands between 1794 and 1810. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections were held in 1966 and 1970. Independence was granted in 1976 as a republic within the Commonwealth. In 1977, a coup d'état ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham, who was replaced by France Albert René. The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991. The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.
In January 2013, the country declared a state of emergency; the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundred of houses.
Politics
The Seychelles president, who is head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The previous president, France Albert René, first came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president in 1977 and installed him as president, one year after independence. He was re-elected thereafter during each election cycle. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006. Michel was reelected in 2011 in an election declared to be free and fair by over 100 international observers representing southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Indian Ocean Commission, although the opposition parties claim that there was vote-buying.
The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
The main rival parties are the ruling socialist Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF). As of 2009 the SPPF became the People's Party (PP) or Parti Lepep (LP) and the liberal democrat Seychelles National Party (SNP). Politics has been an integral part of the lives of the Seychellois since its inception in the early sixties. The range of opinion spans socialist and liberal democratic ideology.
Seychelles is part of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), La Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Seychelles performed excellently on the 2010 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, ranking second out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries, with an overall score of 79 out of 100, second only to Mauritius, which received a score of 83. Particularly good were its scores in Safety and Security, Participation and Human Rights, and Human Development. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance, based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.
Subdivisions
Seychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions that comprise all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé with two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also includes respective satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands are not considered part of any district.
Mahé
Bel Air
La Rivière Anglaise (English River)
Les Mamelles
Mont Buxton
Mont Fleuri
Plaisance
Roche Caiman
Saint Louis
Victoria
Anse aux Pins
Anse Boileau
Anse Etoile
Au Cap
Anse Royale
Baie Lazare
Beau Vallon
Bel Ombre
Cascade
Glacis
Grand'Anse Mahé
Pointe La Rue
Port Glaud
Takamaka
Praslin
Baie Sainte Anne (Anse Volbert)
Grand'Anse Praslin (Grande Anse)
La Digue and remaining Inner Islands
La Digue (Anse Réunion)
Education
Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles; the Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys' and girls' secondary schools with religious Brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944. A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age five. Ninety percent of all children attend nursery school at age four.
The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 85% in 1991.
Currently the public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. The schools are on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. There are three private schools: École Française, International School and the Independent school. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, National Institute of Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Centre, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Centre and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.
The current administration has advanced plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred. University of Seychelles, initiated in conjunction with the University of London, is launching education programmes which will include teaching and lead to the award of the recognised qualifications from the University of London.
Geography
An island nation, Seychelles is located to the northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (994 mi) east of Kenya. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155. The islands as per the Constitution are divided into groups as follows.
There are 42 granitic islands, in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette Island, La Digue, Curieuse, Felicite, Frégate, Ste-Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Île aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Île Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé), Chauve Souris (Praslin), Île La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics: Denis and Bird.
There are two coral islands south of the granitics: Coëtivy and Platte.
There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitics: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnoeufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Etoile, Bijoutier.
There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable Déposés Île aux Goëlettes Lapins Île du Milieu North Manaha South Manaha Middle Manaha North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.
There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Emile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Heron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption Island, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goëlettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).
According to the president of Nauru, the Seychelles has been ranked the ninth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change.
Climate
The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small. The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation is somewhat less on the other islands. During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
Climate data for Victoria ( Seychelles International Airport) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6) 30.4
(86.7) 31.0
(87.8) 31.4
(88.5) 30.5
(86.9) 29.1
(84.4) 28.3
(82.9) 28.4
(83.1) 29.1
(84.4) 29.6
(85.3) 30.1
(86.2) 30.0
(86) 29.8
(85.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 27.3
(81.1) 27.8
(82) 28.0
(82.4) 27.7
(81.9) 26.6
(79.9) 25.8
(78.4) 25.9
(78.6) 26.4
(79.5) 26.7
(80.1) 26.8
(80.2) 26.7
(80.1) 26.9
(80.4) Average low °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4) 24.6
(76.3) 24.8
(76.6) 25.0
(77) 25.4
(77.7) 24.6
(76.3) 23.9
(75) 23.9
(75) 24.2
(75.6) 24.3
(75.7) 24.0
(75.2) 23.9
(75) 24.4
(75.9) Precipitation mm (inches) 379
(14.92) 262
(10.31) 167
(6.57) 177
(6.97) 124
(4.88) 63
(2.48) 80
(3.15) 97
(3.82) 121
(4.76) 206
(8.11) 215
(8.46) 281
(11.06) 2,172
(85.49) Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 17 11 11 14 11 10 10 10 11 12 14 18 149 % humidity 82 80 79 80 79 79 80 79 78 79 80 82 79.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 153.3 175.5 210.5 227.8 252.8 232.0 230.5 230.7 227.7 220.7 195.7 170.5 2,527.7 Source #1: World Meteorological Organization Source #2: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Economy
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla, and copra were the chief exports. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist Donald Prell prepared for the then crown colony Governor General, an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. In 1964–65 the Seychelles connection to the outside world consisted of (1) excellent telegraphic service, (2) weekly seaplane service from Mombasa, Kenya, and (3) a monthly visit of the 10,304 ton British India Line's passenger ship M.S. Kampala. Mahé, Seychelles was a stopover port on the ship's round trip voyage from Mombasa, to Bombay. The island's population of 47,000 was about half of what it grew to be in 2011. In 1964, the major sources of funds supporting the island's economy included: (1) Agricultural exports, Rs. 8,660,000, (2) Grants in aid and other funding from British government, Rs. 2,920,000, (3) Funding from the United States covering the operating cost of the Indian Ocean Tracking Station, (part of the US Air Force Satellite Control Network), Rs. 4,500,000, (4) Invisible exports (funds received from sources outside the Seychelles) including, pensions and allotments to retired British expatriates, bank transfers from abroad, and miscellaneous purchases,), Rs. 3,260,000, and (5) Tourism, Rs. 860,000. The total value of imports (including freight, insurance) and miscellaneous funds transferred abroad, totalled Rs. 16,500,000, resulting in a surplus to the economy of Rs. 3,700,000. The report recommended establishing a Seychelles Development Corporation. The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé, was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.
In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a serious industry, basically dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles.
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla. The prime agricultural products currently produced in the Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts, and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon, and vanilla are the main export commodities of the islands.
In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC. Despite its growth, the vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991–1992 due largely to the Gulf War. Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Seychelles International Business Authority (SIBA) and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others).
Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs, and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, insurance (has now been privatised), banking (is being privatised very soon), imports of basic products (now being privatised), telecommunications (four private ISP/telecom companies), and a wide range of other businesses.
The national currency of the Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies it was depegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.
Demographics
When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the Gran'bla ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on indentured servitude to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were confined to a merchant class. Today the descendents of the Indian, Chinese, and Gran'bla form distinct ethnic communities, although most people are of 'black' African origin, often mixed with 'white' European or Asian heritage.
As the islands of Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of people who have immigrated. The largest ethnic groups are those of African, French, Indian, and Chinese descent. French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is primarily based upon French.
According to the 2002 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 82.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.4% are Anglican, and 4.5% are of other Christian denominations. There are small minorities who practice Hinduism (2.1%) and Islam (1.1%). Other non-Christian faiths account for 1.5% of the population while a further 2.1% were non-religious or did not specify a religion. The median age of Seychellois is 32 years.
Culture
Seychellois society is essentially matriarchal. Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditures and looking after the interests of the children. Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children. Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral. Older women can usually count on financial support from family members living at home or contributions from the earnings of grown children.
The music of Seychelles is diverse. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation—such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau), European contredanse, polka and mazurka, French folk and pop, sega from Mauritius and Réunion, taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres, and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music. A complex form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga.
Traditionally, despite a greater connection with Great Britain (e.g., in education, which follows the International General Certificate of Education (IGCSE), and on many aspects of the law) many foreign observers have stated that "the culture remains emphatically French" and about 70% of the population have a family name of French origin, compared with only about 20% family names of English origin. The two are often mixed, such that inhabitants receive an English first name and a French family name or vice-versa (e.g., Jean-Pierre Kingsmith).
Flora and fauna
Environmental legislation is very strict, and every tourism project must undergo an environmental review and a lengthy process of consultations with the public and conservationists. The Seychelles is a world leader in sustainable tourism. The end result of this sustainable development is an intact and stable natural environment, which attracts financially strong visitors (150,000 in 2007) rather than short-term mass tourism. Since 1993 a law guarantees the citizens the right to a clean environment and at the same time obliges them to protect this environment. The country holds a record for the highest percentage of land under natural conservation—nearly 50% of the total land area.
Like many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity during early human history, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de Mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because of the shape of its fruit which, with the husk removed, presents a "double" coconut resembling buttocks, the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed pods. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant in a genus of its own (Medusagynaceae) has resisted all efforts to propagate it. Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia Rothmannia annae found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and 5 species of hermit crabs live on the islands.
The Aldabra Giant Tortoise now populates many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. It has been reported that the granitic islands of Seychelles supported distinct species of Seychelles giant tortoises; the status of the different populations is currently unclear.
There are several unique varieties of orchids on the islands.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world. In the outer islands Aldabra and Cosmoledo are home to the largest numbers. In granitic Seychelles the largest numbers are on Aride Island including the world's largest numbers of two species.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has unfortunately damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (e.g., Silhouette Island).
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d). In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).
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A demonym /ˈdɛmənɪm/, or gentilic, is a term for the residents of a locality. It is usually but not always derived from the name of a locality.[1] For example, the demonym for the people of Britain is British; the demonym for the people of Canada is Canadian; the demonym for the people of Norway...
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As Close to Reality, an Alternate History Wiki
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https://ahactr.fandom.com/wiki/Demonym
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A demonym //, or gentilic, is a term for the residents of a locality. It is usually but not always derived from the name of a locality.[1] For example, the demonym for the people of Britain is British; the demonym for the people of Canada is Canadian; the demonym for the people of Norway is Norwegian; the demonym for the people of Germany is German; the demonym for the people of Switzerland is Swiss; but the most common English language demonym for the people of the Netherlands is Dutch.
About the term demonym[]
The word demonym comes from the Greek word for "populace" (δῆμοςScript error: No such module "Category handler". demos) with the suffix for "name" (-onym).
National Geographic Magazine attributes this term to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a work from 1990.[2] It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals.[3] Dickson himself, however, in What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names (the first edition of Labels for Locals)[4] attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon (1988),[1] which is apparently where the term first appears. The term is foreshadowed in demonymic, which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which he belonged, with first usage traced to 1893.[5][6]
Some places, particularly smaller cities and towns, may not have an established word for their residents; toponymists have a particular challenge in researching these. In some countries, like Belgium and Luxembourg, there is strong tradition of "demonym-like nicknames", called blason populaire in French. In some cases, this blason populaire is frequently used as the name of the inhabitants.
Demonyms as roots[]
While many demonyms are derived from placenames, many countries are named for their inhabitants (Finland for the Finns, Germany for the Germans, Thailand for the Thai, Denmark for the Danes, France for the Franks, Slovakia for the Slovaks, and Slovenia for the Slovenes). Tribes and peoples generally have a longer continuous history than their countries; tribal names often imply a descent from a single ancestor, such as Rus, the legendary ancestor of the Kievan Rus, the precursor to modern Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. In Bantu languages the name of the land and the name of the inhabitants will have a common root distinguished by different prefixes (e.g. Buganda, land, and Baganda, inhabitants).
Adjectives as placenames[]
Some placenames originated as adjectives. In such cases the placename and the demonym are often the same word. This dual function is very common in French, where for example Lyonnais means either the region or an inhabitant of Lyon. Examples include:
Argentina: properly República Argentina (Argentine Republic) or Tierra Argentina (Land of Silver), from Latin argentum (silver). In English, the Spanish form Argentina is used for the country, the parallel English form Argentine as demonym and general adjective. The adjectival forms of Argentinean or Argentinian are used in the United Kingdom and the United States; however, the Oxford English Dictionary lists Argentine as the correct demonym.[5] (Argentinian is a demonym for the Argentine, an archaic name for Argentina, and hence a less direct derivation.)
Brazil: from pau brasil (pau: wood; brasil: ember-red color), the name of a native Brazilian tree highly regarded by the Portuguese explorers. The adjective brasil (Brazil in the old Portuguese spelling) came to be the official name for the whole country and lost its adjectival nature.
Philippines: from Philippine Islands (Spanish: Islas FilipinasScript error: No such module "Category handler".) or Isla ng Pilipinas, named after King Philip II of Spain. Here, Philippine is the general adjective, while the Spanish masculine noun Filipino is the demonym in English, with the plural Filipinos, as in Spanish. Filipina is often used to distinguish a female Filipino, but she or anyone may also apply the masculine as the general form.
Suffixation[]
The English language uses several models to create demonyms. The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location's name, slightly modified in some instances. These may be modeled after Late Latin, Semitic, Celtic or Germanic suffixes, such as:
-(a)n
continents:
Africa → African
Antarctica → Antarctican
Asia → Asian
Australia → Australian
Europe → European
America → American
countries:
states / provinces:
cities:
″German″ is not derived by suffixation of the term "Germ"; rather, it is the shortened form of Latin "Germani."
-ian
countries:
cities / states / provinces:
Western Australia → Western Australian, Westralian (informal)
-anian
countries:
Guam → Guamanian
states:
Tasmania →Tasmanian
-nian
Bendigo → Bendigonian
Oxford →Oxonian
Panama → Panamanian
Sligo → Sligonian
Tobago → Tobagonian
Toronto → Torontonian
-in(e)
Argentina → Argentine (also "Argentinian" or "Argentinean")
Byzantium → Byzantine
Florence → Florentine (also Latin "Florentia")
The Levant → Levantine
Montenegro → Montenegrin
Palatinate → Palatine
Philistia → Philistine
-ite
-(e)r
Often used for European locations and Canadian locations.
-(en)(in)o is adapted from a standard Spanish suffix -(eñ/n)o.
countries:
Andorra → andorrano
China → chino
El Salvador → salvadoreño (also "Salvadoran")
Philippines → Filipino
cities:
Los Angeles → Angeleno or Los Angeleno
Madrid → madrileño
Málaga → malagüeño
Manila → manileño
Zamboanga City → zamboangueño
-ish
"-ish" is usually only proper as an adjective. Thus many common "-ish" forms have irregular demonyms, e.g. Britain/British/Briton; Denmark/Danish/Dane; England/English/Englishman; Finland/Finnish/Finn; Flanders/Flemish/Fleming; Ireland/Irish/Irishman; Kurdistan/Kurdish/Kurd; Poland/Polish/Pole; Scotland/Scottish/Scot; Spain/Spanish/Spaniard; Sweden/Swedish/Swede; Turkey/Turkish/Turk.
-ene
Cairo → Cairene
Cyrenaica → Cyrene
Damascus → Damascene
Nazareth → Nazarene
Slovenia → Slovene (also "Slovenian")
Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations.
-ensian
Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) → Hullensian
-ard
Spain → Spaniard
Savoy → Savoyard
-ese, -lese or -nese
"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese". Often used for East Asian and Francophone locations, from the similar-sounding French suffix -ais(e), which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending -ensis, designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc.
-i
Mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales and in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. Allemanni, Helvetii)
-ic
Finland → Finnic → (also "Finnish" or "Finn")
Greenland → Greenlandic
Hispania → Hispanic
Iceland → Icelandic (also "Icelander")
Semite → Semitic
Turkey → Turkic (also "Turkish" or "Turk")
Derives from a Latinate suffix widely used outside ethnonyms (e.g., chemical compounds), which with regard to people is mostly used adjectivally (Semite vs. Semitic Arab/Arabian vs. Arabic) to refer to a wider ethnic or linguistic group (Turkic vs. Turkish, Finnic vs. Finnish).
-iot(e)
Corfu → Corfiot
Cyprus → Cypriot
Phanar → Phanariote
Used especially for Greek locations.
-asque
Monaco → Monégasque (for natural born citizens of Monaco, not naturalized citizens, see above)
Menton → Mentonasque
Often used for French locations.
-gian
Galloway → Galwegian
Galway → Galwegian
Georgia → Georgian
Glasgow → Glaswegian
Norway → Norwegian
-onian
Aberdeen → Aberdonian
Bath → Bathonian
Cork → Corkonian
Dundee → Dundonian
Newport → Newportonian
Often used for British and Irish locations.
-vian
Barrow-in-Furness → Barrovian [8]
Oamaru → Oamaruvian
Oslo → Oslovian
Peru → Peruvian
Warsaw → Varsovian
Waterloo → Waterluvian Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Irregular forms[]
There are many irregular demonyms for recently formed entities, such as those in the New World. There are other demonyms that are borrowed from the native or another language.
In some cases, both the location's name and the demonym are produced by suffixation, for example England and English and English(wo)man (derived from the Angle tribe). In some cases the derivation is concealed enough that it is no longer morphemic: France → French (or Frenchman/Frenchwoman) or Flanders → Flemish or Wales → Welsh.
In some of the latter cases the noun is formed by adding -man or -woman, for example English/Englishman/Englishwoman; Irish/Irishman/Irishwoman; Chinese/Chinese man/Chinese woman (versus the archaic or derogatory terms Chinaman/Chinawoman).
From Latin or Latinization
Alsace → Alsatian (Alsatia)
Ashbourne → Ashburnian (Essiburn)
Colchester → Colcestrian
Courland → Couronian (Curonia)
Exeter → Exonian
Germany → German (Germani)
Guernsey → Sarnian (Sarnia)
Halifax → Haligonian
Leeds → Leodensian (Ledesia)
Lviv → Leopolitan (Leopolis)
Manchester → Mancunian (Mancunia)
Melbourne → Melburnian (Melburnia)
Naples → Neapolitan (Neapolis)
Newcastle → Novocastrian (Novum Castrum)
Orkney Islands → Orcadian (Orcadia)
Shropshire → Salopian (Salopia)
St Albans → Verulamian (Verulamium)
Tripoli → Tripolitan (Tripolis)
University of Cambridge → Cantabrigian
University of Durham → Dunelmensis
University of Oxford → Oxonian
Venice → Venetian
Wolverhampton → Wulfrunian
From native or other languages
Aberteifi → Cardi
Andhra → Andhraite
Aguascalientes (lit. "hot waters") → Hidrocálido, from Mexico's state and city.
Bangalore → Bangalorean
Barbados → Bajan A colloquial term a shortened form of Barbadian → Bar-bajan → Bajan
Birmingham → Brummie
Bordeaux → Bordelais (from French)
Botswana → Batswana (plural), Motswana (singular)
Brittany → Breton (from French)
Brussels → Bruxellois (from French)
Burkina Faso → Burkinabè
Burma/Myanmar → Myanma
Cambodia → Khmer (also Cambodian)
Colchester → Colcestrian
County Cork → Corkonian
Dundee → Dundonian
Fontainebleau → Bellifontain (from French)
Gascony → Gascon (from French)
Glasgow → Glaswegian
Hartlepool → Hartlepudlian
Karnataka → Kannadiga (from the local demonym)
Kiribati → i-Kiribati
Kosovo → Kosovar (Albanian language)
Lesotho → Basotho (from Sesotho), Mosotho (singular)
Liverpool → Liverpudlian or Scouse
Lyon → Lyonnais (from French)
Marseille → Marseillais (from French)
Meru → Merian (Residents of Meru, Kenya)
Maharashtra → Maharashtrian (either gender, singular or plural)
Mumbai → Mumbaikar (either gender), Mumbaikars
Naples → Napoletano/a
Netherlands → Dutch (from Middle Dutch: Duuts, High German: Deutsch, or Proto-Germanic: *þeudiskaz (all three meaning "national/popular"))
Nice → Niçois (from French)
Niger → Nigerien (from French)
Normandy → Norman (from French)
Nunavut → Nunavummiuq (from Inuktitut)
Odisha → Oriya
Paisley → Buddie
Parma → Parmesan in English, Parmigiano in Italian, Pram'zan in emilian, while Parmense is for people born in the province of Parma, (emilian language: Arijoz)
Philippines → Pinoy (m.)/ Pinay (f.)
Picardy → Picard (from French)
Puerto Rico → Boricua
Pune → Punekar (either gender), Punekars
Pegswood → Pegswardian
Quebec → Québécois (from French)
Rivière-du-Loup → Louperivois
Seychelles → Seychellois (from French)
Stockport → Stopfordian
Tamil Nadu → TamilianScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
The Hague → Hagenees (people born in the inner city), Hagenaar (people born elsewhere)
Tuscany → Tuscan (from French Toscane)
Twente → Tukker
Vanuatu → ni-Vanuatu
Irregular singular forms
Afghanistan →Afghan
Balochistan → Balochi
Bashkortostan → Bashkir
Chechnya → Chechen
Croatia → Croat (also Croatian)
Czech Republic → Czech
Denmark → Dane
Finland → Finn
France → French
Greece → Greek
Ingushetia → Ingush
Isle of Man → Manx
Kazakhstan → Kazakh
Kurdistan → Kurd
Kyrgyzstan → Kyrgyz
Mongolia → Mongol (Mongolian is for citizens of Mongolia, Mongol is for the ethnic group)
Poland → Pole
Saxony → Saxon
Serbia → Serb (also Serbian)
Seychelles → Seychellois
Slovakia → Slovak
Soviet Union → Soviet
Spain → Spaniard
St Etienne → Stephanois
Sweden → Swede
Switzerland → Swiss
Tajikistan → Tajik
Tatarstan → Tatar
Thailand → Thai
Turkey → Turk
Turkmenistan → Turkmen
Uzbekistan → Uzbek
Wallonia → Walloon
Yakutistan → Yakut
New World forms
In the case of most Canadian provinces and territories and U.S. states, it is unusual to use demonyms as attributive adjectives (for example "Manitoba maple", not "Manitoban maple" and "Canada geese", not "Canadian geese"); thus they are generally used only predicatively ("Ben Franklin was Pennsylvanian") or substantively ("Eight Virginians have become Presidents of the United States"). There are some exceptions – the attributive adjective for Alaska for many is Alaskan; the same is true for Alberta (Albertan), Texas (Texan), and Hawaii (Hawaiian).
Annapolis → Annapolitan
Antioquia, Caldas, Risaralda and Quindío → Paisa, although the correct term for Antioquia citizen is Antioquenian or Antioqueño (Spanish)
Buenos Aires → Porteño (city), Bonaerense (province)
Canada → Canadien (male), Canadienne (female), when referring to someone of French-Canadian heritage
Cape Breton → Caper
Connecticut → Connecticuter
Espírito Santo → espírito-santense
Halifax → Haligonian
Indianapolis → Indianapolitan
Indiana → Hoosier
Los Angeles → Angeleno
Maine → Mainer
Maryland → Marylander (// MARR-i-lənd-ər, sometimes // MAIR-lənd-ər)
Massachusetts → Bay Stater
Mexico City → Chilango
Michigan → Michigander or Michiganian (the latter is almost never heard, the former is almost universally preferred) (coming from the Upper Peninsula → Yooper) (coming from the Lower Peninsula → Loper or Troll (as they live, according to Yoopers, "under" the bridge.)
Minneapolis → Minneapolitan
Moose Jaw → Moose Javian
New Zealand → Kiwi
Newfoundland and Labrador → Newfoundlander, Labradorian, Newfie (also Newf or sometimes Newfy)
Oklahoma → Oklahoman
Phoenix, Arizona → Phoenician
Portland → Portlander
Quebec → Quebecker or Quebecer, English alternatives to Québécois(e) (which may carry language and political implications)
Rio de Janeiro → Fluminense (State), Carioca (City)
São Paulo → Paulista (State), Paulistano (City)
Sydney → Sydneysider
Texas → Texan (see also Texian and Tejano)
Toronto → Torontonian
Vitória, Espírito Santo → Capixaba (strictly, for a person from the city, Vitória, but loosely, for a person from the state)
Waterloo → Waterluvian
Wisconsin → Sconnie (see also Cheesehead)
A person who is a native or resident of Indiana is a Hoosier, an irregular demonym whose origin is obscure. The state's official nickname is "The Hoosier State". Hoosier is also an attributive adjective (e.g.: "the Hoosier Lottery"). Demonyms like "Indianan" or "Indianian" are attributed to the state by federal publications and dictionaries, but are confusing at best and not used in practice. (Since "Indiana" literally means "land of the Indians", the historical mistake initiated by Columbus becomes inherently absurd and clunky: "of the people of the land of the Indians," or perhaps "of the land of the land of the Indians", or even "of the land of the land of the land of the people of India") A search of the state's official website at in.gov on June 16, 2010 found 13 instances of the word Indianian and 47 of the word Indianan, compared to more than 20,000 of the word Hoosier.
Double forms[]
Some regions and populaces also have double forms, as the concepts of nation and state are diverging once more. Hence, one whose ancestors were from the United Kingdom is a Briton (derived from Roman "Brittonic", which is in turn derived from the Greek "Pretani") - not to be confused with the ancient tribe, the Britons - and citizens are also considered British. The Franks settled France, but the citizens are French. This may be the case for states that were formed or dissolved relatively recently. As in the examples below, another reason for double forms of demonyms may be in relation to historical, cultural or religious issues.
Greek gods but Ode on a Grecian Urn – Greek may apply to anything connected with Greece, but Grecian is restricted to ancient culture.
Israelite but Israeli – Israelite pertaining to the ancient tribes and kingdom of Israel; Israeli pertaining to the modern nation of the same name.
Scotch whisky but Scottish art – Scotch used primarily for food and drink products of Scotland (broth, oats. Also mist) – in most other contexts it is archaic and often considered mildly derogatory; Scottish for anything else pertaining to Scotland. A person from Scotland may be a Scot or a Scotsman. All these forms come from Latin Scoti via English. Scotland's own Germanic language used (and was named) Scots, through the continued mixture of English and the Scots language, the adjective Scots has continued to be the preferred adjective of the people in Scotland.
In the United States, Asian refers to people or objects from Asia (most commonly when unqualified East Asia) but Oriental refers to objects. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Asian without qualification would usually refer to people and things from the Indian sub-continent, and Oriental is not considered an offensive term. It is far more common, however, to use the demonym of the specific nationality when it is known.
Due to the flexibility of the international system, the opposite is often also true, where one word might apply to multiple groups. The U.S. Department of State states that 98 percent of the Austrian population is ethnically German,[9] while the CIA World Factbook contradicts this assertion by saying Austrians are a separate group (see Various terms used for Germans).[10]
Fiction[]
Literature and science have created a wealth of demonyms that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include Martian for hypothetical people of Mars (credited to scientist Percival Lowell) or Gondorian for the people of Tolkien's fictional land of Gondor.
Other science fiction examples include Jovian for those of Jupiter or its moons, and Venusian for those of Venus. Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as Earthling (from the diminutive -ling, ultimately from Old English -ing meaning "descendant"), as well as "Terran", "Terrene", "Tellurian", "Earther", "Earthican", "terrestrial", and "Solarian" (from Sol, the sun). Said demonyms of planets are often used astronomically to describe characteristics, such as surface, satellites, and weather, of the same planets: e.g., a Jovian storm.
Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of demonyms. Examples include Lilliputians and Brobdingnagians, from the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag in the satire Gulliver's Travels.
In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been created, non-standard demonyms are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's Rohirrim (from Rohan) and the Star Trek world's Klingon people (with various version of homeworld name).
Cultural problems[]
There will often be differences between endonyms (terms used by groups themselves) and exonyms (terms used by outsiders to describe a group). Exonyms often lack the internal variety of endonyms: they often lump together groups who see themselves as distinct. For example, terms like Iroquois, Aztec, Māori, and Eskimo might be used by outsiders to refer to groups as a whole, whereas members of each of these groups will favor more differentiated endonyms. In extreme cases, groups may take an exonym as being pejorative; one prominent example is the case of the Inuit of Canada, who are often grouped together with the linguistically related but distinct Yupik people by the exonym Eskimo. Languages also might make use of grammatical differences that are lost when translated: in Czech, for example, the language is Čeština, the nation is Česká republika, and the people are Češi.
The governments of both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China officially adhere to the One-China policy, use "Chinese" to describe their nationals, and refuse to have diplomatic relations with states that recognize the other. However, in the Republic of China, consisting mostly of Taiwan, some inhabitants do not consider themselves Chinese, while others consider themselves both Chinese and Taiwanese.[11]
Both North Korea and South Korea officially refer to their nationals simply as Koreans, since they recognize a single nationhood even if they refuse to recognize each other. They have diplomatic relations with states that recognize their rival.
The demonym for citizens of the United States of America suffers a similar problem albeit non-politically, because "American" may ambiguously refer to both the nation, the USA, and the conjoined continent pair, North and South America. The word "American" in English may to most English speakers refer exclusively to a person, place or object from the USA, but the word "americano" in Spanish would usually refer to anyone from the entire Americas, including Latin Americans, and Latin Americans speaking English might also use the word "American" in the same way. Until the United States rose to world prominence in the 20th century, many Europeans would also use the word "American" in their own languages to refer to anyone from the entire Americas (more often to those of native American descent), and not just to people from the United States.
To give a more specific English-language demonym for US citizens other than "American" however would be somewhat challenging: United Statesian is awkward in English, but it exists in Spanish (estadounidense), French (étatsunien(ne), although américain(e) is preferred), Portuguese (estado-unidense or estadunidense), Italian (statunitense), and also in Interlingua (statounitese). US American (for the noun) and US-American (when used as a compound modifier preceding a noun) is another option, and is a common demonym in German (US-Amerikaner). Latin Americans (who are the most affected by this use of American) also have yanqui (Yankee) and the euphemism norteamericano/norte-americano "North American", which technically includes the USA, Mexico and Canada, but is frequently used in Spanish and Portuguese to refer to the United States only. Frank Lloyd Wright proposed Usonian, from the abbreviation for United States of North America, and which is used in Esperanto (country Usono, demonym Usonano, adjective usona). In the spirit of Sydneysider, Statesider is also sometimes seen. See main article: Names for Americans.
Sharing a demonym does not necessarily bring conflict. During the 1996 Summer Olympics, the residents of Atlanta, Georgia gave a rousing applause to the Eurasian state of Georgia during the opening ceremony. Many cities that share the same name have sister city relations, such as Toledo, Ohio and Toledo, Spain. The demonyms for the Caribbean nations Dominican Republic and Dominica, though pronounced differently, are spelt the same way, Dominican. The former country's demonym is the ordinary English adjective "Dominican", stressed on the second syllable. The demonym for Dominica, like the name of the country, is stressed on the third syllable: //. Another example is the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Their nationals are both known as Congolese. Another is that of Washington D.C. and Washington State; their inhabitants are both known as Washingtonians.
A few residents of the island of Lesbos tried to ban homosexual women from being called lesbians but it was rejected by a court in Athens.[12]
See also[]
List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
Adjectivals and demonyms for countries and nations
List of regional nicknames
Macedonia naming dispute
Nationality
-onym, especially ethnonym and Exonym and endonym
References[]
[]
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www.geography-site.co.uk Alphabetical list of world demonyms.
www.everything2.com Demonyms of the World.
www.peoplefrom.co.uk Demonyms of the United Kingdom.
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2024-08-24T11:53:33+00:00
|
en
|
CountryHumans Wiki
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https://countryhumans.miraheze.org/wiki/United_States
|
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country situated in North America. It shares its borders with Canada and Mexico and has access to the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Caribbean Sea.
The US is one of the most popular characters in CountryHumans, along with their half-siblings Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Description
Appearance
The United States is commonly seen as male. Regardless of gender, they are usually depicted with a black-shirt with the acronym "NATO" in white, all caps adorned with blue or black jeans and every shade in-between to match their canton or their shirt with tennis shoes sometimes from famous brands such as Nike, Adidas, Converse, and Vans usually in white, blue, red, or black colors to most people in the fandom. (Instead of NATO being on the shirt, there can also be the logo of NASA; the space organization of the United States.) Another quite common outfit of theirs which is rising in the fandom is America with a green letterman jacket (called a bomber jacket in America) with faux fur lining the hoodie with a black skin-tight latex long shirt with ripped jeans sometimes with pins and stitched on badges added on. Either way they always have sunglasses (frequently taped on if they have a ball head). The frequent glasses has also made some people make America have different eyes in contrast to the other countryhumans, such as T.tazy's AU, where America has pure black eyes due to them not having any culture. If they are drawn with hair it's usually black, blonde, or correlating with their flag.
Personality
Once upon a time, the USA just wanted freedom, that's all they ever wanted, they had a strong sense of justice and even if it was a bit wonky, it was a different era, they had always wanted to show everyone that they were a star a beacon of hope and freedom, and having a strong moral drive, they beat the worlds best military at the time with a group of poorly trained, volunteer citizens (minutemen), and even with their spats they love their family, Canada (best siblings), Australia, New Zealand, etc, they love them to death.
United States is portrayed as confident/brave (think Tsunami from Wings of Fire) and not afraid to get into messes they don't know they can't handle. They can be loud at times but will tone it down if needed and can be a bit impulsive at times, but their heart is in the right place. They regret their past and has trouble forgiving themselves for what they did, even if everybody else has. In some AUs they can get panic attacks because of this, though this is uncommon.
They do show love for their family in many fan fictions, or either hate them. Their ‘true colors’ is when they really just want to fit in and is a friendly guy who's confident and happy to help someone in need (some fanfictions portray them as hiding things from their family; with low self-esteem; or just broken mentally/having less that great mental health overall. Some fanfictions portray them as self-harming/suicidal because of the not-so-great things they did in the past, like bombing Imperial Japan), especially protecting them, since they helped stopping WWI and WWII; they believe that they must interfere in the affairs of other countries and their problems in order to keep the peace, sometimes they end up doing harm more than good and end up getting so much hate. However, they're also seen to be from their government/president's view. Meaning, if their government made a choice or speech, they'd be the one to say it or they'd be the one to support it. Despite that, countries still support America, and love them.
Because of that, relations with Russia, China, and especially their allies are tense. A lot of the world has lost confidence in the 45th president of the U.S. but that isn't with Russia. Europeans are worried about the political system, too. Despite all of that, Americans are still popular worldwide.
United States and China tend to get along somewhat, it’s been a tough relationship, and things were only getting tougher when a pandemic came on the hand in 2020. They care a lot on what other people think of them, especially since their image is shaking and is broken. They don't know what to do, they're a world superpower, they needed to fight off China, it was so stressful. The United States is portrayed as tough due to them being a world power. They're also shown exhausted, tired, signing an immense amount of paperwork or reading due to that. (but not as much as Germany has)
They're proud of their accomplishments yet mostly not portrayed as to show them off too often, they could act insensitive at times, but it's coming from the government more than the country themselves, they still smile about it and glad they accomplished those.
Interests
Sports (Basketball, American football, etc.)
Fast food
Hanging out with other countries
Fashion
Playing video games
Asian pop culture
Guns
NATO & United Nations (and other peace organizations)
Capitalism
Technology
Flag meaning
Color, meaning HEX RGB White symbolizes purity and innocence #ffffff 255, 255, 255 Red symbolizes hardiness and valor #b22234 178, 34, 52 Blue represents vigilance, perseverance and justice. #3c3b6e 60, 59, 110
There are 13 red and white stripes in the flag of the USA. These 13 stripes (seven red and six white ones) represent the former Thirteen Colonies. the Red and White stripes alternate. There are 50 stars in the blue rectangle on the top left of the flag. These stars represent the 50 federal states. This has been the official flag since Draft:Hawaii became a member of the union on 21 August 1959.[1]
The colors red, white, and blue did not have meanings for when it was adopted in 1777. However, the colors in the Great Seal did have specific meanings. Charles Thompson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, reporting to Congress on the Seal, stated:
"The colors of the pales (the vertical stripes) are those used in the flag of the United States of America; White signifies purity and innocence, Red, hardiness & valor, and Blue, the color of the Chief (the broad band above the stripes) signifies vigilance, perseverance & justice."[2]
Flag Rules: Although the official appearance of the flag has the blue rectangle on the left, when soldiers are wearing it on their uniforms, the flag appears to be reversed. If it looks normal, then they would be in retreat.
Civilians are not required to do this when they are wearing the flag, but it is recommended to do so.
Nicknames
Ame
Joe
Uncle Sam (Government personification)
Columbia (Nation personification)
Lady Liberty (Nation personification)
'Murica
U.S.A.
U.S. of A.
U.S. of the A's
The States
Meri
Stars and Stripes
U.S.
USA
Burger Boy
The disgrace of Iroquois Confederacy (They are rarely called by this Nickname, It because most people don't know about The Iroquois Confederacy)
Other symbols
Origins of languages
By the 18th and 19th centuries, Spanish, English, Portuguese, French, and Dutch, brought to the Americas by European settlers and administrators, had become the official or national languages of modern nation-states of the Americas.
Etymology
The United States, or sometimes United States of America, ect. has one of the simplest etymologies of all countries. United States refers to the 50 states, (or republics if you want to get technical) which joined together, make the country. As the name America states, it is situated in North America. Although all the states have had their sides (Civil War), they have all come together and are leading the United States of America. Each state has their own Governor, like a president, and a mini version of the whole country's government.
There's really nothing hard about the name. (Except choosing "which" name you say.)
Organizations and Affiliations
Asian Development Bank (ADB) (non-regional member)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (as a dialogue partner)
Australia Group
Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC) (observer)
Colombo Plan (CP)
Council of Europe (CE) (observer)
Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) (observer)
Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) (observer)
International Federation of Association Football (FIFA)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Group of Seven (G7)
Group of Eight (G8)
Group of Ten (G10)
Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (G20)
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Energy Agency (IEA)
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
Majestic 12 (MJ-12)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)[America was creator]
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Organization of American States (OAS)
Pacific Community (SPC)
Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) (partner)
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive * * * Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO Preparatory Commission)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) (observer)
Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) (observer)
United Nations (UN)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)
United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH)
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) (permanent member)
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
World Bank Group (WBG)
World Customs Organization (WCO)
World Health Organization (WHO)
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
World Veterans Federation (WVF)
Zangger Committee (ZC)
History
Colonial America
In 1492, Spain opened America to Europeans. This event turned the fate of the continent, Europe and the whole world. The colonization of North America began in 1565 with the Spanish colonies in Florida. Then other Europeans began to explore America, including England and France.
In 1607, the first successful English settlement, Jamestown, was founded on the territory of the future state of Virginia. Before that, England twice tried to colonize the coast of North America, but failed. A more significant and successful settlement was the Plymouth Colony, founded in 1620 in what is now Massachusetts. From its foundation, the purposeful colonization of the American continent by the British began.
The United States was first known as "New England" (depending on your head-canon, United States and New England are different characters).
By the 17th and 18th centuries, Draft:Thirteen Colonies were formed in what is now the United States: Virginia, Delaware, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
American Revolution
The American colonials proclaimed "No taxation without representation." starting with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765. They rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them because they had no representatives in the British Parliament. Protests steadily escalated to the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772, followed by the Boston Tea Party in December 1773. The British responded by closing Boston Harbor and enacting a series of punitive laws that effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony's rights of self-government. The other colonies rallied behind Massachusetts, and a group of American Patriot leaders set up their government in late 1774 at the Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance of Britain; other colonists retained their allegiance to the Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories.
Tensions erupted into a battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when King George's redcoats attempted to destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. The conflict then developed into a war, during which the Patriots (and later their French allies) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress which assumed power from the former colonial governments, suppressed Loyalism, and recruited a Continental Army led by General George Washington. The Continental Congress declared King George a tyrant who trampled the colonists' rights as Englishmen, and they announced the colonies free and independent states on July 2, 1776. The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy, and they proclaimed that all men are created equal.
The Continental Army forced the redcoats out of Boston in March 1776, but that summer, The British captured Draft:New York City and its strategic harbor, which they held for the duration of The War. The Royal Navy had put blockade on ports and captured other cities for brief periods, but they failed to destroy Washington's forces. The Patriots attempted to invade Canada during the winter of 1775–76 without success, but they captured a British army at the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777. France entered The War as an ally of the United States with a large army and navy. The war then moved to the Southern states, where Charles Cornwallis captured an army at Charleston, South Carolina, in early 1780, but they failed to enlist enough volunteers from Loyalist civilians to take effective control of the territory. Finally, a combined American and French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in the fall of 1781, effectively ending the war. The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, formally ending the conflict and confirming the new nation's complete separation from the British Empire. The United States took possession of nearly all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, with the British retaining control of Canada and Spain taking Florida.
Among the significant results of the American Revolution was the creation of the United States Constitution, establishing a relatively strong federal national government that included an executive, a national judiciary, and a bicameral Congress representing states in the Senate and the population in the House of Representatives. The American Revolution also resulted in the migration of around 60,000 Loyalists to other British territories, especially British North America ( Canada).
Expansion and Manifest Destiny
WIP
The American Civil War
In the 34 States in February 1861, seven Southern slave states were declared by partisans to have seceded from the country, and the Draft:Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the United States Constitutional government. The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states, and it claimed the additional States of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority, but without territory or population therein; these states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War. The two remaining slave states, Delaware and Draft:Maryland, were invited to join the Confederacy, but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops.
The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over four years. Intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 people dead, more than the number of United States military deaths in all other wars combined.
The war effectively ended April 9, 1865, when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House. Confederate generals throughout the southern states followed suit, the last surrender on land occurring June 23. Much of the South's infrastructure was destroyed, especially the transportation systems. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and four million black slaves were freed. During the Reconstruction era that followed the war, national unity was slowly restored, the national government expanded its power, and civil and political rights were granted to freed black slaves through amendments to the Constitution and federal legislation.
Reconstruction and Industrialization
WIP
Progressive Era
WIP
World War I
When the war broke out in 1914, the USA decided to be neutral, acknowledging that this war was conflicts between Old World powers that had nothing to do with them. The public opinion about the war was often divided as there were many migrants with ties to both sides. However, when the Germans sank Lusitania in 1915, a passenger ship with 159 Americans on board, the United States view of the war began to change. It led to the death of 1,198 innocent passengers, including the American ones, so when the United States finally entered the war two years later (in 1917), the cry Remember Lusitania! was used in the recruitment posters and to unite the people against the German Empire.
In January 1917, the British got a secret telegram (known as Zimmerman Telegram) sent by German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman to the German ambassador to Mexico. Where they proposed Mexico's alliance with Germany against the United States, promising them the possibility of acquiring Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The secret telegram was the last straw, as President Woodrow Wilson delivered a speech to Congress on April 2, 1917, asking them to declare war on Germany. They also said in their speech that the United States would go to war for Fighting For The Ultimate Peace Of The World. On April 6, 1917, the United States formally declared war over the German Empire.
The United States military in was under the command of General John J. Pershing, and at first,they had a few trained troops to send to Europe, though, the Army was quickly built up by project as well as the volunteers. Near the end of the war, there were nearly 2 million American soldiers in France. Thanks to the arrival of the American forces at the right time. The course of the war was diverted in favor of the Allies. Both sides were exhausted and running out of soldiers, but the influx of new forces helped to boost the morale of the Allies and played a crucial role in defeating the German Empire.
After entering the war, President Wilson issued their fourteen famous points. These points were their plans for peace and the goals of the United States in entering the war. They were the only leader who publicly announced their goals in this war. Their fourteen points were included in the founding of the Draft:League of Nations that they hoped would help to end the war in the future.
After defeating the German Empire, President Wilson pressed their fourteen points for the rest of Europe and the Allies to follow. They wanted all of Europe to recover quickly from the war, including the German Empire, after which both France and the United Kingdom differed and then put severe reparations over the German Empire in the Treaty of Versailles, the United States didn't sign it, but they established their own peace treaty with the German Empire.
Interwar Period
WIP
After the end of World War I, there was not much industrial innovation.
On Tuesday October 29, 1929, also known as Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed causing most to all major banks to loose money and go bankrupt. This was the start of the Great Depression. With the stocks being at the lowest ever at the time.
World War II
At the beginning of the war, the United States didn't want a part of it but, on December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor causing the United States to declare war shortly after the declaration of war on Japan. The Third Reich followed suit. On June 6, 1944, is when operation overlord started, also known as D-Day. It is the most significant landing in history, and the United States was a part of it. From December 16, 1944 - January 25, 1945, was the battle of the bulge a significant fight that the United States was a part of. In 1945, an atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 9, 3 days, later another Atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, putting an end to the war.
Cold War
WIP
Modern Era
Oklahoma City bombing
WARNING: This section talks about a sensitive topic!
On April 19, 1995, a bomb was detonated next to the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, causing 169 casualties. The bomb was planted by Timothy McVeigh in a rented moving truck, and Terry Nichols, Who helped him build it. McVeigh was later arrested in a car pulled over by a sheriff for no license plate and arrested for possession of a weapon. Nichols was also arrested. McVeigh got a death sentence, and Nichols got a life sentence in jail.
September 11, 2001
WARNING: This section talks about a sensitive topic!
On September 11, 2001, Which today is considered the most deadly terrorist attack in the twenty-first century, with more deaths, not only in the US; but in the world. (2,996 people died, not including all the firefighters that died from cancer/radiation from the debris of the two towers and Pentagon.)
This incident is triggered by a terrorist organization, Al-Qaeda, for which Osama bin Laden takes responsibility. Two Boeing 767's hit the north tower (American Airlines Flight 11 Tail Number: N334AA), and the south tower (United Airlines Flight 175 Tail Number: N612UA), and two Boeing 757's were also hijacked.
One hit the Pentagon (American Airlines Flight 77 Tail Number: N644AA), and one was successfully retaken by the passengers (United Airlines Flight 93 Tail Number: N591UA). The one that was taken back by the passengers was supposed to hit the White House; the passengers took back the plane and crashed in a field near Diamond T. Mine (a coal mine) in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania. The only evidence of them taking back the plane was from the black box. (There were no survivors.)
Politics
Government
"The Constitution of the United States divides the federal government into three branches to make sure no individual or group will have too much power:
Legislative—Makes laws (Congress, comprised of the House of Representatives and Senate)
Executive—Carries out laws (president, vice president, Cabinet, most federal agencies)
Judicial—Evaluates laws (Supreme Court and other courts)
Each branch of government can change acts of the other branches:
The president can veto legislation created by Congress and nominates heads of federal agencies.
Congress confirms or rejects the president's nominees and can remove the president from office in exceptional circumstances.
The Justices of the Supreme Court, who can overturn unconstitutional laws, are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate.
This ability of each branch to respond to the actions of the other branches is called the system of checks and balances." [3]
The Executive Branch consists of the President of the United States, the Vice President, and their cabinet. They are the branch that can create laws, which would pass to the Legislative Branch. The President is the head of state, the government, and the commander in chief for the United States Armed Forces, they have a maximum of two terms, which includes 4 years each. The Legislative Branch is the branch the gets to pass the laws coming from the Executive Branch, they also have the power to accept or deny the nominee to be the head of federal agencies, judges, or the Supreme Court, and has the power to declare war. The Judicial Branch is responsible to interpret laws and see if the law(s) violates the Constitution. They are made of the Supreme Court and many other federal courts, the Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and six associate justices. The Justices have no fixed term and can serve as long as they want until they either die, retire, or remove in other circumstances.
Diplomacy
Brazil
Brazil-United States relations have a long history, characterized by some moments of a remarkable convergence of interests but also by sporadic and critical divergences on sensitive international issues. The United States has increasingly regarded Brazil as a significant power, especially in its role as a stabilizing force and skillful interlocutor in . As a significant political and economic power, Brazil has traditionally preferred to cooperate with the United States on specific issues rather than seeking to develop an all-encompassing, privileged relationship with the United States.
China
The United States Department of State tries to maintain the interests of the Chinese public and its government.
However, they try their best to get China to stop international law abuses to get into a compromise with the two.[4] 1971 and 1979, the United States did not recognize the legitimacy of the PRC government and supported Taiwan. Public signs of relations with the PRC and the USA started around 1971, with the Ping-Pong diplomacy, where China's ping-pong team invited the U.S. ping-pong team. The United Nations would soon replace the ROC with the PRC within the same year. It wasn't until 1979 that the United States would stop officially recognizing Taiwan and support the One China Policy.
However, relations within the unofficial level would still continue for the United States and Taiwan. Their ties would soon be shaken throughout the Belgrade Bombing (as an accident), with the United States apologizing for the mistake, but Chinese protesters dismissed the apology and vandalized American official property in China. Since 2000, the United States and China are starting normalize trading relations, in 2006, China became the second-largest trading partner after Canada. China would also surpass Japan to become the biggest foreign creditor, which means the United States has to return the debt to China at some point. [5]
Venezuela
United Kingdom
After the American Revolution had ended, Great Britain did establish relations with the United States. The relations broke when the War of 1812 came to be and declared war on the United Kingdom, but their diplomatic relations would soon be reestablished in 1815. The United States considers the United Kingdom as a close ally, ever since 1815, their bond only gets closer between these two.[6] Visits are very common between these two.
Public Views
The People of the United States like the democracy in the nation, but a low percentage suggests that the majority of the people aren't satisfied enough with their democracy. Most Americans also oppose Presidents getting more power, as it is considered "too risky" to give them more power to solve the nation's domestic problems. About a third of the country knows that what president is currently serving can make a big difference in their personal lives, whether it be in a good or bad way. Many people have a more favorable opinion towards local politics than national politics, as local politics can help certain problems within their area, and also have much more quality with the candidates than on the candidates for federal elections.[4
Also, the current president obviously did an election fraud. Apparently, more people in the US had voted for him. Also, the left has absolutely incredibly stupid double-standers!
Views Around The World
As much as the United States of America has a lot of diversity inside the country, it also has a lot outside. Many countries see them as too power-hungary, crazy, and almost like Adolf Hitler, trying to take over the world. They are also criticized because of the fact that the gap in the public restrooms are so big yeah.
Geography
The United States is composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million kilometre 2), the United States is the world's third or fourth-largest country by total area and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe's 3.9 million square miles (10.1 million kilometer 2(in). [7]
Administrative divisions
States
Alabama (Montgomery), Alaska (Juneau), Arizona (Phoenix), Arkansas (Little Rock), California (Sacramento), Colorado (Denver), Connecticut (Hartford), Delaware (Dover), Florida (Tallahassee), Georgia (Atlanta), Hawai’i (Honolulu), Idaho (Boise), Illinois (Springfield), Indiana (Indianapolis), Iowa (Des Moines), Kansas (Topeka), Kentucky (Frankfort), Louisiana (Baton Rouge), Maine (Augusta), Maryland (Annapolis), Massachusetts (Boston), Michigan (Lansing), Minnesota (St. Paul), Mississippi (Jackson), Missouri (Jefferson City), Montana (Helena), Nebraska (Lincoln), Nevada (Carson City), New Hampshire (Concord), New Jersey (Trenton), New Mexico (Santa Fe), New York (Albany), North Carolina (Raleigh), North Dakota (Bismarck), Ohio (Columbus), Oklahoma (Oklahoma City), Oregon (Salem), Pennsylvania (Harrisburg), Rhode Island (Providence), South Carolina (Columbia), South Dakota (Pierre), Tennessee (Nashville), Texas (Austin), Utah (Salt Lake City), Vermont (Montpelier), Virginia (Richmond), Washington (Olympia), West Virginia (Charleston), Wisconsin (Madison), Wyoming (Cheyenne)
Federal District
Washington D.C.
Territories
American Samoa (Pago Pago), Guam (Hagåtña), Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan), Puerto Rico (San Juan), US Virgin Islands (Charlotte Amalie)
Relationships
Family
Macedonian Empire — great-grandparent or grandparent
Roman Empire — great-grandparent or grandparent
Greece — grandparent or pibling
Italy — grandparent or pibling
United Kingdom — parent
Spain — parent
France — pibling
Ireland — Grandpibling
Armenia — pibling or step-pibling
Portugal — pibling
Romania — pibling
Vermont Republic — Dead sibling
Canada — half-sibling
Australia — half-sibling
New Zealand — half-sibling
England — Grandparents
Scotland — Grandparents
Wales — GrandPibling
Northern Ireland — GrandPibling
NATO — child
United Nations — child
Optional
Note:
This may hold controversial if used for their historical relations (Specially European countries towards current Western countries due to former European colonies).
This is an optional family part-taken and you do not need to follow this list.
Costa Rica — sibling
Marshall Islands — child
Draft:Micronesia — child
Philippines — stepsibling/stepchild
Palau — stepchild
Guam — child
Samoa — child (separated)
Liberia — child (separated)
South Korea — adopted child
Japan — adopted Child
Friends
Canada — "We grew up together. We fought together (and each other). My siblings join me in my wars although they love commies and immigrants a bit too much. They also helped me out big time during 9/11 by taking in stranded airline passengers when ip was forced to close my airspace."
France — "My Piblings, we had our differences. But you helped me a lot in my independence! In addition, you have been an inspirational figure for me with your republican ideals!"
United Kingdom — "My parent! We had some trouble in the past, but we’re chill now! They can be a bit pushy at times though."
Australia — "Bro!!!! Oi, chuck a shrimp on the barbie, m8. They're my 2nd best friend and sibling after Canada, and of course, i would like to go hunting with you but i sometimes think you are New Zealand"
New Zealand — "Wait. Is that you Kiwi? Or are you Australia?"
Germany — "I can never leave you behind friend!"
Japan — "I love your culture so much! You're my friend and we're trading partners! (although, only sometimes, a bit more than that.) We were used to be enemies in the past but now we're friends. Although i sometimes see you as a threat but overall we still maintain good relations"
South Korea — "My people love your K-pop! You're much more peaceful than your Sibling!"
India — "They gave me Bollywood, food and tech support. I thank you and i will accept your refugees, now I'm currently watching you because you're friends with Russia."
Nigeria — "You want us to buy your oil? Sure thing buddy! And we'll send that money to your poor dethroned prince."
Georgia — "They're chill, i like them, I'll protect them from Russia."
Spain — "My parent. I almost forgot that you helped me in the fight for my independence but don't worry, I'll protect you from your enemies! Furthermore, Georges Washington was very proud of Bernardo de Gálvez!"
Brazil — "You're one of my best friends, i hope you get well."
Peru — "Even though we had a little conflict in the past, you are still a good ally. Don't let others take advantage of your generosity, i hope you recover soon"
Poland
Ethiopia — "I give them lots of aid and support to fight against Somali pirates. While my past president didn't like you so much i think my new one does so we cool"
Draft:Malta — "Old friend"
Italy
Israel — "I sent aid and military assistance to help you and your people. I let Israelites take refuge in my country and in my siblings. You never deserved this cruel treatment by this Monster"
Bangladesh — "Major ally in South Asia! You being an Islamic country really interests me, I'm proud to be a partner in your development success."
United Nations — "This innocent being always need protection. I can't blame them though. After all, they helped us in a lot of situations! But they's are useless nowadays."
NATO — "They're strong! Protector and defender! Very Loyal to me! Brave and genius! Why can't we call them my precious masterpiece?"
Philippines — "You’re an amazing partner! You’ve always been my side which i respect and support! I will always be there for you my sweet child(?)."
Saudi Arabia — "I really like them because they's are an excellent ally and economic partner, especially when it comes to oil."
Neutral
Ecuador
Pakistan — "Should i really trust you? I don’t know, maybe i should give them a chance, but I’m watching you."
Iraq — "Good job. You removed ISIS, and you are no longer banned from entering my country, but 1991 was unforgivable. And stop being a coward sometimes."
Algeria — "They helped me in 1981 to free 52 American diplomats detained by Iran, i really appreciate that!"
Russia — "Ex-Commie. Their past-self helped me indirectly gain my independence. We're now Frienemies because of the current situation in Syria. Our relationship is complicated. But we're making the most of it! But I don't get why you are attacking your poor ol' sibling, Ukraine. You should stop, or you'll feel All-American nukes!"
China — "Best Trading Partner! But please stop bullying Philippines! Also your coronavirus is infecting me."
Cuba — "No need to explain but we're started to get along. And is also my adoptive child after Spain."
Mexico - "We're siblings, but i only hate them because of the fence, JUST. GET. OFF. THE FENCE. Go back to your own land! Ah. Go play with your cartels or something!"
Armenia
Greenland
Enemies
Iran — "You said that i have a thousand nukes, which is because i used them for emergency use. Your people are mostly fine but your government surely isn't!"
Bolivia — "Traitor! No sea for you!"
Somalia — "You'll soon be removed from the face of the Earth, you evil pirate."
Eritrea — "President Obama gave you sanctions for good, by beating an impossible record of having a lower score in the human rights percentage more than North Korea themself. Go fix yourself."
North Korea — "You better stop hurting your own sibling before something really bad happens you commie! But i guess we're fine now."
Nicaragua — "A Central American vodka lover."
Syria - "You are not democratic, you must change."
Venezuela — "Please go die already, whatever you call yourself you want, you're mean to the smallest Latin American country which they did nothing wrong to you! You can invade us in Black Ops, but that won't happen! Also, White House is in Washington D.C., not New York City, commie! And also stop blaming me for your inflation!"
Zimbabwe — "Fix your country and stop blaming me for your inflation, you’re no better than Venezuela."
South Sudan — "Backstabber, they aligned with my worst enemy after the sanctions i gave against them during the genocide that they started! I helped you, and that is what I get in return? Explain yourself!"
ISIS
Former Friends
Prussia — "Trained me to fight my old man during the winter of revolution in Valley Forge. Rest in peace. However some of your people did fight for the British."
Former Neutral
Russian Empire - "In your time our relations were such that it couldn’t be called better. What a sad fate you have, but you could have had a wonderful future! Oh, and thanks for that useless piece of land. They really made me rich!"
Former Enemies
Vermont Republic - "I am sorry siblings, i have to kill you, i want the territories that you have."
Iroquois Confederacy - "Honestly i don't really care if some of your people's did help me became independent from my Parents and i have to kill you because i don't really like you And i really don't want to remember anything that remind me of you, And one more things, you died in 1867 and nobody care that you died, goodbye"
Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
CSA (February 4, 1861 to May 5, 1865) - "My twin Siblings, a staunch racist who does not value the principles of democracy. My complete opposite."
USSR (from 1945) — "We were wonderful friends who protected each other, until you decided to act with such aggression towards us! If Gorbachev kept up with the reforms, i might almost not hate you. But honestly, i was definitely celebrating when you died. So long story short, CHECKMATE, LENINGRAD!"
Third Reich — "The world is now safe from you. I hate you very much. I don't get why you went so crazy even to kill millions of innocent Jews! You are so racist!"
Japanese Empire (from 1941) — "Taste my nukes, do they taste good? Now East Asia is better without you."
Past Versions
Thirteen Colonies
The Union
Confederate States of America (Enemy) — "I've won, but at what cost?"
Territories
Map of the United States territories and their respective names.
Map of the United States territories and their respective flags.
Washington D.C.
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Draft:Florida
Georgia (State)
Hawai’i
Idaho
Illinois
Draft:Indiana
Draft:Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Draft:Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington State
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
US Virgin Islands
File:Jarvis Island-Pictogram.png Jarvis Island
File:Baker Island-Pictogram.png Baker Island
File:Howland Island-Pictogram.png Howland Island
File:Johnston Atoll-Pictogram.png Johnston Atoll
File:Kingman Reef-Pictogram.png Kingman Reef
File:Midway Islands-Pictogram.png Midway Islands
File:Navassa Island-Pictogram.png Navassa Island
File:Palmyra Atoll-Pictogram.png Palmyra Atoll
Wake Island
Past Territories
Northwest Territory
Southwest Territory
Mississippi Territory
Indiana Territory
Territory of Orleans
Louisiana Territory
Missouri Territory
Michigan Territory
Illinois Territory
Alabama Territory
Arkansas Territory
Florida Territory
Indian Territory
Oklahoma Panhandle
Oklahoma Territory
Wisconsin Territory
Iowa Territory
Oregon Territory
Minnesota Territory
U.S. provisional government of New Mexico
New Mexico Territory
Utah Territory
Washington Territory
Kansas Territory
Nebraska Territory
Nevada Territory
Colorado Territory
Dakota Territory
Idaho Territory
Arizona Territory
Montana Territory
Department of Alaska
District of Alaska
Territory of Alaska
Wyoming Territory
Territory of Hawaii
United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Panama Canal Zone
American Concession in Shanghai
United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
Coalition Provisional Authority
Restored Government of Virginia
Opinions
Russia
Current Russian-American (government) relations are very sour, but not the people which the relationships are quite fine.
The two countries during the Russian Empire era were mostly on good terms, Catherine the Great significantly affected the American Revolution through diplomacy; and indirectly helped Americans gain independence, as well as the trade between them that started before the official independence of the USA (even tho RE was neutral during the revolution; they unofficially helped the Americans), plus Theodore Roosevelt had a major role in ending the Russo-Japanese War, but then the repeated anti-Jewish pogroms that took place in Russia in 1880 alienated American elite and public opinion (yet there was no antagonism against RE among American public); escalation of violence against Jews in 1919 led to the USA repealing an 1832-commercial treaty, along with Russia’s withdrawal from WWI, in addition to the US participating in Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War with the Polar Bear Expedition and the American Expeditionary Force Siberia; in 1918; to prevent the Germans from gaining access to war supplies controlled by the Bolshevik; made their relations a bit bad.
During the WWII they were allies, however, when it ended they started being hostile toward each other and had their ups and downs, especially during the Cold War, they're starting to get along because of the situation in Syria. Russians must understand that the American people want to be friends with Russia, the people aren't the government, United States had a complicated relationship since The Soviet Times, over the years, relations have gotten a bit better finally, they're both strong nations, they have embassies in each other's capitals, fight against the virus, terrorism and more, they also fight white supremacy together and their diplomats are working hard to improve their relations.
Spain
Spain is the USA's parent. They enjoy pestering them and calling them "Mexico" which is another Spanish-speaking country and another one of their children. They dislike this, but since they're their parent, they're close and they love them as a child. Spain founded St. Augustine, Florida; the first oldest city in the United States. Sometimes, France and Spain compare the personality of the United States with that of England in a derogatory tone. However, both countries celebrate Independence Day with the United States due to the military support granted by both countries. Spain is also the biological parent of Alabama, Florida, Puerto Rico (with UK), and Alaska. Today, the relations between the United States and Spain are one of the firmest, most stable, and optimal in the Western world. Spain is a fan of George Washington. The United States usually remembers Spain whenever they look at a dollar bill. The columns that appear in the dollar symbol are the same as the ones in the shield of Spain.
France
France is the USA's pibling. Another parent. Sometimes even considered biological parent but, in reality, France is the biological parent of Louisiana, Maine, and Mississippi (with UK). However, even though they're not their actual child, they appear to care for them. France and the United States enjoy teaming up and doing things that the USA's parent (the UK) does not seem to enjoy, which is how they tend to bond. France constantly has to deal with their nibling's French surrender jokes and has hit them with a history book (usually to the head/face) on multiple occasions because of the USA's humor. Them, it's evident that they sees the UK as frenemy rather than a direct enemy. They seem to see France as some sort of parent, possibly as some sort of parental figure. They seem to enjoy each other's company. In addition, the United States usually sees France as a parent figure (Probably, because the United States acquired the republican ideals of France).
Australia
USA's nickname for Australia: "Hell-Spider Man"
Canada
Canada is the USA's Siblings, although very different from the USA. They's are much more open-minded, although very very very timid and weak. Canada relies on their Siblings to keep them safe (even though they's are older than them) and tends to follow the USA around like a terrified puppy. This does get on USA's nerves, but most of the time they's happy to look after their siblings. (If anyone tries to hurt Canada they face the wrath of USA.) In the real world, the relations of the two countries are one of the firmest, their similar culture is a major factor in guaranteeing that the two have a very stable relationship.
Germany
Brazil
Brazil is portrayed in the fandom as a friend and ally towards the United States.
Japan
Japan and File:-Pictogram.png United States shared tense relations in the past. This is because, during the times of the Japanese Empire, United States had atomic bombed Japan. They try to forget the brutality of it, and nowadays, they're better of as friends. The USA thinks of Japan's culture very highly. Though sometimes, they're a little weirded out by Japan's anime obsession. Their relationship is more of a friend-to-friend relations as both see each other as allies and trading partners.
South Korea
❝ They're great! My prediction was wrong when i said that the birth of democracy in Korea is the blooming of roses in the trash can. They were the poorest countries, but now they are the richest developed countries. Our people like each other. As long as their sibling and them don’t reunite, we will be on good terms.❞
Philippines
Both of the countries see each other as great and major partners and deeply supported each other. They even describe their relationship as a Special Relationship [1]. However, pains from the USA's colonization period of the country are not forgotten, some may consider them and their step-sibling and/or adopted-sibling
Malaysia
The USA is Malaysia's largest trading partner, while Malaysia is the tenth-largest trading partner. Both of them always join the UN peacekeeping mission together. Malaysia once helped the USA rescue US Ranger that was supposed to rescue the pilot of 2 downed Black Hawk during the Battle of Mogadishu.
New Zealand
Venezuela
Iran
Georgia
Georgian–American relations continue to be very close and encompass multiple areas of bilateral cooperation. As a key U.S. ally in the war on terror, Georgia was the third largest troop contributor in the Iraq War and is currently the largest per-capital contributor to the U.S. led mission in Afghanistan. The United States for its part is actively assisting Georgia in strengthening its state institutions in face of increasing pressure from its northern neighbor Russia and has provided the country with financial assistance in excess of 3 billion dollars since 1991. Since 2009, Georgian–American relations are streamlined by the U.S.–Georgia Charter on Strategic Partnership, which created four bilateral working groups on priority areas of democracy; defense and security; economic, trade, energy issues, people-to-people and cultural exchanges.
Georgia in 2004-2008 sought to become a member of NATO, but did not succeed in the face of strong Russian opposition. In February 2012, it was agreed that the U.S. and Georgia will start working on a Free Trade Agreement which, if materialized, will make Georgia the only European country to have such treaty with the United States. American citizens visiting Georgia currently do not require a visa for entry. Citizens will receive a 90-day tourist visa at the country's entry points.
According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 51% of Georgians approve of U.S. leadership, with 15% disapproving and 34% uncertain.
The United States works closely with Georgia to promote mutual security, counter-terrorism interests and provides Georgia with bilateral security assistance, including English-language and military professional training, through the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program.
The multi-year Georgia Train and Equip Program (GTEP) ended in 2004, achieving its intended goals of enhancing Georgia's military capability and stimulating military reform. Launched in January 2005, the Georgia Entertainment and Stability Operations Program has advanced GTEP's goals and trained the Georgian contingent participating in coalition operations in Iraq. Partnership with the Georgia (U.S.) National Guard, visits by the Sixth Fleet, the Coast Guard to Georgia, and the Bilateral Working Group on Defense and Military Cooperation are also important components of American security relationship with Georgia.
Promoting democracy and reform is another strategic pillar of USA's bilateral relationship with Georgia. In April 2006, as part of these reforms Georgia passed a strong anti-human trafficking law and has since then ranked consistently among Tier 1 countries of the State Department's report on trafficking in persons, meaning that the country now fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking.
Georgia hosts 90 Peace Corps Volunteers who work in English Language Education and NGO Development.
Gallery
Fan-Art
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Art by Milu
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Art by nichidokuioji
Art by Coffee Grounds and Mud
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Flag
Coat of Arms
Great Seal (obverse)
Great Seal (Reverse)
Previous
Grand Union
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15 stars v1
15 stars v2
20 stars v1
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26 stars v2
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CSA battle flag
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38 stars v1
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43 stars
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45 stars
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48 stars
49 stars
51 stars
States and territories
State of Alabama
State of Alaska
State of Draft:Arizona
State of Arkansas
State of California
State of Colorado
State of Connecticut
State of Delaware
State of Florida
State of Georgia
State of Draft:Hawaii
State of Idaho
State of Illinois
State of Draft:Indiana
State of Draft:Iowa
State of Draft:Kansas
State of Kentucky
State of Louisiana
State of Maine
State of Draft:Maryland
State of Massachusetts
State of Michigan
State of Minnesota
State of Mississippi
State of Missouri
State of Montana
State of Nevada
State of Nebraska
State of New Hampshire
State of New Jersey
State of New Mexico
State of New York
State of North Carolina
State of North Dakota
State of Ohio
State of Oklahoma
State of Oregon
State of Pennsylvania
State of Rhode Island
State of South Carolina
State of South Dakota
State of Draft:Tennessee
State of Draft:Texas
State of Utah
State of Vermont
State of Virginia
State of Washington
State of West Virginia
State of Wisconsin
State of Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands of the United States
Midway Islands
Wake Island
Territories that do not have flags
Jarvis Island
Johnston Atoll
Baker Island
Howland Island
Kingman Reef
Navassa Island
Palmyra Atoll
Trivia
Many countries in Europe, especially the Mediterranean ones, usually advise the United States to avoid ultra-processed food.
There are 45 million people who speak Spanish as a first/second language in the USA, which makes it the world's second-largest Spanish-speaking country after Mexico.
The United States of America is also called the USA, US, United States or sometimes America.
On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was issued, establishing the United States of America.
The US is the 4th largest country in the world by land area and 3rd by population.
On February 25, 2013, the estimated population of the US was 315,568,000.
The US is a diverse country with a multicultural society. In CountryHumans, America is shown to have Black Eyes to show its culture, and can be a reason behind the Sunglasses America wears which is mostly shown to be a dark tint.
The US has the world's largest economy.
The US developed the first nuclear weapons, using them on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki near the end of World War 2.
The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers combine to form the longest river system in the US and the fourth longest in the world.
The tallest mountain the US is Mt McKinley, located in the state of Alaska it reaches 20,320 ft (6,194 m) above sea level.
Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 and is the largest state in the US by land area.
Hawaii is the most recent of the 50 states in the US (joining in 1959) and is the only one made up entirely of islands.
Most of the world's tornadoes occur in the Midwest region of the US known as Tornado Alley.
The most populated city in the US is New York City, followed by Los Angeles and Chicago.
English is the most commonly spoken language in the US, followed by Spanish.
The first man to walk on the moon was American Neil Armstrong (July 21, 1969).
The US was the leading force behind the development of the Internet.
The US consumes more petroleum than any other country in the world.
The most popular team sports in the US are American football, baseball, basketball and ice hockey.
During WWI American soldiers were the only soldiers to use shotguns because the USA had created the first repeating pump-action shotgun. The shotguns they used were modified versions of the Winchester Model 1897 (other wise known as trench guns or combat shotguns). These guns were very effective at clearing trenches and because of this the Kaiser of the German Empire issued a diplomatic protest, complaining that the trench gun was illegal because in quote “it is especially forbidden to employ arms, projections, or materials calculated to cause unnecessary suffering” as defined in the 1907 Hague Convention. Originally the US government freaked out and almost burned every documentation of a soldier using a trench gun. However at the last minute they remembered that the Germans were using flamethrowers and poison gas in the war. So in return they threatened the Germans that if they were to execute any American soldier that had a trench gun in return the Americans would execute all of their German prisoners.
The United States is one of the countries on the top 10 list for giving the most foreign aid, yet ranks around the bottom for GNP with only 0.2%
William Taft was the second president to own a car, but he was too over-weight to drive it.
Extra(s)
Religion: Protestantism (48.9%), Roman Catholicism (23.0%), Mormonism (1.8%), Irreligion/Atheist (18.2%), Judaism (2.1%), Islam (0.8%), Other non-Christian religion (2.5%), No response given/Unknown (2.7%)
Urbanization: 81%
Social Progress Index: 26th in the World
Basic Human Needs: 34th in the World
Social Opportunities: 16th in the World
Health and Wellness: 39th in the World
Basic Medical Care: 31st in the world
Personal Safety: 55th in the world
Access to Education: 54th in the World
Advanced Education: 1st in the World
Personal Freedom: 18th in the World
Freedom of Speech: 29th in the World
Tolerance and Inclusion: 32nd in the World
Tolerance for Minorities: 80th in the World
Tolerance for Homosexuals: 15th in the World (76.6%)
Women Equality: Medium (37th in the World)
GDP: $20.580 trillion
Unemployment: 3.5% Nationwide
Currency: US Dollar ($)
Telephones:
Mobile Phones: 120%
Internet Users: 75%
Average Male Height: 5’9 (177 cm)
Average Female Height: 5’3.5 (162 cm)
References
Quora Answer
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_shotgun#History
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Fixtures and Results of all Seychellois National Teams
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Click here to see the latest Seychellois National Squad matches, fixtures, results and more, including ratings for international games.
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FootballCritic
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https://www.footballcritic.com/seychelles/2024/national-team-matches/168
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The Seychelles Quiz
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About: Seychelles
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Seychelles (/seɪˈʃɛlz/, /-ˈʃɛl, ˈseɪʃɛl(z)/; French: [sɛʃɛl] or [seʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: La Repiblik Sesel), is an archipelagic country consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres (800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago (administered by the United Kingdom as the British Indian Ocean Territory) to the east. It is the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated 2020 population of 98,462.
