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1. Breathings of a H e a r t ( A Booklet of The Nobel Prize w i n n e r s (laureate) i n English Literature B y the students of Th i rd Ye a r (2017 –2020) Second Ye a r (2018 –2021) First Ye a r (2019 –2022)
2. Preface Among the five prizes provided for in Alfred Nobel’s will (1895), one was intended for the person who, in the literary field, had produced “the most outstanding work in an ideal direction”. The Laureate should be determined by “the Academy in Stockholm”, which was specified by the statutes of the Nobel Foundation to mean the Swedish Academy. These statutes defined literature as “not only belles-lettres, but also other writings which, by virtue of their form and style, possess literary value”. At the same time, the restriction to works presented “during the preceding year” was softened: “older works” could be considered “if their significance has not become apparent until recently”. It was also stated that candidates must be nominated in writing by those entitled to do so before 1 February each year. Alfred Nobel had broad cultural interests. During his early youth, he developed his literary interests which lasted throughout his life. His library consisted of a rich and broad selection of literature in different languages. During the last years of his life, he tried his hand as an author and began writing fiction. Literature was the fourth prize area Nobel mentioned in his will. (Nobel Prize organization) “Breathings of a Heart” contains basic information about Nobel laureates who won Nobel Prize in literature from the year of 1901 to 2019. There are 112 Literature prizes, 15 women got awarded, 41 youngest laureates and 88 oldest laureates, total there 116 laureates who received Nobel Prize in literature. Nobody has received Nobel Prize in literature in the years of 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, and 1943. “Breathings of a Heart” is prepared by the students of B.A. English literature, under the guidance of Nucleus club, Nandkunvarba Mahila Arts College. It is prepared by the three batches – TY (2017 – 2020), SY (2018 – 2021) and FY (2019 – 2022) using Wikipedia sources. Dedicated to: All the students of English literature in Nandkunvara Mahila College. English Department, Nandkunvarba Mahila Arts College. Title courtesy: “Fill y o u r p a p er w i t h the breathings of y o u r heart” - William Wo r d s w o r t h Booklet Launch date: 14th February, 2020.
3. Nobel Prize in literature - 1901 “The great are only great because w e are on our knees. Let us rise up.” -Sully Prudhomme Born: 16 March 1839 Died: 6 September, 1907 Background: He received first Nobel Prize in literature (1901).Born in Paris, Prudhomme originally studied to be an engineer, but turned to philosophy and later to poetry; he declared it as his intention to create scientific poetry for modern times. In character sincere and melancholic, he was linked to the Parnassus school, although, at the same time, his work displays characteristics of its own. Nobel Prize French poet, who won the first Nobel Prize for Literature in 1901 “in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect” The decision stirred controversy at the time – Sully-Prudhomme had not published much poetry after 1888.
4. Nobel Prize in literature –1902 "The lot fell upon Matthias, a n d he w a s counted w i t h the eleven apostles." - Christian Matthias. Born: 30 November 1817 Died: 1 November 1903 Background: Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He was one of the greatest classicists of the 19th century. His work regarding Roman history is still of fundamental importance for literature. Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in literature 1902 was awarded to Christian Matthias Theodore Mommsen "The greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, a history of Rome."
5. Nobel Prize in literature–1903 “The t im e is a l w a y s right, To do w h a t is right.” - Bjornstjerne Martins Bjornson Born: December 8, 1832 Died: April 26, 1910 Background: Bjørnson was born at the farmstead of Bjørgan in Kvikne, a secluded village in the Østerdalen district, some sixty miles south of Trondheim. In 1837 Bjørnson's father PederBjørnson, who was the pastor of Kvikne, was transferred to the parish of Nesset, outside Molde in Romsdal. It was in this scenic district that Bjørnson spent his childhood, living at the Nesset Parsonage. Nobel Prize He received Nobel Prize “as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguish by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit.”
6. Nobel Prize in literature – 1904 "Aioli epitom izes the heat, the power, a n d the joy of the Provencal sun, but it has another v i r t u e -- it drives a w a y flies." - Frederic Mistral Born: 8 September, 1930 Died: 25 March 1914 Background: Mistral was born in Maillane in the Bouches-du-Rhône département in southern France. His parents were wealthy landed farmers. His father, François Mistral, was from Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. His mother was Adelaide Poulinet. As early as 1471, his paternal ancestor, Mermet Mistral, lived in Maillane. By 1588, the Mistral family lived in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Nobel Prize He received Nobel Prize, “In recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a provencal philologist.
7. Nobel Prize in literature – 1904 – (2) “I cannot die, because if I a m going to w r i t e m y m athem atical physics encyclopaedia, I need a t least 25 m ore years.” - José Echegaray Born: April 19, 1832 Died: 4 September, 1916 Background: Theater had always been the love of José Echegaray's life. Although he had written earlier plays (La Hija natural and La ÚltimaNoche, both in 1867), he truly became a dramatist in 1874. His plays reflected his sense of duty, which had made him famous during his time in the governmental offices. Dilemmas centered on duty and morality are the motif of his plays. Nobel Prize José Echegaray, was honored for his Spanish dramas for, “in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"
8. Nobel Prize in literature – 1905 "He a l w a y s smiles, e v e n w h e n contemplating nothing good." - Henryk Sienkiewicz Born: May 5, 1846 Died: 15 November 1916 Background Sienkiewicz’s family owned a small estate but lost everything and moved to Warsaw, where Sienkiewicz studied literature, history, and philology at Warsaw University. He left the university in 1871 without taking a degree. He had begun to publish critical articles in 1869 that showed the influence of Positivism, a system of philosophy—popular in Poland and elsewhere at the time— emphasizing in particular the achievements of science. Nobel Prize Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz, won Nobel Prize "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"
9. Nobel Prize in literature – 1906 "Art a n d literature are the m oral e m anation of civilization, the spiritual eradication of peoples." - GIOSUE CARDUCCI Born: July 27, 1835 Died: February 16, 1907 Background The son of a republican country doctor, Carducci spent his childhood in the wild Maremma region of southern Tuscany. He studied at the University of Pisa and in 1860 became professor of Italian literature at Bologna, where he lectured for more than 40 years. He was made a senator for life in 1890 and was revered by the Italians as a national poet. Nobel Prize He received Nobel Prize "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"
10. Nobel Prize in literature – 1907 "He travels the fastest w h o travels alone." - RUDYARD KIPLING Born: December 30, 1865 Died: January 18, 1936 Background Rudyard Kipling, in full Joseph Rudyard Kipling, (born December 30, 1865, Bombay [now Mumbai], India—died January 18, 1936, London, England), English short-story writer, poet, and novelist chiefly remembered for his celebration of British imperialism, his tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907. Nobel Prize He received Nobel Prize "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration that characterize the creations of this world-famous author"
11. Nobel Prize in literature – 1908 "The transform ation of e n v i ronm e nt has become the purpose of h u m a n life, life seems real only insofar as it deals w i t h things." -RUDOLF CHRISTOPH EUCKEN Born: 5 January, 1846 Died: 15 September, 1926 Background Rudolf Christoph Eucken, (born Jan. 5, 1846, Aurich, East Friesland [now in Germany]—died Sept. 14, 1926, Jena, Ger.), German Idealist philosopher, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1908), interpreter of Aristotle, and author of works in ethics and religion. Nobel Prize He received Nobel Prize "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"
12. Nobel Prize in literature – 1909 “Nothing on earth can m a ke u p for the loss of one w h o has loved you.” ― SELMA LAGERLÖF Born: November 20, 1858 Died: March 16, 1940 Background: Selma Lagerlöf (1858-1940) was born in ÖstraEmterwik, Värmland, Sweden. She was brought up on Mårbacka, the family estate, which she did not leave until 1881, when she went to a teachers’ college at Stockholm. In 1885 she became a teacher at the girls’ secondary school in Landskrona. She had been writing poetry ever since she was a child, but she did not publish anything until 1890. Nobel Prize She was the first female writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she was awarded in 1909 "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"
13. Nobel Prize in literature – 1910 “If w e e v e r t r a v e l far in the universe to another planet w i t h intelligent life, let's just m ak e patterns in their crops a n d leave.” - PAUL JOHANN LUDWIG VON HEYSE Born: 15 March, 1830 Died: 2 April, 1914 Background: German writer and prominent member of the traditionalist Munich school who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1910.Heyse studied classical and Romance languages and travelled for a year in Italy, supported by a research grant. After completing his studies he became an independent scholar and was called to Munich by Maximilian II of Bavaria. Nobel Prize He received Nobel Prize "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"
14. Nobel Prize in literature – 1911 "All our knowledge m e r e ly helps to us to die a m or e painful death animals t h a t k n o w nothing." - Maurice Maeterlick Born: 29 August, 1862 Died: 6 May, 1949 Background: Maurice Maeterlindk (29 August 1862- 6 may 1949) was a Belgian playwright, poet and essayist who was Flemish but wrote in French. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in 1911.He was born in the Ghent ( Belgium) Maurice maeterlink studied law at the University of ghent and was admitted to the bar in that city in 1886. In Paris in 1885-1886 he met Augste Villiers de l'lsle - Adam and the leaders of the symbolist movement, and he soon abandoned law for literature. Nobel Prize The noble prize in literature 1911 was awarded to Maurice Maeterlink "In appreciation of his many - sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works."
15. Nobel Prize in literature – 1912 Po et r y evokes out of wo r d s the resonance of the primordial world. - Gerhart Hauptmam Born: 15 November, 1862 Died: 6 June, 1946 Background Gerhart Hauptmann was a German dramatist and novelist. He is counted among the most important promoters of literary naturalism, thought he integrated other styles into his works as well. He received the Nobel Prize in literature in 1912. Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in 1912 was awarded to Gerhart Hauptmann "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art."
16. Nobel Prize in literature – 1913 "Faith is the bird t h a t feels the light W h e n the d a w n is still dark." - Rabindranath Tagore Born: 7 May, 1861 Died: 7 August 1941 Background Rabindranath Tagore also known by his pen name Bhanusingh Thakur (Bonita) and also known by his Gurudev, Kabiguru, and Biswakbi was a polymath, poet musician and artist from the Indian subcontinent. A Brahmo Hindu from Calcutta with ancestors’ gentry’s roots in Burdwan district and Jessare, Tagore wrote poetry as am eight years old at the age of sixteen. Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in 1913 was awarded to Rabindranath Tagore. "Elegant phrase and magical poetry." Remain largely unknown outside Bengal.
17. Nobel Prize in literature – 1915 "A hero is one w h o does w h a t H e can, the others don't." - Romain Rolland. Born: 29 January, 1866 Died: 30 December, 1944 Background Romain Rolland was a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, art historians and mystic who was awarded the Nobel prize in literature in 1915. Romain Rolland was born in Clamecy, France his life spanned two centuries and he played a notable part in the history of his time, Involving himself frequently in public debate Rolland's family left Clamecy in 1880 so that he could study in Paris. Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in 1915 was awarded to remain Rolland. "As a tribute to the lofty idealism of literary productions and to the sympathy and love of truth which he has described different types of human being"
18. Nobel Prize in literature – 1916 "Always s t a y arounded a n d enjoy E v e r y thing t h a t comes y o u r way." - Verner von Heidenstam Born: 6 July, 1859 Died: 20 May, 1940 Background Verner von Heidenstam was a Swedish poet, novelist and laureate of the Nobel Prize in literature in 1916. He was a member of the Swedish academy from 1912. His poem and prose work are filled with a great joy of life, sometimes imbued with a love of Swedish history and scenery, particularly its physical aspects. Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in 1916 was awarded to Verner von Heidenstam "in representative of a new era in our literature."
19. Nobel Prize in literature – 1917 “Thor sang; W h o is svend am ong the attendants, w h o beyond Sundet stand? - Karl Adolph Gjellerup Born: 2 June, 1857 Died: 11 October, 1919 Background Karl Adolph Gjellerup was a Danish poet and novelist who together with his compatriot Henrik Pontoppidan won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1917.He is associated with the modern breakthrough period of Scandinavian literature. He occasionally used the pseudonym Eigons. Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in literature 1917 was awarded to Karl Adolph Gjellerup "for his varied and rich poetry which is inspired by lofty ideals."
20. Nobel Prize in literature –1917 (2) “I t u r ne d to the novel, a n artistic form which had in form er d a y s neglected a n d has thus acquire a b a d reputation” - Henrik Pontoppidan Born: 24 July, 1857 Died: 11 October, 1919 Background Henrik Pontoppidan realist writer who shared with Karl Gjelleryp.The novel prize for literature in 1917 for "his authentic description of present day life in Denmark." Pontoppidan's novels and short stories - informed with a desire for social progress but despairing later in his life of itsvealization present an unusually comprehensive picture of his country and his epoch. Nobel Prize He gotthe Nobel Prize for Literature in 1917 for "his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark."
21. Nobel Prize in literature –1919 "Im o v e d to lucerne w h e r e i h a v e lived H a p p i l y w i t h m y f am ily e v e r since." - Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler Born: 24 April, 1845 Died: 29 December 1924 Background: Spitteler was a private tutor for eight years in Russia and Finland. After he returned to Switzerland in 1879. He made his living as a teacher and journalist. He contributed articles to der Knustwart and was an editor of the Neue Zurcher Zeitung. In 1892 a legacy enabled him to settle in Lacerne and devote himself to creative work. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in 1919 was awarded to Carl Spitteler "In special appreciation of his epic, Olympian spring."
22. Nobel Prize in literature – 1920 “In old age w e are like a batch of letters t h a t someone has sent. We are no longer in passing, w e h a v e arrived” - Knut Jamsun Born: 4 August, 1859 Died: 19 February, 1952 Background: The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism. He argued that the main object of modernist literature should be the intricacies of the human mind, the writers should describe the" Whisper of blood, and the pleading of bone marrow. Nobel Prize: The noble prize in literature -1920 was awarded to Knut Pedersen Hamsun" for his monumental work, growth of the soil"
23. Noble Prize in Literature - 1921 'To accomplish great things, w e m us t not only act, but also dream , not only plan, but also believe'. - Anatole France Born: 16 April 1844 Died: 12 October 1924 Background: Anatole France, pseudonym for Jacques Anatole Thibault was the son of a Paris book dealer. He received a thorough classical education at the college Stanislas, a boys' school in Paris and for a while he studied at the Ecole des Chartes. For about twenty years he held diverse position, but he always had enough time for his own writings, especially during his period as assistant librarian at the Senate from 1876 to 1890. Nobel Prize: The Noble Prize in Literature 1921 was awarded to Anatole France "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace and a true Gallic temperament."
24. Noble Prize in Literature - 1922 “Everyone thinks t h a t having a talent is a m a t t e r of luck, no one thinks t h a t luck could be a m a t t e r of talent". - Jacinto Benavente Birth: 12 August 1866 Died: 14 July 1954 Background: Jacinto Benavente Martinez was born in Madrid, the son if a celebrated pediatrician, he returned drama to reality by way of social criticism, declamatory verse giving way to prose, melodrama to comedy, formula to experience, impulsive action to dialogue and the play of minds, Benavente showed a preoccupation with aesthetics and later with ethics. Noble prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1922 was awarded to Jacinto Benavente "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"
25. The Nobel Prize in literature – 1923 "An aged m a n is but a p a l t r y thing, a t a t t e re d coat upon a stick". - William butler Yeats Born: 13 June 1865 Died: 28 January 1939 Background: William butler Yeats was an lrish poet and one of the foremost figure of 20th- century's literature. A pillar of the lrish literary establishment, he helped to found the "Abbey Theatre", and in his later years served two terms as a senator of the lrishFree State. Nobel Prize: The Nobel prize in literature 1923 was awarded to William butler Yeats" for his always inspired poetry which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation".
26. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1924 "An Irresistible fascination w i t h terrifying death killed m e ahead of time". - Wladystaw Stanislaw Reymont Born: 7 may 1867 Died: 5 December 1925 Background: Reymont was born in the village of kobielevielkie, near Radomsko, Reymont spent his children in 'Tuszyn, near Lodz, to which his father had moved to work at a richer Church Parish. Reymont was defiantly Stubborn; after a few years of education in the local school, he was sent by his father to Warsaw into the care of his eldest sister and her husband to teach his vocation. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1924, for his great national epic, “The peasants".
27. Nobel Prize in literature - 1925 “Life isn't about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself.” - George Bernard Shaw Born: 26 July 1856 Died: 2 November 1950 Background: George Bernard Shaw known at his insistence simply as Barnard Shaw, was an lrish playwright, critic, polemicist and political activist, His influence on western theatre, culture and politics extended from the 1880s to his death and beyond. Nobel Prize: TheNobel Prize in literature 1925 was awarded to George Bernard Shaw “For his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty.” George Bernard Shaw received his Nobel Prize one year later, in 1926.
28. Nobel Prize in literature – 1926 “According to a n ancient sardinianlegend , the bodies of those w h o are born on Christmas Eve will hever dissolve into dust but are preserved unit the end of time”. -Grazia Deledda Born: 28 September 1871 Died: 15 August 1936 Background: Grazid Maria cosimadamiana was an ltalian writer who received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1926 "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native is land and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general" Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1926 was awarded to Grazia Deledda " for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity.
29. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1927 "Think like a m a n of action act like a m a n of thought" - Henri Bergson Born: 18-october- 1859 Died:4- January- 1941 Background: Henri Bergson was born in a tiny house. His father was a farmer and railway man. Henri Bergson was the first French speaking host appearing on air in 1952, when radio- Canada, the French service of CBC, inaugurated its T.V. broadcast. Noble Prize: The noble prize in literature 1927 was awarded to Henri Bergson in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented
30. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1928 "I'm not a good a m a n as y o u are, I can't so easily forgive those I h a v e wronged" - Sigrid Undset Born: 20- May- 1882 Died: 10- June- 1949 Background: Undset was born in Kalundborg, Denmark but her family moved to Norway when she was two years old.In 1925, she converted to Catholicism. She fled Norway for the United States in 1940 because of her opposition to Nazi Germany and the German invasion and occupation of Norway, but returned after World War II ended in 1945 Noble Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1928 was awarded to Sigrid Undset prize motivation: "principally for her powerful description of northern life during the middle ages.
31. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1929 "War is only a c o w a r d l y escape from the problem of peace." - Thomas Mann. Born: 6 June 1875 Died: 12 august Background: Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel. Buddenbrooks. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. Mann field to Switzerland. Nobel Prize Prize motivation is "principally for his great novel, budded brooks which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature."
32. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1930 "Sinclair Lewis w i n t e r is not a season, it’s a n occupation." - Sinclair Lewis Born: 7 February, 1885 Died: 10 January, 1951 Background: In 1930 he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in literature. His works are known for their critical views of American capitalism and materialism. Between the wars. Nobel Prize: The NobelPrize in literature 1930 was awarded to Sinclair Lewis."For his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters."
33. The Nobel Prize in Literature in - 1931 “It whispers; all is w a i t i n g here K e p t safe for thee, y e a r after year, Beautiful songs in thousands; Where hast thou been, where, where?” - Erik Axel Karlfeldt Birth: 20 July 1864 Died: 8 April 1931 Background: Karlfeldt was born into a farmer's family in Karlbo, in the province of Dalarna. Initially, his name was Erik Axel Eriksson, but he assumed his new name in 1889, wanting to distance himself from his father, who had suffered the disgrace of a criminal conviction. In 1904 Karlfeldt was elected a member of the Swedish Academy. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1931 was awarded to Erik Axel Karlfeldt "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt."
34. The Nobel Prize in Literature in - 1932 “Idealism increases in direct proportion to one's distance from the problem.” - John Galsworthy Birth: 14 August 1867 Died: 31 January 1933 Background: Galsworthy was born at what is now known as Galsworthy House (then called Parkhurst) on Kingston Hill in Surrey, England, the son of John and Blanche Bailey (née Bartleet) Galsworthy. His family was prosperous and well established, with a large property in Kingston upon Thames. Later he trained as a barrister and was called to the bar in 1890. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1932 was awarded to John Galsworthy "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga."
35. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1933 “Nothing is worse a n d m or e hurtful t h a n a happiness t h a t comes too late. ..." -Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin Born: 22 October 1870 Died: 8 November 1953 Background: Ivan Bunin was born on his parental estate in Voronezh province in Central Russia, the third and youngest son of Aleksey Nikolayevich Bunin (1827–1906) and Lyudmila AleksandrovnaBunina (née Chubarova, 1835–1910). He had two younger sisters: Masha (Maria Bunina-Laskarzhevskaya, 1873–1930) and Nadya (that latter died very young) and two elder brothers, Yuly and Yevgeny. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1933 was awarded to Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing.
36. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1934 "Life is full of infinite absurdities, which, strangely enough, do not e v e n need to a p p e a r plausible, since t h e y are true." -Luigi Pirandello Born: 28 June 1867 Died: 10 December 1936 Background: Luigi Pirandello was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theatre." Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of short stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are written in Sicilian. Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners of the Theatre of the Absurd. Nobel Prize: He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theatre.
37. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1936 "Man is born broken. H e lives b y m ending. The grace of God is glue." - Eugene O'Neill Born: 16 October1888 Died: 27 November 1953 Background: O'Neill was born in a hotel, the Barrett House, at Broadway and 43rd Street, on what was then Longacre Square (now Times Square).A commemorative plaque was first dedicated there in 1957.The site is now occupied by 1500 Broadway, which houses offices, shops and the ABC Studios. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1936 was awarded to Eugene Gladstone O'Neill "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy."
38. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1937 “I a l w a y s h a v e a p a d of p a pe r a n d a pencil w i t hin reach, to catch on the w i n g this t u r n of phrase which strikes m e as felicitous, t h a t idea which I hope to be able to e x a m ine m ore closely in the light of day.” - Roger Martin du Gard Born: 23 March 1881 Died: 22 August1958 Background: He trained as a palaeographer and archivist, he brought to his works a spirit of objectivity and a scrupulous regard for detail, and because of his concern with documentation and the relationship of social reality to individual development, his fiction has been linked with the realist and naturalist traditions of the 19th century. His sympathy for the humanist socialism and pacifism of Jean Jaurès is evident in his work. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1937 was awarded to Roger Martin du Gard"for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault."
39. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1938 "The secret of joy in w o r k is contained in one w o r d - excellence. To k n o w h o w to do something well is to enjoy it." -Pearl Buck Born: 26 June 1892 Died: 6 March 1973 Background: Originally named Comfort by her parents,Pearl Sydenstricker was born in Hillsboro, West Virginia, United States, to Caroline Maude (Stulting) (1857– 1921) and Absalom Sydenstricker. Her parents, Southern Presbyterian missionaries, traveled to China soon after their marriage on July 8, 1880, but returned to the United States for Pearl's birth. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1938 was awarded to Pearl Buck "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces."
40. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1939 “How sad t h a t love is still a w a kening of the finest a n d m ost pure, a n d in m ost cases only after it becomes dirty” - FransEemil Sillanpaa Born: 16 September 1888 Died: 3 June 1964 Background: FransEemilSillanpää was born into a peasant farming family in Hämeenkyrö. Although his parents were poor, they managed to send him to school in Tampere. At school Sillanpää was a good student and with aid from his benefactor Henrik Liljeroos he entered the University of Helsinki in 1908 to study medicine.Here his acquaintances included the painters EeroJärnefelt and PekkaHalonen, composer Jean Sibelius and author JuhaniAho. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1939 was awarded to FransEemilSillanpää "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature."
41. Nobel Prize in literature - 1944 "A probing analysis of the problems of evolution formsthe basis of m y prose." - Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Born - 20 January, 1873 Died - 25 November, 1950 Background- Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was born in Denmark,often considered the first great Danish writer of the20th century. He was awarded by the Nobel Prize in literature in 1944. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded toJohannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength andfertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and abold, freshly creative style."
42. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1945 "Love B e a u t y it is the shadow of God on the universe" - Gabriela Mistral Born: 7 April 1889 Died: 10 January 1957 Background: She was born in vicuna Chile. The daughter of a dillettante poet. She began to write poetry as a village schoolteacher after a passionate romance with a railway employee who committed suicide.The love of poems in memory of the dead, sonnets de la Muerte (1914) but her first great collection of poems, was published until 1922. The same theme, linked with that maternity, plays a significant role in tala, poems published in 1938. Her complete poetry was published in 1958. Noble Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1945 was awarded to Gabriela Mistral. "For her lyric poetry which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name of a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"
43. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1946 "Writing is good, thinking is better. Cleverness is good, patience is better." -Harman Hesse Born: 2 July 1877 Died: 9 August 1962 Background: Hermann Karl Hesse was born on 2 July 1877 in the Black Forest town of Calw in Wurttemberg, German Empire. His grandfather Hermann Gundert compiled the current grammar in Malayalam language, compiled a Malayalam-English dictionary, and also contributed to the work in translating the Bible to Malayalam. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946 was awarded to Hermann Hesse "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style."
44. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1947 “Be faithful to t h a t which exists w i t hin yourself” - Andre Gide Born: 22 November 1869 Died: 19 February 1951 Background: Gide was born in Paris on 22 November 1869, into a middle- class protestant family. His father was a Paris University professor of law who died in 1880. Jean Paul Guillaume Gide and his mother was Juliette Maria Rondeaux. His uncle was the political economist Charles Gide. His paternal family traced its roots back to Italy with his ancestors, The Guides, moving to France and other western and northern European countries after converting to Protestantism during the 16th century, due to persecution. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1947 was received to Andre' Gide, “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight”.
45. The Nobel Prize literature - 1948 "In m y beginning is m y end" -T. S. Eliot Born:26 September 1888 Died:4 January 1965 Background: Thomas Stearns Eliot was born in at. Louis, Missouri of an old New England family. He was educated at Harvard and did graduate work in philosophy at Sorbonne, Harvard and Merton College, Oxford. Then he settled in England, where he was for a time a school master and a bank clerk. In 1927, Eliot become a British citizen and about the same time entered the Anglican Church. Noble prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1948 was awarded to T. S. Eliot “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present day poetry”
46. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1949 "Ibelieve t h a t m a n will not m e rely endure, he will prevail." - William Faulkner Birth: 25 September,1897 Died: 6 July,1962 Background: He was born in New Albany, Mississippi U.S. William Faulkner was an American English poet. As a school child,Faulkner had success early on.Faulkner's lifelong education by Callie Barr.The younger Faulkner was greatly influenced by the history of his family and the region in which he lived. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1949 was awarded to William Faulkner for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel.
47. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1950 "The w o r ld is full of m agical things patiently w a i ting for our w i t s to g r o w sharper.” - Bertrand Russell Born: 18 May 1872 Died: 2 February 1970 Background: Bertrand Arthur William Russell was a British philosopher and Nobel laureate. At various points in his life, Russell considered himself as a liberal, a socialist and a pacifist, although he also confessed that his sceptical nature had led him to feel that he had "never been any of these things, in any profound sense." Russell was born in Monmouthshire into one of the most prominent aristocratic familiar in the United Kingdom. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1950 was awarded to Earl (Bertrand William) Russell "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideas and freedom of thought."
48. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1951 "Nothing is m ore t h a n foreign than the w o r l d of one's childhood w h e n one has t r u l y left" - Par Lagerkvist Born: 23 may,1891 Died: 11 July,1974 Background: Lagerkvist wrote poems, plays, novels, stories, and essays of considerable expressive power and influence from his early 20s to his late 70s. One of his central themes was the fundamental question of good and evil, which he examined through such figures as Barabbas, the man who was freed instead of Jesus, and Ahasuerus, the Wandering Jew. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1951 was awarded to Pär Fabian Lagerkvist "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind.
49. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1952 "Human love is often but encounter of t w o weaknesses." - Francois Mauriac Born: 11 October,1885 Died: 1 September, 1970 Background: Mauriac was the youngest of five children in what can be termed a landed, prosperous, middle class family. His father died when he was 18 months old and he was raised by his pious mother, lather in a school run by the Marianiture. He studied literature at Bordeaux and Paris but soon became an independent writer. Nobel Prize: French writer Francois Mauriac received the 1952 Nobel in literature for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life.
50. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1953 "Never in the face of h u m a n conflict has so m uch been o w e d b y so m a n y to so few." - Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill Born: 30 November, 1874 Died: 24 January, 1965 Background: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer. He was the prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, when he led Britain to victory in the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill represented five constituencies during his career as a Member of Parliament (MP). Ideologically an economic liberal and imperialist, for most of his career he was a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955, but from 1904 to 1924 was a member of the Liberal Party. Noble Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 was awarded to Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values."
51. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1954 "Happiness in intelligent people is the rarest thing I know". -Ernest Hemingway Born: 21 July 1899, Oak Park, Illinois, United States Died: 2 July 1961, Ketchum, Idaho, United States Background: Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American journalist, novelist, short-story writer, and sportsman. His economical and understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and his public image brought him admiration from later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 was awarded to Ernest Miller Hemingway "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style."
52. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1955 "For m a n is essentially alone, a n d one should p i t y h im a n d love h im a n d grieve w i t h him." -Halldor Laxness Born: 23 April, 1902 Died: 8 February, 1998 Background: Halldórwas born in 1902 in Reykjavík, with his family moving to the Laxnes farm in nearby Mosfellssveit parish when he was three. Halldór started to read books and write stories at an early age. He attended the technical school in Reykjavík from 1915 to 1916 and had an article published in the newspaper Morgunbla in 1916. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1955 was awarded to HalldórKiljan Laxness "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland."
53. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1956 "If t h e y give y o u ruled p a pe r w r i t e the other way." - Juan Ramon Born: 23 December,1881 Died: 29 May, 1958 Background: Juan Ramon was a Spanish writer. After studying briefly at the University of Salamanca, Jimenez went to Madrid (1900) at the invitation of the poet Ruben Drario. His first two volumes of poetry, Alma's de Violeta ("soul of violet") and Ninfeas ("water-lilies")came out that same year. The two books, printed in violet and green, respectively,so embarrassed Jimenez in his later years by their excessive sentiment that the destroyed every copy he could find. Nobel Prize: Juan Ramon Jimenez is a prolific writer who received the Nobel "for Hus lyrical poetry; which in the Spanish language of high spirit and artistically purity."
54. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1957 "Freedom is nothing but a chance to be better." - Albert Camus Birth: 7 November,1913 Died: 4 January,1960 Background: Camus was born in Algeria to French parents. He spent his childhood in a poor neighbourhood and later studied philosophy at the University of Algiers. He was in Paris when the Germans invaded frame during world war ll.Camus was a moralist and leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism. He was part of many organisations seeking European integration.Philosophically, Camus's views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1957 was awarded to Albert Camus "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times.
55. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1958 "Man is born to live a n d not to p r e p are to live" - Boris Pasternak Born: 10 February 1890 Died:30 may 1960 Background: Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960), born in Moscow, was theson of talented artists:his father a painter and illustrator of Tolstoy's works, his mother a well-known concert pianist.Pasternak is also known as the author of Doctor Zhivago(1957), a novel that takes place between the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the second world war. Doctor Zhivago was rejected for publication in the USSR and the manuscript had to be secretly smuggled to Italy for publication. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1958 was awarded to Boris leonidovich Pasternak "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition."
56. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1959 "Poetry is also the physical self of the poet, a n d it is impossible to separate the poet from his poetry." -Salvatore Quasimodo Born: 20 August, 1901 Died: 14 June, 1968 Background: Quasimodo was born in Modica, Sicily, to Gaetano Quasimodo and Clotilde Ragusa. He spent his childhood in Roccalumera. In 1908 his family moved to Messina, as his father had been sent there to help the local population struck by a devastating earthquake. The impressions of the effects of natural forces would have a great impact on the young Quasimodo. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959 was awarded to Salvatore Quasimodo "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times."
57. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1960 "The poet is the one w h o breaks through our habits." - Saint-John Perse Born: 31 May, 1887 Died: 20 September, 1975 Background: Alexis Leger was born in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France. His great- grandfather, a solicitor, had settled in Guadeloupe in 1815. His grandfather and father were also solicitors; his father was also a member of the city council. The Leger family owned two plantations, one of coffee (La Joséphine) and the other of sugar (Bois-Debout). Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1960 was awarded to Saint-John Perse "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time."
58. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1961 'Sadness is also a kind of defence.' - Ivo Andric Born:9 October 1892 Died:13 March 1975 Background: Ivo Andric born 1892 to a family of artisans that had settled in Bosnia, a province still under Austrian rule when he was a nevertheless,he studied at serval universities, finally obtaining his degree from Graz. Nobel Prize: On 26 October 1961, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature by the Swedish Academy.
59. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1962 'Time is the only critic w i t hout ambition.' - John Steinbeck Born: 27 February 1902 Died: 20 December 1968 Background: John Steinbeck was a Nobel and Pulitzer Prize winning American Novelist and the author of “Of Mice and Men”. The Grupe of Warth and East of Eden, Steinbeck dropped out of college and worked as a manual labour before achieving success as a writer. His works often dealt with social and economic issues. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1962 was awarded to John Steinbeck by the English language.
60. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1963 "Soul shrivelled b y public sins each holding office like a bird in its cage ". - GiorgosSeferis Born: 13 March, 1900 Died: 20 September, 1971 Background: GiorgosSeferis was a Greek poet diplomat.He was one of the most important Greek poet of the 20th century Indian Nobel literate.He was a career diplomat. Integrate Foreign Service culminating in his appointment is a ambassador of the UK, a poet which he held from 1957 to 1962. Nobel Prize: Seferis was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture."Seferis was the first Greek to receive the prize
61. Nobel Prize in literature - 1964 “Everything has been figured out except h o w to live.” - Jean Paul Sartre Born: 21 June, 1905 Died: 15 April, 1980 Background: France philosopher and writer. The France philosopher and distinguished writer Jean -Paul Sartre ranks the most versatile writer and as the dominant influence in three decades of France intellectual life. Nobel Prize: He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honours and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution"
62. Nobel Prize in literature - 1965 “Vast sections of the world's population are inspired b y the sam e desires a n d live for c om m on interests t h a t bind t h em together far m ore t h a n t h e y separate them.” - MikhailSholokhov Born: 11 May, 1905 Died: 21 February, 1984 Background: Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov was a Soviet/Russian novelist and winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is known for writing about life and fate of Don Cossacks during the Russian Revolution, the civil war and the period of collectivization, primarily in his most famous novel, And Quiet Flows the Don. Nobel Prize: Sholokhov began writing And Quiet Flows the Don, which took him fourteen years to complete (1926–1940). It became the most-read work of Soviet fiction and was heralded as a powerful example of socialist realism, and it earned him both a Stalin Prize and the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature.
63. Nobel Prize in literature - 1966 "Sometimes Small Things lead To Great Joys" - Shmuel Yosef Agnon was Born; July 17, 1888 Died; February 17, 1910 Background: A Nobel Prize laureate writer and was one of the central figures of Modern Hebrew fiction.In Hebrew he is known by the acronym ShaiAgnon in English his works are published under the name S. Y. Agnon. Agnon was twice awardedthe Bialik Prize for literature. He was also twice awarded the Ideal prize for literature. Nobel Prize: In 1966 hewas awarded the Nobel Prize in literature for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people. The prizewas shared with German Jewish author Nelly Sachs.
64. Nobel Prize in literature – 1966 - (2) “World, t h e y h a v e taken the small children like butterflies a n d t h r o w n them, beating their wings, into the fire” - Nelly Sachs Born: 10December, 1891 Died:12 May, 1970 Background: Nelly Sachs was a German-Swedish poet and playwright. Her experience resulting from the rise of the Nazis in World War II Europe transformed her into a poignant spokesperson for the grief and yearnings of her fellow Jewish people. Nobel Prize: Nelly Sachs won The Nobel Prize in literature in 1966 “For her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel’s destiny with touching strength”
65. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1967 “ H o we v er life treats you, as t im e goes b y y o u a l w a y s get the Feeling you’ve lost life in the v e r y living of it. “ - Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales Born: 19th October 1899 Died: 9th June 1974 Background: Miguel Angel Asturias was born in Guate mala and spent his childhood and adolescence in his native country. He studied for his baccalaureate at the state high school and later took a law degree at the University of San Carlos. His thesis on “The Social Problem of the Indian” was published 1923. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1967 was awarded to Miguel Angel Asturias “For his vivid literary achievement, deep rooted in the national traits and tradition of Indian People of Latin America.
66. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1968 “Time flows in the sam e w a y for all h u m a n beings e v e r y h u m a n being – flows through t im e in a different w a y ” - Yasunari Kawabata Born: 11 June1899 Died: 16 April 1972 Background: Yasunari Kawabata, son of a highly cultivated physician was born in 1899 in Osaka. After the early death of his parents he was raised in the country by his maternal grandfather and attended the Japanese public school From 1920 to 1924 Kawabata studied at the Tokyo Imperial university where he receded his degree He was one of the Founders of the publication BungeiJidai the medium of a new movement in modern Japanese literature. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1968 was awarded to Yasunari Kawabata “Far his narrative mastery which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind.”
67. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1969 "Ever tried. Ever failed. N o m atte r. Tr y again. Fail again. Fail better." - Samuel Beckett Born: 13 April, 1906 Died: 22 December, 1989 Background: Samuel Barclay Beckett was an Irish novelist, playwright, short story writer, theatre director, poet, and literary translator. A resident of Paris for most of his adult life, he wrote in both French and English. Mary Beckett was devoted wife and mother who spent good times with her two sons in both training and hobbies. His father shared his love of nature, fishing and golf with his children. Nobel Prize: Beckett was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his writing, which—in new forms for the novel and drama—in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation."
68. The Nobel Prize in literature – 1970 "The battle line between good a n d evil runs through the heart e v e r y man" - Aleksandr lsayevich Solzhenitsyn Born: 11 December 1918 Died: 3 August 2008 Background: Aleksander Solazhenitsyn was born in kislovodask, Russia on 11 December 1918. His father had studied philological subject at Moscow University but did not complete his studies. I was brought up by his mother,who worked as a shorthand typist in the town of Rostov on the don in the 1903.he tried to get her writings published but he could not find anyone willing to accept her manuscript. Nobel Prize: With his works, the Gulag, a Soviet labour camp, became well known. Due to this, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, but also was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974.
69. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1971 "Love is so short, Forgetting is so long." -Pablo Neruda Born: 12 July 1904 Died: 23 December 1973 Background: Pablo Neruda was born Ricardo Eliecer Neftali Reyes Basoallto in Parral, Chile, a city in Linares Province. Neruda became known as a poet when he was 13 years old and wrote in variety of styles, including surrealist poem, historical epics etc. Neruda was hospitalized with cancer in September 1973. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971 was awarded to Pablo Neruda " For a poetry that with the action of an element force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams."
70. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1972 "A fam ily w i t hout a black sheep is not a typical family." - Heinrich Boll Born: 21 December, 1917 Died: 16 July, 1985 Background: Bill was born in Cologne, Germany, to a Catholic, pacifist family that later opposed the rise of Nazism. He refused to join the Hitler Youth during the 1930s. During his war service, Boll was wounded four times and contracted typhoid. He was captured by US Army soldiers in April 1945 and sent to prisoner-of-war camp. Boll became a full time writer at the age of 30. His first novel, Der zug war punktlich was published in 1949. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1972 was awarded to Heinrich Boll "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in contributed to a renewal of German literature."
71. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1973 "To understand the stars would spoil their appearance." - Patrick White Born: 28 May, 1912 Died: 30 September, 1990 Background: Patrick White was born in Knightsbridge, London, to Victor Martindale White and Ruth new withycombe on 28 May 1912. His parents were both English Australians. In 1935 white published a collection of poetry. In 1941 the novel was written during his stay in the United States. He was the first and only Australian to have been awarded the prize. His last unfinished novel was 'The Hanging Garden' a posthumous publication. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973 was awarded to Patrick White "for an epic and physiological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature."
72. The Nobel Prize in Literature – 1974 - (1) "Our spaceship is a t i n y bubble in a glass of God." -Harry Martinson Born: 6 May, 1904 Died: 11 February, 1978 Background: Martinson was born in Jmshog, Blekinge country in south- eastern Sweden. In 1929, he debuted as a poet. In 1949, Martinson became the 1st proletarian writer to elected as member of the Swedish Academy. The sensitive Martinson found it hard to cope with the criticism following his award, and committed suicide on 11 February 1978 at the Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm by cutting his stomach open with a pair of scissors in what has been described as "hara- kiri- like manner." Nobel Prize: Martinson received the Nobel Prize "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos."
73. The Nobel Prize in Literature – 1974 – (2) "In the wo rld of the present, in our time, w e feel that suffering, anguish, the torm ents of bo dy a n d soul, are greater t h a n e v e r before in the history of mankind." - Eyvind Johnson Born: 29July, 1900 Died: 25 August, 1976 Background: Eyvind Johnson was a Swedish novelist and short story writer. Regarded as the most ground-breaking novelist in modern Swedish literature. He became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1957 and shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with Harry Martinson in 1974. Johnson was born OlofEdvin Verner Jonsson in Svartbjörnsbyn village in Överluleå parish, near the town of Boden in Norrbotten. The small house where he was born is preserved and marked with a commemorative plaque. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1974 was divided equally between Eyvind Johnson "for a narrative art, far seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom."
74. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1975 "The reality are is a l w a y s for e v e r y o ne a n d for none" -Eugenio Montale Born: 12 October, 1896 Died: 12 September, 1981 Background: Montale was born in Genoa. His family were chemical products traders. In 1915 Montale worked as an accountant but was left free to follow his literary passion. He also studied opera singing with the baritone Ernesto sivori. During World War 1, as a member of the military academy of prama, Montale asked to be sent to the front. After brief war experience as an infantry officer in vallarsa and puster valley, he returned home in 1920. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975 was awarded to Eugenio Montale "for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted sign of an Outlook on life with no illusions."
75. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1976 "A m a n is only as good as w h a t he loves." - Saul Bellow Born: 10 June, 1915 Died: 5 April, 2005 Background: Saul Bellow was born Solomon Bellows in Lachine, Ouebec, two years after his parents Lescha (nee Gordin) and Abraham Bellows, emigrated fromsaint Petersburg, Russia. Bellow attended the University of the Chicago but later transferred to Northwestern University. Bellow later did graduate work at the University of Wisconsin. During World War II, Bellow joined the merchant marine and during his service he completed his first novel. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1976 was awarded to Saul Bellow "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work."
76. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1977 "I would s a y a few w o r ds in y o u r ear. A doubtful m a n has little faith." -Vicente Aleixandre Born: 26 April, 1898 Died: 14 December, 1984 Background: Vicente Alexandre was born in Seville. He spent his childhood in Malaga and he has lived in Madrid since 1909. Studied law at University of Madrid and at the Madrid School of Economics. Beginning in 1925 he has completely devoted himself to literature. His first book of poems, Ambit, appeared in 1928. Since that date he has written and published a score of books. The Swedish Academy awarded him the Nobel Prize for Literature for the totality of his work in 1977. Nobel Prize: In 1977 he received Nobel Prize for Literature "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars."
77. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1978 "The w a s t e basket is the writer's best friend." -Issac Bashevis Singer Born: 21 November, 1902 Died: 14 July, 1991 Background: His parents were religious Jews and pushed him towards a career as a religious scholar. In 1921 he enrolled in Rabbinical School, but left only two years later to work for a Yiddish literary magazine. He was one of the great storyteller of the twentieth century. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1978 was awarded to IssacBashevis Singer "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life."
78. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1979 "You'll come to learn a great deal if y o u s t u d y the Insignificant in depth." - Odysseus Elytis Born: 2 November, 1911 Died: 18 March, 1996 Background: Descendant of the Alepoudelis, an old olive oil industrial family from Lesbos, Elytis was born in Heraklion on the island of Crete, on 2 November 1911. His family later moved to Athens, where the poet graduated from high school and later attended courses as a school at University of Athens. Nobel Prize: Nobel Prize in Literature 1979 was awarded to Odysseus Elytis "for his poetry, which against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear- sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness."
79. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1980 "Language is the only Homeland." - Czeslaw Milosz Born: 30 June, 1911 Died: 14 August, 2004 Background: Czeslaw Milosz was born in Seteiniai, Lithuania, as a son of Alexander Milosz, a civil engineer, and Weronika, nee Kanat. He made his high - school and University studies in Wilno, then belonging to Poland. A co-founder of a literary group "Zagary", he made his literary debut in 193p published in the 1930s two volumes of poetry and worked for the Polish Radio. Most of the war time he spent in Warsaw working there for the underground presses. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1980 was awarded to Czeslaw Milosz "who with uncompromising clear- sightedness voices man's exposed condition in world of severe conflict."
80. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1981 "Rulers w h o w a n t to unleash w a r k n o w v e r y well t h a t t h e y m u s t procure or i n v e n t a first v i c t im ". - Elias Canetti Born:25 July, 1905 Died: 14 August, 1994 Background: Elias Canetti was a German language author, born is ruse, Bulgaria to a merchant family, they moved to Manchester, England, but his father died in 1912, and his mother took her three sons back to the continent. They settled in Vienna. Canetti moved to England in 1948 after the Anschluss to escape Nazi persecution. Nobel Prize Noble prize in literature 1981 "for writing marked by abroad outlook,a wealth of Ideas and artistic power".
81. Noble prize in literature - 1982 "There is no greater glory t h a n to die for love" - Gabriel Garcia Marquez Born: 6 March 1927 Background: Gabriel Garcia Marquez was a Colombia novelist short -story writer screenwriter and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo or Gabito throughout Latin America. Nobel Prize: He was awarded the 1972 Neustadt international prize for literature and the 1982 Nobel Prize in literature.
82. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1983 "The greatest ideas are the simplest." -William Golding Born: 19 September 1991. Died: 19 June 1993. William Golding was a novelist, school teacher,play wright and recipient of the 1983 Nobel Prize in literature.Sir William Golding was a British novelist,play wright and poet best known for his debut novel lord of the flies,he would go on to publish another eleven novels in his life time. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1983 was awarded to William Golding,and was according to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography "an unexpected and even contentious choice".
83. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1984 "If the o r d i n a r y person is silent, it m a y be a tactical m a n oe u v r e if a w r i t e r is silent he is lying." - Jaroslav Seifert. Born: 23 September 1901. Died: 10 January 1986. Background: Jaroslav Seifert was born on 23 September 1901 into a working class family living in Zizkov, a suburb of Prague. He attended secondary school and soon began devoting himself to writing poetry and to journalism. His first collections of poems in 1921. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1984 was awarded to Jaroslav Seifert for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man.
84. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1985 "Life is not only full of sound a n d F u r y it also, has butterflies, flowers, art." - Claude Simon Born: 10 October, 1913 Died: 6 July, 2005 Background: Claude Simon was born in Tananarive on the isle of Madagascar. His father being a career officer who was killed in the First World War. His mother and her family in Perpignan in the middle of the win district of Roussillon Among His ancestors was a general from the time of the French Revolution. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1985 was Awarded to Claude Simon who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deep awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition.
85. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1986 "Idon't really consider m yself A Novelist it just c am e out purely b y accident.” - Wole Soyinka Born: 13 July, 1934 Background: Soyinka was born onto a Yoruba family in Abeokuta. In 1954, He attended Government College in Ibadan.A descendant of a Remo family of Isara Remo Soyinka was born the second of six children in the city of Abeokuta, Ogun State, in Nigeria his father Samuel Ayodele Soyinka and Soyinka’s mother, Grace Eniola Soyinka. Nobel Prize: Soyinka was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1984. He was, described as one "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashion the drama of existence.
86. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1987 "Life - the w a y it really is - is a battle not between B a d a n d Good but, but between B a d worse." - Joseph Brodsky. Born: 24 May, 1940 Background: Brodsky was born in to a Russian Jewish family in Leningrad.his father Aleksandr Brodsky was a professional photographer and his mother Maria volpert Brodsky was a professional interpreter whose work often helped to support the family. Nobel Prize: The Nobel prize in literature 1987 was awarded to Joseph Brodsky"for an all embracing authorship,imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity."
87. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1988 "Home is not w h e r e y o u w e r e born; H o m e is w h e r e all your, A t t e m p t s to escape cease." -Naguib Mahfouz. Born: 11 December, 1911 Died: 30 August, 2006 Background:- Mahfouz was born in to a lower middle-class Muslim Egyptian family in old Cairo in 1911. He was the seventh and the child, with four brothers and two sisters, all of them much older than him his father abdel-azizlbrahim whom Mahfouz described as having been "old-fashioned", was a civil servant,and Mahfouz eventually followed in his footsteps in 1934. Nobel Prize: Naguib Mahfouz,(IPA; December 11,1911-August 30,2006) was an Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel prize for literature.
88. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1989 "There are t w o kinds of m a n the ones w h o m a k e history a n d ones w h o endure it - Camilo Jose Cela Born: May 11, 1916 Died: January 17,2002 Background: Cela was born on 11May, 1916 in Galicia (North West Spain) in a family with many members. Mostly, it belonged to the upper middle class but also had certain aristocratic roots. Cela’s experience is the cruel Spanish civil war, which divided the country into two factions whose borders could cut right through ties of family and friendship. Nobel Prize: He was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in Literature "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"
89. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1990 "Solitude is the profoundest fact of the only being w h o k n o w n he is alone" - Octavio Paz Born: 31 March, 1914 Died: 19 April, 1998 Background: Octavio Paz, Mexican poet, writer, and diplomat, recognized as one of the major Latin American writer of the 20th country. He received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1990. Paz's family was ruined financially by the Mexican civil war, and he grew up in straitened acutance. Nobel Prize This year Nobel Prize for literature goes to the Mexican writer, poet, and essayist Octavio Paz, honouring a writer of Spanish.
90. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1991 “The t r u t h isn't a l w a y s beauty, but the hunger for it is.” - Nadine Gordimer Born: 20 November, 1923 Died: 13 July, 2014 Background: Nadine Gordimer was a South African writer, political activist and recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was recognized as a woman "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity".Gordimer's writing dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid in South Africa. Under that regime, works such as Burger's Daughter and July's People were banned. Nobel Prize: Nadine Gordimer won Nobel Prize in 1991for "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"
91. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1992 “I read; I travel; I become” ― Derek Walcott Born: 23 January 1930 Died: 17 March 2017 Background: Walcott was born and raised in Castries, Saint Lucia, in the West Indies, the son of Alix (Maarlin) and Warwick Walcott. He had a twin brother, the playwright Roderick Walcott, and a sister, Pamela Walcott. His family is of English, Dutch and African descent, reflecting the complex colonial history of the island that he explores in his poetry. Nobel Prize: Derek Walcott won Nobel Prize in 1992 "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"
92. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1993 “If y o u surrender to the air, y o u could ride if” -Toni Morrison Born: 18 February, 1931 Background: Toni Morrison was born in Lorain , Ohio in U.S. she is an American novelist, essayists , editor , teacher and professors emeritus at Princeton university, Morrison’s parents instilled in her a sense of heritage and language through telling traditional. African, American folk -tales and ghosts stories and singing sin. Nobel Prize: Morrison received the 1993 Nobel Prize in Literature, making her the first African – American women to be selected for the awards. "Who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality".
93. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1994 “The dead can s u r v i v e as p a r t of the lives of those t h a t still live “ -Kenzaburo Oe Born: 31 January,1935 Background: Kenzaburo Oe is a Japanese writer and a major figure in contemporary Japanese literature. He was born in Ose, a village now in uchiko, While prefecture on Shikoku. He was the third son of Sevan children. His grandmother taught him art and oral performance. His mother became his short stories and essays, strongly influenced by French and American literature and literary theory. Nobel Prize: Oe's winning the Nobel Prize for 1994 has thus encourage him to embark on his pursuit of a new form of Literature and a new life for himself.
94. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1995 “There is risk a n d t r u t h to yourselves a n d the w o r ld before you.” - Seamus Justin Heaney Born: 13 April 1939 Died: 30 August 2013 Background: Seamus Justin Heaney was an Irish poet, playwright and translator. Among his best-known works is Death of a Naturalist (1966), his first major published volume. Heaney was recognised as one of the principal contributors to poetry during his lifetime. American poet Robert Lowell described him as "the most important Irish poet since Yeats", and many others, including the academic John Sutherland, have said that he was "the greatest poet of our age". Nobel Prize: Won Nobel Prize in 1995 "For works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"
95. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1996 “Somewhere out there the w o r ld m u s t h av e a n end.” - Maria Wisława Anna Szymborska Born: 2 July, 1923 Died: 1 February, 2012 Background: Maria Wisława Anna Szymborskawas a Polish poet, essayist, translator and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Prowent, which has since become part of Kórnik, she later resided in Kraków until the end of her life. In Poland, Szymborska's books have reached sales rivaling prominent prose authors: although she once remarked in a poem, "Some Like Poetry" that no more than two out of a thousand people care for the art. Nobel Prize: Won Nobel Prize in 1996 "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"
96. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1997 “ K n o w h o w to live the t im e t h a t is given you.” - Dario Fo Born: 24 March 1926 Died: 13 October 2016 Background: Dario Fo was an Italian actor, playwright, comedian, singer, theatre director, stage designer, songwriter, painter, political campaigner for the Italian left wing. In his time he was "arguably the most widely performed contemporary playwright in world theatre".Much of his dramatic work depends on improvisation and comprises the recovery of "illegitimate" forms of theatre, such as those performed by giullari (medieval strolling players) and, more famously, the ancient Italian style of commedia dell'arte. Nobel Prize: Won Nobel Prize in 1997 "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden".
97. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1998 “If I'm sincere today, w h a t does it m a t t e r if I regret it tomorrow?” - José de Sousa Saramago Born: 16 November 1922 Died: 18 June 2010 Background: José de Sousa Saramago, was a Portuguese. His works, some of which can be seen as allegories, commonly present subversive perspectives on historic events, emphasizing the theopoetic human factor. In 2003 Harold Bloom described Saramago as "the most gifted novelist alive in the world today” and in 2010 said he considers Saramago to be "a permanent part of the Western canon",while James Wood praises "the distinctive tone to his fiction because he narrates his novels as if he were someone both wise and ignorant Nobel Prize: Won Nobel Prize in 1998 "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusoryreality"
98. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1999 “ A r t is so wonderfully irrational, exuberantly pointless, but necessary all the same. Pointless a n d y e t necessary, that's h a r d for a p u r itan to understand.” - Günter Wilhelm Grass Born: 16 October 1927 Died: 13 April 2015 Background: Günter Wilhelm Grass was a German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, and sculptor. He was born in the Free City of Danzig. As a teenager, he served as a drafted soldier from late 1944 in the Waffen-SS and was taken as a prisoner of war by US forces at the end of the war in May 1945. He was released in April 1946. Trained as a stonemason and sculptor, Grass began writing in the 1950s. In his fiction, he frequently returned to the Danzig of his childhood. Nobel Prize: Won Nobel Prize in 1999 "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"
99. Nobel Prize in Literature - 2000 “As a m ale writer, w o m e n are a l w a y s w h a t m e n pursue, a n d their w o r ld is a l w a y s a m ystery.” - Gao Xingjian Born: January 4, 1940 Background: Gao Xingjian is a Chinesenovelist, playwright, and critic. He is also a noted translator, screenwriter, stage director, and a celebrated painter. In 1998, Gao was granted French citizenship.Gao's drama is considered to be fundamentally absurdist in nature and avant-garde in his native China. His prose works tend to be less celebrated in China but are highly regarded elsewhere in Europe and the West. Nobel Prize: Won Nobel Prize in 2000 "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"
100. Nobel Prize in Literature - 2001 "Had not quite forgiven us for giving h im a second-class degree ". - Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul Born: 17 August 1932 Died: 11 August 2018 Background: In June 1953, Naipaul and Hale graduated from Oxford. Naipaul graduated with a second-class degree. Peter Bayley, his Oxford tutor, would later comment that Naipaul. In 1953, Naipaul's father died. He worked at odd jobs and borrowed money from Hale and his family in Trinidad.He was died in 11 August 2018 at London, United State. Nobel Prize: Naipaul received the Nobel Prize in 2001 for his strong storytelling and "For having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories."
101. Nobel Prize in Literature - 2002 "Man is a l w a y s a little a t fault, that's all" - Imre Kertesz Born: 9 November 1929 Died: 31 March 2016 Background: Kertesz was born in Budapest, Hungary, on 9 November 1929, the son of Aranka Jakab and Laszlo Kertesz, a bourgeois Jewish couple. After his parents separated when he was around the age of five, Kertesz attended a boarding school and, in 1940, he started secondary school where he was put into a special class for Jewish students. Nobel Prize: In 2002, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature, "For writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"
102. Nobel Prize in literature - 2003 "When all else fails, philosophize" - John Maxwell Coetzee Born: 9 February 1940 Background: Coetzee was born in Cape Town, Cape Province, Union of South Africa, on 9 February 1940 to Afrikaner parents. His father, Zacharias Coetzee was an occasional attorney and government employee, and his mother, Vera Coetzee was a schoolteacher. The family mainly spoke English at home, but John spoke Afrikaans with other relatives. Nobel Prize: He won the prize, the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee "In innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider ".
103. Nobel Prize in literature - 2004 "Vice is basically the love of failure" - Elfriede Jelinek Born: 20 October 1946 Background: Elfriede Jelinek is an Austrian playwright and novelist. Jelinek was born on in Mürzzuschlag, Styria, Austria. She was the daughter of Olga Ilona and Friedrich Jelinek.Jelinek's output has included radio plays, poetry, theatre texts, polemical essays, anthologies, novels, translations, screenplays, musical compositions, libretti and ballets, film and video art. Jelinek's work is multi-faceted, and highly controversial. It has been praised and condemned by leading literary critics. Nobel Prize: Elfriede Jelinekwon the prize "for her musical flow of voices and counter- voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"
104. Nobel Prize in literature - 2005 ‘Good w r i t i n g excites m e A n d m akes life w o r t h living' - Harold Pinter Born - 10 October, 1930 Died - 24 December, 2008 Background: Harold Pinter was a British playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. His father's name is Jack Pinter and his mother's name is Frances. He achieved international renown as one of the most complex and challenging post-World War II dramatists. Nobel Prize: Nobel Prize in Literature for that year to Pinter, who "in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms". Its selection instigated some public controversy and criticism relating both to characteristics of Pinter's work and to his politics.
105. Nobel Prize in literature - 2006 "I r e a d a book one d a y a n d m y whole life w a s changed" - Orhan Pamuk Born: 7 June, 1952 Background: Orhan Pamukis a Turkish novelist, screenwriter, academic and One of Turkey's most prominent novelists. His work has sold over thirteen million books in sixty-three languages, making him the country's best-selling writer. Pamuk was born in Istanbul. Nobel Prize: In the 12 October 2006 Nobel prize in literature award goes to who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city, [Pamuk] has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures.
106. Nobel Prize in literature - 2007 "Laughter is b y definition healthy" - Doris Lessing Born: 22 October 1919 Died: 17 November 2013 Background: Doris may Lessing was a British-Zimbabwean novelist. She was born to British parents in Iran, where she lived until 1925. Her father's name is Captain Alfred Tayler and her mother's name is Emily Maude. Nobel Prize: In 2007, Lessing was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. For that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilization to scrutiny.
107. Nobel Prize in literature - 2008 "Real live h a v e no end, Real book h a v e no end" - J. M. G. Le Clezio Born: 13 April, 1940 Background: J. M. G. Le Clézio, is a French writer and professor. The author of over forty works, he was awarded the 1963 Prix Renaudot for his novel Le Procès-Verbal and the 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature. Nobel Prize: The 2008 Nobel Prize in literature for his life's work, as an “author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization".
108. Nobel Prize in literature - 2009 “Silence is also a form of speaking" - Herta Muller Born: 17 August 1953 Background: Herta Muller is a Romanian born German novelist,poet, essayist and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in literature. Born in Nitchidorf Timis country in Romania, her native language is German. Since the early 1990, she has been internationally established, and her works have been translated in to more than twenty language. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 2009 was awarded to Herta Muller, “Who with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"
109. Nobel Prize in literature - 2010 “Writers are the exorcist of their o w n demons" - Mario Vargas Llosa Born: 28 March, 1936 Background: Jorge Mario Pedro VargasLlosa is a Peruvian writer, politician, journalist, essayist and college professor. He is one of Latin American's most significant novelist and essayist and one of the leading writer of his generation. Nobel Prize: Vargas Llosa was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in literature. “For his cartography of structure of power and his trenchant image of the individual's resistance, revolt and defeat."
110. Nobel Prize in literature - 2011 "It is still beautiful to hear the heart beat but often the shadow seems m or e real t h a n the body" - Tomas Gösta Transtomer Born: 15 April, 1931 Died: 26 March, 2015 Background: Tranströmer was born in Stockholm in 1931 and raised by his mother Helmy. He received his secondary education at the Södra Latin Gymnasium in Stockholm, where he began writing poetry. In addition to selected journal publications, his first collection of poems, 17 Poems, was published in 1954. He continued his education at Stockholm University, graduating as a psychologist in 1956 with additional studies in history, religion and literature. Nobel Prize: The Swedish Academy revealed that he had been nominated every single year since 1993.The Nobel Committee stated that Tranströmer's work received the prize “because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality.
111. Nobel Prize in literature - 2012 “People w h o are strangers to liquor a r e incapable of talking about literature.” - Mo Yan Born:17 February 1955 (age 64) Guan Moye simplified Chinese: traditional Chinese: pinyin: GuǎnMóyè; better known by the pen name Mo Yan Chines pinyin: MòYán is a Chinese novelist and short story writer. Donald Morrison of U.S. news magazine TIME referred to him as "one of the most famous, oft-banned and widely pirated of all Chinese writers", and Jim Leach called him the Chinese answer to Franz Kafka or Joseph Heller. Nobel Prize: On 11 October 2012, the Swedish Academy announced that Mo Yan had received the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work that "with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary".
112. The Nobel Prize in literature - 2013 "Life would be g r a n t if it weren't for the people." - Alice Munro Born:10 July 1931 Background: Munro was born Alice Ann Laidlaw in Wingham, Ontario. Her father, Robert Eric Laidlaw, was a fox and mink farmer, and later turned to turkey farming. Her mother, Anne Clarke Laidlaw (née Chamney), was a schoolteacher. She is of Irish and Scottish descent, her father being a direct descendant of James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd. Nobel Prize: Alice Munro the renowned Canadian short-story writer whose visceral work explores the tangled relationships between men and women, small-town existence and the fallibility of memory, won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature.
113. The Noble Prize in Literature - 2014 "In the end, w e are all determ ined b y the place a n d the t im e in which w e w e r e born." - Jean Patrick Modiano Born: 30th July, 1945 Background: Jean Patrick Modiano was born in Boulogne Billan court, a commune in the western suburbs of Paris. Patrick Modiano's childhood took place in a unique atmosphere. Modiano studied at the École du Montal primary school in Jony - en - Josas, at the collége Saint - Joseph de Thônes in HauntSavoie, and then at the Lycée Henri - IV high school in Paris. Nobel Prize: Modiano was awarded the 2014 Noble Prize in Literature, for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life - world of the occupation.
114. The Noble Prize in Literature - 2015 "No one had taught us h o w to be free. We had only e v e r been taught h o w to die for freedom." - Svetlana Alexievich Born: 31 May, 1948 Background: Svetlana Alexievich was born in the west Ukrainian town of Stanislav (since 1962 Ivano-Frankivsk) to a Belarusian father and a Ukrainian mother, Svetlana Alexievich grew up in Belarus. After finishing school she worked as a reporter in several local newspapers before graduating from Belarusian State University (1972) and becoming a correspondent for the literary magazine Nyoman in Minsk (1976). Nobel Prize: She was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Literature "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time". She is the first writer from Belarus to receive the award.
115. The Noble Prize in Literature - 2016 "He not busy being born is busy dying." - Bob Dylan Born: 24 May (1941) (age 77 years) Background: Bob Dylan is an American singer-songwriter, author, and visual artist who is regarded as a widely influential figure in popular culture. Bob Dylan was born Robert Allen Zimmerman in St. Mary's Hospital on May 24, 1941, in Duluth, Minnesota, and raised in Hibbing, Minnesota, on the Mesabi Range west of Lake Superior. Nobel Prize: In 2016, BOB DYLAN was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition".
116. The Noble Prize in Literature - 2017 "There w a s another life t ha t I m ight h a v e had, but I’m having this one." - Sir Kazuo Ishiguro Born: 8 November, 1954 Background Sir Kazuo Ishiguro was born in Nagasaki, Japan, but his family moved to the UK in 1960 when he was five. Ishiguro graduated from the University of Kent with a bachelor's degree in English and Philosophy in 1978 and gained his master's from the University of East Anglia's creative writing course in 1980. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature, describing him in its citation as a writer "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world".
117. Noble Prize in Literature - 2018 “There are countries out there w h e r e people speak English.” - Olga Tokarczuk Born:29 January 1962 Background: Tokarczuk was born in Sulechów near ZielonaGóra, in western Poland. One of her grandmothers was from Ukraine.Before starting her literary career, from 1980 she trained as a psychologist at the University of Warsaw. During her studies, she volunteered in an asylum for adolescents with behavioural problems. After her graduation in 1985, she moved first to Wrocław and later to Wałbrzych, where she began practising as a therapist. Nobel Prize: Tokarczuk was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize for Literature in 2019 for her "narrative imagination that with encyclopaedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life". The 2018 award had been postponed due to controversy within the Nobel committee.
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correct_award_00093
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FactBench
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2
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https://ian-93054.medium.com/the-waving-rye-johannes-v-jensen-4d7d84db16cf
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en
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The Waving Rye, Johannes V Jensen
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"Ian Sales"
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2022-02-12T22:04:05.690000+00:00
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I don’t remember why I decided to read Johannes V Jensen, a Danish Nobel laureate who died in 1950, and few of whose works were translated into English. I was lucky to find two books, The Waving Rye…
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en
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Medium
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https://ian-93054.medium.com/the-waving-rye-johannes-v-jensen-4d7d84db16cf
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I don’t remember why I decided to read Johannes V Jensen, a Danish Nobel laureate who died in 1950, and few of whose works were translated into English. I was lucky to find two books, The Waving Rye (1958, Denmark), a posthumous collection, and The Long Journey (1924, Denmark), but his most famous work is The Fall of the King (1933, Denmark). I bought the books before I moved to Sweden, before I even knew I was going to move to Sweden… although I do have family connection to Denmark.
The Waving Rye was clearly published to generate interest in Jensen, but doesn’t appear to have been successful in that regard. He is still pretty much forgotten. When Anglophone people think of Danish classic literature, they think of Karen Blixen (AKA Isak Dinesen), or maybe Peter Høeg. Not to mention, of course, various Danish “scandi-noir” authors, such as Jussi Adler-Olsen, whose books have been translated into English, and some of whom have even been adapted for television or the cinema (both in Danish and English).
The Danish strain of Scandinavian noir is a relatively recent element of a relatively recent phenomenon. Prior to the success of Stieg Larsson and Henning Mankell (both Swedes, but arguably the two authors who kickstarted the current fascination with all things Nordic and criminal), Anglophone knowledge of Danish literature was either Hans Christian Anderson or literary authors such as Blixen.
And yet, despite, it seems, a concerted effort in the first half of last century, Johannes V Jensen appears to be a Danish author whose legacy has not survived in the Anglophone world. This is a shame, just as much as it is for any non-Anglophone writer of his period. Who happened to be a Nobel laureate. True, the fashion for Jensen’s style of fiction has passed, and he doesn’t appear to have cemented himself a position among the literature of the time, which often seems to disregard the original language of publication.
Which is a shame, because the stories in The Waving Rye may be products of their time and place, but they’re readable, interesting, and in several cases really quite good. The title story, for example, recounts a young man’s ride through the country on a penny farthing, and the parts relating to the bicycle are hilarious. The stories are very much products of their time and place — mainland Denmark, between 1900 and 1940. Jensen writes much about the impact of time on the countryside and the changes it has wrought.
One story, ‘Did They Catch the Ferry?’, which details the somewhat dangerous journey by motorbike of a couple, was made into a short film by Carl Theodor Dreyer. Dreyer, of course, is another of Denmark’s great twentieth-century cultural icons, and I’ve seen many of his films — his The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928, France) is a superior silent film, but my favourite is Getrud (1964, Denmark), based on the 1906 play by Swedish playwright Hjalmar Söderberg.
Orson Welles adapted a story by Blixen, ‘The Immortal Story’ — the film had the same title, and is recommended — but as a general rule Danish literature does not seem to have prospered historically in the Anglophone world. Blixen was widely translated, and in the last decades of the twentieth century so has Høeg. But there have been three Danish Nobel laureates for literature (the other two, Gjellerup and Pontoppidan, were both awarded in 1917, for poetry and prose; I have not read anything by either), and while the Nobel Prize for Literature may no longer have the cachet it once did, it’s surprising — and not just from a Danish, or Nordic, perspective — how many Nobel laureates have not survived the test of time. You would think some sort of timelessness would attach to such writers. Apparently not.
And yet. the stories in The Waving Rye are timeless, or if not timeless then so well embedded in the time of their setting it doesn’t matter. But popularity has nothing to do with timelessness, or indeed facility with prose. It is likely as, when you come to writers from the first half of last century, fad-driven as much as it is anything else. I saw the same when researching female writers of post-war Britain — there seemed to be no discernible, or logical, reason why some writers continued to be known (Olivia Manning, Elizabeth Taylor) and others were not (Storm Jameson, Pamela Frankau), original success notwithstanding.
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, born in 1873 in Jutland, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944. The Waving Rye, a “best of “ collection, with contents dating from 1901 to 1941, published in Denmark in 1958, in English, clearly to promote Jensen to Anglophone readers, is very much a collection of stories of its time and place. And that is its strength. There’s nothing generic about these stories — and if the time they take place throws a few curve-balls, because it’s easy to forget they’re around 100 years old, which makes some of the details initially seem odd until you take the original publication date into account… they can at the very least be read as historical stories specific to their time and place.
I still don’t know why I chose to read Johannes V Jensen, but I did enjoy The Waving Rye — although I have to wonder if the fact I’m a fan of the films of Carl Theodor Dreyer didn’t contribute to that. Perhaps after I’ve read The Long Journey, I may feel differently. But that’s one of the rich and strange characteristics of literature, even more so of literature from a language and culture to which you do not belong…
And, I guess, one of the reasons why we read books in the first place.
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correct_award_00093
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FactBench
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1
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/speech/
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en
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Johannes V. Jensen – Banquet speech
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/speech/
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Johannes V. Jensen
Banquet speech
Johannes V. Jensen’s speech at the Nobel Banquet at the City Hall in Stockholm, December 10, 1945
(Translation)
I thank the venerable Swedish Academy and the Swedish nation for the honour they have bestowed upon me in awarding me the Nobel Prize in Literature. Present in all our thoughts today is the founder, Alfred Nobel, whose generosity has done so much good for science, literature, and peace throughout the world. This great Swedish scientist and humanist linked the name of Sweden with a broad vision that stretches far beyond the frontiers of one nation and serves to bring all nations closer to one another.
When one thinks of great Swedish minds of international fame, our thoughts turn to Alfred Nobel’s forerunner, that great genius of natural science, Linné, who gave animals their proper names and, long before anyone had ever dreamt of evolution, classified monkeys, apes, and man under the name of primates. Passion for nature, for all that stirred and breathed, was the driving force in Linné’s genius. Whenever one reads of the determination of the species, or opens a book on natural science and history, in whatever language, one inevitably comes across the name of Linné. There is something of the freshness of mind, of the lightness of spirit in Linné which for centuries has been linked in people’s minds with the mountains of Sweden and Swedish joy in nature.
I cannot talk of Linné without being reminded of Charles Darwin, remembering him not only as a man of science who has drawn a line between two epochs, but also as the most lovable, the kindest of human beings, the best of fathers; his distinguished name is now carried by the third and four generation of his descendants. To him, evolution was not only the subject of a life’s study but the very essence of life, proof of the inexhaustible richness and wonder of nature, revealed each day and taken to heart.
Were one to determine the degree of maturity of each nation according to its capacity for reasoning and comprehension, England would come out on top for her sense of realism, and the man who put forward these basically English ideas in a simple, unaffected manner was Charles Darwin.
Linné’s designation of species was the foundation which subsequently enabled Darwin to form his conclusions on their origin. This Anglo-Swedish sense of reality, derived from our common Nordic background, has established for all time the place of mankind in nature.
I should like to mention on this occasion another name in Danish literature which is linked with Swedish tradition, that of Adam Oehlenschläger. You will remember that when he met Sweden’s national poet, Esaias Tegnér, at Lund in 1829, he was hailed by him as the great poet and simple man that he was. A hundred years later, in 1929, it was my lot to receive in the same town a degree from the University of Lund. I am not Oehlenschläger’s successor, but I do count myself among his followers and admirers.
It is with a feeling of Scandinavian fellowship that I now wish to thank the great and free Swedish nation which once crowned my countryman Adam Oehlenschläger with laurels, and has on two occasions judged my literary efforts worthy of distinction.
From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969
The Nobel Foundation's copyright has expired.
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Johannes V. Jensen – Facts
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/facts/
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Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944
Residence at the time of the award: Denmark
Prize motivation: “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style”
Language: Danish
Prize share: 1/1
Life
Johannes Jensen was born in Farsø, on the Himmerland peninsula in northeastern Jutland, Denmark. After three years of medical studies in Copenhagen, he turned completely to writing. He wrote articles and columns for daily newspapers, and his travels included trips to Malaysia, China and the United States. For a short time, he was a correspondent in Spain for the Politiken newspaper. He eschewed permanent employment and never joined any political party. In 1904 he married Else Marie Ulrik, and they had three sons.
Work
Medical studies provided a scientific basis for Jensen’s writing, which included novels and poetry, but also articles, essays and travelogues. His career took off with Himmerlandshistorier (1898-1910) (Himmerland Stories), a series of stories that take place in the area where Jensen was born. Kongens Fald (The Fall of the King) intersperses historical facts about King Christian II of Denmark with lyrical elements, a technique also used in Myter (Myths), published in 11 volumes. Darwinism and the philosophy of evolution are themes in the series of novels about the evolution of human beings, Den lange rejse (1908–1922) (The Long Journey).
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https://ian-93054.medium.com/the-waving-rye-johannes-v-jensen-4d7d84db16cf
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The Waving Rye, Johannes V Jensen
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2022-02-12T22:04:05.690000+00:00
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I don’t remember why I decided to read Johannes V Jensen, a Danish Nobel laureate who died in 1950, and few of whose works were translated into English. I was lucky to find two books, The Waving Rye…
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I don’t remember why I decided to read Johannes V Jensen, a Danish Nobel laureate who died in 1950, and few of whose works were translated into English. I was lucky to find two books, The Waving Rye (1958, Denmark), a posthumous collection, and The Long Journey (1924, Denmark), but his most famous work is The Fall of the King (1933, Denmark). I bought the books before I moved to Sweden, before I even knew I was going to move to Sweden… although I do have family connection to Denmark.
The Waving Rye was clearly published to generate interest in Jensen, but doesn’t appear to have been successful in that regard. He is still pretty much forgotten. When Anglophone people think of Danish classic literature, they think of Karen Blixen (AKA Isak Dinesen), or maybe Peter Høeg. Not to mention, of course, various Danish “scandi-noir” authors, such as Jussi Adler-Olsen, whose books have been translated into English, and some of whom have even been adapted for television or the cinema (both in Danish and English).
The Danish strain of Scandinavian noir is a relatively recent element of a relatively recent phenomenon. Prior to the success of Stieg Larsson and Henning Mankell (both Swedes, but arguably the two authors who kickstarted the current fascination with all things Nordic and criminal), Anglophone knowledge of Danish literature was either Hans Christian Anderson or literary authors such as Blixen.
And yet, despite, it seems, a concerted effort in the first half of last century, Johannes V Jensen appears to be a Danish author whose legacy has not survived in the Anglophone world. This is a shame, just as much as it is for any non-Anglophone writer of his period. Who happened to be a Nobel laureate. True, the fashion for Jensen’s style of fiction has passed, and he doesn’t appear to have cemented himself a position among the literature of the time, which often seems to disregard the original language of publication.
Which is a shame, because the stories in The Waving Rye may be products of their time and place, but they’re readable, interesting, and in several cases really quite good. The title story, for example, recounts a young man’s ride through the country on a penny farthing, and the parts relating to the bicycle are hilarious. The stories are very much products of their time and place — mainland Denmark, between 1900 and 1940. Jensen writes much about the impact of time on the countryside and the changes it has wrought.
One story, ‘Did They Catch the Ferry?’, which details the somewhat dangerous journey by motorbike of a couple, was made into a short film by Carl Theodor Dreyer. Dreyer, of course, is another of Denmark’s great twentieth-century cultural icons, and I’ve seen many of his films — his The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928, France) is a superior silent film, but my favourite is Getrud (1964, Denmark), based on the 1906 play by Swedish playwright Hjalmar Söderberg.
Orson Welles adapted a story by Blixen, ‘The Immortal Story’ — the film had the same title, and is recommended — but as a general rule Danish literature does not seem to have prospered historically in the Anglophone world. Blixen was widely translated, and in the last decades of the twentieth century so has Høeg. But there have been three Danish Nobel laureates for literature (the other two, Gjellerup and Pontoppidan, were both awarded in 1917, for poetry and prose; I have not read anything by either), and while the Nobel Prize for Literature may no longer have the cachet it once did, it’s surprising — and not just from a Danish, or Nordic, perspective — how many Nobel laureates have not survived the test of time. You would think some sort of timelessness would attach to such writers. Apparently not.
And yet. the stories in The Waving Rye are timeless, or if not timeless then so well embedded in the time of their setting it doesn’t matter. But popularity has nothing to do with timelessness, or indeed facility with prose. It is likely as, when you come to writers from the first half of last century, fad-driven as much as it is anything else. I saw the same when researching female writers of post-war Britain — there seemed to be no discernible, or logical, reason why some writers continued to be known (Olivia Manning, Elizabeth Taylor) and others were not (Storm Jameson, Pamela Frankau), original success notwithstanding.
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, born in 1873 in Jutland, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944. The Waving Rye, a “best of “ collection, with contents dating from 1901 to 1941, published in Denmark in 1958, in English, clearly to promote Jensen to Anglophone readers, is very much a collection of stories of its time and place. And that is its strength. There’s nothing generic about these stories — and if the time they take place throws a few curve-balls, because it’s easy to forget they’re around 100 years old, which makes some of the details initially seem odd until you take the original publication date into account… they can at the very least be read as historical stories specific to their time and place.
I still don’t know why I chose to read Johannes V Jensen, but I did enjoy The Waving Rye — although I have to wonder if the fact I’m a fan of the films of Carl Theodor Dreyer didn’t contribute to that. Perhaps after I’ve read The Long Journey, I may feel differently. But that’s one of the rich and strange characteristics of literature, even more so of literature from a language and culture to which you do not belong…
And, I guess, one of the reasons why we read books in the first place.
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1944-07-23T00:00:00
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This Swedish photograph is in the public domain in Sweden because one of the following applies:
The photograph does not reach the Swedish threshold of originality (common for snapshots and journalistic photos) and was created before 1 January 1974 (SFS 1960:729, § 49a).
The photograph was published anonymously before 1 January 1954 and the author did not reveal their identity during the following 70 years (SFS 1960:729, § 44).
For photos in the first category created before 1969, also {{PD-1996}} usually applies. For photos in the second category published before 1929, also {{PD-US-expired}} usually applies.
If the photographer died before 1954, {{PD-old-70}} should be used instead of this tag. If the author died before 1926, also {{PD-1996}} usually applies.
You must also include a United States public domain tag to indicate why this work is in the public domain in the United States. Note that a few countries have copyright terms longer than 70 years: Mexico has 100 years, Jamaica has 95 years, Colombia has 80 years, and Guatemala and Samoa have 75 years. This image may not be in the public domain in these countries, which moreover do not implement the rule of the shorter term. Honduras has a general copyright term of 75 years, but it does implement the rule of the shorter term. Copyright may extend on works created by French who died for France in World War II (more information), Russians who served in the Eastern Front of World War II (known as the Great Patriotic War in Russia) and posthumously rehabilitated victims of Soviet repressions (more information).
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http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/prize.html
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Winning Books Online
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The Online Books Page
presents
PRIZE-WINNING BOOKS ONLINE
In this exhibit, you can read online the complete text of books that have won major literary prizes, like the Newbery Award, the Nobel Prize, and the Pulitzer Prize. The books listed below are either out of copyright (at least in some countries), or are online with the permission of the copyright holder. Please inform us of any bad links.
Newbery Award
The Newbery award for outstanding children's books by Americans was established in 1922. Each year a medal is given to a book published the previous year. In most years, Honor Books are designated as well. More information, including information on recent winners, can be found at the official Newbery Medal Home Page.
1922
Medalist: The Story of Mankind by Hendrik Van Loon
Honor book: Cedric, the Forester by Bernard Marshall
Honor book: The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles by Padraic Colum
Honor book: The Great Quest by Charles Boardman Hawes
Honor book: The Old Tobacco Shop by William Bowen
Honor book: The Windy Hill by Cornelia Meigs
1923
Medalist: The Voyages of Dr. Dolittle by Hugh Lofting
(No record of honor books in 1923)
1924
Medalist: The Dark Frigate by Charles Boardman Hawes
(No record of honor books in 1924)
1925
Medalist: Tales From Silver Lands by Charles Finger
Honor book: Nicholas: A Manhattan Christmas Story by Anne Carroll Moore
Honor book: The Dream Coach by Anne and Dillwyn Parrish
1926
Medalist: Shen of the Sea by Arthur Bowie Chrisman
Honor book: The Voyagers: Being Legends and Romances of Atlantic Discovery by Padraic Colum
1927
Medalist: Smoky, the Cowhorse by Will James
(No record of honor books in 1927)
1928
Medalist: Gay-Neck: The Story of a Pigeon by Dhan Gopal Mukerji
Honor book: Downright Dencey by Caroline Snedeker
Honor book: The Wonder Smith and His Son by Ella Young
1929
Medalist: The Trumpeter of Krakow by Eric P. Kelly
Honor book: The Pigtail of Ah Lee Ben Loo by John Bennett
Honor book: Millions of Cats by Wanda Gág
Honor book: The Boy Who Was by Grace Hallock
Honor book: Clearing Weather by Cornelia Meigs
Honor book: The Runaway Papoose by Grace Moon
Honor book: Tod of the Fens by Elinor Whitney
Due to copyright restrictions, we cannot yet be complete for subsequent years of the Newbery awards. The following later Newbery awardees are online:
A 1930 Honor book: The Jumping-Off Place by Marion Hurd McNeely
A 1931 Honor book: Spice and the Devil's Cave by Agnes Danforth Hewes
A 1934 Honor book: The Big Tree of Bunlahy: Stories of My Own Countryside by Padraic Colum
A 1934 Honor book: New Land by Sarah Schmidt
A 1935 Honor book: A Day on Skates: The Story of a Dutch Picnic by Hilda von Stockum
A 1940 Honor book: Runner of the Mountain Tops: The Life of Louis Agassiz by Mabel Louise Robinson
A 1947 Honor book: The Heavenly Tenants by William Maxwell
A 1948 Honor book: The Quaint and Curious Quest of Johnny Longfoot by Catherine Besterman
A 1949 Honor book: My Father's Dragon by Ruth Stiles Gannett
A 1950 Honor book: The Blue Cat of Castle Town by Catherine Coblentz
A 1952 Honor book: The Defender by Nicholas Kalashnikoff
1964 Medalist: It's Like This, Cat by Emily Neville
2009 Medalist: The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman (as read by the author on video)
Nobel Prize in Literature
The Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded to an author from any country who has produced "the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency", was established in 1901. The prize is given to an author, and does not usually cite individual books. Winning authors with books freely readable online are listed below; select the link on the author's name to see books by the author, and possibly to see links to books and other information about the author as well.
For more information on the Nobel Prize, including information on recent winners, see the official Nobel Prize web site.