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Seychelles
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dbo:abstract
Seychelles; francès: [sɛʃɛl] or ), oficialment la República de Seychelles (francès: République des Seychelles ; : La Repiblik Sesel), és un país insular arxipelàgic de l' oceà Índic a l'extrem oriental del mar de Somàlia. Consta de 115 illes. La seva capital i ciutat més gran, Victoria, té 1,500 quilometres (932 mi) est de l'Àfrica continental. Altres països i territoris insulars propers inclouen les Comores, Madagascar, Maurici i les regions franceses d'ultramar de Mayotte i Reunió al sud; i Maldives i l'arxipèlag de Txagos (administrat pel Regne Unit com a Territori Britànic de l'Oceà Índic) a l'est. La seva població estimada de 98.462 persones, la més petita de qualsevol país africà sobirà. Està constituïda per un arxipèlag de 115 illes, la principal de les quals és Mahé (on hi ha la capital, Victòria), que es troben a l'est del continent africà i al nord-est de Madagascar. Altres estats o dependències insulars propers són Maurici i Reunió al sud, les Comores al sud-oest i les Maldives al nord-est. El punt més alt de les Seychelles és el (906 metres) situat a l'illa principal de Mahé. (ca)
سيشل رسمياً جمهورية سيشل هي دولة جزيرية في أفريقيا تتواجد في المحيط الهندي مكونة من عدة جزر، عاصمتها مدينة فيكتوريا. (ar)
Seychely (výslovnost [sejšely]), plným názvem Seychelská republika, je stát na stejnojmenném souostroví v Indickém oceánu, východně od afrického kontinentu a severně od Madagaskaru. (cs)
Οι Σεϋχέλλες (αγγλικά: Seychelles, προφέρεται: [seɪˈʃɛl] ή προφέρεται: [/seɪˈʃɛlz/], γαλλικά: προφέρεται: [seʃɛl]), κρεολικά: Repiblik Sesel, επίσημα Republic of Seychelles / République des Seychelles), είναι νησιωτικό κράτος (με συνολική έκταση 455 τ.χλμ.) του Ινδικού ωκεανού, που αποτελείται από γύρω στα 115 νησιά με πρωτεύουσα τη Βικτώρια. Μεγαλύτερο σε έκταση από τα νησιά είναι το Μαέ. Το κλίμα είναι . Η οικονομία της χώρας βασίζεται κυρίως στον τουρισμό και στην αλιεία. Το πολίτευμα είναι δημοκρατία. Σύμφωνα με επίσημη εκτίμηση για το 2021, η χώρα έχει πληθυσμό 99.728 κατοίκους (κατατάσσεται 203η). Ο πληθυσμός της είναι ο μικρότερος στην Αφρική. Επίσημες γλώσσες είναι η αγγλική και η κρεολική Σεσελουά. Πρώτοι έφτασαν στα νησιά οι Πορτογάλοι, στις αρχές του 16ου αιώνα. Από τότε πέρασαν από τα νησιά οι Γάλλοι, στους οποίους οι Σεϋχέλλες οφείλουν το όνομά τους, και οι Άγγλοι, οι οποίοι το 1903 κήρυξαν τις Σεϋχέλλες αγγλική αποικία. Η χώρα απέκτησε την ανεξαρτησία της το 1976. Στο νησιωτικό αυτό συγκρότημα, όταν ακόμα αποτελούσε κτήση της Αγγλίας, είχαν εκτοπίσει οι Άγγλοι από τις 9 Μαρτίου 1956 τον Αρχιεπίσκοπο Μακάριο της Κύπρου, μαζί με τον Μητροπολίτη Κυρηνείας Κυπριανού, και τον δημοσιογράφο Πολ. Ιωαννίδη μέχρι τις 28 Μαρτίου του 1957 που επέστρεψαν στην Ελλάδα, απ' όπου και επέστρεψε στη Κύπρο, για να αναλάβει τελικά το 1960 πρώτος Πρόεδρος της ανεξάρτητης Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας. Εθνική εορτή είναι η 18η Ιουνίου, οπότε το 1993 υιοθετήθηκε το ισχύον Σύνταγμα. (el)
Die Republik Seychellen, auch nur die Seychellen (zeˈʃɛlən, früher auch Seschellen geschrieben; Seychellenkreol Sesel; französisch Seychelles [seˈʃɛl], veraltet Séchelles geschrieben; englisch Seychelles [seɪˈʃɛlz]) ist ein Inselstaat im Indischen Ozean. Topografisch gehört der Staat zu Afrika. Seine Hauptstadt ist Victoria, welche nach der britischen Königin benannt ist. (de)
La Sejŝeloj estas lando en la Hinda Oceano, kies teritorio konsistas el la 115 insuloj de la sejŝela arkipelago. (eo)
Seychelleak (ingelesez eta frantsesez: Seychelles; ingelesez seɪˈʃɛlz eta frantsesez sɛʃɛl ahoskatua) edo Seychelle uharteak Afrika ekialdetik hurbil dagoen uharte estatua da, Indiako ozeanoan kokatutako 115 uhartez osatua, Madagaskarren iparraldean. Halaber, biztanle kopuruari dagokionez kontinenteko herrialderik txikiena da. Helburu estimatua da urtero hainbat turistarentzat bertako eguraldia eta hondartzak direla-eta. Ofizialki Seychelleetako Errepublika (frantsesez: République des Seychelles; : Repiblik Sesel) da eta hiriburua Victoria (2002an 24.970 biztanle) du. Mahé uhartean kokatuta dagoen hiriburua da. Biztanleriaren herena bertan bizi da. Gainera, bertan, lurraldeko aireportu bakarra dago, non mundu osoko lurraldeetatik gehienbat turistak heltzen dira. Bertako hizkuntza ofizialak , frantsesa eta ingelesa dira. Ordea, bertako jendeari seychelletar esaten zaie. Errepublika presidentzialista batean bizi dira, non da bertako presidentea. Erresuma Batuarekiko independentzia 1976. urteko ekainaren 29an lortu zuten. Lurralde osoak 445,00 km² ditu. Han erabilitako moneta ofiziala errupia seychelletar da. (eu)
Las Seychelles, oficialmente la República de Seychelles (en inglés, Republic of Seychelles; en francés, République des Seychelles; en criollo seychelense, Repiblik Sesel) son un grupo de 115 islas ubicadas en el océano Índico, al noreste de Madagascar, con una superficie total de 455 km² y una población estimada de 99.202 habitantes (2021). Pertenece a la Mancomunidad de Naciones. Su capital es Victoria, la única ciudad del archipiélago, ubicada en la isla Mahé y habitada por un tercio de la población. Posee el único aeropuerto y puerto internacional del país, que recibe vuelos desde los aeropuertos internacionales más importantes del mundo, ya que la principal fuente de divisas del país es el turismo. Una de las atracciones principales de Victoria es el Jardín Botánico, donde pueden observarse ejemplares de tortugas gigantes que son endémicas de estas islas (por ejemplo: la tortuga gigante de Aldabra, Dipsochelys dussumieri o Geochelone gigantea) y que, aunque son de una menor talla, son muy parecidas a las especies de tortugas presentes en las islas Galápagos. Otras especies de tortugas gigantes de las islas Seychelles son la tortuga gigante de Seychelles (Dipsochelys hololissa) y la tortuga gigante de Arnold, ambas en peligro crítico de extinción. Actualmente son objeto de un programa de cría en cautividad y reintroducción por la Asociación de Protección de la Naturaleza de las Seychelles. La etnia predominante es la seychellois, de raíces africanas y francesas, pero también hay minorías china e india. La mayoría de la población profesa el catolicismo, un 8 % de la población son anglicanos y hay un 2 % de diversas religiones. Seychelles es lo que se conoce como un paraíso tropical. Las islas conservan su belleza natural, con hermosas playas y un mar con excelentes condiciones para los amantes del buceo. Tiene clima tropical con temperaturas que, anualmente, oscilan entre los 25 y 30 °C, con meses muy lluviosos de noviembre a mayo, cuando son alcanzadas por los vientos monzónicos. Seychelles tiene el segundo Índice de desarrollo humano más alto de África y es junto a Mauricio el único país de este continente con un IDH considerado "muy alto". A pesar de la nueva prosperidad económica del país, la cual ha posicionado a este país como uno de lo más ricos de África, enfrenta aún numerosos problemas sociales. (es)
Les Seychelles, en forme longue la république des Seychelles (en créole seychellois : Sesel et Repiblik Sesel ; en anglais : Seychelles et Republic of Seychelles) est un archipel de cent-seize îles (dont une artificielle), situé dans l'ouest de l'océan Indien et rattaché au continent africain. Toutes ces îles sont regroupées en un État dont la capitale est la ville de Victoria sur l'île principale de Mahé. (fr)
Go hoifigiúil, is é Poblacht na Séiséal is ainm don tír, Na Séiséil (Fraincis: République des Seychelles, Creole: Repiblik Sesel). Is stát oileánach í a bhfuil 158 oileáin ann. Tá siad suite san Aigéin Indiach, 1,600 cm taobh soir den Afraic, soir ó thuaidh den oileán Madagascar. I dtéarmaí daonra is iad na Séiséil an stát neamhspleách is lú san Afraic. Is é Victoria príomhchathair na tíre. (ga)
Seychelles atau Seiselensa (/seɪˈʃɛlz/ say-SHELZ; French: [sɛʃɛl]), Secara resmi Republik Seychelles (bahasa Prancis: République des Seychelles; Kreol: Repiblik Sesel), adalah sebuah negara kepulauan yang mencakup sebuah kepulauan dari 115 pulau di Samudera Hindia di Samudra Hindia, sekitar 1.600 km sebelah timur daratan Afrika, dan sebelah timur laut Madagaskar. Negara dan teritori tetangganya ialah Mauritius dan Reunion di sebelah selatan, Komoro dan Mayotte di barat daya, dan Maladewa di timur laut. Seychelles, dengan perkiraan populasi 86.525, memiliki populasi terkecil di Afrika. Seychelles adalah bagian dari Kepulauan Mascarene bersama dengan Mauritius, dan Reunion. (in)
Seychelles (/seɪˈʃɛlz/, /-ˈʃɛl, ˈseɪʃɛl(z)/; French: [sɛʃɛl] or [seʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: La Repiblik Sesel), is an archipelagic country consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres (800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago (administered by the United Kingdom as the British Indian Ocean Territory) to the east. It is the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated 2020 population of 98,462. Seychelles was uninhabited prior to being encountered by Europeans in the 16th century. It faced competing French and British interests until coming under full British control in the late 18th century. Since proclaiming independence from the United Kingdom in 1976, it has developed from a largely agricultural society to a market-based diversified economy, characterized by rapidly rising service, public sector, and tourism activities. From 1976 to 2015, nominal GDP grew nearly 700%, and purchasing power parity nearly 1600%. Since the late 2010s, the government has taken steps to encourage foreign investment. As of the early 21st century, Seychelles has the highest nominal per capita GDP of any African nation. It has the second-highest Human Development Index of any African country after Mauritius. It is the only African country classified as a high-income economy by the World Bank. Seychellois culture and society is an eclectic mix of French, British, and African influences, with more recent infusions of Chinese and Indian elements. The country is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, and the Commonwealth of Nations. (en)
セーシェル共和国Repiblik Sesel （セーシェル・クレオール語）Republic of Seychelles （英語）République des Seychelles （フランス語） 国の標語：Finis Coronat Opus（ラテン語: 最後に仕事は報われる）国歌：Koste Seselwaすべてのセーシェル人よ団結せよ セーシェル共和国（セーシェルきょうわこく）、通称セーシェルは、アフリカ大陸から1300 kmほど離れたインド洋に浮かぶ115の島々からなる島国で、イギリス連邦加盟国である。首都はヴィクトリア。 (ja)
( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 세이셸 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 세이셸 공화국(세이셸 크리올: Repiblik Sesel 레피블리크 세셀, 프랑스어: République des Seychelles 레퓌블리크 드스 세이셸스[*], 영어: Republic of Seychelles, 문화어: 세이쉘)은 아프리카 동부, 인도양에 위치하여 있는 섬 나라이다. 아프리카 대륙에서 약 1,600km 떨어져 있다. 수도는 빅토리아이다. 아프리카에서는 유일하게 인도식 화폐인 루피를 쓴다. 주변의 다른 섬 나라들로 남쪽에 모리셔스, 레위니옹(프랑스령), 남서쪽에 코모로, 마요트(프랑스령), 북동쪽에 , 몰디브 등이 있다. (ko)
Le Seychelles (pron. /seiʃˈʃɛl/ o /seʃˈʃɛl/; in inglese /seɪˈʃɛlz/, in francese /sɛʃɛl/), in italiano anche Seicelle, ufficialmente la Repubblica delle Seychelles (in francese République des Seychelles; in creolo seicellese: Repiblik Sesel, in inglese Republic of Seychelles), sono uno Stato insulare il cui territorio è costituito da un arcipelago di 115 isole, localizzato nell'Oceano Indiano a circa 1500 km a est delle coste dell'Africa Orientale. L'arcipelago si trova a nord-est della punta settentrionale del Madagascar, ed è circondato da altri stati (o dipendenze) insulari fra cui Zanzibar a ovest, Mauritius e la Riunione a sud, le Comore e Mayotte a sudovest, e le Maldive a nordest. Con soli 95 652 abitanti, si tratta dello Stato indipendente africano dalla popolazione più esigua. (it)
De Seychellen, officieel de Republiek der Seychellen (Engels: Republic of Seychelles, Frans: République des Seychelles, Seychellencreools: Repiblik Sesel), is een land en archipel in Afrika ten noorden van Madagaskar in de Indische Oceaan, ongeveer 1600 km ten oosten van het Afrikaanse continent. De Seychellen bestaan uit meer dan 115 eilanden. Minder dan een derde daarvan is bewoond. Van de 95.981 (2020) inwoners woont zo'n 90% op het hoofdeiland Mahé, dat ongeveer 155 km² groot is. De hoofdstad Victoria ligt ook op dit eiland. De Seychellen zijn met hun inwoneraantal het kleinste land van Afrika en het behoort tot de kleinste landen van de wereld. Het land scoort het hoogst op de ontwikkelingsindex (HDI) van alle landen in dit werelddeel, maar heeft tegelijkertijd ook de grootste inkomensongelijkheid. De Seychellen leven voor een groot deel van het toerisme. Niet alleen vanwege de stranden met hun typische granietformaties maar ook door de unieke flora en fauna. Een lokaal gezegde stelt dat hier ooit de Hof van Eden lag. (nl)
As Seicheles ou Seychelles (em inglês e francês, Seychelles; em seichelense, Sesel), oficialmente República das Seicheles ou Seychelles, são um país insular localizado no Oceano Índico ocidental, constituído por 115 ilhas distribuídas entre vários arquipélagos localizados a norte e nordeste de Madagáscar. Fazem parte das Seicheles as Ilhas Seicheles propriamente ditas, as Ilhas Amirante, as ilhas Farcuar, as ilhas Aldabra e algumas outras ilhas dispersas. Além de Madagáscar, os seus vizinhos mais próximos são as Maurícias, a sudeste, as Comores e Maiote, a sudoeste, e as Ilhas Gloriosas, a sul. A capital do país é Vitória. As Seicheles estavam desabitadas antes de serem encontradas pelos europeus no século XVI. Enfrentou interesses franceses e britânicos concorrentes, até ficar sob controle britânico total no final do século XIX. Desde a proclamação da independência do Reino Unido em 1976, o país passou de uma sociedade amplamente agrícola para uma economia diversificada baseada no mercado, caracterizada pelo rápido crescimento das atividades de serviços, setor público e turismo. De 1976 até 2015, o PIB nominal cresceu quase sete vezes e a paridade do poder de compra aumentou quase dezesseis vezes. Desde o final de 2010, o governo tomou medidas para incentivar o investimento estrangeiro. Hoje, as Seicheles possuem o maior PIB per capita entre todas as nações africanas. É o primeiro e único país africano com Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano considerado muito alto, além de ter uma das maiores renda per capita da África. e o único país africano classificado como economia de alta renda pelo Banco Mundial. Apesar de sua relativa prosperidade, a pobreza permanece generalizada e o país tem um dos níveis mais altos de desigualdade econômica e distribuição desigual de riqueza, com a classe alta e dominante comandando uma vasta proporção da riqueza do país. A cultura e sociedade das Seicheles é uma mistura eclética de influências francesas, inglesas e africanas, com infusões mais recentes de elementos chineses e indianos. O país é membro das Nações Unidas, da União Africana, da Comunidade de Desenvolvimento da África Austral e da Commonwealth. (pt)
Seszele (fr., ang. Seychelles, sesz. Sesel), oficjalnie: Republika Seszeli – państwo wyspiarskie na Oceanie Indyjskim, ok. 1600 km od wybrzeży Afryki, położone na północny wschód od Madagaskaru. Najbliższe państwa i terytoria zamorskie to Mauritius i Reunion na południu oraz Malediwy na północnym wschodzie. (pl)
Seychellerna, formellt Republiken Seychellerna, är en stat i västra Indiska oceanen, utanför Afrikas östkust och norr om Madagaskar, bestående av 115 öar. Huvudstaden heter Victoria och är belägen på huvudön Mahé. De centrala öarna Mahé, Silhouette, Praslin och La Digue med flera är alla bergiga granitöar. De yttre öarna höjer sig endast ett fåtal meter över havsytan och består av korall. Ögruppen har ett tropiskt klimat med utpräglad oceanisk karaktär. Landet blev självständigt 1976. Presidenten är både stats- och regeringschef och har stor makt. Landets ekonomi domineras av turismen sedan den internationella flygplatsen öppnades 1971. En annan inkomstkälla är export av kokosnötter, kanel, vanilj och fisk. Seychellerna är beroende av att importera livsmedel då den odlingsbara ytan är liten. (sv)
Сейше́льские Острова́ (англ. Seychelles i/seɪˈʃɛlz/; фр. Seychelles французский: [sɛˈʃɛl], сейш. Sesel [seˈsel]), официальное название — Респу́блика Сейше́льские Острова́ (англ. Republic of Seychelles [rɪˈpʌblɪk ɒv seɪˈʃɛlz], фр. République des Seychelles [ʁe.py.bˈlik de sɛˈʃɛl], сейш. Repiblik Sesel [repibˈlik seˈsel]) — островное государство в Восточной Африке. Государство — член Содружества Наций. Расположено в западной части Индийского океана, немного южнее экватора, примерно в 1600 км к востоку от африканского материка, севернее Мадагаскара. В состав республики входят 115 островов, обитаемы только 33. Площадь государства — 455 км². Самый большой остров — Маэ (142 км²). На нём находится столица государства — Виктория и международный аэропорт. Другие крупные острова — Силуэт, Праслен, Ла-Диг. Множество мелких коралловых островов. Население — около 95 тыс. человек (2017). (ru)
Респу́бліка Сейше́льські Острови́, Сейше́ли (креол. Repiblik Sesel, фр. République des Seychelles, англ. Republic of Seychelles) — острівна держава в Індійському океані на однойменних островах біля східних берегів Африки (за 1600 км), на північ від Мадагаскару. Найменша суверенна держава Африки. Площа країни становить 455 км² (179-те місце у світі). Населення: 81,5 тис. осіб (181-ше місце у світі). Столиця: місто Вікторія. Сейшельські острови відомі природною красою навколишніх островів, особливою флорою та фауною. Туризм є основою економіки країни. (uk)
塞舌爾共和國（塞舌尔克里奥尔语：Repiblik Sesel；法語：République des Seychelles；英語：Republic of Seychelles），通稱塞席爾，是位於坦桑尼亞以東、印度洋中西部的一個群岛国家。塞舌尔为大英國協成员国。首都維多利亞。 (zh)
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سيشل رسمياً جمهورية سيشل هي دولة جزيرية في أفريقيا تتواجد في المحيط الهندي مكونة من عدة جزر، عاصمتها مدينة فيكتوريا. (ar)
Seychely (výslovnost [sejšely]), plným názvem Seychelská republika, je stát na stejnojmenném souostroví v Indickém oceánu, východně od afrického kontinentu a severně od Madagaskaru. (cs)
Die Republik Seychellen, auch nur die Seychellen (zeˈʃɛlən, früher auch Seschellen geschrieben; Seychellenkreol Sesel; französisch Seychelles [seˈʃɛl], veraltet Séchelles geschrieben; englisch Seychelles [seɪˈʃɛlz]) ist ein Inselstaat im Indischen Ozean. Topografisch gehört der Staat zu Afrika. Seine Hauptstadt ist Victoria, welche nach der britischen Königin benannt ist. (de)
La Sejŝeloj estas lando en la Hinda Oceano, kies teritorio konsistas el la 115 insuloj de la sejŝela arkipelago. (eo)
Les Seychelles, en forme longue la république des Seychelles (en créole seychellois : Sesel et Repiblik Sesel ; en anglais : Seychelles et Republic of Seychelles) est un archipel de cent-seize îles (dont une artificielle), situé dans l'ouest de l'océan Indien et rattaché au continent africain. Toutes ces îles sont regroupées en un État dont la capitale est la ville de Victoria sur l'île principale de Mahé. (fr)
Go hoifigiúil, is é Poblacht na Séiséal is ainm don tír, Na Séiséil (Fraincis: République des Seychelles, Creole: Repiblik Sesel). Is stát oileánach í a bhfuil 158 oileáin ann. Tá siad suite san Aigéin Indiach, 1,600 cm taobh soir den Afraic, soir ó thuaidh den oileán Madagascar. I dtéarmaí daonra is iad na Séiséil an stát neamhspleách is lú san Afraic. Is é Victoria príomhchathair na tíre. (ga)
Seychelles atau Seiselensa (/seɪˈʃɛlz/ say-SHELZ; French: [sɛʃɛl]), Secara resmi Republik Seychelles (bahasa Prancis: République des Seychelles; Kreol: Repiblik Sesel), adalah sebuah negara kepulauan yang mencakup sebuah kepulauan dari 115 pulau di Samudera Hindia di Samudra Hindia, sekitar 1.600 km sebelah timur daratan Afrika, dan sebelah timur laut Madagaskar. Negara dan teritori tetangganya ialah Mauritius dan Reunion di sebelah selatan, Komoro dan Mayotte di barat daya, dan Maladewa di timur laut. Seychelles, dengan perkiraan populasi 86.525, memiliki populasi terkecil di Afrika. Seychelles adalah bagian dari Kepulauan Mascarene bersama dengan Mauritius, dan Reunion. (in)
セーシェル共和国Repiblik Sesel （セーシェル・クレオール語）Republic of Seychelles （英語）République des Seychelles （フランス語） 国の標語：Finis Coronat Opus（ラテン語: 最後に仕事は報われる）国歌：Koste Seselwaすべてのセーシェル人よ団結せよ セーシェル共和国（セーシェルきょうわこく）、通称セーシェルは、アフリカ大陸から1300 kmほど離れたインド洋に浮かぶ115の島々からなる島国で、イギリス連邦加盟国である。首都はヴィクトリア。 (ja)
( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 세이셸 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 세이셸 공화국(세이셸 크리올: Repiblik Sesel 레피블리크 세셀, 프랑스어: République des Seychelles 레퓌블리크 드스 세이셸스[*], 영어: Republic of Seychelles, 문화어: 세이쉘)은 아프리카 동부, 인도양에 위치하여 있는 섬 나라이다. 아프리카 대륙에서 약 1,600km 떨어져 있다. 수도는 빅토리아이다. 아프리카에서는 유일하게 인도식 화폐인 루피를 쓴다. 주변의 다른 섬 나라들로 남쪽에 모리셔스, 레위니옹(프랑스령), 남서쪽에 코모로, 마요트(프랑스령), 북동쪽에 , 몰디브 등이 있다. (ko)
Seszele (fr., ang. Seychelles, sesz. Sesel), oficjalnie: Republika Seszeli – państwo wyspiarskie na Oceanie Indyjskim, ok. 1600 km od wybrzeży Afryki, położone na północny wschód od Madagaskaru. Najbliższe państwa i terytoria zamorskie to Mauritius i Reunion na południu oraz Malediwy na północnym wschodzie. (pl)
Респу́бліка Сейше́льські Острови́, Сейше́ли (креол. Repiblik Sesel, фр. République des Seychelles, англ. Republic of Seychelles) — острівна держава в Індійському океані на однойменних островах біля східних берегів Африки (за 1600 км), на північ від Мадагаскару. Найменша суверенна держава Африки. Площа країни становить 455 км² (179-те місце у світі). Населення: 81,5 тис. осіб (181-ше місце у світі). Столиця: місто Вікторія. Сейшельські острови відомі природною красою навколишніх островів, особливою флорою та фауною. Туризм є основою економіки країни. (uk)
塞舌爾共和國（塞舌尔克里奥尔语：Repiblik Sesel；法語：République des Seychelles；英語：Republic of Seychelles），通稱塞席爾，是位於坦桑尼亞以東、印度洋中西部的一個群岛国家。塞舌尔为大英國協成员国。首都維多利亞。 (zh)
Seychelles; francès: [sɛʃɛl] or ), oficialment la República de Seychelles (francès: République des Seychelles ; : La Repiblik Sesel), és un país insular arxipelàgic de l' oceà Índic a l'extrem oriental del mar de Somàlia. Consta de 115 illes. La seva capital i ciutat més gran, Victoria, té 1,500 quilometres (932 mi) est de l'Àfrica continental. Altres països i territoris insulars propers inclouen les Comores, Madagascar, Maurici i les regions franceses d'ultramar de Mayotte i Reunió al sud; i Maldives i l'arxipèlag de Txagos (administrat pel Regne Unit com a Territori Britànic de l'Oceà Índic) a l'est. La seva població estimada de 98.462 persones, la més petita de qualsevol país africà sobirà. (ca)
Οι Σεϋχέλλες (αγγλικά: Seychelles, προφέρεται: [seɪˈʃɛl] ή προφέρεται: [/seɪˈʃɛlz/], γαλλικά: προφέρεται: [seʃɛl]), κρεολικά: Repiblik Sesel, επίσημα Republic of Seychelles / République des Seychelles), είναι νησιωτικό κράτος (με συνολική έκταση 455 τ.χλμ.) του Ινδικού ωκεανού, που αποτελείται από γύρω στα 115 νησιά με πρωτεύουσα τη Βικτώρια. Μεγαλύτερο σε έκταση από τα νησιά είναι το Μαέ. Το κλίμα είναι . Η οικονομία της χώρας βασίζεται κυρίως στον τουρισμό και στην αλιεία. Το πολίτευμα είναι δημοκρατία. Σύμφωνα με επίσημη εκτίμηση για το 2021, η χώρα έχει πληθυσμό 99.728 κατοίκους (κατατάσσεται 203η). Ο πληθυσμός της είναι ο μικρότερος στην Αφρική. Επίσημες γλώσσες είναι η αγγλική και η κρεολική Σεσελουά. Πρώτοι έφτασαν στα νησιά οι Πορτογάλοι, στις αρχές του 16ου αιώνα. Από τότε πέρασαν (el)
Las Seychelles, oficialmente la República de Seychelles (en inglés, Republic of Seychelles; en francés, République des Seychelles; en criollo seychelense, Repiblik Sesel) son un grupo de 115 islas ubicadas en el océano Índico, al noreste de Madagascar, con una superficie total de 455 km² y una población estimada de 99.202 habitantes (2021). Pertenece a la Mancomunidad de Naciones. (es)
Seychelleak (ingelesez eta frantsesez: Seychelles; ingelesez seɪˈʃɛlz eta frantsesez sɛʃɛl ahoskatua) edo Seychelle uharteak Afrika ekialdetik hurbil dagoen uharte estatua da, Indiako ozeanoan kokatutako 115 uhartez osatua, Madagaskarren iparraldean. Halaber, biztanle kopuruari dagokionez kontinenteko herrialderik txikiena da. Helburu estimatua da urtero hainbat turistarentzat bertako eguraldia eta hondartzak direla-eta. (eu)
Seychelles (/seɪˈʃɛlz/, /-ˈʃɛl, ˈseɪʃɛl(z)/; French: [sɛʃɛl] or [seʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: La Repiblik Sesel), is an archipelagic country consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres (800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago (administered by the United Kingdom as the British Indian Ocean Territory) to the east. It is the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated 2020 population of 98,462. (en)
Le Seychelles (pron. /seiʃˈʃɛl/ o /seʃˈʃɛl/; in inglese /seɪˈʃɛlz/, in francese /sɛʃɛl/), in italiano anche Seicelle, ufficialmente la Repubblica delle Seychelles (in francese République des Seychelles; in creolo seicellese: Repiblik Sesel, in inglese Republic of Seychelles), sono uno Stato insulare il cui territorio è costituito da un arcipelago di 115 isole, localizzato nell'Oceano Indiano a circa 1500 km a est delle coste dell'Africa Orientale. (it)
De Seychellen, officieel de Republiek der Seychellen (Engels: Republic of Seychelles, Frans: République des Seychelles, Seychellencreools: Repiblik Sesel), is een land en archipel in Afrika ten noorden van Madagaskar in de Indische Oceaan, ongeveer 1600 km ten oosten van het Afrikaanse continent. De Seychellen bestaan uit meer dan 115 eilanden. Minder dan een derde daarvan is bewoond. Van de 95.981 (2020) inwoners woont zo'n 90% op het hoofdeiland Mahé, dat ongeveer 155 km² groot is. De hoofdstad Victoria ligt ook op dit eiland. De Seychellen zijn met hun inwoneraantal het kleinste land van Afrika en het behoort tot de kleinste landen van de wereld. Het land scoort het hoogst op de ontwikkelingsindex (HDI) van alle landen in dit werelddeel, maar heeft tegelijkertijd ook de grootste inkomen (nl)
Seychellerna, formellt Republiken Seychellerna, är en stat i västra Indiska oceanen, utanför Afrikas östkust och norr om Madagaskar, bestående av 115 öar. Huvudstaden heter Victoria och är belägen på huvudön Mahé. De centrala öarna Mahé, Silhouette, Praslin och La Digue med flera är alla bergiga granitöar. De yttre öarna höjer sig endast ett fåtal meter över havsytan och består av korall. Ögruppen har ett tropiskt klimat med utpräglad oceanisk karaktär. (sv)
As Seicheles ou Seychelles (em inglês e francês, Seychelles; em seichelense, Sesel), oficialmente República das Seicheles ou Seychelles, são um país insular localizado no Oceano Índico ocidental, constituído por 115 ilhas distribuídas entre vários arquipélagos localizados a norte e nordeste de Madagáscar. Fazem parte das Seicheles as Ilhas Seicheles propriamente ditas, as Ilhas Amirante, as ilhas Farcuar, as ilhas Aldabra e algumas outras ilhas dispersas. Além de Madagáscar, os seus vizinhos mais próximos são as Maurícias, a sudeste, as Comores e Maiote, a sudoeste, e as Ilhas Gloriosas, a sul. A capital do país é Vitória. (pt)
Сейше́льские Острова́ (англ. Seychelles i/seɪˈʃɛlz/; фр. Seychelles французский: [sɛˈʃɛl], сейш. Sesel [seˈsel]), официальное название — Респу́блика Сейше́льские Острова́ (англ. Republic of Seychelles [rɪˈpʌblɪk ɒv seɪˈʃɛlz], фр. République des Seychelles [ʁe.py.bˈlik de sɛˈʃɛl], сейш. Repiblik Sesel [repibˈlik seˈsel]) — островное государство в Восточной Африке. Государство — член Содружества Наций. Расположено в западной части Индийского океана, немного южнее экватора, примерно в 1600 км к востоку от африканского материка, севернее Мадагаскара. Население — около 95 тыс. человек (2017). (ru)
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Ceps raises awareness of its members on new Associations Act
The Citizens Engagement Platform Seychelles (Ceps) organised a meeting for its members in collaboration with the Registrar Division on the introduction of the new law that was passed in the […]
CEPS fait un bilan de ses activités
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5ème Forum International de Victoria Partage sur le progrès de la femme sur le continent Africain
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NGO Week – Ceps reaching out to the community
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CHARITY STATUS IN SEYCHELLES
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Mesaz pou Lafet Travayer
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Komike Lapres
Ser Manm Se avek regre ki Board CEPS i aksepte demisyon son Sef Ekzekitiv, Msye Michel Pierre efektiv le 26 Mars 2021. Msye Pierre in en zanfan sosyete sivil kot […]
INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY – 8th MARCH 2021- MESAZ PAR VIS TYERMENN CEPS
Ozordi, a lokazyon lazournen Enternasyonal Bann Madanm, CEPS I annan gran plezir pou swet tou madanm Seselwa en zwaye lazournen ki nou espere I avar anmenm bokou refleksyon a fer […]
World Cancer Day 2021
World Cancer Day 2021 is observed on February 4 every year with an aim to spread awareness and reduce stigma about the fatal disease which remains the second leading cause […]
COVISHIELD Vaccines
The Ministry of Health, having received the 50, 000 doses of the COVISHIELD Vaccines will start rolling out vaccination of the aged 60yrs and above as of Tuesday the 26th […]
WASO certificate presentation ceremony
WASO conducted a short ceremony on 19th November 2020 to present certificates to the participants who successfully completed a short skilling course whereby they learned new skills that could be […]
Lucianne Sofola, the new Commissioner for Gender, Rights and Governance Commission
Mrs. Lucianne Sofola has been appointed as the new Commissioner for the Gender, Rights and Governance Commission with immediate effect. Mrs. Sofola, who is the Chairman of the Association for […]
The second Financial Education training
As planned, the second Financial Education training took place on Praslin on Friday 4th & Saturday 5th December 2020 for participants from Praslin & La Digue. The training is in […]
CEPS celebrates American Thanksgiving at Foyer De Nazareth
CEPS American Study Center (CASC) in collaboration with The Lions Club of Seychelles organised a Thanksgiving lunch at Foyer de Nazareth to celebrate the American holiday of Thanksgiving with the […]
World AIDS Day message by Chairman of HASO, Mr. Justin Freminot.
On this first day of December 2020, as we commemorate World AIDS Day under the theme of “Global Solidarity, Shared responsibility”, HASO invites the population of Seychelles to think of […]
The 2nd day of Financial Education strategy Training
Building the capacity of individuals on Financial Education to become trainers so that they can make meaningful interventions at the community level. Topics to be covered: Different kinds of debts, […]
CEPS meets with the new Speaker of the National Assembly
As part of its key strategic area to build and strengthen key relationships, the Citizens Engagement Platform Seychelles (CEPS) met with the new Speaker of the National Assembly, Speaker Roger […]
CEPS meets with Ambassador Guo Wei
The Citizens Engagement Platform Seychelles (CEPS) met with the Chinese Ambassador, HE. Guo Wei, on Monday 23rdNovember 2020 for a courtesy meeting. The meeting is part of CEPS key strategic […]
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Demonyms, or what do you call a person from ...
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What do you call a person from ?
It seems like a simple question, and it's a common one too. As a geography teacher I was often asked what you called a person from a country we might have been investigating. It's not always as obvious as we'd like, and it would help if everywhere followed the same rules, but of course the English language is well known for being a little eccentric at times :-)
For example, with most countries ending with the letter 'a' you just need to add an 'n' to the end of the country name to create the name for it's citizens. Thus a person from Angola is an Angolan, a person from Cuba is a Cuban and a person from Russia is a Russian.
But just as you get the hang of it, you discover that a person from China isn't a Chinan , but is Chinese, and people from Croatia are Croats, not Croatians.
And then, of course, there are silly confusions such as people from Malta are NOT Maltesers (a sweet) , they are Maltese, and people from Scotland are Scots, not Scotch (a strong alcoholic drink)
Geographers call the word that describes where somebody comes from a DEMONYM (pronounced demo - nim) and we tend to use them quite a lot. Listen to the news, read a paper or just chat on MSN or IRC and you will see / hear plenty of demonyms.
History students should remember though, that country names as well as ways of referring to their inhabitants have changed frequently throughout history and what we call people today ,from for example Uganda, is not what they would have been called 300 years ago when Uganda didn't even exist as a British Protectorate.
So, here's a list showing the most generally accepted demonyms in use today, arranged alphabetically by country.
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Worldwide Directory - MapoList
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Location
Seychelles is an archipelago located in the Indian Ocean, off the eastern coast of Africa. It is situated northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 kilometers (994 miles) east of mainland Africa.
Capital
The capital city of Seychelles is Victoria, which is located on the island of Mahé.
Population
As of the latest estimates, Seychelles has a population of approximately 98,000 people.
Area
Seychelles comprises 115 islands, with a total land area of about 459 square kilometers (177 square miles).
Official Languages
The official languages of Seychelles are Seychellois Creole, English, and French.
Government
Seychelles is a presidential republic with a multi-party political system. The President of Seychelles serves as both the head of state and the head of government.
Independence
Seychelles gained independence from Britain on June 29, 1976.
Currency
The currency of Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee (SCR).
Economy
Seychelles has a small, open economy primarily based on tourism, fishing, and offshore financial services. Tourism is the main contributor to the economy, with pristine beaches, coral reefs, and natural beauty attracting visitors from around the world.
Natural Features
Seychelles is known for its stunning natural beauty, including white sandy beaches, crystal-clear waters, lush forests, and unique flora and fauna. The islands are surrounded by coral reefs and are home to rare species of birds, marine life, and giant tortoises.
Culture
Seychellois culture is a blend of African, European, and Asian influences. The population is diverse, with people of African, European, and Asian descent. Traditional music, dance, and cuisine reflect this cultural diversity.
Religion
Christianity is the predominant religion in Seychelles, with Roman Catholicism being the largest denomination. Other Christian denominations, as well as Hinduism and Islam, are also practiced.
Infrastructure
Seychelles has relatively good infrastructure, particularly on the main islands of Mahé, Praslin, and La Digue. The country has modern facilities for transportation, communication, healthcare, and education.
Environment
Seychelles is committed to environmental conservation and sustainability. The government has implemented policies to protect the natural environment, including marine and terrestrial reserves, and initiatives to combat climate change.
International Relations
Seychelles maintains diplomatic relations with countries around the world and is a member of various international organizations, including the United Nations, the African Union, and the Commonwealth of Nations.
National Items of Seychelles
Coco de Mer
The Coco de Mer is a unique palm tree endemic to Seychelles, known for its large, double-lobed nuts. It symbolizes the country's unique biodiversity and natural heritage.
Aldabra Giant Tortoise
The Aldabra giant tortoise is native to the Aldabra Atoll in Seychelles. It symbolizes the country's rich wildlife and conservation efforts.
Seychelles Black Parrot
The Seychelles black parrot is the national bird and is found only in the Seychelles. It symbolizes the unique biodiversity and commitment to conservation.
Beau Vallon Beach
Beau Vallon Beach is one of the most famous beaches in Seychelles, symbolizing the country's stunning natural beauty and tourism appeal.
Seychellois Creole Cuisine
Seychellois Creole cuisine, characterized by dishes like fish curry and grilled octopus, symbolizes the rich culinary heritage and blend of various cultural influences.
Seychelles Magpie-Robin
The Seychelles magpie-robin is an endangered bird species found only in Seychelles, symbolizing the country's commitment to preserving its unique wildlife.
Seychelles National Botanical Gardens
The Seychelles National Botanical Gardens in Victoria symbolize the country's dedication to preserving and showcasing its rich plant life.
Takamaka Tree
The Takamaka tree is commonly found in Seychelles and symbolizes the island's natural beauty and tropical environment.
Seychelles Craftwork
Traditional Seychellois craftwork, such as woven baskets and hats, symbolizes the rich artisanal heritage and cultural identity of the country.
La Digue Island
La Digue Island, known for its beautiful beaches and unique granite boulders, symbolizes the natural beauty and serene environment of Seychelles.
Seychelles Blue Pigeon
The Seychelles blue pigeon is a bird native to the islands, symbolizing the rich avian biodiversity and natural heritage of Seychelles.
Seychellois Sega Music
Sega music, a traditional genre in Seychelles, symbolizes the rich musical heritage, cultural expression, and artistic traditions of the islands.
Curry Dishes
Curry dishes, particularly fish curry, are a staple in Seychellois cuisine, symbolizing the blend of cultural influences and rich culinary heritage.
Moutya Dance
The Moutya dance is a traditional dance in Seychelles, symbolizing cultural heritage, artistic expression, and social traditions.
Granite Boulders
The unique granite boulders found on beaches like Anse Source d'Argent symbolize the distinctive geological features and natural beauty of Seychelles.
Traditional Fishing Boats
Traditional fishing boats, often seen along the coast, symbolize the maritime heritage, traditional livelihoods, and importance of the sea to the Seychellois people.
Vallée de Mai
Vallée de Mai is a UNESCO World Heritage site on Praslin Island, symbolizing the natural beauty, unique biodiversity, and conservation efforts of Seychelles.
This anthem reflects the pride, unity, and commitment of the people of Seychelles towards their country and emphasizes the values of joy, love, and peace that they hold dear.
The national anthem of Seychelles is called "Koste Seselwa" (Join Together, Seychellois) in Creole, and its lyrics are as follows, along with an English translation:
Koste Seselwa,
Pouvwar Seselwa!
Nou pou toulede glwar Sesel pou labote.
Lazwa, lanmour ek lape,
Nou ti zwazo, nou leker Seselwa.
Ansanm anba lerank Seselwa,
Ansanm dan linite.
Lazil ek laros,
Nou remet Sesel an lamer.
Lazwa, lanmour ek lape,
Nou ti zwazo, nou leker Seselwa.
Join together, Seychellois,
Powerful Seychellois!
We are all here to give our hands to Seychelles for her protection.
Joy, love, and peace,
We are little birds, we are Seychellois at heart.
Together beneath the same flag,
Together in unity.
Island and ocean,
We bring Seychelles back to life.
Joy, love, and peace,
We are little birds, we are Seychellois at heart.
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https://seychellesatlas.wordpress.com/2018/10/03/ask-a-seychellois/
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Culinary Atlas of UAE : Seychelles (سيشيل)
|
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Here's some useful info in case you meet a Seychellois in Abu Dhabi or anywhere else in the UAE or even in the Seychelles. Maybe you'll meet one in your country. It will help to break the ice and strike up a conversation. Talk about the weather. Of course, talk about their food. Check out…
|
en
|
Culinary Atlas of UAE : Seychelles (سيشيل)
|
https://seychellesatlas.wordpress.com/2018/10/03/ask-a-seychellois/
|
Here’s some useful info in case you meet a Seychellois in Abu Dhabi or anywhere else in the UAE or even in the Seychelles. Maybe you’ll meet one in your country. It will help to break the ice and strike up a conversation. Talk about the weather. Of course, talk about their food.
Check out the section on “What Do Seychellois Eat and Drink?” and you’ll have an instant source of topics for conversation.
Click inside the map below and zoom in and out.
Seychelles – the Basics
Nickname – “the land of perpetual summer”
Demonym: Seychellois, Seychelloise
Location: Indian Ocean, east of east Africa; near Madagascar; zoom in on the map above to see exactly where it is – it’s really tiny 🙂
Main cities: Mahe (MAH-heh), Victoria, La Digue (Lah-DEEG) Praslin (PRAH-lin)
Main Airport: Seychelles International Airport (SEZ); 4.5 hours from Dubai
Weather: 24° to 30 °C (75° to 86 °F) most of the year; very few storms
Famous for its luxury resorts and beautiful beaches; visited by royalty, movie stars and other famous people
UNESCO Heritage sites (must-sees for tourists):
Aldabra Atoll, four large coral islands with 152,000 giant tortoises, the world’s largest population of this reptile
Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve, a natural palm forest reserve where one can see the famous coco de mer, the world’s largest nut
Main industries: fishing, tourism, coconut and vanilla processing, coir (coconut fiber), rope, boat building
Main holidays:
National day: June 29
Assumption/La Digue festival – August 15
Best time to visit: April, May; October, November; Creole Festival is held in Mahe, Praslin & La Digue islands (23 Oct 2018 – 29 Oct 2018 )
Currency: Rupee (=0.27 AED; 0.074 USD as of Sept 2018)
Population
Seychellois Population in Seychelles: 95,000
Seychellois Population in UAE: ~500 (2018 est.)
Seychellois Population in other countries:
USA – 1,500
Australia – 12,000
Canada – 4,500
South Africa – 750
East Africa – 1,500
What Seychellois Do In UAE
Majority of Seychellois in UAE work in ___
Small minority in UAE work in ____
Ethnic Mix
Seychellois Creole (mixed African, French, Indian, Chinese, Arab) – 93%
British, French, other – 7%
Languages
Seychellois Creole (also referred to as “Seselwa”)
English
French (if you can speak French, you’ll easily understand Seselwa)
Some Italian and German
Ethnic Dress
Seychellois will typically wear western clothes when they’re in the UAE. So you won’t be able to tell if someone is from Seychelles based on what they wear. But ask a Seychellois, and they’ll tell you some interesting tips on how they can spot a fellow countryman.
Back in Seychelles, you’re likely to see more traditional Seychellois dresses which are very colorful and comfortable.
Religion
Roman Catholic: 82%
Anglican: 6%
Other Christian: 5%
Muslim: 2%
Other: 5%
Writing
English alphabet (no native alphabets are used)
Basic Seychellois Phrases
(parlez français, ils te comprendront . . .)
Yes… “Wi”
No… “Non”
Please… “Silvouple”
Thank you… “Mersi”
Excuse me… “Eskiz mon”
I’m sorry… “Pardon”
Why?… “Akoz?”
What?… “Kwa?”
Who?… “Lekel?”
Where?… “Oli?”
When?… “Kan”
Stop… “Arete”
Go… “Ale”
Today… “Ozordi”
Tomorrow… “Demain”
Famous Personalities
President: Danny Faure
Sports star: Jonathan Bibi (football)
Pop singer: Bruce Boniface
Actor:
Popular Sports
Soccer (the Brazilian and German teams are their favorites; don’t be surprised to see Brazilian and German flags on people’s cars)
Basketball
Flag
The flag has a unique design with rays emanating from the lower left corner. The colors are yellow, red, white, and green, with a blue wedge at the upper left. The flag symbolizes the ocean, the link to Africa, and the multicolored nature of the population. Red, white and green are also the official colors of the SPUP (Seychelles Peoples United Party) while blue and the yellow are the colors of the country’s democratic party.
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https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2021/03/01/seagrass-a-powerful-ally-in-the-fight-against-climate-change-says-seychelles-based-expert
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Seagrass a Powerful Ally in the Fight Against Climate Change Says Seychelles-Based Expert
|
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2021-03-01T00:00:00
|
For the last five decades, conservation biologist Jeanne A. Mortimer has traveled the world, researching marine turtles and their habitats—particularly seagrass. In 1981, her passion for sea turtles drew her to migrate to Seychelles, an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa, where seagrass ecosystems are very important to sea turtle populations and fisheries. Mortimer now coordinates research and conservation projects for seagrass and educates people about its importance as a critical marine habitat—and its value as a nature-based solution in the fight against climate change.
|
en
|
https://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/files/favicon.ico
|
https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2021/03/01/seagrass-a-powerful-ally-in-the-fight-against-climate-change-says-seychelles-based-expert
|
For the last five decades, conservation biologist Jeanne A. Mortimer has traveled the world, researching marine turtles and their habitats—particularly seagrass. In 1981, her passion for sea turtles drew her to migrate to Seychelles, an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa, where seagrass ecosystems are very important to sea turtle populations and fisheries. Mortimer now coordinates research and conservation projects for seagrass and educates people about its importance as a critical marine habitat—and its value as a nature-based solution in the fight against climate change.
This interview with Mortimer—which took place on one of her favorite occasions, World Seagrass Day—has been edited for clarity and length.
Q: What brought you to Seychelles?
A: I first arrived here 40 years ago to study sea turtle populations. I had just completed my Ph.D. at the University of Florida, where my doctoral research focused on nesting turtles at Ascension Island in the south Atlantic Ocean—and the Government of Seychelles wanted to better understand the status of turtles in their waters. At the time there was both local and international concern that turtles were being overexploited, and the country was keen to move forward with science-based management recommendations.
Q: And that led to your interest in studying seagrass?
A: Green turtles are voracious herbivores in those parts of the world where they feed on seagrass meadows. In fact, during my master’s research, I had studied the ecology of green turtles foraging in seagrass meadows along the eastern coast of Nicaragua. At that time, in the mid-1970s, we didn’t know whether green turtles were more interested in the seagrass itself or in eating the other organisms found on the seagrass blades. It turns out that the green turtles were in fact focused on eating the young fresh shoots of seagrass, while hawksbill turtles in Seychelles feed on the invertebrate animals and plants growing amongst the seagrasses.
Q: March is seagrass awareness month. So what do you want people to know about seagrass?
A: People need to realize that seagrass has biological, chemical, and physical importance on a grand scale. Seagrass comprises expansive and highly productive ecosystems that provide food and habitat to thousands of animal and plant species, many of which have commercial importance to humans or are endangered. Seagrass meadows physically protect our coastlines from erosion: During heavy storms, seagrass root mats hold tightly to the seafloor, keeping the plants in place. Meanwhile their leaves baffle wave action and currents, causing sediment to settle quickly so it’s not transported to locations where it doesn’t belong—such as on top of living coral reefs. And through photosynthesis, seagrass removes carbon dioxide (CO2) from the water and replaces it with oxygen that fish, coral, and other marine animals need to breathe.
Q: So seagrass plays a role in carbon sequestration?
A: Yes, seagrass research has come a long way since the 1970s, and we now know that seagrass efficiently sequesters carbon by storing it in the underlying soil—trapping it there for long periods of time. In fact, scientists estimate that around 10% of the total organic carbon sequestered in the ocean is buried in seagrass beds.
Q: Why is this carbon burial important? And how does it work?
A: We know that the burning of fossil fuels through human activity has increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere, which promotes climate change. But seagrasses can lock away some of this carbon: As the seagrass sheds leaves or dies, the dead plant material gets trapped in the low-oxygen sediments on the ocean floor, where the carbon is stored for very long periods of time safely away from the atmosphere. So seagrass meadows are a natural carbon sink—making them important nature-based solutions to climate change.
Q: How are seagrasses faring worldwide?
A: The loss of seagrass ecosystems is accelerating, and some researchers estimate that we’ve lost 30% of the world’s seagrass since scientists first started monitoring seagrass coverage back in 1879. That makes it urgent that we protect seagrass ecosystems.
Q: What about in Seychelles?
A: The human population of Seychelles is right around 100,000, and almost all of them live in the inner islands—where large expanses of seagrass have been lost to coastal reclamation projects, and more such projects are being considered. Mechanical damage caused by boat propellers and trampling, as well as by pollution from sewage outflow and agricultural runoff, pose further threats.
In contrast, most seagrass meadows in the outer islands of the archipelago remain in a relatively healthy state. Unfortunately, that doesn’t compensate for the damaged seagrass in the inner islands because the species composition of both plants and animals in seagrass meadows in the inner islands differs greatly from that in the outer islands. At least one seagrass species in the inner islands, Enhalus acoroides, is on the verge of extinction due to habitat destruction.
Q: Can you say more about current seagrass research?
A: Research underway in Seychelles includes identifying what seagrass species occur, in what density, and over how great an area. During 2021, a seagrass mapping and carbon assessment project will begin in which Seychelles stakeholders, including Island Conservation Society, a local conservation nongovernmental organization; University of Seychelles; and Seychelles Conservation and Climate Adaptation Trust, an independent trust, will—in partnership with Oxford University—map our seagrass ecosystems using a combination of ground truthing and satellite imagery and estimate the carbon stored in these ecosystems. This project will provide the data the Government of Seychelles needs to support seagrass protections in its Nationally Determined Contributions and thereby include nature-based solutions as part of its commitment toward the Paris Climate Agreement.
Q: One final question: Is it true that in Seychelles you’re known as “Madame Turtle”?
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The Alliance for Progress and housing policy in Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires in the 1960s
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The Alliance for Progress and housing policy in Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires in the 1960s - Volume 36 Issue 2
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en
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/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico
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Cambridge Core
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/urban-history/article/alliance-for-progress-and-housing-policy-in-rio-de-janeiro-and-buenos-aires-in-the-1960s/8B80C39DA89D90E581439ADB2561C514
|
Carlos Lacerda, the outspoken governor of the State of Guanabara, Brazil, between 1960 and 1965, used the publication of Manual of the Homeowner (1965) as the occasion to educate the new residents of Vila Kennedy, a publicly financed low-income housing complex built in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro, about their new homes. ‘Fellow Homeowner’, wrote the governor to the several hundred municipal citizens who had recently been resettled from a favela (shantytown),
In the pages that followed the governor's introductory remarks to the former favelados, the manual instructed the new residents of Vila Kennedy in the basic domestic tasks associated with their new, modern households. The accompanying illustrations showed an immaculately dressed white woman cleaning the house, hanging out the laundry in the backyard, disposing the trash and registering their children at the local school. In the minds of the urban planners associated with the Guanabara Popular Housing Company (COHAB-GB; founded in 1960), the institution in charge of low-income housing and the co-publishers of the Manual, the resettled favelado required instruction on the proper use of their new environment. Deeply influenced by the general assumptions of the theory of modernization, the guide contrasted the domestic practices of a ‘traditional’ peasantry, such as food cultivation and animal rearing in close proximity to the home, with the more modern, urban domestic practices suitable for the orderly conditions of the modern home. One of the goals of the manual, in fact, was to discourage the new inhabitants from turning their backyards into farms.
Five years later in Buenos Aires, Argentina, the Municipal Housing Commission (CMV; founded in 1964) distributed To Enter into the Present, a user's guide for the low-income families relocated to the new neighbourhood of Ciudad General Belgrano. In the guide's preface, a picture of a set of keys preceded the words: ‘These keys that we are giving you serve to enter into the present, this present in which every human being has the right, that of light, air, the comforts and simplicities of modern life, a home worthy of our time.’Footnote 2 As in the Brazilian case, an optimistic and prescriptive discourse on homeownership, space and domestic behaviour defined modern urban life.
During the 1960s, the municipal governments of Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires, working in concert with bilateral and multilateral development agencies based in the United States, inaugurated a number of public housing developments for low-income families. In greater Rio, these efforts included the construction of about 9,000 popular housing units in communities named Vila Kennedy, Vila Aliança, Vila Esperança and Cidade de Deus. In Buenos Aires, about 10,000 popular housing units were built during the urbanization of Parque Almirante Brown and the construction of housing complexes in Villa Lugano I–II, and Ciudad General Belgrano. These new communities of low-income city-dwellers and their built environments were made possible largely thanks to a Cold War conjuncture that channelled technical and economic assistance from the United States to Latin American public authorities as part of a larger programme for foreign aid and regional co-operation known as the Alliance for Progress, announced by United States President John F. Kennedy in March 1961. Affordable, decent housing was, in fact, one of the key targets of the multilateral plan. In this regard, housing policy became an important aspect of inter-American relations and foreign aid during the 1960s.Footnote 3
This article analyses the emergence of a new transnational modernizing sociological and urbanist discourse on the urban home during the 1960s. This discourse became an organizer of urban space and domestic life, as well as an instrument of political and social intervention that operated across national and international borders. Largely animated by the Alliance for Progress, the urbanists, diplomats, politicians and social scientists arrayed in academic institutions, international conferences, ministries of foreign relations, state planning offices and multilateral agencies formulated languages of decent housing for a burgeoning urban population. The urban housing ‘problem’ came to be defined as a challenge of: (a) physically building urban housing to the standards of Western capitalist democracy; (b) defining the state's role as an agent of material modernization, democratization and the social integration of the urban dweller; and (c) applying the social sciences to the technocratic administration of planned housing, redevelopment and urbanization. Within the sociological and political circuits of knowledge produced to address the Latin American path to post-war modernity, housing policy emerged as a discursive and practical antidote to underdevelopment, poverty and social instability.
If United States and Latin American urbanists shared a transnational optimism about the role that housing might play in the modernization of the so-called underdeveloped world, Brazilian and Argentine officials were particularly concerned with the displacement caused by housing policies adopted by the populist regimes of Getúlio Vargas (president-dictator of Brazil 1930–45 and again president 1951–54) and Juan Domingo Perón (president of Argentina between 1946 and 1955). Labelling the policies of their predecessors economically irrational, deficient and demagogic, the planners of the 1960s used the multilateral appeals of expanded access to homeownership and ‘decent’ living conditions as means to promote middle-class habits, mass consumption and moderate political behaviour, especially among the poor. The housing component of urban planning and urban renewal thus came to be a desired outcome of modernization: an antidote to an irrational politics of working-class populism and a prophylaxis against the spectre of social upheaval and anti-Americanism that framed US–Latin American relations after the Cuban Revolution.
Within this historical conjuncture, then, the article considers public housing in Rio and Buenos Aires in its transnational, comparative and local dimensions. The analysis is animated by the new cultural approaches to the history of US–Latin American relations that challenge us to think about hemispheric relations in terms of ‘contact zones’. A formulation first coined by Mary Louise Pratt, such zones refer to that range of networks, exchanges, borrowings, discourses, behaviours and meanings ‘whereby the external became internalized in Latin America; to the way in which foreign people, ideas, commodities, and institutions have been received, contested, and appropriated’. Contact zones are sites of transculturation. As Gilbert Joseph argued, ‘contact zones are not geographic places with stable significations; they may represent attempts at hegemony, but are simultaneously sites of multivocality; of negotiation, borrowing, and exchange; and of redeployment and reversal’.Footnote 4 I argue that public housing in Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro is precisely one of these zones built by multivocality, by negotiation and by unstable borrowings.
The house built via international, public financing is a contact zone par excellence. Located at the intersection of the local domesticity and transnational policies, the home is the ideal space in which to understand a series of expectations, ideas and discourses about family, customs, social behaviour, intimacy and material wealth. Within discourses of modernization and development, the house became not only the locus of improved living conditions for the urban poor, but also, as part of the modern built environment, became an agent of cultural transformation. However, the notions attached to the new spatial arrangement and living conditions were not imposed externally; they were the outcome of the exchange and negotiation of widely circulated meanings, circumscribed by local and national conditions.
The selection of Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires allows the historian to study similar projects in rather dissimilar national and local contexts where the degree of conflict varied according to the local political circumstances, the different dimensions of poverty and the balance of power among different actors. Yet despite these differences, both cities undertook urban reform and housing projects in the 1960s and received financial and technical aid from the United States for the first time. Interestingly, the notions of modernity that shaped these plans shared a similar vision of the role of housing in modernizing people's lives. Finally, the inter-American connection to these projects – all counted upon bilateral and multilateral technical assistance and direct aid from the United States and the Inter-American Development Bank, among others – provides direct insight into the actual operation of circuits of knowledge and their practical outcomes in the built environment.
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Exclusive Uganda Safari Holidays By Experts
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2019-09-05T12:08:01+00:00
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What is the best Uganda safari according to your interests, fitness & priorities? Exclusively Tailor-made Uganda Safari Packages are perfect if you are looking for authentic experiences and prefer to spend more time meeting locals on your trip.
|
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Kabira Safaris & Tours Africa
|
https://www.kabiraugandasafaris.com/uganda-safari.html
|
2. How Do You Know The Best Uganda Safari Operator?
Uganda has many safari companies/tour operators and can be found on the internet. While planning to take a safari in Uganda, remember to always use a prominent safari company. A recommendable company should have tours related to those you would love to have, a well-detailed website, clear contact, and location details.
A genuine company will always have clear payment methods and be efficient communication. Kabira Safaris & Tours Africa and The Bespoke African Safari Co. meets these requirements and works with partners in the tourism industry such as the Association of Uganda Tour Operators, Africa Tour Operators, and others. Services are tailored according to your preference and therefore the top option for any kind of safari in Uganda.
3. Why Must You Choose Uganda As Your Safari Destination?
Uganda has much to offer, the reason it is actually dubbed the Pearl of Africa. In case you are wondering why you should choose Uganda as your next safari destination, then there’s a lot. Just as you arrive in Uganda, the biggest lake on the African continent – Lake Victoria will calm you down with the cool breeze.
Weather in Uganda is pleasant since it’s straddled by the equator line with temperatures at an average of about 22 degrees Celsius year-round. This weather makes safaris perfect most of the time of the year. Even in the rainy season, don’t be surprised to have the day bright and the sun is shining.
Gorilla safari in Uganda is the top safari activity with the highest number of habituated mountain gorillas in the country. Other extremely amazing activities include hiking, birding, fishing at Murchison Falls, wildlife tours, and several adventure trips.
Every kilometer you move in Uganda the scenery changes. The country is scenic and very beautiful to the eyesight. It never gets boring on the long drives with greenery in the background formed by several forests that form 6.3% of the total land area. Fresh fruit will always make your meals tastier. Uganda serves much of fresh foods grown from within the country as well as lots of fruits in the markets and many spots. The pineapples, sweet bananas, papaya, jackfruit, and many more are juicy and must not be missed on your trip.
4. What To See While On Safari in Uganda?
Wildlife: Uganda is an African Big Five Wild Game viewing safari destination where the Buffaloes, Elephants, Lions, Leopards, and Rhinos can be seen roaming on the savannah plains. Wildlife Safaris Uganda offers many more wild species with about 330 mammal species. About 7 species are endangered, 17, near threatened, 2 vulnerable, and no more critically endangered species since Mountain Gorilla numbers increased to 1004. Mountain Gorillas and Chimpanzees are also part of the wildlife species found in large numbers within Uganda rather than in any other destination in the African continent.
Birds – Birding tours in Uganda are perfect for avid birders, seasoned birders, groups, families, and solo travelers. Uganda has over 1,065 confirmed bird species distributed all through the borders of the country.
Shoebill stork is the sought-after bird species by many of the birders in Uganda. 24 Albertine Rift endemics can also be seen in Uganda and these include the Ruwenzori Batis, Handsome Francolin, and many more. Scenery – Uganda is beautiful, in every kilometer, you move in Uganda the scenery changes. The country is scenic and very beautiful to the eyesight. It never gets boring on the long drives with greenery in the background formed by several forests that form 6.3% of the total land area.
Visit historical and cultural sites – With lots of traditions and cultures, Uganda safaris get amazing when you take a visit to these cultural sites. Some of the sites include the Uganda Museum where you can learn almost all about Uganda. Kasubi tombs also within Kampala is a preservation point for the traditions of the Baganda- a Bantu tribe within the central region. The architecture here is traditional with a touch of the old and original way of construction in the typical African setting.
6. What is the Best Time to Visit Uganda?
Best time could probably be the key to a memorable tour. Many travelers wonder what the best time to visit Uganda could actually be. Uganda is situated along with the equator a fact that makes it have a milder climate and no extreme weather conditions. Average temperatures are about 21 degrees Celsius and may drop to 12 degrees celsius.
You can visit Uganda throughout the year. However, it depends on where you are visiting since the wet and dry seasons vary. The best time of the year to tour is during the dry season months in the months of June – August, and December to February.
Why safari Uganda in the dry season? When the rains are less, the trails in the parks are drier and therefore less slippery making driving and hiking very easy. The grass is also short and therefore photography becomes clear and sightings better.
However, unlike any other safari destination in Uganda, Kidepo Valley National Park receives one rainy season which is between April-August. This is the best season for other parks and not for Kidepo. The other months of the year are good for visiting the park though December – February can get too hot at times.
Many will tell you the best time of the year to visit Uganda is in the dry season or all throughout the year, but now you can tell why. The country and tour destinations remain open all year throughout and therefore open to tourists though the experience may vary a little.
The time referred to as the best time is always the peak season and therefore parks and accommodation facilities become congested. This makes visiting during the rainy season more preferable. Accommodation facilities may also offer discounts during the rainy season.
7. How Much Does a Safari Cost in Uganda?
If you are wondering how much a safari to Uganda may cost, there is no single cost for a trip to the country but here is the highlight of what determines the cost of your safari. The price of the trip is determined by the destinations you choose, some have more and expensive activities than others.
Where you stay which is the lodge or hotel is a big determinant to the total cost of your trip. Luxury accommodation options will automatically lead to higher costs than budget or Mid-range accommodations. Even in the same class of accommodation, some lodges are more expensive than others, 900 USD could just be for 1 night at some Lodges.
The number of days you spend on the trip determines how much you will spend. Long Tours in Uganda will definitely be more expensive than short trips. On average you could be spending about 250 USD per person on a single Day trip to Lake Mburo National Park.
The bigger the group, the less each individual pays for the trip. Solo traveler trips are more expensive than group tours. When the group is bigger, costs are shared and therefore each person could pay much less than the cost of a solo traveler. It is possible to save over 300 USD per person on a shared 3 Days trip.
9. How Unique is Uganda from other Africa Safari Destinations?
Winston Churchill was wowed and named Uganda the Pearl of Africa even before having a Gorilla trekking or Chimpanzee tracking experience. This is because Uganda is an extraordinary safari destination with lots of endemics and friendly people.
Half of the world’s Mountain Gorillas, the worlds’ most powerful waterfalls, the highest mountain ranges, almost half of Africa’s bird species, the world’s longest river, Africa’s largest freshwater lake, the biggest chimpanzee numbers, and the continents most friendly people are all in Uganda. Surprising how all of these wonders fit in a single country just 236,040 sq. km! this makes Uganda unique and indeed tours to Uganda on top of traveler bucket lists.
Other Africa Safaris Tours /Combined Safari Trips
Africa has a lot to offer with each destination being unique from the other. Many Uganda safari tourists always tailor their safari in Uganda with Kenya safaris, wildlife safaris in Tanzania, Rwanda Safaris, Congo safaris, and to many other countries.
11. Is the Ugandan Weather Conducive to Tourists?
Straddling the equator, Uganda has no extreme weather conditions or winter and summer conditions, the weather is mild. During the day temperatures range from 24-33°C (52-91°F) during the hottest months and reaching up to 40°C/104°F in the far northern part of the country. It can rain any time of the year and the country doesn’t have extreme weather conditions. For travelers from all over the world, the weather in Uganda is favorable and may not affect so much.
However, it is recommended to drink a lot of water during the safari and also carry a brimmed hat. You could easily get sunburns. Depending on the season of the year always carry appropriate safari clothing. Even with the high temperatures, you may need to wear long-sleeved shirts and trousers for protection from brittles. These tips apply for Tanzania safaris as well as safaris in Kenya during game viewing.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles
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Island country in the Indian Ocean
For the ship, see HMS Seychelles.
Seychelles ( , ;[8][9] French: [sɛʃɛl][10][11][12] or [seʃɛl][13]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Seychellois Creole: Repiblik Sesel),[14] is an island country and archipelagic state consisting of 115 islands (as per the Constitution) in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres (800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas departments of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and the Chagos Archipelago (administered by the United Kingdom as the British Indian Ocean Territory) and Maldives to the east. Seychelles is the smallest country in Africa as well as the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated population of 100,600 in 2022.[4]
Seychelles was uninhabited prior to being encountered by Europeans in the 16th century. It faced competing French and British interests until it came under full British control in the late 18th century. Since proclaiming independence from the United Kingdom in 1976, it has developed from a largely agricultural society to a market-based diversified economy, characterized by service, public sector, and tourism activities. From 1976 to 2015, nominal GDP grew nearly 700%, and purchasing power parity nearly 1600%. Since the late 2010s, the government has taken steps to encourage foreign investment.
As of the early 21st century, Seychelles has the highest nominal per capita GDP of any African nation. It has the highest Human Development Index ranking of any African country.[15] According to 2023 V-Dem Democracy indices Seychelles is ranked 43rd electoral democracy worldwide and 1st ranked electoral democracy in Africa.[16]
Seychellois culture and society is an eclectic mix of French, British, and African influences, with infusions of Chinese and Indian elements. The country is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, and the Commonwealth of Nations.
History
[edit]
Main article: History of Seychelles
Seychelles was uninhabited until the 18th century when Europeans arrived with Indians, and enslaved Africans. It remained a British colony from 1814 until its independence in 1976. Seychelles has never been inhabited by indigenous people, but its islanders maintain their own Creole heritage.
Early history
[edit]
Seychelles was uninhabited throughout most of recorded history, although simulations of Austronesian migration patterns indicate a good probability that Asians visited the islands.[17] Tombs visible until 1910 at Anse Lascars on Silhouette Island have been conjectured to belong to later Maldivian and Arab traders visiting the archipelago.[18] Vasco da Gama and his 4th Portuguese India Armada discovered the Seychelles on 15 March 1503; the first sighting was made by Thomé Lopes aboard Rui Mendes de Brito. Da Gama's ships passed close to an elevated island, probably Silhouette Island, and the following day Desroches Island. Later, the Portuguese mapped a group of seven islands and named them The Seven Sisters.[19] The earliest recorded landing was in January 1609, by the crew of the Ascension under Captain Alexander Sharpeigh during the fourth voyage of the British East India Company.
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were said to be occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid on Mahé by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV's Minister of Finance.[20]
In August 1770, the French ship Thélémaque under the command of Leblanc Lécore landed 28 people—15 white men and 13 enslaved men and women from Africa and India—on Ste. Anne Island.[21]
The British frigate Orpheus commanded by Captain Henry Newcome arrived at Mahé on 16 May 1794, during the War of the First Coalition. Terms of capitulation were drawn up and on the next day, Seychelles was surrendered to the United Kingdom. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, the French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections in Seychelles were held in 1966 and 1970.
Independence
[edit]
In 1976, Seychelles gained independence from the United Kingdom and became a republic. It has since become a member of the Commonwealth.[22] In the 1970s Seychelles was "the place to be seen, a playground for film stars and the international jet set".[23] In 1977, a coup d'état by France Albert René ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham.[24] René discouraged over-dependence on tourism and declared that he wanted "to keep Seychelles for the Seychellois".[23]
The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991.[25]
In the 1980s there were a series of coup attempts against President René, some of which were supported by South Africa. In 1981, Mike Hoare led a team of 43 South African mercenaries masquerading as holidaying rugby players in the 1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt.[23] There was a gun battle at the airport, and most of the mercenaries later escaped in a hijacked Air India plane.[23] The leader of this hijacking was German mercenary D. Clodo, a former member of the Rhodesian SAS.[26] Clodo later stood trial in South Africa (where he was acquitted) as well as in his home country Germany for air piracy.[27]
In 1986, an attempted coup led by the Seychelles Minister of Defence, Ogilvy Berlouis, caused President René to request assistance from India. In Operation Flowers are Blooming, the Indian naval vessel Vindhyagiri arrived in Port Victoria to help avert the coup.[28]
The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.[29]
In January 2013, Seychelles declared a state of emergency when the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundreds of houses.[30][31]
Following the coup in 1977, the president always represented the same political party until the October 2020 Seychellois general election, which was historic in that the opposition party won. Wavel Ramkalawan was the first president who did not represent United Seychelles (the current name of the former Seychelles People's Progressive Front).[32][33]
In January 2023, Seychelles announced its final stages of completing its marine spatial plan. It would become the second largest ocean area at 1.35 million km2 (520,000 sq mi) behind Norway, in support of its blue economy.
Politics
[edit]
Main article: Politics of Seychelles
The Seychelles president, who is head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature. As of 2023, the president is Wavel Ramkalawan.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 35 members, 26 of whom are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
The Supreme Court of Seychelles, created in 1903, is the highest trial court in Seychelles and the first court of appeal from all the lower courts and tribunals. The highest court of law in Seychelles is the Seychelles Court of Appeal, which is the court of final appeal in the country.[34]
Political culture
[edit]
Seychelles' long-term president France-Albert René came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president James Mancham on 5 June 1977 in a coup d'état and installed him as president. René was at that time the prime minister. René ruled as a strongman under a socialist one-party system until 1993, when he was forced to introduce a multi-party system. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006, 2011 and again in 2015.[35][36][37][38] On 28 September 2016, the Office of the President announced that Michel would step down effective 16 October, and that Vice President Danny Faure would complete the rest of Michel's term.[39]
On 26 October 2020, Wavel Ramkalawan, a 59-year-old Anglican priest, was elected the fifth President of the Republic of Seychelles. Ramkalawan was an opposition MP from 1993 to 2011, and from 2016 to 2020. He served as the Leader of the Opposition from 1998 to 2011 and from 2016 to 2020. Ramkalawan defeated incumbent Danny Faure by 54.9% to 43.5%. This marked the first time the opposition had won a presidential election.[40][41]
The primary political parties are the former long-time ruling socialist People's Party (PP), known until 2009 as the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) now called United Seychelles (US), and the socially liberal Seychelles National Party (SNP).[42]
The election of the National Assembly was held on 22–24 October 2020. The Seychelles National Party, the Seychelles Party for Social Justice and Democracy and the Seychelles United Party formed a coalition, Linyon Demokratik Seselwa (LDS). LDS won 25 seats and US got 10 seats of the 35 seats of the National Assembly.[43]
Foreign relations
[edit]
Further information: Foreign relations of Seychelles
Seychelles is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Indian Ocean Commission, La Francophonie, the Southern African Development Community and the Commonwealth of Nations.
In 1981 South Africa was involved in a failed coup attempt.[44] Under the Obama administration, the US began running drone operations out of Seychelles.[45] In the Spring of 2013, members of the Special-Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force Africa mentored troops in Seychelles, along with a variety of other African nations.[45]
Military
[edit]
Main article: Seychelles People's Defence Force
The Military of Seychelles is the Seychelles People's Defence Force which consists of a number of distinct branches: an Infantry Unit and Coast Guard, Air Force and a Presidential Protection Unit. India has played and continues to play a key role in developing the military of Seychelles. After handing over two SDB Mk5 patrol vessels built by GRSE, the INS Tarasa and INS Tarmugli, to the Seychelles Coast Guard, which were subsequently renamed PS Constant and PS Topaz, India also gifted a Dornier 228 aircraft built by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.[46] India also signed a pact to develop Assumption Island, one of the 115 islands that make up the country. Spread over 11 km2 (4 sq mi), it is strategically located in the Indian Ocean, north of Madagascar. The island is being leased for the development of strategic assets by India.[47] In 2018, Seychelles signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[48][49]
Incarceration
[edit]
In 2014, Seychelles had the highest incarceration rate in the world of 799 prisoners per 100,000 population, exceeding the United States' rate by 15%.[50] However, the country's actual population was less than 100,000; as of September 2014, Seychelles had 735 actual prisoners, 6% of whom were female, incarcerated in three prisons.[51]
The incarceration rate in Seychelles has since dropped significantly. It is no longer among the top ten countries with the highest rate of incarceration. In 2022, the incarceration rate was 287 per 100,000 population, being just the 31st highest in the world.[52]
Modern piracy
[edit]
Seychelles is a key participant in the fight against Indian Ocean piracy primarily committed by Somali pirates.[53] Former president James Michel said that piracy costs between $7 million – $12 million a year to the international community: "The pirates cost 4% of the Seychelles GDP, including direct and indirect costs for the loss of boats, fishing, and tourism, and the indirect investment for the maritime security." These are factors affecting local fishing – one of the country's main national resources – which had a 46% loss in 2008–2009.[53] International contributions of patrol boats, planes or drones have been provided to help Seychelles combat sea piracy.[53]
Administrative divisions
[edit]
Main article: Districts of Seychelles
Seychelles is divided into twenty-six administrative regions comprising all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé. Two more districts divide the island of Praslin and one covers La Digue as well as satellite and other Inner Islands . The rest of the Outer Islands (Îles Eloignées) make up the last district recently created by the tourism ministry.
Geography
[edit]
Main articles: Geography of Seychelles and Geology of Seychelles
An island nation, Seychelles is located in the Somali Sea segment of the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (860 nmi) east of Kenya. The Constitution of Seychelles lists 155 named islands,[54] and a further 7 reclaimed islands have been created subsequent to the publication of the Constitution. The majority of the islands are uninhabited, with many dedicated as nature reserves. Seychelles' largest island, Mahé, is located 1,550 km (835 nmi) from Mogadishu (Somalia's capital).[55]
A group of 44 islands (42 granitic and 2 corallines) occupy the shallow waters of the Seychelles Bank and are collectively referred to as the inner islands. They have a total area of 244 km2 (94 sq mi), accounting for 54% of the total land area of the Seychelles and 98% of the entire population.
The islands have been divided into groups. There are 42 granitic islands known as the Granitic Seychelles. These are in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette, La Digue, Curieuse, Félicité, Frégate, Ste. Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Ile aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Ile Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé), Chauve Souris (Praslin), Ile La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics on the edge of the Seychelles Bank: Denis and Bird. There are two coral islands south of the Granitic: Coëtivy and Platte.
There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitic: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph, Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnœufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Étoile, Bijoutier.
There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable, Déposés, Île aux Goëlettes, Lapins, Île du Milieu, North Manaha, South Manaha, Middle Manaha, North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.
There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Émile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Héron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption Island, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goélettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).
In addition to these 155 islands, as per the Constitution of Seychelles, there are 7 reclaimed islands: Ile Perseverance, Ile Aurore, Romainville, Eden Island, Eve, Ile du Port and Ile Soleil.
South Island, African Banks has been eroded by the sea. At St Joseph Atoll, Banc de Sable and Pelican Island have also eroded, while Grand Carcassaye and Petit Carcassaye have merged to form one island. There are also several unnamed islands at Aldabra, St Joseph Atoll and Cosmoledo. Pti Astove, though named, failed to make it into the Constitution for unknown reasons. Bancs Providence is not a single island, but a dynamic group of islands, comprising four large and about six very small islets in 2016.
Climate
[edit]
The climate is very humid, as the islands are small,[56] and is classified by the Köppen-Geiger system as a tropical rain forest (Af). The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation levels are somewhat less on the other islands.[57]
During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.[57]
Wildlife
[edit]
Main article: Wildlife of Seychelles
Seychelles is among the world's leading countries to protect lands for threatened species, allocating 42% of its territory for conservation.[60] Like many fragile island ecosystems, Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity when humans first settled in the area, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles parakeet, and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation. Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles black parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and five species of hermit crabs live on the islands.[61] From the year 1500 until the mid-1800s (approximately), the then-previously unknown Aldabra giant tortoise was killed for food by pirates and sailors, driving their numbers to near-extinction levels. Today, a healthy yet fragile population of 150,000 tortoises live solely on the atoll of Aldabra, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[62][63] Additionally, these ancient reptiles can further be found in numerous zoos, botanical gardens, and private collections internationally. Their protection from poaching and smuggling is overseen by CITES, whilst captive breeding has greatly reduced the negative impact on the remaining wild populations. The granitic islands of Seychelles supports three extant species of Seychelles giant tortoise.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world, notably on the outer islands of Aldabra and Cosmoledo. In granitic Seychelles the largest colonies are on Aride Island including the world's largest numbers of two species. The sooty tern also breeds on the islands. Other common birds include cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) and the fairy tern (Gygis alba).[64] More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded.[citation needed]
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to roughly 268 flowering plant species, of which 70 (28%) are endemic.[65][66] Particularly well known is the coco de mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" (the shape of its "double" coconut resembles buttocks), the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahé. This strange and ancient plant, in a genus of its own, Medusagyne seems to reproduce only in cultivation and not in the wild. Other unique plant species include Wright's gardenia (Rothmannia annae), found only on Aride Island’s Special Reserve. There are several unique species of orchid on the islands. Famous botanist Dr. Herb Herbertson was known for his love of the islands unique orchid varieties.[67]
Seychelles is home to two terrestrial ecoregions: Granitic Seychelles forests and Aldabra Island xeric scrub.[68] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 10/10, ranking it first globally out of 172 countries.[69]
Environmental issues
[edit]
Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (such as Silhouette Island).
Despite huge disparities across nations,[citation needed] Seychelles claims to have achieved nearly all of its Millennium Development Goals.[70] 17 MDGS and 169 targets have been achieved.[citation needed] Environmental protection is becoming a cultural value.[citation needed]
Their government's Seychelles Climate Guide describes the nation's climate as rainy, with a dry season with an ocean economy in the ocean regions. The Southeast Trades is on the decline but still fairly strong.[71] Reportedly, weather patterns there are becoming less predictable.[72]
Demographics
[edit]
Main article: Demographics of Seychelles
When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans, and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the Gran blan ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on indentured servitude to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were generally in the merchant class.[73]
Today, Seychelles is described as a fusion of peoples and cultures. Numerous Seychellois are considered multiracial: blending from African, Asian and European descent to create a modern creole culture. Evidence of this blend is also revealed in Seychellois food, incorporating various aspects of French, Chinese, Indian and African cuisine.[citation needed]
As the islands of Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois descend from people who immigrated, of which the largest ethnic groups were those of African, French, Indian and Chinese origin. The median age of the Seychellois is 34 years.[74]
Languages
[edit]
French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is a French-based creole language related to those spoken in Mauritius and Reunion. Seychellois Creole is the most widely spoken native language and de facto the national language of the country. Seychellois Creole is often spoken with English words and phrases mixed in.[75] About 91% of the population are native speakers of Seychelles Creole, 5.1% of English and 0.7% of French.[75] Most business and official meetings are conducted in English and nearly all official websites are in English. National Assembly business is conducted in Creole, but laws are passed and published in English.
Religion
[edit]
According to the 2022 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 61.3% were Roman Catholic, pastorally served by the exempt Diocese of Port Victoria; 5.0% were Anglican and 8.6% follows other sects of Christianity.[2][76]
Hinduism is the second largest religion, with more than 5.4% of the population.[2][77] Hinduism is followed mainly by the Indo-Seychellois community.[78]
Islam is followed by another 1.6% of the population. Other faiths accounted for 1.1% of the population, while a further 5.9% were non-religious or did not specify a religion.[77]
Economy
[edit]
Main article: Economy of Seychelles
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla and copra were the chief exports. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist Donald Prell prepared for the crown colony's Governor General an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. Quoting from his report, in the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector.[79][80] The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé used by the United States' Air Force Satellite Control Network was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla.[citation needed]
As of 2013 , the main export products are processed fish (60%) and non-fillet frozen fish (22%).[81]
The prime agricultural products currently produced in Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon and vanilla are the main export commodities.
The Seychelles government has prioritised a curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, banking, imports of basic products, telecommunications and a wide range of other businesses. According to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, which measures the degree of limited government, market openness, regulatory efficiency, rule of law, and other factors, economic freedom has been increasing each year since 2010.[82] [unreliable source?]
The national currency of Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies, it was unpegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.[83]
Seychelles has emerged as the least corrupt country in Africa in the latest Corruption Perception Index report released by Transparency International in January 2020.[84]
Tourism
[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Seychelles
In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a significant industry, essentially dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could expand only so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles. Consequently, there was a sustained spate of hotel construction throughout almost the entire 1970s which included the opening of Coral Strand Smart Choice, Vista Do Mar and Bougainville Hotel in 1972.
In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC.[citation needed]
Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Financial Services Authority and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others). In March 2015, Seychelles allocated Assumption Island to be developed by India.[85]
Owing to the effects of COVID-19, Seychelles shut down its borders to international tourism in the year 2020. As the national vaccination program progressed well, the nation's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Tourism decided to reopen the borders to international tourists on 25 March 2021.
Energy
[edit]
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Persian Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d).
In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).
Culture
[edit]
Art
[edit]
A National Art Gallery was inaugurated in 1994 on the occasion of the official opening of the National Cultural Centre, which houses the National Library and National Archives with other offices of the Ministry of Culture. At its inauguration, the Minister of Culture decreed that the exhibition of works of Seychellois artists, painters and sculptors was a testimony to the development of art in Seychelles as a creative form of expression, and provided a view of the state of the country's contemporary art. Painters have traditionally been inspired by Seychelles’ natural features to produce a wide range of works in media ranging from watercolours to oils, acrylics, collages, metals, aluminium, wood, fabrics, gouache, varnishes, recycled materials, pastels, charcoal, embossing, etching, and giclee prints. Local sculptors produce fine works in wood, stone, bronze and cartonnage. There are several art galleries around the island such as the National Gallery in Victoria, the Traditional wooden house galleries Kenwyn House gallery and Kaz Zanana Art Gallery in Victoria, Pagoda Art and Design Gallery in the Seychelles Chinese Culture Centre near the Selwyn Clarke market, and Eden gallery on Eden Island.
Music
[edit]
Main article: Music of Seychelles
Music and dance have always played prominent roles in Seychelles culture and local festivities. Rooted in African, Malagasy and European cultures, music characteristically features drums such as the tambour and tam-tam, and simple string instruments. The violin and guitar are relatively recent foreign imports which play a prominent role in contemporary music.
Among popular dances are the Sega, with hip-swaying and shuffling of the feet, and the Moutya, a dance dating back to the days of slavery, when it was often used to express strong emotions and discontent.
The music of Seychelles is diverse, a reflection of the fusion of cultures through its history. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion. It includes African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation, such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau); European contredanse, polka and mazurka; French folk and pop; sega from Mauritius and Réunion; taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres; and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music.
Contombley is a popular form of percussion music, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga. Kontredans, based on European contra dance, is also popular, especially in district and school competitions during the annual Festival Kreol (International Creole Festival). Moutya playing and dancing often occur at beach bazaars. Music is sung in the Seychellois Creole of the French language, and in French and English.
In 2021,[86] the Moutya, a slave trade-era dance, was added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List as a symbol of psychological comfort in its role of resistance against hardship, poverty, servitude and social injustice.[87]
Cuisine
[edit]
Main article: Cuisine of Seychelles
Staple foods of Seychelles include fish, seafood and shellfish dishes, often accompanied with rice.[88][89] Fish dishes are cooked several ways, such as steamed, grilled, wrapped in banana leaves, baked, salted and smoked.[88] Curry dishes with rice are also a significant part of the country's cuisine.[89][90]
Other staples include coconut, breadfruit, mangoes and kordonnyen fish.[91] Dishes are often garnished with fresh flowers.[91]
Chicken dishes, such as chicken curry and coconut milk.[89]
Coconut curry[89]
Dal (lentils)[91]
Fish curry[89]
Saffron rice[91]
Fresh tropical fruits[88][92]
Ladob, eaten either as a savoury dish or as a dessert. The dessert version usually consists of ripe plantain and sweet potatoes (but may also include cassava, breadfruit or even corossol), boiled with coconut milk, sugar, nutmeg and vanilla in the form of a pod until the fruit is soft and the sauce is creamy.[93] The savoury dish usually includes salted fish, cooked in a similar fashion to the dessert version, with plantain, cassava and breadfruit, but with salt used in place of sugar (and omitting vanilla).
Shark chutney typically consists of boiled skinned shark, finely mashed and cooked with squeezed bilimbi juice and lime. It is mixed with onion and spices, with the onion fried and cooked in oil.[93]
Vegetables[89][92]
Media
[edit]
The main daily newspaper is the Seychelles Nation, dedicated to local government views and current topics. Other political parties operate papers such as Regar. Foreign newspapers and magazines are readily available at most bookshops and newsagents. The papers are published mostly in Seychellois Creole, French and English.
The main television and radio network, operated by the Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation, offers locally produced news and discussion programmes in the Seychellois Creole language, between 3 pm and 11:30 pm on weekdays and longer hours on weekends. There are also imported English- and French-language television programmes on Seychellois terrestrial television, and international satellite television has grown rapidly in recent years.
Sports
[edit]
Seychelles' most popular sport is football, which has significantly grown in popularity in the last decade.[94] In 2015, Seychelles hosted the African Beach Soccer Championship. Ten years later, Seychelles will host the 2025 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup making it the first ever FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup to be ever held in Africa.
Women
[edit]
See also: Women in Seychelles
Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditure and looking after children's interests.[95] Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children.[96] Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral.[95][96]
LGBT rights
[edit]
Main article: LGBT rights in Seychelles
Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 2016.[97] The bill decriminalizing homosexuality was approved in a 14–0 vote.[98] Employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is banned in the Seychelles, making it one of the few African countries to have such protections for LGBT people.[99][100]
Education
[edit]
Main article: Education in Seychelles
Seychelles has the highest literacy rate of any country in sub-Saharan Africa.[101] According to The World Factbook of the Central Intelligence Agency, as of 2018, 95.9% of the population aged 15 and over can read and write in the Seychelles.[101]
Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles. The Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys' and girls' secondary schools with religious brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944.[102]
A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect, requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age six. Ninety-four percent of all children attend primary school.[103]
The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 96% in 2020.[104]
There are a total of 68 schools in Seychelles. The public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. They are located on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. Additionally, there are three private schools: École Française, International School and the independent school. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, Seychelles Tourism Academy, University of Seychelles Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Center, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Center and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.[citation needed]
The administration launched plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred. University of Seychelles, initiated in conjunction with the University of London, opened on 17 September 2009 in three locations, and offers qualifications from the University of London.[105]
Notable people
[edit]
Main article: List of Seychellois people
Kevin Betsy, football coach and former professional footballer
Liandro Samson, professional footballer and entrepreneur
Jullian Samson, social media influencer
See also
[edit]
Africa portal
Outline of Seychelles
Index of Seychelles-related articles
Illegal drug trade in Seychelles (highest heroin use per capita in the world)
Notelist
[edit]
References
[edit]
Government
SeyGov, main government portal
State House, Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles
Central Bank of Seychelles, on-shore banking and insurance regulator
Seychelles Investment Bureau, government agency promoting investment in Seychelles
National Bureau of Statistics, government agency responsible for collecting, compiling, analysing and publishing statistical information
Religion
GigaCatholic
Folklore
Compilation Books of Seychellois fairy tales (In Seychellois Creole)
Seychelles Folklore Archive by University of Seychelles
General
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Culinary Atlas of UAE : Seychelles (سيشيل)
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Here's some useful info in case you meet a Seychellois in Abu Dhabi or anywhere else in the UAE or even in the Seychelles. Maybe you'll meet one in your country. It will help to break the ice and strike up a conversation. Talk about the weather. Of course, talk about their food. Check out…
|
en
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Culinary Atlas of UAE : Seychelles (سيشيل)
|
https://seychellesatlas.wordpress.com/2018/10/03/ask-a-seychellois/
|
Here’s some useful info in case you meet a Seychellois in Abu Dhabi or anywhere else in the UAE or even in the Seychelles. Maybe you’ll meet one in your country. It will help to break the ice and strike up a conversation. Talk about the weather. Of course, talk about their food.
Check out the section on “What Do Seychellois Eat and Drink?” and you’ll have an instant source of topics for conversation.
Click inside the map below and zoom in and out.
Seychelles – the Basics
Nickname – “the land of perpetual summer”
Demonym: Seychellois, Seychelloise
Location: Indian Ocean, east of east Africa; near Madagascar; zoom in on the map above to see exactly where it is – it’s really tiny 🙂
Main cities: Mahe (MAH-heh), Victoria, La Digue (Lah-DEEG) Praslin (PRAH-lin)
Main Airport: Seychelles International Airport (SEZ); 4.5 hours from Dubai
Weather: 24° to 30 °C (75° to 86 °F) most of the year; very few storms
Famous for its luxury resorts and beautiful beaches; visited by royalty, movie stars and other famous people
UNESCO Heritage sites (must-sees for tourists):
Aldabra Atoll, four large coral islands with 152,000 giant tortoises, the world’s largest population of this reptile
Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve, a natural palm forest reserve where one can see the famous coco de mer, the world’s largest nut
Main industries: fishing, tourism, coconut and vanilla processing, coir (coconut fiber), rope, boat building
Main holidays:
National day: June 29
Assumption/La Digue festival – August 15
Best time to visit: April, May; October, November; Creole Festival is held in Mahe, Praslin & La Digue islands (23 Oct 2018 – 29 Oct 2018 )
Currency: Rupee (=0.27 AED; 0.074 USD as of Sept 2018)
Population
Seychellois Population in Seychelles: 95,000
Seychellois Population in UAE: ~500 (2018 est.)
Seychellois Population in other countries:
USA – 1,500
Australia – 12,000
Canada – 4,500
South Africa – 750
East Africa – 1,500
What Seychellois Do In UAE
Majority of Seychellois in UAE work in ___
Small minority in UAE work in ____
Ethnic Mix
Seychellois Creole (mixed African, French, Indian, Chinese, Arab) – 93%
British, French, other – 7%
Languages
Seychellois Creole (also referred to as “Seselwa”)
English
French (if you can speak French, you’ll easily understand Seselwa)
Some Italian and German
Ethnic Dress
Seychellois will typically wear western clothes when they’re in the UAE. So you won’t be able to tell if someone is from Seychelles based on what they wear. But ask a Seychellois, and they’ll tell you some interesting tips on how they can spot a fellow countryman.
Back in Seychelles, you’re likely to see more traditional Seychellois dresses which are very colorful and comfortable.
Religion
Roman Catholic: 82%
Anglican: 6%
Other Christian: 5%
Muslim: 2%
Other: 5%
Writing
English alphabet (no native alphabets are used)
Basic Seychellois Phrases
(parlez français, ils te comprendront . . .)
Yes… “Wi”
No… “Non”
Please… “Silvouple”
Thank you… “Mersi”
Excuse me… “Eskiz mon”
I’m sorry… “Pardon”
Why?… “Akoz?”
What?… “Kwa?”
Who?… “Lekel?”
Where?… “Oli?”
When?… “Kan”
Stop… “Arete”
Go… “Ale”
Today… “Ozordi”
Tomorrow… “Demain”
Famous Personalities
President: Danny Faure
Sports star: Jonathan Bibi (football)
Pop singer: Bruce Boniface
Actor:
Popular Sports
Soccer (the Brazilian and German teams are their favorites; don’t be surprised to see Brazilian and German flags on people’s cars)
Basketball
Flag
The flag has a unique design with rays emanating from the lower left corner. The colors are yellow, red, white, and green, with a blue wedge at the upper left. The flag symbolizes the ocean, the link to Africa, and the multicolored nature of the population. Red, white and green are also the official colors of the SPUP (Seychelles Peoples United Party) while blue and the yellow are the colors of the country’s democratic party.
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Seychelles (Differently)
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Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelagic island country in the Indian Ocean at the eastern edge of the Somali Sea. The country consists of 115 islands. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, lies 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa. Other nearby island...
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Alternative History
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https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Seychelles_(Differently)
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Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelagic island country in the Indian Ocean at the eastern edge of the Somali Sea. The country consists of 115 islands. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, lies 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa. Other nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; as well as Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago (administered by the United Kingdom as the British Indian Ocean Territory) to the east.
With a surface area of 459 square kilometers and a population of 98,462 inhabitants, Seychelles is Africa's smallest and least populous country. Globally, it ranks only 145th in both area and population among the world's sovereign states.
Seychelles was uninhabited prior to being encountered by Europeans in the 16th century. It faced competing French and British interests until coming under full British control in the late 18th century. Since proclaiming independence from the United Kingdom in 1976, Seychelles has developed from a largely agricultural society to a market-based diversified economy, characterized by rapidly rising service, public sector, and tourism activities. From 1976 until 2015, nominal GDP grew nearly sevenfold, and purchasing power parity increased nearly sixteenfold. Since the late 2010s, the government has taken steps to encourage foreign investment.
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NEW Member's ACTIVITIES
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Ceps raises awareness of its members on new Associations Act
The Citizens Engagement Platform Seychelles (Ceps) organised a meeting for its members in collaboration with the Registrar Division on the introduction of the new law that was passed in the […]
CEPS fait un bilan de ses activités
De gauche à droite : M. Laurence, Mme Larue, M. Goga et M. Kovorgbo (Photo : Joena Meme) La Citizen Engagement Platform Seychelles (CEPS) a rencontré la presse hier pour […]
Mesaz CEPS a lokazyon lafet travayer 2022
«Pli bon kondisyon travay pour ki travayer i vin pli prodiktiv e pli responsab» «Ankor enn fwa nou’n antann bokou mesaz e swe a lokazyon lafet travayer sa lannen. «Nou […]
5ème Forum International de Victoria Partage sur le progrès de la femme sur le continent Africain
Un seul genre ne peut prendre toutes les décisions a noté M. Laurence (Photo : Thomas Meriton) La 5ème édition du Forum Internationale de Victoria s’est tenue aux Seychelles du […]
CHARITY STATUS IN SEYCHELLES
What is a charity? A charity is an entity registered with the Ministry of Finance as a charity and issued with a certificate confirming its status as a charity. […]
Mesaz pou Lafet Travayer
Lannen 2021 i reste ankor en lannen tre problematik e avek bokou defi pour bann travayer. Malgre tou nou lakonplisman, bann lezot defi in prezant lo nou semen e anpes […]
Komike Lapres
Ser Manm Se avek regre ki Board CEPS i aksepte demisyon son Sef Ekzekitiv, Msye Michel Pierre efektiv le 26 Mars 2021. Msye Pierre in en zanfan sosyete sivil kot […]
INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY – 8th MARCH 2021- MESAZ PAR VIS TYERMENN CEPS
Ozordi, a lokazyon lazournen Enternasyonal Bann Madanm, CEPS I annan gran plezir pou swet tou madanm Seselwa en zwaye lazournen ki nou espere I avar anmenm bokou refleksyon a fer […]
World Cancer Day 2021
World Cancer Day 2021 is observed on February 4 every year with an aim to spread awareness and reduce stigma about the fatal disease which remains the second leading cause […]
COVISHIELD Vaccines
The Ministry of Health, having received the 50, 000 doses of the COVISHIELD Vaccines will start rolling out vaccination of the aged 60yrs and above as of Tuesday the 26th […]
WASO certificate presentation ceremony
WASO conducted a short ceremony on 19th November 2020 to present certificates to the participants who successfully completed a short skilling course whereby they learned new skills that could be […]
Lucianne Sofola, the new Commissioner for Gender, Rights and Governance Commission
Mrs. Lucianne Sofola has been appointed as the new Commissioner for the Gender, Rights and Governance Commission with immediate effect. Mrs. Sofola, who is the Chairman of the Association for […]
The second Financial Education training
As planned, the second Financial Education training took place on Praslin on Friday 4th & Saturday 5th December 2020 for participants from Praslin & La Digue. The training is in […]
CEPS celebrates American Thanksgiving at Foyer De Nazareth
CEPS American Study Center (CASC) in collaboration with The Lions Club of Seychelles organised a Thanksgiving lunch at Foyer de Nazareth to celebrate the American holiday of Thanksgiving with the […]
World AIDS Day message by Chairman of HASO, Mr. Justin Freminot.
On this first day of December 2020, as we commemorate World AIDS Day under the theme of “Global Solidarity, Shared responsibility”, HASO invites the population of Seychelles to think of […]
The 2nd day of Financial Education strategy Training
Building the capacity of individuals on Financial Education to become trainers so that they can make meaningful interventions at the community level. Topics to be covered: Different kinds of debts, […]
CEPS meets with the new Speaker of the National Assembly
As part of its key strategic area to build and strengthen key relationships, the Citizens Engagement Platform Seychelles (CEPS) met with the new Speaker of the National Assembly, Speaker Roger […]
CEPS meets with Ambassador Guo Wei
The Citizens Engagement Platform Seychelles (CEPS) met with the Chinese Ambassador, HE. Guo Wei, on Monday 23rdNovember 2020 for a courtesy meeting. The meeting is part of CEPS key strategic […]
Financial Education Training
The Citizens Engagement Platform Seychelles (CEPS), in line with the Financial Education Strategy, is hosting a two-days training on financial education as part of its post-COVID project with the objective […]
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Republic of Seychelles Repiblik Sesel République des Seychelles
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https://en-academic.com/favicon.ico
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Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
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https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/16742
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Seychelles (i/seɪˈʃɛlz/ say-shelz; French: [sɛʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius and Réunion to the south, Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles, with an estimated population of 86,525, has the smallest population of any African state.[3]
Contents
1 History
2 Politics
3 Subdivisions
4 Education
5 Geography
5.1 Climate
6 Economy
7 Demographics
8 Culture
9 Flora and fauna
10 Media and telecommunications
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
History
Main article: History of Seychelles
Scholars assume that Austronesian seafarers, and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles. Remains of Maldivian mariner presence from the 12th century were found in Silhouette Island.[4] The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral).
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV’s Minister of Finance.[5]
The British contested control over the islands between 1794 and 1810. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived.[6] Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections were held in 1966 and 1970. Independence was granted in 1976 as a republic within the Commonwealth.[7] In 1977, a coup d'état ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham, who was replaced by France Albert René.[8] The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991. The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60 percent of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.
Politics
Main article: Politics of Seychelles
The Seychelles president, who is both head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The previous president, France Albert René, first came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president in 1977 and installed him as president, one year after independence. He was reelected thereafter during each election cycle.[8] He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006. Michel was reelected in 2011 in an election declared by over 100 international observers, representing Southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations and the Indian Ocean Commission, as being free and fair,[9] although the opposition parties claim that there was vote-buying.[10][11]
The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
The main rival parties are the ruling socialist Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), as of 2009 the SPPF became the People's Party (PP) or Parti Lepep (LP), and the liberal democrat Seychelles National Party (SNP). Politics has been an integral part of the lives of the Seychellois since its inception in the early sixties. The range of opinion spans socialist and liberal democratic ideology.
Seychelles is part of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), La Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Seychelles performed excellently on the 2010 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, ranking 2nd out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries, with an overall score of 79 out of 100, second only to Mauritius, which received a score of 83. Particularly good were its scores in Safety and Security, Participation and Human Rights, and Human Development. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance, based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens.
Subdivisions
Main article: Districts of Seychelles
Seychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions that comprise all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé with two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also includes respective satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands are not considered part of any district.
Greater Victoria
Bel Air
La Rivière Anglaise (English River)
Les Mamelles
Mont Buxton
Mont Fleuri
Plaisance
Roche Caiman
Saint Louis
Rural Mahé
Anse aux Pins
Anse Boileau
Anse Etoile
Au Cap
Anse Royale
Baie Lazare
Beau Vallon
Bel Ombre
Cascade
Glacis
Grand'Anse Mahé
Pointe La Rue
Port Glaud
Takamaka
Praslin
Baie Sainte Anne (Anse Volbert)
Grand'Anse Praslin (Grande Anse)
La Digue and remaining Inner Islands
La Digue (Anse Réunion)
Education
Main article: Education in Seychelles
Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles, both the Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The missions continued to operate the schools — the Catholic teachers were monks and nuns from abroad — even after the government became responsible for them in 1944. After a technical college opened in 1970, the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age five. Ninety percent of all children also attend nursery school at age four.
The literacy rate for school-aged children rose to more than 90 percent by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood, but adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60 percent to a claimed 85 percent in 1991.
Currently the public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. The schools are located on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. There are also three private schools: École Française, International School and the Independent school. All three private schools are located on Mahé, but the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post secondary (non-tertiary) schools. They are the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, National Institute of Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Centre, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Centre and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.
The current administration has advanced plans to open a university on the islands in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred in the past. Initiated in conjunction with the University of London, the Seychelles are launching education programmes which will include teaching and lead to the award of the recognised qualifications from the University of London.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Seychelles
An island nation, Seychelles is located to the northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (994 mi) east of Kenya. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155. The islands as per the Constitution are divided into various groups as follows.
There are 42 granitic islands, in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette Island, La Digue, Curieuse, Felicite, Frégate, Ste-Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Ile aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Ile Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé), Chauve Souris (Praslin), Ile La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics: Denis and Bird.
There are two coral islands south of the granitics: Coëtivy and Platte.
There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitics: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands — Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands — St. Joseph Ile aux Fouquets, Ressource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Ile Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Ile aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnoeufs, African Banks (comprising two islands — African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Etoile, Bijoutier.
There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands — Bancs de Sable Déposés Ile aux Goëlettes Lapins Ile du Milieu North Manaha South Manaha Middle Manaha North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands — Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.
There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands — Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Ile Michel, Ile Esprit, Ile aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Emile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Ile Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Heron Rock, Hide Island, Ile aux Aigrettes, Ile aux Cèdres, Iles Chalands, Ile Fangame, Ile Héron, Ile Michel, Ile Squacco, Ile Sylvestre, Ile Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands — Menai, Ile du Nord (West North), Ile Nord-Est (East North), Ile du Trou, Goëlettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Ile (Wizard), Pagode, Ile du Sud-Ouest (South), Ile aux Moustiques, Ile Baleine, Ile aux Chauve-Souris, Ile aux Macaques, Ile aux Rats, Ile du Nord-Ouest, Ile Observation, Ile Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).
Climate
The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small.[12] The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation is somewhat less on the other islands. During the coolest months, July and August, it drops to as low as 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.[13]
Economy
Main article: Economy of Seychelles
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla, and copra were the chief exports. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector. In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a serious industry, basically dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles.
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla. The prime agricultural products currently produced in the Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts, and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon, and vanilla are the main export commodities of the islands.
In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC.[citation needed] Despite its growth, the vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991–1992 due largely to the Gulf War.[14] Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Seychelles International Business Authority (SIBA) and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others).
Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs, and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, insurance (has now been privatized), banking (is being privatized very soon), imports of basic products (now being privatized), telecommunications (four private ISP/telecom companies), and a wide range of other businesses.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Seychelles
When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, Africans continued to be enslaved. Thus the Gran'bla ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed indentured servants from India to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were confined to a merchant class.[15] Today the descendents of the Indian, Chinese, and Gran'bla form distinct ethnic communities, although most people are of 'black' African origin, often mixed with 'white' European or Asian heritage.[citation needed]
As the islands of Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of people who have emigrated to the island. The largest ethnic groups are those of African, French, Indian, and Chinese descent. French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is primarily based upon French. Turkish, Spanish, and Arabic are spoken by a small part of population as secondary languages.
According to the 2002 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 82.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.4% are Anglican, and 4.5% are of other Christian denominations. There are also small minorities that practice Hinduism (2.1%) and Islam (1.1%). Other non-Christian faiths account for 1.5% of the population while a further 2.1% were non-religious or did not specify a religion.[16] The total median age of Seychellois is 32 years.[17]
Culture
Seychellois society is essentially matriarchal.[18][19] Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most current expenditures and looking after the interests of the children.[18] Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children.[19] Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral.[18] Older women can usually count on financial support from family members living at home or contributions from the earnings of grown children.[18]
The music of Seychelles is diverse. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation – such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau), European contredanse, polka and mazurka, French folk and pop, sega from Mauritius and Réunion, taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres, and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music.[citation needed] A complex form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga.
Traditionally, despite a greater connection with Great Britain (e.g., in education, which follows the International General Certificate of Education (IGCSE), and on many aspects of the law) many foreign observers[who?] have stated that "the culture remains emphatically French" and about 70% of the population have a family name of French origin, compared with only about 20% family names of English origin.[citation needed] The two are often mixed, such that inhabitants receive an English first name and a French family name or vice-versa (e.g., Jean-Pierre Kingsmith).
Flora and fauna
Main article: Flora and fauna of Seychelles
Environmental legislation is very strict,and every tourism project must undergo an environmental review and a lengthy process of consultations with the public and conservationists. The Seychelles is a world leader in sustainable tourism. The end result of this sustainable development is an intact and stable natural environment, which attracts financially strong visitors (150,000 in 2007) rather than short-term mass tourism. Since 1993 a law guarantees the citizens the right to a clean environment and at the same time obliges them to protect this environment. The country holds a record for the highest percentage of land under natural conservation—nearly 50% of the total land area of the Seychelles.[citation needed]
Like many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity during early human history, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because of the shape of its fruit which, with the husk removed, presents a "double" coconut resembling a woman's buttocks, the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed pods. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations today. This strange and ancient plant has resisted all efforts to propagate it. Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia Rothmannia annae found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The Aldabra Giant Tortoise now populates many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. It has been reported that the granitic islands of Seychelles supported distinct species of Seychelles giant tortoises; the status of the different populations is currently unclear.
There are several unique varieties of Orchids on the Islands.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has unfortunately damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (e.g. Silhouette Island).
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d). In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).
The main natural resources of the Seychelles are fish, copra, cinnamon, coconuts, salt and iron.
Media and telecommunications
Main article: Media and telecommunications in Seychelles
Two Service Providers
Airtel
Cable & Wireless
See also
Outline of Seychelles
Commonwealth of Nations
Hinduism in Seychelles
LGBT rights in Seychelles
List of Seychellois people
Mike Hoare
Occupational Therapy in the Seychelles
References
Further reading
"The Edge of Eden" Helen Benedict
Aldabra Adrian Skerrett (Editor)
Birds of the Seychelles Adrian Skerrett, Ian Bullock, Tony Disley
The History of Slavery in Mauritius and the Seychelles, 1810–1875 Moses D. E., Nwulia
Journey through Seychelles Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willets, Adrian Skerrett, Judith Skerrett
Political Castaways Christopher Lee
The Seychelles Michael Friedel
Seychelles Vincenzo Paolillo
Seychelles: Garden of Eden in the Indian Ocean Sarah Carpin
Paradise Raped James R. Mancham
Seychelles: The New Era France Albert René
Seychelles, What Next? Alain St.Ange
Seychelles Since 1770: History of a Slave and Post-Slavery Society Deryck Scarr
Seychelles, In Search of Democracy Alain St.Ange & Bernard Georges
'Rivals in Eden' and 'Hard Times in Paradise' Bill McAteer
Seychelles, The Cry of A People Alain St.Ange
Reveil Seychellois (Life in Seychelles 1770–1903) Denise Johnstone
Government
SeyGov Main government portal
State House Office of the President of the Republic of the Seychelles
Chief of State and Cabinet Members
Central Bank of Seychelles On-shore banking and insurance regulator
Seychelles International Business Authority (SIBA) Regulator of off-shore financial sector
Seychelles Investment Bureau Government agency promoting investment in the Seychelles
National Bureau of Statistics Government agency responsible for collecting, compiling, analyzing and publishing statistical information
General
Seychelles entry at The World Factbook
Seychelles from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Seychelles at the Open Directory Project
Wikimedia Atlas of Seychelles
Island Conservation Society – non-profit nature conservation and educational non-governmental organisation.
Videos about history and nature of the Seychelles
Nature Seychelles – scientific/environmental non-governmental nature protection association.
The Seychelles Nation – the largest circulation local daily newspaper.
The Bar Association of Seychelles – website of the Seychelles legal practitioners' association.
Seychelles Real Estate
Seychelles Online
Tourism
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https://booking.isdo.app/diving-in-the-seychelles/
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Diving in the Seychelles
|
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2022-03-10T17:09:59+00:00
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Wall dives, drift dives and wreck dives are all common in the Seychelles. One of the best parts of diving in the Seychelles is that it's common to see turtles
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en
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ISDO Adventure
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https://booking.isdo.app/diving-in-the-seychelles/
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Learn to Dive in the Seychelles
The Seychelles’ Highlights
Wall dives, drift dives and wreck dives are all common in the Seychelles. One of the best parts of diving in the Seychelles is that it’s common to see turtles on nearly every dive. Sites are usually between 8 and 30 meters making them great for novice divers.
The Seychelles features healthy soft and hard coral. Interesting pelagic creatures like sailfish and whale sharks can be spotted on some of the outer islands. Whale sharks migrate through the Seychelles between August and November. They can be spotted on the Southern side of Mahé. Clear blue water, shallow sites and interesting marine life making the Seychelles an awesome diving destination.
When is the best time to go diving in the Seychelles?
You can dive in the Seychelles at any point of the year. Between October to March and May to September feature strong winds and rougher conditions. As a result, April/May and October/November offer the calmest conditions and best visibility. During these months, the calmer conditions means more remote sites can be reached.
Water Temperature: The water is always warm in the Seychelles ranging from 26°C to 29°C.
Currents: None to strong
Visibility: Usually between 20 and 30 meters
The Seychelles’ best dive sites
Shark Bank
Located close to Mahé, Shark Bank gives divers the opportunity to dive with stingrays, barracudas, reef sharks and whale sharks. The site features massive boulders that are covered in coral.
Aladbra
Aladbra is a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site and protected reserve. Home to beautiful flora and fauna, in addition to, a host of marine life. As this is a protected site, special permission from the Seychelles Island Foundation has to be granted to go diving here.
Ennerdale Wreck
The Seychelles is world-famous for its wrecks. Ennerdale Wreck is a British oil tanker that sank in 1970. Due to strong currents and the depth of the wreck, this site is for experienced divers with an advanced certification. The wreck can be penetrated at multiple points and there’s the opportunity to spot white-tips and bull sharks.
About the country
Made up of an archipelago of 115 islands located in the Indian Ocean. The majority of the islands remain inhabited. The Seychelles is famous for its pristine beaches, crystal-clear blue water and palm trees.
The Aldabra Atoll is a world heritage site, protected because of the wildlife that inhabits it. You must receive special permission to visit the second-largest atoll in the world. Its home to the largest giant tortoise population in the world.
Recreational Courses in the Seychelles
Dive Centers in the Seychelles
Getting to the Seychelles
Seychelles International Airport is located in Mahé. There are direct flights from Africa, the Middle East and Europe.
Other important information
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Countries and demonyms in Spanish
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Learn the countries of the world in Spanish with our comprehensive list of country names, demonyms and adjectives along with their translations. Get some practise in the free interactive exercise!
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/apple-touch-icon.png
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https://espanol.lingolia.com/en/vocabulary/countries
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A demonym (gentilicio) is a word that shows a person is an inhabitant of a country, city, place, town, region, etc.
Examples:
España → español/-laSpain → Spanish
Colombia → colombiano/-naColombia → Colombian
We can also use these words to describe things and concepts as well as people. Grammatically speaking, it’s then an adjective not a demonym, but their form is identical, so the distinction isn’t too important.
Examples:
Soy de España.I’m from Spain. (country name)
Susana es española.Susana is Spanish. (demonym)
La comida española es famosa en todo el mundo.Spanish food is famous all over the world. (adjective)
How to form demonyms in Spanish
In Spanish, demonyms are generally formed by adding suffixes (endings) to a country’s name or the root of its name.
Unfortunately, there are no rules that tell us when to use which suffix, so we have to learn them by heart.
The table below shows the most common suffixes with examples.
Some places that share the same name have different demonyms to avoid confusion.
Example:
guadalajareño → from Guadalajara, Spain
guadalajarense → from Guadalajara, Mexico
Certain demonyms are derived from names that are no longer in use, meaning they can be difficult to identify on sight alone.
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Compton Herald
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Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa that covers an area of 105,900 square miles and is bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Ivory Coast to the southwest.
Formerly the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed "Burkina Faso" on Aug. 4 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. The words "Burkina" and "Faso" stem from different languages spoken in the country: "Burkina" comes from Mossi and means "upright," showing how the people are proud of their integrity, while "Faso" originates from the Dioula language and means "fatherland" (literally, "father's house").
The "-bè" suffix added onto "Burkina" to form the demonym "Burkinabè" comes from the Fula language and means "women or men." The CIA summarizes the etymology as "land of the honest (incorruptible) men.” The French colony of Upper Volta was named for its location on the upper courses of the Volta River (the Black, Red and White Volta).
Constitution and foreign relations
The Burkina Faso constitution was revised in 2018 constitution. One condition prevents anyone from serving as president for more than 10 years either consecutively or intermittently and provides a method for impeaching a president. Certain rights are also enshrined in the revised constitution, such as access to drinking water, to decent housing and a recognition of the right to civil disobedience, for example.
Burkina Faso is a member of the African Union, G5 Sahel, Community of Sahel–Saharan States, La Francophonie, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Economic Community of West African States, and United Nations.
Military readiness
The Army of Burkina Faso is a force of 5,800-6,000 officers and men, augmented by a conscript force or People's Militia of 45,000 men and women. Unlike the police and security forces, the Army and the People's Militia are organized along Soviet/Chinese models and precepts. The International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated in 2011-12 that Burkina Faso had 6,400 personnel in L'Armée de Terre in three military regions, one tank battalion (two tank platoons), five infantry regiments that may be under-strength, and an airborne regiment. Artillery and engineer battalions are also listed.
In recent years, the US has provided military assistance and training to Burkina Faso's ground forces. Military consultants have trained three 750-man battalions for peace support in Darfur. During a recent UN inspection, a US Department of Defense evaluation team found Burkina's Laafi battalion fit to deploy to Sudan. Using a small Department of Defense International Military Education and Training budget, the US Embassy has established English-language courses at an LAT military base, and has brought LAT officers to attend officer basic training courses in the US. The government of Burkina Faso has also been provided training in counter-terrorism and humanitarian assistance. There is a multi-national training camp in Loumbila Department, staffed by Czech and Polish military consultants.
The Air Force was instituted in 1964 as the Republic of Upper Volta Air Squadron, a subordinate unit of the Army. That year, a transient air support base was created with the assistance of the French Air Force. After acquiring an initial fleet of utility and transport aircraft, the squadron was attached to an inter-army support regiment. In 1970, the Escadrille was renamed the Force Aérienne de Haute-Volta, or FAHV, and in 1977 became an autonomous force. In October 1985, the Force Aérienne de Burkina Faso or FABF, was officially inaugurated.
The EHV was initially formed with two Douglas C-47 Skytrain and three MH.1521M Broussard aircraft. These were later followed by two Alouette III SA.316 B helicopters, used mostly for liaison purposes, one twin-engine Aero Commander 500 light utility aircraft, two Hawker-Siddeley HS.748-2A twin turboprop transport aircraft, and two Nord 262 twin turboprop transport aircraft. Two squadrons were created: a transport unit, and a helicopter unit. Later, a training unit was implemented. All squadrons were based at Ouagadougou.
In mid-1984, Libyan military aid brought eight Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 jet fighters, along with two MiG-21U combat trainer versions. These ex-Libyan Air Force MiG fighters were based in Ouagadougou. They were actually operated by the Libyan Air Force on loan by Libya, and were removed in 1985 without seeing combat. A single MiG-17F Fresco that was also operated by the FABF did see combat service in the Agacher Strip War in 1985-86. In 1985, the FABF also acquired two ex-Soviet Mi-4 transport helicopters from an unknown supplier, followed by an additional two Mi-4s.
The Mi-4s were operated by the FABF until the late 1980s, when they were taken out of service. Five Mi-8/17 transport helicopters were later added to the helicopter squadron.
In 1986, the FABF formed a new attack unit. In mid-1986 six ex-Philippine Air Force SF.260WP Warrior armed trainers/light strike aircraft were acquired from a dealer in Belgium, which offered the FABF a much simpler and less expensive alternative in tactical air support to the expensive MiGs. The Warriors were not only used for pilot training, but also as light strike aircraft, and a number were employed by the FABF's Escadrille de Chasse. Four additional SF.260WPs were subsequently bought directly from Italy. The six ex-Philippine SF.260WP aircraft were removed from service in 1993 and returned to their previous owner, although the four newly built SF.260WP aircraft were retained in service, and stationed at Bobo Dioulasso air base.
Most of the other light aircraft acquired by the FABF in the 1970s and 1980s have also now been retired along with the Mi-4 helicopters, but some recent acquisitions have been made, including a Beechcraft King Air, a Piper PA-34 Seneca, a CEAPR Robin light training aircraft, and a single Air Tractor AT-802 aerial sprayer aircraft for spraying insecticides, purchased after the northern part of the country suffered heavy crop damage from a 2004 invasion of swarming locusts. In 2009, two Xenon Gyroplane autogyros were purchased for use by police and security forces.
Law enforcement
Like many other countries with a French colonial heritage, law enforcement in Burkina Faso is a responsibility primarily shared by the Gendarmerie and the police, and draws a separation between administrative policing and judicial policing. The former deals with law and order, the latter, criminal investigations.
Following the introduction of the 2003 law on public security, Burkina Faso has since 2005 adopted a community policing approach. This applies to police and the gendarmerie. The
national police is responsible for the maintaining public peace, supporting the security of the State and institutions, protecting people and property, collecting information on behalf of the government, and maintaining links with foreign law enforcement bodies. The police is accountable to the Minister of administration, decentralization and security.
The national police has both administrative and judicial police powers. Unlike Commonwealth countries or the US, individual officers may not all hold judicial powers. They may only be empowered to temporarily detain suspects, but not formally arrest them. The municipal police are forces that answer directly to the mayor of a town. They generally enforce law and order but do not have investigative powers.
The municipal police, a recent addition to the security forces is a police agency first been created in 1977, but was abolished and reinstituted in August 1998. Each of the 345 communes in Burkina Faso may choose to organize their own municipal police. As of 2009, 22 communes employing a total of 760 agents had done so. While they are not accountable to the same organizations, the municipal police entertains close links with the national police, mainly as the national police provides all training and administrative and managerial support,
and that they often are called to operate in proximity to each other. The municipal police works infrequently with the Gendarmerie and other security forces.
Administrative divisions
The country is divided into 13 administrative regions. These regions encompass 45 provinces and 301 departments. Each region is administered by a governor. Two types of countryside comprise these regions. The larger part of the country is covered by a peneplain, which forms a gently undulating landscape with a few isolated hills, the last vestiges of a Precambrian massif. The southwest portion of the country forms a sandstone massif, where the highest peak, Ténakourou, rises to an elevation of 2,457 feet. The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to 492 feet high. Burkina Faso is relatively flat. The average altitude is 1,312 feet.
The Niger River's tributaries — the Béli, Gorouol, Goudébo, and Dargol—are seasonal streams and flow for only four to six months a year. They still flood and overflow, however. The country also contains numerous lakes. The principal ones are Tingrela, Bam, and Dem. The country contains large ponds, as well, such as Oursi, Béli, Yomboli, and Markoye. Water shortages are often a problem, especially in the north of the country. Burkina Faso has a primarily tropical climate with two very distinct seasons. In the rainy season, the country receives between 23 and 35 inches of rainfall.. The rainy season lasts approximately four months, June to September, and is shorter in the north. Three climatic zones can be defined: the Sahel, the Sudan-Sahel, and the Sudan-Guinea. The Sahel in the north typically receives less than 600 mm 23 inches of rainfall per year and has high temperatures reaching 117 degrees Fahrenheit.
A relatively dry tropical savanna, the Sahel extends beyond the borders of Burkina Faso, from the Horn of Africa to the Atlantic Ocean, and borders the Sahara to its north and the fertile region of the Sudan to the south. The Sudan-Sahel region is a transitional zone pertaining to rainfall and temperature. To the south, the Sudan-Guinea zone receives more than 35.4 inches of rain each year and has cooler average temperatures. Geographic and environmental causes can also play a significant role in contributing to Burkina Faso's issue of food insecurity. As the country is situated in the Sahel region, Burkina Faso experiences some of the most radical climatic variation in the world, ranging from severe flooding to extreme drought. The unpredictable climate weighs heavily Burkina Faso’s ability to accumulate and sustain wealth through agricultural means.
Burkina Faso's climate also renders its crops vulnerable to insects, specifically from locusts and crickets, which further inhibit food production. Not only is most of the population of Burkina Faso dependent on agriculture as a source of income, but also relies on the agricultural sector for food that will directly feed its citizens. Due to the vulnerability of agriculture, more and more families are having to look for other sources of income, and often have to travel outside of their regional zone to find work.
Natural resources
Burkina Faso is looking with high expectation to increasing mining for copper, iron, manganese, gold, cassiterite (tin ore), and phosphates, which provides employment and generates international aid. Gold production increased 32 percent in 2011 at six mines, making Burkina Faso the fourth-largest gold producer in Africa, after South Africa, Mali, and Ghana. A 2018 report indicated that the country expected a record 55 tons of gold that year, a two-thirds increase over 2013. According to one precious metal and mineral authority, Burkina Faso must “diversify production to tap multiple natural resources, which include, in addition to gold—manganese, zinc, lead, copper, nickel, phosphates, marble, pumice, limestone, and salt.”
Economy
The value of Burkina Faso's exports fell from $2.77 billion in 2011 to $754 million in 2012. Agriculture represents 32 percent of its gross domestic product and occupies 80 percent of the working population. It consists mostly of livestock. In the south and southwest, subsistence farmers grow sorghum, pearl millet, corn, peanuts, rice, and cotton. A large part of the nation’s economy is funded by international aid, despite having gold in abundance. The top five export commodities in 2017 were gems and precious metals, 1.9 billion (78.5 percent of total exports); cotton, $198.7 million (8.3 percent); ore, slag, ash, $137.6 million (5.8 percent); fruit, nuts, $76.6 million (3.2 percent); and oil seeds: $59.5 million (2.5 percent).
A December 2018 report from the World Bank indicates that in 2017, economic growth increased to 6.4 percent in 2017, versus 5.9 percent in 2016, primarily due to gold production and increased investment in infrastructure. The increase in consumption linked to growth of the wage bill also supported economic growth. Inflation remained low, 0.4 percent that year but the public deficit grew to 7.7 percent of GDP, versus. 3.5 percent in 2016. The government was continuing to get financial aid and loans to finance the debt. To finance the public deficit, the government combined concessional aid and borrowing on the regional market. The World Bank said that the economic outlook remained favorable in the short and medium term, although that could be negatively impacted. Risks included high oil imports, lower export prices of gold and cotton.
Tourism and wildlife
In 2018, tourism was almost non-existent in large parts of the country. Tourists are warned against travel into large parts of Burkina Faso because the northern Sahel border region bordering Mali and Niger, and the provinces of Kmoandjari, Tapoa, Kompienga, and Gourma in the East Region, are given to crime and terrorism.
With respect to wildlife, Burkina Faso has a larger number of elephants than many countries in West Africa. Lion, leopard, and buffalo are also indigenous here, including the dwarf or red buffalo, a reddish-brown animal resembling a short-legged cow. Other large predators in Burkina Faso include cheetah, caracal, spotted hyena, and the African wild dog.
Burkina Faso's fauna and flora are protected in four national parks: W National Park in the east which passes Burkina Faso, Benin, and Niger; Arly Wildlife Reserve, Léraba-Comoé Classified Forest, and Partial Reserve of Wildlife in the west; and Mare aux Hippopotames, and in the west.
Water resources
While services remain underdeveloped, the National Office for Water and Sanitation (ONEA), a state-owned utility company, is emerging as one of the best-performing utility companies in Africa. High levels of autonomy and a skilled and dedicated management have driven ONEA's ability to improve production of and access to clean water. Since 2000, nearly 2 million more people have access to water in the four principal urban centers in the country. The company has kept the quality of infrastructure high (less than 18 percent of the water is lost through leaks — one of the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa.
Challenges remain, including difficulties among some customers in paying for services, with the need to rely on international aid to expand its infrastructure. The state-owned, commercially run venture has helped the nation reach its Millennium Development Goal targets in water-related areas, and has grown as a viable company. Access to drinking water has improved over the last 28 years. According to UNICEF, drinking water has increased from 39 to 76 percent in rural areas between 1990 and 2015. In this same time span, access to drinking water increased from 75 to 97 percent in urban areas.
Transport
Transport in Burkina Faso is limited by relatively underdeveloped infrastructure. As of June 2014 the main international airport, Ouagadougou Airport, had regularly scheduled flights to many destinations in West Africa as well as Paris, Brussels and Istanbul. The other international airport, Bobo Dioulasso Airport, has flights to Ouagadougou and Abidjan.
Rail transport in Burkina Faso consists of a single line which runs from Kaya to Abidjan in Ivory Coast via Ouagadougou, Koudougou, Bobo Dioulasso and Banfora. Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route. There are 9,320 miles of roads in Burkina Faso, of which 1,553 miles are paved.
Science and technology
In January 2011, the government created the Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation. Up until then, management of science, technology and innovation had fallen under the Department of Secondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research. Within this ministry, the directorate general for Research and Sector Statistics is responsible for planning. A separate body, the directorate General of Scientific Research, Technology and Innovation, co-ordinates research. This is a departure from the pattern in many other West African countries where a single body fulfils both functions. The move signals the government's intention to make science and technology a development priority.
In 2012, Burkina Faso adopted a National Policy for Scientific and Technical Research, the strategic objectives of which are to develop research and development and the application and commercialization of research results. The policy also makes provisions for strengthening the ministry's strategic and operational capacities. One of the key priorities is to improve food security and self-sufficiency by boosting capacity in agricultural and environmental sciences. The creation of a center of excellence in 2014 at the International Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering in Ouagadougou within the World Bank project provides essential funding for capacity-building in these priority areas.
A dual priority is to promote innovative, effective and accessible health systems. The government wishes to develop, in parallel, applied sciences and technology and social and human sciences. To complement the national research policy, the government has prepared a National Strategy to Popularize Technologies, Inventions and Innovations (2012) and a National Innovation Strategy (2014). Other policies also incorporate science and technology, such as that on Secondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research (2010), the National Policy on Food and Nutrition Security (2014) and the National Program for the Rural Sector (2011).
In 2013, Burkina Faso passed the Science, Technology and Innovation Act establishing three mechanisms for financing research and innovation, a clear indication of high-level commitment. These mechanisms are the National Fund for Education and Research, the National Fund for Research and Innovation for Development and the Forum of Scientific Research and Technological Innovation.
Ethnic groups and language
Burkina Faso is an ethnically integrated, secular state where most people are concentrated in the south and center, where their density sometimes exceeds 120 inhabitants per square square mile. Hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè migrate regularly to Ivory Coast and Ghana, mainly for seasonal agricultural work.
The total fertility rate of Burkina Faso is 5.93 children born per woman (2014 estimates), sixth highest in the world. Burkina Faso's 17.3 million people belong to two major West African ethnic cultural groups—the Voltaic and the Mande (whose common language is Dioula). The Voltaic Mossi make up about one-half of the population. The Mossi claim descent from warriors who migrated to present-day Burkina Faso from northern Ghana around 1100 AD. They established an empire that lasted more than 800 years.
Burkina Faso is a multilingual country. The official language is French, which was introduced during the colonial period. French is the principal language of administrative, political and judicial institutions, public services, and the press. It is the only language for laws, administration and courts. An estimated 69 languages are spoken in the country, of which about 60 are indigenous. The Mossi language (Mossi: Mòoré) is the most spoken language in Burkina Faso, spoken by about half the population, mainly in the central region around the capital, Ouagadougou, along with other, closely related Gurunsi languages ARE scattered throughout Burkina, According to the 2006 Census.
In the west, Mande languages are widely spoken, the most predominant being Dioula (also known as Jula or Dyula), others including Bobo, Samo, and Marka. Fula is widespread, particularly in the north. Gourmanché is spoken in the east, while Bissa is spoken in the south.
Religion and faith
Statistics on religion in Burkina Faso can be misleading because Islam and Christianity are often practiced in tandem with indigenous religious beliefs. The 2006 census reported that 60.5 percent of the population practice Islam, and that the majority of this group belong to the Sunni branch, while a small minority adheres to Shia Islam. A significant number of Sunni Muslims identify with the Tijaniyah Sufi order. The government estimated that 23.2 percent of the population are Christians—19 percent Roman Catholic, and 4.2 percent Protestant; 15.3% follow traditional indigenous beliefs such as the Dogon religion, 0.6 percent have other religions, and 0.4 percent have none.
Health
In 2016, the average life expectancy was estimated at 60 for males and 61 for females. In 2018, the under-five mortality rate and the infant mortality rate was 76 per 1000 live births. In 2014, the median age of its inhabitants was 17 and the estimated population growth rate was 3.05 percent. As of 2009, studies estimated there were as few as 10 physicians per 100,000 people. In addition, there were 41 nurses and 13 midwives per 100,000 people. Demographic and Health Surveys has completed three surveys in Burkina Faso since 1993, and had another in 2009.
Education
Education in Burkina Faso is divided into primary, secondary and higher education. High school costs approximately $50 per year, which is far above the means of most Burkinabè families. Boys receive preference in schooling. For girls’ education and literacy rates are far lower. An increase in girls education has increased over time due to a government policy making school less expensive for and granting them more scholarships.
To proceed from primary to middle school, middle to high school or high school to college, national exams must be passed. Institutions of higher education include the University of Ouagadougou, The Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso, and the University of Koudougou, which is also a teacher training institution. There are some small private colleges in the capital city of Ouagadougou but these are affordable to only a small percentage of the population. There is also the International School of Ouagadougou (ISO), an American-based private school located in Ouagadougou.
Fine Arts and culture
The cinema of Burkina Faso is an important part of West African and African film industry.[168] Burkina's contribution to African cinema started with the establishment of the Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévision de Ouagadougou (FESPACO ), which was launched as a film week in 1969. Many of the nation's filmmakers are known internationally.
For many years the headquarters of the Federation of Pan African Filmmakers (FEPACI) was in Ouagadougou, rescued in 1983 from a period of moribund inactivity by the enthusiastic support and funding of the govern- ment. In 2006 the Secretariat of FEPACI moved to South Africa, but the headquarters of the organization is still in Ouagadougou.
Literature in Burkina Faso is based on the oral tradition, which remains important. The oral tradition continued to have an influence on Burkinabè writers in the 1960s post-independence Burkina Faso, which saw a growth in the number of published playwrights. The theatre of Burkina Faso combines traditional Burkinabè perform- ance with the colonial influences and post-colonial efforts to educate rural people to produce a distinctive national theatre. Traditional ritual ceremonies of the many ethnic groups in Burkina Faso have long involved dancing with masks. Western-style theatre became common during colonial times, heavily influenced by French theatre. With independence came a new style of theatre inspired by forum theatre aimed at educating and entertaining Burkina Faso's rural people.
Cultural festivals and events
Every two years, Ouagadougou hosts the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO), the largest African cinema festival on the continent (February, odd years). Held every two years since 1988, the International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou (SIAO), is one of Africa's most important trade shows for art and handicrafts (late October-early November).
Every other year, the Symposium de sculpture sur granit de Laongo takes place on a site located 22 miles from Ouagadougou in the Oubritenga province. National Culture Week of Burkina Faso, better known by its French name La Semaine Nationale de la culture, is one of the most important cultural activities of Burkina Faso. It is a biennial event which takes place every two years in Bobo Dioulasso, the second-largest city in the country. The Festival International des Masques et des Arts (FESTIMA), celebrating traditional masks, is held every two years in Dédougou.
Cuisine
Typical of West African cuisine, Burkina Faso's cuisine is based on staple foods such as sorghum, millet, rice, corn, peanuts, potatoes, beans, yams and okra. The most common sources of animal protein are chicken, chicken eggs and fresh water fish. A typical Burkinabè beverage is Banji or palm wine, which is fermented palm sap; other popular beverages are Zoom-kom or "grain water," Zoom-kom, a milky drink comprised of a water and cereal base; and Dolo, a drink made from fermented millet.
Sports and news media
Sport in Burkina Faso is widespread and includes soccer, basketball, cycling, rugby, handball, tennis, boxing, and martial arts. Soccer is the most popular sport in Burkina Faso, played both professionally, and informally in towns and villages across the country. In 1998, the Burkina Faso national team hosted the Africa Cup of Nations for which the Omnisport Stadium in Bobo-Dioulasso was built. Burkina Faso qualified for the 2013 African Cup of Nations in South Africa and reached the final, but lost to Nigeria 1-0.
Basketball is another sport which enjoys much popularity for both men and women. The country's men's national team had its most successful year in 2013 when it qualified for the AfroBasket, the continent's prime basketball event.
In track and field at the 2021 Tokyo Summer Olympics, triple jumper Hugues Fabrice Zango won Burkina Faso's first Olympic medal, a bronze in the hop, skip, and jump event.
The nation's principal media outlet is its state-sponsored combined television and radio service, Radio- diffusion-Télévision Burkina (RTB). RTB broadcasts on two medium-wave (AM) and several FM frequencies. Besides RTB, there are privately owned sports, cultural, music, and religious FM radio stations. RTB maintains a worldwide short-wave news broadcast (Radio Nationale Burkina) in the French from the capital at Ouagadougou using a 100 kW transmitter on 4.815 and 5.030 MHz.
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Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelago nation of 155 islands in the Indian Ocean. Seychelles has the smallest population of any nation in Africa, but its greatest natural resource are the fish in its waters and its natural beauty, which attracts up to 150,000 tourists a year. Tourism accounts for 70 percent of its foreign exchange but is subject to fluctuations due to economic and political trends.
A socialist government seized power in a bloodless coup in 1977 and continues to rule, dominating politics by its control of every aspect of the society, although one-party rule officially ended in 1991. The government invested heavily in health care and education, so Seychelles today has the highest per capita income in Africa and 92 percent of the people are literate. But its heavy spending and intervention in the economy have resulted in excessive debt and contracting growth.
Geography
The Seychelles is a small island nation located in the Indian Ocean northeast of Madagascar and about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) east of Kenya. Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius and Réunion to the south, Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest, and the Suvadives of the Maldives to the northeast. Its area is about 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC in the United States.
The nation is an archipelago of 155 tropical islands, some granite and some coral. The former have a narrow coastal strip and a central range of hills rising as high as 3,000 feet (914 m). The coral islands are flat with elevated coral reefs at different stages of formation. They have no fresh water. Only 33 of the islands are inhabited. The capital city, Victoria, is located on the largest island (55 sq. mi; 9,142 sq. km), Mahe.
Climate
The temperature is temperate, although quite humid, and remains the same most of the year (75-85 degrees F, 24 to 29 degrees C). During the coolest months, July and August, the temperature drops as low as 70 degrees F. The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November. March and April are the hottest months. Most of the islands are outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
Flora and fauna
In common with many fragile island ecosystems, the early human history of Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles parakeet and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on other islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna.
Although many of the conservation laws date back to British colonial days, the Seychelles government has strictly protected the natural heritage of the islands for many years. Flagship species, the Seychelles Magpie Robin and the Seychelles Warbler, have been spectacularly rescued from the brink of extinction by BirdLife International, Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts, Island Conservation Society, Nature Seychelles, private islands (Fregate and Denis) and the Government of Seychelles. These birds, once restricted to one island each, have been translocated to many others. Seychelles has 12 endemic bird species. These are the Aldabra Drongo, Seychelles Magpie robin, Seychelles Paradise Flycatcher, Seychelles Fody, Seychelles Scops-owl, Seychelles White-eye, Seychelles Swiftlet, Seychelles Kestrel, Seychelles Blue Pigeon Seychelles Bulbul, Seychelles Warbler, and Seychelles Sunbird.
Seychelles is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites run by the Seychelles Islands Foundation. They are the atoll of Aldabra, which is the world's largest raised coral atoll, and also the Vallée de Mai on Praslin island, dubbed a Garden of Eden. The Cousin Island Special Reserve, purchased by the Royal Society for Nature Conservation in 1968 and managed by Nature Seychelles, is an internationally known bird and marine sanctuary. Seychelles has six national marine parks including the St. Anne National Marine Park located adjacent to the capital, Port Victoria, which are managed by the government parastatal, Marine Parks Authority. Much of the land territory (about 40 percent) and a substantial part of the coastal sea around Seychelles are protected as national parks, including marine parks, and reserves.
A World Bank/Environment Facility project in 1999 and a project for rat eradication has led to a program of restoration of private islands by the government, Nature Seychelles, and private island owners. These islands include Fregate, Denis, and Cousine. The island restoration program has now been taken to the outer islands by the Island Conservation Society, with the first Island Conservation Centre opened at Alphonse Atoll in 2007. Island Conservation Society has also implemented other conservation programs on islands including Conception, North Island, Cosmoledo Atoll and Farquhar Atoll.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighboring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because of its suggestive shape, the Coco de mer is the world's largest seed. The jellyfish tree is found in only a few locations. This strange and ancient plant has resisted all efforts to propagate it. Other unique plant species include the Wrights Gardenia, found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The giant tortoises from Aldabra now populate many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world. Islands such as Bird, Aride Island, Cousin, Aldabra, and Cosmoledo host many species of seabirds including the sooty tern, fairy tern, white-tailed tropicbird, noddies and frigatebirds. Aride Island has more species of seabird and greater numbers than the other forty granite islands combined, including the world's largest colony of Audubon's Shearwater and Lesser Noddy.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than a thousand species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching, in 1998, has unfortunately damaged most reefs. The reefs comprise a vast selection of soft corals and hard corals alike. There are great diving and snorkeling opportunities. The taking of marine turtles was completely stopped in 1994; turtle populations are now recovering on several protected islands, most notably Cousin Island, Aride Island, and Aldabra. However, they continue to decline at unprotected sites. The use of gill nets for shark fishing as well as the practice of shark finning are now banned.
History
While Austronesian seafarers or Arab traders may have been the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles, the first recorded sighting of them took place in 1502, by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral). The first recorded landing and first written account was by the crew of the English East Indiaman Ascension in 1609. As a transit point for trading between Africa and Asia, they were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control of the islands starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey. Some historians have claimed the islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, the French finance minister appointed in 1754.
The British contested control over the islands with the French between 1794 and 1812. Jean Baptiste Queau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with England, realized it was pointless to resist whenever a heavily armed enemy warship arrived. However, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain, which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality. In all, he capitulated seven times, guiding the colony successfully through difficult times.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1812 and this was formalized in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. The Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903 and independence was granted in 1976, as a republic within the Commonwealth. In 1977, a coup d'etat backed by the socialist regime in nearby Tanzania ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham, replacing him with France Albert René. The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1992. The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60 percent of voters in 1992, but in 1993 an amended version was approved.
Politics
The Seychelles president, who is both head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The previous president, France Albert René, first came to power in a coup d'état in 1977, one year after independence. After overseeing a one-party state since then, he was democratically elected after the constitutional reforms of 1992. He stood down in 2004 in favor of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006 by a majority of 53.73 percent to 45.71 percent for the opposition alliance candidate. The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly, consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining 9 seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
Following a six-month boycott of the Assembly by the opposition after the 2006 elections, President Michel dissolved it on March 20, 2007. Early elections for the Assembly were held May 10-12, 2007, and the ruling party won 18 district seats and the opposition won seven district seats. Under the system of proportional representation, the ruling SPPF won five seats and the opposition won four seats.
Many claim there is an uneven playing field between the two leading parties. As a result of political patronage, control of jobs, government contracts, and resources, the SPPF dominates the country. Moreover, the president completely controls the security apparatus, including the national guard, the army, the police, and an armed paramilitary unit. Moreover, the SPPF, uses its political resources and those of the government to develop and maintain a nationwide organization that extends to the village level. Opposition parties have been unable to match the SPPF's organization and patronage, in part because of financial limitations.
The government has a "near monopoly on the media," and freedom of speech and press are limited by the ease with which lawsuits can be brought against journalists. In addition, because the leadership of both the SPPF and most opposition parties is white, despite the Creole majority, there is a perception that nonwhites lack a significant voice.
The judicial branch includes a Court of Appeal and Supreme Court; judges for both are appointed by the president. The legal system is based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law.
Foreign relations
Seychelles follows a policy of nonalignment and strongly supports the principle of reduced superpower presence in the Indian Ocean. It is a proponent of the Indian Ocean zone of peace concept and promotes an end to the U.S. military presence on Diego Garcia. It is a member of the Nonaligned Movement, the African Union, and the Indian Ocean Commission.
Administrative divisions
Seychelles is divided into 25 administrative regions, called districts.
Economy
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30 percent of the labor force and provides more than 70 percent of hard currency earnings, and by tuna fishing. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other services.
At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. The crops are copra, vanilla, cinnamon, coconuts, sweet potatoes, tapioca, bananas, and teas.
The vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991-1992 due largely to the country's significantly overvalued exchange rate, the Gulf War, and once again following the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States.
Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs, and further privatization of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, insurance, banking, imports of basic products, telecommunications, and a wide range of other businesses.
At official exchange rates Seychelles remains the richest country in Africa in terms of GDP per capita. (US$7,504 as of 2005), although if the parallel exchange rate, or purchasing power parity rates, are used, it ranks behind Mauritius and Botswana. Because of economic contraction (the economy declined by about 2 percent in 2004 and 2005 and is set to decline by at least the same level in 2006) the country is moving downwards in terms of per capita income.
It is important to note that Seychelles is, per capita, the most highly indebted country in the world according to the World Bank, with total public debt around 122.8 percent of GDP. Approximately two-thirds of this debt is owed domestically, with the balance due to multilaterals, bilaterals, and commercial banks. The country is in arrears to most of its international creditors and has had to resort to pledged commercial debt to continue to be able to borrow. This high debt burden is a direct consequence of the overvalued exchange rate—in essence, the country is living beyond its means, and financing its lifestyle by borrowing domestically and internationally.
Seychelles is also a tax haven. Many firms are established on this island, including GenerActions Consulting, owned by famous Swiss entrepreneur David Humbert.
Seychelles is the smallest nation in the world issuing its own currency (that is, not pegged to a foreign currency and not shared with any other country).
Demographics
As the islands of the Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of immigrants. Most are descendants of early French settlers and the African slaves brought to the Seychelles in the nineteenth century by the British, who had freed them from slave ships. Indians, and Chinese account for the remaining 1.1 percent.
About 90 percent of the nation's 80,000 people live on Mahe island. Most of the rest live on Praslin and La Digue, with the remaining smaller islands either sparsely populated or uninhabited.
Seychelles culture is a mixture of French and African (Creole) influences. Creole is the native language of 94 percent of the people. French and English are commonly used, however. English is the language of government and commerce.
Most Seychellois are Christians; the Roman Catholic Church is the predominant denomination.
About 92 percent of the population over age 15 is literate, and the literacy rate of school-aged children has risen to over 98 percent. Nearly all children attend primary school.
Culture
Since 1977, the government has encouraged Creole as a common culture and spoken and written language. The world's only Creole Institute can be found on Mahe. Each October, Seychelles hosts the world's largest Creole festival, featuring artists and writers from other nations with a Creole culture, such as Mauritius, Reunion, and Guyana.
Although clergy and civil authorities disapprove, many Seychellois see little inconsistency between their orthodox religious observance and belief in magic, witchcraft, and sorcery.
The folk music incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including English contredanse, polka and mazurka; French folk and pop; sega from Mauritius and Réunion; taarab, soukous, and other pan-African genres; and Polynesian, Indian, and Arcadian music. A complex form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is montea, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga developed by Patrick Victor.
Fish and rice are the basic staple foods.
Seychelles also hosts an annual underwater film and image festival.
Notes
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Amin, Mohamed, Duncan Willetts, Adrian Skerrett, and Judith Skerrett. 1994. Journey Through Seychelles. Nairobi: Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1874041903.
Carpin, Sarah, and Paul Turcotte. 2005. Seychelles: Garden of Eden in the Indian Ocean. Hong Kong: Odyssey. ISBN 9622177522.
Cutter, Charles Hickman. 2006. Africa, 2006. Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publications. ISBN 1887985727.
Dodd, Jan. 2004. Mauritius, Réunion & Seychelles. Footscray: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1740593014.
Friedel, Michael, Marion Friedel, and Angus McGeoch. 1995. The Seychelles. Steingau: Ed. MM. ISBN 3929489058.
Hatchwell, Emily, Cathy Muscat, and Brian Bell. 2000. Mauritius, Réunion & Seychelles. Singapore: Apa Publications. ISBN 0887295231.
Lee, Christopher. 1976. Seychelles: Political Castaways. London: Elm Tree Books. ISBN 0241894409.
Mair, Lyn, and Lynnath Beckley. 2001. Seychelles: The Bradt Travel Guide. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 184162022X.
Metz, Helen Chapin. 1995. Indian Ocean: Five Island Countries. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0844408573.
Nwulia, Moses D. E. 1981. The History of slavery in Mauritius and the Seychelles, 1810-1875. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickenson University Press. ISBN 0838623980.
Paolilli, Vincenzo. 1997. Seychelles. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill. ISBN 1853109371.
René, France Albert. 1982. Seychelles, the New Era. [Victoria, Seychelles]: Ministry of Education and Information.
Scarr, Deryck. 1999. Seychelles since 1770: History of a Slave and Post-Slavery Society. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. ISBN 9780865437364.
Skerrett, Adrian, Ian Bullock, and Tony Disley. 2001. Birds of the Seychelles. Princeton field guides. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691088632.
Skerrett, Judith, and Adrian Skerrett. 1994. Seychelles. APA. ISBN 9624215871.
All links retrieved January 26, 2023.
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Back of the Cereal Box: Know Your Irregular Demonyms!
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A demonym is the adjectival form of a place name used to describe the people from that place. For California, for example, the demonym is C...
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Know Your Irregular Demonyms!
A demonym is the adjectival form of a place name used to describe the people from that place. For California, for example, the demonym is Californian. But be warned: Not all demonyms work the way you’d expect. To avoid insult to your foreign visitors, please consult this list of irregular and unusual demonyms.
The people of Monaco prefer to be called Monagasque.
The residents of the English town of Manchester are Mancunian.
Those from the island of Cyprus are called Cypriot.
Those from the island of Crete are, unfortunately, Cretans.
If you’re from the Seychelles, you are Seychellois.
If you’re from Madagascar, you’re Malagasy.
If you’re from Halifax, Nova Scotia, you’re Haligonian.
If you’re from Oxford, England, you’re Oxonian.
Technically speaking, people who live in the Vatican are Citizens of the Holy See.
Citizens of Barbados are Bajan.
Those living in Mexico City refer to themselves as Capitalinos.
If you’re from the Belgium region of Wallonia, you’re a Walloon.
While the world knows the people of Peru as the Peruvians, they actually prefer to be called the Pervs.
Similarly, the people of Bhutan are the Booties.
If you’re from St. Kitts, you’re a Kitty Cat.
The people who live in Budapest are Budapasta.
You’ve probably heard the joke about people from Albania being Albinos. In truth, however, they prefer to be called Abba-Zabbas.
The people of Saskatoon generally prefer to be called the Saskatoodles.
Residents of Chad like to be called by their full name, Chad Ethan Allen Hollingsworth III.
Natives of the German city of Munich prefer the term Munchers.
Those who live in Antarctica just like to be called.
And, finally, it’s very impolite to mention the fact that someone is from Fresno, so there is no word for that.
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List of Regions in Seychelles
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This page shows the complete list of regions in Seychelles.
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A comprehensive world city databases comprise of feature designation, administrative division, population, and many more.
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Seychelles
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All about Seychelles - capital, population, area, currency, coordinates, languages
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Country Data:Seychelles
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Comoros: Introduction
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Comoros Introduction
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Comoros is an archipelago island nation in the Indian Ocean located off the eastern coast of Africa. Surrounding countries include Mozambique, Madagascar, and Seychelles. The Comoros are volcanic islands with steep mountains and low hills. The government system is a republic, the chief of state and head of government is the president. Comoros has a mixed economic system with a heavy reliance on agriculture, combined with relatively weak centralized economic planning and government regulation. Comoros is a member of the League of Arab States (Arab League) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).