1901: Sully Prudhomme (France, 1839-1907)
1902: Chrisian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (Germany, 1817-1903)
1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (Norway, 1832-1910)
1904: Frédéric Mistral (France, 1830-1914)
1904: José Echegaray y Eizaguirre (Spain, 1832-1916)
1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz (Poland, 1846-1916)
1906: Giosuè Carducci (Italy, 1835-1907)
1907: Rudyard Kipling (UK, 1865-1936)
1908: Rudolf Christoph Eucken (Germany, 1846-1926)
1909: Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (Sweden, 1858-1940)
1910: Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse (Germany, 1830-1914)
1911: Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgium, 1862-1949)
1912: Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann (Germany, 1862-1946)
1913: Rabindranath Tagore (India, 1861-1941)
1914: No award
1915: Romain Rolland (France, 1866-1944)
1916: Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam (Sweden, 1859-1940)
1917: Karl Adolph Gjellerup (Denmark, 1857-1919)
1917: Henrik Pontoppidan (Denmark, 1857-1943)
1918: No award
1919: Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler (Switzerland, 1845-1924)
1920: Knut Pedersen Hamsun (Norway, 1859-1952)
1921: Anatole France (France, 1844-1924)
1922: Jacinto Benavente (Spain, 1866-1954)
1923: William Butler Yeats (Ireland, 1865-1939)
1924: Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont (Poland, 1867-1925)
1925: George Bernard Shaw (UK, 1856-1950)
1926: Grazia Deledda (Italy, 1871-1936)
1927: Henri Bergson (France, 1859-1941)
1928: Sigrid Undset (Norway, 1882-1949)
1929: Thomas Mann (Germany, 1875-1955)
1930: Sinclair Lewis (USA, 1885-1951)
1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt (Sweden, 1864-1931)
1932: John Galsworthy (UK, 1867-1933)
1933: Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin (France, 1870-1953)
1934: Luigi Pirandello (Italy, 1867-1936)
1935: No award
1936: Eugene O'Neill (USA, 1888-1953)
1937: Roger Martin Du Gard (France, 1881-1958)
1938: Pearl S. Buck (USA, 1892-1973)
1939: Frans Emil Sillanpää (Finland, 1888-1964)
1940: No award
1941: No award
1942: No award
1943: No award
1944: Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (Denmark, 1873-1950)
1945: Gabriela Mistral (Chile, 1889-1957)
1946: Hermann Hesse (Germany, 1877-1962)
1947: André Gide (France, 1869-1951)
1948: T. S. Eliot (UK, 1888-1965)
1949: William Faulkner (USA, 1897-1962)
1950: Bertrand Russell (UK, 1872-1970)
1951: Pär Fabian Lagerkvist (Sweden, 1891-1974)
1952: François Mauriac (France, 1885-1970)
1953: Winston Churchill (UK, 1874-1965)
1954: Ernest Hemingway (USA, 1899-1961)
1955: Halldór Laxness (Iceland, 1902-1998)
1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez (Spain, 1881-1958)
1957: Albert Camus (France, 1913-1960)
1958: Boris Pasternak (Russia, 1890-1960)
Due to copyright restrictions, we cannot yet list books online for all subsequent years of the Nobel prizes. However, the following later Nobel awardees have free books online.
1960: Saint-John Perse (France, 1887-1975)
1962: John Steinbeck (US, 1902-1968)
1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Russia, 1918-2008)
1988: Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt, 1911-2006)
2007: Doris Lessing (UK, 1919-2013)
Pulitzer Prizes
The Pulitzer Prizes were established in 1917, with awards for journalism and literature. The early literature prize categories were American biography, drama, fiction, history, and poetry. For more information on the Pulitzer Prize, including full lists of winners, see the official Pulitzer Prize web site.
Journalism
Most of the journalism prizes have been awarded to articles and photographs in newspapers. As digitized newspapers come on line, we may link to some of the early winners. Full texts of many of the recent journalism winners are linked from the official Pulitzer journalism prize listings.
A one-time prize for newspaper history was awarded in 1918 for the following essay:
1918: A History of the Services Rendered to the Public by the American Press During the Year 1917 by Minna Lewinson and Henry Beetle Hough
A special citation was awarded posthumously in 2020 for the reporting of Ida B. Wells.
Biography
Except where noted, the subject of each biography is either the person mentioned in the title, or the author.
1917: Julia Ward Howe, 1819-1910 by Laura E. Richards and Maud Howe Elliott
1918: Benjamin Franklin, Self-Revealed by William Cabell Bruce
1919: The Education of Henry Adams by Henry Adams
1920: The Life of John Marshall by Albert Jeremiah Beveridge
1921: The Americanization of Edward Bok by Edward Bok
1922: A Daughter of the Middle Border by Hamlin Garland (about the author and his family)
1923: The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page by Burton J. Hendrick
1924: From Immigrant to Inventor by Michael Pupin
1925: Barrett Wendell and His Letters edited by M. A. De Wolfe Howe
1926: The Life of Sir William Osler by Harvey Cushing
1927: Whitman: An Interpretation in Narrative by Emory Holloway (about Walt Whitman)
1928: The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas by Charles Edward Russell
1929: The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter H. Page by Burton J. Hendrick
Drama
1918: Why Marry? by Jesse Lynch Williams
1919: No award
1920: Beyond the Horizon by Eugene O'Neill
1921: Miss Lulu Bett by Zona Gale
1922: Anna Christie by Eugene O'Neill
1923: Icebound by Owen Davis
1924: Hell-Bent Fer Heaven by Hatcher Hughes
1925: They Knew What They Wanted by Sidney Howard
1926: Craig's Wife by Sidney Howard
1927: In Abraham's Bosom by Paul Green (pre-production version in his collection Lonesome Road)
1928: Strange Interlude by Eugene O'Neill
Fiction
1918: His Family by Ernest Poole
1919: The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington
1920: No award
1921: The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton
1922: Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington
1923: One of Ours by Willa Cather
1924: The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson
1925: So Big by Edna Ferber
1926: Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis
1927: Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield
1928: The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder.
1929: Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin
History
1917: With Americans of Past and Present Days by J. J. Jusserand
1918: A History of the Civil War, 1861-1865 by James Ford Rhodes
1919: No award
1920: The War with Mexico by Justin Harvey Smith
1921: The Victory at Sea by William S. Sims
1922: The Founding of New England by James Truslow Adams
1923: The Supreme Court in United States History by Charles Warren
1924: The American Revolution: A Constitutional Interpretation by Charles Howard McIlwain
1925: History of the American Frontier, 1763-1893 by Frederic L. Paxson
1926: A History of the United States (Volume VI: The War for Southern Independence, 1849-1865) by Edward Channing
1927: Pinckney's Treaty by Samuel Flagg Bemis
1928: Main Currents in American Thought (Volume I: The Colonial Mind, and Volume II: The Romantic Revolution in America) by Vernon Louis Parrington
1929: The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861-1865 by Fred A. Shannon
Poetry
1918: Love Songs by Sara Teasdale
1919: The Old Road to Paradise by Margaret Widdemer
1919: Cornhuskers by Carl Sandburg
1920: No award
1921: No award
1922: Collected Poems by Edwin Arlington Robinson
1923: Poetry by Edna St. Vincent Millay from 1922:
The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver
A Few Figs from Thistles
Eight sonnets in American Poetry 1922: A Miscellany
1924: New Hampshire by Robert Frost
1925: The Man Who Died Twice by Edwin Arlington Robinson
1926: What's O'Clock by Amy Lowell
1927: Fiddler's Farewell by Leonora Speyer
1928: Tristram by Edwin Arlington Robinson
1929: John Brown's Body by Stephen Vincent Benét
We have not yet determined whether any later Pulitzer Prize-winning books can go online.
Home -- Books -- News -- Features -- Archives -- The Inside Story
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Introduction
The Nobel Prizes are prizes awarded annually to people (and, in the case of the Peace Prize, to organizations) who have completed outstanding research, invented ground-breaking techniques or equipment, or made an outstanding contribution to society in physics, chemistry, literature, peace, medicine or physiology and economics.
The Prizes were instituted by the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel through his will. They were first awarded in 1901, five years after Nobel's death. The prize in economics, instituted by the Bank of Sweden, has been awarded since 1969.
Prizes cannot be revoked. Since 1974, no award may be made posthumously.
The Prizes are then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.
A prize may not be shared among more than three people.
The Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946); the Aula of the University of Oslo (1947–1990); and most recently at the Oslo City Hall. As of 2005, the other Prize ceremonies have been held at the Stockholm Concert Hall.
Since 1902, the King of Sweden has, with the exception of the Peace Prize, presented all the prizes in Stockholm
The Nobel Prize amount is currently set at Swedish kronor (SEK) 11 million per full Nobel Prize
In the history of the Nobel Prize, there have been only four people to have received two Nobel Prizes. These are:
Marie Curie – Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911)
Linus Pauling – Chemistry (1954) and Peace (1962)
John Bardeen – Physics (1956 and 1972)
Frederick Sanger – Chemistry (1958 and 1980)
Barry Sharpless - Chemistry (2001 and 2022)
Frederick Sanger is the only Briton to have received two Nobel Prizes
Only two people have the distinction of being an Oscar winner and a Nobel Laureate –
George Bernard Shaw, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925, won an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1938
Bob Dylan, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016, won an Oscar for Best Original Song in 2000
Marie Curie shared her Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) with her husband Pierre Curie (and with Henri Becquerel). Her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, would similarly share a Nobel Prize. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and is the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences
Oldest winner – John Goodenough, for Chemistry in 2019. Aged 97
Youngest winner – Malala Yousafzai. Aged 17
Niels Bohr (Physics, 1922) and his son, Aage (Physics, 1975) won Nobel Prizes
Jan and Niko Tinbergen are the only brothers to win Nobel Prizes
William Bragg and his son, Lawrence Bragg, won the prize for Physics in 1915 for their work on X-ray crystallography’
Husband and wife team, May-Britt and Edvard Moser from Norway, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014
Ronald Ross was the first Briton to win a Nobel Prize (Physiology or Medicine, 1902) for his work on malaria
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was the first woman after Marie Curie to be awarded alone a Nobel Prize in sciences
Hideki Yukawa was the first Japanese to win a Nobel Prize, in 1949
Andre Geim is the only winner of a Nobel Prize and an Ig Nobel prize (for magnetically levitating a frog)
Alfred Michelson was the first American to receive a Nobel Prize in sciences
First Nobel Prize awarded for astronomical research – Ryle and Hewish (Physics) in 1974
Ernest Walton was the first Irishman to win a Nobel Prize in science
Arnold Sommerfeld was nominated for the Nobel Prize 84 times, more than any other physicist (including Otto Stern, who got nominated 82 times), but he never received the award
The husband of Marie Curie's second daughter, Henry Labouisse, was the director of UNICEF when he accepted the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 on that organisation's behalf
Only two people have been both Nobel laureate and U.S. Vice President – Charles G. Dawes and Al Gore
People who have declined a Nobel Prize –
John Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964)
Le Duc Tho (Peace, 1973)
People who were forced to decline a Nobel Prize –
Richard Kuhn, Adolf Butenandt and Gerhard Domagk – by Hitler
Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) – by the Soviet Union
Nobel Peace Prize
For a list of winners see List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates
Nobel Prize in Literature
For a list of winners see List of Nobel Prize in Literature laureates
Nobel Prize in Physics
Niels Bohr (1922) and his son, Aage (1975) both won the Nobel Prize in Physics
William Bragg and his son, Lawrence Bragg, won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915 for their work on X-ray crystallography’. Lawrence was 25 at the time
Swedish physicists Manne Siegbahn and his son Kai both received the Nobel Prize in Physics
JJ Thomson and his son George Paget Thomson both won the Nobel Prize in Physics
First Nobel Prize awarded for astronomical research was won by Martin Ryle and Anthony Hewish in 1974
Only three women have won the Nobel Prize in physics – Marie Curie in 1903, Maria Goeppert Mayer in 1963 and Donna Strickland in 2018
C.V. Raman was the first Asian person to receive a Nobel Prize in any branch of science
Notable winners
1901 Wilhelm Rontgen for the discovery of X-rays 1903 Antoine Becquerel, Marie Curie and Pierre Curie for their work on radioactivity 1904 Lord Rayleigh for the discovery of argon 1906 JJ Thomson for the discovery of the electron 1907 Alfred Michelson for The Michelson–Morley experiment which proved that the ether does not exist 1909 Marconi and Braun for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids 1912 Gustaf Dalen for the invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys 1913 Heike Onnes for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led to the production of liquid helium 1914 Max von Laue for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals 1918 Max Planck for his discovery of energy quanta 1921 Albert Einstein for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect 1922 Niels Bohr for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them 1923 Robert Millikan for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect 1925 Franck and Hertz for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom 1927 Charles Wilson
Arthur Compton
for work on the cloud chamber
for discovery of the Compton effect, which demonstrated the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation
1929 Louis de Broglie for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons 1930 C.V. Raman for his work on the scattering of light 1932 Werner Heisenberg for the creation of quantum mechanics 1933 Paul Dirac and Erwin Schrodinger for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory 1935 James Chadwick for the discovery of the neutron 1936 Carl Anderson
Victor Franz Hess
for the discovery of the positron
for the discovery of cosmic rays
1938 Enrico Fermi for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons 1939 Ernest Lawrence for the invention of the cyclotron 1945 Wolfgang Pauli for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle 1947 Edward Appleton for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the Appleton layer 1949 Hideki Yukawa for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces 1951 Cockcroft and Walton for splitting the atom 1954 Max Born for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics 1955 Willis Lamb for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum 1956 Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley for inventing the transistor 1958 Pavel Cherenkov for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation 1959 Chamberlain and Segre for their discovery of the antiproton 1960 Donald Glaser for the invention of the bubble chamber 1962 Lev Landau for work on superfluidity 1963 Eugene Wigner
Johannes Jensen and Maria Goeppert Mayer
for laying the foundation for the theory of symmetries in quantum mechanics
for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus
1965 Richard Feynman for his work on quantum electrodynamics 1966 Lee, Osheroff and Richardson for the discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 1967 Hans Bethe for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars 1968 Luis Walter Alvarez for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics 1969 Murray Gell-Mann for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions 1971 Dennis Gabor for his invention and development of the holographic method 1972 Bardeen, Cooper and Schriffer for the theory of superconductivity 1973 Brian Josephson for his pioneering theoretical work on superconductivity 1974 Martin Ryle and Anthony Hewish for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics 1978 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation 1979 Glashow, Salem and Weinberg for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars 1986 Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer and Ernst Ruska for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope (Binnig and Rohrer) and the electron microscope (Ruska) 1995 Martin Perl and Frederick Reines for the discovery of the tau lepton (Perl) and the neutrino (Reines) 2000 Jack Kilby for the invention of the integrated circuit 2006 John Mather and George Smoot for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation 2010 Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov for groundbreaking experiments regarding graphene 2011 Perlmutter, Schmidt and Riess for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae 2014 Akasaki, Amano and Nakamura for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Notable Winners
1901 Jacobus H. van ’t Hoff for his work on osmotic pressure 1902 Hermann Fischer for his work on sugar and purine synthesis 1903 Svante Arrhenius For his electrolytic theory of dissociation 1904 William Ramsay for his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air 1905 Adolf von Baeyer for his work on organic dyes 1906 Henri Moissan for his work in isolating fluorine from its compounds 1908 Ernest Rutherford for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald for his work on catalysis 1911 Marie Curie for the discovery of radium and polonium 1912 Victor Grignard for the discovery of the Grignard reagent 1918 Fritz Haber for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements 1921 Frederick Soddy for his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes 1935 Frederic Joliet and Irene Joliet-Curie for their synthesis of new radioactive elements 1944 Otto Hahn for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei 1951 Glenn Seaborg and Edwin McMillan for discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements 1958 Frederick Sanger for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin 1960 Willard Libby for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination 1961 Melvin Calvin for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants 1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin for the discovery of the structure of vitamin B12 1965 Robert Burns Woodward for the synthesis natural products including vitamin B12 1980 Frederick Sanger for the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids 1993 Kary Mullis for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method 1995 Crutzen, Molina and Rowland for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone 2020 Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna for the development of a method for genome editing
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute
Husband and wife team Carl and Gerti Cori from Czechoslovakia won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947. Gerti Cori was first female winner of the prize
Husband and wife team, May-Britt and Edvard Moser from Norway, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014
Elizabeth Blackburn became the first Australian woman Nobel laureate in 2009 for her discovery of telomerase
Tu Youyou was the first Chinese woman Nobel laureate
In 2011, Ralph Steinman was awarded the prize; however, unknown to the committee, he had died three days before the announcement
Notable Winners
1901 Emil von Behring for discovery of a diphtheria antitoxin 1902 Ronald Ross For his work on the transmission of malaria 1904 Ivan Pavlov for research pertaining to the digestive system 1905 Robert Koch for his tuberculosis findings 1906 Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system 1908 Paul Ehrlich for work on immunity 1923 Banting and Macleod for the discovery of insulin. Banting shared the award with Best 1929 Frederick Hopkins for the discovery of vitamins 1930 Karl Landsteiner for his discovery of human blood groups 1932 Sherrington and Adrian for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons 1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity 1936 Otto Loewi and Henry Dale for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses 1943 Henrik Dam and Edward Doisy for the discovery of Vitamin K 1945 Fleming, Chain and Florey for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases 1948 Paul Muller for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison 1949 Antonio Moniz for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses 1952 Selman Waksman for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis 1953 Hans Krebs for his discovery of the citric acid cycle 1958 George Beadle and Edward Tatum for their discovery of the role of genes in regulating biochemical events within cells 1960 Peter Medawar and Frank Burnet for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance 1962 Crick, Watson, and Wilkins for discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material 1965 Jacques Monod and Francois Jacob their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis 1973 Niko Tinbergen, Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning social behaviour patterns in animals 1983 Barbara McClintock for the discovery of jumping genes 1988 James W Black for the development of beta-blockers 1993 Richard Roberts and Philip Sharp for the discovery of split genes 2001 Hunt, Nurse and Brenner for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle 2003 Peter Mansfield and Paul Lauterbur for discoveries concerning Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2008 Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for the discovery of HIV 2010 Robert Edwards for the development of in vitro fertilization 2015 Tu Youyou for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria 2022 Svante Paabo for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution
Nobel Prize in Economics
Full name of Nobel Prize in Economics is “Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel”
Nobel Prize in Economics in 2019 awarded to Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo, who are the sixth married couple to jointly win a Nobel Prize
Notable Winners
1969 Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen for work on econometrics 1970 Paul Samuelson First American winner 1972 John Hicks First British winner 1973 Wassily Leontief Identified the paradox that the U.S. (the most capital-abundant country in the world by any criteria) exported labour-intensive commodities and imported capital-intensive commodities 1974 Friedrich Hayek for work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations 1976 Milton Friedman 1981 James Tobin 1994 John Nash Game theory 1998 Amartya Sen for his contributions to welfare economics 2008 Paul Krugman for his contributions to New Trade Theory and New Economic Geography 2009 Elinor Ostrom First woman to win 2017 Richard Thaler Nudge theory 2019 Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo Second woman to win 2020 Paul Milgrom and Robert Wilson for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats 2022 Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond, and Philip Dybvig for research on banks and financial crises
Nobel Prize Winners in 2023
|
||||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
1
| 63
|
https://www.librarything.com/nseries/8384/Nobel-Prize-Library
|
en
|
Nobel Prize Library
|
https://www.librarything.com/favicon_lt_32.ico
|
https://www.librarything.com/favicon_lt_32.ico
|
[
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LibraryThing catalogs yours books online, easily, quickly and for free.
|
/favicon_lt_32.ico
|
LibraryThing.com
|
https://www.librarything.com
| ||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
3
| 95
|
https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/designers
|
en
|
All Fashion Show Designers
|
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] | null |
All Fashion Show Designers
|
en
|
https://www.vogue.com/verso/static/vogue/assets/us/favicon.ico
|
Vogue
|
https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/designers
| |||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
0
| 4
|
https://poets.org/poet/johannes-v-jensen
|
en
|
Johannes V. Jensen
|
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[
"poetry",
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[
"Poets.org - Academy of American Poets",
"Related Poets"
] |
2022-09-16T16:59:00
|
Johannes V. Jensen - Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, born on January 20, 1873, in Farsø, Denmark, was a Danish poet, novelist, and essayist.
|
en
|
/themes/custom/stanza/favicon.ico
|
Poets.org
|
https://poets.org/poet/johannes-v-jensen
|
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, born on January 20, 1873, in Farsø, Denmark, was a Danish poet, novelist, and essayist. The author of many books, including Kongens Fald (Gyldendal, 1900–01), Himmerlandshistorier (Gyldendal, 1905), and a cycle of six novels, Den Lange Rejse (Gyldendal, 1908–22), he won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature. He died on November 25, 1950.
|
||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
3
| 56
|
https://www.iec.ch/awards
|
en
|
Awards
|
https://www.iec.ch/themes/custom/iec/favicons/favicon.ico
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https://www.iec.ch/themes/custom/iec/favicons/favicon.ico
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Every year the IEC honours the commitment and work of individuals who, through their leadership and technical expertise, have contributed to making products and electrical systems safer, more efficient and more reliable.
|
en
|
/themes/custom/iec/favicons/favicon.ico
|
https://www.iec.ch/awards
|
The Lord Kelvin Award, named after the first IEC President, The Rt. Hon. Lord Kelvin, is granted in recognition of exceptional and dedicated individual contributions in terms of leadership and technical expertise over a period of at least 5 years. Candidates must still be active in the IEC.
Nominations are submitted by IEC National Committees, Chairs of technical committees or subcommittees and the IEC Conformity Assessment Systems.
Candidates are selected by the IEC Board. A maximum of one Award per year can be granted.
The Award is presented by the IEC President during an official ceremony during the annual General Meeting.
The Thomas A. Edison Award is granted in recognition of dedicated services and exceptional individual contributions to the effective management of technical committees or IEC Conformity Assessment Systems.
The award is destined for active TC/SC Officers (Chair, Secretary, Assistant Secretary) and Officers of the IEC Conformity Assessment Systems and their subsidiary bodies.
Starting in March/April every year, nominations can be submitted by IEC National Committees, the members of the IEC Standardization Management Board (SMB) and the IEC Conformity Assessment Board (CAB), as well as the IEC Secretary-General.
A maximum of nine Awards per year can be granted to up to seven TC/SC Officers – and up to 2 Officers of the IEC CA Systems.
The awards are presented by the Chairs of the SMB or CAB at a meeting held in conjunction with the General Meeting.
The 1906 Award is granted in recognition of exceptional recent individual achievements - a project or other specific contribution - which helped advance IEC activities in a significant way.
The award is destined for active experts of TC/SCs and IEC Conformity Assessment Systems.
Starting in January every year, nominations can be submitted by IEC National Committees, all Chairs and Secretaries of technical committees and subcommittees, the Chairs of the IEC CA Systems. The closing date is 31 March.
A maximum of five Awards per year may be granted per TC/SCs and per CA System, including its sub-groups.
The President of the relevant National Committee presents the Award(s) at an appropriate event at national level.
Download here all years in CSV format.
Download here individual archive PDFs from 2004 to 2019.
|
|||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
0
| 54
|
https://harris.pundicity.com/2457/my-nobel-prize-acceptance-speech
|
en
|
My Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech
|
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Yes, I know what you're thinking. You are thinking that Lee Harris has not actually won the Nobel Prize for Literature, in which case: why are you being invited to read his acceptance speech? Well, I like to plan ahead. And even if my name is not on the
|
https://harris.pundicity.com/favicon.ico
|
Lee Harris
|
https://harris.pundicity.com/2457/my-nobel-prize-acceptance-speech
|
Yes, I know what you're thinking. You are thinking that Lee Harris has not actually won the Nobel Prize for Literature, in which case: why are you being invited to read his acceptance speech?
Well, I like to plan ahead. And even if my name is not on the short list of Nobel Prize nominees, nor indeed the longest list imaginable, stranger things have happened. For example, let us consider some of the people who have won it in the past, and see if their names are more familiar to you than mine is: Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontopiddan, Carl Spitteler, Wladyslaw Reymont, Grazia Deledda, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Frans Eemil Sillanpää. Ring any bells? In short, if you think Lee Harris is too obscure to win the Nobel Prize, you are obviously wrong.
So the next question is probably going to be something like, "Well, do you really think you're talented enough to win it?" And, being a writer, that question is quite easy to answer. Of course, I do. All writers do. We wouldn't be writers if we didn't.
Which brings us to truly decisive question: Am I anti-American enough to win the Nobel Prize?
Here, it seems to me, I have a real problem on my hands. In my book Civilization and Its Enemies, I actually defended America, kind of, as I have done in a number of articles for Policy Review and right here at TCS. Thus I have foolishly left one of those awkward paper trails that nominees to the Supreme Court have so much trouble explaining away to unsympathetic Senators, and this does present quite a serious obstacle to my Nobel Prize aspirations. Can I really expect the committee to give the prize to someone who has said nice things about America, even in his dotage?
But that is precisely why I decided to go ahead and publish my acceptance speech now, because that way I could make it clear to those guys in Sweden that I know exactly what kind of thing they are looking for in a Nobel Prize laureate, which is fanatic, frothing-at-the-mouth, virulent anti-Americanism of the most vicious kind.
You see, by reading my speech ahead of time, the committee would realize at once that they were dealing with a man who could spew as much bile and hatred against America as their previous choices for the prize have done, and that way they would jump at the chance of awarding me the prize, with the added plus that they wouldn't have to bother about actually wading through my books and articles.
You don't really think that the committee actually read Harold Pinter's plays before giving him the prize? If The Caretaker is pointlessly boring and tedious in English, one can only shudder to think how it must come across in Swedish. No, they probably called him up and said, "Listen, this year we're down to you and Maureen Dowd, and since we can't give it to an American, it's gotta be you. So, can you give us a really vicious attack on America?"
Now anyone who has read Mr. Pinter's acceptance speech knows how well he came through for the committee, and, I must confess, that it has set a standard that will not be easy to surpass. Indeed, its effect on me was downright daunting. How could I top that?
A creative mind is a wonderful thing to have, however, and I soon came up with my acceptance speech.
"Ladies and gentleman of the Swedish Academy. Thank you for honoring me with your prize, and thanks for all the money that comes with it. But now for the part you have all been waiting for -- my anti-American speech.
"America sucks! It sucks now and it has always sucked. As long as there is an American left alive, the world will suck because it has Americans in it. All Americans suck. I suck and all my friends back in America suck, too. In America, even the cats suck. It's sickening to think how much we suck. In fact, just thinking about America makes me want to puke. See, look, I'm vomiting right now." Of course, I won't really be vomiting -- I'll just be pretending to, the same way the Swedish Academy pretends to award literary merit. It will be like a work of conceptual art, and you can only imagine the electrifying effect as the Reuters newsflash bulletin makes its way around the globe: "American Nobel Prize Laureate Lee Harris Pukes All Over Himself Denouncing His Own Country." You won't hear anybody asking "Lee Harris Who?" after that, will you?
Who knows, after making such a good impression, I might go on to win the Peace Prize the next year -- and without having to commit a single act of terrorism!
|
|||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
3
| 17
|
https://www.ranker.com/list/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners/reference
|
en
|
Nobel Prize in Literature Winners List
|
https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/17594/117594/original/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners-u6
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https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/17594/117594/original/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners-u6
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2009-11-24T00:00:00
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List of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from every year the award has been given out. All Nobel Prize in Literature winners are listed below in order of ...
|
en
|
/img/icons/touch-icon-iphone.png
|
Ranker
|
https://www.ranker.com/list/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners/reference
|
List of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from every year the award has been given out. All Nobel Prize in Literature winners are listed below in order of popularity, but can be sorted by any column. People who won the Nobel Prize in Literature award are listed along with photos for every Nobel Prize in Literature winner that has a picture associated with their name online. You can click on the name of the Nobel Prize in Literature award recipients to get more information about each. People who won the Nobel Prize in Literature are usually listed by year, but on this list you've got a complete list of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from all years. If this proves to not be a full list of Nobel Prize in Literature winners, you can help make it so by adding to this one. This list includes the most memorable and well-known Nobel Prize in Literature winners of all time. Anybody who won the Nobel Prize in Literature usually has a picture associated with their name, so all the Nobel Prize in Literature-winning people are listed here with photos when available. This list spans the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, so most of the famous Nobel Prize in Literature winners are here and can be a good starting point for making a list of your favorites. This list answers the question "who are all the people who have ever won Nobel Prize in Literature?" If you're looking for all the nominees, you can click the links above the title of this page to the Listopedia page where you'll find a directory of award nominees, as well as the rest of the award winners lists we have. You can use this factual list to create a new list, re-rank it to fit your views, then share it with your Twitter followers, Facebook friends or with any other social networks you use on a regular basis. Items include everything from Isaac Bashevis Singer to Henryk Sienkiewicz. {#nodes}
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||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
0
| 15
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https://www.poemine.com/Johannes-Vilhelm-Jensen/biography/
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en
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Johannes Vilhelm Jensen biography on Poemine.com
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Biography and life of Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
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Biography
Other info : Career | Bibliography
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (in Denmark always called Johannes V. Jensen; ) was a Danish author, often considered the first great Danish writer of the 20th century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1944. One of his sisters, Thit Jensen, was also a well-known writer and a very vocal, and occasionally controversial, early feminist. He was born in Farsø, a village in North Jutland, Denmark, as the son of a veterinary surgeon[1] and he grew up in a rural environment. While studying medicine at the University of Copenhagen he worked as a writer to fund his studies. After 3 years of studying he chose to change careers and devote himself fully to literature.
The first phase of his work as an author was influenced by fin-de-siècle pessimism. His career began with the publication of Himmerland Stories (1898–1910), comprising a series of tales set in the part of Denmark where he was born. During 1900 and 1901 he wrote his first masterpiece, Kongens Fald (eng. transl. 1933 The Fall of the King), a modern historical novel centred around King Christian II. Literary critic Martin Seymour-Smith said it is an "indictment of Danish indecision and lack of vitality, which Jensen saw as a national disease. Apart from this aspect of it, it is a penetrating study of sixteenth-century people." [2]
In 1906 Jensen created his greatest literary achievement: the collection of verses Digte 1906 (i.e. Poems 1906), which introduced the prose poem to Danish literature. He also wrote poetry, a few plays, and many essays, chiefly on anthropology and the philosophy of evolution.
He developed his theories of evolution in a cycle of six novels, Den lange rejse (1908–22), translated into English as The Long Journey (1923–24), which was published in a two-volume edition in 1938.[3] This is often considered his main work in prose, a daring and often impressive attempt to create a Darwinian alternative to the Biblical Genesis myth. In this work we see the development of mankind from the Ice Age to the times of Columbus, focusing on pioneering individuals.
Like his compatriot Hans Christian Andersen, he travelled extensively; a trip to the United States inspired a poem of his, "Paa Memphis Station" [At the train station, Memphis, Tennessee], which is well known in Denmark. Walt Whitman was among the writers who influenced Jensen.
|
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correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
2
| 6
|
https://poets.org/poet/johannes-v-jensen
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en
|
Johannes V. Jensen
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2022-09-16T16:59:00
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Johannes V. Jensen - Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, born on January 20, 1873, in Farsø, Denmark, was a Danish poet, novelist, and essayist.
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en
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/themes/custom/stanza/favicon.ico
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Poets.org
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https://poets.org/poet/johannes-v-jensen
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Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, born on January 20, 1873, in Farsø, Denmark, was a Danish poet, novelist, and essayist. The author of many books, including Kongens Fald (Gyldendal, 1900–01), Himmerlandshistorier (Gyldendal, 1905), and a cycle of six novels, Den Lange Rejse (Gyldendal, 1908–22), he won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature. He died on November 25, 1950.
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||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
1
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https://pantheon.world/profile/occupation/writer/country/denmark
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en
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Greatest Danish Writers
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http://localhost:3000/api/screenshot/occupation-country?occupation=writer&country=dnk
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1. Hans Christian Andersen ( 1805 - 1875 )
With an HPI of 86.61 , Hans Christian Andersen is the most famous Danish Writer . His biography has been translated into 176 different languages on wikipedia.
Hans Christian Andersen ( AN-dər-sən, Danish: [ˈhænˀs ˈkʰʁestjæn ˈɑnɐsn̩] ; 2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875) was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, he is best remembered for his literary fairy tales. Andersen's fairy tales, consisting of 156 stories across nine volumes, have been translated into more than 125 languages. They have become embedded in Western collective consciousness, accessible to children as well as presenting lessons of virtue and resilience in the face of adversity for mature readers. His most famous fairy tales include "The Emperor's New Clothes", "The Little Mermaid", "The Nightingale", "The Steadfast Tin Soldier", "The Red Shoes", "The Princess and the Pea", "The Snow Queen", "The Ugly Duckling", "The Little Match Girl", and "Thumbelina." Andersen's stories have inspired ballets, plays, and animated and live-action films.
2 . Karen Blixen ( 1885 - 1962 )
With an HPI of 73.95 , Karen Blixen is the 2nd most famous Danish Writer . Her biography has been translated into 70 different languages.
Baroness Karen Christenze von Blixen-Finecke (born Dinesen; 17 April 1885 – 7 September 1962) was a Danish author who wrote in Danish and English. She is also known under her pen names Isak Dinesen, used in English-speaking countries; Tania Blixen, used in German-speaking countries; Osceola, and Pierre Andrézel. Blixen is best known for Out of Africa, an account of her life while in Kenya, and for one of her stories, Babette's Feast. Each has been adapted as films and each won Academy Awards. She is also noted, particularly in Denmark, for her Seven Gothic Tales. Among her later stories are Winter's Tales (1942), Last Tales (1957), Anecdotes of Destiny (1958) and Ehrengard (1963). The latter was adapted as a romantic comedy film Ehrengard: The Art of Seduction, directed by Bille August and in association with Netflix, which released it on streaming in late 2023. Blixen was considered several times for the Nobel Prize in Literature, but did not receive it because judges were reportedly concerned about showing favoritism to Scandinavian writers, according to Danish reports.
4 . Sigrid Undset ( 1882 - 1949 )
With an HPI of 72.30 , Sigrid Undset is the 4th most famous Danish Writer . Her biography has been translated into 98 different languages.
Sigrid Undset (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈsɪ̂ɡːɾiː ˈʉ̂nːseːt]; 20 May 1882 – 10 June 1949) was a Danish-born Norwegian novelist. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1928. Born in Denmark and raised in Norway, Undset had her first books of historical fiction published in 1907. She fled Norway for the United States in 1940 because of her opposition to Nazi Germany and the German invasion and occupation of Norway, but returned after World War II ended in 1945. Her best-known work is Kristin Lavransdatter, a trilogy about life in Norway in the Middle Ages, portrayed through the experiences of a woman from birth until death. Its three volumes were published between 1920 and 1922.
5 . Johannes V. Jensen ( 1873 - 1950 )
With an HPI of 71.04 , Johannes V. Jensen is the 5th most famous Danish Writer . His biography has been translated into 80 different languages.
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (Danish pronunciation: [joˈhænˀəs ˈvilhelˀm ˈjensn̩]; 20 January 1873 – 25 November 1950) was a Danish author, known as one of the great Danish writers of the first half of 20th century. He was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style". One of his sisters, Thit Jensen, was also a well-known writer and a very vocal, and occasionally controversial, early feminist.
6 . Henrik Pontoppidan ( 1857 - 1943 )
With an HPI of 70.68 , Henrik Pontoppidan is the 6th most famous Danish Writer . His biography has been translated into 80 different languages.
Henrik Pontoppidan (Danish: [ˈhenˀʁek pʰʌnˈtsʰʌpitæn]; 24 July 1857 – 21 August 1943) was a Danish realist writer who shared with Karl Gjellerup the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1917 for "his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark." Pontoppidan's novels and short stories — informed with a desire for social progress but despairing, later in his life, of its realization — present an unusually comprehensive picture of his country and his epoch. As a writer he was an interesting figure, distancing himself both from the conservative environment in which he was brought up and from his socialist contemporaries and friends. He was the youngest and in many ways the most original and influential member of the Modern Break-Through.
7 . Sven Hassel ( 1917 - 2012 )
With an HPI of 63.75 , Sven Hassel is the 7th most famous Danish Writer . His biography has been translated into 26 different languages.
Sven Hassel was the pen name of the Danish-born Børge Willy Redsted Pedersen (19 April 1917 – 21 September 2012) known for his novels about German soldiers fighting in World War II. In Denmark he used the pen name Sven Hazel. He is one of the bestselling Danish authors, possibly second only to Hans Christian Andersen. Hassel claimed his authorship was based on being a veteran of the German Wehrmacht who had fought in the Battle of Berlin in 1945 until he surrendered to the Soviets. However, numerous post-war investigations have proved his claims to be false and outright fabrications. In fact Hassel (as Pedersen) was a Danish criminal who did join the German Army but was incarcerated for having lied about his convictions. He was not captured in Berlin because he was in prison in Denmark. In the post war period he gave false testament which led to the arrest and imprisonment of innocent people.
8 . Georg Brandes ( 1842 - 1927 )
With an HPI of 63.53 , Georg Brandes is the 8th most famous Danish Writer . His biography has been translated into 36 different languages.
Georg Morris Cohen Brandes (4 February 1842 – 19 February 1927) was a Danish critic and scholar who greatly influenced Scandinavian and European literature from the 1870s through the turn of the 20th century. He is seen as the theorist behind the "Modern Breakthrough" of Scandinavian culture. At the age of 30, Brandes formulated the principles of a new realism and naturalism, condemning hyper-aesthetic writing and also fantasy in literature. His literary goals were shared by some other authors, among them the Norwegian "realist" playwright Henrik Ibsen. When Georg Brandes held a series of lectures in 1871 with the title "Main Currents in 19th-century Literature", he defined the Modern Breakthrough and started the movement that would become Cultural Radicalism. In 1884 Viggo Hørup, Georg Brandes, and his brother Edvard Brandes started the daily newspaper Politiken with the motto: "The paper of greater enlightenment". The paper and their political debates led to a split of the liberal party Venstre in 1905 and created the new party Det Radikale Venstre.
10 . N. F. S. Grundtvig ( 1783 - 1872 )
With an HPI of 62.57 , N. F. S. Grundtvig is the 10th most famous Danish Writer . His biography has been translated into 41 different languages.
Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig (Danish: [ˈne̝koˌlɑjˀ ˈfʁeðˀˌʁek ˈse̝vəˌʁiˀn ˈkʁɔntvi]; 8 September 1783 – 2 September 1872), most often referred to as N. F. S. Grundtvig, was a Danish pastor, author, poet, philosopher, historian, teacher and politician. He was one of the most influential people in Danish history, as his philosophy gave rise to a new form of nationalism in the last half of the 19th century. It was steeped in the national literature and supported by deep spirituality. Grundtvig holds a unique position in the cultural history of his country. Grundtvig and his followers are credited with being very influential in the formulation of modern Danish national consciousness. He was active during the Danish Golden Age, but his style of writing and fields of reference are not immediately accessible to a foreigner, thus his international importance does not match that of his contemporaries Hans Christian Andersen and Søren Kierkegaard.
|
||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
1
| 6
|
https://ian-93054.medium.com/the-waving-rye-johannes-v-jensen-4d7d84db16cf
|
en
|
The Waving Rye, Johannes V Jensen
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2022-02-12T22:04:05.690000+00:00
|
I don’t remember why I decided to read Johannes V Jensen, a Danish Nobel laureate who died in 1950, and few of whose works were translated into English. I was lucky to find two books, The Waving Rye…
|
en
|
Medium
|
https://ian-93054.medium.com/the-waving-rye-johannes-v-jensen-4d7d84db16cf
|
I don’t remember why I decided to read Johannes V Jensen, a Danish Nobel laureate who died in 1950, and few of whose works were translated into English. I was lucky to find two books, The Waving Rye (1958, Denmark), a posthumous collection, and The Long Journey (1924, Denmark), but his most famous work is The Fall of the King (1933, Denmark). I bought the books before I moved to Sweden, before I even knew I was going to move to Sweden… although I do have family connection to Denmark.
The Waving Rye was clearly published to generate interest in Jensen, but doesn’t appear to have been successful in that regard. He is still pretty much forgotten. When Anglophone people think of Danish classic literature, they think of Karen Blixen (AKA Isak Dinesen), or maybe Peter Høeg. Not to mention, of course, various Danish “scandi-noir” authors, such as Jussi Adler-Olsen, whose books have been translated into English, and some of whom have even been adapted for television or the cinema (both in Danish and English).
The Danish strain of Scandinavian noir is a relatively recent element of a relatively recent phenomenon. Prior to the success of Stieg Larsson and Henning Mankell (both Swedes, but arguably the two authors who kickstarted the current fascination with all things Nordic and criminal), Anglophone knowledge of Danish literature was either Hans Christian Anderson or literary authors such as Blixen.
And yet, despite, it seems, a concerted effort in the first half of last century, Johannes V Jensen appears to be a Danish author whose legacy has not survived in the Anglophone world. This is a shame, just as much as it is for any non-Anglophone writer of his period. Who happened to be a Nobel laureate. True, the fashion for Jensen’s style of fiction has passed, and he doesn’t appear to have cemented himself a position among the literature of the time, which often seems to disregard the original language of publication.
Which is a shame, because the stories in The Waving Rye may be products of their time and place, but they’re readable, interesting, and in several cases really quite good. The title story, for example, recounts a young man’s ride through the country on a penny farthing, and the parts relating to the bicycle are hilarious. The stories are very much products of their time and place — mainland Denmark, between 1900 and 1940. Jensen writes much about the impact of time on the countryside and the changes it has wrought.
One story, ‘Did They Catch the Ferry?’, which details the somewhat dangerous journey by motorbike of a couple, was made into a short film by Carl Theodor Dreyer. Dreyer, of course, is another of Denmark’s great twentieth-century cultural icons, and I’ve seen many of his films — his The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928, France) is a superior silent film, but my favourite is Getrud (1964, Denmark), based on the 1906 play by Swedish playwright Hjalmar Söderberg.
Orson Welles adapted a story by Blixen, ‘The Immortal Story’ — the film had the same title, and is recommended — but as a general rule Danish literature does not seem to have prospered historically in the Anglophone world. Blixen was widely translated, and in the last decades of the twentieth century so has Høeg. But there have been three Danish Nobel laureates for literature (the other two, Gjellerup and Pontoppidan, were both awarded in 1917, for poetry and prose; I have not read anything by either), and while the Nobel Prize for Literature may no longer have the cachet it once did, it’s surprising — and not just from a Danish, or Nordic, perspective — how many Nobel laureates have not survived the test of time. You would think some sort of timelessness would attach to such writers. Apparently not.