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Chapter 13 Using, ‘Kreol Seselwa’, the Seychellois Creole Language to Strengthen Connections between the Government, Public Entities, Educational Institutions and Beyond in: Handbook of Language Polic
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Abstract Raising the visibility and usability level of the mother tongue at official levels, in all settings, with different groups and ages is quite a challenging task. This is due to the sociolinguistic context, which is quite complex especially in a trilingual setting. Though such linguistic complexity, in practice, concerted effort is being made to ensure the successful implementation of all three languages at all levels, since all three languages are of equal political and constitutional status. For instance, to promote, develop and preserve the Seychellois Creole, the mother tongue of most Seychellois, an institution (the Seychelles Creole Academy) previously known as ‘Lenstiti Kreol’ was established. Delivering quality services and products to all public sectors and to successfully implement the mandate of Creole Institute of Seychelles, the team has to carefully examine areas of weaknesses of all institutions and organisations which provide services to the public; identify strengths in order to build on it and our weaknesses in order to plan strategically and address issues. Consequently, policies with socio-linguistic and linguistic perspectives are critically scrutinized, relevant programmes are developed, implemented, evaluated and improved, with the aim to engage and encourage all citizens to value and benefit from the use of their mother tongue in official situations. Among the benefits is the opportunity for the general public to gain access to information and content of information in their mother language, for them to contribute towards the development of a sustainable Seychelles.
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https://brill.com/display/book/9789004516724/BP000014.xml
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Abstract
Raising the visibility and usability level of the mother tongue at official levels, in all settings, with different groups and ages is quite a challenging task. This is due to the sociolinguistic context, which is quite complex especially in a trilingual setting. Though such linguistic complexity, in practice, concerted effort is being made to ensure the successful implementation of all three languages at all levels, since all three languages are of equal political and constitutional status. For instance, to promote, develop and preserve the Seychellois Creole, the mother tongue of most Seychellois, an institution (the Seychelles Creole Academy) previously known as ‘Lenstiti Kreol’ was established. Delivering quality services and products to all public sectors and to successfully implement the mandate of Creole Institute of Seychelles, the team has to carefully examine areas of weaknesses of all institutions and organisations which provide services to the public; identify strengths in order to build on it and our weaknesses in order to plan strategically and address issues. Consequently, policies with socio-linguistic and linguistic perspectives are critically scrutinized, relevant programmes are developed, implemented, evaluated and improved, with the aim to engage and encourage all citizens to value and benefit from the use of their mother tongue in official situations. Among the benefits is the opportunity for the general public to gain access to information and content of information in their mother language, for them to contribute towards the development of a sustainable Seychelles.
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New World Encyclopedia
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Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelago nation of 155 islands in the Indian Ocean. Seychelles has the smallest population of any nation in Africa, but its greatest natural resource are the fish in its waters and its natural beauty, which attracts up to 150,000 tourists a year. Tourism accounts for 70 percent of its foreign exchange but is subject to fluctuations due to economic and political trends.
A socialist government seized power in a bloodless coup in 1977 and continues to rule, dominating politics by its control of every aspect of the society, although one-party rule officially ended in 1991. The government invested heavily in health care and education, so Seychelles today has the highest per capita income in Africa and 92 percent of the people are literate. But its heavy spending and intervention in the economy have resulted in excessive debt and contracting growth.
Geography
The Seychelles is a small island nation located in the Indian Ocean northeast of Madagascar and about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) east of Kenya. Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius and Réunion to the south, Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest, and the Suvadives of the Maldives to the northeast. Its area is about 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC in the United States.
The nation is an archipelago of 155 tropical islands, some granite and some coral. The former have a narrow coastal strip and a central range of hills rising as high as 3,000 feet (914 m). The coral islands are flat with elevated coral reefs at different stages of formation. They have no fresh water. Only 33 of the islands are inhabited. The capital city, Victoria, is located on the largest island (55 sq. mi; 9,142 sq. km), Mahe.
Climate
The temperature is temperate, although quite humid, and remains the same most of the year (75-85 degrees F, 24 to 29 degrees C). During the coolest months, July and August, the temperature drops as low as 70 degrees F. The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November. March and April are the hottest months. Most of the islands are outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
Flora and fauna
In common with many fragile island ecosystems, the early human history of Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles parakeet and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on other islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna.
Although many of the conservation laws date back to British colonial days, the Seychelles government has strictly protected the natural heritage of the islands for many years. Flagship species, the Seychelles Magpie Robin and the Seychelles Warbler, have been spectacularly rescued from the brink of extinction by BirdLife International, Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts, Island Conservation Society, Nature Seychelles, private islands (Fregate and Denis) and the Government of Seychelles. These birds, once restricted to one island each, have been translocated to many others. Seychelles has 12 endemic bird species. These are the Aldabra Drongo, Seychelles Magpie robin, Seychelles Paradise Flycatcher, Seychelles Fody, Seychelles Scops-owl, Seychelles White-eye, Seychelles Swiftlet, Seychelles Kestrel, Seychelles Blue Pigeon Seychelles Bulbul, Seychelles Warbler, and Seychelles Sunbird.
Seychelles is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites run by the Seychelles Islands Foundation. They are the atoll of Aldabra, which is the world's largest raised coral atoll, and also the Vallée de Mai on Praslin island, dubbed a Garden of Eden. The Cousin Island Special Reserve, purchased by the Royal Society for Nature Conservation in 1968 and managed by Nature Seychelles, is an internationally known bird and marine sanctuary. Seychelles has six national marine parks including the St. Anne National Marine Park located adjacent to the capital, Port Victoria, which are managed by the government parastatal, Marine Parks Authority. Much of the land territory (about 40 percent) and a substantial part of the coastal sea around Seychelles are protected as national parks, including marine parks, and reserves.
A World Bank/Environment Facility project in 1999 and a project for rat eradication has led to a program of restoration of private islands by the government, Nature Seychelles, and private island owners. These islands include Fregate, Denis, and Cousine. The island restoration program has now been taken to the outer islands by the Island Conservation Society, with the first Island Conservation Centre opened at Alphonse Atoll in 2007. Island Conservation Society has also implemented other conservation programs on islands including Conception, North Island, Cosmoledo Atoll and Farquhar Atoll.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighboring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because of its suggestive shape, the Coco de mer is the world's largest seed. The jellyfish tree is found in only a few locations. This strange and ancient plant has resisted all efforts to propagate it. Other unique plant species include the Wrights Gardenia, found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The giant tortoises from Aldabra now populate many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world. Islands such as Bird, Aride Island, Cousin, Aldabra, and Cosmoledo host many species of seabirds including the sooty tern, fairy tern, white-tailed tropicbird, noddies and frigatebirds. Aride Island has more species of seabird and greater numbers than the other forty granite islands combined, including the world's largest colony of Audubon's Shearwater and Lesser Noddy.
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than a thousand species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching, in 1998, has unfortunately damaged most reefs. The reefs comprise a vast selection of soft corals and hard corals alike. There are great diving and snorkeling opportunities. The taking of marine turtles was completely stopped in 1994; turtle populations are now recovering on several protected islands, most notably Cousin Island, Aride Island, and Aldabra. However, they continue to decline at unprotected sites. The use of gill nets for shark fishing as well as the practice of shark finning are now banned.
History
While Austronesian seafarers or Arab traders may have been the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles, the first recorded sighting of them took place in 1502, by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral). The first recorded landing and first written account was by the crew of the English East Indiaman Ascension in 1609. As a transit point for trading between Africa and Asia, they were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control of the islands starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey. Some historians have claimed the islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, the French finance minister appointed in 1754.
The British contested control over the islands with the French between 1794 and 1812. Jean Baptiste Queau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with England, realized it was pointless to resist whenever a heavily armed enemy warship arrived. However, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain, which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality. In all, he capitulated seven times, guiding the colony successfully through difficult times.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1812 and this was formalized in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. The Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903 and independence was granted in 1976, as a republic within the Commonwealth. In 1977, a coup d'etat backed by the socialist regime in nearby Tanzania ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham, replacing him with France Albert René. The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1992. The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60 percent of voters in 1992, but in 1993 an amended version was approved.
Politics
The Seychelles president, who is both head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The previous president, France Albert René, first came to power in a coup d'état in 1977, one year after independence. After overseeing a one-party state since then, he was democratically elected after the constitutional reforms of 1992. He stood down in 2004 in favor of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006 by a majority of 53.73 percent to 45.71 percent for the opposition alliance candidate. The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly, consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining 9 seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
Following a six-month boycott of the Assembly by the opposition after the 2006 elections, President Michel dissolved it on March 20, 2007. Early elections for the Assembly were held May 10-12, 2007, and the ruling party won 18 district seats and the opposition won seven district seats. Under the system of proportional representation, the ruling SPPF won five seats and the opposition won four seats.
Many claim there is an uneven playing field between the two leading parties. As a result of political patronage, control of jobs, government contracts, and resources, the SPPF dominates the country. Moreover, the president completely controls the security apparatus, including the national guard, the army, the police, and an armed paramilitary unit. Moreover, the SPPF, uses its political resources and those of the government to develop and maintain a nationwide organization that extends to the village level. Opposition parties have been unable to match the SPPF's organization and patronage, in part because of financial limitations.
The government has a "near monopoly on the media," and freedom of speech and press are limited by the ease with which lawsuits can be brought against journalists. In addition, because the leadership of both the SPPF and most opposition parties is white, despite the Creole majority, there is a perception that nonwhites lack a significant voice.
The judicial branch includes a Court of Appeal and Supreme Court; judges for both are appointed by the president. The legal system is based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law.
Foreign relations
Seychelles follows a policy of nonalignment and strongly supports the principle of reduced superpower presence in the Indian Ocean. It is a proponent of the Indian Ocean zone of peace concept and promotes an end to the U.S. military presence on Diego Garcia. It is a member of the Nonaligned Movement, the African Union, and the Indian Ocean Commission.
Administrative divisions
Seychelles is divided into 25 administrative regions, called districts.
Economy
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30 percent of the labor force and provides more than 70 percent of hard currency earnings, and by tuna fishing. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other services.
At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. The crops are copra, vanilla, cinnamon, coconuts, sweet potatoes, tapioca, bananas, and teas.
The vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991-1992 due largely to the country's significantly overvalued exchange rate, the Gulf War, and once again following the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States.
Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs, and further privatization of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, insurance, banking, imports of basic products, telecommunications, and a wide range of other businesses.
At official exchange rates Seychelles remains the richest country in Africa in terms of GDP per capita. (US$7,504 as of 2005), although if the parallel exchange rate, or purchasing power parity rates, are used, it ranks behind Mauritius and Botswana. Because of economic contraction (the economy declined by about 2 percent in 2004 and 2005 and is set to decline by at least the same level in 2006) the country is moving downwards in terms of per capita income.
It is important to note that Seychelles is, per capita, the most highly indebted country in the world according to the World Bank, with total public debt around 122.8 percent of GDP. Approximately two-thirds of this debt is owed domestically, with the balance due to multilaterals, bilaterals, and commercial banks. The country is in arrears to most of its international creditors and has had to resort to pledged commercial debt to continue to be able to borrow. This high debt burden is a direct consequence of the overvalued exchange rate—in essence, the country is living beyond its means, and financing its lifestyle by borrowing domestically and internationally.
Seychelles is also a tax haven. Many firms are established on this island, including GenerActions Consulting, owned by famous Swiss entrepreneur David Humbert.
Seychelles is the smallest nation in the world issuing its own currency (that is, not pegged to a foreign currency and not shared with any other country).
Demographics
As the islands of the Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of immigrants. Most are descendants of early French settlers and the African slaves brought to the Seychelles in the nineteenth century by the British, who had freed them from slave ships. Indians, and Chinese account for the remaining 1.1 percent.
About 90 percent of the nation's 80,000 people live on Mahe island. Most of the rest live on Praslin and La Digue, with the remaining smaller islands either sparsely populated or uninhabited.
Seychelles culture is a mixture of French and African (Creole) influences. Creole is the native language of 94 percent of the people. French and English are commonly used, however. English is the language of government and commerce.
Most Seychellois are Christians; the Roman Catholic Church is the predominant denomination.
About 92 percent of the population over age 15 is literate, and the literacy rate of school-aged children has risen to over 98 percent. Nearly all children attend primary school.
Culture
Since 1977, the government has encouraged Creole as a common culture and spoken and written language. The world's only Creole Institute can be found on Mahe. Each October, Seychelles hosts the world's largest Creole festival, featuring artists and writers from other nations with a Creole culture, such as Mauritius, Reunion, and Guyana.
Although clergy and civil authorities disapprove, many Seychellois see little inconsistency between their orthodox religious observance and belief in magic, witchcraft, and sorcery.
The folk music incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including English contredanse, polka and mazurka; French folk and pop; sega from Mauritius and Réunion; taarab, soukous, and other pan-African genres; and Polynesian, Indian, and Arcadian music. A complex form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is montea, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga developed by Patrick Victor.
Fish and rice are the basic staple foods.
Seychelles also hosts an annual underwater film and image festival.
Notes
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Amin, Mohamed, Duncan Willetts, Adrian Skerrett, and Judith Skerrett. 1994. Journey Through Seychelles. Nairobi: Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1874041903.
Carpin, Sarah, and Paul Turcotte. 2005. Seychelles: Garden of Eden in the Indian Ocean. Hong Kong: Odyssey. ISBN 9622177522.
Cutter, Charles Hickman. 2006. Africa, 2006. Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publications. ISBN 1887985727.
Dodd, Jan. 2004. Mauritius, Réunion & Seychelles. Footscray: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1740593014.
Friedel, Michael, Marion Friedel, and Angus McGeoch. 1995. The Seychelles. Steingau: Ed. MM. ISBN 3929489058.
Hatchwell, Emily, Cathy Muscat, and Brian Bell. 2000. Mauritius, Réunion & Seychelles. Singapore: Apa Publications. ISBN 0887295231.
Lee, Christopher. 1976. Seychelles: Political Castaways. London: Elm Tree Books. ISBN 0241894409.
Mair, Lyn, and Lynnath Beckley. 2001. Seychelles: The Bradt Travel Guide. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 184162022X.
Metz, Helen Chapin. 1995. Indian Ocean: Five Island Countries. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0844408573.
Nwulia, Moses D. E. 1981. The History of slavery in Mauritius and the Seychelles, 1810-1875. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickenson University Press. ISBN 0838623980.
Paolilli, Vincenzo. 1997. Seychelles. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill. ISBN 1853109371.
René, France Albert. 1982. Seychelles, the New Era. [Victoria, Seychelles]: Ministry of Education and Information.
Scarr, Deryck. 1999. Seychelles since 1770: History of a Slave and Post-Slavery Society. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. ISBN 9780865437364.
Skerrett, Adrian, Ian Bullock, and Tony Disley. 2001. Birds of the Seychelles. Princeton field guides. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691088632.
Skerrett, Judith, and Adrian Skerrett. 1994. Seychelles. APA. ISBN 9624215871.
All links retrieved January 26, 2023.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16253060/how-to-convert-country-names-to-iso-3166-1-alpha-2-values-using-python
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How to convert country names to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 values, using python
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2013-04-27T14:09:59
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I have a list of countries like:
countries=['American Samoa', 'Canada', 'France'...]
I want to convert them like this:
countries=['AS', 'CA', 'FR'...]
Is there any module or any way to convert ...
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https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/Img/favicon.ico?v=ec617d715196
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Stack Overflow
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16253060/how-to-convert-country-names-to-iso-3166-1-alpha-2-values-using-python
|
Below is a dictionary mapping country names to their codes in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2. You can use it for this purpose. Unless you want to be adventurous, using pycountry is a better idea.
{'Afghanistan': 'AF', 'Albania': 'AL', 'Algeria': 'DZ', 'American Samoa': 'AS', 'Andorra': 'AD', 'Angola': 'AO', 'Anguilla': 'AI', 'Antarctica': 'AQ', 'Antigua and Barbuda': 'AG', 'Argentina': 'AR', 'Armenia': 'AM', 'Aruba': 'AW', 'Australia': 'AU', 'Austria': 'AT', 'Azerbaijan': 'AZ', 'Bahamas': 'BS', 'Bahrain': 'BH', 'Bangladesh': 'BD', 'Barbados': 'BB', 'Belarus': 'BY', 'Belgium': 'BE', 'Belize': 'BZ', 'Benin': 'BJ', 'Bermuda': 'BM', 'Bhutan': 'BT', 'Bolivia, Plurinational State of': 'BO', 'Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba': 'BQ', 'Bosnia and Herzegovina': 'BA', 'Botswana': 'BW', 'Bouvet Island': 'BV', 'Brazil': 'BR', 'British Indian Ocean Territory': 'IO', 'Brunei Darussalam': 'BN', 'Bulgaria': 'BG', 'Burkina Faso': 'BF', 'Burundi': 'BI', 'Cambodia': 'KH', 'Cameroon': 'CM', 'Canada': 'CA', 'Cape Verde': 'CV', 'Cayman Islands': 'KY', 'Central African Republic': 'CF', 'Chad': 'TD', 'Chile': 'CL', 'China': 'CN', 'Christmas Island': 'CX', 'Cocos (Keeling) Islands': 'CC', 'Colombia': 'CO', 'Comoros': 'KM', 'Congo': 'CG', 'Congo, the Democratic Republic of the': 'CD', 'Cook Islands': 'CK', 'Costa Rica': 'CR', 'Croatia': 'HR', 'Cuba': 'CU', 'Curaçao': 'CW', 'Cyprus': 'CY', 'Czech Republic': 'CZ', "Côte d'Ivoire": 'CI', 'Denmark': 'DK', 'Djibouti': 'DJ', 'Dominica': 'DM', 'Dominican Republic': 'DO', 'Ecuador': 'EC', 'Egypt': 'EG', 'El Salvador': 'SV', 'Equatorial Guinea': 'GQ', 'Eritrea': 'ER', 'Estonia': 'EE', 'Ethiopia': 'ET', 'Falkland Islands (Malvinas)': 'FK', 'Faroe Islands': 'FO', 'Fiji': 'FJ', 'Finland': 'FI', 'France': 'FR', 'French Guiana': 'GF', 'French Polynesia': 'PF', 'French Southern Territories': 'TF', 'Gabon': 'GA', 'Gambia': 'GM', 'Georgia': 'GE', 'Germany': 'DE', 'Ghana': 'GH', 'Gibraltar': 'GI', 'Greece': 'GR', 'Greenland': 'GL', 'Grenada': 'GD', 'Guadeloupe': 'GP', 'Guam': 'GU', 'Guatemala': 'GT', 'Guernsey': 'GG', 'Guinea': 'GN', 'Guinea-Bissau': 'GW', 'Guyana': 'GY', 'Haiti': 'HT', 'Heard Island and McDonald Islands': 'HM', 'Holy See (Vatican City State)': 'VA', 'Honduras': 'HN', 'Hong Kong': 'HK', 'Hungary': 'HU', 'Iceland': 'IS', 'India': 'IN', 'Indonesia': 'ID', 'Iran, Islamic Republic of': 'IR', 'Iraq': 'IQ', 'Ireland': 'IE', 'Isle of Man': 'IM', 'Israel': 'IL', 'Italy': 'IT', 'Jamaica': 'JM', 'Japan': 'JP', 'Jersey': 'JE', 'Jordan': 'JO', 'Kazakhstan': 'KZ', 'Kenya': 'KE', 'Kiribati': 'KI', "Korea, Democratic People's Republic of": 'KP', 'Korea, Republic of': 'KR', 'Kuwait': 'KW', 'Kyrgyzstan': 'KG', "Lao People's Democratic Republic": 'LA', 'Latvia': 'LV', 'Lebanon': 'LB', 'Lesotho': 'LS', 'Liberia': 'LR', 'Libya': 'LY', 'Liechtenstein': 'LI', 'Lithuania': 'LT', 'Luxembourg': 'LU', 'Macao': 'MO', 'Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of': 'MK', 'Madagascar': 'MG', 'Malawi': 'MW', 'Malaysia': 'MY', 'Maldives': 'MV', 'Mali': 'ML', 'Malta': 'MT', 'Marshall Islands': 'MH', 'Martinique': 'MQ', 'Mauritania': 'MR', 'Mauritius': 'MU', 'Mayotte': 'YT', 'Mexico': 'MX', 'Micronesia, Federated States of': 'FM', 'Moldova, Republic of': 'MD', 'Monaco': 'MC', 'Mongolia': 'MN', 'Montenegro': 'ME', 'Montserrat': 'MS', 'Morocco': 'MA', 'Mozambique': 'MZ', 'Myanmar': 'MM', 'Namibia': 'NA', 'Nauru': 'NR', 'Nepal': 'NP', 'Netherlands': 'NL', 'New Caledonia': 'NC', 'New Zealand': 'NZ', 'Nicaragua': 'NI', 'Niger': 'NE', 'Nigeria': 'NG', 'Niue': 'NU', 'Norfolk Island': 'NF', 'Northern Mariana Islands': 'MP', 'Norway': 'NO', 'Oman': 'OM', 'Pakistan': 'PK', 'Palau': 'PW', 'Palestine, State of': 'PS', 'Panama': 'PA', 'Papua New Guinea': 'PG', 'Paraguay': 'PY', 'Peru': 'PE', 'Philippines': 'PH', 'Pitcairn': 'PN', 'Poland': 'PL', 'Portugal': 'PT', 'Puerto Rico': 'PR', 'Qatar': 'QA', 'Romania': 'RO', 'Russian Federation': 'RU', 'Rwanda': 'RW', 'Réunion': 'RE', 'Saint Barthélemy': 'BL', 'Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha': 'SH', 'Saint Kitts and Nevis': 'KN', 'Saint Lucia': 'LC', 'Saint Martin (French part)': 'MF', 'Saint Pierre and Miquelon': 'PM', 'Saint Vincent and the Grenadines': 'VC', 'Samoa': 'WS', 'San Marino': 'SM', 'Sao Tome and Principe': 'ST', 'Saudi Arabia': 'SA', 'Senegal': 'SN', 'Serbia': 'RS', 'Seychelles': 'SC', 'Sierra Leone': 'SL', 'Singapore': 'SG', 'Sint Maarten (Dutch part)': 'SX', 'Slovakia': 'SK', 'Slovenia': 'SI', 'Solomon Islands': 'SB', 'Somalia': 'SO', 'South Africa': 'ZA', 'South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands': 'GS', 'South Sudan': 'SS', 'Spain': 'ES', 'Sri Lanka': 'LK', 'Sudan': 'SD', 'Suriname': 'SR', 'Svalbard and Jan Mayen': 'SJ', 'Swaziland': 'SZ', 'Sweden': 'SE', 'Switzerland': 'CH', 'Syrian Arab Republic': 'SY', 'Taiwan, Province of China': 'TW', 'Tajikistan': 'TJ', 'Tanzania, United Republic of': 'TZ', 'Thailand': 'TH', 'Timor-Leste': 'TL', 'Togo': 'TG', 'Tokelau': 'TK', 'Tonga': 'TO', 'Trinidad and Tobago': 'TT', 'Tunisia': 'TN', 'Turkey': 'TR', 'Turkmenistan': 'TM', 'Turks and Caicos Islands': 'TC', 'Tuvalu': 'TV', 'Uganda': 'UG', 'Ukraine': 'UA', 'United Arab Emirates': 'AE', 'United Kingdom': 'GB', 'United States': 'US', 'United States Minor Outlying Islands': 'UM', 'Uruguay': 'UY', 'Uzbekistan': 'UZ', 'Vanuatu': 'VU', 'Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of': 'VE', 'Viet Nam': 'VN', 'Virgin Islands, British': 'VG', 'Virgin Islands, U.S.': 'VI', 'Wallis and Futuna': 'WF', 'Western Sahara': 'EH', 'Yemen': 'YE', 'Zambia': 'ZM', 'Zimbabwe': 'ZW', 'Åland Islands': 'AX'}
Below is a dictionary mapping country names from ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2.
convert_ISO_3166_2_to_1 = { 'AF':'AFG', 'AX':'ALA', 'AL':'ALB', 'DZ':'DZA', 'AS':'ASM', 'AD':'AND', 'AO':'AGO', 'AI':'AIA', 'AQ':'ATA', 'AG':'ATG', 'AR':'ARG', 'AM':'ARM', 'AW':'ABW', 'AU':'AUS', 'AT':'AUT', 'AZ':'AZE', 'BS':'BHS', 'BH':'BHR', 'BD':'BGD', 'BB':'BRB', 'BY':'BLR', 'BE':'BEL', 'BZ':'BLZ', 'BJ':'BEN', 'BM':'BMU', 'BT':'BTN', 'BO':'BOL', 'BA':'BIH', 'BW':'BWA', 'BV':'BVT', 'BR':'BRA', 'IO':'IOT', 'BN':'BRN', 'BG':'BGR', 'BF':'BFA', 'BI':'BDI', 'KH':'KHM', 'CM':'CMR', 'CA':'CAN', 'CV':'CPV', 'KY':'CYM', 'CF':'CAF', 'TD':'TCD', 'CL':'CHL', 'CN':'CHN', 'CX':'CXR', 'CC':'CCK', 'CO':'COL', 'KM':'COM', 'CG':'COG', 'CD':'COD', 'CK':'COK', 'CR':'CRI', 'CI':'CIV', 'HR':'HRV', 'CU':'CUB', 'CY':'CYP', 'CZ':'CZE', 'DK':'DNK', 'DJ':'DJI', 'DM':'DMA', 'DO':'DOM', 'EC':'ECU', 'EG':'EGY', 'SV':'SLV', 'GQ':'GNQ', 'ER':'ERI', 'EE':'EST', 'ET':'ETH', 'FK':'FLK', 'FO':'FRO', 'FJ':'FJI', 'FI':'FIN', 'FR':'FRA', 'GF':'GUF', 'PF':'PYF', 'TF':'ATF', 'GA':'GAB', 'GM':'GMB', 'GE':'GEO', 'DE':'DEU', 'GH':'GHA', 'GI':'GIB', 'GR':'GRC', 'GL':'GRL', 'GD':'GRD', 'GP':'GLP', 'GU':'GUM', 'GT':'GTM', 'GG':'GGY', 'GN':'GIN', 'GW':'GNB', 'GY':'GUY', 'HT':'HTI', 'HM':'HMD', 'VA':'VAT', 'HN':'HND', 'HK':'HKG', 'HU':'HUN', 'IS':'ISL', 'IN':'IND', 'ID':'IDN', 'IR':'IRN', 'IQ':'IRQ', 'IE':'IRL', 'IM':'IMN', 'IL':'ISR', 'IT':'ITA', 'JM':'JAM', 'JP':'JPN', 'JE':'JEY', 'JO':'JOR', 'KZ':'KAZ', 'KE':'KEN', 'KI':'KIR', 'KP':'PRK', 'KR':'KOR', 'KW':'KWT', 'KG':'KGZ', 'LA':'LAO', 'LV':'LVA', 'LB':'LBN', 'LS':'LSO', 'LR':'LBR', 'LY':'LBY', 'LI':'LIE', 'LT':'LTU', 'LU':'LUX', 'MO':'MAC', 'MK':'MKD', 'MG':'MDG', 'MW':'MWI', 'MY':'MYS', 'MV':'MDV', 'ML':'MLI', 'MT':'MLT', 'MH':'MHL', 'MQ':'MTQ', 'MR':'MRT', 'MU':'MUS', 'YT':'MYT', 'MX':'MEX', 'FM':'FSM', 'MD':'MDA', 'MC':'MCO', 'MN':'MNG', 'ME':'MNE', 'MS':'MSR', 'MA':'MAR', 'MZ':'MOZ', 'MM':'MMR', 'NA':'NAM', 'NR':'NRU', 'NP':'NPL', 'NL':'NLD', 'AN':'ANT', 'NC':'NCL', 'NZ':'NZL', 'NI':'NIC', 'NE':'NER', 'NG':'NGA', 'NU':'NIU', 'NF':'NFK', 'MP':'MNP', 'NO':'NOR', 'OM':'OMN', 'PK':'PAK', 'PW':'PLW', 'PS':'PSE', 'PA':'PAN', 'PG':'PNG', 'PY':'PRY', 'PE':'PER', 'PH':'PHL', 'PN':'PCN', 'PL':'POL', 'PT':'PRT', 'PR':'PRI', 'QA':'QAT', 'RE':'REU', 'RO':'ROU', 'RU':'RUS', 'RW':'RWA', 'BL':'BLM', 'SH':'SHN', 'KN':'KNA', 'LC':'LCA', 'MF':'MAF', 'PM':'SPM', 'VC':'VCT', 'WS':'WSM', 'SM':'SMR', 'ST':'STP', 'SA':'SAU', 'SN':'SEN', 'RS':'SRB', 'SC':'SYC', 'SL':'SLE', 'SG':'SGP', 'SK':'SVK', 'SI':'SVN', 'SB':'SLB', 'SO':'SOM', 'ZA':'ZAF', 'GS':'SGS', 'ES':'ESP', 'LK':'LKA', 'SD':'SDN', 'SR':'SUR', 'SJ':'SJM', 'SZ':'SWZ', 'SE':'SWE', 'CH':'CHE', 'SY':'SYR', 'TW':'TWN', 'TJ':'TJK', 'TZ':'TZA', 'TH':'THA', 'TL':'TLS', 'TG':'TGO', 'TK':'TKL', 'TO':'TON', 'TT':'TTO', 'TN':'TUN', 'TR':'TUR', 'TM':'TKM', 'TC':'TCA', 'TV':'TUV', 'UG':'UGA', 'UA':'UKR', 'AE':'ARE', 'GB':'GBR', 'US':'USA', 'UM':'UMI', 'UY':'URY', 'UZ':'UZB', 'VU':'VUT', 'VE':'VEN', 'VN':'VNM', 'VG':'VGB', 'VI':'VIR', 'WF':'WLF', 'EH':'ESH', 'YE':'YEM', 'ZM':'ZMB', 'ZW':'ZWE' }
While all the other answers work great, they are all pretty heavy if you care about the size of your app. If you only care about a simple conversion between country name, alpha2, and/or alpha3, there is a great package called iso3166.
For example pycountry is 28MB, while iso3166 is mere 36KB.
You can use the function clean_country() from the library DataPrep if you put the countries in a DataFrame. Install DataPrep with pip install dataprep.
from dataprep.clean import clean_country import pandas as pd df = pd.DataFrame({'country': ['American Samoa', 'Canada', 'France']}) df2 = clean_country(df, 'country', output_format='alpha-2')
df2 contains a new column country_clean with the countries in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 format:
country country_clean 0 American Samoa AS 1 Canada CA 2 France FR
pycountry can be quite slow when dealing with large datasets. There is a faster library called countrywrangler.
Here's an example code using CountryWrangler:
import countrywrangler as cw input_countries = ['American Samoa', 'Canada', 'France'] codes = [cw.Normalize.name_to_alpha2(country) for country in input_countries] print(codes) # prints ['AS', 'CA', 'FR']
Full documentation: https://countrywrangler.readthedocs.io/en/latest/normalize/country_name/
For a reference, to help others. You can as well have all the countries listed here, so it is easy for anyone to create a csv, json, xml, html, excel etc. Just copy and recreate.
+---------+----------------------------------------------+---------------+ | ISOCode | Country | Region | +---------+----------------------------------------------+---------------+ | AD | Andorra | Europe | | AE | United Arab Emirates | Asia | | AF | Afghanistan | Asia | | AG | Antigua and Barbuda | North America | | AI | Anguilla | North America | | AL | Albania | Europe | | AM | Armenia | Asia | | AO | Angola | Africa | | AQ | Antarctica | Antarctica | | AR | Argentina | South America | | AS | American Samoa | Australia | | AT | Austria | Europe | | AU | Australia | Australia | | AW | Aruba | North America | | AZ | Azerbaijan | Asia | | BA | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Europe | | BB | Barbados | North America | | BD | Bangladesh | Asia | | BE | Belgium | Europe | | BF | Burkina Faso | Africa | | BG | Bulgaria | Europe | | BH | Bahrain | Asia | | BI | Burundi | Africa | | BJ | Benin | Africa | | BM | Bermuda | North America | | BN | Brunei Darussalam | Asia | | BO | Bolivia, Plurinational State of | South America | | BR | Brazil | South America | | BS | Bahamas | North America | | BT | Bhutan | Asia | | BW | Botswana | Africa | | BY | Belarus | Europe | | BZ | Belize | North America | | CA | Canada | North America | | CC | Cocos (Keeling) Islands | Asia | | CD | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the | Africa | | CF | Central African Republic | Africa | | CG | Congo | Africa | | CH | Switzerland | Europe | | CI | Côte d'Ivoire | Africa | | CK | Cook Islands | Australia | | CL | Chile | South America | | CM | Cameroon | Africa | | CN | China | Asia | | CO | Colombia | South America | | CR | Costa Rica | North America | | CU | Cuba | North America | | CV | Cape Verde | Africa | | CX | Christmas Island | Asia | | CY | Cyprus | Asia | | CZ | Czech Republic | Europe | | DE | Germany | Europe | | DJ | Djibouti | Africa | | DK | Denmark | Europe | | DM | Dominica | North America | | DO | Dominican Republic | North America | | DZ | Algeria | Africa | | EC | Ecuador | South America | | EE | Estonia | Europe | | EG | Egypt | Africa | | EH | Western Sahara | Africa | | ER | Eritrea | Africa | | ES | Spain | Europe | | ET | Ethiopia | Africa | | FI | Finland | Europe | | FJ | Fiji | Australia | | FK | Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | South America | | FM | Micronesia, Federated States of | Australia | | FO | Faroe Islands | Europe | | FR | France | Europe | | GA | Gabon | Africa | | GB | United Kingdom | Europe | | GD | Grenada | North America | | GE | Georgia | Asia | | GF | French Guiana | South America | | GG | Guernsey | Europe | | GH | Ghana | Africa | | GI | Gibraltar | Europe | | GL | Greenland | North America | | GM | Gambia | Africa | | GN | Guinea | Africa | | GP | Guadeloupe | North America | | GQ | Equatorial Guinea | Africa | | GR | Greece | Europe | | GS | South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | Antarctica | | GT | Guatemala | North America | | GU | Guam | Australia | | GW | Guinea-Bissau | Africa | | GY | Guyana | South America | | HK | Hong Kong | Asia | | HN | Honduras | North America | | HR | Croatia | Europe | | HT | Haiti | North America | | HU | Hungary | Europe | | ID | Indonesia | Asia | | IE | Ireland | Europe | | IL | Israel | Asia | | IM | Isle of Man | Europe | | IN | India | Asia | | IO | British Indian Ocean Territory | Asia | | IQ | Iraq | Asia | | IR | Iran, Islamic Republic of | Asia | | IS | Iceland | Europe | | IT | Italy | Europe | | JE | Jersey | Europe | | JM | Jamaica | North America | | JO | Jordan | Asia | | JP | Japan | Asia | | KE | Kenya | Africa | | KG | Kyrgyzstan | Asia | | KH | Cambodia | Asia | | KI | Kiribati | Australia | | KM | Comoros | Africa | | KN | Saint Kitts and Nevis | North America | | KP | Korea, Democratic People's Republic of | Asia | | KR | Korea, Republic of | Asia | | KW | Kuwait | Asia | | KY | Cayman Islands | North America | | KZ | Kazakhstan | Asia | | LA | Lao People's Democratic Republic | Asia | | LB | Lebanon | Asia | | LC | Saint Lucia | North America | | LI | Liechtenstein | Europe | | LK | Sri Lanka | Asia | | LR | Liberia | Africa | | LS | Lesotho | Africa | | LT | Lithuania | Europe | | LU | Luxembourg | Europe | | LV | Latvia | Europe | | LY | Libya | Africa | | MA | Morocco | Africa | | MC | Monaco | Europe | | MD | Moldova, Republic of | Europe | | ME | Montenegro | Europe | | MG | Madagascar | Africa | | MH | Marshall Islands | Australia | | MK | Macedonia, Republic of | Europe | | ML | Mali | Africa | | MM | Myanmar | Asia | | MN | Mongolia | Asia | | MO | Macao | Asia | | MP | Northern Mariana Islands | Australia | | MQ | Martinique | North America | | MR | Mauritania | Africa | | MS | Montserrat | North America | | MT | Malta | Europe | | MU | Mauritius | Africa | | MV | Maldives | Asia | | MW | Malawi | Africa | | MX | Mexico | North America | | MY | Malaysia | Asia | | MZ | Mozambique | Africa | | NA | Namibia | Africa | | NC | New Caledonia | Australia | | NE | Niger | Africa | | NF | Norfolk Island | Australia | | NG | Nigeria | Africa | | NI | Nicaragua | North America | | NL | Netherlands | Europe | | NO | Norway | Europe | | NP | Nepal | Asia | | NR | Nauru | Australia | | NU | Niue | Australia | | NZ | New Zealand | Australia | | OM | Oman | Asia | | PA | Panama | North America | | PE | Peru | South America | | PF | French Polynesia | Australia | | PG | Papua New Guinea | Australia | | PH | Philippines | Asia | | PK | Pakistan | Asia | | PL | Poland | Europe | | PM | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | North America | | PN | Pitcairn | Australia | | PR | Puerto Rico | North America | | PS | Palestinian Territory, Occupied | Asia | | PT | Portugal | Europe | | PW | Palau | Australia | | PY | Paraguay | South America | | QA | Qatar | Asia | | RE | Réunion | Africa | | RO | Romania | Europe | | RS | Serbia | Europe | | RU | Russian Federation | Europe | | RW | Rwanda | Africa | | SA | Saudi Arabia | Asia | | SB | Solomon Islands | Australia | | SC | Seychelles | Africa | | SD | Sudan | Africa | | SE | Sweden | Europe | | SG | Singapore | Asia | | SH | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | Africa | | SI | Slovenia | Europe | | SJ | Svalbard and Jan Mayen | Europe | | SK | Slovakia | Europe | | SL | Sierra Leone | Africa | | SM | San Marino | Europe | | SN | Senegal | Africa | | SO | Somalia | Africa | | SR | Suriname | South America | | ST | Sao Tome and Principe | Africa | | SV | El Salvador | North America | | SY | Syrian Arab Republic | Asia | | SZ | Swaziland | Africa | | TC | Turks and Caicos Islands | North America | | TD | Chad | Africa | | TF | French Southern Territories | Antarctica | | TG | Togo | Africa | | TH | Thailand | Asia | | TJ | Tajikistan | Asia | | TK | Tokelau | Australia | | TM | Turkmenistan | Asia | | TN | Tunisia | Africa | | TO | Tonga | Australia | | TR | Turkey | Asia | | TT | Trinidad and Tobago | North America | | TV | Tuvalu | Australia | | TW | Taiwan, Province of China | Asia | | TZ | Tanzania, United Republic of | Africa | | UA | Ukraine | Europe | | UG | Uganda | Africa | | US | United States | North America | | UY | Uruguay | South America | | UZ | Uzbekistan | Asia | | VC | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | North America | | VE | Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | South America | | VG | Virgin Islands, British | North America | | VI | Virgin Islands, U.S. | North America | | VN | Vietnam | Asia | | VU | Vanuatu | Australia | | WF | Wallis and Futuna | Australia | | WS | Samoa | Australia | | YE | Yemen | Asia | | YT | Mayotte | Africa | | ZA | South Africa | Africa | | ZM | Zambia | Africa | | ZW | Zimbabwe | Africa | +---------+----------------------------------------------+---------------+
There are a few things to consider with Country Names, especially if using them as search keys. They can be in Title Case (what we think of as normal) or Uppercase (from ISO 3166). Names that include commas or apostrophes might need to be wrapped in quotes. Some names have letters with accents (so non-ASCII). However, there might be a combination that works for you at http://www.dataphyx.com/countrynames/ where you can get CSV lists of ISO Names/IDs in various formats.
For those using the ISO 3166-1 Country Codes, they will no longer be freely availalble from ISO after Feb. 20, 2014. See their notice: http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/country_codes/country-codes_new-product-info
There are plenty of archived versions on the net. I've placed copies (2/15/2014) of the English and French txt and xml versions here: http://www.opengeocode.org/archive.php
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African island country in the Indian Ocean
This article is about the country. For the archipelago, see Comoro Islands.
The Comoros,[note 1] officially the Union of the Comoros,[note 2] is an archipelagic country made up of three islands in Southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city is Moroni. The religion of the majority of the population, and the official state religion, is Sunni Islam. Comoros proclaimed its independence from France on 6 July 1975. The Comoros is the only country of the Arab League which is entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. It is a member state of the African Union, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation, and the Indian Ocean Commission. The country has three official languages: Shikomori, French and Arabic.
At 1,659 km2 (641 sq mi), the Comoros is the third-smallest African country by area.[8] In 2019, its population was estimated to be 850,886.[9][10] The sovereign state consists of three major islands and numerous smaller islands, all of the volcanic Comoro Islands with the exception of Mayotte. Mayotte voted against independence from France in a referendum in 1974, and continues to be administered by France as an overseas department. France has vetoed a United Nations Security Council resolution that would have affirmed Comorian sovereignty over the island.[11][12][13][14] Mayotte became an overseas department and a region of France in 2011 following a referendum which was passed overwhelmingly.
The Comoros were likely first settled by Austronesian/Malagasy peoples, Bantu speakers from East Africa, and seafaring Arab traders.[15] It became part of the French colonial empire during the 19th century, before its independence in 1975. It has experienced more than 20 coups or attempted coups, with various heads of state assassinated.[16][17] Along with this constant political instability, it has one of the highest levels of income inequality of any nation, and ranks in the medium quartile on the Human Development Index.[18] Between 2009 and 2014, about 19% of the population lived below the international poverty line of US$1.90 a day by purchasing power parity.[19]
Etymology
[edit]
The name "Comoros" derives from the Arabic word قمر qamar ("moon").[20]
History
[edit]
Main article: History of the Comoros
Settlement
[edit]
According to mythology, a jinni (spirit) dropped a jewel, which formed a great circular inferno. This became the Karthala volcano, which created the island of Ngazidja (Grande Comore). King Solomon is also said to have visited the island accompanied by his queen Bilqis.
The first attested human inhabitants of the Comoro Islands are now thought to have been Austronesian settlers travelling by boat from islands in Southeast Asia.[21][22] These people arrived in the area no later than the eighth century AD, the date of the earliest known archaeological site, found on Mayotte, although settlement beginning in the first century has been postulated.[23]
Subsequent settlers came from the east coast of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf, the Malay Archipelago, and Madagascar. Bantu-speaking settlers were present on the islands from the beginnings of settlement [dates?], probably brought to the islands as slaves.[24]
Development of the Comoros is divided into phases. The earliest reliably recorded phase is the Dembeni phase (eighth to tenth centuries), during which there were several small settlements on each island.[25] From the eleventh to the fifteenth centuries, trade with the island of Madagascar and merchants from the Swahili coast and the Middle East flourished, more villages were founded and existing villages grew. Settlers from the Arabian peninsula, particularly Hadhramaut, arrived during this period.
Medieval Comoros
[edit]
According to legend, in 632, upon hearing of Islam, islanders are said to have dispatched an emissary, Mtswa-Mwindza, to Mecca—but by the time he arrived there, the Islamic prophet Muhammad had died. Nonetheless, after a stay in Mecca, he returned to Ngazidja, where he built a mosque in his home town of Ntsaweni, and led the gradual conversion of the islanders to Islam.[26]
In 933, the Comoros was referred to by Omani sailors as the Perfume Islands.[27]
Among the earliest accounts of East Africa, the works of Al-Masudi describe early Islamic trade routes, and how the coast and islands were frequently visited by Muslims including Persian and Arab merchants and sailors in search of coral, ambergris, ivory, tortoiseshell, gold and slaves. They also brought Islam to the people of the Zanj including the Comoros. As the importance of the Comoros grew along the East African coast, both small and large mosques were constructed. The Comoros are part of the Swahili cultural and economic complex and the islands became a major hub of trade and an important location in a network of trading towns that included Kilwa, in present-day Tanzania, Sofala (an outlet for Zimbabwean gold), in Mozambique, and Mombasa in Kenya.[25]
The Portuguese arrived in the Indian Ocean at the end of the 15th century and the first Portuguese visit to the islands seems to have been that of Vasco da Gama's second fleet in 1503.[28] For much of the 16th century the islands provided provisions to the Portuguese fort at Mozambique and although there was no formal attempt by the Portuguese crown to take possession, a number of Portuguese traders settled and married local women.
By the end of the 16th century local rulers on the African mainland were beginning to push back and, with the support of the Omani Sultan Saif bin Sultan they began to defeat the Dutch and the Portuguese. One of his successors, Said bin Sultan, increased Omani Arab influence in the region, moving his administration to nearby Zanzibar, which came under Omani rule. Nevertheless, the Comoros remained independent, and although the three smaller islands were usually politically unified, the largest island, Ngazidja, was divided into a number of autonomous kingdoms (ntsi).[29]
The islands were well placed to meet the needs of Europeans, initially supplying the Portuguese in Mozambique, then ships, particularly the English, on the route to India, and, later, slaves to the plantation islands in the Mascarenes.[30][29]
In the last decade of the 18th century, Malagasy warriors, mostly Betsimisaraka and Sakalava, started raiding the Comoros for slaves and the islands were devastated as crops were destroyed and the people were slaughtered, taken into captivity or fled to the African mainland: it is said that by the time the raids finally ended in the second decade of the 19th century only one man remained on Mwali.[31] The islands were repopulated by slaves from the mainland, who were traded to the French in Mayotte and the Mascarenes. On the Comoros, it was estimated in 1865 that as much as 40% of the population consisted of slaves.[32]
France first established colonial rule in the Comoros by taking possession of Mayotte in 1841 when the Sakalava usurper sultan Andriantsoly [fr] (also known as Tsy Levalo) signed the Treaty of April 1841,[33] which ceded the island to the French authorities.[34] After its annexation, France attempted to convert Mayotte into a sugar plantation colony.
Meanwhile, Ndzwani (or Johanna as it was known to the British) continued to serve as a way station for English merchants sailing to India and the Far East, as well as American whalers, although the British gradually abandoned it following their possession of Mauritius in 1814, and by the time the Suez Canal opened in 1869 there was no longer any significant supply trade at Ndzwani. Local commodities exported by the Comoros were, in addition to slaves, coconuts, timber, cattle and tortoiseshell. British and American settlers, as well as the island's sultan, established a plantation-based economy that used about one-third of the land for export crops. In addition to sugar on Mayotte, ylang-ylang and other perfume plants, vanilla, cloves, coffee, cocoa beans, and sisal were introduced.[35]
In 1886, Mwali was placed under French protection by its Sultan Mardjani Abdou Cheikh. That same year, Sultan Said Ali of Bambao, one of the sultanates on Ngazidja, placed the island under French protection in exchange for French support of his claim to the entire island, which he retained until his abdication in 1910. In 1908 the four islands were unified under a single administration (Colonie de Mayotte et dépendances) and placed under the authority of the French colonial Governor-General of Madagascar. In 1909, Sultan Said Muhamed of Ndzwani abdicated in favour of French rule and in 1912 the protectorates were abolished and the islands administered as a single colony. Two years later the colony was abolished and the islands became a province of the colony of Madagascar.[24]
Agreement was reached with France in 1973 for the Comoros to become independent in 1978, despite the deputies of Mayotte voting for increased integration with France. A referendum was held on all four of the islands. Three voted for independence by large margins, while Mayotte voted against. On 6 July 1975, however, the Comorian parliament passed a unilateral resolution declaring independence. Ahmed Abdallah proclaimed the independence of the Comorian State (État comorien; دولة القمر) and became its first president. France did not recognise the new state until 31 December, and retained control of Mayotte.
Independence (1975)
[edit]
Main article: State of the Comoros
The next 30 years were a period of political turmoil. On 3 August 1975, less than one month after independence, president Ahmed Abdallah was removed from office in an armed coup and replaced with United National Front of the Comoros (FNUK) member Said Mohamed Jaffar. Months later, in January 1976, Jaffar was ousted in favour of his Minister of Defence Ali Soilihi.[36]
The population of Mayotte voted against independence from France in three referendums during this period. The first, held on all the islands on 22 December 1974, won 63.8% support for maintaining ties with France on Mayotte; the second, held in February 1976, confirmed that vote with an overwhelming 99.4%, while the third, in April 1976, confirmed that the people of Mayotte wished to remain a French territory. The three remaining islands, ruled by President Soilihi, instituted a number of socialist and isolationist policies that soon strained relations with France. On 13 May 1978, Bob Denard, once again commissioned by the French intelligence service (SDECE), returned to overthrow President Soilihi and reinstate Abdallah with the support of the French, Rhodesian and South African governments. Ali Soilihi was captured and executed a few weeks later.[36][37]
In contrast to Soilihi, Abdallah's presidency was marked by authoritarian rule and increased adherence to traditional Islam[38] and the country was renamed the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros (République Fédérale Islamique des Comores; جمهورية القمر الإتحادية الإسلامية). Bob Denard served as Abdallah's first advisor; nicknamed the "Viceroy of the Comoros," he was sometimes considered the real strongman of the regime. Very close to South Africa, which financed his "presidential guard," he allowed Paris to circumvent the international embargo on the apartheid regime via Moroni. He also set up from the archipelago a permanent mercenary corps, called upon to intervene at the request of Paris or Pretoria in conflicts in Africa. Abdallah continued as president until 1989 when, fearing a probable coup, he signed a decree ordering the Presidential Guard, led by Bob Denard, to disarm the armed forces. Shortly after the signing of the decree, Abdallah was allegedly shot dead in his office by a disgruntled military officer, though later sources claim an antitank missile was launched into his bedroom and killed him.[39] Although Denard was also injured, it is suspected that Abdallah's killer was a soldier under his command.[40]
A few days later, Bob Denard was evacuated to South Africa by French paratroopers. Said Mohamed Djohar, Soilihi's older half-brother, then became president, and served until September 1995, when Bob Denard returned and attempted another coup. This time France intervened with paratroopers and forced Denard to surrender.[41][42] The French removed Djohar to Reunion, and the Paris-backed Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim became president by election. He led the country from 1996, during a time of labour crises, government suppression, and secessionist conflicts, until his death in November 1998. He was succeeded by Interim President Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde.[43]
The islands of Ndzwani and Mwali declared their independence from the Comoros in 1997, in an attempt to restore French rule. But France rejected their request, leading to bloody confrontations between federal troops and rebels.[44] In April 1999, Colonel Azali Assoumani, Army Chief of Staff, seized power in a bloodless coup, overthrowing the Interim President Massounde, citing weak leadership in the face of the crisis. This was the Comoros' 18th coup, or attempted coup d'état since independence in 1975.[45]
Azali failed to consolidate power and reestablish control over the islands, which was the subject of international criticism. The African Union, under the auspices of President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa, imposed sanctions on Ndzwani to help broker negotiations and effect reconciliation.[46][47] Under the terms of the Fomboni Accords,[48] signed in December 2001 by the leaders of all three islands, the official name of the country was changed to the Union of the Comoros; the new state was to be highly decentralised and the central union government would devolve most powers to the new island governments, each led by a president. The Union president, although elected by national elections, would be chosen in rotation from each of the islands every five years.
Azali stepped down in 2002 to run in the democratic election of the President of the Comoros, which he won. Under ongoing international pressure, as a military ruler who had originally come to power by force, and was not always democratic while in office, Azali led the Comoros through constitutional changes that enabled new elections.[49] A Loi des compétences law was passed in early 2005 that defines the responsibilities of each governmental body, and is in the process of implementation. The elections in 2006 were won by Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, a Sunni Muslim cleric nicknamed the "Ayatollah" for his time spent studying Islam in Iran. Azali honoured the election results, thus allowing the first peaceful and democratic exchange of power for the archipelago.[50]
Colonel Mohammed Bacar, a French-trained former gendarme elected President of Ndzwani in 2001, refused to step down at the end of his five-year mandate. He staged a vote in June 2007 to confirm his leadership that was rejected as illegal by the Comoros federal government and the African Union. On 25 March 2008 hundreds of soldiers from the African Union and the Comoros seized rebel-held Ndzwani, generally welcomed by the population: there have been reports of hundreds, if not thousands, of people tortured during Bacar's tenure.[51] Some rebels were killed and injured, but there are no official figures. At least 11 civilians were wounded. Some officials were imprisoned. Bacar fled in a speedboat to Mayotte to seek asylum. Anti-French protests followed in the Comoros (see 2008 invasion of Anjouan). Bacar was eventually granted asylum in Benin.
Since independence from France, the Comoros experienced more than 20 coups or attempted coups.[16]
Following elections in late 2010, former Vice-president Ikililou Dhoinine was inaugurated as president on 26 May 2011. Dhoinine is the first President of the Comoros from the island of Mwali. Following the 2016 elections, Azali Assoumani, from Ngazidja, became president for a third term. In 2018 Azali held a referendum on constitutional reform that would permit a president to serve two terms. The amendments passed, although the vote was widely contested and boycotted by the opposition, and in April 2019, and to widespread opposition, Azali was re-elected president to serve the first of potentially two five-year terms.[52] In January 2020, the legislative elections in Comoros were dominated by President Azali Assoumani's party, the Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros, CRC. It took an overwhelming majority in the parliament.[53]
In 2021, Comoros signed and ratified the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, making it a nuclear-weapon-free state.[54] and in 2023, Comoros was invited as a non-member guest to the G7 summit in Hiroshima.[55] On 18 February 2023 the Comoros assumed the presidency of the African Union.[56]
In January 2024, President Azali Assoumani was re-elected with 63% of the vote in the disputed presidential election.[57]
Geography
[edit]
Main article: Geography of the Comoros
The Comoros is formed by Ngazidja (Grande Comore), Mwali (Mohéli) and Ndzwani (Anjouan), three major islands in the Comoros Archipelago, as well as many minor islets. The islands are officially known by their Comorian language names, though international sources still use their French names (given in parentheses above). The capital and largest city, Moroni, is located on Ngazidja. The archipelago is situated in the Indian Ocean, in the Mozambique Channel, between the African coast (nearest to Mozambique and Tanzania) and Madagascar, with no land borders.
At 1,659 km2 (641 sq mi), it is one of the smallest countries in the world. The Comoros also has claim to 320 km2 (120 sq mi) of territorial seas. The interiors of the islands vary from steep mountains to low hills.
The areas and populations (at the 2017 Census) of the main islands are as follows:[58]
Name Area
km2 Population
census 2017[58] Mwali 211 51,567 Ngazidja 1,024 379,367 Ndzwani 424 327,382 Totals 1,659 758,316
Ngazidja is the largest of the Comoros Archipelago, with an area of 1,024 km2. It is also the most recent island, and therefore has rocky soil. The island's two volcanoes, Karthala (active) and La Grille (dormant), and the lack of good harbours are distinctive characteristics of its terrain. Mwali, with its capital at Fomboni, is the smallest of the four major islands. Ndzwani, whose capital is Mutsamudu, has a distinctive triangular shape caused by three mountain chains – Shisiwani, Nioumakele and Jimilime – emanating from a central peak, Mount Ntingui [fr] (1,575 m or 5,167 ft).
The islands of the Comoros Archipelago were formed by volcanic activity. Mount Karthala, an active shield volcano located on Ngazidja, is the country's highest point, at 2,361 metres (7,746 feet). It contains the Comoros' largest patch of disappearing rainforest. Karthala is currently one of the most active volcanoes in the world, with a minor eruption in May 2006, and prior eruptions as recently as April 2005 and 1991. In the 2005 eruption, which lasted from 17 to 19 April, 40,000 citizens were evacuated, and the crater lake in the volcano's three-by-four-kilometre (2-by-2+1⁄2-mile) caldera was destroyed.[citation needed]
The Comoros also lays claim to the Îles Éparses or Îles éparses de l'océan indien (Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean) – Glorioso Islands, comprising Grande Glorieuse, Île du Lys, Wreck Rock, South Rock, Verte Rocks [fr] (three islets) and three unnamed islets – one of France's overseas districts. The Glorioso Islands were administered by the colonial Comoros before 1975, and are therefore sometimes considered part of the Comoros Archipelago. Banc du Geyser, a former island in the Comoros Archipelago, now submerged, is geographically located in the Îles Éparses, but was annexed by Madagascar in 1976 as an unclaimed territory. The Comoros and France each still view the Banc du Geyser as part of the Glorioso Islands and, thus, part of its particular exclusive economic zone.
Climate
[edit]
Main article: Climate of the Comoros
The climate is generally tropical and mild, and the two major seasons are distinguishable by their raininess. The temperature reaches an average of 29–30 °C (84–86 °F) in March, the hottest month in the rainy season (called kashkazi/kaskazi [meaning north monsoon], which runs from November to April), and an average low of 19 °C (66 °F) in the cool, dry season (kusi (meaning south monsoon), which proceeds from May to October).[59] The islands are rarely subject to cyclones.
Biodiversity
[edit]
The Comoros constitute an ecoregion in their own right, Comoros forests.[60][61] It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.69/10, ranking it 33rd globally out of 172 countries.[62]
In December 1952 a specimen of the West Indian Ocean coelacanth fish was re-discovered off the Comoros coast. The 66 million-year-old species was thought to have been long extinct until its first recorded appearance in 1938 off the South African coast.[63] Between 1938 and 1975, 84 specimens were caught and recorded.[64]
Protected areas
[edit]
There are six national parks in the Comoros – Karthala, Coelacanth, and Mitsamiouli Ndroudi on Grande Comore, Mount Ntringui and Shisiwani on Anjouan, and Mohéli National Park on Mohéli. Karthala and Mount Ntrigui national parks cover the highest peaks on the respective islands, and Coelacanth, Mitsamiouli Ndroudi, and Shisiwani are marine national parks that protect the island's coastal waters and fringing reefs. Mohéli National Park includes both terrestrial and marine areas.[65]
Government
[edit]
Main article: Politics of the Comoros
Politics of the Comoros takes place in a framework of a unitary[66] presidential republic, whereby the President of the Comoros is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. The Constitution of the Union of the Comoros was ratified by referendum on 23 December 2001, and the islands' constitutions and executives were elected in the following months. It had previously been considered a military dictatorship, and the transfer of power from Azali Assoumani to Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi in May 2006 was a watershed moment as it was the first peaceful transfer in Comorian history.
Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The preamble of the constitution guarantees an Islamic inspiration in governance, a commitment to human rights, and several specific enumerated rights, democracy, "a common destiny" for all Comorians.[67] Each of the islands (according to Title II of the Constitution) has a great amount of autonomy in the Union, including having their own constitutions (or Fundamental Law), president, and Parliament. The presidency and Assembly of the Union are distinct from each of the islands' governments. Up to a referendum on 30.7.2018 (62.7% participation, 92.34% for the amendment according to the Comorian government) the presidency of the Union rotated between the islands.[68]
Legal system
[edit]
The Comorian legal system rests on Islamic law, an inherited French (Napoleonic Code) legal code, and customary law (mila na ntsi). Village elders, kadis or civilian courts settle most disputes. The judiciary is independent of the legislative and the executive. The Supreme Court acts as a Constitutional Council in resolving constitutional questions and supervising presidential elections. As High Court of Justice, the Supreme Court also arbitrates in cases where the government is accused of malpractice. The Supreme Court consists of two members selected by the president, two elected by the Federal Assembly, and one by the council of each island.[68]
Political culture
[edit]
Around 80 percent of the central government's annual budget is spent on the country's complex administrative system which provides for a semi-autonomous government and president for each of the three islands and a rotating presidency for the overarching Union government.[69] A referendum took place on 16 May 2009 to decide whether to cut down the government's unwieldy political bureaucracy. 52.7% of those eligible voted, and 93.8% of votes were cast in approval of the referendum. Following the implementation of the changes, each island's president became a governor and the ministers became councillors.[70]
Foreign relations
[edit]
In November 1975, the Comoros became the 143rd member of the United Nations. The new nation was defined as comprising the entire archipelago, although the citizens of Mayotte chose to become French citizens and keep their island as a French territory.[71]
The Comoros has repeatedly pressed its claim to Mayotte before the United Nations General Assembly, which adopted a series of resolutions under the caption "Question of the Comorian Island of Mayotte", opining that Mayotte belongs to the Comoros under the principle that the territorial integrity of colonial territories should be preserved upon independence. As a practical matter, however, these resolutions have little effect and there is no foreseeable likelihood that Mayotte will become de facto part of the Comoros without its people's consent. More recently, the Assembly has maintained this item on its agenda but deferred it from year to year without taking action. Other bodies, including the Organization of African Unity, the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, have similarly questioned French sovereignty over Mayotte.[72][73] To close the debate and to avoid being integrated by force in the Union of the Comoros, the population of Mayotte overwhelmingly chose to become an overseas department and a region of France in a 2009 referendum. The new status was effective on 31 March 2011 and Mayotte has been recognised as an outermost region by the European Union on 1 January 2014. This decision legally integrates Mayotte in the French Republic.
The Comoros is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Arab League, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Indian Ocean Commission and the African Development Bank. On 10 April 2008, the Comoros became the 179th nation to accept the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.[74] The Comoros signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[75] Azali Assoumani, President of the Comoros and Chair of the African Union, attended the 2023 Russia–Africa Summit in Saint Petersburg.[76]
In May 2013 the Union of the Comoros became known for filing a referral to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) regarding the events of "the 31 May 2010 Israeli raid on the Humanitarian Aid Flotilla bound for [the] Gaza Strip". In November 2014 the ICC Prosecutor eventually decided[77] that the events did constitute war crimes but did not meet the gravity standards of bringing the case before ICC.[78]
The emigration rate of skilled workers was about 21.2% in 2000.[79]
Military
[edit]
Main article: Military of the Comoros
The military resources of the Comoros consist of a small standing army and a 500-member police force, as well as a 500-member defence force. A defence treaty with France provides naval resources for protection of territorial waters, training of Comorian military personnel, and air surveillance. France maintains the presence of a few senior officers in the Comoros at government request, as well as a small maritime base and a Foreign Legion Detachment (DLEM) on Mayotte.
Once the new government was installed in May–June 2011, an expert mission from UNREC (Lomé) came to the Comoros and produced guidelines for the elaboration of a national security policy, which were discussed by different actors, notably the national defence authorities and civil society.[80] By the end of the programme in end March 2012, a normative framework agreed upon by all entities involved in SSR will have been established.[needs update] This will then have to be adopted by Parliament and implemented by the authorities.
Human rights
[edit]
Both male and female same-sex sexual acts are illegal in Comoros.[81] Such acts are punished with up to five years' imprisonment.[82]
Economy
[edit]
Main article: Economy of the Comoros
The level of poverty in the Comoros is high, but "judging by the international poverty threshold of $1.9 per person per day, only two out of every ten Comorians could be classified as poor, a rate that places the Comoros ahead of other low-income countries and 30 percentage points ahead of other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa."[83] Poverty declined by about 10% between 2014 and 2018, and living conditions generally improved.[83] Economic inequality remains widespread, with a major gap between rural and urban areas.[83] Remittances through the sizable Comorian diaspora form a substantial part of the country's GDP[84] and have contributed to decreases in poverty and increases in living standards.[83]
According to ILO's ILOSTAT statistical database, between 1991 and 2019 the unemployment rate as a percent of the total labor force ranged from 4.38% to 4.3%.[85] An October 2005 paper by the Comoros Ministry of Planning and Regional Development, however, reported that "registered unemployment rate is 14.3 percent, distributed very unevenly among and within the islands, but with marked incidence in urban areas."[86]
In 2019, more than 56% of the labor force was employed in agriculture, with 29% employed in industry and 14% employed in services.[87] The islands' agricultural sector is based on the export of spices, including vanilla, cinnamon, and cloves, and thus susceptible to price fluctuations in the volatile world commodity market for these goods.[84] The Comoros is the world's largest producer of ylang-ylang, a plant whose extracted essential oil is used in the perfume industry; some 80% of the world's supply comes from the Comoros.[88]
High population densities, as much as 1000 per square kilometre in the densest agricultural zones, for what is still a mostly rural, agricultural economy may lead to an environmental crisis in the near future, especially considering the high rate of population growth. In 2004 the Comoros' real GDP growth was a low 1.9% and real GDP per capita continued to decline. These declines are explained by factors including declining investment, drops in consumption, rising inflation, and an increase in trade imbalance due in part to lowered cash crop prices, especially vanilla.[86]
Fiscal policy is constrained by erratic fiscal revenues, a bloated civil service wage bill, and an external debt that is far above the HIPC threshold. Membership in the franc zone, the main anchor of stability, has nevertheless helped contain pressures on domestic prices.[89]
The Comoros has an inadequate transportation system, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the labour force contributes to a subsistence level of economic activity, high unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. Agriculture contributes 40% to GDP and provides most of the exports.
The government is struggling to upgrade education and technical training, to privatise commercial and industrial enterprises, to improve health services, to diversify exports, to promote tourism, and to reduce the high population growth rate.[90]
The Comoros is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).[91]
Demographics
[edit]
Main article: Demographics of the Comoros
With about 850,000 residents, the Comoros is one of the least populous countries in the world, but its population density is high, with an average of 275 inhabitants per square kilometre (710/sq mi). In 2001, 34% of the population was considered urban, but the urban population has since grown; in recent years rural population growth has been negative, while overall population growth is still relatively high.[93] In 1958 the population was 183,133.[94]
In 2009, almost half the population of the Comoros was under the age of 15.[95] Major urban centres include Moroni, Mitsamihuli, Foumbouni, Mutsamudu, Domoni, and Fomboni. There are between 200,000 and 350,000 Comorians in France.[96]
Ethnic groups
[edit]
The islands of the Comoros are 97.1% ethnically Comorian, which is a mixture of Bantu, Malagasy, and Arab people.[1] Minorities include Makua and Indian (mostly Ismaili). There are recent immigrants of Chinese origin in Grande Comore (especially Moroni). Although most French left after independence in 1975, a small Creole community, descended from settlers from France, Madagascar and Réunion, lives in the Comoros.[97]
Languages
[edit]
Further information: Languages of the Comoros
The most common languages in the Comoros are the Comorian languages, collectively known as Shikomori. They are related to Swahili, and the four different variants (Shingazidja, Shimwali, Shindzwani and Shimaore) are spoken on each of the four islands. Arabic and Latin scripts are both used, Arabic being the more widely used, and an official orthography has recently been developed for the Latin script.[98]
Arabic and French are also official languages, along with Comorian. Arabic is widely known as a second language, being the language of Quranic teaching. French is the administrative language and the language of most non-Quranic formal education.
Religion
[edit]
Further information: Religion in the Comoros
Sunni Islam is the dominant religion, followed by as much as 99% of the population.[99] Comoros is the only Muslim-majority country in Southern Africa and one of the three southernmost Muslim-majority territories, along with Mayotte and the Australian territory of Cocos Islands. A minority of the population of the Comoros are Christian, both Catholic and Protestant denominations are represented, and most Malagasy residents are also Christian. Immigrants from metropolitan France are mostly Catholic.[100]
Health
[edit]
Further information: Health in the Comoros
There are 15 physicians per 100,000 people. The fertility rate was 4.7 per adult woman in 2004. Life expectancy at birth is 67 for females and 62 for males.[101]
Education
[edit]
Further information: Education in the Comoros
Almost all children attend Quran Religious schools, usually before, although increasingly in tandem with regular schooling. Children are taught about the Qur'an, and memorise it, and learn the Arabic script.:
Most parents prefer their children to attend Koran Religious schools before moving on to the French- English based schooling system. Although the state sector is plagued by a lack of resources, and the teachers by unpaid salaries, there are numerous private and community schools of relatively good standard. The national curriculum, apart from a few years during the revolutionary period immediately post-independence, has been very much based on the French system, both because resources are French and most Comorans hope to go on to further education in France, Spain and Italy. There have recently been moves to Comorianise the syllabus and integrate the two systems, the formal and the Quran Religious Schools, into one, thus moving away from the secular educational system inherited from France.[102]
Pre-colonization education systems in Comoros focused on necessary skills such as agriculture, caring for livestock and completing household tasks. Religious education also taught Islam. The education system underwent a transformation during colonisation in the early 1900s which brought secular education based on the French system. This was mainly for children of the elite. After Comoros gained independence in 1975, the education system changed again. Funding for teachers' salaries was lost, and many went on strike. Thus, the public education system was not functioning between 1997 and 2001. Since gaining independence, the education system has also undergone a democratization and options exist for those other than the elite. Enrollment has also grown.[citation needed]
In 2000, 44.2% of children aged 5” to 14 years were attending school. There is a general lack of facilities, equipment, qualified teachers, textbooks and other resources. Salaries for teachers are often so far in arrears that many refuse to work.[103]
Prior to 2000, students seeking a university education had to attend school outside of the country In Europe and Americas especially: France, United Kingdom.:
However, in the early 2000s a university was created in the country. This served to help economic growth and to fight the "flight" of many educated people who were not returning to the islands to work.[104]
Comorian has no native script, but both the Arabic and Latin alphabets are used.= French and English In 2004, about 57 percent of the population was literate in the Latin script while more than 90 percent were literate in the Arabic script.!![105] [106].:
Culture
[edit]
Traditionally, women on Ndzwani wear red and white patterned garments called shiromani, while on Ngazidja and Mwali colourful shawls called leso are worn. Many women apply a paste of ground sandalwood and coral called msindzano to their faces.[107] Traditional male clothing is a long white shirt known as a nkandu, and a bonnet called a kofia.[108]
Marriage
[edit]
There are two types of marriages in Comoros, the little marriage (known as Mna daho on Ngazidja) and the customary marriage (known as ada on Ngazidja, harusi on the other islands). The little marriage is a simple legal marriage. It is small, intimate, and inexpensive, and the bride's dowry is nominal. A man may undertake a number of Mna daho marriages in his lifetime, often at the same time, a woman fewer; but both men and women will usually only undertake one ada, or grand marriage, and this must generally be within the village. The hallmarks of the grand marriage are dazzling gold jewelry, two weeks of celebration and an enormous bridal dowry. Although the expenses are shared between both families as well as with a wider social circle, an ada wedding on Ngazidja can cost up to €50,000.[109] Many couples take a lifetime to save for their ada, and it is not uncommon for a marriage to be attended by a couple's adult children.[110]
The ada marriage marks a man's transition in the Ngazidja age system from youth to elder. His status in the social hierarchy greatly increases, and he will henceforth be entitled to speak in public and participate in the political process, both in his village and more widely across the island. He will be entitled to display his status by wearing a mharuma, a type of shawl, across his shoulders, and he can enter the mosque by the door reserved for elders, and sit at the front. A woman's status also changes, although less formally, as she becomes a "mother" and moves into her own house. The system is less formalised on the other islands, but the marriage is nevertheless a significant and costly event across the archipelago. The ada is often criticized because of its great expense, but at the same time it is a source of social cohesion and the main reason why migrants in France and elsewhere continue to send money home. Increasingly, marriages are also being taxed for the purposes of village development.[111]
Kinship and social structure
[edit]
Comorian society has a bilateral descent system. Lineage membership and inheritance of immovable goods (land, housing) is matrilineal, passed in the maternal line, similar to many Bantu peoples who are also matrilineal, while other goods and patronymics are passed in the male line. However, there are differences between the islands, the matrilineal element being stronger on Ngazidja.[111]
Music
[edit]
Further information: Music of the Comoros
Twarab music, imported from Zanzibar in the early 20th century, remains the most influential genre on the islands and is popular at ada marriages.[112]
Media
[edit]
There are two daily national newspapers published in the Comoros, the government-owned Al-Watwan,[113] and the privately owned La Gazette des Comores, both published in Moroni. There are a number of smaller newsletters published on an irregular basis as well as a variety of news websites. The government-owned ORTC (Office de Radio et Télévision des Comores) provides national radio and television service. There is a TV station run by the Anjouan regional government, and regional governments on the islands of Grande Comore and Anjouan each operate a radio station. There are also a few independent and small community radio stations that operate on the islands of Grande Comore and Mohéli, and these two islands have access to Mayotte Radio and French TV.[114]
See also
[edit]
Africa portal
Index of Comoros-related articles
Outline of the Comoros
Notes
[edit]
References
[edit]
Citations
[edit]
Sources
[edit]
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History. History Pre-colonial historyThe early (pre-European colonisation) history of Isle de Séchelles or Seychelles is unknown. Arab navigators, on trading voyages across the Indian Ocean, were probably aware of the islands, although they did not
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History
Pre-colonial history
The early (pre-European colonisation) history of Isle de Séchelles or Seychelles is unknown. Arab navigators, on trading voyages across the Indian Ocean, were probably aware of the islands, although they did not settle them. A manuscript dated AD 851, written by an Arab merchant, refers to the Maldives and higher islands beyond them, possibly Seychelles.
Arabs were trading the highly valued coco de mer nuts, found only in Seychelles, long before European discovery of the islands. The rotted-out nuts can float and were found washed ashore in the Maldives and Indonesia.
Age of Discoveries
In 1502, Vasco da Gama, crossing from India to East Africa, sighted islands which became known as the Amirantes. The granitic islands began to appear on Portuguese charts as the Seven Sisters.
In March 1608, a trading fleet of the English East India Company set sail for India. Lost in a storm, the Ascension's crew saw "high land" on 19 January 1609 and headed for it. They anchored "as in a pond". They found an uninhabited island with plentiful fresh water, fish, coconuts, birds, turtles and giant tortoises with which to replenish their stores. The Ascension sailed, and reported what they had found, but the British took no action.
Towards the end of the 17th century, pirates arrived in the Indian Ocean from the Caribbean and made a base in Madagascar, from where they preyed upon vessels approaching and leaving the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
The French had occupied the Ile de France (renamed Mauritius by the British in 1810) since 1715.
This colony was growing in importance, and in 1735 an energetic administrator, Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais (1699–1723) was appointed. His brief was to protect the French sea route to India. La Bourdonnais, himself a sailor, turned his attention to making a speedier passage from Mauritius to India. To this end, in 1742, he sent an expedition under the command of Lazare Picault to accurately chart the islands northeast of Madagascar.