And yet. the stories in The Waving Rye are timeless, or if not timeless then so well embedded in the time of their setting it doesn’t matter. But popularity has nothing to do with timelessness, or indeed facility with prose. It is likely as, when you come to writers from the first half of last century, fad-driven as much as it is anything else. I saw the same when researching female writers of post-war Britain — there seemed to be no discernible, or logical, reason why some writers continued to be known (Olivia Manning, Elizabeth Taylor) and others were not (Storm Jameson, Pamela Frankau), original success notwithstanding.
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, born in 1873 in Jutland, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944. The Waving Rye, a “best of “ collection, with contents dating from 1901 to 1941, published in Denmark in 1958, in English, clearly to promote Jensen to Anglophone readers, is very much a collection of stories of its time and place. And that is its strength. There’s nothing generic about these stories — and if the time they take place throws a few curve-balls, because it’s easy to forget they’re around 100 years old, which makes some of the details initially seem odd until you take the original publication date into account… they can at the very least be read as historical stories specific to their time and place.
I still don’t know why I chose to read Johannes V Jensen, but I did enjoy The Waving Rye — although I have to wonder if the fact I’m a fan of the films of Carl Theodor Dreyer didn’t contribute to that. Perhaps after I’ve read The Long Journey, I may feel differently. But that’s one of the rich and strange characteristics of literature, even more so of literature from a language and culture to which you do not belong…
And, I guess, one of the reasons why we read books in the first place.
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|||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
2
| 46
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https://johanneslarsson.com/blog/most-popular-johannes-people-in-the-world/
|
en
|
Top 10 Most Important People Named Johannes & Name Meaning
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2024-07-07T16:58:05+00:00
|
Find out who the most popular Johannes around the world are and how their achievements have left a mark in history, as well as the meaning of then name.
|
en
|
Johannes Larsson
|
https://johanneslarsson.com/blog/most-popular-johannes-people-in-the-world/
|
If Johannes is your first name, you've probably found yourself googling it to see what other people called Johannes have accomplished in their lives.
Seeing that my own name happens to be Johannes, I thought it would be interesting to make a list.
From composers to inventors, novelists to athletes, people named Johannes have definitely left a mark in this world and changed many things for the better.
And just as diverse as the people I'm about to discuss, the name Johannes comes in many different forms.
I am Swedish and Johannes is a very common name in my home country. But also in other Germanic-speaking countries, Johannes has become a staple first name for man as well as a second name.
The meaning of the name Johannes
What does the name Johannes mean?
Johannes originates from the Hebrew name יֹוחָנָן (Yehochanan) and means ‘Yahweh (God) is gracious‘.
Nowadays, you can find it in all variations around the world.
The English call us John or Joe.
Germans Johann or Hans, which is short for Johannes.
French-speaking countries turned Johannes into Jean.
And Juan is a widespread name among countries with Spanish origin.
But without further ado, let's jump into this exciting list of the most popular people named Johannes in the world.
Top 10 most popular Johannes in the world
#10- Johannes Thingnes Bø
Johannes is one of the most successful biathletes. He started his career in 2009 alongside his brother Tarjei. His breakthrough was during season 2013/2014, having debuted in the world cup only one season prior.
🎉 Important Achievements
As of season 2019/2020, Johannes won five junior world championships, ten world championships, 48 individual world cups, and three medals at the Winter Olympic Games, making him the third most successful male biathlete of all time.
#09- Johannes Heesters
Born Johan Marius Nicolaas Heesters, dutch actor and stage performer Johannes Heesters made a name for himself in the German-speaking entertainment industry in the early 1900's. He maintained his career over decades and was a beloved public figure until his death.
🎉 Important Achievements
Johannes spent 90 years entertaining and is one of the oldest perfomers in history. He is credited in 108 movies, released 21 albums between 1936 and 2007 and won numerous international awards. At his last performance less than two months prior to his death, Johannes was 108 years old.
#08- Johannes Moser
Another entertainer is Johannes Moser. He is an internationally known German-Canadian Cellist. Johannes started practising his craft at the young age of eight years.
🎉 Important Achievements
Throughout his impressive career, Johannes played with the world-leading orchestras as well as in collaboration with renowned chamber musicians. He is nowadays playing on a priceless cello by Italian luthier Andrea Guarneri, made in 1694.
#07- Johannes Kerkorrel
Known as the Dylan of Rock, Johannes Kerkorrel was a singer-songwriter, journalist, and playwright in his native South Africa. With his strong voice, he became one of the important players of the cultural movement against apartheid in the 1980's. He commited suiced at the age of 42.
🎉 Important Achievements
Johannes won several awards for his memorable two-decade contribution to the alternative Afrikaans music scene and is still seen as an icon for his revolutionary style and dedicated actions against racism.
#06 – Johannes Vermeer
Famous Dutch painter and Artist Johannes Vermeer was born in 1632 and left historically important pieces of art to the world. He is now one of the most studied painters, despite the fact that he was poor during his lifetime, having produced only a few paintings.
🎉 Important Achievements
Johannes revolutionized Baroque style painting by focusing and specializing in the domestic life of middle-class citizens. His unique technique of layering pigments has found great admiration and influenced the works of other famous artists, such as Salvador Dalì.
#05 – Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was a Danish author. He introduced modernism to the local literature culture, specializing in modern poetry. Johannes was known for putting his own spin to his works, creating modern poetry in direct and straightforward language.
🎉 Important Achievements
Considered to be the first great Danish writer of the 20th century, Johannes won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1944 “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination”.
#04 – Johannes Rydzek
Downhill doesn't mean that you're losing – at least not always. Johannes Rydzek, a German Nordic combined skier, proves that the faster you go down the slope, the faster you shoot up towards success. He started his promising career at the age of 13 in 2005 and is one of the best-known German athletes.
🎉 Important Achievements
Johannes has so far won medals in three consecutive Winter Olympic Games and six world championships in his discipline.
#03 – Johannes Kepler
Being the first in many science-based and historically essential studies has made Johannes Kepler one of the most important contributors to (astro)physics. He was a German mathematician, physicist, astrologer, and astronomer and dedicated his life to science.
🎉 Important Achievements
With his three main publications, Johannes revolutionized the way scientists of the 17th century and beyond saw and worked with the laws of planetary motion and thus paved Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.
#02 – Johannes Gutenberg
Another revolutionary pioneer was Johannes Gutenberg, born in the year 1400. He was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, inventor, printer, and publisher. His Gutenberg-Bibel, the first-ever printed book, is regarded as one of the milestones of the second millennium.
🎉 Important Achievements
By inventing mass-produced movable metal type printers, Johannes started the so-called Gutenberg-Revolution in Europe, which resulted in a mass-recording of human history, mass-communication, and the foundation of mass-learning thanks to the now possible distribution of knowledge.
#01 – Johannes Brahms
At the top of our list is Johannes Brahms. He was a German composer, pianist, and conductor in the 19th century. Johannes was already famous throughout his life-time which allowed him to not only compose for great orchestras but to also debut his own music.
🎉 Important Achievements
|
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correct_award_00093
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https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-10-04/the-nobel-prize-in-literatures-history-of-snubs-and-long-forgotten-winners.html
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en
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The Nobel Prize in Literature’s history of snubs and long-forgotten winners
|
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Sergio C. Fanjul"
] |
2023-10-04T00:00:00
|
Shaped by the political and literary climate of the time, the award does not assure a spot in the literary canon and often overlooks exceptional authors
|
en
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https://static.elpais.com/dist/resources/images/favicon.ico
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EL PAÍS English
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https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-10-04/the-nobel-prize-in-literatures-history-of-snubs-and-long-forgotten-winners.html
|
Mostly people would say that winning the Nobel Prize in Literature is a great honor. But a closer look at the history of the award might change their minds. Several publishers offer collections of works by Nobel Prize winners. Some people like to decorate their living rooms with unread books with gold-embossed leather covers. Open one up, and you may find something by Albert Camus, Gabriel García Márquez, William Faulkner, Samuel Beckett or Yasunari Kawabata — the Mount Olympus of the literary gods.
But in those elegant tomes of Nobel laureates, you may find some unfamiliar names, even if you are a well-read bibliophile. How about Sully Prudhomme, the French poet and essayist who won the first Nobel Prize for Literature in 1901? Or Verner von Heidenstam (1916), Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1939) and Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1944)? Do you know about Giosuè Carducci (1906), Henrik Pontoppidan (1917) or Carl Spitteler (1919)?
Some deserving writers have followers and readers in their home countries but never achieve international recognition or a Nobel Prize. Some of their works remain untranslated, while others have not seen updated editions in years. Winning the Nobel Prize, the highest international literary honor, doesn’t ensure future recognition or the immortality sought by aspiring writers.
The Nobel Prize eras
One possible reason for all the forgotten Nobel laureates is the evolution of the Nobel Prize over time, says professor Juan Bravo, who wrote a book about Nobel Prize winners for literature. Until a few years after the World War I, he says the prize was very regional. “At times, the Nobel Prize academy is influenced by diplomatic criteria, shall we say. A glance at the first 20 Nobel laureates reveals mostly low-profile names, with a few exceptions like Kipling (1907), Tagore (1913) and possibly Selma Lagerlöf (1909).”
Moreover, the further back we go in the list of winners, the more we find unfamiliar names. Time has sifted and settled the layer of dust, slowly erasing their memory. “Each era has its own particular interests. Many books that used to be bestsellers have been relegated to the back shelf,” said Cristina Oñoro, a literature professor at the Complutense University of Madrid.
A gradual period of openness started in 1920, but after World War II, Bravo says the Nobel Prize for Literature became more introverted, especially after Jean-Paul Sartre’s abrupt rejection of his award in 1964. In 1990, a period of “globalization” began with Mexican author Octavio Paz’s win. “This doesn’t mean that there haven’t been periods of regression, like the one we’re currently experiencing,” said Bravo.
During this globalization, we first encountered authors from different corners of the world. These writers are often unknown because they hail from distant lands, not because of their lack of skill or time-tested relevance. The awards to Wole Soyinka of Nigeria (1986), Gao Xingjian (2000) and Mo Yan (2012) of China, and Abdulrazak Gurnah (2021) of Tanzania perplexed the literary community and made cultural journalists scramble to find out more. In the 20th century, 80% of the Nobel laureates in literature were citizens of the U.S., Canada or Europe, while Africa, Asia, and the rest of the Americas accounted for the remaining 20%. Interestingly, no individual born in Oceania has ever received the Nobel Prize for Literature. However, a noticeable shift is now taking place.
The Nobel Prizes introduced new names and expanded the literary horizons of Western societies, challenging their ethnocentrism. In recent decades, female winners have become more common, as 93% of the winners were male until 1990 — typically older, white European men. While Europeans and Americans still dominate, they have only won 66% of the awards in the last 15 years. However, there is no guarantee that these diverse winners won’t also fade into literary obscurity, like many of their predecessors. “I think some of the recent Nobel Prize winners might end up being completely forgotten in the future. Who even reads Soyinka, Louise Glück, or Szymborska nowadays, apart from some book clubs?” wonders Javier Aparicio Maydeu, a professor of Spanish and comparative literature at Pompeu Fabra University in Spain.
Once the annual awards are revealed, the inevitable debates ignite, fueling heated discussions and opinions. “I think they should validate the career of an author who has already proven their worth, like Mario Vargas Llosa,” said Aparicio. “The prizes being given now, you know, to discover new talents, I don’t think they align with Alfred Nobel’s original intentions.” Others say the presence of lesser-known names adds depth and variety. “Literature is a vehicle for sharing voices and cultures, so I think it’s positive that the Nobel Prize can serve to broaden our horizons,” said Oñoro.
Spanish winners
The Spanish winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature tell the same story. While Juan Ramón Jiménez (1956) is highly regarded, Vicente Aleixandre (1977) is an excellent representative of the Generation of ‘27, and Camilo José Cela (1989) still casts a long shadow, others like José Echegaray (1904) and Jacinto Benavente (1922) are not widely known or read anymore. Surprisingly, the prestigious award was never bestowed upon their contemporaries, Benito Pérez Galdós and Ramón Valle-Inclán.
While some award-winning authors have been forgotten by readers, other deserving writers have simply been overlooked by the Swedish Academy. Among them are living authors like Haruki Murakami (who won Spain’s Princess of Asturias award this year) and António Lobo Antunes. There was no Nobel for revered authors like James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Philip Roth and Javier Marías. “Marías had all the qualities to win a Nobel Prize — a great body of work translated into multiple languages, and you can even find pocket editions of his books in bookstores when you travel abroad,” said Aparicio.
Many authors have left a lasting legacy without winning a Nobel, which proves that it is far from being the ultimate literary authority. “In no way,” said Bravo. “I’ll give you just one example. The canon of the 20th century novel has five names: Proust, Joyce, Kafka, Faulkner, and Virginia Woolf. Well, the only one who received the award was Faulkner, in 1949.”
Studying the impact of the Nobel Prize for Literature enables us to understand the mechanisms of literary fame and other types of celebrity. It does not ensure transcendence and lasting recognition. Authors may rise to prominence in one era, only to be forgotten in another. Conversely, forgotten authors can be rediscovered, while canonical figures in one country may be insignificant elsewhere. Success is fleeting, memento mori.
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/1944-nobel-prize-literature-presentation-speech
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en
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1944 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech
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1944 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speechby Anders Österling, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, 10 December 1945 Source for information on 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech: Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature, Part 2 dictionary.
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/sites/default/files/favicon.ico
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/1944-nobel-prize-literature-presentation-speech
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by Anders Österling, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, 10 December 1945
Today Johannes V. Jensen will receive in person the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1944, and we are happy to salute the great Danish writer who since the beginning of the century has been in the front rank, always active, for a long time controversial, but universally admired for his vitality. This child of the dry and windy moors of Jutland has, almost out of spite, astonished his contemporaries by a remarkably prolific production. He could well be considered one of the most fertile Scandinavian writers. He has constructed a vast and imposing literary œuvre, comprising the most diverse genres: epic and lyric, imaginative and realistic works, as well as historical and philosophical essays, not to mention his scientific excursions in all directions.
This bold iconoclast and stylistic innovator has increasingly become a patriarchal classic, and in his heart he feels close to the poetry of the golden age and hopes that one day he will be counted among the life-giving tutelary spirits of his nation.
Johannes V. Jensen has been such a passionate student of biological and philosophical evolution that he should be amazed at the singular course of his own development. A conquering instinct forms the basis of his being. He was a native of Himmerland, a relatively dry region in western Jutland, and his impressions of men and things were engraved indelibly on his consciousness. Later he was to remember those resources that were hidden beneath the sensations of childhood, the ancient treasure of family memories. His father, the veterinarian of Farsø, came from that area, and through his paternal grandfather, the old weaver of Guldager, Jensen is directly descended from peasants. Characteristically enough, his first book dealt with the province of his origin. His incomparable Himmerhndshistorier offer an original portrait gallery of primitive and half-savage creatures who are still subject to ancient fears. The promised land of his childhood, powerful and alive with the past, is found again in his mature poetry.
The first books of Johannes V. Jensen reveal him as a young man from the provinces; a student of opposition, living in Copenhagen; an arduous and agitated youth, fighting passionately against intellectual banality and narrow-mindedness. This native of Jutland, self-conscious, difficult to approach, but sensitive, was soon to find his country too narrow. Stifled by the familiar climate of the Danish isles, he threw himself into exotic romanticism with the cool passion of a gambler. His travels across foreign continents for the first time opened to him the space needed by his restless, unchained imagination. During that period of his life he sang the praise of technology and mechanization. Just as his compatriot H. C. Andersen was perhaps the first to describe the charms of railway travel, Johannes V. Jensen was the prophet of the marvels of our age, of skyscrapers, motor cars, and cinemas, which he never tires of praising in his American novels, Madame D’Ora (1904) and Hjulet (1905) [The Wheel]. But soon he entered into a new stage of his development; at the risk of simplifying matters we might say that, having satisfied his passion for distant travel, he began to look in time for what he had pursued in space. The same man who had sung the modern life, with its rapid pace and noisy machines, has become the spectator of ancient epochs and has devoted himself to the study of the long, slow periods during which man first sought adventure.
Thus we come to perhaps his most important creation, the six volumes combined under the title Den lange Rejse, which leads us from the ice age to Christopher Columbus. The central theme or one of the central themes of this work is the universal mission of the Scandinavian people, from the great migrations and the Norman invasion to the discovery of America. Jensen considers Christopher Columbus a descendant of the Lombards, in short a Nordic man, if not a Jutlander like himself. In this monumental series appears a legendary figure, Nornagestr. He is not at all the same person who appears at the court of King Olaf Tryggvason to tell his stories and die there. According to the Icelandic saga he was three hundred years old; but Jensen makes him even older and turns him into a kind of Ahasvérus, ubiquitous, always behind his time, a stranger among the new generations, but nevertheless younger than they because he lived at a time when existence itself was young and mankind closer to its origins. The writer has followed tradition only as far as it was useful to him. Three prophetesses came to Nornagestr’s mother to see the child and one of them predicted that he would die as soon as the candle could no longer burn. Gro, the mother, immediately extinguished the candle and gave it to the child as an amulet. In the work of Johannes V. Jensen, Nornagestr sometimes lights it in foreign lands and whenever he does so a deep abyss of time opens before him. When he comes to again, seized by the love of life, he is transported to his country, the fresh and green Zealand.
All legends exist because reason alone cannot clarify experience. What then is Nornagestr, who plays such an important role in the epic of the Danish master? Perhaps it is the spirit of the Nordic people rising from the night like a phantom or like an atavistic creature. One suspects that this unique globetrotter with his harp is closely related to the author himself, who has given him many ideas about life and death, and about the close relation between the present and eternity—the precious fruits of experiences gathered from the lands and seas of the globe.
For Johannes V. Jensen, who grew up on a Jutland moor where the horizon is often indented by a line of tumuli, it was natural to divide his interests between facts and myths and to seek his way between the shadows of the past and the realities of the present. His example reveals to us both the attraction of the primitive for a sensitive man and the necessity of transforming brute force into tenderness. He has attained the summit of his art by means of these violent contrasts. A fresh, salty breeze blows through his work, which unfolds with vivid language, powerful expression, and singular energy. Precisely in the poets most deeply rooted in their country do we find this poetic genius for words. Jensen is the voice of Jutland and of Denmark. With his talents he deserves the title of the most eminent narrator of the victorious struggle of the Nordic people against nature, and of the continuity of the Nordic spirit throughout the ages.
Mr. Jensen—If you have listened to what I have just said you will certainly think that the few moments I had were much too short to accomplish the long voyage through your work, and that I have neglected important aspects of it. It is fortunate for us as well as for you that a proper presentation is hardly necessary at all in your case. You are a well-known member of our great family and as such you are now asked to receive from the hands of our King the distinction which the Swedish Academy has awarded you.
At the banquet, Professor A. H. T. Theorell, Director of the Department of Biochemhtry at the Nobel Institute of Medicine, calha Mr. fernen “the splendid representative of the proud literary tradition of our dear sister country, Denmark.”
[© The Nobel Foundation, 1944.]
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https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1991/04/08/comment-6471
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Comment
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https://static.cdn.realviewdigital.com/global/content/GetImage.aspx?pguid=FC9071DC-DD99-441F-A727-1B74670350BC&i=1991-04-08&folio=030
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"Adam Gopnik",
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1991-04-08T00:00:00
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Comment about Nobel prizewinners in literature who have been forgotten. A book called "Nobel Lectures: Literature, 1901-1967" fell into writer's hands …
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https://www.newyorker.com/verso/static/the-new-yorker/assets/favicon.ico
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The New Yorker
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https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1991/04/08/comment-6471
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The New Yorker, April 8, 1991 P. 31
Comment about Nobel prizewinners in literature who have been forgotten. A book called "Nobel Lectures: Literature, 1901-1967" fell into writer's hands recently, and he read it from cover to cover, trying to figure out what he's been doing wrong. "Nobel Lectures: Literature" is a very useful book for anyone who has ever thought about winning the Nobel Prize: it includes not only the laureates' lectures but also the official citations commending the laureates, remarks made at the Nobel banquets, and biographical notes; and all this stuff gives you a better idea of what, exactly, the Swedish Academy of Literature is looking for when it chooses a winner. Everybody complains about how many writers of the second rank have won the prize--about how Pearl Buck and Steinbeck won it, while Proust and Nabokov and Auden and Borges were left unlaurelled. The only example writer can hope to benefit from is that of writers who, fairly or unfairly, no longer seem to have any rank at all. Writer profiles Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Carl Friedrich George Spitteler, Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse, Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam and Karl Adolph Gjellerup, as well as Miguel Angel Asturias and Par Lagerkvist. As writer came to the end of the volume, an alarming idea occurred to him: What if the Nobel Prizes in the sciences turn out to be no more infallable than those in literature? Beyond this notion lay still gloomier thoughts about the vanity of human wishes and the frailty of human knowledge, and, wishing to push them away, writer shut the book and went back to work.
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https://github.com/lhcb/opendata-project/blob/master/Data/nobel.csv
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opendata-project/Data/nobel.csv at master · lhcb/opendata-project
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https://opengraph.githubassets.com/927fe6f4cc1eff06d65a24cfef944ce8181b5f054567321f33a765747a520606/lhcb/opendata-project
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https://opengraph.githubassets.com/927fe6f4cc1eff06d65a24cfef944ce8181b5f054567321f33a765747a520606/lhcb/opendata-project
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Contribute to lhcb/opendata-project development by creating an account on GitHub.
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GitHub
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https://github.com/lhcb/opendata-project/blob/master/Data/nobel.csv
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Skip to content
Navigation Menu
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https://www.scribd.com/document/117865170/Nobel-and-Booker-prize-winners
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Nobel and Booker Prize Winners
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https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/117865170/original/1bf8e35851/1721614108?v=1
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https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/117865170/original/1bf8e35851/1721614108?v=1
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Nobel and Booker prize winners - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This document lists the winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature from 1901 to 1998. It includes the author's name and year they won. Some years during World War II no prize was awarded. It also lists winners of the Booker Prize from 1969 to 2004, including the author and title of the winning work.
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https://s-f.scribdassets.com/scribd.ico?66b1e207b?v=5
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Scribd
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https://www.scribd.com/document/117865170/Nobel-and-Booker-prize-winners
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https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-10-04/the-nobel-prize-in-literatures-history-of-snubs-and-long-forgotten-winners.html
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The Nobel Prize in Literature’s history of snubs and long-forgotten winners
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2023-10-04T00:00:00
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Shaped by the political and literary climate of the time, the award does not assure a spot in the literary canon and often overlooks exceptional authors
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https://static.elpais.com/dist/resources/images/favicon.ico
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EL PAÍS English
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https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-10-04/the-nobel-prize-in-literatures-history-of-snubs-and-long-forgotten-winners.html
|
Mostly people would say that winning the Nobel Prize in Literature is a great honor. But a closer look at the history of the award might change their minds. Several publishers offer collections of works by Nobel Prize winners. Some people like to decorate their living rooms with unread books with gold-embossed leather covers. Open one up, and you may find something by Albert Camus, Gabriel García Márquez, William Faulkner, Samuel Beckett or Yasunari Kawabata — the Mount Olympus of the literary gods.
But in those elegant tomes of Nobel laureates, you may find some unfamiliar names, even if you are a well-read bibliophile. How about Sully Prudhomme, the French poet and essayist who won the first Nobel Prize for Literature in 1901? Or Verner von Heidenstam (1916), Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1939) and Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1944)? Do you know about Giosuè Carducci (1906), Henrik Pontoppidan (1917) or Carl Spitteler (1919)?
Some deserving writers have followers and readers in their home countries but never achieve international recognition or a Nobel Prize. Some of their works remain untranslated, while others have not seen updated editions in years. Winning the Nobel Prize, the highest international literary honor, doesn’t ensure future recognition or the immortality sought by aspiring writers.
The Nobel Prize eras
One possible reason for all the forgotten Nobel laureates is the evolution of the Nobel Prize over time, says professor Juan Bravo, who wrote a book about Nobel Prize winners for literature. Until a few years after the World War I, he says the prize was very regional. “At times, the Nobel Prize academy is influenced by diplomatic criteria, shall we say. A glance at the first 20 Nobel laureates reveals mostly low-profile names, with a few exceptions like Kipling (1907), Tagore (1913) and possibly Selma Lagerlöf (1909).”
Moreover, the further back we go in the list of winners, the more we find unfamiliar names. Time has sifted and settled the layer of dust, slowly erasing their memory. “Each era has its own particular interests. Many books that used to be bestsellers have been relegated to the back shelf,” said Cristina Oñoro, a literature professor at the Complutense University of Madrid.
A gradual period of openness started in 1920, but after World War II, Bravo says the Nobel Prize for Literature became more introverted, especially after Jean-Paul Sartre’s abrupt rejection of his award in 1964. In 1990, a period of “globalization” began with Mexican author Octavio Paz’s win. “This doesn’t mean that there haven’t been periods of regression, like the one we’re currently experiencing,” said Bravo.
During this globalization, we first encountered authors from different corners of the world. These writers are often unknown because they hail from distant lands, not because of their lack of skill or time-tested relevance. The awards to Wole Soyinka of Nigeria (1986), Gao Xingjian (2000) and Mo Yan (2012) of China, and Abdulrazak Gurnah (2021) of Tanzania perplexed the literary community and made cultural journalists scramble to find out more. In the 20th century, 80% of the Nobel laureates in literature were citizens of the U.S., Canada or Europe, while Africa, Asia, and the rest of the Americas accounted for the remaining 20%. Interestingly, no individual born in Oceania has ever received the Nobel Prize for Literature. However, a noticeable shift is now taking place.
The Nobel Prizes introduced new names and expanded the literary horizons of Western societies, challenging their ethnocentrism. In recent decades, female winners have become more common, as 93% of the winners were male until 1990 — typically older, white European men. While Europeans and Americans still dominate, they have only won 66% of the awards in the last 15 years. However, there is no guarantee that these diverse winners won’t also fade into literary obscurity, like many of their predecessors. “I think some of the recent Nobel Prize winners might end up being completely forgotten in the future. Who even reads Soyinka, Louise Glück, or Szymborska nowadays, apart from some book clubs?” wonders Javier Aparicio Maydeu, a professor of Spanish and comparative literature at Pompeu Fabra University in Spain.
Once the annual awards are revealed, the inevitable debates ignite, fueling heated discussions and opinions. “I think they should validate the career of an author who has already proven their worth, like Mario Vargas Llosa,” said Aparicio. “The prizes being given now, you know, to discover new talents, I don’t think they align with Alfred Nobel’s original intentions.” Others say the presence of lesser-known names adds depth and variety. “Literature is a vehicle for sharing voices and cultures, so I think it’s positive that the Nobel Prize can serve to broaden our horizons,” said Oñoro.
Spanish winners
The Spanish winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature tell the same story. While Juan Ramón Jiménez (1956) is highly regarded, Vicente Aleixandre (1977) is an excellent representative of the Generation of ‘27, and Camilo José Cela (1989) still casts a long shadow, others like José Echegaray (1904) and Jacinto Benavente (1922) are not widely known or read anymore. Surprisingly, the prestigious award was never bestowed upon their contemporaries, Benito Pérez Galdós and Ramón Valle-Inclán.
While some award-winning authors have been forgotten by readers, other deserving writers have simply been overlooked by the Swedish Academy. Among them are living authors like Haruki Murakami (who won Spain’s Princess of Asturias award this year) and António Lobo Antunes. There was no Nobel for revered authors like James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Philip Roth and Javier Marías. “Marías had all the qualities to win a Nobel Prize — a great body of work translated into multiple languages, and you can even find pocket editions of his books in bookstores when you travel abroad,” said Aparicio.
Many authors have left a lasting legacy without winning a Nobel, which proves that it is far from being the ultimate literary authority. “In no way,” said Bravo. “I’ll give you just one example. The canon of the 20th century novel has five names: Proust, Joyce, Kafka, Faulkner, and Virginia Woolf. Well, the only one who received the award was Faulkner, in 1949.”
Studying the impact of the Nobel Prize for Literature enables us to understand the mechanisms of literary fame and other types of celebrity. It does not ensure transcendence and lasting recognition. Authors may rise to prominence in one era, only to be forgotten in another. Conversely, forgotten authors can be rediscovered, while canonical figures in one country may be insignificant elsewhere. Success is fleeting, memento mori.
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https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Wilhelm_Jensen
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Wilhelm Jensen
|
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Wilhelm Hermann Jensen was a German writer and poet.
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en
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Wikiwand
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https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Wilhelm_Jensen
|
German writer (1837–1911) / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions:
Can you list the top facts and stats about Wilhelm Jensen?
Summarize this article for a 10 year old
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3
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https://greencardamom.github.io/BooksAndWriters/jjensen.htm
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en
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Johannes Jensen
|
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Danish novelist, poet, and essayist, who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1944. Jensen sought to depict through an idealized Darwinian theory how human development is part of the natural process of evolution. His major works include Kongen's fald (1900-01), one of the most significant historical novels in Danish literature, and Den lange rejse (1908-22), an evolutionary interpretation of the biblical legends.
The elder spreading
her dew-cold hands
toward the summer moon
A year later:
The self-same beeches
and twilight nights,
the same elation!
(from 'Envoi')
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was born in the small village of Fars�, Himmerland, in North Jutland. He was the second son of the district veterinary surgeon, Hans Jensen, a descendant on both sides of farmers and craftsmen, and Marie (Kirstine) Jensen. Jensen was taught by his mother until the age of eleven. Under the influence of his father, he developed a fasciation for Darwinism, which became the cornerstone of his thinking. Jensen graduated from the Cathedral School of Viborg in 1893, and subsequently studied medicine at the University of Copenhagen from 1893 to 1898. In 1904 he married Else Marie Ulrik; they had three sons.
Jensen's medical studies, including preliminary examinations in botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry, deeply influenced his literary work. Between the novels Danes (1896) and Einar Elkj�r (1898), Jensen visited the United States. After these books Jensen gave up his plans for a medical career and devoted himself to writing. Jensen also published romantic potboilers and a series of detective novels which appeared under the pen name Ivar Lykke between 1895 and 1898 in Revuen, a weekly periodical. However, Jensen excluded these works from his oeuvre. His detective, the British Mason, was a parody of Sherlock Holmes.
Half awake, half dozing,
In an inward seawind of dadaid dreams
I stand and gnash my teeth
At Memphis Station, Tennessee.
It is raining.
(from 'At Memphis Station')
Danskere and Einar Elkj�r drew from the fin de si�cle atmosphere of Copenhagen, but most of Jensen's early writings were set in his native province. Himmerlandshistorier (1898-1910) portrayed vividly his native region and its people. It was followed by a historical novel of the 16th century, Kongens fald, a fictional biography of King Christian II of Denmark, the last ruler of the three Scandinavian countries. It blended criticism of lyrical and realistic elements in the story of the king and Mikkel Th�gersen, a student and later mercenary.
Jensen was a correspondent for the newspaper Politken and reported from Spain on the Spanish-American war. In 1896 and 1903 he traveled in the United States. After this trip he translated the American novelist Frank Norris's novel The Octopus, about the conflict between farmers and railroad. New technological advances inspired the novels Madame d'Ora (1904), and its sequel, Hjulet (1907), and Jensen's descriptions of American cities. Madame d'Ora played with the idea, that a cinematograph can used as a means to deceive the public. The summer of 1898 Jensen spent in Spain and Germany. This marked also the beginning of his career as a correspondent. In 1900 he wrote articles from the World Exhibition in Paris, and collected these pieces in Den gotiske ren�ssance (1901), which presented his enthusiasm about a modern, active way of life. The wheel (hjulet) was a symbol of modern American technology, speed, and traffic. At the World Exhibition Jensen had seen a 100 metre Ferris wheel (Grande Roue Paris), originally invented by George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr. for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
Jensen's father and sister, the writer Thit Jense, were devout spiritualists. Noteworthy, in Madame d'Ora Edmund Hall, a German investor and scientist, whose model was the renowed British chemist Sir William Crookes, begins to doubt the nature of reality and ventures into spiritualism. Like Hall, Crookes conducted experiments in materialization with a female medium. Hall falls in love with the spectral girl, named Eld, who turns out to be part of a murder plot.
In his poems Jensen rejected "Baudelaire's poisonous hall-mark," as he wrote, and turned " to simple style and sound subject matter." As literary models he kept Goethe, Heine and Whitman's prose poems, but he also wrote in the Old Norse style. His first volume of poems, Digte (1906), contained all the youthful poems. Late in life he returned to poetry with Digte 1901-43 (1943). Eksotiske noveller (1907-1917) was based on journeys in the Far East. Having developed a longing for foreign places, Jensen travelled around the world in 1902-03, to the Far East in 1912-13, and to Egypt, Palestine, and North Africa in 1925-26. In 1914 he traveled to the United States for the fourth time. Especially he praised New York: "New York har den sk�nneste Atmosf�re in Verden."
J�rgine (1926) was a story of a deceived peasant girl who saves herself from disaster by an unromantic marriage and becomes a self-sacrificing mother. Myter (1907-1944), published in eleven volumes, was a series of essays and animal, travel, and nature sketches. Jensen's treatment is poetic; the essay form offers him a means to express his own ideas. Several of the myths found their way to Den lange rejse, a six-volume epic cycle, probably Jensen's major work, which earned him the Nobel Prize. Jensen developed in it his partly dubious theories of evolution and anthropology and described the evolution of the Northern peoples from the Ice Age to the 15th century, to the explorations of Christopher Columbus. He started to introduce the philosophy of evolution into literature, according to the author, because of the misinterpretation and distortion of Darwinism at the end of the 19th century. "The concept of the �bermensch had disastrous consequences in that it led to two world wars, and was destroyed only with the collapse of Germany in 1945. In the course of opposing this fallacious doctrine, I have arrived at a new interpretation of the theory of evolution and its moral implications."
The first saga takes place in the most primitive times near a huge volcano and introduces a Prometheus. In the next book an outcast with his woman becomes the father of the Nordic race, rediscovers fire, and founds a new civilization. In the third saga another genius invents wagons and boats driven by oar or sail. The later sagas take the reader to historical times: Cimbrians march to Rome and the Vikings go on their raids. Finally the story ends with Christopher Columbus's voyage to America and his dream of a tropical paradise – the longing for the distant, warm places was central in this and other of Jensen's works.
In 1939 Jensen again visited the United States. After the German army invaded Denmark in 1940, he destroyed much of his diaries and letters. Jensen was strongly critical of Fascism and anti-Semitism. Because of the war, no presentation ceremonies were held in Stockholm in 1944, when the author was awarded the Nobel Prize. "Were one to determine the degree of maturity of each nation according to its capacity for reasoning and comprehension, England would come out on top for her sense of realism, and the man who put forward these basically English ideas in a simple, unaffected manner was Charles Darwin." (in 'Nobel Acceptance Speech', 1944) As in the case of the Finnish writer F.E. Sillanp��, who was awarded the prize on the eve of the Winter War in 1939 between Finland and the Soviet Union, the decision of the Swedish Acamedy was undestrod as a gesture of moral support toward the Danish people. Jensen died in Copenhagen on November 25, 1950. During the last years of his life, his writings mostly dealt with the theory of evolution. Africa, which came out in 1949, reflected his interest in natural science.
For further reading: 'Scientific Spirit, Spirituality and Spirited Writing: – Spiritualism Between Science, Religion and Literature' by Christiane Barz, in Tijdschrift voor Skandinavistiek, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2010); The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel: 1900 to Present, ed. Michael D. Sollars (2008); 'Americanism, Popular Culture and the Primitive: Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Madame D'Ora (1904)' by Michael Cowan, in Orbis Litterarum, Volume 60, Number 2 (2005); 'Johannes V. Jensen's Nobel Prize – the Story of a Homecoming' by Aage J�rgensen, in Studi Nordici, vol. 10 (2005); Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century , Vol. 2, ed. Stephen R. Serafin (1999, vol. 2); Menneskelinien - mellem Johannes V. Jensen og Herman Bang by Poul Houe (1999); World Authors 1900-1950, Vol. 2, ed. Martin Seymour-Smith and Andrew C. Kimmens (1995); Johannes Jensen by S.H. Rossel (1984); A History of Scandinavian Literature, 1870-1980 by Sven H. Rossel (1982); Den unge Johannes V. Jensen by O.Friis (1974); Johannes V. Jensen: Liv og forfatterskab by Leif Nedergaard (1968); Denmark's J.V. Jensen by M.L. Nielsen (1955); Modern Danish Authors, eds. E. Heepe & N. Heltburg (1946)
Selected works:
Jim Blacksools Revolver. Roman fra der Fjerne Vesten, 1896 (as Ivar Lykke)
Falskm�nterbandens Blodig Bog, 1896 (as Ivar Lykke)
Nihilistens Ed, 1896 (as Ivar Lykke)
Danskere, 1896
Milliontyvenes H�vding eller Den R�de Tiger, 1897 (as Ivar Lykke)
Einar Elkj�r, 1898
Himmerlandsfolk, 1898
Intermezzo, 1899
Kongens Fald, 1900-1901
- The Fall of the King (translated by P. T. Federspiel and Patrick Kirwan, 1933; Alan G. Bower, 1992)
- Kuningas murtuu: romaani (suom. Aukusti Simojoki, 1946)
Den gotiske ren�ssance, 1901
Skovene, 1904
Nye Himmerlandshistorier, 1904
Madame d'Ora, 1904
- Tiedemiehen onneton kohtalo (suom. 1920)
Hjulet, 1904
Digte, 1906
Eksotiske noveller, 1907-15
Den nye verden, 1907
Singaporenoveller, 1907
Myter, 1907-45
Nye myter, 1908
Den lange rejse, 1908-22 (6 vols.)
- The Long Journey (translated by A. G. Chater, 1922-24) - I: Den tabte land, 1919; II: Br�en, 1908 (I-II, Fire and Ice, 1922); Norne G�st, 1919; IV: Cimbrernes tog, 1922 (III-IV: The Cimbrians, 1923); V: Skibet, 1912; VI: Christofer Columbus, 1922 (V-VI: Christopher Columbus, 1924)
- J��tik�n poika: tarukertomus pohjolan j��kaudesta (alkuteos: Br�en, suom. Impi Sirkka, 1913)
Lille Ahasverus, 1909
Himmerlandshistorier, Tredje Samling, 1910
Myter, 1910
Nordisk �nd, 1911
Myter, fjerde samling, 1912
Rudyard Kipling, 1912
Olivia Marianne, 1915
Introduktion til vor tidsalder, 1915
Skrifter, 1916 (8 vols.)
�rbog, 1916, 1917
Johannes Larsen og hans billeder, 1920
Sangerinden, 1921
�stetik og udviking, 1923
�rstiderne, 1923
Hamlet, 1924
Myter, 1924
Skrifter, 1925 (5 vols.)
Evolution og moral, 1925
�rets h�jtider, 1925
Verdens lys, 1926
J�rgine, 1926
Thorvaldsens portr�tbuster, 1926
Dyrenes forvandling, 1927
�ndens stadier, 1928
Ved livets bred, 1928
Retninger i tiden, 1930
Den jyske bl�st, 1931
Form og sj�l, 1931
P� danske veje, 1931
Pisangen, 1932
Kornmarken, 1932
S�lernes �, 1934
Det blivende, 1934
Dr. Renaults fristelser, 1935
Gudrun, 1936
Darduse, 1937
P�skebadet, 1937
Jydske folkelivsmalere, 1937
Thorvaldsen, 1938
Nordvejen, 1939
Fra fristaterne, 1939
Gutenberg, 1939
Marieh�nen, 1941
Vor oprindelse, 1941
Mindets tavle, 1941
Om sproget og undervisningen, 1942
Kvinnen i sagatiden, 1942
Folkeslagene i �sten, 1943
Digte 1901-43, 1943
M�llen, 1943
Afrika, opdagelsesrejserne, 1949
Garden Colonies in Denmark, 1949
Swift og Oehlenschl�ger, 1950
Mytens ring, 1951
Tilblivelsen, 1951
Denmark’s Johannes V. Jensen. Translations from his works and an introductory essay by Marion L. Nielsen, 1955
The Waving Rye, 1959 (tr. R. Bathgate)
Grundtanken i mit Forfatterskab, 1968 (foreword by Aage Marcus)
Myter og Digte i Udvalg, 1969 (edited by Leif Nedergaard)
Himmerlandshistorier, 1973 (edited by Aage Marcus)
M�rkets frodighed. Tidlige myter, 1973 (edited by Niels Birger Wamberg)
Nordisk foraar: myter, 1999 (edited by Niels Birger Wamberg)
Samlede digte, 2006 (edited by Anders Thyrring Andersen et al.)
Some rights reserved Petri Liukkonen (author) & Ari Pesonen. Kuusankosken kaupunginkirjasto 2008
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/summary/
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944
|
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/summary/
|
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"
To cite this section
MLA style: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Tue. 23 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/summary/>
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Nobel Prizes and laureates
Eleven laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2023, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from effective mRNA vaccines and attosecond physics to fighting against the oppression of women.
See them all presented here.
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https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/jensen_johannes_v
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SFE: Jensen, Johannes V
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Welcome to the fourth edition of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction.
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Omit cross-reference entries
Jensen, Johannes V
Entry updated 12 September 2022. Tagged: Author.
(1873-1950) Danish poet, author and essayist, author of detective novels as by Ivar Lykke; awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944. He is best known for Den Lange Rejse [for individual titles see Checklist] (1908-1922 6vols; trans Arthur G Chater, vols 1-2 as The Long Journey: Fire and Ice 1922 UK, vols 3-4 as The Cimbrians: The Long Journey II 1923 UK, and vols 5-6 as Christopher Columbus: The Long Journey III 1924), an epic myth spanning humanity's Evolution in Darwinian terms from its origins in a temperate Scandinavian Eden before the Ice Age, where a Prometheus figure introduces Technology, through to the threshold of modern times with the explorations of Christopher Columbus; Inventions frequently punctuate the tale, thrusting humanity upwards. The translated portions were later released as The Long Journey (omni 1933). Jensen also published several collections of "myths" that remain untranslated. [JE/JC]
see also: Anthropology; Origin of Man.