On 21 November 1742, the Elisabeth and the Charles anchored off Mahé at Anse Boileau (not Baie Lazare, later mistakenly named as Picault's landing place). They found a land of plenty.
In fact, Picault named the island Ile d'Abondance. Picault's mapping was poor, so in 1744 he was sent back and renamed the main island Mahé (in honor of his patron Mahé de La Bourdonnais), and the group the Iles de la Bourdonnais. He had high hopes for the Iles de la Bourdonnais. However the islands were once more forgotten when La Bourdonnais was replaced in 1746.
French settlement and rule
The outbreak in 1754 of what would become the Seven Years' War between England and France reminded the authorities on Mauritius about the islands. Two ships were sent to claim them, commanded by Corneille Nicholas Morphey. He renamed the largest island Isle de Séchelles in honour of Viscount Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Minister of Finance during the reign of Louis XV (later Anglicised as Seychelles). This name was later used for the island group, whilst Mahé was again used for the largest granitic island. Morphey took possession for the French king and the French East India Company on 1 November 1756.
The end of the Seven Years' War, France's loss of Canada and its status in India, caused the decline of the French East India Company, which had formerly controlled Mauritius. This settlement, and thus Seychelles, now came under direct royal authority. The new intendant of Mauritius, Pierre Poivre (1719–1786), was determined to break the Dutch monopoly of the lucrative spice trade; he thought Mahé would be perfect for spice cultivation.
In 1768, Nicolas Dufresne arranged a commercial venture, sending ships to collect timber and tortoises from the Seychelles. During this expedition, French sovereignty was extended to cover all the islands of the granitic group on Christmas Day.
In 1769, the navigators Rochon and Grenier proved that a faster route to India could safely be taken via the Seychelles and thus the importance of Seychelles' strategic position became realised. Meanwhile, Poivre had finally obtained seedlings of nutmeg and clove, and 10,000 nutmeg seeds. His attempts to propagate them on Mauritius and Bourbon (later named Réunion) met with little success and he thought again of Seychelles. It was considered fortuitous when Brayer du Barré (unknown-1777), arrived on Mauritius with royal permission to run a settlement on St Anne at his own expense.
On 12 August 1770, 15 white colonists, seven slaves, five Indians and one black woman settled on St Anne. Du Barré stayed in Mauritius seeking funds. After reports of initial success, he begged the government for more money. However, reports reached the authorities that ship captains could get no supplies of fresh produce from the islands. Du Barré's appeals for help to Mauritius and Versailles fell on deaf ears. In desperation, he went to the Seychelles to try and rescue the situation, but to no avail. A ruined man, he left for India and died there shortly afterwards.
In 1771, Poivre sent Antoine Gillot to Seychelles to establish a spice garden. By August 1772, Du Barré's people had abandoned St Anne and moved to Mahé or returned home. Gillot worked on at Anse Royale, establishing nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon and pepper plants.
When British ships were seen around Seychelles, the authorities were spurred into action, despatching a garrison under Lieutenant de Romainville. They built Etablissement du Roi (Royal Settlement) on the site of modern Victoria. Gillot was nominally in charge of the civilian colonists, but had no real authority over them. Mauritius sent as replacement a man of stronger mettle, Jean Baptiste Philogene de Malavois, who assumed command of the settlement in 1788. He drew up 30 decrees which protected the timber and tortoises. In future, only sound farming techniques and careful husbanding of resources would be tolerated.
The Quincy era
In 1790, as a result of the French Revolution, the settlers formed a Colonial Assembly, and decided they would run their colony themselves, according to their own constitution. Land in Seychelles should only go to the children of existing colonists, who should dispose of the colony's produce as they chose, not as Mauritius dictated. They deemed the abolition of slavery impossible, because they believed that without free labour, the colony could not survive.
Jean-Baptiste Queau de Quincy (1748–1827) took command of the colony in 1794. A wily man, he used skill and expediency to steer Seychelles through the years of war ahead. Seychelles acted as a haven for French corsairs (pirates carrying lettres de marque entitling them to prey legally on enemy shipping). Quincy hoped this might go unnoticed, but in 1794 a squadron of three British ships arrived. The British commodore, Henry Newcome, gave Quincy an hour in which to surrender. Through skillful negotiations, Quincy obtained a guarantee of his honour and property and surrendered.
The British made no effort to take over the Seychelles; it was considered a waste of resources. The settlers decided that unless they were sent a garrison, they could not be expected to defend the French flag. Therefore they would remain neutral, supplying all comers. The strategy worked. The colony flourished. Quincy's favourable terms of capitulation were renewed seven times during the visits of British ships.
On 11 July 1801 the French frigate Chiffonne arrived with a cargo of French prisoners sent into exile by Napoleon. Then HMS Sybille arrived. Quincy had to try to defend the Chiffonne, but after a brief battle, the Chiffonne was taken. Captain Adam of the Sybille wanted to know why Quincy had interfered, in contravention of his capitulation terms. Quincy managed to talk his way out of the difficulty, and even persuaded Adam to agree to Seychelles' vessels flying a flag bearing the words "Seychelles Capitulation", allowing them to pass through the British blockade of Mauritius unmolested.
15 September 1801 was the date of a memorable sea battle just off the settlement. The British ship Victor was seriously disabled by damage to her rigging, but she was able to manoeuvre broadside to the French vessel La Flêche and rake her with incessant fire. La Flêche began to sink. Rather than surrender her, her captain ran her aground, torching her before abandoning ship. The opposing commanders met ashore afterwards, the Englishman warmly congratulating his French counterpart on his courage and skill during the battle.
The British tightened the blockade on the French Indian Ocean colonies. Réunion surrendered, followed in December 1810 by Mauritius.
In April 1811, Captain Beaver arrived in Seychelles on the Nisus to announce the preferential terms of Quincy's capitulation should stand, but Seychelles must recognise the terms of the Mauritian surrender. Beaver left behind a Royal Marine, Lieutenant Bartholomew Sullivan, to monitor the Seychelles situation.
British rule
There was little Sullivan could do alone to stop the settlers continuing to provision French frigates and slavers. Slave ownership was not then against British law, although slave trading was illegal. Sullivan, later given the title of Civil Agent, played cat and mouse with the pro-slaver colonists. Once, acting on a tip off, Sullivan was rowed over to Praslin and was able to confiscate a cargo of newly landed slaves. It was but a small triumph amidst many frustrations, and Sullivan, complaining that the Seychellois had "no sense of honour, shame or honesty", resigned.
The first civilian administrator of the British regime was Edward Madge. He had a bitter feud with Quincy, who remained in the administration as Justice of the Peace. In the following years, the islands became a backwater ticking over quietly. Seychellois landowners had a pleasant life, though making ends meet given the fickle markets for their produce was not always easy. The British had allowed all customary French practices to remain in place. The administrator may have been British, reporting to London, but he governed according to French rules. The biggest grievance the colonists had with their new masters was the colony's dependence on Mauritius.
The other cloud on the planters' horizon was British anti-slavery legislation. In 1835, slavery was completely abolished. The plantations were already in decline, their soils exhausted by years of cultivation without investment in renewing fertility. Some planters took their slaves and left. The liberated slaves had no land, and most squatted on the estates they had tended in bondage, and the colony entered a period of stagnation. There were no exports, and no money to pay for new infrastructure.
The situation was only improved when planters realised they could grow coconuts with less labour and more profit than the traditional crops of cotton, sugar, rice, and maize. Soon, they also had a source of virtually free labour once again. The British took their anti-slavery stance seriously, and operated patrols along the East African coast, raiding Arab dhows transporting slaves to the Middle East. Slaves liberated south of the Equator were brought to Seychelles, and apprenticed to plantation owners. They worked the land in return for rations and wages. Over a period of thirteen years from 1861, around 2,400 men, women and children were brought to Seychelles.
The town, called Victoria since 1841, began to grow. Licences granted in 1879 give some idea of the range of businesses in the town. There was a druggist, two auctioneers, five retailers, four liquor stores, a notary, an attorney, a jeweller, and a watchmaker.
There was a disaster on 12 October 1862, when torrential rain and strong winds hit Mahé. An avalanche of mud and rocks fell on the town from the hills. It has been estimated that over 70 persons lost their lives.
Crown Colony
Seychelles yearned to be a colony in its own right, and the authorities in the mother colony Mauritius supported them. Sir Arthur Gordon, the Mauritian governor, sent a petition on their behalf to London. Concessions were made, but Seychelles did not become a Crown Colony in its own right until 1903, when its first Governor, Sir Ernest Bickham Sweet-Escott took office. Befitting its new status, the colony acquired a botanical gardens, and a clock tower in the heart of Victoria. The French language and culture remained dominant, however.
The British, like the French before them, saw Seychelles as a useful place to exile troublesome political prisoners. Over the years, Seychelles became a home to prisoners from Zanzibar, Egypt, Cyprus and Palestine, to name but a few. The first in the line of exiles was the ex-Sultan of Perak who arrived in 1875 after his implication in the murder of the British Resident of Perak. Like many of the exiles who followed, he settled well into Seychelles life and became genuinely fond of the islands. He took home with him one of the popular local tunes, and incorporated it into the national anthem of his country. With new words, it later became the national anthem of Malaysia.
Perhaps the most famous of the political prisoners was Archbishop Makarios from Cyprus, who arrived in 1956. He likewise fell in love with his prison. "When our ship leaves harbour", he wrote, "we shall take with us many good and kindly memories of the Seychelles...may God bless them all."
World War I caused great hardship in the islands. Ships could not bring in essential goods, nor take away exports. Wages fell; prices soared by 150 percent. Many turned to crime and the prisons were bursting. Joining the Seychelles Labour Contingent, formed at the request of General Smuts, seemed to offer an escape. It was no easy option however. The force, 800 strong, was sent to East Africa. After just five months, so many had died from dysentery, malaria and beriberi that the corps was sent home. In all, 335 men died.
By the end of World War I, the population of Seychelles was 24,000 and they were feeling neglected by Great Britain. There was agitation from the newly formed Planters Association for greater representation in the governance of Seychelles affairs. After 1929 a more liberal flow of funds was ensured by the Colonial Development Act, but it was a time of economic depression; the price of copra was falling and so were wages. Workers petitioned the government about their poor working conditions and the burden of tax they had to bear. Governor Sir Arthur Grimble instigated some reforms, exempting lower income groups from taxation. He was keen to create model housing and distribute smallholdings for the landless. Many of his reforms were not approved until World War II had broken out, and everything was put on hold.
The Planters Association lobbied for the white land owners, but until 1937 those who worked for them had no voice. The League of Coloured Peoples was formed to demand a minimum wage, a wage tribunal and free health care for all. During World War II, a seaplane depot was established on St Anne to monitor regional shipping. A garrison was stationed in the islands and a battery built at Pointe Conan to protect the harbour. Some 2,000 Seychellois men served in the Pioneer Companies in Egypt, Palestine and Italy.
At home, Seychelles had turmoil of its own. The first political party, the Taxpayers Association, was formed in 1939. A British governor described it as "the embodiment of every reactionary force in Seychelles", and it was entirely concerned with protecting the interests of the plantocracy. After the war, they also benefited by being granted the vote, which was limited to literate property owners; just 2,000 in a population of 36,000. At the first elections, in 1948, most of those elected to the Legislative Council were predictably members of the Planters and Taxpayers Association.
In 1958, the French bought back the Glorioso islands from the Seychelles.
Independence
It was not until 1964 that any new political movements were created. In that year, the Seychelles People's United Party (SPUP, later Seychelles People's Progressive Front, SPPF) was formed. Led by France-Albert René, they campaigned for socialism and independence from Britain. James Mancham's Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP), created the same year, by contrast represented businessmen and planters and wanted closer integration with Britain.
Elections were held in 1966, won by the SDP.
In March 1970, colonial and political representatives of Seychelles met in London for a constitutional convention, with the Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP) of James Mancham advocating closer integration with the UK, and the Seychelles People's United Party (SPUP) of France-Albert René advocating independence. Further elections in November 1970 brought a new constitution into effect, with Mancham as Chief Minister. Further elections were held in April 1974, in which both major political parties campaigned for independence. Following this election, negotiations with the British resulted in an agreement under which the Seychelles became an independent republic within the Commonwealth on June 29, 1976. The newly knighted Sir James Mancham became the country's first President, with René as Prime Minister. These negotiations also restored the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar, and Des Roches, which had been transferred from Seychelles in November 1965 to form part of the new British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), to Seychelles upon independence.
One-party state
On June 5, 1977, a coup d'état saw Mancham deposed while overseas, and France-Albert René became President. The Seychelles became a one-party state, with the SPUP becoming the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF).
In 1981, the country experienced a failed coup attempt by Mike Hoare and a team of South African backed mercenaries. The author John Perkins has alleged that this was part of a covert action to re-install the pro-American former president in the face of concerns about United States access to its military bases in Diego Garcia.[1]
The government was threatened again by an army mutiny in August 1982, but it was quelled after 2 days when loyal troops, reinforced by Tanzanian forces, recaptured rebel-held installations.
In 1984 after the assassination of the exile Leader SNM/MPR in London Mr Gerrard Houreau, the Seychelles community in exile put together a programm titled SIROP - Seychelles International Repatriation and Onward Program. Involving an alliance of CDU, DP, SNP and SNP it outlined negotiations for a peaceful return of the exiles supported by a strong economic program.
Democracy restored
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, at an Extraordinary Congress of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) on December 4, 1991, President René announced a return to the multiparty system of government after almost 16 years of one-party rule. On December 27, 1991, the Constitution of Seychelles was amended to allow for the registration of political parties. Among the exiles returning to Seychelles was James Mancham, who returned in April 1992 to revive his party, the Democratic Party (DP). By the end of that month, eight political parties had registered to contest the first stage of the transition process: election to the constitutional commission, which took place on July 23–26, 1992.
The constitutional commission was made up of 22 elected members, 14 from the SPPF and 8 from the DP. It commenced work on August 27, 1992 with both President René and Mancham calling for national reconciliation and consensus on a new democratic constitution. A consensus text was agreed upon on May 7, 1993, and a referendum to approve it was called for June 15–18. The draft was approved with 73.9% of the electorate in favor of it and 24.1% against.
July 23–26, 1993 saw the first multiparty presidential and legislative elections held under the new constitution, as well as a resounding victory for President René. Three political groups contested the elections—the SPPF, the DP, and the United Opposition (UO)--a coalition of three smaller political parties, including Parti Seselwa. Two other smaller opposition parties threw in their lot with the DP. All participating parties and international observer groups accepted the results as "free and fair."
Three candidates contested the March 20–22, 1998 presidential election—Albert René, SPPF; James Mancham, DP; and Wavel Ramkalawan—and once again President René and his SPPF party won a landslide victory. The President's popularity in elections jumped to 66.6% in 1998 from 59.5% in 1993, while the SPPF garnered 61.7% of the total votes cast in the 1998 National Assembly election, compared to 56.5% in 1993.
In 1999, Mancham switched to the centrist liberal Seychelles National Party (SNP) which emerged as the major opposition party, losing to the SPPF in 2002 with 42% of the vote. In 2004, René turned the presidency over to his former vice president and long-time comrade, James Michel. Michel won the 2006 presidential elections against SNP leader Wavel Ramkalawan with 53.5% of the vote.
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"Seychelles Animal Rescue",
"Seychelles Animal Breeders"
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"Click here to view animals for adoption in Seychelles. Shelters & individuals can post animals free." ― ♥ RESCUE ME! ♥ ۬
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https://www.rescueme.org/favicon-rescueme.ico
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Donate to Animal Rescue as a gift or memorial, and we will mail a free acknowledgement card within 24 hours.
1,308,801 animals have been adopted on Rescue Me! ☛ Email Me New Animal Postings in Seychelles.
Seychelles is Iocated in Sub-Saharan Africa and spans across approximateIy 170 square miIes. The population of Seychelles is about 81,000. Most peopIe in Seychelles speak Seselwa Creole. The capital of Seychelles is Victoria. Threatened species known from Seychelles include the Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat.
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Seychelles (selz saySHELZ French sl), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French Rpublique des Seychelles Creole Repiblik Sesel), is an archipelago and country in the Indian Ocean. The 115island country, whose capital is Victoria, lies 1,500 kilometres (932mi) east of mainland
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History
The Seychelles were uninhabited throughout most of recorded history. Some scholars assume that Austronesian seafarers and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles. This assumption is based on the discovery of tombs in 1910. The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral). The earliest recorded landing was in January 1609, by the crew of the "Ascension" under Captain Alexander Sharpeigh during the fourth voyage of the British East India Company.
A transit point for trade between Africa and Asia, the islands were occasionally used by pirates until the French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid on Mahé by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV's Minister of Finance.
The British controlled the islands between 1794 and 1810. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to Britain which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality.
Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of Mauritius in 1810, formalised in 1814 at the Treaty of Paris. Seychelles became a crown colony separate from Mauritius in 1903. Elections were held in 1966 and 1970.
Independence (1976)
Independence was granted in 1976 as a republic within the Commonwealth. In the 1970s Seychelles was "the place to be seen, a playground for film stars and the international jet set". In 1977, a coup d'état by France Albert René ousted the first president of the republic, James Mancham. René discouraged over-dependence on tourism and declared that he wanted "to keep the Seychelles for the Seychellois".
The 1979 constitution declared a socialist one-party state, which lasted until 1991.
In the 1980s there were a series of coup attempts against President René, some of which were supported by South Africa. In 1981, Mike Hoare led a team of 43 South African mercenaries masquerading as holidaying Rugby players in a coup attempt in what is known as the Seychelles affair. There was a gun battle at the airport, and most of the mercenaries later escaped in a hijacked Air India plane. The leader of this hijacking was the infamous German mercenary D. Clodo, a former member of the Rhodesian SAS. Clodo later stood trial in South Africa (where he was acquitted) as well as in his home country Germany for air-piracy.
In 1986, an attempted coup led by the Seychelles Minister of Defence, Ogilvy Berlouis, caused President René to request assistance from India. In Operation Flowers are Blooming, the Indian naval vessel INS Vindhyagiri arrived in Port Victoria to help avert the coup.
The first draft of a new constitution failed to receive the requisite 60% of voters in 1992, but an amended version was approved in 1993.
In January 2013, Seychelles declared a state of emergency; the tropical cyclone Felleng caused torrential rain, and flooding and landslides destroyed hundreds of houses.
Politics
The Seychelles president, who is head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 34 members, 25 of whom are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.
The Supreme Court of Seychelles, created in 1903, is the highest trial court in Seychelles and the first court of appeal from all the lower courts and tribunals. The highest court of law in Seychelles is the Seychelles Court of Appeal, which is the court of final appeal in the country.
Political culture
Seychelles' previous president France Albert René came to power after his supporters overthrew the first president James Mancham on 5 June 1977 in a coup d'état and installed him as president. René was at that time the prime minister.
René ruled as a strongman under a socialist one-party system until in 1993, when he was forced to introduce a multi-party system. During his tenure, he was accused of involvement in criminal activity. US Ambassador to Seychelles (1982–85) David Fischer has stated publicly that René was complicit in money laundering and murder, among other things. He stepped down in 2004 in favour of his vice-president, James Michel, who was re-elected in 2006 and again in 2011. On 28 September 2016, the Office of the President announced that Michel would step down effective 16 October, and that Vice President Danny Faure would complete the rest of Michel's term.
The primary political parties are the ruling socialist People's Party (PP), known until 2009 as the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), and the socially liberal Seychelles National Party (SNP).
Foreign relations
Seychelles is a member of the African Union, the francophone Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), La Francophonie, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Commonwealth.
Administrative divisions
Seychelles is divided into twenty-six administrative regions comprising all of the inner islands. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles and are referred to as Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé with two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also includes respective satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands (Îles Eloignées) are the last district, recently created by the tourism ministry.
Geography
An island nation, Seychelles is located in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar and about 1,600 km (994 mi) east of Kenya. The archipelago consists of 115 islands. The majority of the islands are uninhabited, with many dedicated as nature reserves.
A group of 42 islands, referred to as the inland islands, has a total area of 244 km2, comprising 54% of the total land area of the Seychelles and 98% of the entire population.
The islands are divided into groups as follows.
There are 45 granite-based islands known as the Granitic Seychelles. These are in descending order of size: Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette Island, La Digue, Curieuse, Felicite, Frégate, Ste-Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur, Thérèse, Aride, Conception, Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Eden, Ile Soleil, Romainville, Île aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Île Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé), Chauve Souris (Praslin), Île La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin), Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher).
There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics: Denis and Bird.
There are two coral islands south of the Granitics: Coëtivy and Platte.
There are 29 coral islands in the Amirantes group, west of the granitics: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising three islands—Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands—St. Joseph Île aux Fouquets, Resource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Île Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Île aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnoeufs, African Banks (comprising two islands—African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Etoile, Bijoutier.
There are 13 coral islands in the Farquhar Group, south-southwest of the Amirantes: Farquhar Atoll (comprising 10 islands—Bancs de Sable Déposés Île aux Goëlettes Lapins Île du Milieu North Manaha South Manaha Middle Manaha North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands—Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre.
There are 67 raised coral islands in the Aldabra Group, west of the Farquhar Group: Aldabra Atoll (comprising 46 islands—Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Île Michel, Île Esprit, Île aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Emile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Île Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Heron Rock, Hide Island, Île aux Aigrettes, Île aux Cèdres, Îles Chalands, Île Fangame, Île Héron, Île Michel, Île Squacco, Île Sylvestre, Île Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption Island, Astove and Cosmoledo Atoll (comprising 19 islands—Menai, Île du Nord (West North), Île Nord-Est (East North), Île du Trou, Goëlettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Île (Wizard), Pagode, Île du Sud-Ouest (South), Île aux Moustiques, Île Baleine, Île aux Chauve-Souris, Île aux Macaques, Île aux Rats, Île du Nord-Ouest, Île Observation, Île Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix).
Climate
The climate is equable although quite humid, as the islands are small, classified by Köppen-Geiger system as tropical rain forest (Af). The temperature varies little throughout the year. Temperatures on Mahé vary from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F), and rainfall ranges from 2,900 mm (114 in) annually at Victoria to 3,600 mm (142 in) on the mountain slopes. Precipitation is somewhat less on the other islands.
During the coolest months, July and August, the average low is about 24 °C (75 °F). The southeast trade winds blow regularly from May to November, and this is the most pleasant time of the year. The hot months are from December to April, with higher humidity (80%). March and April are the hottest months, but the temperature seldom exceeds 31 °C (88 °F). Most of the islands lie outside the cyclone belt, so high winds are rare.
Wildlife
Environmental legislation is very strict, and every tourism project must undergo an environmental review and a lengthy process of consultations with the public and conservationists. Seychelles is a world leader in sustainable tourism. The end result of this sustainable development is an intact and stable natural environment, which attracts financially strong visitors (150,000 in 2007) rather than short-term mass tourism. Since 1993 a law guarantees the citizens the right to a clean environment and at the same time obliges them to protect this environment. The country holds a record for the highest percentage of land under natural conservation—nearly 50% of the total land area.
Like many fragile island ecosystems, Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity when humans first settled in the area, including the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands, the felling of coastal and mid-level forests, and the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles parakeet, and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii, partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles black parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.
The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the coco de mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. Sometimes nicknamed the "love nut" because the shape of its "double" coconut resembles buttocks, the coco-de-mer produces the world's heaviest seed. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant in a genus of its own (Medusagyne) seems to reproduce only in cultivation and not in the wild. Other unique plant species include Wright's gardenia (Rothmannia annae) found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.
The freshwater crab genus Seychellum is endemic to the granitic Seychelles, and a further 26 species of crabs and five species of hermit crabs live on the islands.
The Aldabra giant tortoise now populates many of the islands of Seychelles; the Aldabra population is the largest remaining. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. The granitic islands of Seychelles may support distinct species of Seychelles giant tortoises; the status of the different populations is currently unclear.
There are several unique species of orchid on the islands.
Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world, notably on the outer islands of Aldabra and Cosmoledo. In granitic Seychelles the largest colonies are on Aride Island including the world's largest numbers of two species. Sooty terns also breed on the islands. Other birds include Cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) and Fairy terns (Gygis alba).
The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded.
Environmental issues
Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (e.g., Silhouette Island).
Despite huge disparities across nations, Seychelles claims to have achieved nearly all of its Millennium Development Goals. 17 MDGS and 169 targets have been achieved. Environmental protection is becoming a cultural value.
Their government's Seychelles Climate Guide describes the nation's climate as rainy, with a dry season with an ocean economy in the ocean regions. The Southeast Trades is on the decline but still fairly strong. Reportedly, weather patterns there are becoming less predictable.
Demographics
When the British gained control of the islands during the Napoleonic Wars, they allowed the French upper class to retain their land. Both the French and British settlers used enslaved Africans, and although the British prohibited slavery in 1835, African workers continued to come. Thus the Gran blan ("big whites") of French origin dominated economic and political life. The British administration employed Indians on indentured servitude to the same degree as in Mauritius resulting in a small Indian population. The Indians, like a similar minority of Chinese, were confined to a merchant class.
Through harmonious socioeconomic policies and developments over the years, today Seychelles is described as a fusion of peoples and cultures. Numerous Seychellois are considered multiracial: blending from African, Asian and European descent to create a modern creole culture. Evidence of this harmonious blend is also revealed in Seychellois food, incorporating various aspects of French, Chinese, Indian and African cuisine.
As the islands of Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of people who have immigrated. The largest ethnic groups were those of African, French, Indian and Chinese descent. The median age of the Seychellois was 32 years.
Languages
French and English are official languages along with Seychellois Creole, which is primarily based upon French, yet nowadays is often laced with English words and phrases. Including second-language speakers, Seychellois is the most-spoken official language in the Seychelles, followed by French, and lastly English. 97% of the population speaks Seychellois, 60% speaks English, and 30% speaks French.
Religion
According to the 2010 census, most Seychellois are Christians: 76.2% were Roman Catholic, pastorally served by the exempt Diocese of Port Victoria or Seychelles (immediately dependent on the Holy See); 10.6% were Protestant, (Anglican 6.1%, Pentecostal Assembly 1.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.2%, other Protestant 1.6%).
Hinduism is practiced by 2.4%, and Islam by 1.6%. Other non-Christian faiths accounted for 1.1% of the population while a further 5.9% were non-religious or did not specify a religion.
Economy
During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla and copra were the chief exports. In 1965, during a three-month visit to the islands, futurist Donald Prell prepared for the then crown colony Governor General, an economic report containing a scenario for the future of the economy. Quoting from his report, in the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector. The Indian Ocean Tracking Station on Mahé was closed in August 1996 after the Seychelles government attempted to raise the rent to more than $10,000,000 per year.
Since independence in 1976, per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force, compared to agriculture which today employs about 3% of the labour force. Despite the growth of tourism, farming and fishing continue to employ some people, as do industries that process coconuts and vanilla.
As of 2013, the main export products are processed fish (60%) and non-fillet frozen fish (22%).
The prime agricultural products currently produced in Seychelles include sweet potatoes, vanilla, coconuts and cinnamon. These products provide much of the economic support of the locals. Frozen and canned fish, copra, cinnamon and vanilla are the main export commodities.
Since the worldwide economic crises of 2008, the Seychelles government has prioritised a curbing of the budget deficit, including the containment of social welfare costs and further privatisation of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, banking, imports of basic products, telecommunications and a wide range of other businesses. According to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, which measures the degree of limited government, market openness, regulatory efficiency, rule of law, and other factors, economic freedom has been increasing each year since 2010.
The national currency of Seychelles is the Seychellois rupee. Initially tied to a basket of international currencies it was depegged and allowed to be devalued and float freely in 2008 on the presumed hopes of attracting further foreign investment in the Seychelles economy.
Tourism
In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a significant industry, essentially dividing the economy into plantations and tourism. The tourism sector paid better, and the plantation economy could only expand so far. The plantation sector of the economy declined in prominence, and tourism became the primary industry of Seychelles.
In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new resort properties, such as project TIME, distributed by the World Bank, along with its predecessor project MAGIC. Despite its growth, the vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991–1992 due largely to the Gulf War.
Since then the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, small-scale manufacturing and most recently the offshore financial sector, through the establishment of the Financial Services Authority and the enactment of several pieces of legislation (such as the International Corporate Service Providers Act, the International Business Companies Act, the Securities Act, the Mutual Funds and Hedge Fund Act, amongst others).
During March 2015, Seychelles allocated Assumption island to be developed by India.
Energy
Although multinational oil companies have explored the waters around the islands, no oil or gas has been found. In 2005, a deal was signed with US firm Petroquest, giving it exploration rights to about 30,000 km2 around Constant, Topaz, Farquhar and Coëtivy islands until 2014. Seychelles imports oil from the Persian Gulf in the form of refined petroleum derivatives at the rate of about 5,700 barrels per day (910 m3/d).
In recent years oil has been imported from Kuwait and also from Bahrain. Seychelles imports three times more oil than is needed for internal uses because it re-exports the surplus oil in the form of bunker for ships and aircraft calling at Mahé. There are no refining capacities on the islands. Oil and gas imports, distribution and re-export are the responsibility of Seychelles Petroleum (Sepec), while oil exploration is the responsibility of the Seychelles National Oil Company (SNOC).
Culture
Seychellois society is essentially matriarchal. Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most expenditures and looking after the interests of the children. Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children. Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral.
Education
Until the mid-19th century, little formal education was available in Seychelles. The Catholic and Anglican churches opened mission schools in 1851. The Catholic mission later operated boys' and girls' secondary schools with religious Brothers and nuns from abroad even after the government became responsible for them in 1944.
A teacher training college opened in 1959, when the supply of locally trained teachers began to grow, and in short time many new schools were established. Since 1981 a system of free education has been in effect requiring attendance by all children in grades one to nine, beginning at age five. Ninety percent of all children attend nursery school at age four.
The literacy rate for school-age children rose to more than 90% by the late 1980s. Many older Seychellois had not been taught to read or write in their childhood; adult education classes helped raise adult literacy from 60% to a claimed 100% in 2014.
There are a total of 68 schools in Seychelles. The public school system consists of 23 crèches, 25 primary schools and 13 secondary schools. They are located on Mahé, Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette. Additionally, there are three private schools: École Française, International School and the Independent School. All the private schools are on Mahé, and the International School has a branch on Praslin. There are seven post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools: the Seychelles Polytechnic, School of Advanced Level Studies, Seychelles Tourism Academy, University of Seychelles Education, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Maritime Training Center, Seychelles Agricultural and Horticultural Training Center and the National Institute for Health and Social Studies.
The administration launched plans to open a university in an attempt to slow down the brain drain that has occurred. University of Seychelles, initiated in conjunction with the University of London, opened on 17 September 2009 in three locations and offers qualifications from the University of London.
Cuisine
Staple foods include fish, seafood and shellfish dishes, often accompanied with rice. Fish dishes are cooked in several ways, such as steamed, grilled, wrapped in banana leaves, baked, salted and smoked. Curry dishes with rice are also a significant aspect of the country's cuisine.
Additional food staples include coconut, breadfruit, mangoes and kordonnyen fish. Dishes are often garnished with fresh flowers.
Chicken dishes, such as chicken curry and coconut milk.
Coconut curry
Dhal (lentils)
Fish curry
Saffron rice
Fresh tropical fruits
Ladob is eaten either as a savoury dish or as a dessert. The dessert version usually consists of ripe plantain and sweet potatoes (but may also include cassava, breadfruit or even corossol) boiled with coconut milk, sugar, nutmeg and vanilla in the form of a pod until the fruit is soft and the sauce is creamy. The savoury dish usually includes salted fish, cooked in a similar fashion to the dessert version, with plantain, cassava and breadfruit, but with salt used in place of sugar (and omitting vanilla).
Shark chutney typically consists of boiled skinned shark, finely mashed, and cooked with squeezed bilimbi juice and lime. It is mixed with onion and spices, and the onion is fried and it is cooked in oil.
Vegetables
Music
The music of Seychelles is diverse, a reflection of the fusion of cultures through its history. The folk music of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including African rhythms, aesthetic and instrumentation—such as the zez and the bom (known in Brazil as berimbau), European contredanse, polka and mazurka, French folk and pop, sega from Mauritius and Réunion, taarab, soukous and other pan-African genres, and Polynesian, Indian and Arcadian music.
A form of percussion music called contombley is popular, as is Moutya, a fusion of native folk rhythms with Kenyan benga. Kontredans (based on European contredanse) is popular, especially in District and School competitions during the annual Festival Kreol (International Creole Festival). Moutya playing and dancing can often be seen at beach bazaars. Their main languages are Seychellois Creole of the French language, French and English.
Media and telecommunications
The main daily newspaper is the Seychelles Nation, dedicated to local government views and current affairs and topics. Other political parties operate other papers such as Regar. Foreign newspapers and magazines are readily available in most bookshops and newsagents. The papers are mostly written in Seychellois Creole, French and English.
The main television and radio network is operated by the Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation which offers locally produced news and discussion programmes in the Seychellois Creole language. Broadcasts run between 3pm and 11:30pm on weekdays and longer hours during the weekends. There are also imported English and French language television programmes imported on Seychellois terrestrial television and international satellite television has grown rapidly in recent years.
Sports
The most popular sport in Seychelles is basketball, which has particularly developed in this decade. The country's national team qualified for the 2015 African Games, its greatest accomplishment to date. There, the team competed against some of the continent's largest countries such as Egypt.
Military
The Military of Seychelles is the Seychelles People's Defence Force which consists of a number of distinct branches: including an Infantry Unit, Coast Guard, Air Force and a Presidential Protection Unit. India has and continues to play a key role developing the military of Seychelles. After handing over 2 SDB Mk5 patrol vessels namely INS Tarasa and INS Tarmugli to Seychelles Coast Guard, built by GRSE which were subsequently renamed SCG Constant and SCG Topaz, India also gifted a Dornier Maritime Patrol aircraft built by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. India also signed a pact to develop the Assumption Island, one of the 115 islands that make up the country. Spread over 11 km2 (4 sq mi), it is strategically located in the Indian Ocean, north of Madagascar. The island is being leased for development of infrastructure, a euphemism for developing strategic assets by India.
Incarceration
In 2014, Seychelles had the highest incarceration rate in the world of 799 prisoners per 100,000 population, exceeding the United States rate by 15%. Note however, the country's actual population is less than 100,000; as of September 2014, Seychelles had 735 actual prisoners, only 6% of whom were female, incarcerated in three prisons.
Modern piracy
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island sovereign state off the eastern coast of Africa
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Wholesale China: Advantages Of Seychelles Company Offshore Incorporation
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Besides plantation, Seychelles boasts of thriving tourism industry, accounting for 73% of its GDP since its international airport began its ...
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Buy Michigan Demonym Tees Products Online in Victoria at Best Prices on desertcart Seychelles
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Shop for Michigan Demonym Tees products online in Victoria, a leading shopping store for Michigan Demonym Tees products at discounted prices along with great deals and offers on desertcart Seychelles. We deliver quality Michigan Demonym Tees products at your doorstep from the International Market . Get âFast & FREE Delivery & Easy Returns!
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About: Seychelles
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Seychelles (/seɪˈʃɛlz/, /-ˈʃɛl, ˈseɪʃɛl(z)/; French: [sɛʃɛl] or [seʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: La Repiblik Sesel), is an archipelagic country consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres (800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago (administered by the United Kingdom as the British Indian Ocean Territory) to the east. It is the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated 2020 population of 98,462.
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dbo:abstract
Seychelles; francès: [sɛʃɛl] or ), oficialment la República de Seychelles (francès: République des Seychelles ; : La Repiblik Sesel), és un país insular arxipelàgic de l' oceà Índic a l'extrem oriental del mar de Somàlia. Consta de 115 illes. La seva capital i ciutat més gran, Victoria, té 1,500 quilometres (932 mi) est de l'Àfrica continental. Altres països i territoris insulars propers inclouen les Comores, Madagascar, Maurici i les regions franceses d'ultramar de Mayotte i Reunió al sud; i Maldives i l'arxipèlag de Txagos (administrat pel Regne Unit com a Territori Britànic de l'Oceà Índic) a l'est. La seva població estimada de 98.462 persones, la més petita de qualsevol país africà sobirà. Està constituïda per un arxipèlag de 115 illes, la principal de les quals és Mahé (on hi ha la capital, Victòria), que es troben a l'est del continent africà i al nord-est de Madagascar. Altres estats o dependències insulars propers són Maurici i Reunió al sud, les Comores al sud-oest i les Maldives al nord-est. El punt més alt de les Seychelles és el (906 metres) situat a l'illa principal de Mahé. (ca)
سيشل رسمياً جمهورية سيشل هي دولة جزيرية في أفريقيا تتواجد في المحيط الهندي مكونة من عدة جزر، عاصمتها مدينة فيكتوريا. (ar)
Seychely (výslovnost [sejšely]), plným názvem Seychelská republika, je stát na stejnojmenném souostroví v Indickém oceánu, východně od afrického kontinentu a severně od Madagaskaru. (cs)
Οι Σεϋχέλλες (αγγλικά: Seychelles, προφέρεται: [seɪˈʃɛl] ή προφέρεται: [/seɪˈʃɛlz/], γαλλικά: προφέρεται: [seʃɛl]), κρεολικά: Repiblik Sesel, επίσημα Republic of Seychelles / République des Seychelles), είναι νησιωτικό κράτος (με συνολική έκταση 455 τ.χλμ.) του Ινδικού ωκεανού, που αποτελείται από γύρω στα 115 νησιά με πρωτεύουσα τη Βικτώρια. Μεγαλύτερο σε έκταση από τα νησιά είναι το Μαέ. Το κλίμα είναι . Η οικονομία της χώρας βασίζεται κυρίως στον τουρισμό και στην αλιεία. Το πολίτευμα είναι δημοκρατία. Σύμφωνα με επίσημη εκτίμηση για το 2021, η χώρα έχει πληθυσμό 99.728 κατοίκους (κατατάσσεται 203η). Ο πληθυσμός της είναι ο μικρότερος στην Αφρική. Επίσημες γλώσσες είναι η αγγλική και η κρεολική Σεσελουά. Πρώτοι έφτασαν στα νησιά οι Πορτογάλοι, στις αρχές του 16ου αιώνα. Από τότε πέρασαν από τα νησιά οι Γάλλοι, στους οποίους οι Σεϋχέλλες οφείλουν το όνομά τους, και οι Άγγλοι, οι οποίοι το 1903 κήρυξαν τις Σεϋχέλλες αγγλική αποικία. Η χώρα απέκτησε την ανεξαρτησία της το 1976. Στο νησιωτικό αυτό συγκρότημα, όταν ακόμα αποτελούσε κτήση της Αγγλίας, είχαν εκτοπίσει οι Άγγλοι από τις 9 Μαρτίου 1956 τον Αρχιεπίσκοπο Μακάριο της Κύπρου, μαζί με τον Μητροπολίτη Κυρηνείας Κυπριανού, και τον δημοσιογράφο Πολ. Ιωαννίδη μέχρι τις 28 Μαρτίου του 1957 που επέστρεψαν στην Ελλάδα, απ' όπου και επέστρεψε στη Κύπρο, για να αναλάβει τελικά το 1960 πρώτος Πρόεδρος της ανεξάρτητης Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας. Εθνική εορτή είναι η 18η Ιουνίου, οπότε το 1993 υιοθετήθηκε το ισχύον Σύνταγμα. (el)
Die Republik Seychellen, auch nur die Seychellen (zeˈʃɛlən, früher auch Seschellen geschrieben; Seychellenkreol Sesel; französisch Seychelles [seˈʃɛl], veraltet Séchelles geschrieben; englisch Seychelles [seɪˈʃɛlz]) ist ein Inselstaat im Indischen Ozean. Topografisch gehört der Staat zu Afrika. Seine Hauptstadt ist Victoria, welche nach der britischen Königin benannt ist. (de)
La Sejŝeloj estas lando en la Hinda Oceano, kies teritorio konsistas el la 115 insuloj de la sejŝela arkipelago. (eo)
Seychelleak (ingelesez eta frantsesez: Seychelles; ingelesez seɪˈʃɛlz eta frantsesez sɛʃɛl ahoskatua) edo Seychelle uharteak Afrika ekialdetik hurbil dagoen uharte estatua da, Indiako ozeanoan kokatutako 115 uhartez osatua, Madagaskarren iparraldean. Halaber, biztanle kopuruari dagokionez kontinenteko herrialderik txikiena da. Helburu estimatua da urtero hainbat turistarentzat bertako eguraldia eta hondartzak direla-eta. Ofizialki Seychelleetako Errepublika (frantsesez: République des Seychelles; : Repiblik Sesel) da eta hiriburua Victoria (2002an 24.970 biztanle) du. Mahé uhartean kokatuta dagoen hiriburua da. Biztanleriaren herena bertan bizi da. Gainera, bertan, lurraldeko aireportu bakarra dago, non mundu osoko lurraldeetatik gehienbat turistak heltzen dira. Bertako hizkuntza ofizialak , frantsesa eta ingelesa dira. Ordea, bertako jendeari seychelletar esaten zaie. Errepublika presidentzialista batean bizi dira, non da bertako presidentea. Erresuma Batuarekiko independentzia 1976. urteko ekainaren 29an lortu zuten. Lurralde osoak 445,00 km² ditu. Han erabilitako moneta ofiziala errupia seychelletar da. (eu)
Las Seychelles, oficialmente la República de Seychelles (en inglés, Republic of Seychelles; en francés, République des Seychelles; en criollo seychelense, Repiblik Sesel) son un grupo de 115 islas ubicadas en el océano Índico, al noreste de Madagascar, con una superficie total de 455 km² y una población estimada de 99.202 habitantes (2021). Pertenece a la Mancomunidad de Naciones. Su capital es Victoria, la única ciudad del archipiélago, ubicada en la isla Mahé y habitada por un tercio de la población. Posee el único aeropuerto y puerto internacional del país, que recibe vuelos desde los aeropuertos internacionales más importantes del mundo, ya que la principal fuente de divisas del país es el turismo. Una de las atracciones principales de Victoria es el Jardín Botánico, donde pueden observarse ejemplares de tortugas gigantes que son endémicas de estas islas (por ejemplo: la tortuga gigante de Aldabra, Dipsochelys dussumieri o Geochelone gigantea) y que, aunque son de una menor talla, son muy parecidas a las especies de tortugas presentes en las islas Galápagos. Otras especies de tortugas gigantes de las islas Seychelles son la tortuga gigante de Seychelles (Dipsochelys hololissa) y la tortuga gigante de Arnold, ambas en peligro crítico de extinción. Actualmente son objeto de un programa de cría en cautividad y reintroducción por la Asociación de Protección de la Naturaleza de las Seychelles. La etnia predominante es la seychellois, de raíces africanas y francesas, pero también hay minorías china e india. La mayoría de la población profesa el catolicismo, un 8 % de la población son anglicanos y hay un 2 % de diversas religiones. Seychelles es lo que se conoce como un paraíso tropical. Las islas conservan su belleza natural, con hermosas playas y un mar con excelentes condiciones para los amantes del buceo. Tiene clima tropical con temperaturas que, anualmente, oscilan entre los 25 y 30 °C, con meses muy lluviosos de noviembre a mayo, cuando son alcanzadas por los vientos monzónicos. Seychelles tiene el segundo Índice de desarrollo humano más alto de África y es junto a Mauricio el único país de este continente con un IDH considerado "muy alto". A pesar de la nueva prosperidad económica del país, la cual ha posicionado a este país como uno de lo más ricos de África, enfrenta aún numerosos problemas sociales. (es)
Les Seychelles, en forme longue la république des Seychelles (en créole seychellois : Sesel et Repiblik Sesel ; en anglais : Seychelles et Republic of Seychelles) est un archipel de cent-seize îles (dont une artificielle), situé dans l'ouest de l'océan Indien et rattaché au continent africain. Toutes ces îles sont regroupées en un État dont la capitale est la ville de Victoria sur l'île principale de Mahé. (fr)
Go hoifigiúil, is é Poblacht na Séiséal is ainm don tír, Na Séiséil (Fraincis: République des Seychelles, Creole: Repiblik Sesel). Is stát oileánach í a bhfuil 158 oileáin ann. Tá siad suite san Aigéin Indiach, 1,600 cm taobh soir den Afraic, soir ó thuaidh den oileán Madagascar. I dtéarmaí daonra is iad na Séiséil an stát neamhspleách is lú san Afraic. Is é Victoria príomhchathair na tíre. (ga)
Seychelles atau Seiselensa (/seɪˈʃɛlz/ say-SHELZ; French: [sɛʃɛl]), Secara resmi Republik Seychelles (bahasa Prancis: République des Seychelles; Kreol: Repiblik Sesel), adalah sebuah negara kepulauan yang mencakup sebuah kepulauan dari 115 pulau di Samudera Hindia di Samudra Hindia, sekitar 1.600 km sebelah timur daratan Afrika, dan sebelah timur laut Madagaskar. Negara dan teritori tetangganya ialah Mauritius dan Reunion di sebelah selatan, Komoro dan Mayotte di barat daya, dan Maladewa di timur laut. Seychelles, dengan perkiraan populasi 86.525, memiliki populasi terkecil di Afrika. Seychelles adalah bagian dari Kepulauan Mascarene bersama dengan Mauritius, dan Reunion. (in)
Seychelles (/seɪˈʃɛlz/, /-ˈʃɛl, ˈseɪʃɛl(z)/; French: [sɛʃɛl] or [seʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: La Repiblik Sesel), is an archipelagic country consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres (800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago (administered by the United Kingdom as the British Indian Ocean Territory) to the east. It is the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated 2020 population of 98,462. Seychelles was uninhabited prior to being encountered by Europeans in the 16th century. It faced competing French and British interests until coming under full British control in the late 18th century. Since proclaiming independence from the United Kingdom in 1976, it has developed from a largely agricultural society to a market-based diversified economy, characterized by rapidly rising service, public sector, and tourism activities. From 1976 to 2015, nominal GDP grew nearly 700%, and purchasing power parity nearly 1600%. Since the late 2010s, the government has taken steps to encourage foreign investment. As of the early 21st century, Seychelles has the highest nominal per capita GDP of any African nation. It has the second-highest Human Development Index of any African country after Mauritius. It is the only African country classified as a high-income economy by the World Bank. Seychellois culture and society is an eclectic mix of French, British, and African influences, with more recent infusions of Chinese and Indian elements. The country is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, and the Commonwealth of Nations. (en)
セーシェル共和国Repiblik Sesel （セーシェル・クレオール語）Republic of Seychelles （英語）République des Seychelles （フランス語） 国の標語：Finis Coronat Opus（ラテン語: 最後に仕事は報われる）国歌：Koste Seselwaすべてのセーシェル人よ団結せよ セーシェル共和国（セーシェルきょうわこく）、通称セーシェルは、アフリカ大陸から1300 kmほど離れたインド洋に浮かぶ115の島々からなる島国で、イギリス連邦加盟国である。首都はヴィクトリア。 (ja)
( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 세이셸 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 세이셸 공화국(세이셸 크리올: Repiblik Sesel 레피블리크 세셀, 프랑스어: République des Seychelles 레퓌블리크 드스 세이셸스[*], 영어: Republic of Seychelles, 문화어: 세이쉘)은 아프리카 동부, 인도양에 위치하여 있는 섬 나라이다. 아프리카 대륙에서 약 1,600km 떨어져 있다. 수도는 빅토리아이다. 아프리카에서는 유일하게 인도식 화폐인 루피를 쓴다. 주변의 다른 섬 나라들로 남쪽에 모리셔스, 레위니옹(프랑스령), 남서쪽에 코모로, 마요트(프랑스령), 북동쪽에 , 몰디브 등이 있다. (ko)
Le Seychelles (pron. /seiʃˈʃɛl/ o /seʃˈʃɛl/; in inglese /seɪˈʃɛlz/, in francese /sɛʃɛl/), in italiano anche Seicelle, ufficialmente la Repubblica delle Seychelles (in francese République des Seychelles; in creolo seicellese: Repiblik Sesel, in inglese Republic of Seychelles), sono uno Stato insulare il cui territorio è costituito da un arcipelago di 115 isole, localizzato nell'Oceano Indiano a circa 1500 km a est delle coste dell'Africa Orientale. L'arcipelago si trova a nord-est della punta settentrionale del Madagascar, ed è circondato da altri stati (o dipendenze) insulari fra cui Zanzibar a ovest, Mauritius e la Riunione a sud, le Comore e Mayotte a sudovest, e le Maldive a nordest. Con soli 95 652 abitanti, si tratta dello Stato indipendente africano dalla popolazione più esigua. (it)
De Seychellen, officieel de Republiek der Seychellen (Engels: Republic of Seychelles, Frans: République des Seychelles, Seychellencreools: Repiblik Sesel), is een land en archipel in Afrika ten noorden van Madagaskar in de Indische Oceaan, ongeveer 1600 km ten oosten van het Afrikaanse continent. De Seychellen bestaan uit meer dan 115 eilanden. Minder dan een derde daarvan is bewoond. Van de 95.981 (2020) inwoners woont zo'n 90% op het hoofdeiland Mahé, dat ongeveer 155 km² groot is. De hoofdstad Victoria ligt ook op dit eiland. De Seychellen zijn met hun inwoneraantal het kleinste land van Afrika en het behoort tot de kleinste landen van de wereld. Het land scoort het hoogst op de ontwikkelingsindex (HDI) van alle landen in dit werelddeel, maar heeft tegelijkertijd ook de grootste inkomensongelijkheid. De Seychellen leven voor een groot deel van het toerisme. Niet alleen vanwege de stranden met hun typische granietformaties maar ook door de unieke flora en fauna. Een lokaal gezegde stelt dat hier ooit de Hof van Eden lag. (nl)
As Seicheles ou Seychelles (em inglês e francês, Seychelles; em seichelense, Sesel), oficialmente República das Seicheles ou Seychelles, são um país insular localizado no Oceano Índico ocidental, constituído por 115 ilhas distribuídas entre vários arquipélagos localizados a norte e nordeste de Madagáscar. Fazem parte das Seicheles as Ilhas Seicheles propriamente ditas, as Ilhas Amirante, as ilhas Farcuar, as ilhas Aldabra e algumas outras ilhas dispersas. Além de Madagáscar, os seus vizinhos mais próximos são as Maurícias, a sudeste, as Comores e Maiote, a sudoeste, e as Ilhas Gloriosas, a sul. A capital do país é Vitória. As Seicheles estavam desabitadas antes de serem encontradas pelos europeus no século XVI. Enfrentou interesses franceses e britânicos concorrentes, até ficar sob controle britânico total no final do século XIX. Desde a proclamação da independência do Reino Unido em 1976, o país passou de uma sociedade amplamente agrícola para uma economia diversificada baseada no mercado, caracterizada pelo rápido crescimento das atividades de serviços, setor público e turismo. De 1976 até 2015, o PIB nominal cresceu quase sete vezes e a paridade do poder de compra aumentou quase dezesseis vezes. Desde o final de 2010, o governo tomou medidas para incentivar o investimento estrangeiro. Hoje, as Seicheles possuem o maior PIB per capita entre todas as nações africanas. É o primeiro e único país africano com Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano considerado muito alto, além de ter uma das maiores renda per capita da África. e o único país africano classificado como economia de alta renda pelo Banco Mundial. Apesar de sua relativa prosperidade, a pobreza permanece generalizada e o país tem um dos níveis mais altos de desigualdade econômica e distribuição desigual de riqueza, com a classe alta e dominante comandando uma vasta proporção da riqueza do país. A cultura e sociedade das Seicheles é uma mistura eclética de influências francesas, inglesas e africanas, com infusões mais recentes de elementos chineses e indianos. O país é membro das Nações Unidas, da União Africana, da Comunidade de Desenvolvimento da África Austral e da Commonwealth. (pt)
Seszele (fr., ang. Seychelles, sesz. Sesel), oficjalnie: Republika Seszeli – państwo wyspiarskie na Oceanie Indyjskim, ok. 1600 km od wybrzeży Afryki, położone na północny wschód od Madagaskaru. Najbliższe państwa i terytoria zamorskie to Mauritius i Reunion na południu oraz Malediwy na północnym wschodzie. (pl)
Seychellerna, formellt Republiken Seychellerna, är en stat i västra Indiska oceanen, utanför Afrikas östkust och norr om Madagaskar, bestående av 115 öar. Huvudstaden heter Victoria och är belägen på huvudön Mahé. De centrala öarna Mahé, Silhouette, Praslin och La Digue med flera är alla bergiga granitöar. De yttre öarna höjer sig endast ett fåtal meter över havsytan och består av korall. Ögruppen har ett tropiskt klimat med utpräglad oceanisk karaktär. Landet blev självständigt 1976. Presidenten är både stats- och regeringschef och har stor makt. Landets ekonomi domineras av turismen sedan den internationella flygplatsen öppnades 1971. En annan inkomstkälla är export av kokosnötter, kanel, vanilj och fisk. Seychellerna är beroende av att importera livsmedel då den odlingsbara ytan är liten. (sv)
Сейше́льские Острова́ (англ. Seychelles i/seɪˈʃɛlz/; фр. Seychelles французский: [sɛˈʃɛl], сейш. Sesel [seˈsel]), официальное название — Респу́блика Сейше́льские Острова́ (англ. Republic of Seychelles [rɪˈpʌblɪk ɒv seɪˈʃɛlz], фр. République des Seychelles [ʁe.py.bˈlik de sɛˈʃɛl], сейш. Repiblik Sesel [repibˈlik seˈsel]) — островное государство в Восточной Африке. Государство — член Содружества Наций. Расположено в западной части Индийского океана, немного южнее экватора, примерно в 1600 км к востоку от африканского материка, севернее Мадагаскара. В состав республики входят 115 островов, обитаемы только 33. Площадь государства — 455 км². Самый большой остров — Маэ (142 км²). На нём находится столица государства — Виктория и международный аэропорт. Другие крупные острова — Силуэт, Праслен, Ла-Диг. Множество мелких коралловых островов. Население — около 95 тыс. человек (2017). (ru)
Респу́бліка Сейше́льські Острови́, Сейше́ли (креол. Repiblik Sesel, фр. République des Seychelles, англ. Republic of Seychelles) — острівна держава в Індійському океані на однойменних островах біля східних берегів Африки (за 1600 км), на північ від Мадагаскару. Найменша суверенна держава Африки. Площа країни становить 455 км² (179-те місце у світі). Населення: 81,5 тис. осіб (181-ше місце у світі). Столиця: місто Вікторія. Сейшельські острови відомі природною красою навколишніх островів, особливою флорою та фауною. Туризм є основою економіки країни. (uk)
塞舌爾共和國（塞舌尔克里奥尔语：Repiblik Sesel；法語：République des Seychelles；英語：Republic of Seychelles），通稱塞席爾，是位於坦桑尼亞以東、印度洋中西部的一個群岛国家。塞舌尔为大英國協成员国。首都維多利亞。 (zh)
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سيشل رسمياً جمهورية سيشل هي دولة جزيرية في أفريقيا تتواجد في المحيط الهندي مكونة من عدة جزر، عاصمتها مدينة فيكتوريا. (ar)
Seychely (výslovnost [sejšely]), plným názvem Seychelská republika, je stát na stejnojmenném souostroví v Indickém oceánu, východně od afrického kontinentu a severně od Madagaskaru. (cs)
Die Republik Seychellen, auch nur die Seychellen (zeˈʃɛlən, früher auch Seschellen geschrieben; Seychellenkreol Sesel; französisch Seychelles [seˈʃɛl], veraltet Séchelles geschrieben; englisch Seychelles [seɪˈʃɛlz]) ist ein Inselstaat im Indischen Ozean. Topografisch gehört der Staat zu Afrika. Seine Hauptstadt ist Victoria, welche nach der britischen Königin benannt ist. (de)
La Sejŝeloj estas lando en la Hinda Oceano, kies teritorio konsistas el la 115 insuloj de la sejŝela arkipelago. (eo)
Les Seychelles, en forme longue la république des Seychelles (en créole seychellois : Sesel et Repiblik Sesel ; en anglais : Seychelles et Republic of Seychelles) est un archipel de cent-seize îles (dont une artificielle), situé dans l'ouest de l'océan Indien et rattaché au continent africain. Toutes ces îles sont regroupées en un État dont la capitale est la ville de Victoria sur l'île principale de Mahé. (fr)
Go hoifigiúil, is é Poblacht na Séiséal is ainm don tír, Na Séiséil (Fraincis: République des Seychelles, Creole: Repiblik Sesel). Is stát oileánach í a bhfuil 158 oileáin ann. Tá siad suite san Aigéin Indiach, 1,600 cm taobh soir den Afraic, soir ó thuaidh den oileán Madagascar. I dtéarmaí daonra is iad na Séiséil an stát neamhspleách is lú san Afraic. Is é Victoria príomhchathair na tíre. (ga)
Seychelles atau Seiselensa (/seɪˈʃɛlz/ say-SHELZ; French: [sɛʃɛl]), Secara resmi Republik Seychelles (bahasa Prancis: République des Seychelles; Kreol: Repiblik Sesel), adalah sebuah negara kepulauan yang mencakup sebuah kepulauan dari 115 pulau di Samudera Hindia di Samudra Hindia, sekitar 1.600 km sebelah timur daratan Afrika, dan sebelah timur laut Madagaskar. Negara dan teritori tetangganya ialah Mauritius dan Reunion di sebelah selatan, Komoro dan Mayotte di barat daya, dan Maladewa di timur laut. Seychelles, dengan perkiraan populasi 86.525, memiliki populasi terkecil di Afrika. Seychelles adalah bagian dari Kepulauan Mascarene bersama dengan Mauritius, dan Reunion. (in)
セーシェル共和国Repiblik Sesel （セーシェル・クレオール語）Republic of Seychelles （英語）République des Seychelles （フランス語） 国の標語：Finis Coronat Opus（ラテン語: 最後に仕事は報われる）国歌：Koste Seselwaすべてのセーシェル人よ団結せよ セーシェル共和国（セーシェルきょうわこく）、通称セーシェルは、アフリカ大陸から1300 kmほど離れたインド洋に浮かぶ115の島々からなる島国で、イギリス連邦加盟国である。首都はヴィクトリア。 (ja)
( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 세이셸 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 세이셸 공화국(세이셸 크리올: Repiblik Sesel 레피블리크 세셀, 프랑스어: République des Seychelles 레퓌블리크 드스 세이셸스[*], 영어: Republic of Seychelles, 문화어: 세이쉘)은 아프리카 동부, 인도양에 위치하여 있는 섬 나라이다. 아프리카 대륙에서 약 1,600km 떨어져 있다. 수도는 빅토리아이다. 아프리카에서는 유일하게 인도식 화폐인 루피를 쓴다. 주변의 다른 섬 나라들로 남쪽에 모리셔스, 레위니옹(프랑스령), 남서쪽에 코모로, 마요트(프랑스령), 북동쪽에 , 몰디브 등이 있다. (ko)
Seszele (fr., ang. Seychelles, sesz. Sesel), oficjalnie: Republika Seszeli – państwo wyspiarskie na Oceanie Indyjskim, ok. 1600 km od wybrzeży Afryki, położone na północny wschód od Madagaskaru. Najbliższe państwa i terytoria zamorskie to Mauritius i Reunion na południu oraz Malediwy na północnym wschodzie. (pl)
Респу́бліка Сейше́льські Острови́, Сейше́ли (креол. Repiblik Sesel, фр. République des Seychelles, англ. Republic of Seychelles) — острівна держава в Індійському океані на однойменних островах біля східних берегів Африки (за 1600 км), на північ від Мадагаскару. Найменша суверенна держава Африки. Площа країни становить 455 км² (179-те місце у світі). Населення: 81,5 тис. осіб (181-ше місце у світі). Столиця: місто Вікторія. Сейшельські острови відомі природною красою навколишніх островів, особливою флорою та фауною. Туризм є основою економіки країни. (uk)
塞舌爾共和國（塞舌尔克里奥尔语：Repiblik Sesel；法語：République des Seychelles；英語：Republic of Seychelles），通稱塞席爾，是位於坦桑尼亞以東、印度洋中西部的一個群岛国家。塞舌尔为大英國協成员国。首都維多利亞。 (zh)
Seychelles; francès: [sɛʃɛl] or ), oficialment la República de Seychelles (francès: République des Seychelles ; : La Repiblik Sesel), és un país insular arxipelàgic de l' oceà Índic a l'extrem oriental del mar de Somàlia. Consta de 115 illes. La seva capital i ciutat més gran, Victoria, té 1,500 quilometres (932 mi) est de l'Àfrica continental. Altres països i territoris insulars propers inclouen les Comores, Madagascar, Maurici i les regions franceses d'ultramar de Mayotte i Reunió al sud; i Maldives i l'arxipèlag de Txagos (administrat pel Regne Unit com a Territori Britànic de l'Oceà Índic) a l'est. La seva població estimada de 98.462 persones, la més petita de qualsevol país africà sobirà. (ca)
Οι Σεϋχέλλες (αγγλικά: Seychelles, προφέρεται: [seɪˈʃɛl] ή προφέρεται: [/seɪˈʃɛlz/], γαλλικά: προφέρεται: [seʃɛl]), κρεολικά: Repiblik Sesel, επίσημα Republic of Seychelles / République des Seychelles), είναι νησιωτικό κράτος (με συνολική έκταση 455 τ.χλμ.) του Ινδικού ωκεανού, που αποτελείται από γύρω στα 115 νησιά με πρωτεύουσα τη Βικτώρια. Μεγαλύτερο σε έκταση από τα νησιά είναι το Μαέ. Το κλίμα είναι . Η οικονομία της χώρας βασίζεται κυρίως στον τουρισμό και στην αλιεία. Το πολίτευμα είναι δημοκρατία. Σύμφωνα με επίσημη εκτίμηση για το 2021, η χώρα έχει πληθυσμό 99.728 κατοίκους (κατατάσσεται 203η). Ο πληθυσμός της είναι ο μικρότερος στην Αφρική. Επίσημες γλώσσες είναι η αγγλική και η κρεολική Σεσελουά. Πρώτοι έφτασαν στα νησιά οι Πορτογάλοι, στις αρχές του 16ου αιώνα. Από τότε πέρασαν (el)
Las Seychelles, oficialmente la República de Seychelles (en inglés, Republic of Seychelles; en francés, République des Seychelles; en criollo seychelense, Repiblik Sesel) son un grupo de 115 islas ubicadas en el océano Índico, al noreste de Madagascar, con una superficie total de 455 km² y una población estimada de 99.202 habitantes (2021). Pertenece a la Mancomunidad de Naciones. (es)
Seychelleak (ingelesez eta frantsesez: Seychelles; ingelesez seɪˈʃɛlz eta frantsesez sɛʃɛl ahoskatua) edo Seychelle uharteak Afrika ekialdetik hurbil dagoen uharte estatua da, Indiako ozeanoan kokatutako 115 uhartez osatua, Madagaskarren iparraldean. Halaber, biztanle kopuruari dagokionez kontinenteko herrialderik txikiena da. Helburu estimatua da urtero hainbat turistarentzat bertako eguraldia eta hondartzak direla-eta. (eu)
Seychelles (/seɪˈʃɛlz/, /-ˈʃɛl, ˈseɪʃɛl(z)/; French: [sɛʃɛl] or [seʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: La Repiblik Sesel), is an archipelagic country consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres (800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago (administered by the United Kingdom as the British Indian Ocean Territory) to the east. It is the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated 2020 population of 98,462. (en)
Le Seychelles (pron. /seiʃˈʃɛl/ o /seʃˈʃɛl/; in inglese /seɪˈʃɛlz/, in francese /sɛʃɛl/), in italiano anche Seicelle, ufficialmente la Repubblica delle Seychelles (in francese République des Seychelles; in creolo seicellese: Repiblik Sesel, in inglese Republic of Seychelles), sono uno Stato insulare il cui territorio è costituito da un arcipelago di 115 isole, localizzato nell'Oceano Indiano a circa 1500 km a est delle coste dell'Africa Orientale. (it)
De Seychellen, officieel de Republiek der Seychellen (Engels: Republic of Seychelles, Frans: République des Seychelles, Seychellencreools: Repiblik Sesel), is een land en archipel in Afrika ten noorden van Madagaskar in de Indische Oceaan, ongeveer 1600 km ten oosten van het Afrikaanse continent. De Seychellen bestaan uit meer dan 115 eilanden. Minder dan een derde daarvan is bewoond. Van de 95.981 (2020) inwoners woont zo'n 90% op het hoofdeiland Mahé, dat ongeveer 155 km² groot is. De hoofdstad Victoria ligt ook op dit eiland. De Seychellen zijn met hun inwoneraantal het kleinste land van Afrika en het behoort tot de kleinste landen van de wereld. Het land scoort het hoogst op de ontwikkelingsindex (HDI) van alle landen in dit werelddeel, maar heeft tegelijkertijd ook de grootste inkomen (nl)
Seychellerna, formellt Republiken Seychellerna, är en stat i västra Indiska oceanen, utanför Afrikas östkust och norr om Madagaskar, bestående av 115 öar. Huvudstaden heter Victoria och är belägen på huvudön Mahé. De centrala öarna Mahé, Silhouette, Praslin och La Digue med flera är alla bergiga granitöar. De yttre öarna höjer sig endast ett fåtal meter över havsytan och består av korall. Ögruppen har ett tropiskt klimat med utpräglad oceanisk karaktär. (sv)
As Seicheles ou Seychelles (em inglês e francês, Seychelles; em seichelense, Sesel), oficialmente República das Seicheles ou Seychelles, são um país insular localizado no Oceano Índico ocidental, constituído por 115 ilhas distribuídas entre vários arquipélagos localizados a norte e nordeste de Madagáscar. Fazem parte das Seicheles as Ilhas Seicheles propriamente ditas, as Ilhas Amirante, as ilhas Farcuar, as ilhas Aldabra e algumas outras ilhas dispersas. Além de Madagáscar, os seus vizinhos mais próximos são as Maurícias, a sudeste, as Comores e Maiote, a sudoeste, e as Ilhas Gloriosas, a sul. A capital do país é Vitória. (pt)
Сейше́льские Острова́ (англ. Seychelles i/seɪˈʃɛlz/; фр. Seychelles французский: [sɛˈʃɛl], сейш. Sesel [seˈsel]), официальное название — Респу́блика Сейше́льские Острова́ (англ. Republic of Seychelles [rɪˈpʌblɪk ɒv seɪˈʃɛlz], фр. République des Seychelles [ʁe.py.bˈlik de sɛˈʃɛl], сейш. Repiblik Sesel [repibˈlik seˈsel]) — островное государство в Восточной Африке. Государство — член Содружества Наций. Расположено в западной части Индийского океана, немного южнее экватора, примерно в 1600 км к востоку от африканского материка, севернее Мадагаскара. Население — около 95 тыс. человек (2017). (ru)
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About: Kalanga, Iran
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Kalanga (Persian: کلنگا, also Romanized as Kalangā; also known as Kalangāh) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 454, in 103 families.
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Kalanga,_Iran
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dbo:abstract
Kalanga (Persian: کلنگا, also Romanized as Kalangā; also known as Kalangāh) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 454, in 103 families. (en)
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Kalanga (Persian: کلنگا, also Romanized as Kalangā; also known as Kalangāh) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 454, in 103 families. (en)
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Mazandaran province geography stubs
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https://static.famousfix.com/img/ff/favicon.ico
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FamousFix.com
|
https://www.famousfix.com/list/mazandaran-province-geography-stubs
|
1.
Kelardasht-e Sharqi Rural District
Former Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: Kelardasht-e Sharqi Rural District (Persian: دهستان کلاردشت شرقی) is a rural district (dehestan) in Kelardasht District, Chalus County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population ...
0 0
2.
Haraz River
River in Iran
Overview: The Haraz River (Persian: هراز) is a notable river flowing through the Mazandaran Province of northern Iran. It flows northwards, from the Alborz mountain range into the Caspian Sea.
0 0
3.
Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District
Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District (Persian: دهستان شرق وغرب شيرگاه) is a rural district (dehestan) in North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was ...
0 0
4.
Shirgah District
County in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: North Savadkuh County (Persian: شهرستان سوادکوه شمالی) is a county in Mazandaran Province, Iran. The county was formed in 2013 from Shirgah and Narenjestan Districts, including the city of Shirgah ...
0 0
5.
Lar National Park
National park in Iran
Overview: Lar National Park (Persian پارک ملی لار park-e melli-e lar) is a protected area in Mazandaran Province and Tehran Province, in northern Iran.
0 0
6.
Galugah County
County in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: Galugah County (Persian: شهرستان گلوگاه) is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Galugah. It was separated from Behshahr County in 2005. At the 2006 census, the ...
0 0
7.
Neka County
County in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: Neka County (Persian: شهرستان نکا) is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Neka. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 104,753, in 26,723 families. The ...
0 0
8.
Sari County
County in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: Sari county (Persian: شهرستان ساری) is the capital of Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Sari. At the 2006 census, the county's population (including portions later split ...
0 0
9.
Babol County
County in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: Babol County (Persian: شهرستان بابل) is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Babol. At the 2012 census, the county's population was 495,472, in 149,363 families ...
0 0
10.
Fereydunkenar County
County in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: Fereydunkenar County (Persian: شهرستان فریدونکنار) is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Fereydunkenar. It was separated from Babolsar County in 2008. At the ...
0 0
11.
Hatkeh Rural District
Rural district in Mazandaran province, Iran
Overview: Hatkeh Rural District (Persian: دهستان هتکه) is in Narenjestan District of North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Bur Kheyl. Prior to the formation of the rural ...
0 0
12.
Chaybagh Rural District
Rural district in Mazandaran province, Iran
Overview: Chaybagh Rural District (Persian: دهستان چایباغ) is in Narenjestan District of North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Chaybagh. Prior to the formation of the rural ...
0 0
14.
Lafur Rural District
Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: Lafour Rural District (Persian: دهستان لفور) is a rural district (dehestan) in North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 4,826, in 1,427 families ...
0 0
15.
Kelardasht-e Gharbi Rural District
Former Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: Kelardasht-e Gharbi Rural District (Persian: دهستان کلاردشت غربی) is a rural district (dehestan) in Kelardasht District, Chalus County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population ...
0 0
16.
Nowshahr County
County in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: Noshahr County (Persian: شهرستان نوشهر) is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Noshahr. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 116,334, in 31,842 families ...
0 0
17.
Nur County
County in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: Nur County (Persian: شهرستان نور) is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Nur. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 104,807, in 27,699 families. The ...
0 0
18.
Mahmudabad County
County in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: Mahmudabad County (Persian: شهرستان محمودآباد) is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Mahmudabad. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 90,054, in 24,135 ...
0 0
19.
Qaem Shahr County
County in Mazandaran, Iran
Overview: Qaem Shahr County (also Qa'em Shahr and Ghaemshahr, Persian: قائمشهر شهرستان) is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The center of the county is Qaem Shahr. The city was previously known as ...
0 0
|
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6497
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dbpedia
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3
| 16
|
https://www.peekyou.com/_matseke
|
en
|
Matseke Facebook, Instagram & Twitter on PeekYou
|
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Looking for Matseke? Found 3 people named Matseke along with free Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok profiles on PeekYou - true people search.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
PeekYou
|
https://www.peekyou.com/_matseke
|
What is Matseke's Instagram?
We've discovered several social media accounts associated with Matseke, including @prettydee_rsa_, @mis_rethabile, @matseke_m, @its.lee.tha.bow and others. To explore more of Matseke's online presence, click here.
What is Matseke's Facebook?
We've discovered several social media accounts associated with Matseke, including @makgehle.matseke.5, @mpho.matseke.370, @onkgopotse.matseke.77, @siphesihle.matseke and others. To explore more of Matseke's online presence, click here.
What is Matseke's famous for?
Matsemela Manaka (1956–1998) was a South African playwright, poet, and artist. He began his career in the mid-1970s and was influenced by the ideas of the Black Consciousness Movement. Among his plays, the most distinguished are Egoli: City of Gold and Children of Asazi. He won the PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award in 1987.. You can find more here.
Are PeekYou social results accurate?
PeekYou is a free people-focused search engine that uncovers information typically buried by other search engines. Its clean and user-friendly format makes it easy to navigate. The platform offers accurate data and conveniently links to an individual's social media profiles and other public websites with which they are associated.
|
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6497
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dbpedia
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0
| 5
|
https://dbpedia.org/page/Kalanga,_Iran
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en
|
About: Kalanga, Iran
|
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Kalanga (Persian: کلنگا, also Romanized as Kalangā; also known as Kalangāh) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 454, in 103 families.
|
DBpedia
|
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Kalanga,_Iran
|
Kalanga (Persian: کلنگا, also Romanized as Kalangā; also known as Kalangāh) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 454, in 103 families.
|
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6497
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dbpedia
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1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karipey_Rural_District
|
en
|
Karipey Rural District
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
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2013-10-28T18:54:10+00:00
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karipey_Rural_District
|
Rural district in Mazandaran province, Iran
Rural District in Mazandaran, Iran
Karipey Rural District (Persian: دهستان كارئ پي)[3] is in Lalehabad District of Babol County, Mazandaran province, Iran.[4] It is administered from the city of Zargar.[5]
Demographics
[edit]
Population
[edit]
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 31,761 in 8,094 households.[6] There were 31,971 inhabitants in 9,506 households at the following census of 2011.[7] The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 27,828 in 9,206 households. The most populous of its 51 villages was Aminabad, with 1,952 people.[2]
See also
[edit]
Iran portal
|
||||
6497
|
dbpedia
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0
| 9
|
https://www.howtopronounce.com/kamangar
|
en
|
How to pronounce Kamangar
|
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[
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2019-12-16T16:13:58
|
How to say Kamangar in English? Pronunciation of Kamangar with 2 audio pronunciations, 1 meaning, 2 translations and more for Kamangar.
|
en
|
/apple-icon-57x57.png
|
https://www.howtopronounce.com/kamangar
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Wiki content for Kamangar
Kamangar - The Kamangar is a Muslim community, found in North India, Dist. Chiniot, South Punjab, North Sindh and South Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.