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
born Farsø, Denmark: 20 January 1873
died Copenhagen, Denmark: 25 November 1950
works
series
Den Lange Rejse
Titles in this sequence are listed according to internal chronology.
Den Lange Rejse I: Den tabte land (Copenhagen, Denmark: Gyldendal, 1919) [Den Lange Rejse: hb/]
Den Lange Rejse II: Bræen (Copenhagen, Denmark: Gyldendal, 1908) [Den Lange Rejse: hb/]
The Long Journey: Fire and Ice (London: Gyldendal, 1922) [trans by Arthur G Chater of the above two: The Long Journey: hb/]
Den Lange Rejse III: Norne Gæst (Copenhagen, Denmark: Gyldendal, 1919) [Den Lange Rejse: hb/]
Den Lange Rejse IV: Cimbrernes tog (Copenhagen, Denmark: Gyldendal, 1922) [Den Lange Rejse: hb/]
The Cimbrians: The Long Journey II (London: Gyldendal, 1923) [trans by Arthur G Chater of the above two: The Long Journey: hb/]
The Long Journey: The Cimbrians (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1923) [vt of the above: unaltered trans by Arthur G Chater: The Long Journey: hb/]
Den Lange Rejse V: Skibet (Copenhagen, Denmark: Gyldendal, 1912) [Den Lange Rejse: hb/]
Den Lange Rejse VI: Christofer Columbus (Copenhagen, Denmark: Gyldendal, 1922) [Den Lange Rejse: hb/]
Christopher Columbus: The Long Journey III (London: Gyldendal, 1924) [trans by Arthur G Chater of the above two: The Long Journey: hb/]
The Long Journey: Christopher Columbus (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1924) [vt of the above: unaltered trans by Arthur G Chater: The Long Journey: hb/]
The Long Journey (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1933) [omni of the above plus The Long Journey: Fire and Ice and The Long Journey: The Cimbrians: unaltered trans by Arthur G Chater: hb/]
links
Internet Speculative Fiction Database
previous versions of this entry
Internet Archive
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https://harris.pundicity.com/2457/my-nobel-prize-acceptance-speech
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My Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech
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"My Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech"
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Yes, I know what you're thinking. You are thinking that Lee Harris has not actually won the Nobel Prize for Literature, in which case: why are you being invited to read his acceptance speech? Well, I like to plan ahead. And even if my name is not on the
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https://harris.pundicity.com/favicon.ico
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Lee Harris
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https://harris.pundicity.com/2457/my-nobel-prize-acceptance-speech
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Yes, I know what you're thinking. You are thinking that Lee Harris has not actually won the Nobel Prize for Literature, in which case: why are you being invited to read his acceptance speech?
Well, I like to plan ahead. And even if my name is not on the short list of Nobel Prize nominees, nor indeed the longest list imaginable, stranger things have happened. For example, let us consider some of the people who have won it in the past, and see if their names are more familiar to you than mine is: Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontopiddan, Carl Spitteler, Wladyslaw Reymont, Grazia Deledda, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Frans Eemil Sillanpää. Ring any bells? In short, if you think Lee Harris is too obscure to win the Nobel Prize, you are obviously wrong.
So the next question is probably going to be something like, "Well, do you really think you're talented enough to win it?" And, being a writer, that question is quite easy to answer. Of course, I do. All writers do. We wouldn't be writers if we didn't.
Which brings us to truly decisive question: Am I anti-American enough to win the Nobel Prize?
Here, it seems to me, I have a real problem on my hands. In my book Civilization and Its Enemies, I actually defended America, kind of, as I have done in a number of articles for Policy Review and right here at TCS. Thus I have foolishly left one of those awkward paper trails that nominees to the Supreme Court have so much trouble explaining away to unsympathetic Senators, and this does present quite a serious obstacle to my Nobel Prize aspirations. Can I really expect the committee to give the prize to someone who has said nice things about America, even in his dotage?
But that is precisely why I decided to go ahead and publish my acceptance speech now, because that way I could make it clear to those guys in Sweden that I know exactly what kind of thing they are looking for in a Nobel Prize laureate, which is fanatic, frothing-at-the-mouth, virulent anti-Americanism of the most vicious kind.
You see, by reading my speech ahead of time, the committee would realize at once that they were dealing with a man who could spew as much bile and hatred against America as their previous choices for the prize have done, and that way they would jump at the chance of awarding me the prize, with the added plus that they wouldn't have to bother about actually wading through my books and articles.
You don't really think that the committee actually read Harold Pinter's plays before giving him the prize? If The Caretaker is pointlessly boring and tedious in English, one can only shudder to think how it must come across in Swedish. No, they probably called him up and said, "Listen, this year we're down to you and Maureen Dowd, and since we can't give it to an American, it's gotta be you. So, can you give us a really vicious attack on America?"
Now anyone who has read Mr. Pinter's acceptance speech knows how well he came through for the committee, and, I must confess, that it has set a standard that will not be easy to surpass. Indeed, its effect on me was downright daunting. How could I top that?
A creative mind is a wonderful thing to have, however, and I soon came up with my acceptance speech.
"Ladies and gentleman of the Swedish Academy. Thank you for honoring me with your prize, and thanks for all the money that comes with it. But now for the part you have all been waiting for -- my anti-American speech.
"America sucks! It sucks now and it has always sucked. As long as there is an American left alive, the world will suck because it has Americans in it. All Americans suck. I suck and all my friends back in America suck, too. In America, even the cats suck. It's sickening to think how much we suck. In fact, just thinking about America makes me want to puke. See, look, I'm vomiting right now." Of course, I won't really be vomiting -- I'll just be pretending to, the same way the Swedish Academy pretends to award literary merit. It will be like a work of conceptual art, and you can only imagine the electrifying effect as the Reuters newsflash bulletin makes its way around the globe: "American Nobel Prize Laureate Lee Harris Pukes All Over Himself Denouncing His Own Country." You won't hear anybody asking "Lee Harris Who?" after that, will you?
Who knows, after making such a good impression, I might go on to win the Peace Prize the next year -- and without having to commit a single act of terrorism!
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https://www.csridentity.com/nobellaureatesbyname.asp
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https://github.com/lhcb/opendata-project/blob/master/Data/nobel.csv
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opendata-project/Data/nobel.csv at master · lhcb/opendata-project
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https://opengraph.githubassets.com/927fe6f4cc1eff06d65a24cfef944ce8181b5f054567321f33a765747a520606/lhcb/opendata-project
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https://opengraph.githubassets.com/927fe6f4cc1eff06d65a24cfef944ce8181b5f054567321f33a765747a520606/lhcb/opendata-project
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Contribute to lhcb/opendata-project development by creating an account on GitHub.
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https://github.com/lhcb/opendata-project/blob/master/Data/nobel.csv
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-V-Jensen
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Johannes V. Jensen | Nobel Prize, Novels, Poetry
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"The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica"
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1999-01-14T00:00:00+00:00
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Johannes V. Jensen was a Danish novelist, poet, essayist, and writer of many myths, whose attempt, in his later years, to depict man’s development in the light of an idealized Darwinian theory caused his work to be much debated. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944. Of old peasant
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/favicon.png
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-V-Jensen
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Johannes V. Jensen (born Jan. 20, 1873, Farsø, Den.—died Nov. 25, 1950, Copenhagen) was a Danish novelist, poet, essayist, and writer of many myths, whose attempt, in his later years, to depict man’s development in the light of an idealized Darwinian theory caused his work to be much debated. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944.
Of old peasant stock and the son of a veterinarian, Jensen went to Copenhagen to study medicine but turned to writing. He first made an impression as a writer of tales. These works fall into three groups: tales from the Himmerland, tales from Jensen’s travels in the Far East (for which he was called Denmark’s Kipling), and more than 100 tales published under the recurrent title Myter (“Myths”). His early writings also include a historical trilogy, Kongens Fald (1900–01; The Fall of the King, 1933), a fictional biography of King Christian II of Denmark. Shortly thereafter, as a result of his travels in the United States, came his Madame d’Ora (1904) and Hjulet (1905; “The Wheel”). In 1906 he published a volume of poems, and late in life he returned to poetry, his Digte, 1901–43 being the result.
Britannica Quiz
A Study of Poetry
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https://proedit.com/word-people-nobel-prize-for-literature-recipients/
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Nobel Prize for Literature Recipients
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2014-10-09T15:52:33+00:00
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There are Word People, and then there are Word Giants! Each year, one writer receives the Nobel Prize for Literature. Take a minute to review this list of all the past recipients of writing’s most prestigious award. Did your favorite author make the grade? 2019 Nobel Prize in Literature Peter Handke “for an influential work that ... Read more
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https://proedit.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ProEdit-Logo-Mark_White-Circle.ico
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ProEdit
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https://proedit.com/word-people-nobel-prize-for-literature-recipients/
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There are Word People, and then there are Word Giants! Each year, one writer receives the Nobel Prize for Literature. Take a minute to review this list of all the past recipients of writing’s most prestigious award. Did your favorite author make the grade?
Source: NobelPrize.org
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https://iansales.livejournal.com/98105.html
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Reading snapshot meme
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http://itdoesnthavetoberight.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/maul-tricia-sullivan-paperback-cover-art.jpg?w=93
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http://itdoesnthavetoberight.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/maul-tricia-sullivan-paperback-cover-art.jpg?w=93
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David Hebblethwaite has just done this on his blog, and I read his blog, so I guess Ill have a go at it. Again. Because weve all done this before. But so what: its about books . Books are good, and reading them is even better. The only thing better than reading that you can do with…
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https://iansales.livejournal.com/98105.html
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David Hebblethwaite has just done this on his blog, and I read his blog, so I guess I'll have a go at it. Again. Because we've all done this before. But so what: it's about books. Books are good, and reading them is even better. The only thing better than reading that you can do with books is, er building a fallout shelter with them and pretending World War III has happened. Or maybe a zombie apocalypse. And while the rest of the world succumbs to anarchy and chaos and radiation / undeadedness, you read the books you built your shelter from. Win.
Anyway, the meme: it goes like this:
1. the book I'm currently reading
Synthajoy, DG Compton - the best British science fiction writer of the 1970s, and his novels continue to be superb and very, er, 1970s. And that's why I think they're brilliant.
2. the last book I finished
Maul, Tricia Sullivan - this was October's book for my reading challenge (see here), and I was expecting to like this a lot more than I did. Proper full write-up to follow soon-ish. For the present, I will say it has a slightly American Psycho vibe to it which, like that book, struggles to convince, and a near-future in which men are exceedingly rare, and correspondingly prized, due to a plague, which feels like an entirely different type of society.
3. the next book I want to read
The Unit, Ninni Holmqvist - the TBR actually numbers in the hundreds, but I have a sort of mini-TBR, a half-dozen books which will be my next immediate reads. And top of this list is The Unit, which Michaela Staton gave me ages ago and keeps on asking me what it's like. It does look very interesting, in fact.
4. the last book I bought
Leviathan's Deep, Jayge Carr - when I say "bought", I didn't pay any money for this. It was priced 50p but since we'd just given the Harewood House second-hand bookshop two carriers bags full of books, they let us have the handful we wanted for nothing. Which was pretty cool, as Leviathan's Deep had been on the wants list since reading Carr's story in Women of Wonder: the Contemporary Years (see here). It's a shame about the slightly dodgy cover art, though.
5. the last book I was given
Blood Count, Robert Goddard - I have no excuse for this one. Goddard writes formulaic potboilers, but I've read every one of his books to date. My mother got this from the above-mentioned second-hand bookshop, and has passed it on to me. In their defence, they are very quick reads.
(Cross-posted from It Doesn't Have To Be Right...)
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https://languagehat.com/susanna-nied-on-inger-christensen/
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Susanna Nied on Inger Christensen. : languagehat.com
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https://languagehat.com/wp-content/themes/languagehat/images/favicon.ico
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https://languagehat.com/wp-content/themes/languagehat/images/favicon.ico
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https://languagehat.com/wp-content/themes/languagehat/images/favicon.ico
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https://languagehat.com/susanna-nied-on-inger-christensen/
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I am inordinately fond of interviews with translators, and Asymptote has one with Susanna Nied:
A giant in world poetry and experimental text, much of Inger Christensen’s influence can be seen cascading to many generations of writers, in several languages. Her book-length poem, Det (1969) shook the foundations of Danish poetry, and in its translations, continues to startle and affect readers profoundly. Her essays have been translated into English and collected into a volume for the first time. To mark this literary event, poet and former Asymptote team member Sohini Basak spoke via email to Susanna Nied, who has translated into English Christensen’s poetic oeuvre as well as the forthcoming book of essays The Condition of Secrecy (New Directions).
SOHINI BASAK: For those of us bound by the English-language, it is because of you that we’ve come to know of Inger Christensen’s poetry. And as you’re the translator of her complete poetic oeuvre, it’s very interesting that you started with her first book (Light), and then the sequence almost coincides with the order in which the original collections were published … although not entirely. How did you decide your working order?
SUSANNA NIED: I actually didn’t do anything like choosing a working order. When I started on Light, in the 1970s, I didn’t know Inger had written anything besides Light and Grass. I didn’t even know who Inger was, and I certainly didn’t know that I was going to become a translator, much less her translator. I was just a university student browsing the library stacks for something Danish to read for pleasure, and I happened upon this little bibliography of contemporary Danish poets. When I got to “C” I found “Christensen, Inger”.
Her only two listed volumes were Lys and Græs – (Light and Grass). I liked the titles, ordered the books from Interlibrary Loan, was both grabbed and mystified, and started translating them just to try to understand what this unknown writer was doing and how she did it. (Of course, she was unknown only in the U.S.; in Germany and France she was already well known, thanks to her excellent translators.)
I am charmed by the anecdote, which fires me with nostalgia for my own days wandering library stacks looking for unknown pleasures. Here’s a nice passage on what it was like working with Christensen:
We would sit together at the worktable in her Copenhagen apartment, me with a cup of tea and the manuscript in progress, Inger with a cup of coffee and the original Danish book. Inger would read the first poem aloud in Danish, then I would read my translation aloud. Then we would lay the two poems side by side and look at them. We would go through each page that way. She would ask questions and offer comments, telling me what had been in her mind when she wrote certain lines. It was a huge gift, a tutorial with a world-class writer – one who thought of herself as just an ordinary person.
Many of her questions were about shades of meaning in an English word or phrase I had chosen. She was interested in etymologies as well as current meanings (you can see this in her essays “It’s All Words” and “Silk, the Universe, Language, the Heart”) and I too love etymology. We both felt that people somehow sense the whole arc of human experience, beginning long before recorded history, within our oldest words. For instance, if you trace the etymology of the English word tree, you find that it originated with the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, who lived near the Caspian Sea in the Neolithic age and who gradually fanned out across India and Europe. Tree is derived from their word deru, meaning “firmness”. And you find that trust and truth come from that same root, deru. So, those two words are as ancient as our awareness of trees… I remember Inger saying that etymologies could almost be poems in themselves.
Inger’s English was excellent, but she always spoke Danish to me. Hearing her Danish (she had a soft Jutland accent) was invaluable; it not only improved my fluency but also sensitized me to the varying tones of her writing voice. (There are recordings of her singing some of the poems from Light and Grass.) I was embarrassed by the many mistakes I made. But Inger was incredibly patient. I remember only one thing she ever said that bordered on criticism: “Her har du vist sjusket lidt.” (“Looks like you got a little careless here.”) As she said it, she patted my hand reassuringly.
Of course “those two words are as ancient as our awareness of trees” is silly, but whatever helps a poet write poetry is OK with me. It may well be that tree, trust, and truth do in fact come from the same root (OED s.v. true, entry revised 2015: “further etymology uncertain; perhaps < an Indo-European base related to that of tree n.”). And here’s an interesting response to the question “Did you have to bend the rules of grammar and composition while translating the prose works too?”:
Yes! Grammar, composition, and punctuation too. Inger originally wrote five of the Condition of Secrecy essays in German, then translated them into Danish afterward. The German reading public had known and respected her work since the publication of It in 1969, thanks in large part to her stellar German translator Hanns Grössel (1932-2012). So she was an honored guest in Germany, frequently invited to speak, and her talks later became some of the essays in The Condition of Secrecy. The thing about German is that its syntactic gymnastics are barely conceivable in English. It’s a little like Cæsar’s Latin or Proust’s French: a German sentence can easily take up a whole paragraph and go through numerous convoluted subordinate clauses before finally getting to the main verb. Danish is a bit more syntactically permissive than English, but even so, in translating her German essays into Danish Inger often pushed the envelope (and relished the adventure, I’m sure).
For me, translating those essays was a challenge. Inger had created elegant, elaborate, looping sentences in German and then managed to bring them into Danish, and I didn’t want to destroy their effect by cutting them into neat little packets of English. (She once referred to English as “that strange, smooth language”.) But English-speaking readers aren’t used to following such complex paths, and I did want to make sure the sentences were comprehensible. I ended up using a lot of parallel structures and transitional repetition to keep readers oriented, with a liberal sprinkling of paired commas, paired dashes, and parentheses. And I decided it would be all right if readers had to back up and re-read some sentences. Inger didn’t mind making readers do double takes at key points in her essays. It provided windows for thought.
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https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Fall_of_the_King.html%3Fid%3DFaI_PwAACAAJ
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Google Books
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My library
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https://www.myenglishpages.com/reading_list_nobel_prize_laureates/
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Reading Resources: List Of Nobel Prize Laureates
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Reading resources for English learners
Nobel Prize- List of Nobel Prize Laureates
List of Nobel Prize Laureates
The Nobel Prizes, bestowed annually by esteemed institutions including the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee, honor remarkable individuals and organizations for their exceptional achievements in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. Established in accordance with the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, these prestigious awards are overseen by the Nobel Foundation.
Since their inception, the Nobel Prizes have been conferred upon 789 individuals and 20 organizations, with an additional 62 recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. However, there have been instances where laureates were unable to accept their awards due to governmental restrictions. Notably, Adolf Hitler prohibited three German laureates—Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939)—from receiving their prizes. Similarly, the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Additionally, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Đức Thọ (Peace, 1973) declined the honor for personal reasons; Sartre rejected all official accolades, while Lê cited the situation in Vietnam as his reason.
Among the laureates, six individuals have been recognized with multiple prizes. Notably, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize on three occasions, the highest count for any recipient. Noteworthy too is the contribution of women to the laureate circle, with 35 female Nobel laureates to date. Marie Curie stands as the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize, honored for her groundbreaking work in Physics in 1903.
There have been occasions when the Nobel Prize was not awarded due to external circumstances or insufficient nominations. During the tumult of World War II, for instance, the prize lay dormant from 1940 to 1942. In such instances, the allocated prize money is returned to the relevant funds.
List Of Nobel Prize Laureates
For an updated list visit: Wikipedia
Related Pages:
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https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18480237-nobel-prize-library-jensen-1944
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NOBEL PRIZE LIBRARY JENSEN 1944 by Johannes V. Jensen
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https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18480237-nobel-prize-library-jensen-1944
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Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1944 "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style."
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (almindeligt kendt som Johannes V. Jensen) (20. januar 1873 i Farsø - 25. november 1950 på Østerbro, København) var en dansk forfatter der modtog Nobelprisen i litteratur i 1944.
Han var opvokset i Farsø i Himmerland i et dyrlægehjem med antireligiøse forældre. Han blev lægestuderende på Københavns universitet og arbejdede som journalist ved siden af for at finansiere sine studier. Efter 3 års studier valgte han at skifte karriere og gav sig selv til litteraturen. På det tidspunkt havde han allerede udgivet 12 romaner.[1] Johannes V. Jensen er kendt for digte, artikler, noveller og romaner. Hans mest kendte er novellesamlingen Himmerlandshistorier, romanerne Kongens Fald og Den lange Rejse. Han har også skrevet skuespillet Trods med baggrund i hans egen novelle Cecil fra Himmerlandshistorier. Det blev opført i USA af danske indvandrere.
Johannes V. Jensen rejste en del - Paris, London, Berlin, Norge, Sverige, Chicago & New York.
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https://www.betweenthecovers.com/pages/books/292159/johannes-v-jensen/christopher-columbus%3FsoldItem%3Dtrue
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Christopher Columbus
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Hardcover. First American edition. Fine in near fine dustwrapper with tiny chips. Advance Review Copy with slip laid in slip a little soiled . Volume Three of the Swedish Nobel laureate's *The Long Journey* series. Scarce in a nice jacket. Jacket art by Frank Adams. Item #292159
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Between the Covers
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https://www.betweenthecovers.com/pages/books/292159/johannes-v-jensen/christopher-columbus
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New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1924.
Price: $225.00
Hardcover. First American edition. Fine in near fine dustwrapper with tiny chips. Advance Review Copy with slip laid in (slip a little soiled). Volume Three of the Swedish Nobel laureate's *The Long Journey* series. Scarce in a nice jacket. Jacket art by Frank Adams.
Item #292159
item image
Johannes Jensen
birth name: Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
born: 1/20/1873
died: 11/25/1950
nationality: Denmark
View Reference Info
Biography
Danish novelist, poet, essayist, and writer of many myths who provoked much debate in his later years through his attempt to depict human development in the light of an idealized Darwinian theory. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944. - Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literaturemore
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https://www.jensensilver.com/the-lunning-prize
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The Lunning Prize — Jensensilver.com
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The Lunning Prize
published by the Nationalmuseum, Stockholm
English translation by Olivia Cole Collin, Patrick Hort, Henrik Jul-Hansen
Elizabeth Seeberg, and the English Center, Helsinki
For twenty years, between 1951 and 1971, the Lunning Prize was considered the "Nobel Prize" of Scandinavian Design, and was awarded every year to two young designers whom showed the most promise in the decorative arts. Meant to promote the arts and to give these young designers a chance to gain more worldly experience (and recognition), and over its time, awarded today's equivalent of over half a million dollars, which was to be used to fund expeditions where the winners would be able to study and be inspired by the decorative arts in the countries they visited.
Frederik Lunning had originally set up shop in New York in the early 1920's as the only shop selling Georg Jensen in the United States, at a time when no one else thought that the American public would have any interest in Danish design. Taking a huge risk, he set up shop on 53rd Street, and quickly met with success. It wasn't very long until until he moved to Fifth Avenue, and expanded his shop. Afterwards, he started selling Royal Copenhagen, and many other Scandinavian pieces.
World War II came and quickly put a stop to the imports from Denmark, and other Scandinavian countries, due to occupation and the need for metals and other raw materials for the war efforts. Due to this lack of goods perhaps, Lunning's shop soon started carrying goods from the United States, and after the war, efforts were made to regain the focus on Scandinavian design that it once possessed in prior years.
Much collaboration between the Nordic nations had existed during the 40's, as the concept of Scandinavian design started to recover from the war. Many companies, like Georg Jensen whom survived the war and during shortages of silver started working with iron and steel, could once again start to grow and expand again. In 1946, the first Nordic Art Industry Conference was hosted by Denmark, it's main theme being the housing situation. Three more conferences were to be held, The nest in 1948 in Oslo, Norway, to discuss design training, and two years later in Sweden on the Art Industry market, and the final in Helsinki, Finland, featuring Alvar Aalto's lecture on standardization in 1954.
The Nordic countries weren't just strengthening their bonds during this time, but also started exhibiting in the United States, as with the Scandinavia at Table exhibit, featuring place settings, flatware, and the like from many prominent design firms. Over a course of three years, and visiting 17 states and 3 Canadian Provinces, with 658,264 attendees, the exhibit was quite a success, and an achievement for Erik Herlow, whom, as architect for the exhibition, found many elegant solutions for the transport and construction of the traveling displays.
It was during this period that the Lunning Prize was initiated. With the intention of drawing attention to Georg Jensen and other Scandinavian companies, as well as creating good will amongst the design community and to aid young designers in their craft, the Lunning prize was established and on December 21st, 1951, the 70th birthday of Mr. Fredrick Lunning, the first award was given. Two artists, chosen by a committee of eight members, two from each of the participating countries, (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland), one of whom was appointed by the Georg Jensen Silversmithy, (of whom Frederick Lunning and later his son, Just Lunning headed), and the other by the national society for the arts and design from the representative country, (though, for the first six years, only the members elected by Georg Jensen could vote, though this was changed in 1957). The award was designated "to support talented and original Nordic craftsmen and industrial designers - preferably young persons - for whom a carefully planned and lengthy period of study abroad stands to be of great or decisive importance for their artistic development and practical performance." Though the Lunning Prize itself might have been short lived, it's not hard to see how the travels funded by the prize left long lasting impressions upon the winners, and in turn, how much impact the winners themselves have left upon the world of design.
1951
Hans J. Wegner
Hans J. Wegner was born in 1914 and by 1931 finished his apprenticeship as a joiner before attending the Technological Institute in Copenhagen as a joiner in 1936. He then studied at the School of Art, Crafts and Design in 1938 before coming a furniture designer primarily for Johannes Hansens Mobelsnedkeri A/S. He also worked for a number of design firms, including Arne Jacobsen between 1938 and 1942. He later became a teacher at the School of Arts, Crafts and Design in 1946 and then beceoming a lecturer in 1953. Among the other awards he won were the Grand Prix in 1951, the gold medal and Diplome d'Honneur in 1954, and the silver medal in 1957 for the Milan Triennial.
Hans J. Wegner was awarded the Lunning Prize in 1951 for his amazing achievements in renewing the traditional styles of Danish furniture. His ability to understand wood and bring out its greatest possibilities. Working with cane and paper seats and graceful curves in wood, with a restrained design, he created many beautiful chairs and other pieces of furniture. His later works often had their roots in previous works, his Peacock Chair harkening to the traditional Windsor chair for example, however his designs were incredibly innovative. His Valet chair doubled as a rack to hang a gentleman's suit, and his folding chair in 1949 easily hung against a wall. Incredibly enough, it was his design, "The Chair", that was used during the presidential debates between Nixon and Kennedy in 1960. Being one of the first awarded the Lunning Prize, he set forth the ideas that the prize was to represent.
One of his best quotes regarding design was, "Many foreigners have asked me how we made the Danish style. And I've answered that it...was rather a continuous process of purification, and for me of simplification, to cut down to the simplest possible elements of four legs, a seat and combined top rail and arm rest."
Tapio Wirkkala
Tapio Wirkkala was born in 1915, and studied at the Institute of Industrial Arts in Helsinki from 1933- 36. He later worked for Iittala Glassworks from 1946 -85, Rosenthal from 1956-82, hackman from 1961-70, Venini from 1965-82, and Westerback from 1955-85. He was an Honorary Royal Designer of Industry for London, England in 1964, and awarded doctor honoris causa for the Royal College of Arts in 1971. He was also took prizes from the Milan Triennal in 1951, 1954, 1960, and 1963 amongst the many, many other awards he won during his incredibly prolific life.
Tapio Wirkala is primarily known for his works in glass, which he had started as early as 1946 with a competition sponsored by Iittala Glassworks for engraved glass models,and the very next year, won an award for Finland's competition for bank note design, which remained in circulation for many years. Most of his designs were naturally inspired: melting ice was a common theme, but also leaves and mushrooms. His designs for Iittala were revolutionary and called for new techniques and his most exemplary work for the company, his "Ultima Thule" (Most Northern) glasssware that took on the gorgeous look of dripping icicles. often his original designs were carved out using a traditional Finnish knife, later to be also be designed by Wirkkala and produced by Hackman Cutlery. Wirkkala worked continuously and in all manner of fields. With Rosethal he helped collaborate on a number of porcelain lines, he dabbled in jewelry, lamps, and even wooden sculpture. Even the mundane, like ketchup bottles and the Finlandia vodka bottle, were beautifully rendered by his artful hands. Of design he had once said, "All materials have their own unwritten laws... You should never be violent with a material you're working on, and the designer should aim at being in harmony with his material."
1952
Carl-Axel Acking
Carl-Axel Acking was born in 1910 and studied interior design at the National college of Art, Craft, and Design from 1930-34 before studying architecture at the Institute of Technology in Stockholm from 1934-39. From there he opened his own design studio in 1939 and was a designer for the Swedish Cooperative Union and Wholesale Society, Nordiska Kompaniet, Svenska Mobelfabrikerna, Bodafors, Hantverket and Johnson Line. He was the architect of several buildings including Siris Chapel in Torsby, Telhus in Ludvika with Sven Hesselgren and Birgitta Church. He also participated in the World Exhibitions in Paris in 1937 and in New York in 1939.
When Carl-Axel Acking won the Lunning Prize, it was later in his career when he headed the teaching staff for interior design of the National College of Art, Craft, and Design. In addition to his many contributions to Sweden's architecture, of which he also wrote many books, he worked extensively with plywoods and veneers as well as bent woods, creating a number of incredibly functionalist designs. His armchair design is unique in its construction: its manufacturing openly displayed all its hardware: a chair that was, simply what it was, its design purely an expression of its construction, purpose and materials. Much of this characterized his other designs for such things as telephone booths, hotel funishings, and even vending machines.
Grete Prytz-Kittelsen
Grete Prytz-Kittelsen was born in 1917 and studied at the National College of Art and Design in Oslo from 1936-41. Grete worked in her family's firm, J. Tolstrup in Oslo from 1945 -84, and in the Milan Triennial she took the Grand Prix in 1954 and gold medals in 1957 and 1961. She then was on the World Crafts Council board from 1968 til 1983, and an honorary member in 1984, as well as the President of the Norwegian National Association of Arts and Crafts from 1975-78.
Grete Prytz Kittelsen benefited greatly from her family's involvement in the jewelry trade, as well as the international connections she had formed throughout her life. Her family's firm had been established in 1832, and produced a long line of goldsmiths, of which, Grete was trained to be part of the fifth generation of the family trade. It was while working under the family trade that she became exposed to enamelwork, an artform which she would would spend her life reinventing and pushing boundaries with. Most remarkably, she would revolutionize the engraving technique on the surfaces with which enamelwork was done. Previously, most enamellers would use the traditional guilloche technique which would only remove a thin layer of base metal, limiting the depth of color achieved. Instead Grete started by hand engraving using a cutter similar to a dentist drill which would allow greater precision as well as greater freedom in how she could cut the base metals upon which she would work, allowing for deeper cuts (and thus deeper colors) as well as unique textures beneath the surface. It was during the 1952 exhibition, "Light on the enamel art of Norway" held at the Oslo Museum of Applied Art that she made such a deep impression with her works, displaying a deep blue dish approximately 70 cm wide.
Many other pieces would follow, including many items of jewelry,(The "Domino" series of finger rings comes to mind) as well as a number of bowls, dishes, plates and utensils for Catherineholm, for which there is even today great interest amongst collectors of her various patterns, notably, "Lotus" with its cheerful colors and simple leaf like designs, and many of her enameled plates with their ghostly patterns of lines, and simple geometric shapes surfacing amidst a deep ocean of color. Even to this day, she continues to work in design and enamelwork, having started once again after returning from a trip to China in 2003.
1953
Tias Eckhoff
Tias Eckhoff was born in 1926 and received his diploma from the National College of Applied Arts in Oslo in 1949. A fair portion of his earlier career was attached to Porsgrunds Porcelaensfabrik from 1949,where he became an art director from 1953-60, design advisor in 1960, and from 1974 a member of the board of directors. Also a consultative designer for Trio-Ving A/S, Georg Jensen silversmithy, Lundtofte Design, and Norsk Stalpress. He also won a number of gold medals, One during the Milan Triennial in 1954, and two in 1957. In 1953, he designed Cypress for Georg Jensen, coincidentally the same year he was awarded the Lunning Prize. In June of 2007, he was awarded the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav for his "excellent service to Country and mankind".
Tias Eckhoff belongs to that rare breed of designers whose incredible artistic sense develops early and whose abilities withstand the test of time. Although very well known for his immensely popular flatware sets, including Maya and Inca for Norsk Stalpress, and the exceptional aforementioned Cypress for Georg Jensen, Tias also designed a number of porcelain patterns for Porsgrunds, such as The Fluted One, with its delicate ridges on simplified forms. In fact, many of his designs were for everyday items, including stackable chairs of molded plastic, keys for Trio-Ving, and many others.
Even though he was trained as a ceramicist, his method for design is incredibly thorough and rational. Not just aesthetic beauty, and functional purpose, but research and development, production methods and price: all are considered within his designs. "The most important thing was to have a viable idea when you start on a new project, a vision. But there is no easy task - industrial design can be compared with a complicated crossword puzzle," he says. "There are many aspects to consider. Besides the actual design, one must also consider the material, rational production and price... When I have worked with smaller companies, I have always had had in mind that I as a designer also has responsibility for business and jobs."
Click HERE to read more about Tias Eckhoff
Click HERE to see Cypress in Stock
Henning Koppel
Henning Koppel was born in 1918 and died in 1981. He studied at the sculptor's school of the Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1936-37 and the Acedemie Ranson in Paris from 1938 to 1939. During the Second World War he resided in Sweden working as a painter before returning to Denmark to design for Georg Jensen Silversmithy and then for Grondahls Porcelainfabrik since 1961. He won gold medals in the Milan Triennial in 1951, 1954, and 1957.
Henning Koppel possessed an incredible personality and a devotion to precision and mastery over the materials he worked with that can be seen in all his creations, large or small. His sculptural background, shows in his designs, with an incredibly organic plasticine almost fluid look which separates his works from the functionalist designers of his time. Most notable from his designs are his amoebic jewelry, as well as the flatware patterns, Caravel, produced as the first stainless steel set for Georg Jensen, New York, an incredibly popular set designed for the New York's World Fair, and Strata, the most successful set, with plastic plates which could withstand the dishwasher's wear and tear. His Form 24 series for Grondahls, ( to be part of Royal Copenhagen), pushed the limits of his medium once again, rendered beautifully in its pure white surfaces, making it a timeless classic, much like his works for Georg Jensen. His early death was a tragic loss for the world of design.
Click HERE to read more about the life of Henning Koppel
Click HERE to see Caravel in Stock
Click HERE to see Strata in Stock
1954
Ingeborg Lundin
Born in 1921, Ingelborg Lundin studied at the National College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm in 1941-46. From there she became a designer for Orrefors from 1947 - 71 as part of the third generation of designers for the company. In 1957 she took a gold medal at the Milan Triennial, and her first designs for the company countered the trend towards engravings, preferring the crisp sleekness of the unadorned clear glass, as seen in her hourglass shaped vases, and her most well known piece, the Apple vase. Afterwards, her pieces would sometimes feature cut decorations in geometric or abstract patterns, however the graceful shapes, ethereal feel, and the masterful simplicity of her art glass would earn her the title, "The Balenciaga of glass" and a symbol of Swedish art glass.
Jens H. Quistgaard
Jen H. Quistgaard was born in 1919, and at a very early age learned to carve and sculpt wood, and by 15 years of age, had begun working with iron. Having apprenticed under Just Andersen at the Georg Jensen silversmithy, it wasn't until he met Ted Nierenberg in 1954, the same year he took hom a number of gold and silver medals at the Milan Triennial, and using Jens Quistgaard's unique designs, founded Dansk International, being the primary designer for the firm. It was his incredible knowledge and understanding of the materials he would use as well as his simple yet refined designs which felt at home in virtually any household, that elevated Dansk to its international status today. His cheerfully colored and unique Kobenstyle enamel cookware and wooden stave, turned teak bowls overflow with warmth and beauty combined with high functionality and durability. Jen Quistgaard also designed a number of equally warm and inviting flatware patterns, including Fjord, a stainless steel set with teak handles, as well as his Flamestone ceramics with their unique texture in a charcoal grey surface.
1955
Ingrid Dessau
Ingrid Dessau was born in 1923 and studied at the National College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm from 1935-35, before working for the Hand Craft Society of Kristianstad County from 1945-49. Working as a freelance designer for hand knotted and tufted carpets since 1953, she also designed for Kastalls Mattfabrik from 1954-78, and Kinnasand AB from 1970-84.
By the early 1950's, Ingrid Dessau was one of the leading textile designers in Sweden. Her debut in at Gallerie Moderne in 1953 was a huge success, where soon after she was designing some of the best selling fabric designs for Kasthall, giving the company worldwide recognition. Many of her designs take inspiration from varied sources, from nature to citiscapes, such as was for her Manhattan line, a series of geometric squares and rectangles resembling the cityscape's night time lights. After a number of freelance designs, in 1991, Ingrid Dessau would design the table linens for the celebration of the 90th year of the prestigious Nobel Prize. "Nobel", a gorgeous set of linens durable enough for everyday use, drew inspiration for a beautiful checked pattern woven at Dylta Mill.
Kaj Franck
Kaj Franck was born in 1911 and studied at the Central School of Industrial Arts in the department of furniture in Helsinki from 1929-32 before becoming a designer for lighting fixtures and textiles from 1933-45 before working as a designer for Wartsila-Arabia (later to be Iittala Group) from 1945-73, and artistic director from 1968-73. He was also artistic director and teacher of the Institute of Industrial Arts in Helsinki from 1960-68, and Professor h.c. 1973. He also took a Grand Prix in the 1957 Milan Triennial.
Although even Kaj Franck admits to being a mediocre student whose ability to draw was his saving grace during his earliest years, it wasn't until he met Kurt Eckholm in 1945, the artistic director for Arabia, whom was looking for someone to bring a fresh functionalist line to the company, which until then was known mostly for its more ornamental ceramics, that he really began to shine. Functionalism had flourished in Finland as early as the 1930's, and it was Franck, whom drew inspiration from such people as French cubist Braque, that reinvented the line, with his "Kilta" tableware, which he is perhaps most well known for. His overall design principle was that all ornamentation be removed. A good design had to be functional, easy to use and clean, durable, and fitting to the materials it used. He developed a number of stunning glass works, developing new and rediscovering old techniques in the development of art glass. More than traditional glass blowing, the manufacturing of glass through automatic press inspired him, and gave him the freedom to experiment. In 1947 he shared first prize in an Iittala competition with other Lunning Prize winner, Tapio Wirkkala. Later on he would design the "Kartio" series of pressed glass jugs and glasses for Iittala, and in 1977 his "Teema" design would consist of 19 pieces, all focusing on the most basic geometric shapes: the circle, the square, and the cone. It was also during his later period, in 1979, that he would design an entire service in plastic for Sarvis Oy, demonstrating the democratic and social ideologies of the functionalist movement.
In 1992, the Design Forum of Finland established the Kaj Franck Award to be given each year to the designer whose work best embodied the spirit of Kaj Franck.
"An object must survive upon its own conditions instead of the designer's name, and design is an important part of those conditions."
1956
Nanna & Jorgen Ditzel
Nanna was born in 1923, two years after her husband, Jorgen. Jorgen Ditzel had competed his apprenticeship as a furniture upholsterer in 1939 and attended the same School of Arts, Crafts, and Design in Copenhagen as his wife, where he graduated in 1944, two years before his wife. Both had owned a studio together since 1946, and won Silver Medals in 1951, 1954 and 1957, and finally culminating in a gold medal in 1960 in the Milan Triennial of each respective year.
Nanna and Jorgen Ditzel's venture into freelance design work was a bit unusual for its time in Denmark. Both had trained in furniture making, and as a result their earlier years were spent designing a number of chairs and other related pieces. In 1950, they won first prize in a competition by the Cabinetmaker's Guild with a unique chair, described as "a basket to sit in", which hung suspended from the ceiling and had a solid wooden framework from which it was constructed. Much of Nanna Ditzel's furniture designs were in a similar design vein: taking inspiration from unexpected sources and combining in with traditional craftsmanship to created truly beautiful works of art. Furniture wasn't the only thing the Ditzel's designed. From textiles, including a stunning line of viscose and wool fabrics in pastel color, as well as carpets, wallpapers, glass, ceramics, cookware,and of course, her jewelry for Georg Jensen. Many of her jewelry pieces would become classics, including her bracelet and necklace designs, No. 111 in 1955, with its gorgeous sculptural geometric design with polished surfaces, taking its inspiration for Iron Age jewelry, yet wholly modern in its final design. Although her husband, Jorgen Ditzel had died early at only 40 years old, Nanna Ditzel was more than able to continue with her design work, winning numerous awards for her design work, well into the late 90's and on.
Timo Sarpaneva
Timo Sarpaneva was born in 1926, and studied at the Graphic Arts Department of the Central School of Applied Arts in Helsinki from 1941-48. Afterward, he was an independent artist for and the head of the exhibition section at the Karhula-Iittala glassworks since 1950, as well as teacher at the College of Applied Arts where he graduated since the the mid 50's. He gained a number of honorary titles, incuding Royal Designer for Industry from the Royal Society of the Arts in London in 1963, Doctor h.c. Of the Royal College of Arts in London in 1967, Professor h.c. Acedemico de Honor Extranjero, Academia de Diseno, University of Mexico City in 1985, and Honorary Doctor, University of Design in Helsinki in 1993. He also took silver medals in the Milan Triennials of 1951, 1957, and 1960, as well as Grand Prix in 1951 and 1957.
Timo Sarpaneva's designed in a number of materials, including ceramics, cast iron (including a pot whose wooden carrying "handle" doubled as bar for removing the hot lid), stainless steel, silver, paintings, and most notably, glass. Many of his glass works would evolve around the methods of production he would also invent, such as when he created his glass sculptures kayak, in 1953, or vase of Orchids in 1954 utilizing his steam blowing technique. He also created the well known i-line for Iittala, which was a huge combinative line, with over 200 different combinations of item, size, and color, and which broke a number of established ideas regarding the mechanical manufactury of decorative as well as utility glass at the time. His ability to capture light, as well as color are renowned, often compared to looking through ice beneath the sea. He also is responsible for the iconic Iittala logo, which is also one of his designs. His other works include the Suomi line for Rosenthal, an unusual rounded square line of dinner plates, which was made part of the permanent collection of the Centre Pompidou in Paris for its incredible contemporary design.
1957
Hermann Bongard
Hermann Bongard was born in 1921, and was educated at the National College of Applied Art in Oslo from1938-41, before being attached to the Christiania Glasmagasin/Hadelands Glassverk as a designer from 1947-55. He then became an advisor to Figgio Fajanse from 1957-63, and art director at Plus-Workshops in Fredrikstad from 1960-64. Later, he was chief design advisor to J.W. Cappelens publishing firm from 1966-68, and from 1971, senior teacher at the graphic design department of the National College of Applied Art. He took gold and silver medals at the Milan Triennial in 1954.
Hermann Bongard started out as a glassworker and engraver for Christiania, where he later developed a number of art glass pieces, as well as a few series of drinking glasses, such as Hermann, Ambassador, Liqueur and Tullik. Hermann was an incredibly versatile designer, however, and it was at Figgio Fajansefabrik that he would design a number of fireproof dishes and tableware, a beautiful supple form to the materials used.
Erik Hoglund
Erik Hoglund was born in 1932 and studied at the National College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm from 1948-53, and designed for Boda Bruks AB from 1953 until 1973, and from then on as a sculptor in Stockholm, working with bronze, wood, and stone.
By the 1950's, the world of Scandinavian glass was taking on a set look with specific characteristics of its own, primarily as being clean cut and refined, with the thinnest of glass and slender designs. Erik Hoglund was an artist in the field of glassworks whose designs went against this view, creating thick earthy designs with bubbles throughout, considered an imperfection in the works of many of his contemporaries' pieces. Many pieces were also engraved or pressed with gorgeous motifs appearing as though they were inspired by ancient cultures, or from animals in nature, and the human form, and the colors he would use, deep tobacco browns, and deep ambers, as well as deep greens and blues as well as a number of other fantastic colors. Other materials would capture his attention and soon he moved on to his more sculptural works, and in particular, a lot of his work in the 1980's consisted of a yellow type of brick, which lent itself to sculpting before firing.
1958
Poul Kjaerholm
Poul Kjaerholm was born in 1929 and finished his apprenticeship as a joiner in 1948. He then studied at the School of Arts, Crafts, and Design in copenhagen, and graduated in 1952, before studying at the furniture school of the royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1953-59. He then designed for E. Kold Christensen in Copenhagen. He also spent a number of years teaching, at the School of Arts, Crafts, and Design from 1952-55, at the royal Academy in 1955, and lecturer in 1959 as well as professor in 1976. He also won the Grand Prix in 1957 and a gold medal in 1960 at the Milan Triennials of the respective years. Poul Kjaerholm's career was unfortunately cut short with his death in 1980, but not without already leaving his mark upon the world of Danish furniture.
Poul Kjaerholm's furniture, typically considered "Classical Modern" had pulled from functionalist ideals at the time with influences from Bauhaus, and uses natural materials as an aesthetic source of warmth to otherwise colder designs and contrasting materials of chrome plated steel. The PK22 chair, to which is accredited to his award of the Lunning Prize, has a simple chromed metal base with a weaved cane seat and back wrapped in leather with straight lines and beautiful proportions. Another notable design was the PK 61 table whose graceful legs protrude outward overextending from its base, creating the illusion of being suspended midair. Many of his pieces are part of the permanent collection in the Museum of Modern Art in New York, as well as the V&A Museum in London. One of his last designs was a beautiful woven folding chair in maple for the concert hall in Louisiana.
Signe Persson-Melin
Signe Persson-Melin was born in 1925 and studied atr the National College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm 1945-46, and 1948-50 and in between at the School of Aarts, Crafts, and Design in Copenhagen from 1947-48. She owned her own studio in Malmo from 1951-66, and designed for Kosta Boda AB from 1967-77, as well as a designer at Boda Nova since 1979. Since 1980 she has designed for Rorstrand, and was appointed her first professorship at the National College of Art, Craft and Design in Stockholm in 1985.
Signe Persson-Melin has specialized in pottery for over 50 years, and although her designs have been brought to llife in glass and other materials, it is stoneware that she is most well known for. During her breakout success at the H55 exhibition, she debuted with a series of spice jars with a rustic appearance, yet strong forms. The contents labeled clearly in bold lettering and unglazed exposed clay. Many later pieces would carry similar elements: unadorned geometric forms, the exposed natural earthiness of the clay accentuating various pieces, and in a number of cases, beautifully textured pattern surfaces. The forms in particular lend a strong functionalist element to the design, and yet somehow lend a sense of traditional beauty, even in her glass forms.
Of her designs, she says, "My work is simple - not trendy. Classic but still right for the times." Biography Coming Soon
1959
Arne Jon Jutrem
Arne Jon Jutrem was born in 1929 and studied at the National College of Art and Design in Oslo from 1946-50, and was a pupil of Fernand Leger in 1952, and spent several periods of time studying in Paris from 1968-72. He was a designer at Hadeland Glassworks from 1950-62 and took part in the foundation of the Norwegian Association of Arts and Crafts in 1963, as well as chairman of the association from 1963-66. He also was a member of the board of the National College of Art and Design from 1965-67 and chairman of the board from 1967-70. He was also member of the board of the Norwegian Design Centre from 1964-71 and held the position of Read of Aesthetics at the National Teacher Training College in Oslo. Arne Jon Jutrem had taken a gold medal at the Milan Triennial of 1954.
Arne Jon Jutrem was one of the first Norwegian designers working in electronics, and had designed a number of items such as refrigerators, electric heaters and cookers for National Industri. He also worked in a number of other mass produced designs during this time, including furniture wall paper and textiles as well as postage stamps, books, posters and other materials. It was really in glassworks, however, that he made his greatest impression. During his time at Hadeland Glassworks that he designed a number of glassware sets for mass production as well as a number of stunning examples of art glass, where his depth of color and emphasis on form truly shined, displaying a number of pieces of glass, along side a furniture set in steel and glass at the Montreal World Exhibition. Afterwards, he then started to focus on painting however also designed a number of larger pieces during this time.
Antti Nurmesniemi
Antii Nurmesniemi was born in 1927, and after being educated at the College of Applied Arts in Helsinki, he graduated as an interior designer in 1950. From there hew worked with architect Viljo Rewell from 1951-56, and Giovanni Romano from 1954-55 in Milan. He owned his own freelance studio from 1956, and was a member of the European Council of Science, Art, and Culture in 1982. He took silver medals in both 1957 and 1964 as well as Grand Prix in 1960 as well as 1964 in the Milan Triennials of the respective years.
Antii Nurmesniemi's work was prolific, and worked hard towards promoting Finnish design internationally. Designing a number of objects, from his Antii Telephone with Fujitsu Ltd. In Japan with its ultra slim flat design and sensuously arched handset, to a number of enamelware pieces for Wartsila in deep colors with simplified shapes, as well as a number of larger projects including the underground cars for the city of Helsinki with Borje Rajalin.
1960
Torun Bulow-Hube
Torun Bulow Hube was born in 1927 and studied at the National College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm and owned her own studio there shortly after from 1951-56. Afterwards Torun moved to Paris and Biot in France where she lived and worked from 1956-68. During that time she had also opened a studio of her own again from 1958 onwards till she moved once again and opened her studios in Wolfburg and Wendhausen, West Germany from 1968-78. She later moved to Indonesia in 1978 and opened a studio there in 1979. Torun had been a freelance designer for the Georg Jensen Silversmithy since 1967, and won a gold medal at the Milan Triennial of 1960.
Torun was one of the few women to gain international renown as a designer, and one of the first internationally recognized female silversmiths. Some of her first designs were a series of necklaces made from wire and rattan, as though an homage to the necklaces of the tribes of Africa. Many of her designs had a simple fluidity to them, working within a singular plane, a single piece of silver artfully manipulated into an almost sculptural but wholly organic shape. Torun spent a number of years working within certain shapes, including a number of pieces based on the Mobius strip, a geometric shape with a single side, or with a twisted loop, the symbol representing infinity, and various later pieces based on the spiral. Torun drew much inspiration from nature and its natural forms, and her famous mobile necklaces were inspired from the pebbles she collected on a walk along the beach of the Mediterranean Sea. During an exhibition at the Louvre, whose theme revolved around "Objects you Hate", she designed her bangle watch, which has no numerals, and a mirrored face, with the most beautiful minimalist design. It was this watch that was one of the first wristwatches ever to be put into production, and is perhaps one of their most recognized watch designs.
Click HERE to read more about Torun
Vibeke Klint
Vibeke Klint was born in 1927 and attended the Weaving Class of in the workshop of Gerda Henning at the School of Arts, Crafts, and Design from 1949-50, and studied at Aubusson with Jean Lurcat at St Cere, as well as with Pierre Wemaere in Brittany in 1951. Afterwards, she owned her own workshop, succeeding her teacher, Gerda Henning, completing a number of textile commissions. She designed carpets for A/S C. Oleson and other design projects for production since 1956.
Weaving textiles is different from many other artistic endeavors of design, in that often the quality and craftsmanship present is of greater importance than artistic free will. Vibeke Klint had trained under one of the foremost Danish weavers of the generation preceding her, Gerda Henning, and with a mastery of the art gained relatively early, Vibeke continued to produce textiles of the highest quality through the traditional methods at a time when experimentation was the norm. With only a few patterns and with great inspiration from weavers in other countries, she would continue to impress with the timelessness of her works. Bold in color, yet restrained and with simplicity in design characterized many of her designs. She also did a number of tapestries, including her most well known, The Good Samaritan, signed by Palle Nielsen and hung in Frederica Hall.
1961
Bertel Gardberg
Bertel Gardberg was born in 1916 and was educated at the Goldsmith's School from 1938-41 and the Central School for Applied Arts in Helsinki where he owned his own workshop since 1949. He was artistic director of the Kilkenny Design Workshop in Ireland from 1966-68 and head of design as well as technical director of Rionor in Kilkenny from 1968-71. Afterward, he taught in Finland since 1971, and had many commissions as a designer in Denmark, France, and the United States as both craftsman and designer. He was a member of the Academy of Finland in 1982, and won gold medals in 1954 as well as 1957 and silver medals in 1960 for the Milan Triennials of the respective years.
Bertel Gardberg designed in many materials, including silver, steel, wood, and stone. He is perhaps most well known for his flatware patterns including Triennale, which was made in 1957, with graceful lines and contrasting wood handles. Also made that year was Carelia for Hackman, another exceptional design in stainless steel with simple, gracefully tapering handles. Also for Hackman, he designed cooking pans, including Canton, a gorgeous design with wooden handles, a contrast beautiful juxtaposition also found in a mocha service in silver from his own studio. Bertel Gardberg also design a number of jewelry pieces for Georg Jensen in sterling silver. More than a designer, Bertel could be considered a craftsman, giving special meaning to the way he worked with his hands to form his works of beauty.
"It is not just the brain that thinks, as every craftsman knows. The hands think too, when they work with various materials. The hands transmit information to the brain. And between the hands and the brain lies the human heart, and love for the work. You have to respect the qualities of the material. And you do that by building things with your own hands. Then the construction and the dimensions come out right."
Erik Ploen
Erik Ploen was born in 1925 and trained as a ceramist at Schneider and Knudsen's pottery in Oslo from 1941-44 and from there owned his own workshop in 1946 where he began his stoneware production in 1957. He was also a guest professor at the University of Chicago from 1963-64.
Erik Ploen never received any formal education on his art, but instead learned through his experience as an apprentice. From early on his stoneware took on a dense, thick walled style with rich natural glazes and geometric design. Often his designs took inspiration from the natural world, and is reflected in his glazing, often further taking inspiration from stones. During his time at The University of Chicago, he installed a gas fired kiln, which allowed for reduction firing, a method that allowed for baking ceramics with a reduced influx of oxygen, allowing for different glazes to be used. This was a new technique in the world of Scandinavian ceramics, and the pieces by Erik Ploen of the time show his experimentation with these new colors, including fantastic oxblood reds, grey-blues and blue-blacks.
1962
Hertha Hillfon
Hertha Hillfon was born in 1921 and studied at the National College of Art, Craft and Design in Stockholm from 1953-57. Afterward she owned her own studio in Stockholm since 1959, and was a member of the Swedish Academy of Fine Arts since 1971.
Hertha Hillfon primarily creates her sculptures in ceramics, breathing life into their forms with beautiful glazes and was one of the first free sculptors in Sweden. Although a number of her works exist in other mediums, such as bronze, as with her "Frida the Rabbit" a beautifully rendered figure seated upon a large rabbit, invoking a slightly asiatic feel, her primary medium has been clay with free flowing glazes, and abstract shapes, as well as human figures and monumental masks. A number of her ceramic pieces have also been functional, and are displayed in her studio, with freshly baked bread, or fresh apples.
Kristian Vedel
Kristian Vedel was born in 1923 and completed his apprenticeship as a cabinetmaker in 1942. He then was educated at the School of Architecture of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts as well as the Furniture Design Department of the School of Arts, Crafts, and Design in Copenhagen in 1946, where he then lectured from 1953-56. From 1969-72 he organized and led the Department of Industrial Design of the University of Nairobi, Kenya. Since 1961 he has owned his own design studio with Ane Vedel and was chairman of the Industrial Designers of Denmark. From 1966-68. He took a silver medal in the 1957 Milan Triennial and gold in 1960.
Kristian Vedel's did much to encourage the world of industrial design at home as well as abroad, promoting he ideals of the betterment of society through design. In an interview he is quoted as say, "The starting point for an industrial artist's work must always be that he, from his own point of view, and as objectively as possible, takes a position with regard to what he feels society and his fellow men need; he must personally take a stand on the existing possibilities and responsibilities." It was due to this effort that he was awarded the Lunning Prize of 1962, and was demonstrated through his efforts in the IDD and in founding the first department of industrial design in Africa, as a place for research and development.
Kristian Vedel's designs were as innovative and as forward thinking as his educational works. He designed many pieces of furniture, including a series of module multipurpose forms, including a series of simple tray tables, as well as a line of children's furniture made of bent plywood with sectional plywood inserts, which could easily be arranged and rearranged into a table, a stool, a set of shelves, or other highly functional and fun pieces. Also recently re-released are his family of birds, a highly expressive design and coming in four different sizes, made of carved oak, they are making a second debut after their immense popularity during the 1950's.
1963
Karin Bjorquist
Karin Bjorquist was born in 1927 and studied at the national College of Art, Craft and Design in Stockhold from 1945 to 1950. From 1950 onwards she was an assistant to Wilhelm Kage at Gustavsberg since 1950, and artistic director since 1980. She also won a gold medal at the 1954 Milan Triennial.
Karin Bjorquist, a Swedish ceramicist, designed a number of table settings for Gustavsberg, including Cobalt, a series with simple lines and a gorgeous deep blue glaze, as well as other works such as the Nobel series, also designed for the ninetieth anniversary of the Nobel Prize, a collaboration with textile designs by Ingrid Dessau and cutlery by Gunnar Cyren, also Lunning Prize winners. Her series of pots in stoneware, "Marmite", was successful, with its deep brownish black glaze and exposed contrasting edges and thick walls, almost complimentary to her "Everyday" line in vitreous china, and glazed in green with a white edging.
Borje Rajalin
Borje Rajalin was born in 1933 and studied at the Institute of Industrial Arts in the department of metal design in Helsinki in 1955. He worked in the workshop of another Lunning Prize Winner, Bertel Gardberg, and designed for Oy Tillander from 1952-56. Afterward, he owned his own design studio since 1956, as well as designing for Kalevala Koru. He was a teacher at the Institute of Industrial arts in the department of Design, as well as director of the Trade School of Industrial Design in Helsinki from 1969-71. During the 1960 Milan Triennial, he won a gold medal.
Applying himself to a number of projects, including the underground train cars with Antii Nurmesniemi, he is probably most well known for his work with Kalevala Koru, redesigning their silver line. Having trained as a silversmith under Bertel Gardberg, he had developed a similar respect for the craftsmanship demanded by his materials, and his designs are stunning in their simplicity. Utilizing sterling silver and Finnish gold, he accentuates the semiprecious stones he uses in his works with designs of simplicity: either a band or a simple geometric design. His jewelry has always been created with enhancing the wearer's beauty, rather than draw attention to the jewelry itself.
1964
Vuokko Eskolin-Nurmesniemi
Vuokko Eskolin-Nurmesniemi was born in 1930 and studied at the Institute of Industrial Arts in the ceramics department in Helsinki from 1948-52, and then worked as a designer for Wartsila-Arabia from 1952-53 followed by Printex-Marimeko from 1953-60, and Wartsila-Nuutajarvi Glass from 1956-57. From 1960-62 she produced her own printed and woven fabrics as well as rugs, and was a teacher of composition at the Institute of Industrial Arts in Helsinki from 1964-65. She established her own textile business, Vuokko Oy in 1964. She won a gold medal in the 1957 Milan Triennial, and shared the grand Prix in 1964. She is married to fellow Lunning Prize winner, Antii Nurmesniemi.
Although trained as a ceramicist, Vuokko Eskolin-Nurmesniemi did very little in ceramics and glass. Instead she is most well known for her clothing designs buring the 1950's. In many ways her designs pushed forward new manufacturing techniques and fabric designs for Printex and Marimekko are revolutionary. Hand printed fabric was incredibly new for the time, and it was in fact the use of layering stencils, utilizing one color, then reversing the stencil and using a second color, with the overlap producing a third, that would become Marimekko's trademark technique. Many of her fabric designs would utiilize bold stripes or geometric patterns, and would inspire many for years to come.
Bent Gabrielsen
Bent Gabrielsen was born in 1928 and finished his apprenticeship as a goldsmith in 1949 with Ejler Fangel in Copenhagen, and then continued on to study at the danish College of Jewelry, Silversmithing, and Professional Trade Design in Copenhagen from 1950-53. Afterward, he became a designer for Hans Hansen Silversmithy, A/S from 1953-69, and has owned his own workshop since then. During the Milan Triennial of 1962, he won a gold medal. A number of his designs have been manufactured for Georg Jensen as well.
Bent Gabrielsen quickly rose through the ranks at Hans Hansen and became head of the jewelry department and oversaw production, and it was without a doubt due to his spectacular and innovative designs rendered in both gold and silver. A number of his designs seem almost naturally inspired by his serene surroundings, such as his "Pod" necklace, produced by Georg Jensen, with its many links, each resembling a sycamore pod, draping gently around the wearer's neck.
1965
Eli-Marie Johnsen
Eli-Marie Johnsen was born in 1926 and studied at the National College of Art and Design during the evening classes in Oslo and the national College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm from 1947-51. Afterward, she did a study tour to Mexico and Guatamala in 1967 followed by a number of study tours throughout Europe. She was also a teacher and later lecturer of Arts and Crafts at the State High School of Art and Handicraft in Oslo from 1953-84.
Primarily educated as a painter and in textile crafts, Eli-Marie Johnsen became most well known for her tapestries, embroideries, appliques, and other textile works, creating innovative pieces that broke with Norwegian traditions and utilizing a wide variety of materials and unique designs. Often utilizing both abstract and concrete symbolism, her works often seemed inspired by either nature or personal connections to her and her life, and were reflected in her choice of materials. One of her greatest assignments was for the decoration of the Stavanger Lirary, of which four tapestries were done, "The Milky Way, The Pleiades, The Sun, and The Earth, double woven and made with such fine materials as silk, linen, gold, and silver. Another series for the Norwegian Watercourse and Electricity Board included another four tapestry series with the natural theme, Fire, Water, Air/Earth, and Cultivated land, reminding viewers to appreciate nature and respect life itself.
Hans Krondahl
Hans Krondahl was born in 1929 and studied at the national College of Art, Craft, and Design as well as the Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm. He later became an industrial designer for Nordiska Kompaniet, Boras Wafweri AB, The Swedish Cooperative Union and Wholesale Society, and Katja of Sweden/MMT. During 1975-77 he was design director at Argos Design in Chicago, and from 1979-80 UNIDO expert in textile design and product development in Indonesia. He was also a lecturer of many colleges in the United States as well as senior lecturer at the National College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm, the School of Applied Art in Oslo, and the School of Industrial Design at Gothenburg University since 1981.
Hans Krondahl originally started out studying to be a painter, however quickly changed the direction of his study to the textile artist, where he soon gained much acclaim. His designs often started out as a series of sketches which he would combine to create collage like works, or through use of positive and negatives of the forms to create his patterns. During his 1964 trip to Japan, he gained much inspiration, which can even be seen through the names of his designs, such as Ginza, Kyoto, and Kabuki. Utilizing bold colors and expressive abstract lines, his works were often made a dramatic statement. His years of teaching often gave him as much inspiration as he had instructed.
1966
Gunnar Cyren
Gunnar Cyren was born in 1931 and studied at the National Ocllege of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm. In 1951 he received his apprentice's diploma as a goldsmith, and again in 1956 as a silversmith. He studied at Kolner Werkschule in West Germany in 1954 and designed for Orrefors from 1959-70 before doing freelance work for them in 1976. He has been a freelance designer for Dansk Design Ltd. Since 1970, and owned his own silversmith studio in Gavle since 1975.
During a time when the main trend in Sweden was to create more rustic works with a personal investment in the design by the artist, Gunnar Cyren countered with a more refined and perfected art, with his glassworks, which were more restrained and refined in their simplicity. Nothing was added that did not need be added, nor was anything unfinished. As time would go on he would create more modernist designs within his glassworks, often using bright vibrant colors such as in the Pop glassware from Orrefors, with its banded stems in multicolored banded glass. Later on he would do many designs for Dansk, including a number of plastic trays and glassware in bright cheerful colors. He also went on to design a number of teak pieces as well as candleholders and other items in silverplate. He also designed the cutlery for ninetieth anniversary of the Nobel Prize, a series with matte handles contrasting with the spoon bowls, fork tines, and knife blades mirror finish.
Yrjo Kukkapuro
Yrjo Kukkapuro was born in 1933 and was educated aqt the Institute of Industrial Arts in Helsinki where he graduated as an interior designer in 1958. From 1959 he has owned his own studio, and he had designed a number of exhibitions inculding the Finnish stand at the Milan Triennial in 1968, ARS-69, Russian Art from the Hermitage collection in 1972 and Egyptian Art in 1973 for the Ateneum Art Museum in Helsinki. He also was a designer for Marimekko, working in a number of public spaces.
Yrjo Kukkapuro may have done quite a bit as an interior designer, as per his training, but it is his work as a furniture designer where he made his mark upon the world. Based off the human form, he built chairs and sofas of great comfort whilst adhering to a form of minimalism that reduces his designs to a series of beautiful and graceful lines, and unique forms, and often utilizing chrome plated steel tubes and sometimes plywood where often nothing is wasted. One of his earlier designs, the Carousel chair, is perhaps his greatest source of fame: a seat formed from fiberglass and leather whose supple shape cradles the seated body mounted on an ingenius simple leg support system that was one of the first to allow for both side to side motion as well as leaning back and forward. Even recently, Kukkapuro is creating new and innovative designs. During the 90's emphasis was starting to be placed on creating ecologically sound furniture, to which he has done much to promote. Along with aesthetics and ergonomics, ecology is seen as being one of the three key elements to the field of design, as the desire for reliability, comfort and durability he states all pertain to ecology. In 2004, as a design expert for UNESCO as part of a project utilizing bamboo as a building material, as bamboo laminate is a recyclable ecologically friendly wood alternative, developed a number of furniture designs for the Chinese domestic market.
1967
Erik Magnussen
Erik Magnussen was born in 1940 and studied at the School of Arts, Crafts, and Design in Copenhagen where he graduated in 1960. He then went on to do design work for a number of companies, including Bing and Grondahl Porcelaensfabrik since 1962, Stelton A/s since 1976 and Georg Jensen since 1978.
Erik Magnussen's designs have been very diverse, ranging from working with silver in the form of jewelry, as he did with the Domino series of cufflinks for Georg Jensen, to his works as a ceramicist with Bing and Grondahl on his amazing teapots, including a particular porcelain model with sleek clean lines and double wall with a cutout slot, acting as the traditional handle. The same clean lines and unusual spout are also seen in his work with Stelton nearly ten years later with his thermos carafe with its unusual self opening/closing lid. He has also worked with furniture, one of his first designed being the beautifully formed steel and canvas Z-chair, and later the Magnum and Chairik chairs by Engelbrecht, with their planar design coated in a durable melamine, and with their stacking capabilities have made them popular in many settings including schools and other public spaces.
Kristi Skintveit
Kristi Skintveit was born in 1942 and was educated at the Bergen Industrial School for Women from 1959-61, and then the National Industrial College for Women. She was a trainee at the Norwegian Tapesty Weaving Ltd. In Oslo in 1962 and with Eli Marie Johnsen, also a Lunning Prize winner in 1965, in 1963. She set up her own workshop, Kristi AneVev and attached it to the Plus Crafts Centre in Fredrikstad in 1964 with other employed weavers and trainees. She then designed for the United Wool Factories in Algard from 1971-76 with afterward she reestablished her workshop.
Kristi Skintveit worked within the textiles industry and was one of the last designers to bridge the growing divide in Norway between craftsman whom were working towards personalized handcrafts, and designers working towards more mass industry geared designs. After her training, she had opened her own workshop and did much to promote collaboration amongst individual artists, and has worked much on her own, and yet has acted as a designer of furniture textiles as well as clothing. Most notably, she is known for her geometrically double woven wool fabrics in cheerful colors, typical of 60's fashion. She still works on her own out of her studio, KristiAneVev.
1968
Bjorn Weckstrom
Bjorn Weckstrom was born in 1935 and studied at the Goldsmith School in Helsinki and graduated in 1956, which afterward, he owned his own workshop from 1956-63. From 1963 he designed for Lapponia Jewelry as well as working as a sculptor since 1981.
From an early age, Bjorn Weckstrom had shown an interest in sculptural arts, and, like many Scandinavian artists of the time, was inspired by various myths, however Bjorn, unlike others took his inspiration from Greek rather than Nordic sources. Ikaros, Nike, and Prometheus are all prime examples of this, as well as the repeated use of the human form, often cast in strong angular form with polished surfaces, with a cast molten feel, often having natural "cracks" and roughed organic surfaces strategically exposed giving the metallic material the overall earthy feel and texture of marble or other stones. This same technique of rendering metal sculpturally whilst still keeping its organic form, along with the strong angular lines are present in many of his jewelry designs for Lapponia, where he did much of his jewelry work, starting with his notable series, "Space Silver".
Ann & Goran Warff
Goran Warff was born in 1933 and studied architecture and design in Brunswich and Ulm, West Germany and Stockholm, and designed for Pukeburg Glasshouse from 1959-64 before designing for Kosta-Boda from 1964-74. He was also a visiting lecturer at New South Wales University in Australia in 1977 and lecturer in glass and ceramics at the Sunderland Polytechnic in England from 1981-85.
Ann Warff, also known as Ann Wolff, was born in 1937 in Lubeck West Germany and studied at the Hochschule fur Gestaltung in Ulm, West Germany from 1956-59 before also working in design for Pukeburg Glasshouse from 1960-64 and then for Kosta-Boda from 1964-78 which after, she opened her own studio in 1978. She's been visiting lecturer in Europe the United States, and in Japan over the years, and in particular, visiting lecturer at the Pilchuck School of Glass in the U.S. In 1977, 1979, and 1984.
It was in during the summer of 1965 that Ann and Goran Warff started to show their new glass, using a thin overlay of black-blue glass and engraved. Acting as a team, Ann would often do the graphical design for each piece whilst Goran would design the forms. Even their approach to their medium, though different complimented each other. Goran's fascination with glass's effect on light, and Ann with glass as a surface for her images. This collaboration was essential to their works during the mid 60's to early 70's, however it unfortunately wasn't meant to last. During the early 70's they each went their separate artistic way, Goran traveling frequently and Ann setting up her own studio to develop her art glass further.
1969
Helga & Bent Exner
Helga Exner was born in 1939 in Gablonz, Czechoslovakia and completed her apprenticeship as a goldsmith in 1960 in Bad Godesberg Germany and then set up a workshop in Norther Jutland with Bent Exner from 1961 -83 as for which, afterward she taught at Rudolph Steiner School in Arhus.
Bent Exner was born in 1932 and completed his apprenticeship as a goldsmith with Silver Medal in 1954 and after several years of studying theology, opened his own workshop with Helga in 1961. He also was a member of the Curriculum committee of the Goldsmiths Academy in Copenhagen since 1969 and was guest lecturer in 1969, 1970, and 1972.
Bent Exner had designed a number of unique sculptural jewelry pieces ans well as a number of other Christian art pieces. His designs were unique and incredibly sculptural with a mobile-like or armature based style. With the rings he designed, the resemblance to organic structures like tree branches was present, each ending with a small gemstone, and sometimes fractal in its nature. Uncompromising in his work, he pushed the limits of the decorative arts.
Borge Lindau & Bo Lindekrantz
Borge Lindau and Bo Lindekrantz were both born in 1932 and studied together at the Gothenburg School of Arts and Crafts from 1957-62. They then worked in their own office in Helsingborg doing interior design and as furniture designers since 1964. They also worked as designers for Lammhults Mekaniska AB since 1965.
Bo and Borge had met during their study at the Gothenburg School of Arts and Crafts, where they were older than the rest of their class, and quickly started their collaborative works together upon graduating, starting with the Opal, a stackable chair made of blockboard, with its simple graceful curves. Also designed was the S-70-1 stackable barstool made of chrome plated steel tubing and with a plastic seat, all formed from a singular tube bent into unique Z-shaped legs, creating an airy floating quality to the seat. Many of their designs found great success for both themselves and Lammhults. One of their more well known series is the Joker set of nursery furnishings.
1970
Kim Naver
Kim Naver was born in 1940 and completed her apprenticeship in weaving with Lis Ahlmann and another Lunning Prize winner, Vibeke Klint in 1966, and then opened her own independent workshop the same year. One of her major commissions included five tapestries for the reception hall of the National Bank of Denmark in Copenhagen, which was completed between 1978-79. She has also done a number of designed for A/S C. Olesen, Georg Jensen Damask Weaving Co. and others. She also was a member of the Steering Committee of the School of Arts,Crafts, and Design in Copenhagen in 1978 as well as Chairman of the Decorative Arts Council in 1982. She also has designed a number of jewelry pieces for the Georg Jensen Silversmithy.
Kim Naver was the youngest of all designers to win the Lunning Prize and had done so only four years after finishing her apprenticeship., and whose abilities and skills allowed her to carry on the traditions of her teachers designing the best in household textiles as well as shown in her larger projects as well, Her beautiful patterns in checks and stripes with virtually no ornamentation, working purely with the material and the formation of the pattern itself. Another unique characteristic of Kim Naver's textile designs is the nature of which she has produced them upon her loom, and yet seemlessly they transition to work on larger machines with virtually no loss of quality, an ability that lent itself extremely well to mass production. Kim Naver had also designed a number of jewelry pieces in sterling silver for Georg Jensen, including a set of mirrored puffed hexagonal cufflinks, and a ring with a simple half twist at each side, elegantly accenting the band.
Oiva Toikka
Oiva Toikka was born in 1931 and studied at the Institute for Industrial Arts in the ceramics department from 1953-56 and in the department of art education from 1956-60. He worked as a designer for Wartsila-Arabia from 1956-59 and for Marimekko in 1959. He was also a teacher at the Institute of Industrial Arts from 1960-61 and at Sodankyla Secondary High School from 1961-63. Since 1963 he had been artistic director and designer at Nuutajarvi Glass and worked on costume and scenery designs for the Tampere and Savonlinna Theaters and Opera Houses since the 1960's.
Although trained as a ceramicist, Oiva Toikka primarily made his name working with glass, which he had developed a unique perspective and ethic towards. Rather than intense planning and drawn out specifications, Oiva prefers a more free design, building up to a final product at a natural pace, viewing each mistake as an opportunity, creating each piece in an organically playful way. Oiva Toikka's designs often feature a fantastic vibrancy and use of color, as well as reduced designs which allow for easier use of his designs within a factory setting, where overdecoration prevents mass production. His trip sponsored through the Lunning Prize to Africa and South America where he gain an appreciation for more ancient cultures and a respect for the beauty in nature, which can be seen in his wonderfully designed glass birds for Iittala, of which a new design is produces annually.
|
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correct_award_00093
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FactBench
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0
| 69
|
https://history.aip.org/phn/11712001.html
|
en
|
Jensen, J. Hans D.
|
https://history.aip.org/phn/favicon.ico
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https://history.aip.org/phn/favicon.ico
|
[
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"https://history.aip.org/phn/Photos/jensen_hans_b3.jpg"
] |
[] |
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[
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favicon.ico
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https://history.aip.org/phn/11712001.html
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correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
0
| 87
|
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature
|
en
|
1936 Nobel Prize in Literature
|
[
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The 1936 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the American playwright Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953) "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy". The prize was awarded in 1937. He is the second American to become a literature laureate after Sinclair Lewis in 1930.
|
en
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Wikiwand
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https://www.wikiwand.com/en/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature
|
The 1936 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the American playwright Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953) "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy". The prize was awarded in 1937.[1] He is the second American to become a literature laureate after Sinclair Lewis in 1930.
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correct_award_00093
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FactBench
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0
| 68
|
https://kids.kiddle.co/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature
|
en
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List of Nobel laureates in Literature facts for kids
|
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Learn List of Nobel laureates in Literature facts for kids
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https://kids.kiddle.co/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature
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Year Picture Laureate Country Language(s) Age
awarded Citation Genre(s) 1901 Sully Prudhomme
(1839–1907) France French 62 "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect" poetry, essay 1902 Theodor Mommsen
(1817–1903) Germany German 85 "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work A History of Rome" history, law 1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
(1832–1910) Norway Norwegian 71 "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit" poetry, novel, drama 1904 Frédéric Mistral
(1830–1914) France Provençal 74 "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist" poetry, philology José Echegaray
(1832–1916) Spain Spanish 72 "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama" drama 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz
(1846–1916) Poland
(Russian Empire) Polish 59 "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer" novel 1906 Giosuè Carducci
(1835–1907) Italy Italian 71 "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces" poetry 1907 Rudyard Kipling
(1865–1936) United Kingdom English 41 "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration that characterize the creations of this world-famous author" novel, short story, poetry 1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken
(1846–1926) Germany German 62 "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life" philosophy 1909 Selma Lagerlöf
(1858–1940) Sweden Swedish 51 "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings" novel, short story 1910 Paul von Heyse
(1830–1914) Germany German 80 "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories" poetry, drama, novel, short story 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck
(1862–1949) Belgium French 49 "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations" drama, poetry, essay 1912 Gerhart Hauptmann
(1862–1946) Germany German 50 "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art" drama, novel 1913 Rabindranath Tagore
(1861–1941) British India
(British Empire) Bengali and English 52 "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West" poetry, novel, drama, short story, essay, translation 1914 Not awarded 1915 Romain Rolland
(1866–1944) France French 49 "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings" novel 1916 Verner von Heidenstam
(1859–1940) Sweden Swedish 56 "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature" poetry, novel 1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup
(1857–1919) Denmark Danish and German 60 "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals" poetry Henrik Pontoppidan
(1857–1943) Denmark Danish 60 "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark" novel 1918 Not awarded 1919 Carl Spitteler
(1845–1924) Switzerland German 74 "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring" poetry 1920 Knut Hamsun
(1859–1952) Norway Norwegian 61 "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil" novel 1921 Anatole France
(1844–1924) France French 77 "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament" novel, poetry 1922 Jacinto Benavente
(1866–1954) Spain Spanish 56 "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama" drama 1923 William Butler Yeats
(1865–1939) Ireland English 58 "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation" poetry 1924 Władysław Reymont
(1867–1925) Poland Polish 57 "for his great national epic, The Peasants" novel 1925 George Bernard Shaw
(1856–1950) United Kingdom
Ireland
English 69 "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty" drama, essay 1926 Grazia Deledda
(1871–1936) Italy Italian 55 "for her idealistically inspired writings, which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general" poetry, novel 1927 Henri Bergson
(1859–1941) France French 68 "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented" philosophy 1928 Sigrid Undset
(1882–1949) Norway
Denmark Norwegian 46 "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages" novel 1929 Thomas Mann
(1875–1955) Germany German 54 "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature" novel, short story, essay 1930 Sinclair Lewis
(1885–1951) United States English 45 "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters" novel, short story, drama 1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt
(1864–1931) Sweden Swedish 67 "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt" poetry 1932 John Galsworthy
(1867–1933) United Kingdom English 65 "for his distinguished art of narration, which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga" novel 1933 Ivan Bunin
(1870–1953) Stateless
(born in Russian Empire) Russian 63 "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing" short story, poetry, novel 1934 Luigi Pirandello
(1867–1936) Italy Italian 67 "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art" drama, novel, short story 1935 Not awarded 1936 Eugene O'Neill
(1888–1953) United States English 48 "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy" drama 1937 Roger Martin du Gard
(1881–1958) France French 56 "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle Les Thibault" novel 1938 Pearl Buck (1892–1973) United States English 46 "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces" novel, biography 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää
(1888–1964) Finland Finnish 51 "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature" novel 1940 Not awarded 1941 Not awarded 1942 Not awarded 1943 Not awarded 1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
(1873–1950) Denmark Danish 71 "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style" novel, short story 1945 Gabriela Mistral
(1889–1957) Chile Spanish 56 "for her lyric poetry, which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world" poetry 1946 Hermann Hesse
(1877–1962) Germany
Switzerland German 69 "for his inspired writings, which while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style" novel, poetry 1947 André Gide
(1869–1951) France French 78 "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight" novel, essay, drama, memoir 1948 Thomas Stearns Eliot
(1888–1965) United Kingdom
(born in the United States) English 60 "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry" poetry, essay, drama 1949 William Faulkner
(1897–1962) United States English 52 "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel" novel, short story 1950 Bertrand Russell
(1872–1970) United Kingdom English 78 "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought" philosophy, essay 1951 Pär Lagerkvist
(1891–1974) Sweden Swedish 60 "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind" poetry, novel, short story, drama 1952 François Mauriac
(1885–1970) France French 67 "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life" novel, short story 1953 Winston Churchill
(1874–1965) United Kingdom English 79 "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values" history, essay, memoir 1954 Ernest Hemingway
(1899–1961) United States English 55 "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style" novel, short story, screenplay 1955 Halldór Laxness
(1902–1998) Iceland Icelandic 53 "for his vivid epic power, which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland" novel, short story, drama, poetry 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez
(1881–1958) Spain Spanish 75 "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity" poetry, novel 1957 Albert Camus
(1913–1960) France
(born in Algeria) French 44 "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times" novel, short story, drama, philosophy, essay 1958 Boris Pasternak
(1890–1960) Soviet Union Russian 70 "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition" novel, poetry, translation 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo
(1901–1968) Italy Italian 58 "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times" poetry 1960 Saint-John Perse
(1887–1975) France
(born in Guadeloupe) French 73 "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry, which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time" poetry 1961 Ivo Andrić
(1892–1975) Yugoslavia
(born in Austria-Hungary) Serbo-Croatian 69 "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country" novel, short story 1962 John Steinbeck
(1902–1968) United States English 60 "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception" novel, short story, screenplay 1963 Giorgos Seferis
(1900–1971) Greece
(born in the Ottoman Empire) Greek 63 "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture" poetry, essay, memoir 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre
(1905–1980) France French 59 "for his work, which rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age" philosophy, novel, drama, essay, short story, screenplay 1965 Mikhail Sholokhov
(1905–1984) Soviet Union Russian 60 "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people" novel 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon
(1888–1970) Israel
(born in Austria-Hungary) Hebrew 79 "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people" novel, short story Nelly Sachs
(1891–1970) Germany
Sweden
German 75 "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength" poetry, drama 1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias
(1899–1974) Guatemala Spanish 68 "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America" novel, poetry 1968 Yasunari Kawabata
(1899–1972) Japan Japanese 69 "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind" novel, short story 1969 Samuel Beckett
(1906–1989) Ireland French and English 63 "for his writing, which – in new forms for the novel and drama – in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation" novel, drama, poetry 1970 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
(1918–2008) Soviet Union Russian 52 "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature" novel, essay, short story 1971 Pablo Neruda
(1904–1973) Chile Spanish 67 "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams" poetry 1972 Heinrich Böll
(1917–1985) West Germany German 55 "for his writing, which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature" novel, short story 1973 Patrick White
(1912–1990) Australia
(born in the United Kingdom) English 61 "for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has introduced a new continent into literature" novel, short story, drama 1974 Eyvind Johnson
(1900–1976) Sweden Swedish 74 "for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom" novel Harry Martinson
(1904–1978) Sweden Swedish 70 "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos" poetry, novel, drama 1975 Eugenio Montale
(1896–1981) Italy Italian 79 "for his distinctive poetry, which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions" poetry 1976 Saul Bellow
(1915–2005) United States
(born in Canada) English 61 "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work" novel, short story 1977 Vicente Aleixandre
(1898–1984) Spain Spanish 79 "for a creative poetic writing, which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars" poetry 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer
(1902–1991) United States
Poland Yiddish 76 "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life" novel, short story, memoir 1979 Odysseas Elytis
(1911–1996) Greece Greek 68 "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness" poetry, essay 1980 Czesław Miłosz
(1911–2004)
Poland
(born in Russian Empire) Polish 69 "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts" poetry, essay 1981 Elias Canetti
(1905–1994) United Kingdom
Bulgaria German 76 "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power" novel, drama, memoirs, essay 1982 Gabriel García Márquez
(1927–2014) Colombia Spanish 55 "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts" novel, short story, screenplay 1983 William Golding
(1911–1993) United Kingdom English 72 "for his novels, which with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today" novel, poetry, drama 1984 Jaroslav Seifert
(1901–1986) Czechoslovakia
(born in Austria-Hungary) Czech 83 "for his poetry, which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man" poetry 1985 Claude Simon
(1913–2005) France
(born in French Madagascar) French 72 "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition" novel, essay 1986 Wole Soyinka
(b. 1934) Nigeria English 52 "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence" drama, novel, poetry, screenplay 1987 Joseph Brodsky
(1940–1996) United States
Soviet Union Russian and English 47 "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity" poetry, essay 1988 Naguib Mahfouz
(1911–2006) Egypt Arabic 77 "who, through works rich in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous – has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind" novel, short story 1989 Camilo José Cela
(1916–2002) Spain Spanish 73 "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability" novel, short story, essay, poetry 1990 Octavio Paz
(1914–1998) Mexico Spanish 76 "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity" poetry, essay 1991 Nadine Gordimer
(1923–2014) South Africa English 68 "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity" novel, short story, essay, drama 1992 Derek Walcott
(1930–2017) Saint Lucia English 62 "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment" poetry, drama 1993 Toni Morrison
(1931–2019) United States English 62 "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality" novel, essay 1994 Kenzaburō Ōe
(1935–2023) Japan Japanese 59 "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today" novel, short story, essay 1995 Seamus Heaney
(1939–2013) Ireland English 56 "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past" poetry, drama, translation, essay 1996 Wisława Szymborska
(1923–2012) Poland Polish 73 "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality" poetry, essay, translation 1997 Dario Fo
(1926–2016) Italy Italian 71 "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden" drama, song lyrics 1998 José Saramago
(1922–2010) Portugal Portuguese 76 "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality" novel, drama, poetry 1999 Günter Grass
(1927–2015) Germany
(born in Free City of Danzig) German 72 "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history" novel, drama, poetry, essay 2000 Gao Xingjian
(b. 1940) France
China Chinese 60 "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama" novel, drama, essay 2001 Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul
(1932–2018) United Kingdom
Trinidad and Tobago English 69 "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories" novel, essay 2002 Imre Kertész
(1929–2016) Hungary Hungarian 73 "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history" novel 2006 Orhan Pamuk
(b. 1952) Turkey Turkish 54 "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures" novel, screenplay, autobiography, essay 2007 Doris Lessing
(1919–2013) United Kingdom
(born in Iran) English 88 "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny" novel, short story, memoir/autobiography, drama, poetry, essay 2008 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
(b. 1940) France
Mauritius French 68 "author of new departures, poetic adventure ... explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization" novel, short story, essay, translation 2009 Herta Müller
(b. 1953) Germany
Romania German 56 "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed" novel, short story, poetry, essay 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa
(b. 1936) Peru
Spain Spanish 74 "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat" novel, short story, essay, drama, memoir 2011 Tomas Tranströmer
(1931–2015) Sweden Swedish 80 "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality" poetry, translation 2012 Mo Yan
(b. 1955) China Chinese 57 "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary" novel, short story 2013 Alice Munro
(b. 1931) Canada English 82 "master of the contemporary short story" short story 2014 Patrick Modiano
(b. 1945) France French 69 "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the Occupation" novel, screenplay 2015 Svetlana Alexievich
(b. 1948) Belarus
(born in Soviet Ukraine) Russian 67 "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time" history, essay 2016 Bob Dylan
(b. 1941) United States English 75 "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition" poetry, song lyrics 2017 Kazuo Ishiguro
(b. 1954) United Kingdom (born in Japan) English 63 "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world" novel, screenplay, short story 2018 Olga Tokarczuk
(b. 1962) Poland Polish 56 "for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life" novel, short story, poetry, essay, screenplay 2019 Peter Handke
(b. 1942) Austria German 77 "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience" novel, short story, drama, essay, translation, screenplay 2020 Louise Glück
(1943–2023) United States English 77 "for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal" poetry, essay 2021 Abdulrazak Gurnah
(b. 1948) Tanzania
United Kingdom
(born in the Sultanate of Zanzibar) English 72 "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents" novel, short story, essay 2022 Annie Ernaux
(b. 1940) France French 82 "for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory" memoir, novel
|
|||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
1
| 73
|
https://moly.hu/alkotok/johannes-hans-daniel-jensen/wikipedia-angol
|
en
|
Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen az angol Wikipedián · Moly
|
https://moly.hu/favicon.ico
|
https://moly.hu/favicon.ico
|
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
"moly",
"könyvmoly",
"könyvek",
"olvasás"
] | null |
[] | null |
Moly
|
hu
|
/favicon.ico
|
Moly
|
https://moly.hu/alkotok/johannes-hans-daniel-jensen/wikipedia-angol
|
Tudástár
Wikipedia (angol)
>
Jensen shared half of the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics with Maria Goeppert-Mayer for their proposal of the nuclear shell model.