Kamangar Kola, Dabudasht - Kamangar Kola (Persian: كمانگركلا, also Romanized as Kamāngar Kolā) is a village in Dabuy-ye Jonubi Rural District, Dabudasht District, Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Kamangar, Iran - Kamangar (Persian: كمانگر, also Romanized as Kamāngar) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Kamangar Kola, Qaem Shahr - Kamangar Kola (Persian: كمانگركلا, also Romanized as Kamāngar Kolā) is a village in Balatajan Rural District, in the Central District of Qaem Shahr County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Kamangaran - Kamangaran (Persian: کمان گران, also Romanized as Kamāngarān) is a village in Rudbar Rural District, Central District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran.
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6497
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dbpedia
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0
| 22
|
https://meaning.urdu.co/aminabad,%2Bbabol/
|
en
|
Meaning of Aminabad, Babol
|
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Meaning and Translation of Aminabad, Babol in Urdu Script and Roman Urdu with Reference and Related Words
|
http://meaning.urdu.co/aminabad%2c+babol/
|
Meaning of Aminabad, Babol in Urdu
Meaning and Translation of Aminabad, Babol in Urdu Script and Roman Urdu with Short Information in Urdu, Related, Wikipedia Reference, Image,
|
|||||||
6497
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dbpedia
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3
| 2
|
https://dbpedia.org/page/Kalanga,_Iran
|
en
|
About: Kalanga, Iran
|
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Kalanga (Persian: کلنگا, also Romanized as Kalangā; also known as Kalangāh) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 454, in 103 families.
|
DBpedia
|
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Kalanga,_Iran
|
dbo:abstract
Kalanga (Persian: کلنگا, also Romanized as Kalangā; also known as Kalangāh) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 454, in 103 families. (en)
rdfs:comment
Kalanga (Persian: کلنگا, also Romanized as Kalangā; also known as Kalangāh) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 454, in 103 families. (en)
|
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6497
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dbpedia
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3
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https://www.browserscan.net/ipcheck/2.147.192.142
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en
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2.147.192.142 - My ip info, What is my ip address, Query IP (IPv4, IPv6) location in common databases/ping test/ip query - BrowserScan
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https://www.browserscan.net/ipcheck/2.147.192.142
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Juybar
City in Mazandaran province, Iran
Distance: Approx. 1135 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.6375,52.90055556
Juybar (Persian: جويبار) is a city in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Juybar is known as the wrestling capital of Iran.
Central District (Juybar County)
District in Mazandaran province, Iran
Distance: Approx. 1330 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.62944444,52.90972222
The Central District of Juybar County (Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان جویبار) is in Mazandaran province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Juybar.
Aliabad, Babol
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 3415 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.61388889,52.895
Aliabad (Persian: علیآباد, also Romanized as ‘Alīābād) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 455, in 116 families.
Darka Sar
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 3264 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.64277778,52.94888889
Darka Sar (Persian: دركاسر, also Romanized as Darkā Sar; also known as Darkeh Sar) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 422, in 106 families.
Darvish Mohammad Shah
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 2222 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.64444444,52.93694444
Darvish Mohammad Shah (Persian: درويش محمدشاه, also Romanized as Darvīsh Moḩammad Shāh) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 275, in 74 families.
Heydarabad, Juybar
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 1907 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.65833333,52.9125
Heydarabad (Persian: حيدراباد, also Romanized as Ḩeydarābād) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 884, in 234 families.
Mahalleh Kola
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 2493 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.62,52.92138889
Mahalleh Kola (Persian: محله كلا, also Romanized as Maḩalleh Kolā) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 451, in 126 families.
Qadi Mahalleh, Juybar
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 2211 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.63361111,52.93527778
Qadi Mahalleh (Persian: قادي محله, also Romanized as Qādī Maḩalleh) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 311, in 87 families.
Qushchi Mahalleh
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 1794 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.63861111,52.93222222
Qushchi Mahalleh (Persian: قوشچي محله, also Romanized as Qūshchī Maḩalleh; also known as Qūchī Maḩalleh) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 106, in 30 families.
Seyyed Zeyn ol Abedin
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 3308 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.66694444,52.89388889
Seyyed Zeyn ol Abedin (Persian: سيدزين العابدين, also Romanized as Seyyed Zeyn ol ‘Ābedīn) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 312, in 77 families.
Seraj Mahalleh, Juybar
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 2289 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.62527778,52.92861111
Seraj Mahalleh (Persian: سراج محله, also Romanized as Serāj Maḩalleh) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 551, in 154 families.
Vasu Kola
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 3566 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.61111111,52.92611111
Vasu Kola (Persian: واسوكلا, also Romanized as Vāsū Kolā; also known as Asū Kolā) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,119, in 275 families.
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Rural district in Mazandaran province, Iran Not to be confused with Gatab District or Gatab-e Jonubi Rural District.For the city, see Gatab. Rural District in Mazandaran, IranGatab-e Shomali Rural District Persian:
|
en
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https://profilpelajar.com/images/varico.ico
|
https://profilpelajar.com/article/Gatab-e_Shomali_Rural_District
|
Rural district in Mazandaran province, Iran
Not to be confused with Gatab District or Gatab-e Jonubi Rural District.
For the city, see Gatab.
Rural District in Mazandaran, Iran
Gatab-e Shomali Rural District (Persian: دهستان گتاب شمالی)[3][a] is in Gatab District of Babol County, Mazandaran province, Iran.[4] It is administered from the city of Gatab.[5]
Demographics
Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 23,405 in 5,909 households.[6] There were 23,844 inhabitants in 7,076 households at the following census of 2011.[7] The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 24,650 in 8,240 households. The most populous of its 30 villages was Darzikola-ye Akhundi-ye Pain, with 2,153 people.[2]
See also
Iran portal
Notes
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https://www.browserscan.net/ipcheck/2.147.192.142
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2.147.192.142 - My ip info, What is my ip address, Query IP (IPv4, IPv6) location in common databases/ping test/ip query - BrowserScan
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2.147.192.142 - My ip info, What is my ip address, IP address (IPv4, IPv6) location query, get country, region, city and other information. Contains IP2location, BrightData, IPdata, IPinfo and other well-known IP databases
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|
/favicon.ico
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BrowserScan
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https://www.browserscan.net/ipcheck/2.147.192.142
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Juybar
City in Mazandaran province, Iran
Distance: Approx. 1135 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.6375,52.90055556
Juybar (Persian: جويبار) is a city in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Juybar is known as the wrestling capital of Iran.
Central District (Juybar County)
District in Mazandaran province, Iran
Distance: Approx. 1330 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.62944444,52.90972222
The Central District of Juybar County (Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان جویبار) is in Mazandaran province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Juybar.
Aliabad, Babol
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 3415 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.61388889,52.895
Aliabad (Persian: علیآباد, also Romanized as ‘Alīābād) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 455, in 116 families.
Darka Sar
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 3264 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.64277778,52.94888889
Darka Sar (Persian: دركاسر, also Romanized as Darkā Sar; also known as Darkeh Sar) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 422, in 106 families.
Darvish Mohammad Shah
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 2222 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.64444444,52.93694444
Darvish Mohammad Shah (Persian: درويش محمدشاه, also Romanized as Darvīsh Moḩammad Shāh) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 275, in 74 families.
Heydarabad, Juybar
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 1907 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.65833333,52.9125
Heydarabad (Persian: حيدراباد, also Romanized as Ḩeydarābād) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 884, in 234 families.
Mahalleh Kola
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 2493 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.62,52.92138889
Mahalleh Kola (Persian: محله كلا, also Romanized as Maḩalleh Kolā) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 451, in 126 families.
Qadi Mahalleh, Juybar
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 2211 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.63361111,52.93527778
Qadi Mahalleh (Persian: قادي محله, also Romanized as Qādī Maḩalleh) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 311, in 87 families.
Qushchi Mahalleh
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 1794 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.63861111,52.93222222
Qushchi Mahalleh (Persian: قوشچي محله, also Romanized as Qūshchī Maḩalleh; also known as Qūchī Maḩalleh) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 106, in 30 families.
Seyyed Zeyn ol Abedin
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 3308 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.66694444,52.89388889
Seyyed Zeyn ol Abedin (Persian: سيدزين العابدين, also Romanized as Seyyed Zeyn ol ‘Ābedīn) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 312, in 77 families.
Seraj Mahalleh, Juybar
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 2289 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.62527778,52.92861111
Seraj Mahalleh (Persian: سراج محله, also Romanized as Serāj Maḩalleh) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 551, in 154 families.
Vasu Kola
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 3566 meters
Latitude and longitude: 36.61111111,52.92611111
Vasu Kola (Persian: واسوكلا, also Romanized as Vāsū Kolā; also known as Asū Kolā) is a village in Siyahrud Rural District, in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,119, in 275 families.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babol_County
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Babol County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babol_County
|
County in Mazandaran province, Iran
Not to be confused with Babolsar County.
For the city, see Babol.
County in Mazandaran, Iran
Babol County (Persian: شهرستان بابل) is in Mazandaran province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Babol.[4]
History
[edit]
Babol county was called Barforush in the 19th century.[5]
Demographics
[edit]
Population
[edit]
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the county's population was 464,538 in 125,187 households.[6] The next census in 2011 counted 495,472 people in 149,320 households.[7] The 2016 census measured the population of the county as 531,930 in 174,351 households.[3]
Administrative divisions
[edit]
Babol County's population history and administrative structure over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.
Babol County Population Administrative Divisions 2006[6] 2011[7] 2016[3] Central District 287,006 314,794 349,098 Esbu Kola RD 16,319 18,310 18,709 Feyziyeh RD 24,073 25,451 26,670 Ganj Afruz RD 22,792 23,480 23,024 Amirkola (city) 25,186 28,086 30,478 Babol (city) 198,636 219,467 250,217 Babol Kenar District 24,946 25,069 25,170 Babol Kenar RD 16,990 16,515 15,815 Deraz Kola RD 7,431 7,999 8,487 Marzikola (city) 525 555 868 Bandpey-e Gharbi District 25,577 25,876 26,233 Khvosh Rud RD 11,758 11,878 11,309 Shahidabad RD 10,879 10,681 9,182 Khush Rudpey (city) 2,940 3,317 5,742 Bandpey-e Sharqi District 32,522 33,508 35,232 Firuzjah RD 3,201 3,019 2,600 Sajjadrud RD 26,809 27,846 25,724 Galugah (city) 2,512 2,643 6,908 Gatab District 45,104 46,041 47,054 Gatab-e Jonubi RD 14,743 14,955 15,030 Gatab-e Shomali RD 23,405 23,844 24,650 Gatab (city) 6,956 7,242 7,374 Lalehabad District 49,383 50,184 49,142 Karipey RD 31,761 31,971 27,828 Lalehabad RD 17,197 17,790 17,323 Zargar (city)[a] 425 423 3,991 Total 464,538 495,472 531,930 RD = Rural District
See also
[edit]
Media related to Babol County at Wikimedia Commons
Notes
[edit]
References
[edit]
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https://www.peekyou.com/_rahkola
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rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
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village in Iran
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/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5718041
|
village in Iran
edit
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6497
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dbpedia
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1
| 6
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https://www.howtopronounce.com/tajana
|
en
|
How to pronounce Tajana
|
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[
"Savannah Stamm"
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2019-12-11T05:50:57
|
How to say Tajana in English? Pronunciation of Tajana with 4 audio pronunciations, 1 meaning and more for Tajana.
|
en
|
/apple-icon-57x57.png
|
https://www.howtopronounce.com/tajana
|
Wiki content for Tajana
Tajana - Tajana (also called Tajana Mandal) is a village, situated in Bahawalnagar District, Punjab, Pakistan. It consists 500 homes.
Tajanak, Amol - Tajanak (Persian: تجنك; also known as Tajnīk) is a village in Pain Khiyaban-e Litkuh Rural District, in the Central District of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Tajanak-e Olya - Tajanak-e Olya (Persian: تجنك عليا, also Romanized as Tajanak-e ‘Olyā) is a village in Mazkureh Rural District, in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Tajanak-e Sofla - Tajanak-e Sofla (Persian: تجنك سفلي, also Romanized as Tajanak-e Soflá) is a village in Mazkureh Rural District, in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Tajanak, Babol - Tajanak (Persian: تجنك) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
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6497
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dbpedia
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1
| 13
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https://meaning.urdu.co/Asb-e%2BShur%2BPey
|
en
|
Meaning of Asb E Shur Pey
|
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Meaning and Translation of Asb E Shur Pey in Urdu Script and Roman Urdu with Reference and Related Words
|
http://meaning.urdu.co/asb-e+shur+pey/
|
Asb-e Shur Pey (Persian: اسب شورپي, also Romanized as Asb-e Shūr Pey and Asb Shūrpey; also known as Asb Shūr’ī) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
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6497
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dbpedia
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https://www.browserscan.net/ipcheck/2.147.160.73
|
en
|
2.147.160.73 - My ip info, What is my ip address, Query IP (IPv4, IPv6) location in common databases/ping test/ip query - BrowserScan
|
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2.147.160.73 - My ip info, What is my ip address, IP address (IPv4, IPv6) location query, get country, region, city and other information. Contains IP2location, BrightData, IPdata, IPinfo and other well-known IP databases
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/favicon.ico
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https://www.browserscan.net/ipcheck/2.147.160.73
|
Greater Tehran
Metropolitan area in Iran
Distance: Approx. 265 meters
Latitude and longitude: 35.69611111,51.42305556
Greater Tehran Metropolitan Area is the urban agglomeration around Tehran that covers the central part of the Tehran Province and eastern part of the Alborz Province, that covers the contiguous cities of Tehran, Ray, Shemirānāt, and other areas. As of 2012, Greater Tehran had a population of close to 14 million residents. The 2016 census had the population at 13.3 million in Tehran Province (only 200 thousands of them outside Tehran and the suburban counties) and 2.2 million in Karaj and Fardis combined.
Baharestan (district)
District in Tehran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 438 meters
Latitude and longitude: 35.69166667,51.425
Baharestan (Persian: بهارستان) is a locality east of the central part of Tehran in Iran. The historical Baharestan building is located in this neighborhood. Kendriya Vidyalaya Tehran, the Embassy of India School, is in Baharestan.
Saadi Metro Station
Station of the Tehran Metro
Distance: Approx. 335 meters
Latitude and longitude: 35.69305556,51.42472222
Saadi Metro Station is a station in Tehran Metro Line 1. It is located in the junction of Saadi Street and Jomhuri-ye Eslami Street. It is between Imam Khomeini Metro Station and Darvaze Dolat Metro Station.
Embassy of the United Kingdom, Tehran
Diplomatic mission of UK in Iran
Distance: Approx. 360 meters
Latitude and longitude: 35.69652778,51.41852778
The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Tehran is the United Kingdom's diplomatic mission to the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is located at 172 Ferdowsi Avenue in Tehran. Following the 2011 attack on the Embassy and the expulsion of the British ambassador by Iran, Britain reduced its diplomatic relations with Iran to "the lowest possible level" and closed its embassy.
Abgineh Museum of Tehran
Museum in Tehran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 569 meters
Latitude and longitude: 35.69345,51.41507
The Glassware and Ceramic Museum of Iran (Persian: موزهٔ آبگینه و سفالینه ایران, Muze-ye Abgineh va Sofalineh-ye Irān) or simply Abgineh Museum (Persian: موزهٔ آبگینه, Muze-ye Abgineh) is located at 30 Tir Street (formerly known as Ghavam Al Saltaneh Street), in Tehran, Iran. It was private residence of longtime Prime Minister Ahmad Qavam from 1921 until 1951. The complex was also Embassy of Egypt for seven years.
Plasco Building
Building in Tehran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 72 meters
Latitude and longitude: 35.69472222,51.42083333
The Plasco Building (Persian: ساختمان پلاسکو, romanized: Sâxtmâne Plâskô) is a 20-story high-rise (5 floors below and 15 floors above ground) landmark building in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. It was built on the site of an earlier Plasco building, which at the time of its construction was the tallest building in Iran and was considered an iconic part of the Tehran skyline. The earlier building caught on fire and collapsed on 19 January 2017; construction on the new building began in 2018 and was completed in 2021.
Holy Mother of God Church, Tehran
Armenian Apostolic church in Tehran, Iran
Distance: Approx. 616 meters
Latitude and longitude: 35.69576547,51.4147684
Surp Asdvadzadzin Church, Holy Mother of God Church, or Saint Mary Church (Armenian: Սուրբ Աստվածածին եկեղեցի, Persian: کلیسای مریم مقدس), is an Armenian Apostolic church in Tehran, Iran completed in 1945. From 1945 to 1970 the church was the official office and the residence of the Armenians' archbishop, which was then transferred to Saint Sarkis Cathedral, Tehran.
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6497
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dbpedia
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https://datacommons.org/place/wikidataId/Q5679279
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Karipey Rural District
|
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Statistics about economics, health, equity, crime, education, demographics, housing, and environment in Karipey Rural District.
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6497
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dbpedia
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https://alchetron.com/Karipey-Rural-District
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Karipey Rural District
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2016-01-18T08:30:48+00:00
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Karipey Rural District (Persian ) is a rural district (dehestan) in Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31,761, in 8,094 families. The rural district has 56 villages. Karipey Rural District Wikipedia (Text) CC BYSA
|
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/favicon.ico
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Alchetron.com
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https://alchetron.com/Karipey-Rural-District
|
Harman Patil
(Editor)
I love reading books and watching sci fi flicks
Karipey Rural District
Share on FacebookTweet on TwitterShare on LinkedInShare on Reddit
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Country
Iran
County
Babol
Population
31,761 (2006)
Province
Mazandaran
District
Lalehabad
Karipey Rural District (Persian: دهستان كارئ پي) is a rural district (dehestan) in Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31,761, in 8,094 families. The rural district has 56 villages.
References
Karipey Rural District Wikipedia
(Text) CC BY-SA
Similar Topics
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Karipey Rural District
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https://www.famousfix.com/list/babol-county
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List of Babol County
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Firuzjah Rural District Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
0 0
rank #1 ·
Firuzjah Rural District (Persian: دهستان فيروزجاه) (به محلي پريجا ) is a rural district (dehestan) in Bandpey-ye Sharqi District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,201, in 861 families. The rural district has 61 villages.
Shahidabad Rural District (Mazandaran Province) Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
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rank #2 ·
Shahidabad Rural District (Persian: دهستان شهيدآباد) is a rural district (dehestan) in Bandpey-ye Gharbi District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 10,879, in 2,951 families. The rural district has 13 villages.
Babol Kenar Rural District Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
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rank #3 ·
Babol Kenar Rural District (Persian: دهستان بابل كنار) is a rural district (dehestan) in Babol Kenar District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16,990, in 4,491 families. The rural district has 26 villages.
Ganjafruz Rural District Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
0 0
rank #4 ·
Ganjafruz Rural District (Persian: دهستان گنج افروز) is a rural district (dehestan) in the Central District of Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 22,792, in 6,095 families. The rural district has 11 villages.
Esbu Kola Rural District Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
0 0
rank #5 ·
Esbu Kola Rural District (Persian: دهستان اسبوكلا) is a rural district (dehestan) in the Central District of Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16,319, in 4,197 families. The rural district has 22 villages.
Lalehabad District District in Mazandaran province, Iran
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rank #6 ·
Lalehabad District (Persian: بخش لالهآباد) is a district (bakhsh) in Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 49,383, in 12,737 families. The District has one city: Zargarmahalleh. The District has two rural districts (dehestan): Karipey Rural District and Lalehabad Rural District.
Babol County County in Mazandaran, Iran
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rank #7 ·
Babol County (Persian: شهرستان بابل) is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Babol. At the 2012 census, the county's population was 495,472, in 149,363 families. The county is subdivided into Seven districts: the Central District, Bandpey-ye Gharbi District, Bandpey-ye Sharqi District, Lalehabad District, Gatab District, Babol Kenar District and Amirkola District. The county has seven cities: Babol, Amirkola, Galugah, Gatab, Khush Rudpey, Marzikola and Zargarmahalleh.
Babol City in Mazandaran, Iran
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rank #8 ·
Babol (Persian: بابل, pronunciation , Known as "Orange Blossom City" , also Romanized as Bābol; formerly known as Barfrouch) is the capital of Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. Babol is divided into two metropolitan area (Under Iranian law). At the 2012 census, its population was 219,467, in 66,944 families.
Pain Ganj Afruz village in Mazandaran, Iran
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rank #9 ·
Pain Ganj Afruz (Persian: پايين گنج افروز, also Romanized as Pā’īn Ganj Afrūz) is a village in Ganjafruz Rural District, in the Central District of Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 4,821, in 1,380 families.
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How to pronounce Togzhan
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"Vladimir Johnston"
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2019-12-15T03:07:49
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How to say Togzhan in English? Pronunciation of Togzhan with 2 audio pronunciations, 1 meaning, 1 translation and more for Togzhan.
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https://www.howtopronounce.com/togzhan
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Meanings for Togzhan
It was found that 174 of them bear this name and are highly populated in Kazakhstan. Togzhan Kassenova s a Washington, DC-based senior fellow.
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Wiki content for Togzhan
Toghon Temür - Toghon Temür (Mongolian: Тогоонтөмөр, Togoontömör; 25 May 1320 – 23 May 1370), also known by the temple name Emperor Huizong (Chinese: 惠宗) bestowed by the Northern Yuan dynasty in Mongolia an
Toghon (son of Kublai) - Toghon (Mongolian: Тогоон, Chinese: 脫歡, Vietnamese: Thoát Hoan, ?–1301), also Toghan or Togon, was the ninth son of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty.
Toghan, Mazandaran - Toghan (Persian: طغان, also Romanized as Ţoghān; also known as Ţowqān) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Toghan-Shah - Toghan-Shah Abu Bakr (d. 1185 or 1186) was the amir of Nishapur from 1174 until his death.
Toghan, Tehran - Toghan (Persian: طغان, also Romanized as Ţoghān) is a village in Behnamarab-e Jonubi Rural District, Javadabad District, Varamin County, Tehran Province, Iran.
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https://dbpedia.org/page/Karipey_Rural_District
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About: Karipey Rural District
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Karipey Rural District (Persian: دهستان كارئ پي) is a rural district (dehestan) in Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31,761, in 8,094 families. The rural district has 56 villages.
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Karipey_Rural_District
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dbo:abstract
Karipey Rural District (Persian: دهستان كارئ پي) is a rural district (dehestan) in Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31,761, in 8,094 families. The rural district has 56 villages. (en)
rdfs:comment
Karipey Rural District (Persian: دهستان كارئ پي) is a rural district (dehestan) in Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31,761, in 8,094 families. The rural district has 56 villages. (en)
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List of Babol County
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Firuzjah Rural District Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
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rank #1 ·
Firuzjah Rural District (Persian: دهستان فيروزجاه) (به محلي پريجا ) is a rural district (dehestan) in Bandpey-ye Sharqi District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,201, in 861 families. The rural district has 61 villages.
Shahidabad Rural District (Mazandaran Province) Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
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rank #2 ·
Shahidabad Rural District (Persian: دهستان شهيدآباد) is a rural district (dehestan) in Bandpey-ye Gharbi District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 10,879, in 2,951 families. The rural district has 13 villages.
Babol Kenar Rural District Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
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rank #3 ·
Babol Kenar Rural District (Persian: دهستان بابل كنار) is a rural district (dehestan) in Babol Kenar District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16,990, in 4,491 families. The rural district has 26 villages.
Ganjafruz Rural District Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
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rank #4 ·
Ganjafruz Rural District (Persian: دهستان گنج افروز) is a rural district (dehestan) in the Central District of Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 22,792, in 6,095 families. The rural district has 11 villages.
Esbu Kola Rural District Rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
0 0
rank #5 ·
Esbu Kola Rural District (Persian: دهستان اسبوكلا) is a rural district (dehestan) in the Central District of Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16,319, in 4,197 families. The rural district has 22 villages.
Lalehabad District District in Mazandaran province, Iran
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rank #6 ·
Lalehabad District (Persian: بخش لالهآباد) is a district (bakhsh) in Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 49,383, in 12,737 families. The District has one city: Zargarmahalleh. The District has two rural districts (dehestan): Karipey Rural District and Lalehabad Rural District.
Babol County County in Mazandaran, Iran
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rank #7 ·
Babol County (Persian: شهرستان بابل) is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Babol. At the 2012 census, the county's population was 495,472, in 149,363 families. The county is subdivided into Seven districts: the Central District, Bandpey-ye Gharbi District, Bandpey-ye Sharqi District, Lalehabad District, Gatab District, Babol Kenar District and Amirkola District. The county has seven cities: Babol, Amirkola, Galugah, Gatab, Khush Rudpey, Marzikola and Zargarmahalleh.
Babol City in Mazandaran, Iran
0 0
rank #8 ·
Babol (Persian: بابل, pronunciation , Known as "Orange Blossom City" , also Romanized as Bābol; formerly known as Barfrouch) is the capital of Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. Babol is divided into two metropolitan area (Under Iranian law). At the 2012 census, its population was 219,467, in 66,944 families.
Pain Ganj Afruz village in Mazandaran, Iran
0 0
rank #9 ·
Pain Ganj Afruz (Persian: پايين گنج افروز, also Romanized as Pā’īn Ganj Afrūz) is a village in Ganjafruz Rural District, in the Central District of Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 4,821, in 1,380 families.
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Karipey Rural District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karipey_Rural_District
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Rural district in Mazandaran province, Iran
Rural District in Mazandaran, Iran
Karipey Rural District (Persian: دهستان كارئ پي)[3] is in Lalehabad District of Babol County, Mazandaran province, Iran.[4] It is administered from the city of Zargar.[5]
Demographics
[edit]
Population
[edit]
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 31,761 in 8,094 households.[6] There were 31,971 inhabitants in 9,506 households at the following census of 2011.[7] The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 27,828 in 9,206 households. The most populous of its 51 villages was Aminabad, with 1,952 people.[2]
See also
[edit]
Iran portal
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Babol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babol
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Babol (Persian: بابÙ, , known as "Orange Blossom City" , also Romanized as BÄbol; formerly known as Barfrouch) is the capital of Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. Babol is divided into two metropolitan areas (under Iranian law). At the 2012 census, its population was 219,467, in 66,944 families.[2]
Babol is located in the north of Iran, north-east of Tehran, between the northern slopes of the Alborz Mountains and southern coast of the Caspian Sea. The city is one of the most important cities in the north of Iran, known as a regional center for education, trade, industry, and medical services.
Babol is a new name for the site of the ancient city of Mamatir, that then was named as Barforush. The city receives abundant rainfall. It is famous for its orange groves.[3]
History and name
Founded by the Safavids in the 16th century, it was built on the site of the ancient city of Mamtir (deriving from "Mah Mithra" "great Mithra). Mithra or 'The Mediator' was believed to be the savior of creation from the threat of darkness and the one who stands between the light of Ahura Mazda and the darkness of Ahriman. Babol was formerly called Barforushdeh (meaning Market Town) and Barforush afterwards. In 1931, the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty Reza Shah (1878-1944) ordered urban planning efforts to commence in the city and changed its name to Babol, which means city with abundant water supply.[4]
Geography and climate
The city is located approximately 20 kilometers south of the Caspian Sea on the west bank of Babolrud River and receives abundant annual rainfall. Babol borders Babolsar and Fereydunkenar to the north, Qaem Shahr and Shirgah District to the east, Savadkuh to the southeast, Firuzkuh to the South and Amol to the west. Babol University is famous for its spectacular scenery.
The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf)[5]
Climate data for Babol Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 12.9
(55.2) 12.7
(54.9) 13.3
(55.9) 16.9
(62.4) 24.3
(75.7) 28.8
(83.8) 29.5
(85.1) 30.4
(86.7) 26.8
(80.2) 23.5
(74.3) 19
(66) 15.4
(59.7) 21.1
(70.0) Daily mean °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5) 8.5
(47.3) 9.4
(48.9) 13.1
(55.6) 20.2
(68.4) 23.5
(74.3) 25.4
(77.7) 26
(79) 22.4
(72.3) 18.9
(66.0) 14.1
(57.4) 10.5
(50.9) 16.7
(62.1) Average low °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9) 4.4
(39.9) 5.5
(41.9) 9.3
(48.7) 16.1
(61.0) 18.2
(64.8) 21.3
(70.3) 21.7
(71.1) 18.1
(64.6) 14.4
(57.9) 9.2
(48.6) 5.7
(42.3) 12.4
(54.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 86
(3.4) 69
(2.7) 72
(2.8) 53
(2.1) 25
(1.0) 25
(1.0) 27
(1.1) 34
(1.3) 79
(3.1) 96
(3.8) 99
(3.9) 110
(4.3) 775
(30.5) Source: Climate-Data.org, altitude: 0m[5]
Population
In 2012 population census of the city, the population was 219,467 people (79,837 households) and a population of 495,472 people in the located in the city.
Mazandarani people have a background in Tabari ethnicity and speak Mazandarni.[6] Their origin goes back to the Tapuri people, who were forced to migrate to the south coast of the Caspian Sea during the Achaemenid dynasty.[7][8][9]
The native people of Sari, Shahi, babol, Amol, Nowshahr, Chalus, and Tonekabon are Mazandarani people and speak the Mazandarani language.[10]
Landmarks
The ruins of Shah Abbas I's palace are located in the city. Mohammad Hassan Khan bridge is also one of the most ancient buildings of Mazandaran. It was built by the king Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar, the ancestor of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar as the main road from Babol to Amol. Now it is known as the old road of Babol to Amol. Babol also contains Babol Noshirvani Park, the largest park including a playground located in the northern part of Iran, located in the vicinity of Caspian Sea. Babol is home to many important and intact forests and jungles, such as, Shiadeh, in south-east Babol.
Filband, a village near the northern Iranian city of Babol, is famous for its skies which are full of interconnected cumulus clouds, especially in springtime.[11]
Historical and natural attractions
Mohammad Hassan Khan bridge
Babol Royal Palace
Babol Museum
Emamzadeh Ghasem
Kazem Beik Mosque
Watchtower
Babol Jameh Mosque
Mohaddesin Mosque
Tekyeh Moghri Kola
Sultan Mohammad Taher Tomb Tower
Darvish Fakhr Al-Din Tomb
Post Building
Head University of Medical Sciences
Ibn Shahr Ashub Tomb
Sarast Tower
Darvish Alam-bazi Tower
Hasirforoshan Mosque
Azroud Thermal Spring
Babolroud
Babolkenar Forest Park
Historic homes Qajansb
Aghajan Nasab House
Osia House
Najafi Mansion
Sheikh Mousa Yaylak and Waterfall
Kimoun Waterfall
Shiadeh Dam
Saghanefar Kija Tekyeh
Porang High School
Shiadeh Saghanefar
Abuol Hasan Kola Saghanefar
Mulana Mosque
Tirkan Waterfall
Haft Waterfall
Filband Village
Bandpey Village
Pir Alam Tekyeh
Moftakher ul-Mamalek Caravanserai
Sadr Hawza
Chahar Suq Mosque
Lafoor Jungle
Bagh-e Ferdows
Noshirvani Park
Economy
Commerce and trading are the backbone of the city's economy since it is the largest commercial center for Mazandaran province, partially due to its location at the center of the province and also the large population of villages around the city, making Babol county the most populated county in the province. Babol produces food and textiles â as well as other processed goods, including oranges, lemons, and tangerines. There are many rice farms around the city, and, until about 20 years ago, tea, tobacco, and cotton were processed.
The city is served by Refah Chain Stores Co., Iran Hyper Star, Isfahan City Center, Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc., Kowsar Market,, Ofoq Kourosh chain store.
Health centers and hotels
Negin Hotel
Reza Hotel
Marjan Hotel
Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital
Babol Clinic
Shahid Beheshti Hospital
Fatemeh Al-Zahra Hospital
Yahya Nejad Hospital
17 Shahrivar Hospital
Mehregan Hospital
Industry
Major corporations
Iran Khodro Mazandaran
Babol Machine Mfg. & Ind
MSco
Khazar Khodro Babol.Co
Sports
Babol is home to the Iranian Basketball Super League team BEEM Mazandaran BC which plays in the city's Shahid Sojoodi Arena. BEEM also had a popular volleyball team in the Iranian Super League in 2008â2009. Now Babol have a 2 Team in wrestling, Bime Razi and Arash Zin. They have a popular football club, Khooneh Be Khooneh. Khooneh Be Khooneh play in the 1st division (after Premier League) in the Iranian system football. Babol was the host of Freestyle Wrestling Club World Cup in December 2018.
Notable people
Amir Pazevari (17th century) - poet
Muhammad Ashrafi (1804-1898) - Shia Marja'
Mohammad-Ali Barfrushi (1820â1849) - Babi leader
Hossein Fallah Noshirvani (1902â1972) - philanthropist
Delkash (1924â2004) - singer
Afshin (born 1978) - singer
Sheikh Mohammad Haeri Mazandarani (1960) - religious
Zeinolabedin Haeri Mazandarani (1919â1996) - religious
Shahrokh Meskoob (1924â2005) - writer
Davoud Rashidi (1933â2016) - actor
Tal'at Basari (born 1925) - feminist writer
Mokarrameh Ghanbari (1928â2005) - painter
Ahmad Ghahreman (1928â2008) - botanist
Emam-Ali Habibi (born 1931) - wrestler
Hamid Reza Chitgar (1949â1987) - politician
Bijan Mortazavi (born 1957) - singer and musician
Towhidi Tabari (born 1964) - artist
Zeinolabedin Rahnama (1893â1989) - writer
Reza Salehi Amiri (born 1962) - politician
Masoud Hedayatifard (born 1971) - scholar in fishery science
Masih Alinejad (born 1976) - writer and journalist
Sohrab Entezari (born 1977) - football player
Ali Asghar Mazandarani (1826â1911) - cleric
Farhad Rachidi (born 1962) - scientist
Karim Motamedi (born 1929) - minister
Hassan Ghashghavi (born 1957) - ambassador
Hassan Anousheh (born 1945) - writer
Arya Aramnejad (born 1983) - singer
Leyli Rashidi (born 1973) - actress
Maryam Kavyani (born 1970) - actress
Maziar (1952â1997) - singer
Morteza Pouraliganji (born 1992) - football player
Mehdi Kheiri (born 1983) - football player
Hadi Norouzi (1985â2015) - football player
Bashir Babajanzadeh (born 1989) - wrestler
Parinaz Izadyar (born 1985)- actress
Sousan Hajipour (born 1990) - taekwondo practitioner
Noshad Alamian (born 1991) - table tennis player
Nima Alamian (born 1992) - table tennis player
Mojtaba Mirzajanpour (born 1991) volleyball player
Alireza Firouzja (born 2003) - chess player
Mohammad Hossein Mahdavian (born 1981) - film director
Parviz Bahram (1933â2019) - dubber
See also
Babolsar
Babolrud
References
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Barfurush".
Babol Noshirvani University of Technology
Views of Noshirvani Park
Ofoq kourosh
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No. 10 of 1942 W’ I ftub&hed by Authority TBCtnfitSDAT, MARCH 5, 1942 CONTENTS: nfi 67 i-ttM Pam V —Asia of tin Indian Ingntotun ■■ writn i l to by Uw Governor General and Ordinanoee promulgated by the Governor General Pass LA Goto: general Past IB ~EtfeMittMWlJfoNaai Past II —Ai I'AJtt 111 —Aflt* Pa«t IVA ~ legielativa Committom to that belore ml i#~ m Past IVB -B| l-eglalativ» Committee* p rmtoMU to that Ooiiwrtt, and Biaa pal before introduction in that Couaeil im a MU Pear VI - Bill* introduced in the Council of State and Legislative Assembly, Be port* of Select Oomnutteee presented to the Council and Assembly, and Bills published under Rule 18 ot the Indian Legislative Rules SumamiT Mo 10 — Ootton Ginning and Pr es si ng—Weekly gang* readings Final Foreoast of the Cotton Crops ot Bengal, 1041-42 Weekly Weather and Crop Report— Pnoss current—Monthly Weather and Crop Report Corporation of Cal eutta Notice Weekly gauge readings Preen Mote, dated the 27th February IMS, by the Chief Controller of Pnoee, Bengal Pace MU Nil 288—|64 266—280 * 7—278 278 PARTI Orders and Notifications by the Governor of Bengal, the High Court, Government Treasury, etc. HOME DEPARTMENT Appointment No 848A Appointment* an4 Transfer*. Genera i. Midnapor*.- No 783A —26th February 1942 —Mr K. K. Hajia. ic.s , on leave, is •ipmunted to act, until lurtliei order*, as Additional Diet in t and Sessions Judas, Midnupore MidRap*r*.Mym«tsingh.— Ho 784A —26th Ftbruaiy 194‘J—Mr Teiendra Nath Bum, officiating Additional Dislut t and Session* Judge, Midnupore, is appointed to act, until iurthei oiders, as an Additional District and Sessions Judge, Mymensingh Sessions Judge, Mymensingh, is appointed to a<t, until further orders, as an Additional Distmt and Sessions Judge, 24-Parganaa MMaapormBokargaitJ.—No. 786A.—26th February 1942 —Babu Sliaiat Chandra Ray Choudhui y, Subordinate Judge and Assistant Sessions Judge, Midnapore, is appointed to 8<t, until further oiders, as an Additional District aud Sessions Judge Bakarganj. 1 OmmsOMM Ditn.—No 802A —26th Feb- ruan 1942 - Mr A S Tiarkin, its, Magis¬ trate and Collei toi, Dacca, a as appointed to act as Commissioner of the Dacca Division, in addition to his duties, for the period from the 11th Febtuary 1942 to the 20th February 1942, inclusive By order of the Governor, J. R. Blair, \ . "I 672 TITE CALCUTTA GAZETTE* IMS' [Pa*t 1 Dacca Divn.-Calcirtta.—Not., 803A-<4Btii February 1942.—Mr. J. R. Blair, O'l-F.j i.c.8., Commissioner of Ihe Dacca Division, 4 » appointed to act, until furtheriOrdCTs, as Chief Secretary to the Government of Beagal and Secretary, Home and Publicity Departments. By ordei of the GoUwcoe, A. E. IteB, A dill. Secy, to the QovU of Butffai. Daooa-Daooa Divn,—No. 804A.—26th Feb¬ ruary 1942*—Mr. A S. Larkin, i.e.s.. Magistrate and Oolleetor, Da oca. is appciptea to act, until tiiftliei orders, as Commissioner of the Dacca Division. Calcutta-Dacca. —No 805A —26tli Febru¬ ary 1942.—Mr J L Llewellyn, i.r.s.. Addi¬ tional Deputy Secretary to the Government of Bengal, Home Depaitinent, is appointed to act, until tuither ouleis, us Magistrate and Collector, Dacia. Calcutta. —No. 806A — 26th February 1942. —Mr. S. Dutt , l < s , on leave, is appointed to be Additional Deputy Secretary to the Gov¬ ernment of Bengal, Home Department. Tipptra. —No. 821A —-26th February 1942. —Babu Brojeudru 1’iusad Neogi, Deputy MAgistiate and Deputy Collector, Chandpui, Tippera, is appointed to hove charge of the Sadar subdivision of that district. -No. 8dOA-—26th Febru- irders of tb^lst January Babu R^ md ™ _N*th rirtrate and $eputy Collg- are rate and ' j VS 8 |^«pm* No. 834 A 'rf 8 * h Feb T u l v j j5 Ur Muhammad deputy Collei’tor, Perojpur, .« trft nB f crr8 a to tbe Bagerhat «f*L r*aty‘ Cfo acdfru fy, ,1 BuMmS o! the Khulna district. This cap cels the adders of th* 51st January intorferrinjl to tb* headquarters V°j”! p ‘c’^’wVU'a distriof- l6iinhl-rtf1dpO l P|fl_s,- „ 8^2A —2^h Febru¬ ary Hauh) Alidul Karim, Deputy Mapfitmte.nnd Deputy Collect' y Bagerhat, Khulna, is appointed ‘to have charge of the Sadar subdivision i ( f the Faridpur district. PabnaJscaorar—> () 833A.—^th February 1942.—Maul vi Af te b u ddin M ma d, Sub- Dvpoty Collector, on i MTe j g posted to the headquarters station 0 f thePafa* district. This cancels the ordsn of the'*"* January 1942, posting him to the Magur" subdivision of the Jessore dihl r j r { Prsstdencv DBm_ No ft 4 r )A _- 27 th Febru¬ ary 1942,—-Maulrj .lanimuddin Ahmad, Sub- Deputy Collector, on ] envP ]g .Misted to the Presidency Divis^ on ’ BakarganJ-Tippera.— No 822A —26th Feb¬ ruary 1942 —Babu Dhiictidia Nuth Banarji, Deputy Magistriitc and Deputy Collector, Bakarganj, i-> tran-derred to the Chandpui subdiMsion of the Tippera district. Faridpur.BakarganJ. — No 824A. — 2bth February 1942 —Maulvi Abdul Quader Anson, Deputy Magistrate aud Deputy Collector, Gopalgunj, F’uridpui, is transferred to the headquuitcis station of the Bakarganj district. This cancels the oideis of the ."list January 1942 trausfeinng him to the headquarters station of the Noakhali district Noakhali. — No. fvJfiA — 26th Februaiy 1942.—Maulvi Emdad All, Deputy' Magistrate and Deputy Colie* toi, on being relieved of his present appointment Sadar Subdivi- sional Ofhcei, Noakhali, is posted to the headquarters station of that district. Dinajpur-24-Parganas.— No 827A. — 2«th February 1942. — Mauhi Abdul Latif, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collectoi, Balurghat, Dinajpur, is transfeired to the headquarters station of the 24-Parganas district. Birbham-daaaore.— No. 828A.—26th Feb¬ ruary 1942- Babu Kshitish Chandra Chakra- batti, Deputy Magistmte and Deputy Collec¬ tor, Kauiputhat, Biibhum, is appointed to have charge of the Magura subdivision of the Jesaore district. Fount. Faridpur-CateuU^_^ „ 7> 'A.—24th Fcb- ruaiy 1942.—Rai jn«idyu Nath Chatarji Bahadur, officiating Ajfjit^ml Superinten¬ dent of Police, Fnndpur. ; appointed to act, until further orders, as a Deputy Commis¬ sioner of Police, Calcutta. Khulna-Daooa. —No. 789A.--25tb February J942.—Mr. T. B. M. C. Faulkner, probatiou- aiy Assistant Superintendent of Police, Khulna, is transferred to the Narayangani subdivision ol the Dacca district and is placed in charge of the police work of that subdivi¬ sion Daoca-Chittagong.—NO. 790A.—25th Feb¬ ruary 1942 - Alt. W. H T. Head, probation¬ ary Assistant Superintendent of Police, Dacca, is tiunsferred to the headquarters station of the Chittagong district BakarganJ-Mpnansingh. —No. 791 A.—25th February 1942.—Mr Muhiuddin Ahmad, pro¬ bationary Assistant Superintendent of Police, Bakarganj, is transferied to the Netrokona subdivision of the Mymensinjfh distriet and is placed in charge of the police work of that subdivision. MMncpore-24-PargaiuK.— No. 792A.— 25th F’ebruary If>42.—Air. Hisweswar Chatarji, pro¬ bationary Assistant Superintendent of Police, Midnapore, is transferred to the Diamonn HarlMiur subdisision of the 24-Parganas dis¬ trict and is placed in charge of the polio# work of that subdivision. Bankura-Nadia.— No. 829A.—26th Febru¬ ary 1942.—The orders of the 91st January 1942 transferring Babu Banku Behari Ghosh, Deputy Magistiute and Deputy Collector, Bankura, to the headquarters station of the Nadia district arc cancelled*, Um. Gumoul. D am -No. 796A-—26th February 1942.— Babu Bankim Chandn Adhya, Sub-Deputy Collector, Muuhigasj, Dacca, was ullowad march m m 2 ITS law* OB' iimmm' pay, nude? rule i84(*X/f) of t the. Bengal- Service Rules, from the lfVtk Jap*A 1941'ito *the 80th June'1941, ; inofaszvw. No. 807A.—26tt February lf>42.—Mr. A. H. Khan,; k |,o.^ t¥ #iia , ' J ^anted leave on HSfff ilMKiMI *»;#» -jKWl January 1942, I rnla 8I<6X*i) a* the Fundamental ...... • .. . . « . __ Rules, in extension at. the! leave granted to him under the orders of the 12th December 1941 . , / By order of the Governor, J. It. huiB, . ■! Secy, to the Govt, of Bengal. n. Constituticm and Elections NOTIFICATIONS. No. 287A.R.—23rd February 1942.—In exercise of the power conferred by paragraph 20 of the Fifth Schedule to the Government of India Act, 1,936, the Governor is pleased to direct that the following amendments shall be made in the Bengal Legislative Assembly Electoral (Preparation, Revi¬ sion and Publication of Electoral Rolls) Rules. 1936. published under noti- h oar ion No. 899A.D.D., dated the 16tli May 1939. as subsequently amended, namely: — i,l. In rule 43 of the said rules— to) for the first sentence of sub-rule (It tlu* following shall be substituted :— u (l) Subject to the provisions of sub-rule (7> of rule 48, the Tribunal ' " shall as soon as may lie after its appointment publish or cause to be published in tne Calcutta Gazette as well as at the office of the Registrar of Trade Vnion.x, Bengal, a notice in form XIA annexed to these rules inviting from all registered trade unions *-*■! in the Province applications for certificates to be issued under sub-paragraphs (7) and (2) of paragraph 18 of Part IV of the < Order. If the Tribunal deems it necessary, it may also cause a notice in form XII to be issued to any or all registered trade unions in the Province: Provided that' it shall not be open to any registered trade union to submit a prayer for the reconsideration of its claim on the ground that it did not receive any such notice”; (6) the remaining portiou of sub-rule (I) shall be numbered as sub-rule ( 2 ); ‘ (c) sub-rple (2) shall be renumbered as sub-rule (.7); and (a) in sub-rule (.3) as so renumbered for the word, figure and brackets "sub-rule (/)” the word, figure and brackets "sub-rule (2)” shall be substituted. 2. In rule 46 of the said rules for the word, figure and brackets “sub¬ rule (7)” the word, figure and brackets "sub-rule (2i" shall In* substituted. 3. In sub-rule (7) of rule 48 of the said rules, for the words, figures and brackets “and then cause the notice referred to in sub-rule (7) of rule 43 to be issued to all registered trade unions in the Province under that sub-rule”, the words, figures and brackets "and then take necessary action under sub- rule (J) of rule 43” shall be substituted. ■ 4. After form XI annexed to the said rules, the following form shall be inserted, namely: — “Form XIA. Notice. (Buie 43.) ttffi.ee of the Trade Union Constituencies Tribunal. For the purpose of certification of registered trade unions under sub- F aragr&plis (7) and (2) of paragraph 18 of Part, IV of the Government of ndia (Provincial Legislative Assemblies) Order, 1936, all registered trade Unions in Bengal are invited to prefer claims before the Tribunal on or before the..... The claims shall be in form Kill, copies of which are available at tire office of the Tribunal situated at.. Dated President,, Trade Union Constituencies Tribunal.” No. 806A.R.—24th February 1942.—In pursuance of the provisions of sub-section (7), «f section 05 of the Government of India Act, 1935, read with sub-section (J) of that section, Mr. 'gyod ^alafudditj Hashemy, m.l.a., was chosen by the Bengal Legislative Assembly to be Deputy spanker thereof on the 18th Iwa T place of Mr. Ashraf Ali Khun Choudhurv, m.l.a., deceased. Mr. Syed Julaluddin Hashemy assumed the duties of bis office on fhe forenoon of the same date. By order of the Governor, 1 8. Dutt, Atltll. L)tM ” tU THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MARCH IMS’ Political NOTIFICATIONS. N*>JJ 196QP+25th February 1942.—In exer¬ cise ot the power conferred by rule 7 of the Defence of 'India Rules, the Governor is pleased 'to d irect that the following amendment shall be made in notification No. 4951P., dated the 11th September 1939, published in Part I Names of place. “(6) The \Villingdon Bridge in 24-Parganas- Howrah districts and its approaches. No. 2051P.—27 th February 1942.—In exercise of the power conferred by section 3 of the Air Raid Precautions Services Ordinance, 1941 (Ordinance No. IV of 1941), the Gover¬ nor is pleased to exclude the following maur.as within the police-station of Khargpur, in the district of Midnapore, from the scope and operation of the Air Raid Precautions Service, as constituted by notification No. 9322 P., dated the 6th December 1941, namely: — (1) Kidirpur, (2) Dhekia, (3) Niranjanbar, (4) Govindapur, (5) Chandipore, (6) Mnltuichtt and (7) the portion of Khurgpur Khus jungle beyond Maudata’s garden. No. 2081P.—23th February 1942.—In noti¬ fication No. 1066P., dated 31*st January 1942, published in Part I of the Calcutta Gazette of the 5th February 1942, for “Mr. B. G. Mukherjee” read “Mr. Bimal Chandra Mookerjee.” No. 2100P.—28th February 1942.—In exer¬ cise of the powers conferred by section 3 of the Air Raid Precautions Services Ordinance, 1941 (Ordinance No. IV of 1941), the Governor is pleased to constitute an Air Raid Precautions Service for each of the places specified below, and to appoint Mr. J. Ritchie, Installation Manager, Burinah Oil Company (India Trading), Limited, Chittagong, to be the Con¬ troller of the said Air Raid Precautions Services in the said places: — Names of Places. (1> The Bunnah Oil Company (India Trad¬ ing), Limited’s Petroleum Installation ami Factory at Moheshkliali, Chittagong. (2) The Burmali Oil Company (India Trad¬ ing), Limited’s and the Indo-Burma Petroleum Company, Limited’s Petroleum Installations, and the intervening land and kha) at Gupta- khali, Chittagong. ifto.,. 2101P.—28th February 1942. — In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-sec¬ tion (1) of section 4 of the Air Raid Precau¬ tions Services Ordinance, 1941 (Ordinance No. IV of 1941), the Governor is pleased to authorise Hr. J. ■ Ritchie, Installation Manager, 'Burmah Gil Company (India of the Calcutta Gaeette, ISse te oe edi narjf^ dated ’ the 11th September. 1939, *s «uh4equaatly amended by notification* No, 83lPiD.> the 20th. October 1939, na^nejy: — , For the entries relatihg to^ itetn Willingdon Bridge in 24^Parganae-HoW*ah districts, the following shall be substituted, gamely:;— ' * .. r ' f l' . * Particulars of place. Bounded on the side of the district of 24-Par^ ganas, as follows : — North—The Southern compound lioundary of the Dakhineswar Kaili temple and the Temple Road; South—Land of the Bur ah agar Jute Factory Company, Limited; Float—Dakhineswar Temple Road; and bounded on the side of the district of Hpwrah on the West by the two gates at tne Western extremity of the Bridge and on the North and Sonth by the Northern and Southern extremities of the Bridge.” Trading), Limited, Chittagong, to appoint as member of the Air Raid Precautions Services constituted by notification No. 2100P., dated the 28th F’ebruary 1942, so many persons as the said Mr. Ritchie may he authorised by the Provincial Government from time to time to appoint. No. 2116P.—28th February 1942.—Mr. A. C. Roberts, Officer-in-Charge, Communica¬ tions, A. R. 1’., Calcutta (formerly Assistant A.R.P. Controller, Calcutta), was granted leave on average pay for twenty-eight days from the 26th November till the 23rd Decem¬ ber 1941, with permission to affix the X’mas holidays to the aforesaid leave. No. 2121P.—28th F’ehruary 1942.—In exer¬ cise of the power conferred fiy sub-section (I) of section 4 of the Air Raid Precautions Services Ordinance, 1941 (Ordinance No. IV of 1941), the Governor is pleased to authorise the Appointment Officer in the office of the Controller of the Air Raid Precautions Service, Calcutta, to appoint under the said sub-section as members of such of the subordinate services of the Air Raid Precautions Service consti¬ tuted by notification No. 9416P., dated the 9th December 1941, as are specified in the schedule below so many persons as the said Appoint¬ ment. Officer may he authorised by the Provin¬ cial Government to appoint from time to time. II. This notification shall have effect and shall he deemed always to have had effect as though it were issued on the 23rd December 1941: — Schedule, (1) The Casualty Service comprising the personnel of first aid posts, mobile first aid units, ambulances and first aid parties. (2) The Rescue Service. (3) The Communication Service comprising Control and Report Centre Service and Messen¬ ger Service. (4) The Street Fire Parties Servioe. ■ > - > : * ‘ • • i , * i • 1 By order ot the Govwmsr, .; J. R. Dfjuus, ' u ' "T Secy, to the QevtjojBmfh ■’’> Past X} THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MABGH 5, 1942 5T5 Police NOTIFICATION. No. 65lPl.—2nd March 1942.—The following draft of amendments which, in exercise of the powers conferred hy section 70 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 (IV of 1939), the Governor proposes to make in the Bengal Motor Vehicles Rules, 1940, published under notification No, 1930P1., dated the 21st September 1940, at pages 2655-2829, Part I of the Calcutta Gazette, is published for the information of persons likely to be affected thereby. 2.^ The draft will be taken into consideration on or after the 25th March 1942, and any objection or suggestion with respect thereto which may be received by the undersigned before that date will be duly considered: — Draft amendments. 1. To rule 2 of the said rules the following clause shall be added, namely: — “( y) ‘producer’ for the purposes of the rules in Chapter V means the whole of the generator, pipes, coolers, filters and accessories necessary for the generation of gas and its supply to the engine”. 2. In Chapter V of the said rules, after rule 181 the following shall be added, namely: — ” f J nnhirrr pas for mat or vehicles. 181A. On or after the 1st April 1942, no produeer shall KittinRofa be fitted to a motor vehicle unless the produeer— prwluuer to a motor v eilicI p, {a) has been made bv a manufacturer approved in this ltehulf by the Provincial Transport Authority; (//) is of u type of model approved by, and in accordance with specifications approved by, that authority for use on the type of vehicle concerned; tr) has affixed to the generator in such a manner as to he clearly visible, a metal plate having legibly displayed upon it the name of the manufacturer, the manufacturer’s serial numl>er and the descrip¬ tion. name, mark or number assigned to it by the Provincial Transport Authority under sub-rule ( 1) of rule 181C. 181B. (/) Any person seeking the approval of the Pro- Application for vincial Transport Authority under rule 181A shall make approval of the application in writing to the said Authority accompanied by P roL,uw>r - duplicate copies of the specifications, of clear drawings or prints of the producer and of the instructions for working it, and shall state the type or model of motor vehicle and the si»> and horse-power of the engine for which the producer is intended. (2) If so required by the said Authority, a person who has made an application under sub-rule (J) shall— (a) submit the producer to such test in such laboratory or workshop and by such person as the said authority may specify; and (/>) furnish at his own expense a vehicle fitted with the producer for such test on the road (including a road journey of not less than 60 miles continuous) as the said authority may specify. 181P. (7) When the Provincial Transport Authority Approval of the approves of any type hr model of producer, it shall inform producer, the applicant in writing accordingly and shall intimate the description, name, mark or numl«er under which it may be offered for sale. (2) No person shall |etl or offer for sale any producer which does hot conform in every material respect to the 578 THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE. MABOH ft, 1942 [Part;! Design wnd construction of the producer. Instructions for the working of the producer, Prevention of danger from fire, etc. specification approved by th» 4Wrinoial Transport Authority in relation to the name, mark or number displayed on the generator in accordance, with clause (c) el rule 1M1A. (J) A manufacturer whp oroposes to modify or alter in any way the design or specification of an approved type of model of producer shall, before offering the modified type or model for sale, make application to the Provincial Transport. Authority with particulars of the modification or changes proposed" and shall obtain the approval of the said Authority thereto. (4) TTpon receipt of an application under sub-rule (.3) the said Authority may, if it thinks fit, require the modified type or model to be subjected to the tests specified in sub-rule (2) of rule 181B. 181D. (1) Before according approval to any type or design of producer the Provincial Transport Authority shall satisfy itself that the design and construction proposed arc in accordance with the provision of these rules and in particular that— («) the design is reasonably simple and suitable to the type of vehicle for which ft is intended and is suclj) that it can be fitted to the vehicle in such a wav that the driver’s vision and control of the vehicle are not impeded, the convenience and safety of passengers is not endangered, the weight of the producer can be reasonably distributed over the chassis, and the filters, roolers, pipes and other parte requiring frequent cleaning and atten¬ tion can be fitted in readily accessible places; (6) the effective capacity of the generator, hopper and filters is sufficient to provide fuel to propel the vehicle for a distance of not less than ftft miles without re-charging the hopper or cleuning the filters; (c) the producer is capable of providing gas to propel the vehicle by the gas alone along a level road with its full lawful load at a sustained rate of speed of not less than— (») in the case of a goods vehicle not being a heavy transport, vehicle, 20 m.p.h.. in)) in the case of a goods vehicle being a heavv transport vehicle, lft m.p.h., (Hi) in any other case, 2ft m.p.h.; id) the materials and methods of construction specified by the applicant are, save as otherwise declared by the applicant., calculated to withstand fair wear and tear for a period of not less than two years under the normal conditions of working of the type of vehicle for which the producer is intended. (-) The instructions for the working of the producer shall bo subject to the approval of the. Provincial Transport Authority which shall cause to he endorsed thereon a state¬ ment nf the materials and parts declared by the applicant, not to he calculated to withstand two years’ fair wear and tear. 18H , < . A copy of the instructions for the, working of the producer as approved and endorsed under sub-rule ( 2 ) of rule 1811), and hearing upon it the particulars specified in clause to) of rule 181A shall be attached to, or tendered with, every producer offered for sale. 1811’. Every producer shall be designed, manufactured, fitted and maintained with all reasonable care necessary to prevent- danger from fire, gas poisoning, and burns, and in parhc-ulm— (a) all pij«e.% joints, valves and all covers to the hoppers, generators, cooling chambers, filters and other accessories shall be free from gas pr air leaks; and PiW'I] THE CALCUTTA 'GAZETTE. MARCH 6 , 1942 677 (b) if an escape funnel is fitted to the generator for use during the blowing of air through the generator, the mouth of the funnel shall be placed above the level of the roof of the vehicle. 181(1. (i) -No part of #uy producer shall he placed so as to reduce the field of vision of the driver by means of the mirror prescribed in rule 117 or otherwise, or so as to impede the driver in his control of the vehicle. (2) In a public service vehicle— (a) no part of tho producer shall be placed within the passengers’ compartment; and (b) the generator shall be centrally placed in rear of the passengers’ compartment, either completely out¬ side it or recessed into the rear panel, and shall be insulated and have the clearance prescribed in rule 181H. Provided that notwithstanding the provisions of sub-rule ini of rule 106, the generator and a reserve of fuel not exceed¬ ing one hundred and fifty pounds in weight may be carried <>n a trailer attached to a public service vehicle. (3) No public service vehicle fitted with a producer shall hove any openiug or door in the rear end of the vehicle. (4) In a transport vehicle other than u public sendee vehicle the generator shall not be placed forward of the rear of the driver’s cab and shall be insulated and have the clear¬ ance prescribed in rule 181H. 18111. (/) On any motor vehicle, if any part of the generator is so placed as to be within a distance of six inches in u horizontal plane from any part of the vehicle, the vehicle shall be insulated from the generator by a sheet of asliestos one eighth of an inch thick, or bv such other insulat¬ ing material as the Provincial Transport Authority may by general or special order in writing specify in this behalf, not less in height than the height of the generator (including the hopper) and of such a width as—- (a) where the generator is recessed, to completely line the recess; and (l>) where the generator is not recessed, to project for a distance of not less than six inches on eithei side of the generator. (2) No part of a generator shall have a clearance between it and the insulating material prescribed in sub-rule ( 1 ) of less than two iuches. 1811. (/) In the case of a goods vehicle the generator may be placed centrally at the rear of the vehicle as prescribed for a public service vehicle or, behind the driver’s cab. (2) When the generator is placed behind the driver’s cab it shall be adequately enclosed in a separate compartment, and no goods shall lie carried in that compartment. 181J. No generator and no pipe connecting the generator to the gas filters shall be so placed that any part of the generator or pipe is within a distance of less than— (a) two feet from any part of the petrol tank; or (b) four feet from the filling point or orifice of the petrol tank: Provided that if the filling point or orifice is screened off from the generator by an adequate partition, clause ( b ) shall not apply in relation to the generator. Placing of the producer in a motor vehiole. (ianerator of a producer. Generator in a (Sooda Vehicle. Placing of t generator. STS THE CAIXRTTTA ; GAZETTE, MARCH 6, 1942 Filters and gas coolers in transport vehicles. Pipes, valves and other parts of the producer. Instructions to be followed by drivers, or persons in charge of motor vehicles. Projection of a producer. 181E. On any transport vehicle the filters and gas coolers shall be so plkced as to be readily accessible for cleaning at any time. J81Ii. Every part of the producer shall be firmly and securely fixed in place, and all pipes, valves, joints and hopper lids or covers shall at all times be maintained in a gas-tight condition. 181M. No driver or other person in charge of n motor vehicle to which a producer is fitted shall— («) at any time when there is fire in the generator, cause or allow the vehicle to stop or remain stationary at a distance of less than ten yards from any other motor vehicle or of less than 20 yards from any petrol pump or place where ]>etrol is supplied in tins; (A) at any time when there is foe in the generator, pour jietrol or cause or allow yvetrol to be poured into the petrol tank; (r) carry, or cause or allow to be carried, in the vehicle {save in the regular petrol tank thereof) any petrol or other inflammable or explosive substance; (d) clean or rake out the generator at any appointed bus stand or stopping place or within a distance of less than 20 yards from uny other motor vehicle, or cause or allow the same to he done hy any person ; (e) where a park, bus stand, or halting place or a part of a park, hus stand or halting place is set apart for vehicles fitted with producers, allow the vehicle to stop or remain stationary in any other park, hus stand or halting place or other part thereof, as the case may be; (/> place the vehicle, or cause or allow it to be plared, in any garage or shed unless llie garage or shed is provided with a permanent opening or openings for sufficient ventilation other than doors and windows that may be dosed. 181N. ( 1 ) The projection of any part of a producer beyond the rear of the vehicle shall be deemed not to be a part of the vehicle for the purposes of rules 129 and 181 of the Bengal Motor Vehicle Rules, 1940. (H) No producer shall he fitted to any motor vehicle in such a way that the vehicle thereby contravenes the provi¬ sions of rule 128 or rule 130 of the Bengal Motor Vehicles Rules, 1940. Note .—The fitting of a producer gas plant to a motor vehicle is, in effect, an alteration for the purposes of section 32 of the Motor Vehicles Act. 1939 flV of 1939). 'The owners, who fit such plants to their vehicles, are therefore advised in their own interest, to have the vehicles insjreoted by the Registering Authorities concerned and the alterations rioted on the registration certificates and the certificates of fitness before putting the vehicles into use.” By order of the Govern ot, S. Dctt, AdcU. Dy. Seay, to the Govt, of Bengal. THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MARCH 5, 1942 579 Orders by the Inspector-General of Police, Bengal Calcutta.—'N<>. 1203 A.—23rd February 1942,— Blrbhim^Biirdwan-Deowu —The follow¬ ing probationary Inspectors arc continued in their appointments with effect from the date noted against each: — Maulvi Allahdat Khun of Birbhum— 22-2-1942. Subadar TTdqram Shanna of Burdwan— 19-12-1941. Babu Shanti Bhushan Ray Ohaudhuri— of Dacca—7-1-1942. A. D. Gordon, IntjHscbor-Gcneral of Police, Bengal. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT No. 849A. Powers. Calcutta.- No. 773A.—24th February 1942. —Iini Buidya Noth Chaturji Bahadur, officiat¬ ing Deputy Commissioner of Police, Calcutta, is appointed, under the provisions of section 22 of Act V of 1898, to act as a Justice of the Peace within the limits of the town of Calcutta. By order of the Governor, J. R. Blair, Secy. to the Govt, of Bengal. FINANCE DEPARTMENT Audit NOTIFICATIONS. No. 540F. -2Cth February 1942.—The Governor is pleased, under regulation 7 of the Bengal Public Service Commission Regu¬ lations. 1937, to appoint Mr. Sudhansu Mohan Bose, si. a ., LL.n. (Cantab.), Barrister-at-law. a Member of the Public Service Commission, Bengal, to act temporarily a« the Chairman of the said Commission, with effect from the afternoon of the 28th February 1942, until further orders, vice Mr. F. W. Robertson, c s.i., c.i.e., i.e.s. (retired), resigned. No. 541F.—26th February 1942.—The Governor is pleased, under clause (<i) of the proviso In regulation 6 of the Bengal Public Service Commission Regulations, 1937, to extend the tenure of office of Khan Bahadur A. H. M, Abdul Hye, a Member of the Public Service Commission, Bengal, by one year, with effect from the 14th April 1942. No. 542F.—26th February 1942.—The Governor is pleased, under clause («) of, the proviso to regulation G of the Bengal Public Service Commission Regulations, 1937, to extend the tenure of office of Mr. Sudhansu Mohan Bose, m.a., (Cantab.), Barrister- at-law, a Member of flic Public Service Com¬ mission, Bengal, b\ one year, with effect from the 14th April 1942. No. •»G2F.—27th February 1942.—Babu Sudhindru Nath Saricar, Commercial Tax Officer, Taltolu, is appointed temporarily to act _as ( oinnierciiil Tax Officer, Esplanade, in uddition to his own duties. No. 5701*.— 2Sfh February J942.— in exer¬ cise of the [lowers conferred by clause, (h) of sub-section (2i of section 241 of the Govern¬ ment of India Act, 1935, the Governor is pleased to make the following amendment in the Civil Service Regulations, namely: — Amendment. Fol the Note at the end of article 526 of the said Regulations the following shall be substi¬ tuted : — “.V«/r.—ll the military pension of a persou does not exceed Its. 15 a mouth, if shall not tie taken into account in fixing bis pay and allow¬ ances in the Civil Department, and where such [tay and allowances have been fixed after taking such [tension into account, they shall be refixed with effect from 1st February 1942 as if the person is not in receipt of any military pension.” No. o73F.—28th February 1942.—In exer¬ cise of the powers conferred by clause <h) of sub-section \2) of section 241 and clause {h) of sub-section (J) of section 247 of the Gov¬ ernment of India Act. 1935, read with section 276 of that Act the Governor is pleased to make the following amendments in the Fun¬ damental and Subsidiary Rules, namely: — Amendments. (ll In Subsidiary Rule 2li5B, for the first three lilies the following shall be substituted, namely:—“An allowance granted on condi¬ tion tliat. a horse or other animal is main¬ tained may lie drawn during leave or tempo¬ rary transfer if—“ (21 Subsidiary Rule 2G5BB shall be delet¬ ed. By order of the Governor, R. L. Walker. Secy, to the Govt, of Bengal. 680 THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MABCH 5, 1942 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT NOTIFICATIONS. Darjeeling. —No. 543M.—2nd March 1942. —In exercise of the power conferred by sub-section ( 1 ) of section 327 of the Bengal Municipal Act, 1932 (Bengal Act XV of 1932), us modified in its application to the district of Darjeeling, the Governor is pleased to make the following amendments in the rules contained in Schedule VI(A) to the said Act relating to the use of building sites and the execution of building work within the Darjeeling Municipality, and published with notification No. 343M.. dated the 4th March ]939: — Amendments. (1) fn part VI of the rules of the said Schedule, for the heading “Part VI— Dwelling-houses’’ substitute the heading ''Part VI—Free passage about buildings". (2) Above rule 2b of the rules of the said Schedule insert the heading “ Part VI (.4)— Dwelling-houses ''. Tippers. —-No. 5119M.—2bth February 1942. —In exercise of the power conferred by sub¬ section (-7) of section ■ >(» of the Bengal Muni¬ cipal Act, 1932 (Bengal Act XV of 1932), the Governor is pleased to extend the term of office of the Commissioners of the Comilla Municipality in the district of Tippera, for the period commencing from the date of expiry of the tern of four years provided by clause (a) of sub-section (1) of the said sectiou and ending rm the 31st. October 1942, the special circumstauees in which it has been thought fit to extend the said term of office being that, tin last general election of the Commissioners of the said municipality having been held in the year 1937-3S under sub¬ section (.7) of section 24 of the said Act. the next general election is required to be held in the year 1941-42 but as the four-vear term of office of the present Commissioners of the said municipality, prescribed in clause (a) of sub-section (I) of section 56 of the said Act, commenced on the 16th September 1938, they will not complete the said term of office if the general election were he.ld in the year 1941-42. Murshidabad.— No. 527M.—27th February 1942.—In exercise of the power conferred by section 506 of the Bengal Municipal Act, 1932 (Bengal Act XV of 1932), the Governor is pleased to confirm the by-law framed by the Commissioners of the Jiaganj-Aziroganj Muni¬ cipality in the district of Murshidabad under c.lnnse (a.) of section 245 of the said Act and published for information under notification No. 4M., dated the 2nd January 1942. Dacca.-- No. 530M.—27th February 1942.— In exercise of the power conferred by sub¬ section (H) of section 56 of the Bengal Muni¬ cipal Act, 1932 (Bengal Act XV of 1932), the Governor is pleased to extend the term of office, of the Commissioners of the Dacca Municipality for the period commercing from the date of expiry of the term <jf {pux x&ys provided by clause (a) of suit-section (f) of the said sectiou and enAing on the 31st October 1942, the special circumstances in which it has been thought fit to extend the said term of office being that if the election is held in the current financial year a considerable number of ratepayers of the municipality will tie disfranchised owing to their inability to pay the municipal rates and taxes and to get their names included in the electoral roll us a result of the riots iu the city of Dacca. Darjedling-Mymensingh. —No. 531L.S.-G. —27th February 1942—In exercise of the power conferred By Bub-section (J) of section 92 of the Government of India Act, 1935, the Governor is pleased to direct that the Bengal laical Self-Government, (Amendment) Act, 1941 (Bengal Act III of 1941), shall apply to the Darjeeling district and to the partially excluded areas of the Mymensingh district with effect from the date of publication of thij|| notification in the Calcutta (iacette , subject, to the following mollifications, namely: — (1) that in sub-section (I) of section 9 of the said Act,— (a) for the words “commencement of this Act” occurring iii the first- place, tin- words “the application of this Act to the Darjeeling district and to the partially excluded areas of the Mymensingh district” shall be subs¬ tituted, and {(>) for the words “commencement of this Act” occurring in the second place, the words "application of this Act to the said district and to the said areas” shall be substituted, (2) that- iu sub-section (2) of section 9 of the said Act— (</) for the words “commencement of this Act” occurring in the first place, the words “application of thil Act to the Darjeeling district and to the partial¬ ly excluded areas of the Mymensingh district” sbajl be substituted, and (l>) for the words “commencement of this Act” occurring in the second place, the words “the application of this Act to the said district, and to the suid areas” shall be substituted. Tippera.— -No. 632M.—27th February 1942. —In exercise of the power conferred Dy sec¬ tion 506 of the Bengal Municipal Act, 1932 (Bengal Act XV of 1932), the Governor is pleased to confirm the by-laws framed by the. Commissioners of the Comillu Municipality in the district, of Tippera under section 434 of the said Act. and published for information under notification No. 1145M., dated the 23rd •Tune 1941. iDaooo.— No. 633L.8.-G.—27th February 1942.—In exercise of the power conferred by section 22 of the Bengal Local Self-Govern¬ ment Act, 1885 (Bengal Act III of 1886), the Governor is pleased to approve the election by the members of the Dacca district board of Mr. S. A. Salim, K. 1 ..A., to be their Chair¬ man, fsaw'I] THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MARCH 5, 1942 581 No. 645M.—3rd March 1942.—In exercise of the powers conferred by ■ab-section ( 2 ) of section 25 of the Calcutta Municipal Act, 1923 (Bengal Act III of 1923), and in supersession of the rules published with notification No. 4734M., dated the 24th November 1924, as subsequently amended, the Governor is pleased to make the following rules for the preparation and pub¬ lication of the electoral roll for the purposes of the election of the Councillors under the said Act: — Rules for the Preparation end Publication of the Electoral Roll. 1. In these rules unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or nontext,— (/) “the Act” means the Calcutta Municipal AH, 1923 (Bengal Act III of 1923); (2) “constituency” means one of the constituencies specified in Schedule III to the Act. 2. (1) The electoral roll of every constituency shall be prepared and published by the authority (referred to iu these rules as the “Registering Authority") appointed in this behalf hy the Provincial Government by notification in the Caleutta Gazette. (2) For the purpose of the preparation and publication of the electoral roll, the Registering Authority may employ such agency as he thinks fit. 3. No person shall be included in the electoral roll of a General, Muhammadan or Anglo-Indian Constituency by virtue of the qualifications specified in clause (b) or clause (c) of sub-section (/) of section 20 of the Act unless his name is entered in the register maintained under the said clause on an application made by him in that behalf under that clause to the Executive Officer. Every such application shall he made in Form A or Form B, as the. case may he, annexed to these rules nnd it shall contain a declaration signed by the applicant as to the correctness of the particulars mentioned therein, and the Executive Officer shall satisfy himself about the correctness of the state¬ ments made in the application hy such inquiry as he considers necessary and the applicant shall produce such evidence, documentary or otherwise, as the Executive Officer may require for the purpose of such inquiry: Provided that in the case of an application iu Form B aunexed to these rules it shall not be necessary for the applicant to make the, declaration contained in the. said form if the name of the applicant appears in the Busteo Inspection Register maintained hy the Corporation as owner of the but in question during the period mentioned by him in his application and the Executive Officer shall satisfy himself about the correctness of the state¬ ments made in the application by reference b> the said Bustec Inspection Register and by such further enquiry as the Exeeutive Officer may consider necessary. 4. The electoral roll of every constituency shall be prepared in English, hut in order to give it wide publicity, the Registering Authority ma,\ if he thinks fit, also prepare and publish or cause to be prepared and published a copy of the roll in such other language or languages as he may consider necessary. 6. On or before the 15th day of November immediately preceding each general election, the Registering Authority shall prepare or cause to he prepared a complete electoral roll (hereinafter referred to as the preliminary roll) for each constituency containing the names of all persons who appear to' the Registering Authority to be entitled to be registered as electors for that constituency. 6. In the case of a General, Muhammadan or Anglo-Indian consti¬ tuency, the preliminary roll shqll be prepared ward by ward, hut the Regis¬ tering Authority' may, if he. thinks fit, prepnre a consolidated preliminary roll for several wards comprising a constituency or part of a constituency. The Registering Authority may also sub-divide the roll in such other manner or into such other parts as he may deem expedient for the purpose of faci¬ litating the preparation of the roll. 58$ THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MARCH 5, I^4g [PaWt 7. (/) The names of electors registered in the preliminary roll or any part of the" preliminary roll of any such constituency as aforesaid Hhall be arranged in accordance with the alphabetical order (in English) of the nemos of the streets and the serial numbering of the premises in sucb streets contained in the said roll or part of the roll as the case may be. ■ (2) In the case of a constituency in which u spat is reserved for members of the Scheduled Castes, the caste of each elector belonging to the Scheduled Castes shall be indicated in the preliminary roll against the name of such elector. . . , r (3) Where a person is registered as the representative of any company, body corporate, firm, joint family or other association of individuals, or as the manager of a lunatic or the guardian of a minor, a distinctive sign or mark shall he placed agninst his name in the preliminary roll to indicate the fact. (4) Persons qualified as electors under clause (h) or clause fr) of sub¬ section (7) of section 20 of the Act shall also have a distinctive sign or murk placed against their names in the preliminary roll unless it is decided to publish their names in a separate part or parts of the preliminary roll. 8. In the case of a special constituency, the preliminary roll shall be in such form as the Registering Authority may direct. It shall contain the nnmes of the persons registered as elector^arranged alphabetically (in English) with their addresses. 0. In the case of the labour constituency, the preliminary roll shall be prepared ward by ward, but the Registering Authority may, if he thinks fit, prepare a consolidated preliminary roll for the entire labour constituency. The Registering Authority may also suh-divid» the roll in such other manner or into such other parts as he may deem expedient for the purpose of facili¬ tating the preparation of the roll. The mimes of the electors registered in the roll or any part thereof shall he arranged in accordance with the alphabeti¬ cal order (in English) of the names of the Trade Unions of which they are members. 10. (7) Before the preparation of the preliminary roll of the labour constituency is taken in hand, the Registering Authority shall cause a notice to he issued, calling upon each trade union which has its registered office within the limits of Calcutta and which is recognized in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 18 of Part IV of the Government of India (Provincial Legislative Assembly) Order, 198G, to submit to him within such time and in such form ns he may specify in this behalf : — (a) a list of its ordinary members who arc qualified as electors of the Raid constituency under sub-section (4) of section 20 of the Act, ( h) in respect of every such memlicr. a copy of a certificate issued by the engager or employer of such member to the effect that such member has been actually engaged or employed within the limits of Calcutta in an industry with which the trude union is connected, and (c) a copy of the certificate of recognition issued to it in accordance with the provisions of sub-paragraph (2) of purugraph 18 of Part IV of the said order. (2) Notice under sub-rule (7) shall lie issued to each trade union referred to in that sub-rule, and a copy of the notice shall also he puhlishnd in the manner provided in clause ( c) of rule 12, as well as in such local newspapers as the Registering Authority may think fit. (3) For the purpose of complying with the provisions of clause (b) of sub-rule (7), a trade union referred to in that sub-rule shall be entitled to apply, to the engager or employer of any of its members referred to in clause (a) of that sub-rule, for the issue of the certificate referred to in clause (b) rtf that sub-rule, and such engager or employer shall not be entitled to refuse the issue of such certificate in respect of any such member so engaged or employed by him. 11. For the purpose of satisfying himself as to the correctness of the list of members submitted by a trade union under rule 10, tho Registering Authority may require any trade union to produce before him within eucn time as he may fix in this behalf, any register, record or document of such union, and may call upon any officer or member oi a trade union to appear before him for oral examination on a date or dates to be fixed by- him. * &i4t I] THE CAIXTtTTTA GAZETTE, MARCH o, 1942 583 12. The preliminary roll prepared as above for every constituency shall be published by the Registering Authority not later than the 15th Hay of November referred to in rule 5 m the manner following and otherwise as he may think tit to give it wide publicity in the constituency: — (a) In the case of a constituency other than a special or the labour constituency, by affixing for public inspection a complete copy of the roll at the Central Municipal Office and ut the following other places: — (t) the Municipal District office or offices, and such other Corpora¬ tion office or offices &b the Registering Authority may think fit, ritunted within the constituency concerned, or within the juris¬ diction of which the constituency or any part of it iunv he situated, (ii) one or more of the police-station or stations situated within the constituency or within the jurisdiction of which the constituency or any part of it may be situated, (m) one or more of the Post Offices, as the Registering Authority may think fit, situated within the constituency, and (ir) municipal markets ami such public reading rooms and public libraries us the Registering Authority may think fit. In In the ease of a special constituency, by affixing, tm public inspec¬ tion. a complete copy of the roll at the Central Municipal Office and at the office or offices of the Chamber, Assm iution or the Commissioners of the Port of Calcutta, constituting the consti¬ tuency as the case may be, '«•) In the ouse of the labour constituency, by affixing for public inspec¬ tion a complete ropy of the roll at the Central Municipal Office, at the registered office of each trade union which has such office within the limits of Calcutta and which is recognised in accordance with the provisions of paragraph IS of Part FA' of the Government of India (Provincial legislative Assemblies) Order, IffiUi, and at such other places ns the Registering Authority may consider necessary. 13. Printed copies of the preliminary roll >hall lie sold to the public at such prices as may from time to time l»c fixed by the Ksecutive Officer. 14. For the purpose of the disj>osal of claim' for being included nud objections to the inclusion of any name in the electoral roll, the Register¬ ing Authority may, with the previous approval of the Provincial Govern¬ ment, appoint in writing u person or persons to perform all or any of the duties of the-Revising Authority in respeet of any constituency or part of a constituency : Pi ovided that no Councillor, Alderman or officio or servant of the Corporation shall he a Revising Authority. Ifi. Along with the preliminary roll of every constituency, published as above, a notice shall he simultaneously puhli>hcil in the constituency, and a notice of (he publication of the preliminary roll shall also be given by advertisemeut. in local papers, specifying tor such constituency or any pait oi it, the Revising Authority to whom, the place ut which, the period within which, and the manner in which, claims for being included in the electoral roll or objections to the inclusion of any name ill the electoral roll shall have to be preferred. 16. Claims and objections shall be preferred in respect of the preli¬ minary roll of any constituency uot later than the 20th day of December next following the month of November referred to in rule f>. The Revising Authority shull uot entertain any claim or objection received by him after f> p.m. on that date. 17. All claims and objections shall be in writing and signed by the person making them uud shall state the grounds on which they are based, and where they relate to an entry in the preliminary roll shall give the reference to or the particulars of that entry. 18. Every person whose claim or objection is received in time shall be served with a notice by the Revising Authority sj>ecifying the place where and the time when his claim or objection will be heard, and he may produce 584 THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MARCH 6, 1942 or cause to be produced such evidence as he may wish to adduce, but in the absence of such evidence the Revising Authority ahull decide the matter on the entries appearing in the records of the Corporation. 19. Wh eu objection is made by any person whose nnme is on the preli¬ minary roll to the inclusion of the name of any other person recorded therein, the Revising Authority shall serve on such other jierwon a notice stating the grounds of such objection and specifying the place and the time fixed for the hearing of such objection, where ami when such other person may attend with such evidence as he may wish to adduce : Provided that if any objection shall appear to (he Revising Authority to be frivolous or to have beeu made ou irrelevant grounds lie shall cause to be served on the person making the objection a notice calling upon him to appear and substantiate his objection either in person or by agent on a specific dale, and in such a ease no notice shall be served upon the other persons until the Revising Authority is satisfied that the objection is well founded, and if the person making the objection shall for any reason fail to appear ami substantiate bis objection, cither in person or hy agent on the specified date, the Revising Authority shall proceed as if no objection had been made. 20. Every notice issued by the Revising Authority shall he in writing and shall be served at the address as entered in the preliminary roll or at sueh other address' as may be specified by the claimant or objector in his notice of claim or objection, the person objected to licing served only at the address given in the roll, provided that, u notice may be served by the Revising Authority by sending it to the person concerned by post. The notice to be issued t<« (lie person objected to shall be either posted seven days before the date fixed for hearing the objection, or served three days before that date if served otherwise thau b$ post. 21. The Registering Authority shall cause to be published from time to time on the notice-board at the Central Municipal Office, u notice show¬ ing generally the date oil which and the places at which the Revising Authority will sit for hearing claims and objections. 22. The Revising Authority shall dispose of all claims and objections by a date to be fixed by the Registering Authority. 2d. On the date fixed for the hearing or on such other date to which the hearing may he adjourned, the Revising Authority shall hold a summary inquiry into the claims or objections preferred, and shall record his orders either allowing nr disallowing the claims or objections. H » shall also decide on any application or reference made by the Registering Authority for making corrections in the preliminary roll. For the purposes of the inquiry the preliminary roll as published shall be presumed t-o be correct and complete until the contrary lias been proved. 24. (1) The orders of the Revising Authority shall bo communicated hv him to the Registering Authority, who shall muse the roll to be amended in accordance therewith and shall endorse the same in token that this has been done. (~) The roll thus amended shall be the final electoral roll and shall there¬ upon he published l»y the Registering Authority in the manner prescribed for the publication of the preliminary roll in rule 12. 2n. Tt shall be the duty of the Executive Officer to produce all relevant or necessary documents or papers in his power or possession ami otherwise lender necessary assistance to the Registering Authority and the Revising Authority in the discharge of their duties. 20. Printed copies of the final electoral roll shall be sold to the public at such prices as may from time to time he fixed by the Executive Officer. ‘-'7. All costs incurred in connection with the preparation and printing of the electoral roll, the publication of notices anil taking any other action under these rules, shall be payable from the Municipal Fund: Provided that if the Registering Authority and other persons employed in connection v, ith the preparation and publication of the electoral roll arc servants rt the Frown, they shall he paid hy the Provincial Government such emoluments as may he fixed by the Provincial Government and the Corporation shall, out of the Municipal Fund, pay to the Provincial Govern¬ ment the amounts of emoluments bo fixed. Jfr M,I'] THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MARCH 6, 1942 585 FORM A. Form ot applieotion undor clouw (b) of sub-taction (1) of section 20 of the Calcutta Municipal Act, 1923. To (Jiule 3.) The CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, Corporation ok Calcutta. Application for entry in the Register maintained under clause lb) of sub-sec¬ tion (7) of section 20 of the Calcutta Municipal Act, 1 923. 1. Name of the applicant in full . 2. Father’s name . •Husband's name 3. Age of the applicant .. f-t. Denomination of the applicant (state . whether Muhammadan, Anglo- Indian or belongs to General Com¬ munity. If belongs to General Com¬ munity, state whether Scheduled Custes. If belonging to a Scheduled Caste, state caste as per list printed at the end). 5(a). Number of the premises which the . applicant at present owns or occupies or in which he at present resides and the name of the street on which and the numlicr of the ward within which it is situated : Or, (h) Particulars of profession, trade or . calling at present exercised by the applicant and the place (ward No., premises No. and name of street) where it is exercised. (5. Number of premises (with the name of . the street on which it is situated) which or |>art of which the applicant was in oceujiation during the year between 1st April, (....and the 31st March.) (Ixith inclusive) and the period of occupation. If different premises were occupied during the said jH'riod their numbers and names of streets on which they an 1 situated and their respective }>eriods of occu¬ pation. 7. Months for which rents have been paid . during and in respect of the said year for such occupancy and the rate of rent paid per month. 8. Name or names of persons to whom such ... rents have been paid for and their resfKictive addresses. 9. If the applicant is at present in ooeupa- . t ion of any premises or part of any premises, the rate of rent paid per month for such premises or part of premises and the name of the person to whom such rent is being paid and his address. •To bo filled in only if the applicant is a married woman or a widow. (■(<) A person shall lie deemed to Delong to Oenoral Community, if ho is neither a Muhammadan nor an Anglo-Indian. (ri) ** Anglo-Indian " means a person whose father or any of whose other male progenitors in the male line is or was of European descent but who is a uativo of India, 588 THE CALCUTTA. GAZETTE, MARCH 5, 1942 [Paw I iMvwniion> I hereby declare that the above particulars are true to my knowledge and belief. Full signature or thumb improssiou . of the applicant. P res e nt address (Ward No., premises No. and street).:_ Dated the. N. B. Anjf false Securities maSe by a series tar the purpose at this appHeatton will render such person HaMe to p ros e ci i t len. List ot S ch e d uled Castas. 0 Agariya. Halalkhor*. Mahli. riagdi. Hari. Mai. Baholia. Ho. Mallah. Haiti. •lalia Kaibartta. Malpahariya. Bauri. •lhalo Male or Malo. Moch. Bediva. Kadar. Mother. Beldar. Kan, Murhi. Benia. Kandh. Munda. Bhatiya. Kandra. Musahar. Bhuimali. Kaora. Nagesia. Bhuiya. Kapuria. Namasudra. Bhuraij. Karenga. Nat (not Nath or Yugi) Bind. Kastha. Nuniya. Binjhia. Kaur. Oraou. Ohamar. Khaira. Paliya. Dhenuar. Khatik. Pan. Dhoba. Koch. Paai. Doai. Konai. Patni. Dom. Konwar. Pod. Dosadh. Kora. Rabha. Garo. Kotal. Rajbanshi. Ghasi. Lalbegi. Rajwar. Gonrhi. Lodha (not Lodha Kayastha or Lodhi Rajputs). Kantal. Hadi Kunri. Hajang. Lobar. Tiyar. Mahar. Turi. By order of the Governor, T. I. M. Nukannabi Cuaudhcri, Secy, to the Govt, of Bengal, ^ART 11 THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MARCH a, 1942 T NOTIFICATIONS. Dacca. —No. 424Medl.—18th February 1942.—The appointment of the following gentlemen as members of the Managing Com* mittee of the Homeopathic Dispensary at Ashulia, in the district of Dacca, is publish* ed for general information:— Babu Dhitendra Narain Barker. Babu Sarada Nath Ray. Babu Nalinikantn Sarkur. Babu Basanta Kumar Surkar. Babu Upeadra Chandra Ray. Maulvi Md. Ibrahim Talukdar. Maulvi Nairn r Ali Dewan. Maulvi Juluuit Dewan uhos Gedu Dewan. Matilvi Bnrku Mandal. Babu J’are.sh Chandra Roy. No. 578Medl. — 28th February 1942. -The following amendment which the Governor, in exercise of the powers conferred by section 459A of the Bengal Municipal Art, 1932 (Bengal Act XV of 1932), and clause ( k ) of section 138 of the Bengal Local Self-Government Act of 1885 (Bengal Act III of 1885), proposes to make in the rules for the establishment and management of hospitals and dispensaries under the supervision of the Government of Bengal, published under noti¬ fication No. 138T.MedL, dated the 7th June 1915, as subsequently amended, is published for the information of persons likely to be alfeeted thereby. The draft amendment will be taken into consideration on or after the 15th April 1942, and any objection or suggestion with respect thereto which may be received by the under¬ signed on or before that date will be duly considered: — Draft Amendment. After rule 42 add the following as a sub¬ paragraph : — “This rule does not prevent any honorary medical officer from keepiug a private dispensary or druggists’ shop in connection with his own practice.” No. 536Medl.—25th February 1942.—It is hereby notified for general information that the Government of Bengal are pleased to delete rule 47 of the Rules for the Manage¬ ment of the Government Medical Schools in Bengal published with notification No. 1716- Medl., dated the 30th June 1921, as subse¬ quently amended. By order of the Governor, T. I. M. Npkannabi Chaudhuri, Secy, to the Govt, of Bengal. Public Health NOTIFICATIONS. No. 433P.I1.—2nd March 1942.—The billowing draft of an amendment, which 1 b»* Governor intends to make, in exercise of the power conferred by clauses (c) and (m) of section 311 of the Bengal Municipal Act, 1932 (Bengal Act XV of 1932), in the rules published under notification No. 1501P.H., dated the 2nd August 1920, as subsequently amended, is published for the information of pel-sons likely to be affected thereby. 11. The draft will be taken into considera¬ tion on or after the 1st June 1942 and any objection or suggestion with respect thereto which may be received by the undersigned through the District Magistrate before that date will he duly considered: — Draft amendment. Fur rule 18 of tic said rules substitute the following: — “18(/t The chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from the water works of a municipality shall he carried out monthly and aN often as the Director of the Public Health Laboratory may consider necessary— (i) in the Public Health laboratory, or ( it) if so authorised by the Provincial Government or the Director of Pub¬ lic Health, Bengal, by an order made in this behalf— (a) in its own laboratory, or ( h ) in any other laboratory. (2) The results of the analysis shall he communicated by the laboratory concerned to the municipality and shall be. laid before the Commissioners at a meeting.'’ 24-Pirganas. —No. 421P.H.—28th February 1942.—in exercise of ihe power conferred by section 506 of the Bengal Municipal Act, 1932 (Bengal Act XV of 1932), the Governor is pleased to confirm the by-laws framed by the commissioners of the Baranugar muni¬ cipality in the district of the 24-Purganas. under section 392 of the said Act and publish¬ ed for information under notification No. 1G79P.H., dated the 14tli October 1941, &90 THK CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MARCH 5, 1942 [I'aht No. 422P.H.—28th February 1942.—In exercise of the power conferred by section 5U6 of the Bengal Municipal Act, 1932 (Bengal Act XV of 1932), the Governor is pleased to confirm the by-laws framed by the commis¬ sioners of the llhulian municipality in the district of Mursliidabad, under section 392 of the said Act and published for information under notification No. 19(581*.H., dated the 6th December 1941. By order of the Governor, T. I. M. Nokannabi Chacuhuki, Secy, to the Govt, of Bengal . department of communications and WORKS (COMMUNICATIONS AND BUILDINGS) Establishment NOTIFICATIONS. No. K5E.—20th February 1942. - The services of Mr. •!. D. A. 1 incent, Supenn- tending Engineer, Electrical Circle, are placed at the disposal of the Government of India. Defence Department, with effect from the. forenoon of the 22nd February 1942 for the grant of an Emergency Commission in His Majesty’s Land Forces (Tmlian Army). Jfo. 17 .—24th February 1942.—The senrices of Mr. H. A. Keatinge. Executive Engineer, Darjeeling Division, are placed temporarily at the disposal of the Central Public Works Department for work in Bengul. > T 0 . 18E.—24th February 1942.—Babu lndu Bliusan Das Gupta, Assistant Engineer, under orders of transfer to the Darjeeling Division, is appointed to officiate, until further orders, as Executive Engineer, Darjeeling Division. No. 19E.—24th February 1942.—The services of Babu Sripada Ghosh, Assistant Engineer on special duty as A. It. P. Officer (Shelters), 24-Parganas, arc placed tempo¬ rarily at the disposal of the Central 1 ublic Works Department for work in Bengal. No. 20K.—24th February 1942.—The -erviees of Mr. Anil Chandra Dutt, Assistant Engineer in charge of the Jessore subdivision, under the Suburban Division in the Presidency Circle, are placed temporarily at the disposal of the Central Public Works Department for work in Bengal. No. 21 E.—24 th February 1942.—The. services of Balm Ramendra Chandra Roy, Assistant Engineer in charge of the Eastern Duars subdivision, under the Jalpaiguri Division in the Northern Circle, are placed temporarily at the disposal of the Central Public \Torks Department for work in Bengal. No. 22.—26th February 1942.—Shelter * works hitherto under the charge of A. R. P. Officer (Shelters), 24-Parganas, are placed hereby under the Executive Engineer, A. It. P. (Shelters) Division, Calcutta. N0..23E.—26th February 1942.—Mr. H. V. Merchant, Executive Engineer, Western (Electrical) Division, is appointed, until further orders, to act as Superintending Engi¬ neer, Electrical Circle, in addition to his own duties, rive Mr. J. D. A. Vincent, deputed to the Defence Department. S. K. Ghosh, Seey. to the Govt, of Bengal. Communications NOTIFICATION. ANo. 3(*.—26th February 1942. - The follow¬ ing amendments which have been framed by the (’onmiissiouers for the Port of Calcutta under sections 15 and 13 of the Howrah Bridge Art, 1871 (Bengal Act IX of 1871), in the by-laws published under notification No. 8- Mne ., dated the 2Uth February 1934, as subse¬ quently amended, for the safe and convenient use of the bridge and approaches thereto, und also for the passage of ships, boats and vessels through the said bridge, in superses¬ sion of the amendments under notification No. 7C.. dated the 21st May 1941, are published for information under the provi¬ sions of section 24 of the said Act: — Amendments. (1) For by-law No. 2 substitute the follow¬ ing:— “2. Movement through. the Howrah Bridge. —No vessel of or exceeding 200 tons nett register shall, without the special permission of the Harbour Master, move up or down through the ship opening or other opening of Howrah Bridge unless such vessel is propelled or towed by steam against the tide and taken at snch a speed as is just sufficient to keep good Bteer- age way, except that— (a) tugs and inland steam vessels when not towing other vessels may drop through the ship opening under steam head to tide; (h) river flats may be warped through the ship or the 60 feet opening when the speed of the current at the openings does not exceed 1 knot.” (2) For by-law No. ft substitute the follow¬ ing:— •; “ft. Towage of cargo boats. —No inland steam vessel when proceeding through any of the bridge openings shall have in tow— (a) when proceeding with the tide, abreact more than one cargo boat, ' ■ and- astern more than two cargo boats; nm e l\ THE CALCUTTA GAEETTE,! MABCH 6, 1942 691 (b ) wheu proceeding against the tide, abreast more than one cargo boat unci astern more cargo floats abreast than two.” (3) After by-law No. (i insert the follow¬ ing by-laws: — “7. No steam vessel shall pass through any openings in the Howrah Bridge without first sounding one prolonged blast on its whistle or siren. 8. No inland steam vessel shall pass down through the oast 1KJ feet opening or up through the west (it) feet opening." By order of the Governor, S. K. Ghosh. Secy, to the (rod. of Jlenyul. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOUR Commerce NOTIFICATIONS. No. ln-WCiim. ■ 24th February 1942.—-Hahn Durgusiva l’rasad Mukherjee, Deputy Magis¬ trate and Deputy Collector, is appointed to net as Assistant Secretary to the Government of Bengal, Department of Commerce and I,uhour, vice Maulvi Ali Roza, Deputy Magis¬ trate and Deputy Collector, transferred. No. lOoOCom. —24th February 1942.—The services of Muulvi Ali Ueza. Deputy Magis¬ trate and Deputy Collector, employed as Assistant Secretary to the Government of Bengal. Department of Coimneret! and Labour, are replaced at the disposal of the Home {Appointment) Department of this Govern¬ ment. No. 1084Com.—26th February 1942.— Whereas the Provincial Government is of opinion that employment in the Engineering Department including waterworks and light¬ ing staff of the Calcutta Improvement Trust is csential for securing the Defence of British India and the efficient prosecution of war and for maintaining supplies and services neces¬ sary to the life lit the community : Now, therefore, in exercise of the power conferred by section ft of the Essential Services (Maintenance! Ordinance. 1941 (Grdiuuuce No. XI of 1941), the Governor is pleased to declare such employment to he an employment. to which the said Ordinance applies. No. liSGToiu. -27th February 1942.— Whereas the Provincial Government is of opinion that employment in the oil installa¬ tion at Fort Gloater of Messrs. Burma Shell Oil Storage and Distributing Company of India, Ltdyia essential for securing tie defence of British India and the efficient prosecution of war and for maintaining supplies and services necessary to the life of the community. Now, therefore, in ecseroM® of .the. powers conferred by sect Ton 3 of the Essential Ser¬ vices (Maintenance) Ordinance, 1941 (Ordinance No. XI of 1941). the Governor is pleased to declare such employment to be an employment to which t he said Ordinance applies. No. 1144Com,—27lh February 1942.—The following de. hunt inn by tin* Superintendent of Insurance is hereby published for general information : " Iterlanilion .6 o. 21-1.V.(2) 139 , dated the 12th January 1942.” Whereas. 1, John Hkuiijsiit Thomas, Super¬ intendent ot Insurance, am satisfied that the affair- id the Provident Society known aa the Tippera District Bar Provident Society, Camilla, in the Province of Bengal, have been fully wound up. And whereas three months have passed since the account of the liquidator has been registered with m Now, therefore, in pursuance of the provi¬ sions of sub-section (6i ot section 9,1 of the Insurance Act. 1918 (TV id 1918>, I hereby declare the said Society di-solved. By order of the Governor, J. II. Thomas, Superintendent of Insurance. M. K. Kihi’ai.am, Joint Secy, to the Goet of Bengal. Marine NOTIFICATIONS. No. 166Mne. -23rd February 1942.—In exercise of the power ('(inferred by sub-rule (/) ot rule tit) of the Defence of India Rules, the Governor is pleased to direct that no eountvt craft shall move abnul be!ween sun¬ set and sunrise in that part of the river Honglilx which extends between Hospital Point to Kalpi Village on the one hand and Buffalo Point to Malari Semaphore on the other. No. ItitiMne.— 27th February 1942.—Mr. R. W. Garreau. Engineer Superintendent, Government Dockyard, Narayanganj, is grunt¬ ed an extension of leave on average pay for fifteen duys, under rule 184(61 (i) of the Bengal Service Rules, with effect from the fith February 1942. By order of the Governor. M. K. Kibi’am-ni, Joint Secy, to the Govt. of Bengal, 596 THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE; MARCH 6^ 1942 (Paw I FOREST AND EXCISE DEPARTMENT Forests NOTIFICATION. No. 22G8Fer.—24th February 1942.—-In exercise of the power conferred by section 241 of the Government, of India Act, 1935, and of all other powers enabling him in that behalf, the Governor is pleased to declare the following charges in the Bengal P orest Department as “Major” and “Minor”:— Major charge* — 14, 1. Divisional Division. 2. Divisional Division. 3. Divisional Division. 4. Divisional Division. 5. Divisional Forest. Officer, Darjeeling Forest Officer, Kaliinpong Forest Officer, Kurseong Forest Officer, Jalpaiguri « Forest Officer, Jluxu Divi¬ sion. 6. Divisional Forest Officer, Sundarhuns Division. 7. Divisional Forest Officer, Chittagong Division. 8. Divisional Forest Officer, Chittagong Hill Tracts Division. 9. Divisional Forest Officer, Daooa- Mymenaingh Division. 10. Divisional Forest Officer, Utilisation Division. 11. Divisional Forest Officer, Silvicultural Division. 12. Divisional Forest Officer, Working Plan Division. 13. Director, Bengal, Forest School, Kur¬ seong. 14. One India List Post. Minor charge* —S. 1. Four Subdi visional Forest Officers, Chittagong Division. 5. Attached Officer, Jalpaiguri Division. G. Attached Officer, Buxa Division. 7. Attached Officer, Sundarbaus Division. 8. Assistant Working Plan Officer. 2. The “Major” charges shall l*e held by members of the Indian Forest Service so long as they exist and suitable officers of the ser¬ vice are available and otherwise by offirers in the senior scale of the Bengal Forest Service (New-). The “Minor” charges will be held by members on the junior scale of the Bengal Forest Service (New) and also by members of the Bengal Forest Service (Old). Excise NOTIFICATIONS. No. 2175Ex.—23rd February 1942.—The following officers, promoted to the Bengal Junior Excise Service, were appointed on probation us Inspectors of Excise for one year and subsequently confirmed in the appoint¬ ment with effect from the respective dates mentioned against each: — Names of officers. (1) Babu Kshitiah Chandra Mukhorji. (2) Babu Kshitiah Chandra Sen. (3) Babu Amulya Chandra Chatterjee. (4) Babu Monmohan Uanerji (ti) Maulyi Axiiur Rahman .. (fl) Maulvi M(L Abdur Rahman Date uf appointment on probation. Date of continuation. 15th October 1937 15th October 1U3H. 1st March 1B4U 1st March 1041. Ditto Ditto. Ditto Ditto. 17th October 1940 17th Oetolsjr 1941. Ditto Ditto. No. 2177Kx.—23rd February 1942.—The following officers, promoted to the Bengal Junior Excise Service, are appointed on probation as Inspectors of Excise, for one year with effect from the dates noted against each: — Names of officers. Date of appointment on probation. (1) Babu Kuresh Chandra DaH Gupta ... 21st January 1942. (2) Maulvi Shaikh Anwar Mollah ... 30th January 1942, Fa*» 10 THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE; -MASCH 5, 1942 59T HMTTriv—No, 2289Ex.-+~25th February J942,—In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (b) of sub-section (2) of section 7 of the Bengal Excise Act, 1909 (Bengal Act V of 1909), the Governor is pleased to appoint for the period commencing from the date of publication of this notification in the Calcutta Gazette and ending on the 31st, January 1946, Licensing Boards in the areas of Howrah and Bally municipalities, in the manner set forth below to exercise the powers and to perform (lie duties specified in para¬ graph 2 of this notification in the areas in which the Boards are respectively appointed: — Area for which the Licensing Board is appointed. Area within the Howrah Munici¬ pality. Area within the Bally Munici¬ pality. Constitution of the Licensing Board. (iffiruil member*. U) Tin* Commissioner of the Burdwun Division («,r- ojficio). President. The Collector of Howrah (e.r-offein). {•i) The Superintendent of Police, liowrah le.r-offirin). (4) The Collector of Excise. Cal¬ cutta (e.r-nffieuj), Secretary. Xoii-ofjicitil memberx. (•'>) Babu Hihhuti lthusan Banerjee, Hepre-entative of the Howrah Municipality. ift'i Babu l'annalal Singha, Representative oi the llowruh Municipality. 1 7) Mr. D. 1). McLaren, Manager, Srce llamiman Jute Mills. Howrah, Representative Mill Manager from the Mills with¬ in the Howrah Municipality. Officio] member*. (1) The Commissioner of the Burdwun Division fw- offrio). President. (~) The Collector of liowrah (cj> offcio). (.7) The Superintendent of Police, liowrah {e.r-offew). (•/) The Collector of Excise, Cal¬ cutta ( c.c-vfficw ), Secretary. Stm-offieial mem her*. (A) Babu Ananda (input Mukherjee, Representative of the Bally Municipality. (6) Dr. J. N. Kumar, Representa¬ tive of the Bally Munici¬ pality. (7) Mr. 1). P. Johnston, Manager, Bally Mills, Representative Mill Manager from the Mills within the Bally Munici¬ pality. 598 THE CALCUTTA' GAZETTE, MARCH &J 1942 ’ [TaM'T 2. The powers and dntiee referred to in the first paragra^W <¥f this notification shall consist of the following:— (i) All the powers (except the discretionary power to select the persona to whom licenses shall he granted and to grant licenses), and all the duties which are conferred and ini]>o»ed on the Collector by sections 80 to 84 of the suid Act (both the sections inclusive). These powers and duties shall be exercised and performed by tim Lioens* ing Boards to tlie exclusion of the Collector. (ii) Tlie jiower conferred by clause (ti) of the section 66 of the suid Act on the tlollector to enter and inspect any place in which any excisable article is kept for sale by uuy licensee, at any time during which the place may be open. This power shall bo exercised by any member of the Licensing Boards concurrently with the Collector. By order of the Governor, H. Graham, Secy, to the Govt, of Bengal. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIES Jute NOTIFICATION. No. 187J.—27th February 1942.—In exer¬ cise of tlie powers conferred by clause (i) of sub-rule (2) of rule 1 of the Bengal Raw Jute Tax Hides, 1941, the Governor is pleased to appoint the following officers witfiin their respective jurisdictions as Jute Tax Officers to exercise the functions under the said rules, namely : — All Commercial Tax Officers appointed under tlie Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act, 1941 (Bengal Act VI of 1941). 2. This cancels notification No. 1‘15J., dated 21st February 1942, published in the Calcutta Gazette , dated 26th February 1942. Miscellaneous NOTIFICATION. No. 697Misc.—27t.h February 1942.—Khan Sahib Khoudker Hokumm Hossein, officiat¬ ing Assistant Secretary to the Government of Bengal in the Agriculture and Industries Department, is confirmed in that appointment with effect from the 26th February 1942. By order of the Governor, K. A. L. Hux, Secy, to the Govt, of Bengal. Agriculture Orders by the Director of Agriculture, Bengal No. 1888.—24th February 1942.—Mr. 8. G. Sharungupani, Deputy Director of Agricul¬ ture, Western Circle, is granted leave on average pay for thirty-nine days, from the 28rd February 1942, with permission to prefix Sunday, the 22nd February 1942, and to affix the Easter holidays, under rule 184(ft)(tt) of the Bengal Service Hules. This cancels notification No. 1716, dated the 29th February 1942. M. Cakb&ky, Director of Agriculture , Bengal. l*A*t F] THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MARCH 6, 1942 599 COOPERATIVE CREDIT AND RURAL INDEBTEDNESS DEPARTMENT Rural Indeb te dness NOTIFICATIONS. No. H94R.I.—24th February 1942.—The candidates named below who were appointed to he Special Officers, Debt Conciliation, on !5rd November 1941, were posted to the districts noted against their names: — Hahu Jogendra Chandra Das—Palma. Balm Himansu Kumar Ray—Malda. Bahu Chinta Haran Mandul—Khulna. Bahu Birendra Narayan Bhattacharyya—Midnapore. Bahu Mihir Lai Ganguli—Nadia. Bahu Asok Kumar Mitra—Jessore. Bahu Arun Chandra Sen—Baukura. Bahu llathindru Kumar Biswas—Jessore. Bahu l'rakosh Chandra Ganguli—Bukarganj. Bahu Nirmalva Chatterjee—Chittagong. Bahu Bholaiiatli Mukhopndhyayu—llurdwan. Balm Mukhti ltanjan Majumdar—Mymeiisingh. Bahu Santi Cal Mitra—Chittagong. Maulvi Syed Musharraf Hussain—Tijipera. Maulvi Mil. Mi Main el II uq—Rajshahi. Maulvi Shamsuddin Ahmed Chaudhury—Bogra. Maulvi Syed Nhuhahuddin Ahmed—Midnapore. Maulvi A. K. Alaudilin Khan—Myiuensiugh. Maulvi Md. Dilwar Husain—Mynieusingh. Maulvi A. K. K. B. Syed Md. Hasan Ali—Bankura. Maulvi Ekramul Kubii—Bukarganj. Maulvi Mil. Ahul Qasem—Jalpaiguri. Maulvi Alhaj Kutbuddin Ahmed—Dacoa. Maulvi Nasiruddin Baaunia—Rangpur. Maulvi A. S. A. H. M. Abdur Rob—Faridpur. Maulvi Mil. Hussain Ali—Bankura. Maulvi Muratacuddiu Ahmad—Dacca. Maulvi Khurshid Alam—Bakarganj. Maulvi S. Akamuddin Ahmed—Dinajpur. 000 THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MARCH 6, 1942 . [Pm! Mynjinaingh. —No. 480fl,I,-t-27th February 1942,— In exercise of the power conferred liy sub-section (7) of section 40 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Act, 1985 (Bengul Act VTI of 1906), and with reference to notifica¬ tion No. 098T.lt.1., doted the 28rd October 1987, and No. 8742R.I., dated the 19th November 1941, the Governor is pleased to appoint the Second Officer (Deputy Magistrate) of Netrokoua in Mymensingh district, ex-officio, us nil Ordinary Appellute Officer as defined in clause (tf) of rule 2 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Rules, 1986, for the area included in the juris¬ diction of the Netrokona subdivision of Myitielisingli district, in addition to the Ordinary Appellate Officers appointed by the aforesaid notifications. Mymensingh. —No. 481R.T.—27th February 1942.- In exercise of the power conferred by sub-section (/) of section 40 of the Bengul Agricultural Debtors Act, 1985 (Bengal Act VII of 1986), and with reference to notifica¬ tion No. 6tKST.ll.I., dated the 28rd October 1987, and No. 8748R.I., dated the 19th November 1941, the Governor is pleased to appoint the Second Officer (Deputy Magistrate) of Kislioregunj in Mytnensingh district, ea-ufficio, as an Ordinary Appellute Officer as defined in clause ((>) of rule 2 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Rules. 1986, for the area included in the juris¬ diction of the Kislioregunj subdivisiiui of Mymensingh district, in addition to the Ordinary Appellate Officers appointed by the aforesaid notifications. Mymensingh. —No. 482R.T.—27th February 1942.—Tn exercise of the power eon toned by sub-section (/) of section 40 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Act, 1985 (Bengal Act VII of 1986), and with reference to notifica¬ tion No. 698T.R.I.. dated the 28rd October 1987, the Governor is pleased to appoint the Second Officer (Deputy Magistrate) of Tangail in Mymeu- singli district, c.r-ojfictti, as an Ordinary Appellute Officer us defined in clause ibi of rule 2 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Rules, 1986, for the area included ill the jurisdiction of the Tangail subdivision of Myinen- singh district, in addition to the Ordinary Appellute Officer appointed by the aforesaid notification. Mymefl8ingh. —No. 488R.1.—27t!i February 1942.—Tn exercise of the power conferred by sub-section i/i of section 46 of flic Bengal Agricultural Debtors Act. 1985 (Bengal Act VTI of 1986), and with reference to notifica¬ tion No. 69ST.it.I., dated tin* 28rd October 1987, the Governor is pleased to appoint the Second Officer i Deputy Magistrate) of Jamalpiir in Mymen¬ singh district, r.r-tiffino, as an Ordinary Appellate Officer us defined in clause Hi) of rub* 2 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Rules, 1986, for the area included in the jurisdiction of the •lumalpur subdivision of Mymen- singli district, in addition to tin* Ordinary Appellate Officer appointed by the aforesaid notification. Faridpur. —No. 484R.T.—27th February 1942.—In exercise of the power ( (interred bv sub-section (/) of section 40 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Act. 1985 (Bengal Act VTI of 1986), and with reference to notification No. 698T.R.I.. dated the 28rd October 1987, the Governor is pleased to appoint the. Second Officer tDeputy Magistrate) of Kadar in Faridpur dis¬ trict, as an Ordinary Appellate Officer us defined in clause (6*) of ttile 2 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Rules, 1986, for the area included in tin* jurisdiction of the Sadar subdivision of Faridpur district, in additiou t<< the Ordinary Appellate Officer appointed by the uforesaid notification. Faridpur. —No. 485R.I.—27th February 1942.—In exercise of the power conferred by sub-section (I) of section 40 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Act, 1985 (Bengal Act VII of 1986), and with reference to notification No. (i98T.lt.I., dated the 28rtl October 1987, the Governor is pleased to appoint the Second Officer (Deputy Magistrate) of Madnripur in Faridpur district, ej-nffirio, a s au Ordinary Appellate Officer as defined in clause (6) of rub* 2 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Rules, 1986, for the area included in the jurisdiction of the MadaripuT subdivision of Faridpur dis¬ trict, yi addition to the Ordinary Appellate Officer appointed by tbe afore¬ said notification. Pa*t ,13 THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MARCH 6, 1942 601 FarMpur. —No. 436R.I.—27th February 1942.—In exercise of the power conferred by sub-section (7) of section 40 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Act, 1935 (Bengal Act VII of 1936), and with reference to notification No. S98T.R.I., dated the 23rd October 1937, the Governor itt pleased to appoint flie Second Officer (Deputy Magistrate) of Oopalganj in Fnridpur district, ex-officio, as an Ordinary Appellate Officer as defined in clause (6‘) of rule 2 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Rules, 1936, for the area included in the jurisdiction of the Gonalganj subdivision of Farid- pur district, in uddition to the Ordinary Appellate Officer apjsiinted by the aforesaid notification. Daooa. —No. 437R.I.—27th February 1942.—In exercise of the power conferred by sub-section (J) of section 4(1 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Act, 1935 (Beugul Act VII of 1936), and with reference to notification No. 698T.lt.!., dated the 23rd October 1937, the Governor is pleased to appoint the Senior Deputy Collector in Sadar, Dacca, ex-officio, as an Ordinary Appellate Officer as defined in clause (6) of rule 2 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Rules, 1936, for the area included in the jurisdiction of the Sadar and Nuruvaugnuj subdivisions of the Dacca district, in uddition to the Ordinary Appellate Officers appointed by the. aforesaid notification. By order of the Governor, B. Sahkak, Joint Secy. to the Govt, of Bengal. EDUCATION DEPARTMENT NOTIFICATIONS. Caleutta. —No. 570Kdn. — 27th February 1942.—In exercise of the jxiwer conferred by clause (r) of sul»-sec.tion (/) of section 6 und section 10 of the Indian Universities Act, BM)4 (VIII of 1904), the Chancellor of the Calcutta University is pleased to renominate the following gentlemen to l>c Ordinary Fellows of the University: — Dr. Rantesh Chundiu Mujunidur, m.a. i*1i.i>., Vice-Chancellor of the Daccu University. Khan Bahadur Muulvi Alfaxiuldin Ahmed, M.A., M.1..A. Dr. Muhuinmud Qudruti Klitida, M.sc. (Cal ), n.sc. (Bond), ii.i.c. Mnulvi Kbraliim Khan, m.a., b.l. Professor Phnnindrannth Ghosh, m.a., ph.n. Calcutta. —No. 571 Kiln. — 27th February MM2.—In exercise of the power conferred by clause (c) of sub-section (7) of section 6 and auction 10 of the Indian Universities Act, 19<M (VIII of 1904), the Chancellor of the Caleutta University is pleased to nominate ilr. 11. P. Basu, Principal, Medical College, Calcutta, to be an Ordinary Fellow of the University, vire Lt.-Col. J. C. De, i.m.s., resigned. By order of the Chancellor, H. Graham, Secy, to the Govt, of Bengal. Chittagong. —No. 552Fhln.—26th February 1942.—Maulvi Kyer Ahmed, Subdivisional Inspector of Schools, Chittagong, in the Suliordinute Educational Service acted in the Bengal Educational Service as District Ins¬ pector of Schools, Chittagong, with cited lioiu the Mith December 1941 to the 11th danuary 1942, rite Mr. A. F. M. Abdul Ump on deputation. Preshtoncy-Burdwan Divns. —No. 553Edn.— 2tltb February 1942.—Mr. Md. Najimuldin llossain. officiating 2nd Insjiectnr of Schools, Presidency Division in the Bengal Educa¬ tional Service, is appointed to ad in the Bengal Senior Educational Service as 2nd Inspector of Schools, Rurdwan Division, with effect from the date on which he joins there, ncr Mr. Sudhir Kumar Ghosh on deputation, or until further orders. Hooghty-Praidency Divn.— No. 554Edn.— 26th February 1942.—Mr. Abdus Samad, District Inspector of Schools, Hooghl.v, is appointed to act as 2nd Inspector of Schools, Presidency Division, on his own pay in the Bengal Educational Service, with effect from the dale on which he joins there, vice Mr. Md. Nujinuddin llossain, on deputation, or until further orders. Pabna-Hooghly. —No. 555Edn.—26th Feb- ruray 1942.—Babu Rasharanjun Sen Majum- dar. District Inspector of Schools, Pabna, is transferred to Hooghly, with effect from the date on which he joins there, vice Mr. Abdus Sanmd, ou deputation, or until until further orders. m THE CALCUTTA OAZETTEv toiittal (V,* 1942 [I^Airt* 1 Daoea.Pabra.-Ntv. &,%Kdn.—2ffth Febru¬ ary 1942.—Mr. K. 1), M. Ahilur Rashid, !l Special Sub-Inspector <jf Schools, Dacca, ill the Subordinate Educational Service, is appointed to uet in the Bengal Educational Service (revised scale) us District Inspector of Schools, Talma, with effect from the date on which he joins there, rice Balm ltasba- mujan Sen Mujumdar, transferred, or until further orders. Chittagong Hill Tracts-Tippora. — No. 5<i9- Edu.— ~tith February 1942. — Mr. lntlu Bhusau Buruu, Assistant Headmaster, Ranga- mati (foveriinient High School, in the Suhor* dinute Educational Service, is appointed to act. until further outers, in the Bengal Educational Service as Headmaster, ('omilla Zilla Seliool, with effect from the date on which he joins there. Hv order of the (ioveruor, IT. (iKAIIAM, Serif, to (he (rnrt. <»/ licnt/ni. Orders by tike Director of Public Instruction, Bengal Ilemjnl Filueutumul Serriee. Nadia. — No. (>2B.—11th December 1941.— Mr. I’rasad Chandra Banerjee, Professor of Political Ecouomy and Political Philosophy, Krishnagur College, in the Bengal Education¬ al Service, is granted leave on average pay for the period from 10th November PM1 to 23rd December PM I, in terms of rules 188ib> and 184 (h)iii) of the Heugal Service Rules. Burdwan. — No. (i-l 11.— Kith December 1941. —Maulvj Salahuddin Ahmed, Assistant ins¬ pector of Schools for . Muhammadan Educa¬ tion, Burdwan Division, is granted earned leuve for the period from 3rd December 1941 to 23rd December H141, in terms of rule of the Bengul Service Rules, in extension of the leave already granted to him under this office notification No. 4311., dated 27th August. 1941. Calcutta.— No. f',4B.-20th DneetfrW 1941, —Manlvi Kuzenmddin Ahmad, Professor of Philosophy, isiumia (’allege, Calcutta, is granted leave on average puv for twenty days from 25th November 1941, under rules 184 (h)(n) and 188 (h) of the Bengal Service Rules. HoagMy. —No. 86B.—27th December 1941. —Maulvi (Iholain Mustafa, Head Master, Hooghly Oullegiate School, is granted leave on ’ average pay for the .period from 24tli Novcmlier 1941 to 29th November 1941, under rules I84(b)(u) and 188(b) of the Bengal Service Rules. Ralshahir— No. CRB.—9th January 1942. —llabit Prafulla Kumar Das, Professor, Raj- shahi College, is granted leave on average pay for fifteen days lYoni 2nd Deremlier 1941, under rules lN4(b)(i7) and 188(b) of the Bengal Service Rules. BakirganJ. —No. G7B.—15t.li January 1942. — Muulvi Md. Sliumsul lluq. 2nd Inspector of Schools, Itukurgunj Runge, is grunted earned leave for two days from 2nd January 1942, under rule 11!7( it) of the Bengul Service Pules. Dacca.— No, (J8B.— Ifith January 1942.— Miss .T^ Noronhu, 2nd Mistress, Eden Iligh School for (Jirls, Dacca, is grunted leave on average pay for oue. month from 2nd January 1942 as follows: — leave on average puy for eight days, under Miles lSiib>(f.) and 188(b) and on half aver¬ age pay for the remaining period, under rule 184uD of the Bengal Sen'iee Hules. 24-Parganas. No. C9B.—Kith January 1942. Bahu Ituidya Nath Choudbury, Dis¬ trict Insncc-tor of Schools, 24-Purgamut, is granted leave on average pay for thirteen days from 12th January 1942, under rule 181 {hiiiii of the Bengal Service Rules. < . A < , Tippeva. —No. 70B.—19th January 1942.— Muulvi Khabiruddin Ahmad, District Ins¬ pector of Schools, Tippera, is granted leave on average pay for fifteen days from 2nd •lamiury 1942, under rule 184(b) (m) of the Bengal Service Rules, J. M. Bottomley, Director of Public Imtrn., Bengal- THE CAMHJTTA GAZETTE, MABCH &, IB42 SHERIFFS OFFICE The 5lh March 1942. Notice in hereby given that the Second Criminal Sessions of ihe year 1942 of the High Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal for the town of Calculi ta and Factory of Fort William and the places sub¬ ordinate thereto, will be held at ihe Court House, in the town of Caloutta on Monday, the 4th day of May next, at 11 o'clock in the forenoon, and thenceforward from day to day until the said sessions be over. Ann it is hereby proclaimed that all persons who are to prosecute any of the prisoners to be brought up for trial at the said sessions be present then and there to prosecute. G. B. Morton, Sheriff . tTffiW Wtfan, ft* 5*8* Jftai I onwi nfcusc* c«r, 4l*Mt« cut? i&fi n w u^nrltsiu * urjwt ftpw firm ft-nsr «rcr wMtfl »R NtTSBT 8&1 0 T t?IIUUW (TT^l ^5 >m cu tTrfinrtt^ra »prt«n *n n, •ffcfcf Sw TO TfsR'TSl’f UMU WWPTS ^ ’I'ft-R frffa OfibUfM tufi r tiH Jint jpsmi tjm w «n^cw» cf, ct nfn =urfw* vcufhi first* ftfa*r nror Tffai <ffiFT CT^RrRl mi fa, fir, *1fa, nfiwi ORDERS AND NOTIFICATIONS BY THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT PORT WILLIAM IN BENGAL AND THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF BENGAL. Appellate Side Appui ntmuta and Transfers. Birfchum. —Ho. 1342A.—23rd February 1942.—Balm Auukul Chandra Sanyal, Sub¬ ordinate Judge and Assistant Sessions Judge, on leave, ia appointed to lie a Subordinate Judge of Birbhum, roc Buliu Busanta Behari Mukharji. M-Pargana^Farldeur.— No. 1422A.-25th February 1942.—Babu Sailesh Chandra Sen Gupta, No. I, munsif of AlipOre, in th# dis¬ trict of 24-Parganas, is appointed to be a munsif, in the district of Faridpur, ty l»* ordinarily stationed at Mudaripur, ■vice Babu Sailesh Chandra Chakrabatti. ?t'Pai*pma l No. 1427A.—£54b Fuhnoary 1942.—Maulvi Omer Mallik, munsif. on leave, is appointed to be m munsif, in the district of 24-rarganas, to be ordinarily stationed at Alipore, rice Babu Sailesh Chandra Sen Gupta, No. I. Least. Tipptra.— Nn. 1447A.- 2<ith February 1942. —Babu Cham Chandra Baaii, Subordinate Judge and Assistant Sessions Judge of Tip- pera, is allowed leave on average pay up to the 2nd April 1942, inclusive, under rules lS4(h)(t>) and 188(a) of the Bengal Service Rules, in extension of the leave already grant¬ ed to him under the orders of the 2nd February 1942. Power*. 24-Parganas. —No. 140UA.—27th February 1942.—Maulvi Omer Mallik, Munsif, under orders of transfer to Alipore, in the district of 24-Parganas. is vested with the powers of a Judge of a Court of Small Causes for the trial of suits cognizable hv such a Court up to the value of Rs. 300 within the local limits of the Alipore Munsifi, Faridpur. —No. 1409A. — 27 th February 1942.--Babu Sailesh Chandra Sen Gupta, No. I, Munsif, under orders of transfer to Madaripur in the district of Faridpur. is vested with tlie powers of a Judge of a Court of Small Causes for the trial oi suits cognizable hy such a Court up to the value of Rs. 300 within the local limits of the Madaripur Munsifi. Faridpur.— No. 1472A. — 27th February 1942.—Bubu Sailesh Chandra Sen Gupta, No. I, Munsif, under orders of trunsfer to Madaripur. in the district of Faridpur, is vest¬ ed under section 19, sub-section (2> of the Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act, 1887 (XII of 1887), as amended by the Decentralization Act, 1914 (IV of 1914). and (lie Bengal Art XIX of 1935. with powers to try. under the ordinary procedure, original suits up to the value of Rs. 2.000 arising within the local limits of Madaripur Subdivi¬ sion. 24«Pargan>S. —No. 1475A.—27 th February 1942.—Maulvi Omer Mallik. Munsif, under orders of transfer to Alipore, in the district of 24-Pnrganus. is vested under section 19, sub-section (2) of the Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act, 1887 (XII of 1887), as amended hv the Decentralization Act, 1914 (IV of 1914), and the Bengal Act XIX of 1935, with powers to try. under the ordinary procedure, original suits up to the value of Rs. 2,(KM) arising within the local limits of the Alipore Munsifi. W. MoC. Sharpe, Registrar. Appellate Side. THE CALCUTTA GAZETTE, MARCH 5j 1942 IP4WI ORDERS BY GQMM1SSIONSRS OF . , . 4 DIVISIONS Burdwan 'Division—Chinsufa No. 61R.G.— 8th Jumiary 1942.—In exercise of the powers conferred by sections 8(2) and 4 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Act, 1935 (Bengal Act VII of 193(5'' delegated to him under section 5 of the said Act, the Commissioner of the Burdwan Division hereby cancels the appointment of Babu .Tatindra Nath Ganguli as a member of the Singhi Debt Settlement Board in the Katwa subdivision of the Burdwan district, which was published in notification No. 35G0R.G.. dated the 14th December 1940. at page 175, Part I of the Ctrirutta Gazette,, dated the l(»th January 1941. ami appoints Babu Aswini Kumar Saha to be a member in his place. No. 93R.G.—13th January 1942.—In exer¬ cise of the powers conferred hy sections 3(2 1 and 4 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Act, 1935 (Bengal Act VII of 193(5). dele¬ gated to him under section 5 of the said Act, the Commissioner of the Bimlwuu Division hereby cancels the appointment of Maulvi Shaikh Korbun as a member of the Debipur Debt Settlement Board in the Sadar subdivi¬ sion of the Burdwan district, which was pub¬ lished in notification No. 1228R.G,, dated the 18th May 1939, at page 13(58, Part I of the Calcutta Gazette, dated the. 8th June 1939, and appoints Maulvi Ahammad Hossain to be a member in his place. No. 230R.G.—29th January 1942.— In exercise of the powers conferred by sections 3(2) and 4 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Act, 1985 (Bengal Act VI1 of 193(5), delegated to him uiidpr section 5 of the said Act, (lie Commissioner of the Burdwan Division here¬ by cancels the appointment of Babu Narendra Nath Jana as a meinlier of the Gourn Debt Settlement Board in the Ghutal subdivision of the Midnapore district, which was published m notification No. 3449R.G., dated the 5th December 1940, at page 8H9, Part I of the [olmtt,, Gazette, dated the (5th February t> n ■ a » fl appoints Balm Dhirendra Natl. I akhira to he a member in his place. No. 233It (i.—29th January 1942,—In exercise of the power conferred by sub-section n r.* "‘T t,on I Bengal Agricultural Debtors Act 193-I (Bengal Act VlFof 19JM>). delegated to him under section 5 of the said Act, the Commissioner of the Burdwan Divi¬ sion hereby appoints the following persons * a* Chairman and members respectively of the Debt Settieiheirfi' Boards ns tad below for •a term of three years, with effect from the date of publication, of this notification: — Tuinluk subdivision, district Midnapore (Mahisadal Circle). . : > Barda Debt Settlement Board, Babu Abinash Chandra Maity, Chairman. >' > i Members. Maulvi Syed Samiruddin. Babu Parumeswur Chandra Chandra. Babu Jotindra Nath Bera. Babu Sripati Cbaran Ear. No. 330R.G.—7th February 1942.—In exer¬ cise of the powers conferred by sections 3(2) and 4 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Aet, 1935 (Bengal Act VII of 193(5), delegated to him under section 5 of the said Act, the Commissioner of the Burdwan Division here¬ by cancels the appuidtment of Babu Bibhuti Shusan Bard an as a member of the Birsingha Debt Settlement Board in (he Ghatol aubdrvi- sion of tlie Midnu|>ore district, which was jrablished in notification No. 27IR.T., dated the 5th February 1940. at page <519, Purl I of the Calcutta Gazette, duted tlie 29th February 1940, and appoints MuuKi Sheikh Suiusul lluda to be a memlier in his plane. No. 411R.G.— 18th February 1942.—In exercise of the powers conferred by sections 3(2) and 4 of the Bengal Agricultural Debtors Act. 1935 (Bengal Act VII of 193(5). dele¬ gated to him under start ion 5 of the said Act, the Commissioner of the Burdwan Division hereby cancels the appointment, of lnte Babu Nani Gopal Ghosh as a member and Chair¬ man of the Gopalnagore Debt Settlement Board in the Serainpore subdivision of the Hooghly district, which was published in notification No. 52JR.G., dated the 28th February 1939. at page (5(54, Part I of the Calcutta Gazette, dated the 23rd March 1939, and appoints Babu Tarapada Bose, a sitting member, to be the Chairman and Dr. Kamen- dra Nath Gliosh to 1 m* the member in his place. , ?, No. 24AM.—21st February 194U.‘ 1 In accordance u’ith section 50 of the Bengal Municipal Act, 1932 (Bengal Act XV of 1932), it is hereby notified for genera! infor¬ mation that the Commissioners of Tamluk Municipality in the district of Midnapore at a meeting held on the 10th January 19<|2 dll!' elected Rai Snsadhar Das Bahadur to i! n£¥Hcir Vice-Chairman, vice Babn Ashntosh Misrn granted leave for a further period of two months, with effect from the 1st January 1942. No. 470J.G.—24th Febr
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6497
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dbpedia
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https://www.aimlexchange.com/search/wiki/page/Masir_Mahalleh
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en
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AIMLExchange Search
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[
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AIMLExchange Search
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Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Masir Mahalleh (Persian: مصيرمحله, also Romanized as Masīr Maḩalleh; also known as Masīr Maḩalleh-ye Bālā, Maşīr Maḩalleh-ye Bālā, and Moşber Maḩalleh)[1] is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 233, in 64 families.[2]
References
[edit]
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6497
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dbpedia
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1
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https://www.howtopronounce.com/kamangar
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en
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How to pronounce Kamangar
|
[
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[
"Aniya Hermann"
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2019-12-16T16:13:58
|
How to say Kamangar in English? Pronunciation of Kamangar with 2 audio pronunciations, 1 meaning, 2 translations and more for Kamangar.
|
en
|
/apple-icon-57x57.png
|
https://www.howtopronounce.com/kamangar
|
Wiki content for Kamangar
Kamangar - The Kamangar is a Muslim community, found in North India, Dist. Chiniot, South Punjab, North Sindh and South Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.
Kamangar Kola, Dabudasht - Kamangar Kola (Persian: كمانگركلا, also Romanized as Kamāngar Kolā) is a village in Dabuy-ye Jonubi Rural District, Dabudasht District, Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Kamangar, Iran - Kamangar (Persian: كمانگر, also Romanized as Kamāngar) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Kamangar Kola, Qaem Shahr - Kamangar Kola (Persian: كمانگركلا, also Romanized as Kamāngar Kolā) is a village in Balatajan Rural District, in the Central District of Qaem Shahr County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Kamangaran - Kamangaran (Persian: کمان گران, also Romanized as Kamāngarān) is a village in Rudbar Rural District, Central District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran.
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dbpedia
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3
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https://www.howtopronounce.com/tajana
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en
|
How to pronounce Tajana
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[
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[
"Savannah Stamm"
] |
2019-12-11T05:50:57
|
How to say Tajana in English? Pronunciation of Tajana with 4 audio pronunciations, 1 meaning and more for Tajana.
|
en
|
/apple-icon-57x57.png
|
https://www.howtopronounce.com/tajana
|
Wiki content for Tajana
Tajana - Tajana (also called Tajana Mandal) is a village, situated in Bahawalnagar District, Punjab, Pakistan. It consists 500 homes.
Tajanak, Amol - Tajanak (Persian: تجنك; also known as Tajnīk) is a village in Pain Khiyaban-e Litkuh Rural District, in the Central District of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Tajanak-e Olya - Tajanak-e Olya (Persian: تجنك عليا, also Romanized as Tajanak-e ‘Olyā) is a village in Mazkureh Rural District, in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Tajanak-e Sofla - Tajanak-e Sofla (Persian: تجنك سفلي, also Romanized as Tajanak-e Soflá) is a village in Mazkureh Rural District, in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Tajanak, Babol - Tajanak (Persian: تجنك) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
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6497
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2
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https://www.peekyou.com/_rahkola
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Rahkola Facebook, Instagram & Twitter on PeekYou
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/favicon.ico
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PeekYou
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https://www.peekyou.com/_rahkola
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6497
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https://meaning.urdu.co/aminabad,%2Bbabol/
|
en
|
Meaning of Aminabad, Babol
|
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Meaning and Translation of Aminabad, Babol in Urdu Script and Roman Urdu with Reference and Related Words
|
http://meaning.urdu.co/aminabad%2c+babol/
|
Meaning of Aminabad, Babol in Urdu
Meaning and Translation of Aminabad, Babol in Urdu Script and Roman Urdu with Short Information in Urdu, Related, Wikipedia Reference, Image,
|
|||||||
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1
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https://datacommons.org/place/wikidataId/Q5679279
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en
|
Karipey Rural District
|
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Statistics about economics, health, equity, crime, education, demographics, housing, and environment in Karipey Rural District.
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliabad,_Babol
|
en
|
Aliabad, Babol
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
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2013-10-28T23:30:34+00:00
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en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliabad,_Babol
|
For other places with similar names, see Aliabad.
Village in Mazandaran, Iran
Aliabad (Persian: علیآباد, also Romanized as ‘Alīābād)[1] is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 455, in 116 families.[2]
References
[edit]
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6497
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dbpedia
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https://dbpedia.org/page/Kalanga,_Iran
|
en
|
About: Kalanga, Iran
|
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Kalanga (Persian: کلنگا, also Romanized as Kalangā; also known as Kalangāh) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 454, in 103 families.
|
DBpedia
|
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Kalanga,_Iran
|
dbo:abstract
Kalanga (Persian: کلنگا, also Romanized as Kalangā; also known as Kalangāh) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 454, in 103 families. (en)
rdfs:comment
Kalanga (Persian: کلنگا, also Romanized as Kalangā; also known as Kalangāh) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 454, in 103 families. (en)
|
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/jan-hq/Buzz_binarized_subset/viewer/default/train%3Fp%3D1
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en
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hq/Buzz_binarized_subset · Datasets at Hugging Face
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We’re on a journey to advance and democratize artificial intelligence through open source and open science.