Education
Career
E. P. Wigner
Jensen died on 11 February, 1973 at Heidelberg aged 65.
Party memberships
Adolf Hitler
Werner Heisenberg
Honors
Internal reports
Bibliography
Books
Articles
Sources
External links
|
||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
3
| 85
|
https://www.cobe.dk/news/adidas-halftime-wins-iconic-award
|
en
|
adidas HALFTIME honored with Iconic Awards 2020
|
[
"https://www.cobe.dk/uploads/places/adidas-halftime/_1058xAUTO_crop_center-center_84_none/8006/080_cobe_adidas_halftime_roof.webp"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2020-08-17T00:00:00
|
Cobe – News – adidas HALFTIME honored with Iconic Awards 2020
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
|
https://cobe.dk/news/adidas-halftime-wins-iconic-award
|
The German Design Council has honored adidas with an Iconic Award for Innovative Architecture – given for adidas' two new buildings at its “World of Sports” HQ in Germany: HALFTIME by Cobe and ARENA by Behnisch Architekten.
Statement from the jury:
"Although the two buildings are notably different in their aesthetics, they nevertheless reflect the brand values of the world-famous sportswear manufacturer – performance, passion, integrity, diversity – with consistency and clarity right down to the details both inside and out. Two remarkable projects which, with their iconic architecture, not only do justice in a very particular way to the company's aspirations of modernity and contemporary functionality, but which are also a striking testament to adidas's visionary strength and its readiness for the extraordinary."
See more info here.
|
|||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
2
| 30
|
https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/arts/scandinavian-lit/jensen-johannes-vilhelm
|
en
|
Jensen, Johannes Vilhelm
|
https://www.infoplease.com/themes/ip/favicon.ico
|
https://www.infoplease.com/themes/ip/favicon.ico
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Infoplease"
] |
2017-01-24T01:12:35-05:00
|
Jensen, Johannes Vilhelm yōhänˈəs vĭlˈhĕlm yĕnˈsən [key], 1873–1950, Danish writer. As a young man he studied medicine; his interest in biology and anthropology is obvious throughout his works. Jensen created a distinctive literary form in
|
en
|
/themes/ip/favicon.ico
|
InfoPlease
|
https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/arts/scandinavian-lit/jensen-johannes-vilhelm
|
Current Events
View captivating images and news briefs about critical government decisions, medical discoveries, technology breakthroughs, and more. From this page, you'll see news events organized chronologically by month and separated into four categories: World News, U.S. News, Disaster News, and Science & Technology News.
We also collect a summary of each week's events, from one Friday to the next, so make sure you check back every week for fascinating updates on the world around to help keep you updated on the latest happenings from across the globe!
Current Events 2023
Check out the November News and Events Here:
|
||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
3
| 9
|
https://johanneslarsson.com/blog/most-popular-johannes-people-in-the-world/
|
en
|
Top 10 Most Important People Named Johannes & Name Meaning
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Johannes Larsson"
] |
2024-07-07T16:58:05+00:00
|
Find out who the most popular Johannes around the world are and how their achievements have left a mark in history, as well as the meaning of then name.
|
en
|
Johannes Larsson
|
https://johanneslarsson.com/blog/most-popular-johannes-people-in-the-world/
|
If Johannes is your first name, you've probably found yourself googling it to see what other people called Johannes have accomplished in their lives.
Seeing that my own name happens to be Johannes, I thought it would be interesting to make a list.
From composers to inventors, novelists to athletes, people named Johannes have definitely left a mark in this world and changed many things for the better.
And just as diverse as the people I'm about to discuss, the name Johannes comes in many different forms.
I am Swedish and Johannes is a very common name in my home country. But also in other Germanic-speaking countries, Johannes has become a staple first name for man as well as a second name.
The meaning of the name Johannes
What does the name Johannes mean?
Johannes originates from the Hebrew name יֹוחָנָן (Yehochanan) and means ‘Yahweh (God) is gracious‘.
Nowadays, you can find it in all variations around the world.
The English call us John or Joe.
Germans Johann or Hans, which is short for Johannes.
French-speaking countries turned Johannes into Jean.
And Juan is a widespread name among countries with Spanish origin.
But without further ado, let's jump into this exciting list of the most popular people named Johannes in the world.
Top 10 most popular Johannes in the world
#10- Johannes Thingnes Bø
Johannes is one of the most successful biathletes. He started his career in 2009 alongside his brother Tarjei. His breakthrough was during season 2013/2014, having debuted in the world cup only one season prior.
🎉 Important Achievements
As of season 2019/2020, Johannes won five junior world championships, ten world championships, 48 individual world cups, and three medals at the Winter Olympic Games, making him the third most successful male biathlete of all time.
#09- Johannes Heesters
Born Johan Marius Nicolaas Heesters, dutch actor and stage performer Johannes Heesters made a name for himself in the German-speaking entertainment industry in the early 1900's. He maintained his career over decades and was a beloved public figure until his death.
🎉 Important Achievements
Johannes spent 90 years entertaining and is one of the oldest perfomers in history. He is credited in 108 movies, released 21 albums between 1936 and 2007 and won numerous international awards. At his last performance less than two months prior to his death, Johannes was 108 years old.
#08- Johannes Moser
Another entertainer is Johannes Moser. He is an internationally known German-Canadian Cellist. Johannes started practising his craft at the young age of eight years.
🎉 Important Achievements
Throughout his impressive career, Johannes played with the world-leading orchestras as well as in collaboration with renowned chamber musicians. He is nowadays playing on a priceless cello by Italian luthier Andrea Guarneri, made in 1694.
#07- Johannes Kerkorrel
Known as the Dylan of Rock, Johannes Kerkorrel was a singer-songwriter, journalist, and playwright in his native South Africa. With his strong voice, he became one of the important players of the cultural movement against apartheid in the 1980's. He commited suiced at the age of 42.
🎉 Important Achievements
Johannes won several awards for his memorable two-decade contribution to the alternative Afrikaans music scene and is still seen as an icon for his revolutionary style and dedicated actions against racism.
#06 – Johannes Vermeer
Famous Dutch painter and Artist Johannes Vermeer was born in 1632 and left historically important pieces of art to the world. He is now one of the most studied painters, despite the fact that he was poor during his lifetime, having produced only a few paintings.
🎉 Important Achievements
Johannes revolutionized Baroque style painting by focusing and specializing in the domestic life of middle-class citizens. His unique technique of layering pigments has found great admiration and influenced the works of other famous artists, such as Salvador Dalì.
#05 – Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was a Danish author. He introduced modernism to the local literature culture, specializing in modern poetry. Johannes was known for putting his own spin to his works, creating modern poetry in direct and straightforward language.
🎉 Important Achievements
Considered to be the first great Danish writer of the 20th century, Johannes won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1944 “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination”.
#04 – Johannes Rydzek
Downhill doesn't mean that you're losing – at least not always. Johannes Rydzek, a German Nordic combined skier, proves that the faster you go down the slope, the faster you shoot up towards success. He started his promising career at the age of 13 in 2005 and is one of the best-known German athletes.
🎉 Important Achievements
Johannes has so far won medals in three consecutive Winter Olympic Games and six world championships in his discipline.
#03 – Johannes Kepler
Being the first in many science-based and historically essential studies has made Johannes Kepler one of the most important contributors to (astro)physics. He was a German mathematician, physicist, astrologer, and astronomer and dedicated his life to science.
🎉 Important Achievements
With his three main publications, Johannes revolutionized the way scientists of the 17th century and beyond saw and worked with the laws of planetary motion and thus paved Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.
#02 – Johannes Gutenberg
Another revolutionary pioneer was Johannes Gutenberg, born in the year 1400. He was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, inventor, printer, and publisher. His Gutenberg-Bibel, the first-ever printed book, is regarded as one of the milestones of the second millennium.
🎉 Important Achievements
By inventing mass-produced movable metal type printers, Johannes started the so-called Gutenberg-Revolution in Europe, which resulted in a mass-recording of human history, mass-communication, and the foundation of mass-learning thanks to the now possible distribution of knowledge.
#01 – Johannes Brahms
At the top of our list is Johannes Brahms. He was a German composer, pianist, and conductor in the 19th century. Johannes was already famous throughout his life-time which allowed him to not only compose for great orchestras but to also debut his own music.
🎉 Important Achievements
|
|||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
1
| 65
|
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Scandinavian_literature
|
en
|
Scandinavian literature
|
[
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Scandinavian literature or Nordic literature is the literature in the languages of the Nordic countries of Northern Europe. The Nordic countries include Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Scandinavia's associated autonomous territories. The majority of these nations and regions use North Germanic languages. Although the majority of Finns speak a Uralic language, Finnish history and literature are clearly interrelated with those of both Sweden and Norway who have shared control of various areas and who have substantial Sami populations/influences.
|
en
|
Wikiwand
|
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Scandinavian_literature
|
Scandinavian literature or Nordic literature is the literature in the languages of the Nordic countries of Northern Europe. The Nordic countries include Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway (including Svalbard), Sweden, and Scandinavia's associated autonomous territories (Åland, Faroe Islands and Greenland). The majority of these nations and regions use North Germanic languages. Although the majority of Finns speak a Uralic language, Finnish history and literature are clearly interrelated with those of both Sweden and Norway who have shared control of various areas and who have substantial Sami populations/influences.
These peoples have produced an important and influential literature. Henrik Ibsen, a Norwegian playwright, was largely responsible for the popularity of modern realistic drama in Europe, with plays like The Wild Duck and A Doll's House. Nobel Prizes in Literature, itself a Scandinavian award, have been awarded to Selma Lagerlöf, Verner von Heidenstam, Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan, Knut Hamsun, Sigrid Undset, Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Frans Eemil Sillanpää, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Pär Lagerkvist, Halldór Laxness, Nelly Sachs, Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson, Tomas Tranströmer, and Jon Fosse.
|
|||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
0
| 91
|
http://www.esp.org/timeline/PHY-vs-ART_1940-1949.html
|
en
|
ESP Timeline: Physics vs Arts and Culture (1940
|
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Painting by Piet Mondrian: Broadway Boogie Woogie was completed in 1943, shortly after Mondrian moved to New York in 1940. Compared to his earlier work, the canvas is divided into a much larger number of squares. Although he spent most of his career creating abstract work, this painting is inspired by clear real-world examples: the city grid of Manhattan, and the Broadway boogie woogie, a type of music Mondrian loved. The painting was bought by the Brazilian sculptor Maria Martins for the price of $800 at the Valentine Gallery in New York City, after Martins and Mondrian both exhibited there in 1943. Martins later donated the painting to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
Casablanca wins Academy Award for best picture. The WWII drama represents the studio system at its best, where all the talent (behind and in front of the camera) worked at their peak. Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman were not the studios first choices for their roles, but they remain one of the screens all-time great romantic pairings.
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style".
Triptych by Francis Bacon: Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion comprises three canvasses that are based on the Eumenides — or Furies — of Aeschylus's Oresteia, and that depict three writhing anthropomorphic creatures set against a flat burnt orange background. It was executed in oil paint and pastel on Sundeala fibre board and completed within two weeks. The triptych summarises themes explored in Bacon's previous work, including his examination of Picasso's biomorphs and his interpretations of the Crucifixion and the Greek Furies. The Three Studies are generally considered Bacon's first mature piece. When the painting was first exhibited in 1945 it caused a sensation and established him as one of the foremost post-war painters. Remarking on the cultural significance of Three Studies, the critic John Russell observed in 1971 that "there was painting in England before the Three Studies, and painting after them, and no one ... can confuse the two".
Going My Way wins Academy Award for best picture. Writer-director Leo McCarey once again proved his ability to balance tears and laughs, in this tale of a rule-breaking priest (Oscar winner Bing Crosby) taking over a New York parish from a retiring priest. In the latter role, Barry Fitzgerald was oddly nominated as both lead and supporting actor, winning in the latter category.
Hermann Hesse awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style".
The Best Years of Our Lives wins Academy Award for best picture. The world population was just adjusting to life after World War II and some film executives feared that audiences wanted escapism, not a movie reflecting their lives. But it was a huge hit, and its honesty in dealing with civilian changes and vulnerabilities are still powerful. It was produced by Samuel Goldwyn, directed by William Wyler.
André Paul Guillaume Gide awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight".
Painting by Jackson Pollock: Reflections of the Big Dipper, consisting of built up layers of paint with dripped enamel as the final touch, concluding the composition. It was around 1947 that Jackson Pollock traded in his brushes for sticks, trowels and knives and began adding foreign matter, such as sand, broken glass, nails, coins, paint-tube tops and bottle caps to his canvases. Reflection of the Big Dipper was exhibited at the Betty Parsons Gallery in 1948, along with sixteen other paintings by Jackson Pollock. The show received positive reviews. Pollock's works from this time are a transitional step between a more traditional handling of paint and his revolutionary technique of dripping paint on canvases off a large scale.
Gentleman's Agreement wins Academy Award for best picture. The Elia Kazan-directed drama, starring Gregory Peck, was another hot-button winner, as it addressed the topic of anti-Semitism.
Thomas Stearns Eliot awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry".
Painting by Barnett Newman: Onement I features the first full incarnation of what Newman later called a 'zip', a vertical band of color. This motif would play a central role in many of his subsequent paintings. The painting's title is an archaic derivation of the word 'atonement', meaning, "the state of being made into one."
Hamlet wins Academy Award for best picture. The black and white Shakespeare adaptation, from U.K.s J. Arthur Rank-Two Cities, was the first non-Hollywood film to take the top award. And Laurence Olivier became the first person to direct himself to a best-actor win.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen
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Danish author (1873–1950)
Not to be confused with German author Wilhelm Jensen (1837–1911).
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (Danish pronunciation: [joˈhænˀəs ˈvilhelˀm ˈjensn̩];[1] 20 January 1873 – 25 November 1950) was a Danish author, known as one of the great Danish writers of the first half of 20th century. He was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style".[2] One of his sisters, Thit Jensen, was also a well-known writer and a very vocal, and occasionally controversial, early feminist.
Early years
[edit]
He was born in Farsø, a village in North Jutland, Denmark, as the son of a veterinary surgeon[3] and he grew up in a rural environment. While studying medicine at the University of Copenhagen he worked as a writer to fund his studies. After three years of studying he chose to change careers and devote himself fully to literature.
Literary works
[edit]
The first phase of his work as an author was influenced by fin-de-siècle pessimism. His career began with the publication of Himmerland Stories (1898–1910), comprising a series of tales set in the part of Denmark where he was born. During 1900 and 1901 he wrote his first masterpiece, Kongens Fald (translated into English as The Fall of the King in 1933), a modern historical novel centred on King Christian II. Literary critic Martin Seymour-Smith said it is an "indictment of Danish indecision and lack of vitality, which Jensen saw as a national disease. Apart from this aspect of it, it is a penetrating study of sixteenth-century people."[4]
In 1906 Jensen created his greatest literary achievement:[citation needed] the collection of verses Digte 1906 (i.e. Poems 1906), which introduced[citation needed] the prose poem to Danish literature. He also wrote poetry, a few plays, and many essays, chiefly on anthropology and the philosophy of evolution. His short story "Ane og Koen" ("Anne and the Cow") was translated into English by incarcerated author and translator Victor Folke Nelson in 1928.[5]
He developed his theories of evolution in a cycle of six novels, Den lange rejse (1908–22), translated into English as The Long Journey (1923–24), which was published in a two-volume edition in 1938.[6] This is often considered his main work in prose, a daring and often impressive attempt to create a Darwinian alternative to the Biblical Genesis myth. In this work we see the development of mankind from the Ice Age to the times of Columbus, focusing on pioneering individuals.
Like his compatriot Hans Christian Andersen, he travelled extensively; a trip to the United States inspired a poem of his, "Paa Memphis Station" [At the train station, Memphis, Tennessee], which is well known in Denmark. Walt Whitman was among the writers who influenced Jensen. Jensen later became an atheist.[7]
Late career
[edit]
Jensen's most popular literary works were all completed before 1920,[citation needed] a year which also marks his initiation of the 'Museumcentre Aars' in the town of Aars in Himmerland. After this he mostly concentrated on ambitious biological and zoological studies in an effort to create an ethical system based upon Darwinian ideas. He also hoped to renew classical poetry.
For many years he worked in journalism, writing articles and chronicles for the daily press without ever joining the staff of any newspaper.
Nobel Prize in Literature
[edit]
In 1944 Johannes V. Jensen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style."[8] At the award ceremony in Stockholm on 10 December 1945 Anders Österling, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy said:
This child of the dry and windy moors of Jutland has, almost out of spite, astonished his contemporaries by a remarkably prolific production. He could well be considered one of the most fertile Scandinavian writers. He has constructed a vast and imposing literary œuvre, comprising the most diverse genres: epic and lyric, imaginative and realistic works, as well as historical and philosophical essays, not to mention his scientific excursions in all directions.[9]
Jensen had been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature on 53 occasions, the first time in 1925. He was nominated every year between 1931 and 1944.[10]
Legacy
[edit]
Jensen was a controversial figure in Danish cultural life. He was a reckless polemicist and his often dubious racial theories have damaged his reputation. However, he never showed any fascist leanings.
Today Jensen is still considered the father of Danish modernism, particularly in the area of modern poetry with his introduction of the prose poem and his use of a direct and straightforward language. His direct influence was felt as late as the 1960s. Without being a Danish answer to Kipling, Hamsun or Sandburg, he bears comparison to all three authors. He combines the outlook of the regional writer with the view of the modern academic and scientific observer.
He was famous for experimenting with the form of his writing, amongst other things. In a letter sent to publisher Ernst Bojesen in December 1900, he includes both a happy and sad face. It was in the 1900s that the design evolved from a basic eye and mouth design into a more recognizable design.[11]
In 1999, The Fall of the King (1901) was acclaimed as the best Danish novel of the 20th century by the newspapers Politiken and Berlingske Tidende, independently of each other.[12]
Johannes V. Jensen Land in Northern Greenland was named in his honor.
Bibliography
[edit]
Danskere, 1896
Einar Elkjær, 1898
Himmerlandsfolk, 1898
Intermezzo, 1899
Kongens Fald, 1900–1901 – The Fall of the King
Den gotiske renæssance, 1901
Skovene, 1904
Nye Himmerlandshistorier, 1904
Madame d'Ora, 1904
Hjulet, 1904
Digte, 1906
Eksotiske noveller, 1907–15
Den nye verden, 1907
Singaporenoveller, 1907
Myter, 1907–45
Nye myter, 1908
Den lange rejse, 1908–22 – The Long Journey – I: Den tabte land, 1919; II: Bræen, 1908; Norne Gæst, 1919; IV: Cimbrernes tog, 1922; V: Skibet, 1912; VI: Christofer Columbus, 1922
Lille Ahasverus, 1909
Himmerlandshistorier, Tredje Samling, 1910
Myter, 1910
Bo'l, 1910
Nordisk ånd, 1911
Myter, 1912
Rudyard Kipling, 1912
Der Gletscher, Ein Neuer Mythos Vom Ersten Menschen, 1912 - The Glacier, A New Myth Of The First Man
Olivia Marianne, 1915
Introduktion til vor tidsalder, 1915
Skrifter, 1916 (8 vols.)
Årbog, 1916, 1917
Johannes Larsen og hans billeder, 1920
Sangerinden, 1921
Den lange rejse, 1922–24 – The Long Journey
Æstetik og udviking, 1923
Årstiderne, 1923
Hamlet, 1924
Myter, 1924
Skrifter, 1925 (5 vols.)
Evolution og moral, 1925
Årets højtider, 1925
Verdens lys, 1926
Jørgine, 1926
Thorvaldsens portrætbuster, 1926
Dyrenes forvandling, 1927
Åndens stadier, 1928
Ved livets bred, 1928
Retninger i tiden, 1930
Den jyske blæst, 1931
Form og sjæl, 1931
På danske veje, 1931
Pisangen, 1932
Kornmarken, 1932
Sælernes ø, 1934
Det blivende, 1934
Dr. Renaults fristelser, 1935
Gudrun, 1936
Darduse, 1937
Påskebadet, 1937
Jydske folkelivsmalere, 1937
Thorvaldsen, 1938
Nordvejen, 1939
Fra fristaterne, 1939
Gutenberg, 1939
Mariehønen, 1941
Vor oprindelse, 1941
Mindets tavle, 1941
Om sproget og undervisningen, 1942
Kvinden i sagatiden, 1942
Folkeslagene i østen, 1943
Digte 1901–43, 1943
Møllen, 1943
Afrika, 1949
Garden Colonies in Denmark, 1949
Swift og Oehlenschläger, 1950
Mytens ring, 1951
Tilblivelsen, 1951
Works in English
[edit]
The Long Journey, vol 1–3, (Fire and Ice; The Cimbrians; Christopher Columbus) New York, 1924.
Johannes V. Jensen (1933), The Fall of the King, translated by P. T. Federspiel; Patrick Kirwan, London, Wikidata Q124218629
Johannes V. Jensen (1958), The Waving Rye, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, Wikidata Q124218987
Johannes V. Jensen (1992), The Fall of the King, translated by Alan G. Bower, Wikidata Q104691326
References
[edit]
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https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Gabriela_Mistral
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New World Encyclopedia
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Lucila Godoy y Alcayaga Pseudonym(s): Gabriela Mistral Born: April 7, 1889
Vicuña, Chile Died: January 11, 1957
Hempstead, New York Occupation(s): poet Nationality: Chilean Writing period: 1922-1957
Gabriela Mistral (April 7, 1889 – January 11, 1957) was the pseudonym of Lucila Godoy y Alcayaga, a Chilean poet, educator and diplomat who was the first Latin American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1945. Though her personal life was often struck by tragedy, Mistral played an important role in changing Mexican and Chilean educational systems.
Mistral published over 30 collections of poetry in her lifetime. Some central themes in her poems are nature, betrayal, love (especially maternal love), sorrow and recovery, travel, and Latin American identity as formed from a mixture of native and European influences. Mistral's poetry is influenced by her Christian faith and a recurrent theme in her poems is that of a "rebirth" after death; and, hence, liberation from the world.[1] Some of Mistral's best known poems include: Piececitos de Niño, Balada, Todas Íbamos a ser Reinas, La Oración de la Maestra, El Ángel Guardián, Decálogo del Artista and La Flor del Aire.
Life
Lucila (the future Gabriela) was born in Vicuña, a small town in northern Chile's Elquia Valley. Her father, Jerónimo Godoy, a vagabond poet and a schoolteacher, abandoned the family when Lucila was only three years old. She lived with her mother, Petrolina Alcayga, who was also a schoolteacher, and sister, Emelina. When she was nine, Lucila attended rural primary school and Vicuña state secondary school until she was 12 years old; she was later home-schooled by her sister Emelina. Nonetheless, later in life Mistral was awarded honorary degrees from the University of Florence and the University of Guatemala.[2] At age 14, she began working as a teacher's aide and began to teach rural classes in secondary schools when she was fifteen. When her mother died in 1929, Lucila dedicated the first section of the book Tala (Feeling) to her.
In 1906, while working as a teacher at La Serena, Lucila met and fell in love with Romelio Ureta, a young railway worker, who killed himself in 1909. The profound effects of death were already in the young poet's work. Writing about his suicide however, led Mistral to consider death and life more broadly than previous generations of Latin American poets. The tragedy continued when two of her friends committed suicide in 1942; and, later, when her nephew Juan Miguel committed suicide as well at age 17. Mistral never married, but adopted a child who subsequently passed away.[3]
After Mistral was invited to help reform the schools in Mexico, she traveled widely and lived in Spain, Portugal, Brazil, Mexico, Central America, the United States, the Antilles and Puerto Rico. She only returned to Chile for two brief visits, in 1938 and 1954. Mistral lived in France and Italy between 1925 and 1934, where she worked for the League for Intellectual Co-operation of the League of Nations. During this period she wrote many newspaper and magazine articles for various periodicals.[4]
As a poet
Around 1913 the pseudonym Gabriela Mistral first appeared. It is believed that she formed her pseudonym either from the two of her favorite poets, Gabriele D'Annunzio and Frédéric Mistral, or as a combination derived from the Archangel Gabriel and the chilly wind that blows down from the Alps and cooling the plains of Southern France, which is known as a mistral.
Using her pseudonym, she submitted three sonnets under the general title Sonetos de la muerte (Sonnets of Death), which told the story of love and death. She won first prize for these poems in the Juegos Florales contest, organized by the city of Santiago. After winning the contest, Mistral's work become more well-known, and newspapers and magazines throughout South America began to invite her to write for them. Subsequent to winning the Juegos Florales she rarely used her given name of Lucila Godoy for her publications.
Mistral published her first collection of poems, Desolación (Despair) in 1922. The main themes of this collection are that of Christian faith, pain and death. In Descolación, Mistral honestly expresses the passion and intensity of the grief she felt over her first love.[5]
In 1924 Ternura (Tenderness), a collection of poems dominated by the theme of childhood, appeared. This collection is a celebration of the joys of birth and motherhood. Ternura was followed by Tala (Feeling) in 1938, which also focuses on the themes of childhood and maternity.
In 1945, Mistral became the first Latin American woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she accepted on behalf of Latin America.
The death of Mistral's 17-year-old nephew, as well as her responses to tensions of the Cold War in Europe and the Americas, are the subject of the last volume of poetry published in her lifetime, Lagar, which appeared in 1954. A final volume of poetry, Poema de Chile, was edited posthumously by her friend Doris Dana and published in 1967. Poema de Chile describes the poet's return to Chile after death, in the company of an Indian boy from the Atacama desert and an Andean deer, a huemul.
Mistral may be most widely quoted in English for Su Nombre es Hoy (His Name is Today):
“ We are guilty of many errors and many faults, but our worst crime is abandoning the children, neglecting the fountain of life. Many of the things we need can wait. The child cannot. Right now is the time his bones are being formed, his blood is being made, and his senses are being developed. To him we cannot answer "Tomorrow," his name is today. ”
As an educator and diplomat
In 1918, Mistral was appointed director of a secondary school for girls in rural Punta Arenas.[6] Mistral's advancement in Chile's national school system continued and, in 1921, when she was named director of the newest and most prestigious girls' school in Chile, the Santiago Normal School. This meteoric rise as an educator was due to Mistral's extensive publications, which were directed at a diverse audience from schoolteachers to students to other poets; which included some of Mistral's first texts, such as Diario Radical de Coquimbo and La Voz de Elqui, which were published in a local newspaper in 1905.[7]
She left Chile in 1922, when she was invited to Mexico by that country's Minister of Education, José Vasconcellos, to take part in a program of educational reform. Mistral joined in the nation's plan to reform libraries and schools, and start a national education system. She introduced mobile libraries to rural areas to make literature more accessible to the poor. In 1923, Mistral was awarded the title of "Teacher of the Nation" by the Chilean government. She left Mexico for Europe in 1924 before returning back to Chile.
Later in life, Mistral taught Spanish literature at Columbia University, Middlebury College, Barnard College, Vassar College and at the University of Puerto Rico.
As a diplomat
In 1924, Mistral began a new career as a diplomat for the Chilean government, and left for Europe in 1926 as an official emissary. In 1933, Mistral entered the Chilean Foreign Service, and became an ambassador-at-large for Latin American Culture. She represented Chile as honorary consul in Brazil, Spain, Portugal, Italy and the United States before and during World War II.
Death and legacy
Poor health eventually slowed Mistral's traveling. During the last years of her life she made her home in New York, and worked as the Chilean delegate to the United Nations in her later years. After a long illness, Mistral died on January 11, 1957, in New York. She was buried in the cemetery in Montegrande village, in the Elqui Valley, where she lived as a child. Her own words, "What the soul is to the body, so is the artist to his people," are inscribed on her tombstone. Following her death, American poet Langston Hughes translated a selection of Mistral's poems into English; and several anthologies of her work were published shortly after her death.
Not only was Mistral a great writer and educator, but she influenced the work of another young writer, Pablo Neurada, who would later go on to be a Nobel Prize winner like herself. Mistral was among the earlier writers to recognize the importance and originality of Neurada's work, having known him while he was still a teenager. She was a school director in his home town of Temuco. She introduced Neurada, as well as others, to the work of European poets; and her emotional poetry, constantly weaved with the theme of love, influenced Neurada's work.
Mistral's poetry has withstood the test of time and remained popular and influential. She was able to feel and write accurately and passionately about her emotions, and, in doing so, became a symbol of idealism for the Latin American world.
Selected bibliography
Desolación (1922)
Lagar (1954)
Lecturas para Mujeres (1923)
Poema de Chile (1967, published posthumously)
Sonetos de la Muerte (1914)
Tala (1938)
Ternura (1924)
Notes
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Felder, Deborah. The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time A Ranking Past and Present. Citadel, 1996. ISBN 978-0806517261
Ohrn, Deborah Gore, and Ruth Ashby. Herstory Women Who Changed the World. New York: Viking, 1995. ISBN 978-0670854349
Price, V. B., Gabriela Mistral, and Ursula Le Guin. Selected poems of Gabriela Mistral (Mary Burritt Christiansen poetry series). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003. ISBN 0826328180
Noble Prize Library. New York City: Helvetica Press, Inc., 1971. ASIN B000GOY51K
All links retrieved April 15, 2024.
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2024-07-03T16:38:30+00:00
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The Nobel Prize in Literature (often referred to as the Nobel Prize for Literature) is a prestigious international prize awarded annually to authors in recognition of their outstanding bodies of literary work. It is one of the five prizes established by the Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred...
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en
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Literawiki
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https://literature.fandom.com/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature
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The Nobel Prize in Literature (often referred to as the Nobel Prize for Literature) is a prestigious international prize awarded annually to authors in recognition of their outstanding bodies of literary work. It is one of the five prizes established by the Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel (1833–1896) in his will.
Each year, the laureate is selected in October by the Nobel Committee of the Swedish Academy from a long list of candidates - usually about 200 nominations - received by the February 1 deadline. The laureate receives a gold medal and a diploma in addition to a large sum of money for the prize at a ceremony held in Stockholm.
With the exception of eight years (1914, 1918, 1935, 1940–1943 and 2018), the prize has been awarded continuously since 1901. In 1904, the prize was jointly awarded to the Spanish author José Echegaray and the French author Frédéric Mistral. In 1917, it was jointly awarded to the Danish authots Karl Adolph Gjellerup and Henrik Pontoppidian. In 1966, it was jointly awarded to the Israeli author Shmuel Yosef Agnon and the German-born Swedish author Nelly Sachs. In 1974, it was jointly awarded to the Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson. Although no prize was awarded in the year 2018, a winner for 2018 was officially named on October 10, 2019, at the same time that the 2019 winner was announced.
The Nobel Prize in Literature was declined by the Soviet writer Boris Pasternak in 1958 and by the French author Jean-Paul Sartre in 1966.
Winners[]
Year Winner 2023 Jon Fosse ( Norway) 2022 Annie Ernaux ( France) 2021 Abdulrazak Gurnah ( Tanzania/ United Kingdom) 2020 Louise Glück ( United States) 2019 Peter Handke ( Austria) 2018 Olga Tokarczuk ( Poland) 2017 Kazuo Ishiguro ( Japan/ United Kingdom) 2016 Bob Dylan ( United States) 2015 Svetlana Alexievich ( Belarus) 2014 Patrick Modiano ( France) 2013 Alice Munro ( Canada) 2012 Mo Yan ( China) 2011 Tomas Tranströmer ( Sweden) 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa ( Peru/ Spain) 2009 Herta Müller ( Romania/ Germany) 2008 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio ( France/ Mauritius) 2007 Doris Lessing ( Iran/ United Kingdom) 2006 Orhan Pamuk ( Turkey) 2005 Harold Pinter ( United Kingdom) 2004 Elfriede Jelinek ( Austria) 2003 John M. Coetzee ( South Africa) 2002 Imre Kertész ( Hungary) 2001 V.S. Naipaul ( Trinidad and Tobago/ United Kingdom) 2000 Gao Xingjian ( China/ France) 1999 Günter Grass ( Germany) 1998 José Saramago ( Portugal) 1997 Dario Fo ( Italy) 1996 Wisława Szymborska ( Poland) 1995 Seamus Heaney ( Ireland) 1994 Kenzaburō Ōe ( Japan) 1993 Toni Morrison ( United States) 1992 Derek Walcott ( Saint Lucia) 1991 Nadine Gordimer ( South Africa) 1990 Octavio Paz ( Mexico) 1989 Camilo José Cela ( Spain) 1988 Naguib Mahfouz ( Egypt) 1987 Joseph Brodsky ( Soviet Union/ United States) 1986 Wole Soyinka ( Nigeria) 1985 Claude Simon ( French Madagascar/France) 1984 Jaroslav Seifert ( Czechoslovakia) 1983 William Golding ( United Kingdom) 1982 Gabriel García Márquez ( Colombia) 1981 Elias Canetti ( Bulgaria/ United Kingdom) 1980 Czesław Miłosz ( Poland) 1979 Odysseas Elytis ( Greece) 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer ( Poland/ United States) 1977 Vicente Aleixandre ( Spain) 1976 Saul Bellow ( Canada/ United States) 1975 Eugenio Montale ( Italy) 1974 Eyvind Johnson ( Sweden) 1974 Harry Martinson ( Sweden) 1973 Patrick White ( United Kingdom/ Australia) 1972 Heinrich Böll ( West Germany) 1971 Pablo Neruda ( Chile) 1970 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn ( Soviet Union) 1969 Samuel Beckett ( Ireland) 1968 Kawabata Yasunari ( Japan) 1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias ( Guatemala) 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon ( Israel) 1966 Nelly Sachs ( Germany/ Sweden) 1965 Mikhail Sholokov ( Soviet Union) 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre ( France) 1963 Giorgos Seferis ( Greece) 1962 John Steinbeck ( United States) 1961 Ivo Andrić ( Yugoslavia) 1960 Saint-John Perse ( France) 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo ( Italy) 1958 Boris Pasternak ( Soviet Union) 1957 Albert Camus ( French Algeria/France) 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez ( Spain/ Puerto Rico) 1955 Halldór Laxness ( Iceland) 1954 Ernest Hemingway ( United States) 1953 Winston Churchill ( United Kingdom) 1952 François Mauriac ( France) 1951 Pär Lagerkvist ( Sweden) 1950 Bertrand Russell ( United Kingdom) 1949 William Faulkner ( United States) 1948 T.S. Eliot ( United States/ United Kingdom) 1947 André Gide ( France) 1946 Hermann Hesse ( Germany/ Switzerland) 1945 Gabriela Mistral ( Chile) 1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen ( Denmark) 1943 No prize awarded 1942 No prize awarded 1941 No prize awarded 1940 No prize awarded 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää ( Finland) 1938 Pearl S. Buck ( United States) 1937 Roger Martin du Gard ( France) 1936 Eugene O'Neiill United States) 1935 No prize awarded 1934 Luigi Pirandello ( Italy) 1933 Ivan Bunin ( Russian Empire/ France) 1932 John Galsworthy ( United Kingdom) 1931 Erik Axel Karlfedt ( Sweden) 1930 Sinclair Lewis ( United States) 1929 Thomas Mann ( Germany) 1928 Sigrid Undset ( Denmark/ Norway) 1927 Henri Bergson ( France) 1926 Grazia Deledda ( Italy) 1925 George Bernard Shaw ( Ireland) 1924 Władysław Reymont ( Poland) 1923 W.B. Yeats ( Ireland) 1922 Jacinto Benavente ( Spain) 1921 Anatole France ( France) 1920 Knut Hamsun ( Norway) 1919 Carl Spitteler ( Switzerland) 1918 No prize awarded 1917 Henrik Pontoppidan ( Denmark) 1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup ( Denmark) 1916 Verner von Heidenstam ( Sweden) 1915 Roman Rolland ( France) 1914 No prize awarded 1913 Rabindranath Tagore ( India) 1912 Gerhart Hauptmann ( German Empire) 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck ( Belgium) 1910 Paul von Heyse ( German Empire) 1909 Selma Lagerlöf ( Sweden) 1908 Rudolph Christoph Eucken ( German Empire) 1907 Rudyard Kipling ( India/ United Kingdom) 1906 Giosuè Carducci ( Italy) 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz ( Poland) 1904 Frédéric Mistral ( France) 1904 José Echegaray ( Spain) 1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson ( Norway) 1902 Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen ( German Empire) 1901 Sully Prudhomme ( France)
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/1944-nobel-prize-literature-presentation-speech
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1944 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech
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[
"https://www.encyclopedia.com/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg"
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[
"1944 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speechby Anders Österling",
"Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy",
"10 December 1945"
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1944 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speechby Anders Österling, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, 10 December 1945 Source for information on 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech: Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature, Part 2 dictionary.
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by Anders Österling, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, 10 December 1945
Today Johannes V. Jensen will receive in person the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1944, and we are happy to salute the great Danish writer who since the beginning of the century has been in the front rank, always active, for a long time controversial, but universally admired for his vitality. This child of the dry and windy moors of Jutland has, almost out of spite, astonished his contemporaries by a remarkably prolific production. He could well be considered one of the most fertile Scandinavian writers. He has constructed a vast and imposing literary œuvre, comprising the most diverse genres: epic and lyric, imaginative and realistic works, as well as historical and philosophical essays, not to mention his scientific excursions in all directions.
This bold iconoclast and stylistic innovator has increasingly become a patriarchal classic, and in his heart he feels close to the poetry of the golden age and hopes that one day he will be counted among the life-giving tutelary spirits of his nation.
Johannes V. Jensen has been such a passionate student of biological and philosophical evolution that he should be amazed at the singular course of his own development. A conquering instinct forms the basis of his being. He was a native of Himmerland, a relatively dry region in western Jutland, and his impressions of men and things were engraved indelibly on his consciousness. Later he was to remember those resources that were hidden beneath the sensations of childhood, the ancient treasure of family memories. His father, the veterinarian of Farsø, came from that area, and through his paternal grandfather, the old weaver of Guldager, Jensen is directly descended from peasants. Characteristically enough, his first book dealt with the province of his origin. His incomparable Himmerhndshistorier offer an original portrait gallery of primitive and half-savage creatures who are still subject to ancient fears. The promised land of his childhood, powerful and alive with the past, is found again in his mature poetry.