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/jan-hq/Buzz_binarized_subset/viewer/default/train%3Fp%3D1
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[ { "content": "Detailed Instructions: You are given a question. You need to detect which category better describes the question. A question belongs to the description category if it asks about description and abstract concepts. Entity questions are about entities such as animals, colors, sports, etc. Abbreviation questions ask about abbreviations and expressions abbreviated. Questions regarding human beings, description of a person, and a group or organization of persons are categorized as Human. Quantity questions are asking about numeric values and Location questions ask about locations, cities, and countries. Answer with \"Description\", \"Entity\", \"Abbreviation\", \"Person\", \"Quantity\", and \"Location\".\nQ: What does JESSICA mean ?\nA:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Abbreviation", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "libvorbis: Revert formatting. Revert to HTTPS", "role": "system" }, { "content": "{ lib, stdenv, fetchurl, libogg, pkg-config }:\n\nstdenv.mkDerivation rec {\n pname = \"libvorbis\";\n version = \"1.3.7\";\n\n src = fetchurl {\n url =\n \"http://downloads.xiph.org/releases/vorbis/${pname}-${version}.tar.xz\";\n sha256 = \"0jwmf87x5sdis64rbv0l87mdpah1rbilkkxszipbzg128f9w8g5k\";\n };\n\n outputs = [ \"out\" \"dev\" \"doc\" ];\n\n nativeBuildInputs = [ pkg-config ];\n propagatedBuildInputs = [ libogg ];\n\n doCheck = true;\n\n preConfigure = lib.optionalString (stdenv.cc.isClang or false) ''\n sed s/\\-mno\\-ieee\\-fp// -i {configure,configure.ac}\n '';\n\n meta = with lib; {\n description = \"Vorbis audio compression reference implementation\";\n homepage = \"https://xiph.org/vorbis/\";\n license = licenses.bsd3;\n maintainers = [ maintainers.ehmry ];\n platforms = platforms.all;\n };\n}\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "{ lib, stdenv, fetchurl, libogg, pkg-config }:\n\nstdenv.mkDerivation rec {\n pname = \"libvorbis\";\n version = \"1.3.7\";\n\n src = fetchurl {\n url = \"https://downloads.xiph.org/releases/vorbis/${pname}-${version}.tar.xz\";\n sha256 = \"0jwmf87x5sdis64rbv0l87mdpah1rbilkkxszipbzg128f9w8g5k\";\n };\n\n outputs = [ \"out\" \"dev\" \"doc\" ];\n\n nativeBuildInputs = [ pkg-config ];\n propagatedBuildInputs = [ libogg ];\n\n doCheck = true;\n\n preConfigure = lib.optionalString (stdenv.cc.isClang or false) ''\n sed s/\\-mno\\-ieee\\-fp// -i {configure,configure.ac}\n '';\n\n meta = with lib; {\n description = \"Vorbis audio compression reference implementation\";\n homepage = \"https://xiph.org/vorbis/\";\n license = licenses.bsd3;\n maintainers = [ maintainers.ehmry ];\n platforms = platforms.all;\n };\n}\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Error running Analytic Snapshot: Some rows failed - which rows? why only 2000 rows?\n\nI ran an Analytic snapshot, and the answer I got was that some rows have failed.\n\nI see: \n2000 records were inserted...\n0 records failed...\n\nMy data has more than 2000 records, how do I debug it?\nWhere is the error?\n\n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The error you are getting is because analytic snapshots only support 2000 records max at the moment. There's an existing idea posted to vote for removing this limitation. The error 'Some rows failed' is because you are hitting the 2000 record limit. This is a related post which may help.\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Solve for x: 3x + 7 = 16.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "To solve for x, we need to isolate x on one side of the equation. We can do this by following these steps:\n\n1. Subtract 7 from both sides of the equation:\n 3x + 7 - 7 = 16 - 7\n 3x = 9\n\n2. Divide both sides of the equation by 3:\n 3x / 3 = 9 / 3\n x = 3\n\nSo, the solution is x = 3.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "CREATE TABLE table_32809 (\n \"Home team\" text,\n \"Home team score\" text,\n \"Away team\" text,\n \"Away team score\" text,\n \"Venue\" text,\n \"Crowd\" real,\n \"Date\" text\n)", "role": "system" }, { "content": "What was the smallest crowd size at a home game for Footscray?", "role": "user" } ]
[ { "content": "Example conversation: Write the response (start with \"Response:\") DIALOG:\nWhat is R376 road?\n- \n\nResponse: R376 road R376 road may refer to:\n\n\nExample conversation: Write the response (start with \"Response:\") DIALOG:\nWho is Clinton D. Boyd?\n- Clinton D. Boyd Clinton DeWitt Boyd (September 26, 1884 – September 1950) was a Middletown, Ohio attorney, Common Pleas judge and politician and was one of four founders of Phi Kappa Tau fraternity as an undergraduate at Miami University.\n- Where was he born?\n- Boyd was born and raised in Mount Orab, Ohio.\n- Did he go to college?\n- He came to Oxford, Ohio in September 1903 as a third-year preparatory student in the Miami Academy.\n- When did he go to college?\n- \n\nResponse: He began his college work in 1904.\n\n\nExample conversation: Write the response (start with \"Response:\") DIALOG:\nWhat was the operational history of the Messerschmitt Bf 109?\n- Messerschmitt Bf 109 operational history The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was a German World War II fighter aircraft designed by Willy Messerschmitt and Robert Lusser during the early to mid-1930s.\n- What made it a unique aircraft?\n- It was one of the first true modern fighters of the era, including such features as all-metal monocoque construction, a closed canopy, a retractable landing gear, and was powered by a liquid-cooled, inverted-V12 aero engine.\n- Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?\n- \n\nResponse: The Bf 109 saw active service in many air forces and was active in several conflicts outside of World War II.\n\n\nExample conversation: Write the response (start with \"Response:\") DIALOG:\nWhat was the band Led Zeppelin's, \"Black Dog\"?\n- \"Black Dog\" became a staple and fan favourite of Led Zeppelin's live concert performances.\n- When was it released?\n- It was first played live at Belfast's Ulster Hall on 5 March 1971, a concert which also featured the first ever live performance of \"Stairway to Heaven\".\n- Was it well received?\n- It was retained for each subsequent concert tour until 1973.\n- What did critics say about the song?\n- \n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Response: In 1975 it was used as an encore medley with \"Whole Lotta Love\", but was hardly used on the band's 1977 US concert tour.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Read the following conversation:\nSpeaker A) What did the critics say about Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicle the Movie: The Princess in the Birdcage Kingdom?\nSpeaker B) Blu-ray's Dustin Somner compared the film to the anime series, calling it \"a bit stronger than the majority of the television episodes\" due to its quick pace.\nSpeaker A) Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?\nSpeaker B) ", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Although he enjoyed the pacing, Somner wrote that important parts of the story would be missed in a first viewing and found its plot unexpectedly complex during his third viewing.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Add a changelog with information on the last 5 releases\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "## 0.0.15 (5 September 2014)\n\nFEATURES:\n\n * **New Hobo task: `hobo magento patches apply`** - Applies official and critical magento patches\n * hobo seed plant: Custom key-value data can be supplied to project configuration\n * core: new Hobo.ui.ask_choice method to give a numbered list of options to choose\n\nBUG FIXES:\n\n * core: fix for bundler 1.6.5+ compatibility issue\n\n## 0.0.14 (20 August 2014)\n\nBUG FIXES:\n\n * hobo seed plant: fix typo with home path detection.\n * core: fix inverted check for disable_host_run config setting\n\n## 0.0.13 (31 July 2014)\n\nBUG FIXES:\n\n * core: fixes minor spacing bug on new vagrant dep stuff\n\n## 0.0.12 (yanked?)\n\nBUG FIXES:\n\n * core: minor fixes and enhancements\n\n## 0.0.11 (16 June 2014)\n\n## 0.0.10 (23 May 2014)\n\n## 0.0.9 (3 April 2014)\n\n## 0.0.8 (7 March 2014)\n\n## 0.0.7 (18 February 2014)\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Done with her new problems, Wendy takes a break from math. Still without any fresh reading material, she feels a bit antsy. She starts to feel annoyed that Michael's loose papers clutter the family van. Several of them are ripped, and bits of paper litter the floor. Tired of trying to get Michael to clean up after himself, Wendy spends a couple of minutes putting Michael's loose papers in the trash. \"That seems fair to me,\" confirms Hannah encouragingly.\nWhile collecting Michael's scraps, Wendy comes across a corner of a piece of paper with part of a math problem written on it. There is a monic polynomial of degree $n$, with real coefficients. The first two terms after $x^n$ are $a_{n-1}x^{n-1}$ and $a_{n-2}x^{n-2}$, but the rest of the polynomial is cut off where Michael's page is ripped. Wendy barely makes out a little of Michael's scribbling, showing that $a_{n-1}=-a_{n-2}$. Wendy deciphers the goal of the problem, which is to find the sum of the squares of the roots of the polynomial. Wendy knows neither the value of $n$, nor the value of $a_{n-1}$, but still she finds a [greatest] lower bound for the answer to the problem. Find the absolute value of that lower bound.\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The sum of the squares of the roots of a quadratic $ax^2 + bx + c$ is $\\left(\\frac{-b}{a}\\right)^2 - 2\\left(\\frac{c}{a}\\right)$.\nThe sum of the squares of the roots of a cubic $ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d$ is $\\left(\\frac{-b}{a}\\right)^2 - 2\\left(\\frac{c}{a}\\right)$.\nIn general, the sum of the squares of the roots of a polynomial $a_nx^n + a_{n-1}x^{n-1} + \\dots + a_0$ is $\\left(\\frac{-a_{n-1}}{a_n}\\right)^2 - 2\\left(\\frac{a_{n-2}}{a_n}\\right)$.\nSince $a_{n-1} = -a_{n-2}$, we can rewrite this as $\\frac{a_{n-1}^2}{a_n} - 2\\left(\\frac{a_{n-2}}{a_n}\\right)$.\nWe know that $a_n$ and $a_{n-1}$ have opposite signs, so $\\frac{a_{n-1}^2}{a_n} > 0$ and $\\frac{a_{n-2}}{a_n} < 0$.\nTherefore, the sum of the squares of the roots is greater than $\\frac{a_{n-1}^2}{a_n}$.\nSince we are looking for a lower bound, we want to find the smallest possible value of $\\frac{a_{n-1}^2}{a_n}$.\nThe only constraint we have is that $a_{n-1} = -a_{n-2}$, so we can let $a_{n-1} = -1$ and $a_n = 1$ to minimize $\\frac{a_{n-1}^2}{a_n}$.\nIn this case, the sum of the squares of the roots is greater than $\\frac{(-1)^2}{1} = 1$.\nTherefore, the absolute value of the lower bound is $\\boxed{1}$.The answer is 1", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Loreal and Marysol were walking to the store when they saw a car accident. A car had run a red light and hit another car, causing it to flip over. Loreal and Marysol were both scared and traumatized by what they had seen. Let's generate a conversation by considering this.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Loreal: Oh my god, are you alright?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Marysol: I'm fine, I'm just shaken up. What about you?", "role": "assistant" }, { "content": "Loreal: I'm okay. I can't believe that just happened.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Marysol: Yeah, me too. It was so sudden.", "role": "assistant" }, { "content": "Loreal: Did you see the other car? The one that hit them?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Marysol: No, I didn't get a good look at it. But it looked like it was going really fast.", "role": "assistant" }, { "content": "Loreal: That's crazy. Do you think the people in the other car are okay?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Marysol: I hope so. But even if they are, this is going to be a huge shock for them.", "role": "assistant" }, { "content": "Loreal: Yeah. I can't imagine what they're going through right now.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Marysol: Me neither. But our prayers are with them.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "See this dialog response. Fregat Fregat (, \"frigate\") is an upper stage developed by NPO Lavochkin in the 1990s, which is used in some Soyuz and Zenit rockets. What came before?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Dialog:\n* What is the difference between the two stages of the Soyuz rocket?;\n* ", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Amelanotic and hypomelanotic melanomas (AHM) comprise 2-8% of all melanomas. They are usually diagnosed late and are more advanced at diagnosis compared with pigmented melanomas (MM). As a result, AHMs are associated with higher mortality and morbidity (1). Some reports have described the dermoscopic features of amelanotic melanomas (AMM) and hypomelanotic melanomas (HMM) to aid the diagnosis of such lesions (2-4).", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Please summerize the given abstract to a title", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Teledermoscopy: A Helpful Detection Tool for Amelanotic and Hypomelanotic Melanoma.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Dialog:\n -- What happened in Poland during the football riots?\n -- A week later, there were disturbances during games Groble - Nadwiślan (in Borek Fałęcki), and Dąbski - Czarni (in Rakowice), and Blue Police had to intervene.\n -- What are some of the disturbances?\n -- ", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Due to those disturbances, on August 10, 1943, all games were cancelled.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "In this task, you will be presented with a question, and you have to write the part-of-speech tag for each word in the question. Here is the Alphabetical list of part-of-speech tags used in this task: CC: Coordinating conjunction, CD: Cardinal number, DT: Determiner, EX: Existential there, FW: Foreign word, IN: Preposition or subordinating conjunction, JJ: Adjective, JJR: Adjective, comparative, JJS: Adjective, superlative, LS: List item marker, MD: Modal, NN: Noun, singular or mass, NNS: Noun, plural, NNP: Proper noun, singular, NNPS: Proper noun, plural, PDT: Predeterminer, POS: Possessive ending, PRP: Personal pronoun, PRP$: Possessive pronoun, RB: Adverb, RBR: Adverb, comparative, RBS: Adverb, superlative, RP: Particle, SYM: Symbol, TO: to, UH: Interjection, VB: Verb, base form, VBD: Verb, past tense, VBG: Verb, gerund or present participle, VBN: Verb, past participle, VBP: Verb, non-3rd person singular present, VBZ: Verb, 3rd person singular present, WDT: Wh-determiner, WP: Wh-pronoun, WP$: Possessive wh-pronoun, WRB: Wh-adverb\nOne example is below.\nQ: Who were the builders of the mosque in Herat with fire temples ?\nA: WP VBD DT NNS IN DT NN IN NNP IN NN NNS .\nRationale: This is a good example. All of the POS tags are correct.\nQ: On what date was Vladimir Horowitz 's version of the the royal anthem in a number of Commonwealth realms , their territories , and the British Crown dependencies recorded ?\nA:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "IN WP NN VBD NNP NNP POS NN IN DT DT JJ NN IN DT NN IN NNP NNS , PRP$ NNS , CC DT JJ NNP NNS VBN .", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Woman in a mall and at a square at same time totally contradictory statements.is the reasoning for what question and answer pair?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Q: Premise: \"A woman with orange shoes stops in a square.\"\nHypothesis: \"A woman is in a mall.\"\nDo we know that the hypothesis entailed by the premise?\nA: no", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "You will be given a definition of a task first, then an example. Follow the example to solve a new instance of the task.\nYou're given a fill-in-the-blank question where the answer is PersonX. You need to minimally change the given question so that the answer flips to PersonY. This task typically involves replacing one word i.e., the 'trigger word' with its antonym (e.g., changing from \"sympathetic\" to \"stern\"). You should not change any content in the given question beyond a word or two i.e. the trigger word/phrase. PersonX and PersonY should not be equally likely to fill the blank. For your question, PersonY should be a well-agreed answer to fill in the blank. Your generations should NOT contain potentially explicit, offensive, or adult content. Do not use the names of real people or generic names (e.g., Donald Trump, John Doe, etc.) in your question. Avoid repeating the same style or phrase in generating your modified question e.g. this task can be always solved using a simple negation i.e. by adding not, never, etc. Instead, try to increase the word diversity. Your question must contain at least 15 and at most 30 words. Your question must have at least 70% overlapping words with the given question. You must utilize the given context word while writing the question. Your question must contain only one blank. Make sure that PersonX and PersonY have the same gender. In your question, PersonX and PersonY should be used only ONCE and PersonX should appear earlier than PersonY. Although there are many correct answers, you only need to write one of them.\n\nContext word: upset. \nQuestion: PersonX yelled at PersonY because _ was so upset about the news. \nAnswer: PersonX.\nSolution: PersonX comforted at PersonY because _ was so upset about the news.\nWhy? On replacing the trigger word \"yelled\" with its antonym \"comforted\", the answer flips to PersonY which is as per the given instruction. So, this is a valid question.\n\nNew input: Context Word: attitude. \nQuestion: PersonX told PersonY that he would find another job because _ had a bad very attitude. \nAnswer: PersonX\nSolution:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "PersonX told PersonY that he should find another job because _ had a bad very attitude.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "How to update libreoffice 4.0 to 4.2\n\nHow would I update libreoffice 4.0 to 4.2, I tried the default apt-get update' and 'upgrade but It didn't detect that there is a new version yet. I am using Ubuntu 12.04\n\n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "You will have to add the repo then do a distribution upgrade.\nRepo; http://ppa.launchpad.net/libreoffice/ppa/ubuntu\nThe easiest way is to run these commands in a terminal (CLI) one after the other;\nsudo add-apt-repository ppa:libreoffice/ppa\n\nsudo apt-get update\n\nsudo apt-get dist-upgrade\n\nWhen there is a new version Update Manager will say some packages are held back. The key is to do a distribution upgrade via CLI.\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "How can I design a JavaScript function to calculate the average of a given array of numbers?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "You can achieve this by creating a JavaScript function that takes an array of numbers as an input parameter. Inside the function, you will need to initialize a variable called \"sum\" to keep track of the sum of the numbers. Then, you can use a for loop to iterate through each element in the array. During each iteration, add the current number to the \"sum\" variable. After the loop ends, calculate the average by dividing the sum by the length of the array. Finally, return the average as the output of the function.\n\nHere's the code example:\n\n```javascript\nfunction computeAverage(nums) { \n //initialize a sum\n let sum = 0;\n\n // loop through the array\n for(let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {\n // add num to the sum \n sum += nums[i];\n }\n\n // calculate average\n let average = sum / nums.length;\n\n // return average\n return average;\n}\n\nconst nums = [3, 4, 5, 6];\nconst result = computeAverage(nums);\nconsole.log(result); // Output: 4.5\n```\n\nIn the provided example, the function `computeAverage` takes the `nums` array as an argument. It initializes the `sum` variable to 0 and then uses a for loop to iterate through each element in the `nums` array. During each iteration, the current number is added to the `sum` variable. After the loop ends, it calculates the average by dividing the `sum` by the length of the `nums` array. Finally, the average is returned as the output of the function and printed to the console using `console.log`. The output will be `4.5` for the given example array [3, 4, 5, 6].", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Can you write the next few lines of dialog for this scene:\n Opal: Wow, that was a great plate of spaghetti and meatballs! I'm really full now.\n Friend: Yeah, it was pretty good. I'm glad you enjoyed it.\n Opal: Oh, I definitely did. It's been a while since I've had a good Italian meal like this.\n Friend: Well, you know what they say - when in Rome, eat like the Romans do!\n Opal: That's true. But even if I'm not in Italy, I still love to eat pasta. It's just so satisfying.\n Friend: Yeah, I can understand that. There's something about pasta that just hits the spot, you know?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Sure, the next dialog for this scene could be:\n Opal: Exactly! And this plate of spaghetti and meatballs was no exception. The sauce was perfect and the meatballs were cooked perfectly too. Just juicy enough without being too greasy. Yum!\n Friend: Yeah, it was all pretty good. I'm glad you enjoyed it.\n Opal: I did, I really did. Thanks for sharing it with me. It was great catching up with you too.\n Friend: Yeah, no problem. Anytime!", "role": "assistant" }, { "content": "And a title?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Sure, a title for this dialog could be: \n Opal likes pasta very much. Now Opal feels full.", "role": "assistant" }, { "content": "How about a short description?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Sure, a short description for this dialog could be: \n Opal is very fond of pasta. After eating a hearty plate of spaghetti and meatballs, he feels quite satisfied.", "role": "assistant" }, { "content": "What would be one theme of this story?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "One theme of this story could be: \"being full\"", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "In this task, you need to translate the given English sentence to Polish language.\n\nEx Input:\nwhen they shove a knife in their throat and put a bullet between their eyes, how is that not cruelty??? \n\nEx Output:\ntylko wbija im się nóż w gardło lub pakuje kulę między oczy – jak można nie uważać tego za okrucieństwo??? \n\n\nEx Input:\nSo let me zoom in.\n\nEx Output:\nZrobię zbliżenie.\n\n\nEx Input:\nAnd so now what happens is you got these edges of dysplasia.. \n\nEx Output:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "I teraz co się dzieje, to te krawędzie dysplazji...", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Jonny dropped to his knees, overwhelmed with emotion. He felt the tears streaming down his face as the audience erupted in applause. It was a moment he would never forget. Let's generate a conversation by reflecting on this narrative.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Jonny: Dad, I can't believe it. I won!", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Jonny's father: I always knew you could do it, son. I'm so proud of you.", "role": "assistant" }, { "content": "Jonny: It feels surreal. I can't believe it.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Jonny's father: I'm so happy for you, son. You've worked so hard for this.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Double Chocolate: Happy Valentine's Day!\n\nHikouki (@flight_float) over on Twitter issued a challenge to make a Double Chocolate logic puzzle with a fixed grid pattern, and lots of logic puzzle makers responded to that challenge! Here's my take on it.\n\nRules of Double Chocolate:\n\n\nDivide the grid into regions by drawing along some of the dotted lines. \nEach region should have one group of gray cells and one group of white cells; both of these groups should be connected. \nThe two groups in a region should be the same size and shape (but they may be rotated or reflected). \nEach number tells the size of each of the groups in its region.\n\n\n\n A convenient interface for solving this puzzle is available here. \n\n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Here's the solution:\n\n \n\nAnd here's the explanation:\n\n (Note: In this explanation, whenever I use the phrase \"$ n $ region,\" I mean a region with $ n $ gray and white squares that satisfy the constraints of the puzzle.)\n\n We start off with some easy deductions: lines must separate regions with different numbers, the 1 in the upper right is forced, and the 2 in the center left must be constructed upward:\n\n\n\n Now, assume that the 2 in the upper left includes the white square immediately above it. This forces the 1 and 4 regions to be constructed as shown. Then, there is no way to construct the two 2 regions without violating the \"each region has an equal number of white and gray squares\" rule.\n\n\n\n Thus, the 2 region must include the white square immediately below it. This forces the 4 to include the white square directly above the 2, which in turn force the constructions of the 1 and both 2 regions. This leaves two options to construct the 4 region, but only one of them is valid (the other leaves one gray square by itself, which is not allowed):\n\n\n\n Now, we focus on the 14 region. (Credit goes to Avi in chat for helping me with this part of the explanation.) Intuitively, it must be connected to the block of 14 white squares in the bottom left. To make this rigorous, we will show that we cannot have a region of 14 white squares anywhere else. If we try to make a 14 white square region in the top/upper right, then we block the 4 in the upper right from reaching white squares. If instead we try to free up that 4 by making a 14 white square region in the bottom right, then we block the 4 in that part of the grid from accessing white squares:\n\n \n\n Thus, the 14 region must connect to the 14 white square block in the lower left. This also forces the shape of the 14 gray square block, as well as the construction of two 1 regions:\n\n\n\n Now, we focus on the 4 region in the lower right. Clearly, it must use white squares in the bottom right, but it cannot divide that area of the grid into two, otherwise there will be isolated regions of white squares. Thus, the only way to construct the 4 is to take the white squares in an L-shape, just straddling the edge of the grid. This will also force the construction of the 2 region in the bottom right:\n\n\n\n This leaves us with a long L-shaped white square block in the bottom right that is 3 squares wide and at least 5 squares tall. There is only one way to fit such a shape into the black squares and have it connect to the white squares, as shown:\n\n\n\n Note that the above construction also forces the construction of the remainder of the 4 region. At this point, we are pretty much home free, as the remainder of the deductions are fairly intuitive. First, complete the upper right portion:\n\n\n\n Then, note that there are two possible 1 regions that can be created from the lone gray square. Only one of these allows us to construct the remaining regions so that they satisfy the rules, and this is our final answer:\n\n\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Definition: In this task you will be given a string and you should find the longest substring that is a palindrome. A palindrome is a string that is the same backwards as it is forwards. If the shortest possible palindrome is length 1 you should return the first character.\nInput: vyysysvyyvssys\nOutput:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "svyyvs", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "You are given a sentence in Persian. Your job is to translate the Farsi sentence into Portugese.\n\n[Q]: براي اينكه بهتون تصويري از يك تار عنكبوت بدم ، اين يه تار پروتئيني محافظتي است اين فقط پروتئين تار است كه از يك عنكبوت سياه بيوه گرفته شده.\n[A]: Para terem uma noção do aspecto de como é uma proteína da seda de aranha esta é uma proteína de seda de reboque, é apenas uma porção dela, da aranha viúva negra.\n\n\n[Q]: البته به شرکت های دارویی هم نیاز داریم تا تجربیاتشان را به ما انتقال بدن\n[A]: Claro que precisamos de empresas farmacêuticas para nos darem a sua experiência.\n\n\n[Q]: و هرچه بیشتر متحول می شوند نه اینکه فقط داشتن شان خوب است بلکه ضروری است.\n[A]:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "E evoluíram ainda mais para se tornarem não só algo bom de se ter mas essencial de se ter.\n\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Can you condense the passages into 150 words or less?\nPassage 1: The Food and Drug Administration has approved Arena Pharmaceutical's anti-obesity pill Belviq, the first new prescription drug for long-term weight loss to enter the U.S. market in over a decade. \n\nThis photo provided by Food and Drug Administration shows Arena Pharmaceutical's anti-obesity pill Belviq. The Food and Drug Administration has approved Belviq, the first new prescription drug for long-term... (Associated Press) \n\nDespite only achieving modest weight loss in clinical studies, the drug appeared safe enough to win the FDA's endorsement, amid calls from doctors for new weight-loss treatments. \n\nThe agency cleared the pill Wednesday for adults who are obese or are overweight with at least one medical complication, such as diabetes or high cholesterol. \n\nThe FDA denied approval for Arena's drug in 2010 after scientists raised concerns about tumors that developed in animals studied with the drug. The company resubmitted the drug with additional data earlier this year, and the FDA said there was little risk of tumors in humans. \n\n\"The approval of this drug, used responsibly in combination with a healthy diet and lifestyle, provides a treatment option for Americans who are obese or are overweight and have at least one weight-related comorbid condition,\" said FDA's drug center director, Dr. Janet Woodcock, in a statement. \n\nArena and its partner Eisai Inc. of Woodcliff Lake, N.J., expect to launch the drug in early 2013. \n\nWith U.S. obesity rates nearing 35 percent of the adult population, many doctors have called on the FDA to approve new weight loss treatments. \n\nBut a long line of prescription weight loss offerings have been associated with safety problems, most notably the fen-phen combination, which was linked to heart valve damage in 1997. The cocktail of phentermine and fenfluramine was a popular weight loss combination prescribed by doctors, though it was never approved by FDA. \n\nIn a rare move, the FDA explicitly stated in a press release that Belviq \"does not appear to activate\" a chemical pathway that was linked to the heart problems seen with fen-phen. \n\nThe FDA said the drug acts on a different chemical pathway in the brain, which is believed to reduce appetite by boosting feelings of satiety and fullness. \n\nObesity Society President Patrick O'Neil said he's encouraged by the drug's approval because it underscores the idea that lifestyle changes alone are not enough to treat obesity. \n\n\"This is good news because it tells us that the FDA is indeed treating obesity seriously. On the other hand, it's not the answer to the problem _ or even a big part of the answer,\" said O'Neil, who teaches at Medical University of South Carolina and was the lead researcher on several studies of Belviq. \n\nEven if the effects of Belviq are subtle, experts say it could be an important first step in a new line of treatments that attack the underlying causes of obesity. \n\n\"The way these things tend to work is you have some people who do extremely well and other people don't lose any weight at all. But if we had 10 medicines that were all different and worked like this, we would have a real field,\" said Dr. Louis Aronne, director of the weight loss program at Weill-Cornell Medical College. \n\nBelviq is one of three experimental weight-loss drugs whose developers have been trying for a second time to win approval, after the FDA shot them all down in 2010 or early 2011 because of serious potential side effects. \n\nVivus Inc.'s Qnexa is thought to be the most promising of the drugs, achieving the most weight loss. But the FDA has delayed a decision on that pill until July. \n\nShares of San Diego-based Arena Pharmaceuticals Inc. jumped $2.54, or 28.7 percent, to close at $11.39. Shares of Mountain View, Calif.-based Vivus rose $1.94, or 7.4 percent, to $28.33. \n\nArena's studies showed that patients taking Belviq, known generically as lorcaserin, had modest weight loss. On average patients lost just 3 to 3.7 percent of their starting body weight over a year. About 47 percent of patients without diabetes lost at least 5 percent of their weight or more, which was enough to meet FDA standards for effectiveness. By comparison, average weight loss with Qnexa is 11 percent, with more than 83 percent of patients losing 5 percent of their weight or more. \n\nThe FDA said patients should stop taking Belviq after three months if they fail to lose 5 percent of their body weight. Patients are unlikely to see any significant weight loss by staying with the drug. \n\nSide effects with the drug include depression, migraine and memory lapses. \n\nIn May a panel of expert advisers to the FDA voted 18-4 to recommend approval of Arena's drug, concluding that its benefits \"outweigh the potential risks when used long term\" in overweight and obese people. \n\nExperts say the challenge of weight loss drug development lies in safely turning off one of the body's fundamental directives: to eat enough food to maintain its current weight. \n\nWhile several drugs are available for short-term weight loss, until Wednesday there was only one FDA-approved prescription drug for long-term weight loss: Xenical from Roche, which is seldom prescribed because of unpleasant digestive side effects and modest weight loss. Belviq is the first new prescription drug approved to treat obesity since Xenical's approval 13 years ago. \n\nOther safety failures for diet pills have continued to pile up in recent years. \n\nFour years ago Sanofi-Aventis SA discontinued studies of its highly anticipated pill Acomplia due to psychiatric side effects, including depression and suicidal thoughts. In 2010, Abbott Laboratories withdrew its drug Meridia after a study showed it increased heart attack and stroke.\nPassage 2: Eisai Co. (4523) surged the most in two years in Tokyo trading after its partner won Food and Drug Administration approval for a weight-loss pill, making it the first obesity medication cleared for the U.S. in 13 years. \n\nThe Japanese drugmaker jumped 4 percent to 3,505 yen as of 9:20 a.m. Tokyo time, the biggest intraday advance since May 2009, after San Diego-based partner Arena Pharmaceuticals Inc. (ARNA) gained backing to market the treatment. Dubbed Belviq, the drug affects an area of the brain that helps a person feel sated with less food, the FDA said yesterday in a statement. Arena has licensed the medicine to Tokyo-based Eisai to sell in the U.S. \n\nMore than 78 million U.S. adults are obese, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. Arena’s medicine, which will be its first marketed product, may reach sales of about $2 billion in 2020, said Edward Tenthoff, an analyst at Piper Jaffray & Co. in New York. \n\n“Two-thirds of the people in this country are overweight or obese,” Tenthoff said in a telephone interview. “It’s an enormous opportunity.” \n\nArena increased 29 percent to $11.39 at 4 p.m. New York time yesterday. \n\nObesity raises the risks of diabetes, heart attacks and stroke, and costs the U.S. economy an estimated $147 billion a year in medical expenses and lost productivity, according to the CDC. \n\nDamaged Valves \n\nThe pill works in a similar way to fenfluramine, part of the fen-phen appetite-suppression drug combination pulled from pharmacies 15 years ago when it was linked to heart valve abnormalities. \n\nArena and Eisai agreed to conduct six post-market studies to analyze the safety and efficacy of Belviq, including a long- term cardiovascular outcomes trial to assess the drug’s risk for major cardiac risks such as heart attack and stroke, the FDA said. \n\nBelviq is indicated for people who have at least one coexisting condition such as high blood pressure or Type 2 diabetes. The drug will be available after the Drug Enforcement Administration completes a review to classify Belviq based on its potential for abuse, Arena said yesterday in a statement. \n\nThe drug agency’s decision may take four to six months, Arena’s management said yesterday on a conference call. The FDA recommended Belviq be classified among the fourth class of drugs of a five-tiered system, the company said, with those in the first class being the most restricted because they have the highest potential for abuse. \n\nThose in fourth tier don’t have restrictions on samples, advertising or automatic refills. The primary requirement is keeping better records, Arena’s executives said. \n\nSide Effects \n\nThe FDA said Arena’s pill shouldn’t be used by pregnant women. Belviq may cause serious side effects, including a fatal increase in the chemical serotonin produced by the body that can cause muscle rigidity, fever and seizures, especially when used with drugs that treat migraines and depression, the agency said. Belviq may also cause memory or attention disturbances, the FDA said. \n\nThe medication’s label also instructs patients to discontinue use if 5 percent of weight loss is not achieved by the 12th week of treatment. \n\nArena expects to begin the required cardiovascular study in mid-2013, management said. The company is responsible for 10 percent of the cost of the study and Eisai will assume remaining expenses. \n\nRoche’s Xenical \n\nRoche Holding AG’s (ROG) Xenical was the last obesity medicine approved in 1999. \n\nArena’s drug, previously known by its chemical name as lorcaserin, was rejected by the FDA in 2010 because the agency had concerns about cancer. Advisers to the agency determined the benefits of the drug outweighed the risks. \n\nThe watchdog group Public Citizen, based in Washington, urged FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg to reject Arena’s medicine because of potential risks associated with heart valve abnormalities. \n\n“Faced with this serious concern, it would be dangerous and unconscionable for you to allow the FDA to disregard the available evidence and subject large numbers of obese patients, already at risk of cardiovascular disease, to the added risk of damaged heart valves,” Sidney Wolfe, director of Public Citizen’s Health Research Group, wrote Hamburg yesterday. \n\nBelviq’s label warns patients to consider stopping the drug if they exhibit signs of valvular heart disease and to get evaluated for valve abnormalities. \n\nPatients who tested Arena’s treatment in three studies lost about 3 percent more of their body weight than those who took a placebo, FDA staff said in a May 8 report. \n\nTo contact the reporters on this story: Anna Edney in Washington at aedney@bloomberg.net; Catherine Larkin in Denver at clarkin4@bloomberg.net \n\nTo contact the editor responsible for this story: Reg Gale at rgale5@bloomberg.net\nPassage 3: (CBS News) The obesity pill Belviq (lorcaserin) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to be used in conjunction with diet and exercise as a weight management treatment option. It's the first new long-term weight loss drug to hit the U.S. market in over a decade. \n\n\n\nThe FDA announced Wednesday that the drug is approved for adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or over - which indicates obesity - or with a BMI of 27 or greater (overweight) who have at least one weight-related health problem such as high blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes or high cholesterol. It is manufactured by Switzerland-based Arena Pharmaceuticals. \n\nPanel advises FDA to approve lorcaserin obesity pill \n\nFDA panel backs obesity pill Qnexa: What happens next? \n\n\"Obesity threatens the overall well being of patients and is a major public health concern,\" Dr. Janet Woodcock, director of the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said in a written statement. \"The approval of this drug, used responsibly in combination with a healthy diet and lifestyle, provides a treatment option for Americans who are obese or are overweight and have at least one weight-related comorbid condition.\" \n\nThere are currently two prescription drugs used to treat obesity including the appetite-suppressant phentermine, and orlistat (Xenical), which prevents dietary fat from being absorbed by the intestine. Orlistat is sold over-the-counter as Alli in a lower dose. \n\n\n\nThe FDA cited three studies of nearly 8,000 overweight and obese patients - with or without Type 2 diabetes - who were treated from 52 weeks to 104 weeks with the drug or a placebo, along with exercise and diet counseling. The studies found about 47 percent of patients without Type 2 diabetes lost at least 5 percent of their body weight compared with about 23 percent of patients treated with placebo. In people with Type 2 diabetes, about 38 percent of patients treated with Belviq lost at least 5 percent of their body weight, compared to 16 percent in patients treated with placebo. \n\nThe drug's label will recommend that people stop taking the pill if they don't lose 5 percent of their body weight after 12 weeks of treatment, as those patients are unlikely to achieve meaningful weight loss even with continuing treatment. The drug should also not be taken by pregnant women. \n\nSide effects from Belviq include serotonin syndrome - a potentially life-threatening drug reaction that causes the body to produce too much serotonin and causes symptoms of agitation, diarrhea, heavy sweating, fever, muscle spasms, tremors or mental health changes. People taking antidepressants or migraine drugs that increase serotonin levels may be at an increased risk for this side effect. The drug may also cause \"disturbances in attention or memory,\" the FDA said. \n\n\n\nBelviq should be used with caution in people who have congestive heart failure, according to the FDA, but studies found no significant difference in heart valve problems between people taking Belviq and those taking a placebo. Studies of some earlier weight loss pills reported heart valve damage as a potential side effect. \n\nArena will be required to conduct six postmarketing studies, including a long-term cardiovascular outcomes trial to assess the effect of Belviq on the risk for major cardiac events such as heart attack and stroke, the FDA said. \n\nIn May, a panel of expert advisers to the FDA voted 18-4 with one abstention to recommend the agency approve the pill saying its benefits \"outweigh the potential risks when used long term.\" \n\nThe pill was initially rejected by the FDA in 2010, which called any weight loss the drug produces in overweight people who don't have diabetes \"marginal.\" FDA scientists also raised concerns about health issues such as tumors that developed in laboratory animals given the drug. \n\n\n\nEarlier this year a rival drug, Vivus Inc.'s Qnexa, won endorsement from an FDA panel after previously being rejected due to safety concerns. The drug's approval is currently pending.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "For the first time in 13 years, the FDA has approved an anti-obesity pill. The medication, called Belviq, targets a section of the brain responsible for regulating hunger, reports Bloomberg. Sales could hit $2 billion in 2020, predicts an analyst. “Two-thirds of the people in this country are overweight or obese,” he says. \"It's an enormous opportunity.\" The drug is expected to be on the market in early 2013, notes AP. Belviq will be available only to patients with a body mass index of 30 or higher, or to patients with a BMI of 27 or higher if they suffer from weight-related illnesses such as type 2 diabetes, reports CBS News. Three studies showed participants shed 3% more body weight on Belviq than participants taking a placebo. The stock price of Arena Pharmaceuticals, the San Diego-based company that created the pill, surged 29% after the news broke.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "I have a poorly styled HTML table that uses div tags for rows and displays data in two columns. How can I correct the HTML and create a CSS style sheet to improve the display of this two-column layout? I also want to ensure that the layout becomes a single column on smaller screens for a responsive design. Can you also provide guidance on incorporating accessibility practices while styling the table?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Certainly! Here's a solution using HTML and CSS.\n\nFirst, let's correct the HTML by replacing the div tags with the appropriate table tags:\n\n```html\n<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n <head>\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"styles.css\">\n </head>\n\n <body>\n <table id=\"styledTable\">\n <tr>\n <th>Header 1</th>\n <th>Header 2</th>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Data 1</td>\n <td>Data 2</td>\n </tr>\n <!-- Add your rows here -->\n </table>\n </body>\n</html>\n```\n\nNext, let's create a CSS file (styles.css) to enhance the display of the two-column layout:\n\n```css\n/* Start with basic styling */\n\ntable {\n margin: 0 auto;\n font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nth, td {\n border: 1px solid #dddddd;\n text-align: left;\n padding: 8px;\n}\n\nth {\n background-color: #dddddd;\n}\n\n/* Responsive handling */\n\n@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {\n table, thead, tbody, th, td, tr {\n display: block;\n }\n\n th, td {\n width: auto;\n overflow: auto;\n }\n \n th {\n position: absolute;\n left: -9999px;\n }\n\n tr {\n margin: 0 0 1rem 0;\n }\n\n td:before {\n position: relative;\n padding-right: 10px;\n white-space: nowrap;\n content: attr(data-label);\n }\n}\n```\n\nTo ensure accessibility, we have used human-readable text in the tables. This makes it easier to add content to the cells via CSS-generated content (:before). The text is screen reader accessible and beneficial for users relying on voice recognition software or switch technology.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Give me the complete political debate on the topic of Health of Animals Act that ends with: ...ked to us about this a lot. Again, on December 7,.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Madam Speaker, I am pleased to rise today to speak to Bill C-205 because I come from a riding where agriculture is so important and agri-tourism makes such an enormous contribution to the vitality of Shefford.\\nThe Bloc Québécois supports the principle of this bill because we have always stood with farmers, who would not be able to survive if they did not treat their animals properly. I grew up with horses. My father even raised a mistreated horse and practically brought it back to life. I accompanied my aunts and uncles when they went to care for their animals. That contact with the land and the agricultural community on a smaller scale was a privilege for me, and it did a lot to open my eyes to the importance of this sector in the food chain. \\nI want to begin my speech today by stating the main points of the bill. I will then give a real-life example from my region, and I will close by reminding members of some of the arguments for and against the bill. To start, I want to dispel the myth that Bill C-205 challenges vegan values. The bill is about respect for animals, laws and private property. \\nFirst, let me summarize the bill, which is actually very simple. It makes it an offence to enter, without lawful authority or excuse, a place in which animals are kept if doing so could result in the exposure of the animals to a disease or toxic substance that is capable of affecting or contaminating them. It also amends the Health of Animals Act, under which the penalties would be applied.\\nHowever, shared jurisdiction limits its effects. Certain difficulties may also complicate the application of this bill, including the fact that the purpose of the Health of Animals Act is really to protect animals in order to protect the humans who consume them and to prevent epidemics of zoonotic disease, or animal-to-human disease transmission. It was not created to define animal welfare. Agriculture and animal protection are shared jurisdictions, so the federal government's power to implement this kind of bill broadly is limited. That is why it would be good to have more information about how the bill would actually work.\\nTo better understand the issue, here is a brief description posted on the website of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, or CFIA:\\n Canadian provinces have the primary responsibility for protecting the welfare of animals, including farm animals and pets. All provinces and territories have laws in respect to animal welfare. Provincial and territorial legislation tend to be general in scope, covering a wide range of animal welfare interests. Some provinces and territories have regulations that govern specific aspects of animal welfare, or are related to certain species. \\n The CFIA's animal welfare mandate is limited to regulating humane transportation of animals and the humane treatment of food animals in federal abattoirs. \\n The Criminal Code of Canada prohibits anyone from willfully causing animals to suffer from neglect, pain or injury. The Criminal Code is enforced by police services, provincial and territorial Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and/or provincial and territorial ministries of agriculture. \\nWe must therefore be careful, because all provinces have animal welfare laws but not all of them have passed legislation to address this particular issue. In recent years, several provinces, including Ontario and Alberta, have created or strengthened laws to punish people who break into a slaughterhouse or farm.\\nQuebec does not yet have a law such as this, but it does have the Animal Welfare and Safety Act. This law is very much in line with the type of agriculture we have in Quebec, which is much more oriented towards family operations. We must avoid getting involved in a situation where it could be construed that we are telling it what to do or giving lectures. If the question is asked, the reply is simple: Quebec is considering the issue and it is not up to the federal government to impose its laws on the provinces.\\nI will now talk about a case that farmers and food processors in Shefford have raised with me several times, especially since I live in the region that is known as Quebec's pantry. It is a region that I share with the hon. member for Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot who also spoke of the highly publicized case of Porgreg in Saint-Hyacinthe. We are neighbours, so of course, people have talked to us about this a lot. Again, on December 7,.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "instruction:\nIn this task, you need to remove all words of a given length in the sentence. The number of letters in a word determine its length, for example, the length of the word \"apple\" is 5.\nquestion:\nSentence: 'a dog with a long tail is laying in a chair'. Remove all words of length '2' in the given sentence.\nanswer:\na dog with a long tail laying a chair\n\n\nquestion:\nSentence: 'a player hits the ball during a baseball game'. Remove all words of length '8' in the given sentence.\nanswer:\na player hits the ball during a game\n\n\nquestion:\nSentence: 'a big room with a glass table and some chairs'. Remove all words of length '4' in the given sentence.\nanswer:\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "a big a glass table and chairs\n\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Update gunicorn from 19.7.0 to 19.7.1", "role": "system" }, { "content": "-r base.txt\n\ngunicorn==19.7.0\nraven==6.0.0\nsendgrid==3.6.3\nsendgrid-django==4.0.4\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "-r base.txt\n\ngunicorn==19.7.1\nraven==6.0.0\nsendgrid==3.6.3\nsendgrid-django==4.0.4\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Consider this response: In one variant, the woman can tighten her breasts around the penis and move them up and down to bring the man to orgasm.\nWhat was the preceding dialog?\nPreceding dialog: DIALOG:\nWhat is Mammary intercourse?\n- Mammary intercourse Mammary intercourse is a sex act, performed as either foreplay or as non-penetrative sex, that involves the stimulation of a man's penis by a woman's breasts and vice versa.\n- What exactly does it involve?\n- It involves placing the penis between a woman's breasts and moving the penis up and down to simulate sexual penetration and to create sexual pleasure.\n- Is there anything else interesting about it?\n- It may be used as an alternative to a handjob.\n- What else does it involve?\n- Mammary intercourse involves a man kneeling or sitting on a woman's stomach or chest and placing his erect penis between her breasts, and rubbing or thrusting it there, while the breasts are squeezed around the penile shaft, by either the woman or the man, creating tightness similar to masturbation, and in simulation of penetrative sex.\n- Is there anything else that's important to know about it?\n- To create a smooth motion, a lubricant, masturbation cream, or saliva may be spread between the breasts or on the penis.\n- Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?\n- \n\nResponse: Later, through the 2017 bill HR 1769, Westlands agreed to drop the lawsuit in exchange for forgiven debt and long-term access to water from Central Valley Project facilities. The preceding conversation:\n\nPreceding conversation: DIALOG:\nWhat is the connection between David Bernhardt and the Westlands water dispute?\n- In 2011, Bernhardt filed a lawsuit for Westlands that \"sought to force the feds to make good on a commitment to build a multibillion-dollar system to dispose of the poisoned water\" resulting from toxic irrigation in the Westlands district.\n- Was the lawsuit successful?\n- \n\nWrite an example conversation that led to this. This: He competed in the men's 18 kilometre event at the 1932 Winter Olympics.\nPreceding conversation: DIALOG:\nWho is Jaroslav Feistauer?\n- Jaroslav Feistauer Jaroslav Feistauer (born 12 May 1909, date of death unknown) was a Czech cross-country skier.\n- Did he compete in any competitions?\n- \n\nSee the last examples. Predict the preceding dialog. DIALOG:\nWhat is known about Agelanthus pungu?\n- Agelanthus pungu The blue-leaved mistletoe (\"Agelanthus pungu\") is a species of perennial, parasitic plant in the family Loranthaceae, which is native to the southeastern Afrotropics.\n- Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?\n- Its size is variable, as is the shape of its leaves.\n- What else do you know about the plant?\n- The glabrous and opposite leaves are grey-green to blue-green in colour.\n- Where was the plant found?\n- A fuller description is given at Govaerts \"et al.\" (2018) \"A. pungu\" has been recorded in Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, northeastern Namibia and northern South Africa.\n- What was the habitat of the plant?\n- \nPreceding conversation: DIALOG:\nWhat is known about Agelanthus pungu?\n- Agelanthus pungu The blue-leaved mistletoe (\"Agelanthus pungu\") is a species of perennial, parasitic plant in the family Loranthaceae, which is native to the southeastern Afrotropics.\n- Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?\n- Its size is variable, as is the shape of its leaves.\n- What else do you know about the plant?\n- The glabrous and opposite leaves are grey-green to blue-green in colour.\n- Where was the plant found?\n- A fuller description is given at Govaerts \"et al.\" (2018) \"A. pungu\" has been recorded in Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, northeastern Namibia and northern South Africa.\n- What was the habitat of the plant?\n- \n\nProblem: If this is the response, what came before? When primary users want to use their licensed resources, secondary users has to vacate these resources.\n++++++++++\nBefore this should be: DIALOG:\nWhat is the difference between newtonian and gaussian mixture models?\n- Note that formula_23 copies some part of formula_22 for cooperative relaying capability.\n- what is the significance of the mixture model?\n- Using cooperative relaying capability at the relay node improves the performance of reception at the destination node.\n- can you explain the iterative decoding?\n- Thus, the upper bound is rewritten as Using a relay which decodes and forwards its captured signal yields the achievable rate as follows: where the broadcast channel is reduced to the point-to-point channel because of decoding at the relay node, i.e., formula_42 is reduced to formula_43.\n- what is the result of the iterative decoding?\n- The capacity of the reduced broadcast channel is Thus, the achievable rate is rewritten as The capacity of the TD relay channel is upper-bounded by with In a cognitive radio system, unlicensed secondary users can use the resources which is licensed for primary users.\n- what is the importance of the cognitive radio system?\n- \n\nInput: What came before. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tyler.\nSolution:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "DIALOG:\nWhat was your school?\n- Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Catholic School Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Catholic School is a parochial Catholic high school and middle school in Tyler, Texas, United States.\n- Where was your school located?\n- ", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "In this task, you are given a sentence which is either in the Hindi language or English language. You task is to identify the language of input sentence. Input sentence can be in Hindi or English language only and also it cannot have two languages at a time.\n\nEx Input:\nआप को शायद घुअर्डिअन् ' स् आल्लोतन्चे मिल सकता है अगर बच्चे के पालकों ने कभी शादी ना की हो तो भी ।\n\nEx Output:\nHindi\n\n\nEx Input:\nइन क्षेत्रों में उगाई जाने वाली प्रधान उपज में मुख्यतः धान गन्ना दाल तिलहन आलू एवं गेहूँ हैं।\n\nEx Output:\nHindi\n\n\nEx Input:\nA batsman can be out by 10 ways and some are not common and very less examples are found of it. Out can be made by bold, catch, lbw, run out, stumped and hit wicket.Common one is to hit a ball two times, handling the ball, time out and destroying the ground.\n\nEx Output:\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "English\n\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "explicame esta review por pasos del juego baldur's gate 3: \"Love this game so far.\n\n\nPros:\n\nGraphics are great; definitely one of the best-looking top-down games I've ever played. One minor complaint I have is that it is a little unstable in certain areas, particularly those with lots of effects going on like fire, or other glowing effects. Could be optimized a bit better, but the full release is still a few months away, so I expect Larian to get most optimization issues straightened out before then.\nAnother thing is that when I restart the game, my anti-aliasing settings always get set back to 'None', regardless of how many times I set it to TAA and hit 'Apply'. Kind of weird and a little annoying.\n\n\nStory topic is interesting. The general gist is that you're captured by mind flayers and placed into their Nautiloid warship, where you are then given a parasite that presumably transforms you into a mind flayer yourself. The story seems to revolve around your struggle with the effects of the parasite, and your journey to remove it, by whatever means possible. Pretty cool scenario.\nI've thoroughly enjoyed everything that the Early Access version of the story can provide, and I'm very much looking forward to the finished product.\n\n\nCharacters are great and probably my favorite aspect of the game. They are intriguing, charismatic and a bit mysterious. I've often found myself enjoying the conversations with the main characters more than actually playing the game; this doesn't mean the gameplay is mediocre, because it's not, it just means that the characters are that good.\nFor example, \nThis is quite possibly the most enveloped I have ever been in video game characters stories.\n\n\nGameplay and Combat is fun and engaging. As per usual with Larian Studios, we have the strategic turn-based combat with tons of cool abilities and skills.\nIt seems you have one 'Action' point and one 'Bonus Action' point per turn. Most skills and spells require one 'Action' point, but some may also used with the 'Bonus Action' point depending on their requirements. Consumables like potions require one 'Bonus Action' point to use, whereas scrolls or magic items may require one normal 'Action' point.\nI'm unsure if there is a way to permanently increase the number of 'Action' or 'Bonus Action' points you have, but I do know that you can use certain abilities to give your character an extra point on their turn.\n\nSpells and what-not require 'Spell Slots' that pertain to their type and tier in order to be cast. For example, if you're casting a Level 2 Sorcerer's Spell, you would require one Level 2 Sorcerer's Spell Slot. These Spell Slots get consumed upon use, and can be regenerated by resting at camp, or various items or actions.\n\nSpeaking of resting at camp, you have two options for this; 'Short Rest' and 'Long Rest'.\nThe 'Short Rest' allows you and your party to regenerate some health and to regenerate Warlock Spell Slots. This option is instantaneous and doesn't return you to your campsite.\nThe 'Long Rest' allows you and your party to regenerate all health and to regenerate Warlock and Sorcerer Spell Slots. This option also ends the day, bringing you and your companions back to your campsite for the night, which also allows you to have in-depth conversations with your companions and get some insight as to who they are and what their story is.\n\nCons/Personal dislikes:\n\nCutscenes are great, but they're quite buggy and inconsistent. For example, in the cutscene for meeting with Auntie Ethel, Mayrina's brothers freeze up and glitch throughout the scene. Another instance can be seen throughout the game; some dialogue transitions are either too late or too early,\nDon't get me wrong, I love the cutscenes, and the graphics make them that much better, but I believe they do need to be refined a bit. Again, seeing as this is the Early Access version, I do expect most of these flaws to be ironed out in the full release.\n\n\nI'm personally not a big fan of the Spell Slot system. I understand it from a balancing standpoint, and it definitely makes things interesting, but it does become a bit of an annoyance at times. It'd be nice to just have a turn cooldown, similar to Divinity.\nIt may also be a DnD thing, which I wouldn't know since I've never played it.\nRegardless, it's not that bad. Combat is still fun even though I'm not a fan of the Spell Slot feature.\n\n\nThere is a slight issue with opening doors. If you click to open a door from a distance, your character will walk up to it, but not open it. However, if you're standing right next to the door, it will open. Sometimes, the animation for the opening door also gets stuck, and will appear closed or half-open, but you can still walk through it like normal.\nKind of strange, but not a major functional issue. I'm unsure if anyone else has had this problem.\n\n\nTo summarize, I feel this is going to be one of my favorite RPG's once it releases. I think I've done close to everything available in Early Access, and it's been a great experience. Highly recommend the game, even in the Early Access state.\n\nHyped for the full release.\"", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Esta reseña de Baldur's Gate 3 menciona los pros y contras del juego y su experiencia con la versión de acceso anticipado. Aquí están los aspectos clave de la reseña, divididos en pasos:\n\n1. Gráficos: el juego tiene excelentes gráficos y está entre los mejores juegos en vista cenital que el revisor ha jugado, aunque sufre de inestabilidad en algunas áreas con muchos efectos en pantalla. El revisor espera que estos problemas de optimización sean solucionados antes del lanzamiento completo.\n\n2. Historia: Es interesante y gira en torno a la lucha del personaje principal contra un parásito que lo convertiría en un mind flayer. El revisor disfrutó la versión de acceso anticipado y espera la versión final.\n\n3. Personajes: son atractivos, carismáticos y misteriosos, siendo el aspecto favorito del revisor en el juego. Las conversaciones con los personajes principales son muy envolventes.\n\n4. Jugabilidad y combate: el revisor elogia el estilo de combate por turnos de Larian Studios y la variedad de habilidades y magias. Explica el sistema de puntos de acción y las mecánicas de invocación de hechizos, así como las opciones de descanso para recuperar puntos de vida y recargar habilidades.\n\n5. Elementos negativos: Los problemas con las escenas cinemáticas y las animaciones; a pesar de ser impresionantes, son inconsistentes y tienen errores. El revisor no es fan del sistema de \"Spell Slot\" (ranuras de hechizo) pero entiende que puede ser necesario para el equilibrio del juego. También menciona un problema menor al abrir puertas en el juego.\n\nEn resumen, el revisor cree que Baldur's Gate 3 será uno de sus juegos de rol favoritos una vez que se lance oficialmente y recomienda probar la versión de acceso anticipado.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "You will be given a context and a verb separated with a newline character. You have to decide if the given verb implies a hypothetical or conditioned action or not. We say a verb is hypothetical if it involves or is based on a suggested idea or theory. A verb is conditional if it appears in a conditional phrase and is dependent on something else. Note that an event that happened in the past or is happening now cannot be conditional. The output should be \"Yes\" if the verb is conditional or hypothetical and \"No\" otherwise.\nOne example is below.\nQ: Some analysts say he appeared to be relying on a smaller and smaller circle of close advisers and relatives. If that's true, the narrowing of his support would make it easier for someone to (push) him aside from within. \n Verb: push\nA: Yes\nRationale: This is a good example.\"Push\" is conditional, and the sentence is a conditional sentence.\nQ: The Security Council condemned the bombing of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania on Thursday and called on all states to cooperate with authorities in finding those responsible. A resolution, co-sponsored by Kenya, Tanzania and the United States and unanimously (adopted), expresses its deep sorrow, sympathy and condolences to the families of the innocent victims of the terrorist bomb attacks at this difficult time. \n Verb: adopted\nA:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "No", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "In this task, you have to identify the named entities (NER) which are the ingredients required given its directions. Named entities are the names of the items without their quantity.\nQ: Blanch and peel the tomato, then dice., Finely chop the bacon., Cut the cheese into small cubes., Heat olive oil and garlic in a pan., When the garlic becomes fragrant, add the bacon., Add the anchovy into Step 2 and mash while adding the tomatoes., Stir in the and simmer on low., Cook until it looks like this., Season until it tastes just right., Turn off the heat and stir in the cheese., *Save about 1/4 of the cheese., Score the meat and lightly season with salt and pepper., Heat oil in a pan and brown the meat on both sides., Then, cover with a lid and steam., Pour the sauce on the cooked pork and top with the remaining cheese., Enjoy.\nA: ", "role": "user" }, { "content": "loin, Tomato, fillet, Bacon, Garlic, mushrooms, Ketchup, Tonkatsu sauce, Salt, Olive oil", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "What are some strategies for teaching mathematics to elementary school children?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\nSome strategies for teaching mathematics to elementary school children include: \n- Using hands-on activities and games to introduce new concepts \n- Making connections to real-world situations \n- Incorporating group work and peer teaching \n- Using manipulatives to illustrate abstract ideas \n- Emphasizing problem solving and critical thinking \n- Introducing math vocabulary in context \n- Using visual tools to explain concepts \n- Integrating technology into lessons \n- Setting achievable goals for each student", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Terry's mom brought home 4 different colored dogs from the shelter. The brown dog weighs x pounds. The black dog weighs 1 pound more than the brown dog. The white dog weighs twice as much as the brown dog. The grey dog weighs 2 pounds less than the black dog. What's the average weight of all the dogs?\nIf we know the answer to the above question is 5, what is the value of unknown variable x?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The brown dog weighs x pounds.\nThe black dog weighs 1 pound more than the brown dog, so it weighs x + 1 pounds.\nThe white dog weighs twice as much as the brown dog, so it weighs 2x pounds.\nThe grey dog weighs 2 pounds less than the black dog, so it weighs (x + 1) - 2 = x - 1 pounds.\nThe total weight of all the dogs is the sum of their weights: x + (x + 1) + 2x + (x - 1) = 5x.\nThe average weight of the dogs is the total weight divided by the number of dogs, which is 4: 5x / 4.\nWe are given that the average weight is 5 pounds, so we can write: 5x / 4 = 5.\nMultiplying both sides by 4, we get: 5x = 20.\nDividing both sides by 5, we get: x = 4.\nThe value of x is 4.\n#### 4\nThe answer is 4", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Excluding collections from view layer using script\n\nHello Im working on really big project and I need to exclude all collections from layerand reverse using script I tried this\nimport bpy\n\ncoll = bpy.data.collections\nfor c in coll:\n c.exclude = False\n\nBut it doesnt seem to work, any ideas where it went wrong or how to solve my problem? Any help is appreciated.\n\n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "You need to use refence from view_layer.layer_collection:\nimport bpy\n \nvl_colls = bpy.context.view_layer.layer_collection.children\n\n# toggle\nfor coll in vl_colls:\n coll.exclude = not coll.exclude\n\nLayer collection vs Collection:\nreference\n\nLayerCollection(bpy_struct)\nCollection(ID)\n\n\nProperties of LayerCollection(bpy_struct):\n\n\nExclude: .exclude\nHide in Viewport: .hide_viewport\nHoldout: .holdout\nIndirect Only: .indirect_only\n\nAccessed through bpy.context.view_layer.layer_collection.children\nProperties of Collection(ID):\n\n\nDisable Selection: .hide_select\nDisable in Viewport: .hide_viewport\nDisable in Render: .hide_render\n\nAccessed through bpy.data.collections\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Given the task definition and input, reply with output. In this task you will be given a list of integers. You should find the minimum absolute difference between 2 integers in the list. The absolute difference is the absolute value of one integer subtracted by another. The output should be a single integer which is the smallest possible absolute distance.\n\n[95, -52, 16, 58, 84, 19, -72]\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "3", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Problem: What could be the response? DIALOG:\nWhat is Mabalane District comprised of?\n- The district is divided into three postos, Mabalane (three localities), Combomune (two localities), and Ntlavenhe (two localities).\n- Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?\n- \nA: Less than 1% of the households in the district have access to electricity.\n\nProblem: What could be the response? DIALOG:\nWhat is the difference between new animals and previously unanaesthetized animals?\n- Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, sometimes referred to as ASPA, is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (1986 c. 14) passed in 1986, which regulates the use of animals used for research in the UK.\n- What is the purpose of the act?\n- The Act permits studies to be conducted using animals for procedures such as breeding genetically modified animals, medical and veterinary advances, education, environmental toxicology and includes procedures requiring vivisection, if certain criteria are met.\n- Did anything change under the new act?\n- \nA: Revised legislation came into force on 1 January 2013.\n\nProblem: What could be the response? DIALOG:\nWhat is the Church of St Michael and All Angels, Hamstall Ridware?\n- Church of St Michael and All Angels, Hamstall Ridware The Church of St Michael and All Angels is a parish church and Grade I listed building in the village of Hamstall Ridware, Staffordshire.\n- Where is the Church located?\n- The church is situated in a remote position to the north of the village accessed by a pathway through pasture land.\n- What about the land?\n- The church is situated on a gentle slope west of the River Blithe.\n- Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?\n- The church was founded in 1130—1150 but the majority of the present church was built of ashlar sandstone in the 14th and 15th centuries.\n- What was the style of the church?\n- The church was built in around 1130—1150 in the Norman style.\n- What is the most interesting aspect of this article?\n- \nA:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The church originally consisted of only the present nave and a short chancel, of the original church only small parts of the west wall still exists.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "You are an AI assistant. User will you give you a task. Your goal is to complete the task as faithfully as you can. While performing the task think step-by-step and justify your steps.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Create a set of triples that describes the content in the following sentence.\n\nBlue Spice is a coffee shop near Avalon in the Riverside area. It is family friendly, cheap, and it is rated 5 out of 5 by customers.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "1. (Blue Spice, is a, coffee shop)\nIn this triple, we identify that \"Blue Spice\" is the subject, \"is a\" is the predicate, and \"coffee shop\" is the object. This is because we want to convey that Blue Spice is a specific type of establishment, which in this case is a coffee shop.\n\n2. (Blue Spice, located near, Avalon)\nHere, we establish the relation between the location of Blue Spice and its proximity to Avalon. \"Blue Spice\" is the subject, \"located near\" is the predicate, and \"Avalon\" is the object.\n\n3. (Blue Spice, in the, Riverside area)\nThis triple describes the area where Blue Spice is located. \"Blue Spice\" is the subject, \"in the\" is the predicate, and \"Riverside area\" is the object, giving more information about Blue Spice's location.\n\n4. (Blue Spice, is, family friendly)\nThis triple mentions one of the features of Blue Spice. \"Blue Spice\" is the subject, \"is\" is the predicate, and \"family friendly\" is the object, highlighting that the establishment is suitable for families.\n\n5. (Blue Spice, is, cheap)\nIn this triple, we establish another feature of Blue Spice. \"Blue Spice\" is the subject, \"is\" is the predicate, and \"cheap\" is the object, indicating that it is an affordable place to visit.\n\n6. (Blue Spice, customer rating, 5 out of 5)\nFinally, this triple presents the customer rating of Blue Spice. \"Blue Spice\" is the subject, \"customer rating\" is the predicate, and \"5 out of 5\" is the object, showing that customers give the coffee shop the highest possible rating.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "You are given a sentence in Arabic. Your job is to translate the Arabic sentence into Portugese.\n\nLet me give you an example: ولكن ماهي حقوق الإنسان ؟\nThe answer to this example can be: Mas o que são direitos humanos?\nHere is why: The Arabic sentence is correctly translated into Portugese, because the meaning is preserved.\n\nOK. solve this:\nو لو إستطعنا تنفيذ ذلك ، سلسلة الخلايا العصبية التي نخرجها من التشابك ستكون بمثابة توقعاً لنمط النشاط العصبي الذي يعيد المخ إرساله اثناء إسترجاع الذكرى.\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "E, se o conseguirmos, a sequência de neurónios que resgatamos desse novelo será uma previsão do padrão de atividade neuronal que tem lugar no cérebro durante o chamamento da memória.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task.\nIn this task you're given a question and you have to paraphrase the question to create the output question while retaining the meaning of the original question.\n\nIs India right in opposing CPEC?\nOutput:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Why does India oppose CPEC?", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Let $f(r) = \\sum_{j=2}^{2008} \\frac{1}{j^r} = \\frac{1}{2^r}+ \\frac{1}{3^r}+ \\dots + \\frac{1}{2008^r}$. Find $\\sum_{k=2}^{\\infty} f(k)$.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "This is an interesting problem, because it involves a double summation: first over $r$ from 2 to $\\infty$, and then over $j$ from 2 to 2008. One possible way to approach this is to switch the order of summation, and see if we can simplify the inner sum first. That is, we want to find $\\sum_{j=2}^{2008} \\sum_{k=2}^{\\infty} \\frac{1}{j^k}$. This looks familiar, because it is a geometric series with common ratio $\\frac{1}{j}$ and first term $\\frac{1}{j^2}$. We know that the sum of a geometric series with $|r| < 1$ is $\\frac{a}{1-r}$, where $a$ is the first term and $r$ is the common ratio. Applying this to the inner sum, we get $\\sum_{k=2}^{\\infty} \\frac{1}{j^k} = \\frac{\\frac{1}{j^2}}{1-\\frac{1}{j}} = \\frac{1}{j(j-1)}$. Now we have simplified the double summation to $\\sum_{j=2}^{2008} \\frac{1}{j(j-1)}$. This looks like a telescoping series, because we can write $\\frac{1}{j(j-1)} = \\frac{1}{j-1} - \\frac{1}{j}$. This means that most of the terms will cancel out, leaving only the first and the last ones. For example, the first few terms are $\\frac{1}{1} - \\frac{1}{2} + \\frac{1}{2} - \\frac{1}{3} + \\frac{1}{3} - \\frac{1}{4} + \\dots$. We can see that the only terms that do not cancel out are the $\\frac{1}{1}$ at the beginning and the $-\\frac{1}{2008}$ at the end. So the sum is $\\frac{1}{1} - \\frac{1}{2008} = \\frac{2007}{2008}$. ", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task.\nIn this task, you need to output 'Yes' if the given number is a prime number otherwise output 'No'. A 'prime number' is a a whole number above 1 that can not be made by multiplying other whole numbers.\n\n90911\nOutput:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Yes", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Given news headlines and an edited word. The original sentence has word within given format {word}. Create new headlines by replacing {word} in the original sentence with edit word. Classify news headlines into \"Funny\" and \"Not Funny\" that have been modified by humans using an edit word to make them funny. \n\nNews Headline: Four Republicans Withhold Support for Andy Puzder to Head {Labor} Department \n Edit: party\nNot Funny\n\nNews Headline: “ It ’s painfully obvious \" Mueller will charge {Trump} says Roger Stone . Obstruction of justice or \" process-related matter ” most likely . \n Edit: battery\nNot Funny\n\nNews Headline: Citigroup , 21st Century Fox , Twitter : Prince 's {Arrest} Touches Many \n Edit: Tissue\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Not Funny\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "How to pronounce family names?\n\nDoes anyone know a tool to look up names like Rumbaugh?\nSometimes I hear something like \"rumba\" or even \"rambo\".\nIs there a dictionary where I could look up the correct pronunciation?\n\n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "One major issue with family names is that they can be pronounced however the family decides. Some pronounce the names as they were in the original language, some Anglicize the pronunciation, some Anglicize the spelling then adjust the pronunciation to fit, etc.\nA good example of this is Stephen Colbert. He pronounces his last name koʊlˈbɛər while his father and brother use ˈkoʊlbərt.\nBecause of this flexibility, no reference will be able to tell you exactly how to pronounce any one person's name. The best they could do would be to provide an array of common ones.\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Is it possible to express explicitly the general term of the sequence $ I_n = \\int_0^1 t^n \\arctan t \\, \\mathrm{d} t \\, $?\n\nIn a dual integral equation situation, I have to deal with the following sequence:\n$$\nI_n = \\int_0^1 t^n \\arctan t \\, \\mathrm{d} t \\quad\\quad (n \\ge 1) \\, .\n$$\nIt is easy to compute the first terms e.g. $I_1= \\pi/4-1/2$ or $I_2=\\pi/12+(\\ln2-1)/6$ etc.\nBut is it possible to express explicitly the general term of this sequence directly as function of $n$?\nHints and ideas welcome.\nGreetings,\nR\n\n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "$$I_n = \\int_0^1 t^n \\arctan t \\, dt=\\frac{t^{n+1}}{n+1}\\arctan t\\vert_0^1- \\int_0^1\\frac{t^{n+1}}{n+1}\\frac{dt}{1+t^2}=\\frac{1}{n+1}\\frac{\\pi}{4}-\\frac{1}{n+1}J_{n+1}$$\nwhere $J_n=\\int_0^1 t^n(1+t^2)^{-1}\\,dt$\nNow, $J_n$ can be expressed as a finite sum, but it depends on the parity (even/odd-ness) of $n$. Note that:\n$$J_n+J_{n-2}=\\int_0^1t^{n-2}\\,dt=\\frac{1}{n-1}, J_0=\\frac{\\pi}{4},J_1=\\frac{1}{2}\\ln 2$$\nUnpacking this a bit, one can see that:\n$$J_{2n}+J_{2n-2}=\\frac{1}{2n-1}\\implies (-1)^{n}J_{2n}-(-1)^{n-1}J_{2(n-1)}=\\frac{(-1)^n}{2n-1}$$\nTelescoping brings this to: \n$$J_{2n}=(-1)^n\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{4}-\\sum_{k=1}^n\\frac{(-1)^{k-1}}{2k-1}\\right)$$\nA similar process leads to:\n$$J_{2n+1}=(-1)^n\\left(\\frac{\\ln 2}{2}-\\sum_{k=1}^n\\frac{(-1)^{k-1}}{2k}\\right)$$\nPlugging these results back into the expression at the end of the first line, you have a neat expression for $I_n$.\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Which of these nouns does the relative clause go with?\n\nI have this sentence:\n\nJohn inadvertently broke the window of Mary's car, which was bought just two weeks ago.\n\nWhich meaning should I understand between \"Mary's car was bought two weeks ago\" and \"the window of Mary's car was bought two weeks ago\"?\nIf the sentence means the former one, how can I make it mean \"the window was bought two weeks ago\"?\nThanks.\n\n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A relative clause, in normal circumstances goes directly after the noun phrase that it is modifying. If that noun phrase has a smaller noun phrase inside it at the end, then there is no grammatical way to distinguish which noun phrase it is modifying:\n\n... [ the window of [ Mary's car] ], which was bought just two weeks ago\n\nIn the example above we see that there are two candidate noun phrases. Firstly there is the large one the window of Mary's car and then there is the smaller one nested inside it Mar's car. The relative clause which was bought just two weeks ago could be modifying either one. It is not possible for the reader to tell.\nThere is no getting round this rule, so the best strategy to disambiguate the sentence, if you don't want to change the general structure, is to change the verb. If the Original Poster used the verb replace instead of bought here, the reader would be inclined to read the relative clause as applying to the window instead of the car (just because bits of cars are more often replaced than cars themselves):\n\nJohn inadvertently broke the window of Mary's car, which had been replaced just two weeks ago.\n\nAlthough this sentence does not state that Mary had to buy the window, it would be tacitly assumed by most readers that the replacement involved some kind of cost.\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task.\nYou are given a sentence in Portuguese. Your job is to translate the Portuguese sentence into English.\n\nE vemos a mecânica.\nOutput:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "And you see the mechanics.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Given a sentence, fill out the missing word with a 'no' or a number (between zero and ten). You should write the numbers with english alphabet, like: four instead of 4.\n\nExample input: Female snakes incubate eggs inside of their bodies, giving birth to live young of ____ or more.\nExample output: ten\nExample explanation: Snakes give birth to minimum ten young ones so ten is a correct answer.\nQ: Sound comes when ____ hands meet.\nA:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "two", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Can you give me a short story description for this dialog?\n Jolina: Hey Leeanna, I finished painting your garage like you wanted. I'm really happy with how it turned out.\n Leeanna: Oh wow, thank you so much Jolina! I really appreciate it. I've been wanting to paint the garage for a while, but just haven't had the time.\n Jolina: Yeah, no problem at all. I know how busy you are. Plus, I actually enjoy painting so it was no trouble at all.\n Leeanna: Well, thank you again. It looks great!", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Sure, a short story description for this dialog could be: \n Jolina paints Leeanna's garage because Jolina wants to make Leeanna happy. Jolina knows that Leeanna has been wanting to paint the garage for a while, but hasn't had the time. So, when Jolina offered to help, Leeanna was thrilled.", "role": "assistant" }, { "content": "And a title?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Sure, a title for this dialog could be: \n Jolina paints Leeanna's garage because Jolina wants to please Leeanna.", "role": "assistant" }, { "content": "What would be one theme of this story?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "One theme of this story could be: \"to please another person\"", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "How to \"Show\" and not \"Tell\" for nervousness?\n\nI was told to ask this question here. There’s a saying in writing to “show; don’t tell”. For example, instead of naming the emotion, “She was angry”, you would show the emotions happening by saying, “Steam started coming out of her ears,” or “Her fists slowly clenched up.”\nI am looking for a “showing” phrase for being nervous. The only one I could think of was: “Her heart was pounding heavily.”\n\n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Showing instead of telling means showing the consequences of a character state (anger, anxiety, love, worry, hate, etc.) instead of labeling the state.\n\"Steam coming out of her ears\" is a cliché, originally intended as the consequences of a metaphor for the heat of anger, itself not necessarily literal, but a reference to flushed skin causing a redder appearance.\nWhat do people that are nervous do? They may shake, stumble over words, be clumsy, and spill something. They are often anxious about the outcome of what they are doing, like blowing a job interview. They may make inappropriate comments or jokes, trying to be funny and alleviate the tension that only they really feel. The tension and worry they DO feel may be distracting and cause them to make mental mistakes: Call their interviewer by the wrong name, for example, or blank on a rehearsed reply to an interview question.\nOr, if they are making a presentation, get flummoxed by an unfamiliar projector or piece of computer equipment, or a clicker for the slide projector that doesn't seem to work as they expected, or speaking too closely into a microphone and startling themselves with the result. They may blush at their mistakes. They may sweat.\nThere are many possible consequences to being nervous, pick a few, and use them. Or use the general idea (distraction and worry) and come up with an original ramification for it: a consequence, an implication. Describe something visible or tangible.\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "What is an I/0 buffer? What is the advantage of buffering? Is buffering always effective?\nJustify your answer with help of an example.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "An I/O buffer, also known as a data buffer, is a temporary storage area used to hold data that is being transferred between a device and a computer's memory or between different devices. Buffers are used to improve the efficiency and performance of I/O operations.\n\nThe primary advantage of buffering is that it allows I/O operations to be carried out asynchronously. This means that while the data is being transferred between devices, the computer can continue processing other tasks, increasing overall system performance. Buffers also help to smooth out fluctuations in I/O throughput, which can occur due to variations in device speeds or other factors.\n\nBuffering is not always effective, however. In some cases, the overhead of managing buffers can actually reduce performance, particularly if the buffer size is too small or too large. In addition, buffering may not be effective in situations where data must be transferred quickly, such as in real-time applications.\n\nFor example, consider a video streaming application that is playing a high-definition video from a remote server. Without buffering, the video may pause or stutter as the data is being transferred over the network. By using a buffer to temporarily store the video data, the application can continue playing the video smoothly while the remaining data is being downloaded in the background. However, if the buffer size is too small, the video may still pause or stutter, while a buffer size that is too large may introduce unnecessary delays and increase the overall latency of the system.\n\nIn summary, buffering is a technique used to improve the efficiency and performance of I/O operations by temporarily storing data in a buffer. While buffering can provide significant benefits in many situations, it is not always effective and must be carefully managed to ensure optimal performance.", "role": "assistant" }, { "content": "Discuss the various disk scheduling strategies. Or Explain disk scheduling algorithms with\nexamples in detail.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Disk scheduling is the process of selecting and ordering the pending I/O requests in a queue to access the disk, which is a shared resource among multiple processes or users. The objective of disk scheduling algorithms is to optimize the disk access time, reduce the average response time, and increase system performance by minimizing the head movement of the disk's read/write head. There are several disk scheduling algorithms that have been developed to achieve this objective. In this answer, we will discuss some of the most popular disk scheduling strategies:\n\n1. First-Come-First-Served (FCFS): The FCFS algorithm serves the requests in the order they arrive in the queue. It is a non-preemptive algorithm, meaning that once a request starts to be processed, it will not be interrupted until it completes. The main advantage of FCFS is that it is simple to implement, but the drawback is that it may result in a long waiting time for requests that arrive later.\n2. Shortest Seek Time First (SSTF): The SSTF algorithm selects the request that is closest to the current position of the disk's read/write head. It is a preemptive algorithm, meaning that a new request can be selected and served even if there is a request currently being served. The advantage of SSTF is that it can significantly reduce the head movement and improve response time, but it may cause starvation for requests that are farther away from the current position.\n3. SCAN: The SCAN algorithm moves the disk's read/write head in a single direction from one end of the disk to the other, serving all requests in that direction before reversing direction and serving requests in the opposite direction. This algorithm ensures that all requests will eventually be served, but may cause significant delays for requests that are located on the opposite end of the disk from the current position.\n4. Circular SCAN (C-SCAN): C-SCAN is a variant of the SCAN algorithm that serves requests in a circular fashion, meaning that after reaching the end of the disk in one direction, the head returns to the other end of the disk without serving any requests. This algorithm eliminates the delay caused by serving requests in the opposite direction, but may still cause significant waiting time for requests located between the end points.\n5. LOOK: The LOOK algorithm is similar to the SCAN algorithm, but it only serves requests that are in the direction of the current movement of the disk's read/write head. When the end of the disk is reached, the head immediately reverses direction without traversing the empty space. This algorithm can reduce the waiting time for requests that are located in the opposite direction of the current position, but may cause starvation for requests located on the same side as the current position.\n\nIn conclusion, disk scheduling algorithms are used to optimize the disk access time,", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Millie, Monica, and Marius are taking subjects for school. Millie takes x more subjects than Marius, who takes 4 subjects more than Monica. If Monica took 10 subjects, Altogether, they take 41 subjects. What is the value of unknown variable x? What is the value of unknown variable x?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "To solve this problem, we need to determine the value of x, which represents the number of subjects that Millie takes more than Marius.\nLet's break down the information given:\nNumber of subjects Monica takes: 10\nNumber of subjects Marius takes more than Monica: 4\nNumber of subjects Millie takes more than Marius: x\nTotal number of subjects: 41\nWe can set up the equation as follows:\nNumber of subjects Monica takes + Number of subjects Marius takes + Number of subjects Millie takes = Total number of subjects\n10 + (10 + 4) + (10 + 4 + x) = 41\nLet's simplify and solve for x:\n10 + 14 + (14 + x) = 41\n24 + (14 + x) = 41\nTo isolate x, we subtract 24 from both sides of the equation:\n24 + (14 + x) - 24 = 41 - 24\n14 + x = 17\nTo solve for x, we subtract 14 from both sides of the equation:\n14 + x - 14 = 17 - 14\nx = 3\nThe value of x is 3.\n#### 3\nThe answer is 3", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "A text is given in Tamil. Translate it from the Tamil language to the Telugu language. The translation must not omit or add information to the original sentence.\n\nசுதந்திர இந்தியாவின் வளர்ச்சிக்காகவும், மக்களின் உயர்விருப்பங்கள் மற்றும் நம்பிக்கைகள் நிறைவேறவும், நாட்டின் அமைதி மற்றும் வளமைக்காகவும் பங்களிப்பு செய்த அனைவருக்கும் இன்று நான் வணக்கம் செலுத்திக் கொள்கிறேன்.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "స్వతంత్ర భారతావని ప్రజల ఆకాంక్షలు నెరవేర్చడాని కీ, అభివృద్ధి కీ, శాంతి, సుసంపన్నత కూ కృషి చేసిన వారందరికీ నేను వందనం చేస్తున్నాను.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Which Native American character threw a speeding bison onto its back in an old X-Men comic?\n\nI saw this a long time ago, and just remembered it recently. The character in question was a native American; he runs up to a speeding bison, grabs it by the horns (literally) and throws it to the ground on its back.\nI know it was an X-Men comic because the same comic showed Colossus turning his skin to steel and moving to save his sister from being chewed up by a combine.\n\n\n", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Thunderbird aka John Proudstar, brother to James Proudstar aka Warpath.\nThe comic you're remembering is Giant-Size X-Men #1 (1975). It's Thunderbird's first appearance.\n\nIndeed, ealier in the issue Peter saved his sister from being run down by a tractor.\n\n", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Provide a brief overview of the text.\n\nI'm a full-time 3rd-year Neuroscience student. I have morning classes Monday through Friday and work from 9am-6pm on Saturday. I rarely have time or energy to go out on the weekends. I wish I had more energy but I'm OK with not going out (I go out a lot during the summertime; that's when I have fun). It's not so OK with my boyfriend, who doesn't go to school currently. He is nice enough to let me stay in his apartment during the semester since he lives in the city where my university is located; I don't pay rent, but I cook and buy the groceries. He is an independent music producer and a DJ so that is his job, for which he sets apart hours and hours every day for making music. His parents pay for his apartment and car so he doesn't have to worry about getting a \"traditional\" 9-5 job. He isn't happy in our relationship (which will be year-long in October) because we never go out and we \"never have fun anymore.\" I admit I'd rather go to sleep than watch a movie most times.\n\nI don't really know how to fix the situation. Is it okay for him to be upset like this? I feel like he's not respecting my motivation to do well in school. He also thinks I should not work at all during the school year. I love my job and am totally okay with working one day a week; after all, a lot of students work WAY more than that. I just don't know what to do. Halp.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "My boyfriend isn't happy because I don't have time to go out or do fun things. Is he right? Should I try to make more time for fun?", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Teacher:In this task, you are given a premise, a hypothesis, and an update. The premise sentence describes a real-world situation and is always assumed to be true. The hypothesis sentence describes an assumption or inference that you might make about that situation having read the premise. The update provides additional information about the situation that might weaken or strengthen the hypothesis. A weakener is a statement that weakens the hypothesis. It makes you much less likely to believe the hypothesis is true. A strengthener is a statement that strengthens the hypothesis. It makes you much more likely to believe the hypothesis is true. Your task is to output 'strengthener' or 'weakener' if the update strengths or weakens the hypothesis, respectively.\nTeacher: Now, understand the problem? Solve this instance: Premise: PersonX finds PersonY one\nHypothesis: PersonX is seen as happy\nUpdate: PersonX wanted to purchase the item\nStudent:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "weakener", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "You are given a sentence in Hebrew. Your job is to translate the Hebrew sentence into Portugese.\n\nExample input: אחרי הכל, הם החליטו, והם עשו,\nExample output: Afinal de contas elas é que decidem, e decidiram mesmo.\nExample explanation: The Hebrew sentence is correctly translated into Portugese, because the meaning is preserved.\nQ: הנה עובדה משעשעת: אתם מביטים בכיס הגדול ביותר בעולם.\nA:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Vou contar um facto divertido. Vocês estão a ver a maior algibeira do mundo.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "You will be given a definition of a task first, then an example. Follow the example to solve a new instance of the task.\nYou are given a sentence in English. Your job is to translate the English sentence into Portugese.\n\nAstronomers now believe that every star in the galaxy has a planet, and they speculate that up to one fifth of them have an Earth-like planet that might be able to harbor life, but we haven't seen any of them.\nSolution: Os astrónomos acreditam que cada estrela da galáxia tem um planeta, e especulam que até um quinto deles tem um planeta do tipo da Terra que poderá ter vida, mas ainda não vimos nenhum deles.\nWhy? The English sentence is correctly translated into Portugese, because the meaning is preserved.\n\nNew input: I was essentially a ghost in the system.\nSolution:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Eu era um fantasma no sistema.", "role": "assistant" } ]
[ { "content": "Example conversation: DIALOG:\nWhat happened in 2015 with NodeMCU?\n- In summer 2015 the creators abandoned the firmware project and a group of independent contributors took over.\n- What happened after they took over?\n- By summer 2016 the NodeMCU included more than 40 different modules.\n- Are there any other interesting aspects about this
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https://www.scribd.com/document/323097559/Archi-Iran
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Archi, Iran
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Archi, Iran - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Archi is a village located in Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. According to the 2006 census, Archi had a population of 668 people within 172 families. Archi is situated in Karipey Rural District of Lalehabad District in Babol County.
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5679279
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Karipey Rural District
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rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5679279
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rural district in Mazandaran, Iran
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https://dbpedia.org/page/Karipey_Rural_District
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About: Karipey Rural District
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Karipey Rural District (Persian: دهستان كارئ پي) is a rural district (dehestan) in Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31,761, in 8,094 families. The rural district has 56 villages.
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Karipey_Rural_District
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dbo:abstract
Karipey Rural District (Persian: دهستان كارئ پي) is a rural district (dehestan) in Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31,761, in 8,094 families. The rural district has 56 villages. (en)
rdfs:comment
Karipey Rural District (Persian: دهستان كارئ پي) is a rural district (dehestan) in Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31,761, in 8,094 families. The rural district has 56 villages. (en)
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https://www.howtopronounce.com/tajana
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How to pronounce Tajana
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[
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2019-12-11T05:50:57
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How to say Tajana in English? Pronunciation of Tajana with 4 audio pronunciations, 1 meaning and more for Tajana.
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https://www.howtopronounce.com/tajana
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Wiki content for Tajana
Tajana - Tajana (also called Tajana Mandal) is a village, situated in Bahawalnagar District, Punjab, Pakistan. It consists 500 homes.
Tajanak, Amol - Tajanak (Persian: تجنك; also known as Tajnīk) is a village in Pain Khiyaban-e Litkuh Rural District, in the Central District of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Tajanak-e Olya - Tajanak-e Olya (Persian: تجنك عليا, also Romanized as Tajanak-e ‘Olyā) is a village in Mazkureh Rural District, in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Tajanak-e Sofla - Tajanak-e Sofla (Persian: تجنك سفلي, also Romanized as Tajanak-e Soflá) is a village in Mazkureh Rural District, in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Tajanak, Babol - Tajanak (Persian: تجنك) is a village in Karipey Rural District, Lalehabad District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
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