The first books of Johannes V. Jensen reveal him as a young man from the provinces; a student of opposition, living in Copenhagen; an arduous and agitated youth, fighting passionately against intellectual banality and narrow-mindedness. This native of Jutland, self-conscious, difficult to approach, but sensitive, was soon to find his country too narrow. Stifled by the familiar climate of the Danish isles, he threw himself into exotic romanticism with the cool passion of a gambler. His travels across foreign continents for the first time opened to him the space needed by his restless, unchained imagination. During that period of his life he sang the praise of technology and mechanization. Just as his compatriot H. C. Andersen was perhaps the first to describe the charms of railway travel, Johannes V. Jensen was the prophet of the marvels of our age, of skyscrapers, motor cars, and cinemas, which he never tires of praising in his American novels, Madame D’Ora (1904) and Hjulet (1905) [The Wheel]. But soon he entered into a new stage of his development; at the risk of simplifying matters we might say that, having satisfied his passion for distant travel, he began to look in time for what he had pursued in space. The same man who had sung the modern life, with its rapid pace and noisy machines, has become the spectator of ancient epochs and has devoted himself to the study of the long, slow periods during which man first sought adventure.
Thus we come to perhaps his most important creation, the six volumes combined under the title Den lange Rejse, which leads us from the ice age to Christopher Columbus. The central theme or one of the central themes of this work is the universal mission of the Scandinavian people, from the great migrations and the Norman invasion to the discovery of America. Jensen considers Christopher Columbus a descendant of the Lombards, in short a Nordic man, if not a Jutlander like himself. In this monumental series appears a legendary figure, Nornagestr. He is not at all the same person who appears at the court of King Olaf Tryggvason to tell his stories and die there. According to the Icelandic saga he was three hundred years old; but Jensen makes him even older and turns him into a kind of Ahasvérus, ubiquitous, always behind his time, a stranger among the new generations, but nevertheless younger than they because he lived at a time when existence itself was young and mankind closer to its origins. The writer has followed tradition only as far as it was useful to him. Three prophetesses came to Nornagestr’s mother to see the child and one of them predicted that he would die as soon as the candle could no longer burn. Gro, the mother, immediately extinguished the candle and gave it to the child as an amulet. In the work of Johannes V. Jensen, Nornagestr sometimes lights it in foreign lands and whenever he does so a deep abyss of time opens before him. When he comes to again, seized by the love of life, he is transported to his country, the fresh and green Zealand.
All legends exist because reason alone cannot clarify experience. What then is Nornagestr, who plays such an important role in the epic of the Danish master? Perhaps it is the spirit of the Nordic people rising from the night like a phantom or like an atavistic creature. One suspects that this unique globetrotter with his harp is closely related to the author himself, who has given him many ideas about life and death, and about the close relation between the present and eternity—the precious fruits of experiences gathered from the lands and seas of the globe.
For Johannes V. Jensen, who grew up on a Jutland moor where the horizon is often indented by a line of tumuli, it was natural to divide his interests between facts and myths and to seek his way between the shadows of the past and the realities of the present. His example reveals to us both the attraction of the primitive for a sensitive man and the necessity of transforming brute force into tenderness. He has attained the summit of his art by means of these violent contrasts. A fresh, salty breeze blows through his work, which unfolds with vivid language, powerful expression, and singular energy. Precisely in the poets most deeply rooted in their country do we find this poetic genius for words. Jensen is the voice of Jutland and of Denmark. With his talents he deserves the title of the most eminent narrator of the victorious struggle of the Nordic people against nature, and of the continuity of the Nordic spirit throughout the ages.
Mr. Jensen—If you have listened to what I have just said you will certainly think that the few moments I had were much too short to accomplish the long voyage through your work, and that I have neglected important aspects of it. It is fortunate for us as well as for you that a proper presentation is hardly necessary at all in your case. You are a well-known member of our great family and as such you are now asked to receive from the hands of our King the distinction which the Swedish Academy has awarded you.
At the banquet, Professor A. H. T. Theorell, Director of the Department of Biochemhtry at the Nobel Institute of Medicine, calha Mr. fernen “the splendid representative of the proud literary tradition of our dear sister country, Denmark.”
[© The Nobel Foundation, 1944.]
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Johannes V. Jensen – Facts
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/facts/
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Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944
Residence at the time of the award: Denmark
Prize motivation: “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style”
Language: Danish
Prize share: 1/1
Life
Johannes Jensen was born in Farsø, on the Himmerland peninsula in northeastern Jutland, Denmark. After three years of medical studies in Copenhagen, he turned completely to writing. He wrote articles and columns for daily newspapers, and his travels included trips to Malaysia, China and the United States. For a short time, he was a correspondent in Spain for the Politiken newspaper. He eschewed permanent employment and never joined any political party. In 1904 he married Else Marie Ulrik, and they had three sons.
Work
Medical studies provided a scientific basis for Jensen’s writing, which included novels and poetry, but also articles, essays and travelogues. His career took off with Himmerlandshistorier (1898-1910) (Himmerland Stories), a series of stories that take place in the area where Jensen was born. Kongens Fald (The Fall of the King) intersperses historical facts about King Christian II of Denmark with lyrical elements, a technique also used in Myter (Myths), published in 11 volumes. Darwinism and the philosophy of evolution are themes in the series of novels about the evolution of human beings, Den lange rejse (1908–1922) (The Long Journey).
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U.S. Military Awards for Valor
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U.S. ARMY
MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS
Note to users: To search this list for a specific name, hit both "Ctrl" and "F" on your keyboard. This will bring up your browser's "Find" function, where you can enter the last name of an individual and skip to them on the list. Additionally, you can jump to the letter of the alphabet that their last name starts with on the blue alphabet found below.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
NOTICE: Security, privacy, and administrative reasons preclude a complete list of awards recipients. Agencies with a requirement to verify valor award recipients should contact the appropriate military service. If you believe this list to be in error or if you would like your name removed from this list, please use the Military Service contact information provided under " Contact Us " to submit your concern to the appropriate Military Service.
The sole purpose of the information provided on this website is to publicly recognize those U.S. military members who are recipients of a Medal of Honor, Service Cross, or Silver Star. This information is based on awards reporting made available to the Military Departments. In making this information public, DoD does not represent that all those members who are entitled to wear the subject awards are identified. The public should not rely on the information on this website as a definitive identification of all those members who are recipients of the subject awards. Specifically, the information made available on this website should not be used to confirm whether or not an individual was awarded the subject awards for any purpose. DoD disclaims any liability arising from reliance on the information on this website.
Army Air Corps/Army Air Forces/U.S. Air Force members recognized for actions prior to 1 July 1948 are listed as Army members; on/after 1 July 1948 they are listed as Air Force members.
Members listed multiple times were recognized for valor the number of times listed. For example, a Soldier whose name is listed twice on the Army’s Distinguished Service Cross list was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for two separate acts.
Listed names are the names of the members reflected in official military records.
Members are listed by their respective military Service, not by the military Service that awarded the medal. For example, a Marine awarded a Distinguished Service Cross by the Army would be listed by the U.S. Marine Corps.
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Winning Books Online
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The Online Books Page
presents
PRIZE-WINNING BOOKS ONLINE
In this exhibit, you can read online the complete text of books that have won major literary prizes, like the Newbery Award, the Nobel Prize, and the Pulitzer Prize. The books listed below are either out of copyright (at least in some countries), or are online with the permission of the copyright holder. Please inform us of any bad links.
Newbery Award
The Newbery award for outstanding children's books by Americans was established in 1922. Each year a medal is given to a book published the previous year. In most years, Honor Books are designated as well. More information, including information on recent winners, can be found at the official Newbery Medal Home Page.
1922
Medalist: The Story of Mankind by Hendrik Van Loon
Honor book: Cedric, the Forester by Bernard Marshall
Honor book: The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles by Padraic Colum
Honor book: The Great Quest by Charles Boardman Hawes
Honor book: The Old Tobacco Shop by William Bowen
Honor book: The Windy Hill by Cornelia Meigs
1923
Medalist: The Voyages of Dr. Dolittle by Hugh Lofting
(No record of honor books in 1923)
1924
Medalist: The Dark Frigate by Charles Boardman Hawes
(No record of honor books in 1924)
1925
Medalist: Tales From Silver Lands by Charles Finger
Honor book: Nicholas: A Manhattan Christmas Story by Anne Carroll Moore
Honor book: The Dream Coach by Anne and Dillwyn Parrish
1926
Medalist: Shen of the Sea by Arthur Bowie Chrisman
Honor book: The Voyagers: Being Legends and Romances of Atlantic Discovery by Padraic Colum
1927
Medalist: Smoky, the Cowhorse by Will James
(No record of honor books in 1927)
1928
Medalist: Gay-Neck: The Story of a Pigeon by Dhan Gopal Mukerji
Honor book: Downright Dencey by Caroline Snedeker
Honor book: The Wonder Smith and His Son by Ella Young
1929
Medalist: The Trumpeter of Krakow by Eric P. Kelly
Honor book: The Pigtail of Ah Lee Ben Loo by John Bennett
Honor book: Millions of Cats by Wanda Gág
Honor book: The Boy Who Was by Grace Hallock
Honor book: Clearing Weather by Cornelia Meigs
Honor book: The Runaway Papoose by Grace Moon
Honor book: Tod of the Fens by Elinor Whitney
Due to copyright restrictions, we cannot yet be complete for subsequent years of the Newbery awards. The following later Newbery awardees are online:
A 1930 Honor book: The Jumping-Off Place by Marion Hurd McNeely
A 1931 Honor book: Spice and the Devil's Cave by Agnes Danforth Hewes
A 1934 Honor book: The Big Tree of Bunlahy: Stories of My Own Countryside by Padraic Colum
A 1934 Honor book: New Land by Sarah Schmidt
A 1935 Honor book: A Day on Skates: The Story of a Dutch Picnic by Hilda von Stockum
A 1940 Honor book: Runner of the Mountain Tops: The Life of Louis Agassiz by Mabel Louise Robinson
A 1947 Honor book: The Heavenly Tenants by William Maxwell
A 1948 Honor book: The Quaint and Curious Quest of Johnny Longfoot by Catherine Besterman
A 1949 Honor book: My Father's Dragon by Ruth Stiles Gannett
A 1950 Honor book: The Blue Cat of Castle Town by Catherine Coblentz
A 1952 Honor book: The Defender by Nicholas Kalashnikoff
1964 Medalist: It's Like This, Cat by Emily Neville
2009 Medalist: The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman (as read by the author on video)
Nobel Prize in Literature
The Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded to an author from any country who has produced "the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency", was established in 1901. The prize is given to an author, and does not usually cite individual books. Winning authors with books freely readable online are listed below; select the link on the author's name to see books by the author, and possibly to see links to books and other information about the author as well.
For more information on the Nobel Prize, including information on recent winners, see the official Nobel Prize web site.
1901: Sully Prudhomme (France, 1839-1907)
1902: Chrisian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (Germany, 1817-1903)
1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (Norway, 1832-1910)
1904: Frédéric Mistral (France, 1830-1914)
1904: José Echegaray y Eizaguirre (Spain, 1832-1916)
1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz (Poland, 1846-1916)
1906: Giosuè Carducci (Italy, 1835-1907)
1907: Rudyard Kipling (UK, 1865-1936)
1908: Rudolf Christoph Eucken (Germany, 1846-1926)
1909: Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (Sweden, 1858-1940)
1910: Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse (Germany, 1830-1914)
1911: Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgium, 1862-1949)
1912: Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann (Germany, 1862-1946)
1913: Rabindranath Tagore (India, 1861-1941)
1914: No award
1915: Romain Rolland (France, 1866-1944)
1916: Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam (Sweden, 1859-1940)
1917: Karl Adolph Gjellerup (Denmark, 1857-1919)
1917: Henrik Pontoppidan (Denmark, 1857-1943)
1918: No award
1919: Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler (Switzerland, 1845-1924)
1920: Knut Pedersen Hamsun (Norway, 1859-1952)
1921: Anatole France (France, 1844-1924)
1922: Jacinto Benavente (Spain, 1866-1954)
1923: William Butler Yeats (Ireland, 1865-1939)
1924: Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont (Poland, 1867-1925)
1925: George Bernard Shaw (UK, 1856-1950)
1926: Grazia Deledda (Italy, 1871-1936)
1927: Henri Bergson (France, 1859-1941)
1928: Sigrid Undset (Norway, 1882-1949)
1929: Thomas Mann (Germany, 1875-1955)
1930: Sinclair Lewis (USA, 1885-1951)
1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt (Sweden, 1864-1931)
1932: John Galsworthy (UK, 1867-1933)
1933: Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin (France, 1870-1953)
1934: Luigi Pirandello (Italy, 1867-1936)
1935: No award
1936: Eugene O'Neill (USA, 1888-1953)
1937: Roger Martin Du Gard (France, 1881-1958)
1938: Pearl S. Buck (USA, 1892-1973)
1939: Frans Emil Sillanpää (Finland, 1888-1964)
1940: No award
1941: No award
1942: No award
1943: No award
1944: Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (Denmark, 1873-1950)
1945: Gabriela Mistral (Chile, 1889-1957)
1946: Hermann Hesse (Germany, 1877-1962)
1947: André Gide (France, 1869-1951)
1948: T. S. Eliot (UK, 1888-1965)
1949: William Faulkner (USA, 1897-1962)
1950: Bertrand Russell (UK, 1872-1970)
1951: Pär Fabian Lagerkvist (Sweden, 1891-1974)
1952: François Mauriac (France, 1885-1970)
1953: Winston Churchill (UK, 1874-1965)
1954: Ernest Hemingway (USA, 1899-1961)
1955: Halldór Laxness (Iceland, 1902-1998)
1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez (Spain, 1881-1958)
1957: Albert Camus (France, 1913-1960)
1958: Boris Pasternak (Russia, 1890-1960)
Due to copyright restrictions, we cannot yet list books online for all subsequent years of the Nobel prizes. However, the following later Nobel awardees have free books online.
1960: Saint-John Perse (France, 1887-1975)
1962: John Steinbeck (US, 1902-1968)
1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Russia, 1918-2008)
1988: Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt, 1911-2006)
2007: Doris Lessing (UK, 1919-2013)
Pulitzer Prizes
The Pulitzer Prizes were established in 1917, with awards for journalism and literature. The early literature prize categories were American biography, drama, fiction, history, and poetry. For more information on the Pulitzer Prize, including full lists of winners, see the official Pulitzer Prize web site.
Journalism
Most of the journalism prizes have been awarded to articles and photographs in newspapers. As digitized newspapers come on line, we may link to some of the early winners. Full texts of many of the recent journalism winners are linked from the official Pulitzer journalism prize listings.
A one-time prize for newspaper history was awarded in 1918 for the following essay:
1918: A History of the Services Rendered to the Public by the American Press During the Year 1917 by Minna Lewinson and Henry Beetle Hough
A special citation was awarded posthumously in 2020 for the reporting of Ida B. Wells.
Biography
Except where noted, the subject of each biography is either the person mentioned in the title, or the author.
1917: Julia Ward Howe, 1819-1910 by Laura E. Richards and Maud Howe Elliott
1918: Benjamin Franklin, Self-Revealed by William Cabell Bruce
1919: The Education of Henry Adams by Henry Adams
1920: The Life of John Marshall by Albert Jeremiah Beveridge
1921: The Americanization of Edward Bok by Edward Bok
1922: A Daughter of the Middle Border by Hamlin Garland (about the author and his family)
1923: The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page by Burton J. Hendrick
1924: From Immigrant to Inventor by Michael Pupin
1925: Barrett Wendell and His Letters edited by M. A. De Wolfe Howe
1926: The Life of Sir William Osler by Harvey Cushing
1927: Whitman: An Interpretation in Narrative by Emory Holloway (about Walt Whitman)
1928: The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas by Charles Edward Russell
1929: The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter H. Page by Burton J. Hendrick
Drama
1918: Why Marry? by Jesse Lynch Williams
1919: No award
1920: Beyond the Horizon by Eugene O'Neill
1921: Miss Lulu Bett by Zona Gale
1922: Anna Christie by Eugene O'Neill
1923: Icebound by Owen Davis
1924: Hell-Bent Fer Heaven by Hatcher Hughes
1925: They Knew What They Wanted by Sidney Howard
1926: Craig's Wife by Sidney Howard
1927: In Abraham's Bosom by Paul Green (pre-production version in his collection Lonesome Road)
1928: Strange Interlude by Eugene O'Neill
Fiction
1918: His Family by Ernest Poole
1919: The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington
1920: No award
1921: The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton
1922: Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington
1923: One of Ours by Willa Cather
1924: The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson
1925: So Big by Edna Ferber
1926: Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis
1927: Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield
1928: The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder.
1929: Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin
History
1917: With Americans of Past and Present Days by J. J. Jusserand
1918: A History of the Civil War, 1861-1865 by James Ford Rhodes
1919: No award
1920: The War with Mexico by Justin Harvey Smith
1921: The Victory at Sea by William S. Sims
1922: The Founding of New England by James Truslow Adams
1923: The Supreme Court in United States History by Charles Warren
1924: The American Revolution: A Constitutional Interpretation by Charles Howard McIlwain
1925: History of the American Frontier, 1763-1893 by Frederic L. Paxson
1926: A History of the United States (Volume VI: The War for Southern Independence, 1849-1865) by Edward Channing
1927: Pinckney's Treaty by Samuel Flagg Bemis
1928: Main Currents in American Thought (Volume I: The Colonial Mind, and Volume II: The Romantic Revolution in America) by Vernon Louis Parrington
1929: The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861-1865 by Fred A. Shannon
Poetry
1918: Love Songs by Sara Teasdale
1919: The Old Road to Paradise by Margaret Widdemer
1919: Cornhuskers by Carl Sandburg
1920: No award
1921: No award
1922: Collected Poems by Edwin Arlington Robinson
1923: Poetry by Edna St. Vincent Millay from 1922:
The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver
A Few Figs from Thistles
Eight sonnets in American Poetry 1922: A Miscellany
1924: New Hampshire by Robert Frost
1925: The Man Who Died Twice by Edwin Arlington Robinson
1926: What's O'Clock by Amy Lowell
1927: Fiddler's Farewell by Leonora Speyer
1928: Tristram by Edwin Arlington Robinson
1929: John Brown's Body by Stephen Vincent Benét
We have not yet determined whether any later Pulitzer Prize-winning books can go online.
Home -- Books -- News -- Features -- Archives -- The Inside Story
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Index of Nobel Laureates in Literature
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Nobel Prize in Literature Winners List
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2009-11-24T00:00:00
|
List of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from every year the award has been given out. All Nobel Prize in Literature winners are listed below in order of ...
|
en
|
/img/icons/touch-icon-iphone.png
|
Ranker
|
https://www.ranker.com/list/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners/reference
|
List of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from every year the award has been given out. All Nobel Prize in Literature winners are listed below in order of popularity, but can be sorted by any column. People who won the Nobel Prize in Literature award are listed along with photos for every Nobel Prize in Literature winner that has a picture associated with their name online. You can click on the name of the Nobel Prize in Literature award recipients to get more information about each. People who won the Nobel Prize in Literature are usually listed by year, but on this list you've got a complete list of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from all years. If this proves to not be a full list of Nobel Prize in Literature winners, you can help make it so by adding to this one. This list includes the most memorable and well-known Nobel Prize in Literature winners of all time. Anybody who won the Nobel Prize in Literature usually has a picture associated with their name, so all the Nobel Prize in Literature-winning people are listed here with photos when available. This list spans the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, so most of the famous Nobel Prize in Literature winners are here and can be a good starting point for making a list of your favorites. This list answers the question "who are all the people who have ever won Nobel Prize in Literature?" If you're looking for all the nominees, you can click the links above the title of this page to the Listopedia page where you'll find a directory of award nominees, as well as the rest of the award winners lists we have. You can use this factual list to create a new list, re-rank it to fit your views, then share it with your Twitter followers, Facebook friends or with any other social networks you use on a regular basis. Items include everything from Isaac Bashevis Singer to Henryk Sienkiewicz. {#nodes}
|
||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
1
| 90
|
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics/all/
|
en
|
All Nobel Prizes in Physics
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
All Nobel Prizes in Physics
|
en
|
NobelPrize.org
|
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics
|
The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 117 times to 225 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2023. John Bardeen is the only laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, in 1956 and 1972. This means that a total of 224 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Physics. Click on the links to get more information.
Find all prizes in | physics | chemistry | physiology or medicine | literature | peace | economic sciences | all categories
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 will be announced on Tuesday 8 October, 11:45 CEST at the earliest.
|
|||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
3
| 89
|
https://www.funtrivia.com/quiz/people/top-of-the-class-334425.html
|
en
|
Top of the Class Quiz
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[
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Is there any award more prestigious than the Nobel Prize? These 20th century Nobel Laureates may or may not have finished at the top of their high school class, but they certainly managed to do so on the world stage.
|
en
|
https://www.funtrivia.com/quiz/people/top-of-the-class-334425.html
|
Quiz Answer Key and Fun Facts
1. The first year that Nobel Prizes were awarded was 1901, with six recipients in five categories. The Nobel Prize in Physics was presented "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him." Who received the Prize?
Answer: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
Röntgen (or Roentgen in English spelling) (1845-1923) made the discovery in November of 1895 while measuring the effects of passing an electrical charge through various types of vacuum tubing. Working with apparatus from Philipp Lenard led to some remarkable observations. Further experimentation led to the postulation that a new kind of ray might be possible.
He used the moniker "X-ray" to describe it as something unknown.
2. Ten years after the inception of the Nobel Prize, this lady received her second award. She won the first along with her husband in 1903 in the field of Physics, and in 1911 she won it for Chemistry. Who was this lady?
Answer: Marie Curie
In 1903, Marie Curie (1867-1934) and her husband Pierre shared the Prize with Antoine Henri Becquerel. Becquerel received it "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity," while the Curies received it "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."
1911 saw Marie Curie receiving the Nobel Prize for Chemistry "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element."
Sadly, Marie Curie's death in 1934 was of aplastic anemia, which is today believed to have been a direct result of her exposure to radioactive materials over a prolonged period of time.
3. The recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 did not actually receive the accolade until 1922, as it was determined that none of the nominees that year fulfilled the criteria outlined in Alfred Nobel's will. The statutes allowed for a delay of one year, thus enabling the bestowing of the Prize to this man "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect." Who won the prize?
Answer: Albert Einstein
Over his academic and professional career, Einstein (1879-1955) published over 300 scientific papers, as well as many non-scientific works, largely in the field of philosophy. After emigrating from Nazi Germany in 1933, Einstein eventually became a U.S. citizen in 1940.
Planck, Stark and Bohr were all Nobel Prize laureates for Physics as well, receiving them in 1918 (Planck), 1919 (Stark), and 1922 (Bohr).
4. The awards speech in 1931 for Otto Heinrich Warburg began "The discovery for which the Nobel Prize for _______ is to be awarded today concerns intracellular combustion." Which category completes the sentence?
Answer: Physiology or Medicine
Specifically, Warburg (1883-1970) received the Prize "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme."
Warburg was only in his early twenties when in the year 1906 he acquired his doctorate in Chemistry, and only five years later he followed that up with a doctorate in Medicine in 1911. He was appointed to a professorship at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in 1918, and was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Cell Physiology in 1931.
His discovery "opened up new ways in the fields of cellular metabolism and cellular respiration. He has shown, among other things, that cancerous cells can live and develop, even in the absence of oxygen."
5. Another ten years brings us to 1941. Due to World War II, no Nobel Prizes are awarded over a six year stretch, from 1940 until 1945 inclusive.
Answer: False
In actuality, the Nobel Prizes only took a hiatus for three years: 1940 through 1942. That said, the Nobel Peace Prize was not awarded over five years from 1939 until 1943, and the recipients in 1938 and 1944 were both international organizations.
6. The 1951 recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature went to a Swedish writer "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind." Among his works cited in the presentation speech were "Ordkonst och bildkonst" (Verbal Art and Pictorial Art), and "Onda Sagor" (Evil Tales). Who won the prize?
Answer: Pär Fabian Lagerkvist
Lagerkvist (1891-1974) wrote poems, plays, essays, stories and novels over a span of nearly sixty years. His arguably most famous work is "Barabbas" (1950), which was later adapted for the screen in 1961, and starred Anthony Quinn in the title role.
7. Another decade gone, and a new first for the Nobel Prize. In 1961, Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld was the first and only person to receive a Prize posthumously. Hammarskjöld was the United Nations' second Secretary-General, serving from 1953 until his death in 1961. How did this Nobel Peace Prize recipient die?
Answer: In a plane crash
Hammarskjöld (1905-1961) was on the way to attempt to negotiate a cease-fire between the soldiers of the Congolese breakaway state of Katanga and United Nations soldiers. It was during the night of 17th September that the airplane crashed near Ndola in Northern Rhodesia (now called Zambia). In the years that followed, three different inquiries were made into the cause of the crash, with no conclusive determination made, other than that foul play was not suspected.
In 1974, it was decided that no more posthumous Prizes would be given out, so Hammarskjöld's distinction as being the only such recipient will remain as such.
8. A new Nobel Prize category was introduced at the end of the 1960s, and in 1971 the third person to win the Prize was economist Simon Smith Kuznets "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development." What is the full title of this category?
Answer: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
The Riksbank is Sweden's central bank - founded in 1668 and considered the oldest central bank in the world - and responsible to the Riksdag (parliament) for monetary policy in support of price stability.
Simon Smith Kuznets (1901-1985) was a Russian-born American economist and Professor Emeritus of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. His work "Economic Growth of Nations" was published in the spring of 1971, and it was lauded in the Prize presentation speech as having "led to a new and more profound insight into the economic and social structure and the process of change and development."
9. The 1981 recipient for the Nobel Prize in Literature was a Hungarian-born writer whose early life was lived in German-speaking countries (Austria, Switzerland and Germany) and who eventually became a British citizen in 1952. He received the Award "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power." Which Antarctic mountain is named after him?
Answer: Canetti Peak, Tangra Mountains
Elias Canetti (1905-1994) wrote almost exclusively in German during his active writing career. Many of his works touched on the tendencies of the masses (crowd psychology) in various societal situations.
Mount Saunders was discovered during the British Antarctic Expedition (1907-09) and was named for Edward Saunders, secretary to Ernest Shackleton.
Mount Menzies was named for Robert Menzies, former Prime Minister of Australia.
The namesake for Mount Rees was a geologist from the University of Nevada named Margaret N. Rees.
10. This 1991 Nobel Peace Prize winner spent the bulk of twenty years under political house arrest in her home in Rangoon after her political party won the Burmese election in 1990 and the military regime would not cede power. She was finally released on November 13th, 2010. Who is this amazing woman?
Answer: Aung San Suu Kyi
In addition to her Nobel Prize, Aung San Suu Kyi (b. 1945) has been awarded the Rafto Prize (human rights), the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding and the International Simón Bolívar Prize (awarded for contributing to the freedom, independence and dignity of peoples and to the strengthening of a new international economic, social and cultural order).
Incidentally, she has also been named an Honorary citizen of Canada; only the fifth person to be so honored.
Source: Author reedy
This quiz was reviewed by FunTrivia editor bloomsby before going online.
Any errors found in FunTrivia content are routinely corrected through our feedback system.
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||||||
correct_award_00093
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FactBench
|
0
| 33
|
https://lettersrepublic.wordpress.com/np/
|
en
|
[NP] Nobel Prize for Literature
|
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/medals/images/literature.jpg
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http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/medals/images/literature.jpg
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2010-10-08T03:36:29+00:00
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Nobel Prize for Literature [NP] Awarded annually since 1901 “My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look upon my works, ye Mighty, and despair!” That line from Shelley comes to mind when I think about the Nobel Prize for Literature. Not because the Nobel laureates rule supreme, but because in the context of the poem,…
|
en
|
https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
|
Letters Republic
|
https://lettersrepublic.wordpress.com/np/
|
Nobel Prize for Literature [NP]
Awarded annually since 1901
“My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look upon my works, ye Mighty, and despair!” That line from Shelley comes to mind when I think about the Nobel Prize for Literature. Not because the Nobel laureates rule supreme, but because in the context of the poem, a brief vision of a vast desert wasteland, this line is an arrogant boast etched in stone ruins that are all that remain of a once great kingdom. The braggadocio of Oxymandias didn’t stand up to the sweep of history. Likewise, Nobel laureates garner a lot of praise, but all too often they don’t live on in the canon. Of the 101 laureates to receive the Nobel since 1901, sixty didn’t get two votes for a specific work in my master list. (A work of literature has to appear on at least two of 24 different lists in order to make the Master.)
So much for the Nobel! Well, like most things, it is more complicated than that. Turns out that the master list is extremely preferential toward English language writers, specifically those from either America or the British Isles. The Nobel, throughout history, has fought against that bias. It awards English speakers begrudgingly. Less than a quarter of its recipients write in English. The Nobel, then, is a great way to broaden the spectrum of this list, adding lots of non-English speaking authors that are very worth reading. Right? The problem is that the Nobel doesn’t award works but rather it recognizes an author’s oeuvre. My solution at first was to give a vote to everything a laureate wrote and, if any work got a vote from another list, it was included in the master. But this would have made a very long list even longer. So no. I decided that if an author won the Nobel, he just got a mention beside his name and birthdate. [NP]. Kind of a gold star. Another problem arose. Some really great authors were left off through sheer bad luck. Specifically Jose Saramago, a man considered by Harold Bloom (bloviator though he is) to be one of the most gifted writers of recent decades. Saramago won the Nobel, and five of his works received a vote from various lists, but none got two. A flaw in the system. Great authors who write a lot of works – good works that get attention from other lists – but who are not writing in English, find it much harder to make the master list. My solution is to use the Nobel as a safety net. If an author wins the Nobel but he has no works that have received two votes, I select one to be included in the master list. Not perfect, but better. And better is a good thing.
Here are the laureates. Those with a work on the Master List appear in RED.
2010
Mario Vargas Llosa
2009
Herta Müller
2008
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
2007
Doris Lessing
2006
Orhan Pamuk
2005
Harold Pinter
2004
Elfriede Jelinek
2003
John M. Coetzee
2002
Imre Kertész
2001
Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul
2000
Gao Xingjian
1999
Günter Grass
1998
José Saramago
1997
Dario Fo
1996
Wislawa Szymborska
1995
Seamus Heaney
1994
Kenzaburo Oe
1993
Toni Morrison
1992
Derek Walcott
1991
Nadine Gordimer
1990
Octavio Paz
1989
Camilo José Cela
1988
Naguib Mahfouz
1987
Joseph Brodsky
1986
Wole Soyinka
1985
Claude Simon
1984
Jaroslav Seifert
1983
William Golding
1982
Gabriel García Márquez
1981
Elias Canetti
1980
Czeslaw Milosz
1979
Odysseus Elytis
1978
Isaac Bashevis Singer
1977
Vicente Aleixandre
1976
Saul Bellow
1975
Eugenio Montale
1974
Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson
1973
Patrick White
1972
Heinrich Böll
1971
Pablo Neruda
1970
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn
1969
Samuel Beckett
1968
Yasunari Kawabata
1967
Miguel Angel Asturias
1966
Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Nelly Sachs
1965
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
1964
Jean-Paul Sartre
1963
Giorgos Seferis
1962
John Steinbeck
1961
Ivo Andric
1960
Saint-John Perse
1959
Salvatore Quasimodo
1958
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak
1957
Albert Camus
1956
Juan Ramón Jiménez
1955
Halldór Kiljan Laxness
1954
Ernest Miller Hemingway
1953
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
1952
François Mauriac
1951
Pär Fabian Lagerkvist
1950
Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell
1949
William Faulkner
1948
Thomas Stearns Eliot
1947
André Paul Guillaume Gide
1946
Hermann Hesse
1945
Gabriela Mistral
1944
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
1939
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
1938
Pearl Buck
1937
Roger Martin du Gard
1936
Eugene Gladstone O’Neill
1934
Luigi Pirandello
1933
Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin
1932
John Galsworthy
1931
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
1930
Sinclair Lewis
1929
Thomas Mann
1928
Sigrid Undset
1927
Henri Bergson
1926
Grazia Deledda
1925
George Bernard Shaw
1924
Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont
1923
William Butler Yeats
1922
Jacinto Benavente
1921
Anatole France
1920
Knut Pedersen Hamsun
1919
Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler
1917
Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan
1916
Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam
1915
Romain Rolland
1913
Rabindranath Tagore
1912
Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann
1911
Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck
1910
Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse
1909
Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf
1908
Rudolf Christoph Eucken
1907
Rudyard Kipling
1906
Giosuè Carducci
1905
Henryk Sienkiewicz
1904
Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray y Eizaguirre
1903
Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson
1902
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen
|
||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
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1
| 86
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https://graves.mf.uni-lj.si/graves/806/johannes-vilhelm-jensen
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en
|
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
|
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I visit graves of famous people. Not that I plan my travels specifically for graves, but I inform myself about the graves in the vicinity of the places I visit. Sometimes I stretch the definition of vicinity. This page therefore lists only the graves that I visited. All the photos are mine, except for some which just illustrate something else apart from the grave (face of a person, mostly).
If a grave is off limits (like Picasso in France or Hundertwasser in New Zealand) I respect that, and don't try to sneak in.
Janez Stare
|
|||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
3
| 27
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en
|
Which Country Has the Most Nobel Laureates in Literature?
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2018-07-08T17:00:38+00:00
|
Here is a world map indicating the countries that have the most Nobel laureates in literature. Initiated in 1901, Nobel Prize is the most prestigious award given for outstanding contribution in fields like chemistry, peace, physics, mathematics, medicine, and literature.
|
en
|
Answers
|
https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/regions/country-nobel-laureates-literature/
|
There is hardly any speculation about the status of Nobel Prize. The people who outperform in their fields and have creative or intellectual achievements are honored by this prestigious award.
Nobel Prize was initiated in 1901 and is given in honor of Alfred Nobel who was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. Since then it is the most prestigious award that outweighs all other awards. It sets the excellence status for generations to come. Nobel Prize is given for various fields including medicine, mathematics, chemistry, literature, peace, physiology, physics.
Nobel Prize is given for literature as well. Literature is the field of study that continues to travel through time and space. It reveals the holistic picture of the society- historic, social, cultural, political, and economic fronts. By studying literature, one becomes capable of interpreting things in a manner which perhaps none but they can. Literature is not based on hard and fast rules. It accepts the individual perspectives, provided a due support to one’s argument is presented.
Here is a table representing the winners of Nobel Prize in literature, with the country winning the maximum awards on the top.
Year Laureate Country Language(s) Genre(s) 1901 Sully Prudhomme France French poetry, essay 1904 Frédéric Mistral France Provençal poetry, philology 1915 Romain Rolland France French novel 1921 Anatole France France French novel, poetry 1927 Henri Bergson France French philosophy 1933 Ivan Bunin France (Born in Russian Empire) Russian short story, poetry, novel 1937 Roger Martin du Gard France French novel 1947 André Gide France French novel, essay 1952 François Mauriac France French novel, short story 1957 Albert Camus France (Born in French Algeria) French novel, short story, drama, philosophy, essay 1960 Saint-John Perse France (Born in Guadeloupe) French poetry 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre France French novel, philosophy, drama, literary criticism, screenplay 1985 Claude Simon France (Born in French Madagascar) French novel 2000 Gao Xingjian France (since 1998) China (1940–1998) Chinese novel, drama, literary criticism 2008 J. M. G. Le Clézio France Mauritius French novel, short story, essay, translation 2014 Patrick Modiano France French novel 1907 Rudyard Kipling United Kingdom English novel, short story, poetry 1932 John Galsworthy United Kingdom English novel 1948 T. S. Eliot United Kingdom (Born in the United States) English poetry 1950 Bertrand Russell United Kingdom English philosophy 1953 Winston Churchill United Kingdom English history, essay, memoirs 1981 Elias Canetti United Kingdom (Born in Bulgaria) German novel, drama, memoirs, essay 1983 William Golding United Kingdom English novel, poetry, drama 2001 V. S. Naipaul United Kingdom (Born in Trinidad & Tobago) English novel, essay 2005 Harold Pinter United Kingdom English drama, screenplay 2007 Doris Lessing United Kingdom (Born in Iran) English novel, drama, poetry, short story, memoirs 1981 Elias Canetti United Kingdom (Born in Bulgaria) German novel, drama, memoirs, essay 2017 Kazuo Ishiguro United Kingdom (born in Japan) English novel 1930 Sinclair Lewis the United States English novel, short story, drama 1936 Eugene O’Neill the United States English drama 1938 Pearl S. Buck the United States English novel, biography 1949 William Faulkner the United States English novel, short story 1954 Ernest Hemingway the United States English novel, short story, screenplay 1962 John Steinbeck the United States English novel, short story, screenplay 1993 Toni Morrison the United States English novel 2016 Bob Dylan the United States English poetry, songwriting 1987 Joseph Brodsky the United States (Born in the Soviet Union) Russian and English poetry, essay 1976 Saul Bellow the United States (Born in Canada) English novel, short story 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer the United States (Born in Poland) Yiddish novel, short story, memoirs 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer the United States (Born in Poland) Yiddish novel, short story, memoirs 1902 Theodor Mommsen Germany German history, law 1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken Germany German philosophy 1910 Paul von Heyse Germany German poetry, drama, novel, short story 1912 Gerhart Hauptmann Germany German drama, novel 1929 Thomas Mann Germany German novel, short story, essay 1972 Heinrich Böll West Germany German novel, short story 1999 Günter Grass Germany German novel, drama, poetry 2009 Herta Müller Germany (Born in Romania) German novel, poetry 1909 Selma Lagerlöf Sweden Swedish novel, short story 1916 Verner von Heidenstam Sweden Swedish poetry, novel 1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt Sweden Swedish poetry 1951 Pär Lagerkvist Sweden Swedish poetry, novel, short story, drama 1966 Nelly Sachs Sweden (Born in Germany) German poetry, drama 1974 Eyvind Johnson Sweden Swedish novel 1974 Harry Martinson Sweden Swedish poetry, novel, drama 2011 Tomas Tranströmer Sweden Swedish poetry, translation 1906 Giosuè Carducci Italy Italian poetry 1926 Grazia Deledda Italy Italian poetry, novel 1934 Luigi Pirandello Italy Italian drama, novel, short story 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo Italy Italian poetry 1975 Eugenio Montale Italy Italian poetry 1997 Dario Fo Italy Italian drama 1904 José Echegaray Spain Spanish drama 1922 Jacinto Benavente Spain Spanish drama 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez Spain Spanish poetry 1977 Vicente Aleixandre Spain Spanish poetry 1989 Camilo José Cela Spain Spanish novel, short story 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa Peru Spain Spanish novel, short story, essay, drama, memoirs 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland (born in Russian Empire) Polish novel 1924 Władysław Reymont Poland Polish novel 1980 Czesław Miłosz Poland (born in Lithuania) Polish poetry, essay 1996 Wisława Szymborska Poland Polish poetry 1923 William Butler Yeats Ireland English poetry 1925 George Bernard Shaw Ireland English drama, literary criticism 1969 Samuel Beckett Ireland English and French novel, drama, poetry 1995 Seamus Heaney Ireland (Born in Northern Ireland) English poetry 1958 Boris Pasternak Russia Russian novel, poetry, translation 1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup Denmark Danish poetry Henrik Pontoppidan Denmark Danish novel 1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Denmark Danish novel, short story 1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Norway Norwegian poetry, novel, drama 1920 Knut Hamsun Norway Norwegian novel 1928 Sigrid Undset Norway (Born in Denmark) Norwegian novel 1945 Gabriela Mistral Chile Spanish poetry 1971 Pablo Neruda Chile Spanish poetry 2000 Gao Xingjian France (since 1998) China (1940–1998) Chinese novel, drama, literary criticism 2012 Mo Yan China Chinese novel, short story 1963 Giorgos Seferis Greece (Born in theOttoman Empire) Greek poetry, essay, memoirs 1979 Odysseas Elytis Greece Greek poetry, essay 1968 Yasunari Kawabata Japan Japanese novel, short story 1994 Kenzaburō Ōe Japan Japanese novel, short story 1991 Nadine Gordimer South Africa English novel, short story, essay 2003 J. M. Coetzee South Africa ( Australian citizen) English novel, essay, translation 1919 Carl Spitteler Switzerland German poetry 1946 Hermann Hesse Switzerland (Born in Germany) German novel, poetry 2004 Elfriede Jelinek Austria German novel, drama 1973 Patrick White Australia (Born in the United Kingdom) English novel, short story, drama 2015 Svetlana Alexievich Belarus (Born in Ukraine) Russian history, essay 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck Belgium French drama, poetry, essay 2013 Alice Munro Canada English short story 1982 Gabriel García Márquez Colombia Spanish novel, short story, screenplay 1984 Jaroslav Seifert Czechoslovakia (Born in Austria-Hungary) Czech poetry 1988 Naguib Mahfouz Egypt Arabic novel 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää Finland Finnish novel 1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias Guatemala Spanish novel, poetry 2002 Imre Kertész Hungary Hungarian novel 1955 Halldór Laxness Iceland Icelandic novel, short story, drama, poetry 1913 Rabindranath Tagore India (formerly British Raj) Bengali and English poetry, novel, drama, short story, music 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon Israel (Born in Austria-Hungary) Hebrew novel, short story 2008 J. M. G. Le Clézio France Mauritius French novel, short story, essay, translation 1990 Octavio Paz Mexico Spanish poetry, essay 1986 Wole Soyinka Nigeria English drama, novel, poetry 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa Peru Spain Spanish novel, short story, essay, drama, memoirs 1998 José Saramago Portugal Portuguese novel, drama, poetry 1992 Derek Walcott Saint Lucia English poetry, drama 2006 Orhan Pamuk Turkey Turkish novel, screenplay, essay 1961 Ivo Andrić Yugoslavia (Born in Austria-Hungary) Serbo-Croatian[66] novel, short story
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correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
2
| 84
|
https://time.com/archive/6599163/people-out-of-character/
|
en
|
People: Out of Character
|
https://time.com/favicon.ico
|
https://time.com/favicon.ico
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[
"TIME"
] |
1944-11-20T04:00:00+00:00
|
Ingrid Bergman, passing through Manhattan on a war bond tour, said her next stop was Minnesota where "if I can't sell bonds in English. I'll sell them in Swedish." She divulged...
|
en
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/favicon.ico
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TIME
|
https://time.com/archive/6599163/people-out-of-character/
|
Ingrid Bergman, passing through Manhattan on a war bond tour, said her next stop was Minnesota where “if I can’t sell bonds in English. I’ll sell them in Swedish.” She divulged that she had dreamed for two and a half years of a Schrafft’s hot fudge sundae, found they were no longer served because of the war. She planned to see Mae West’s Catherine Was Great on Broadway, explained: “I want to see if there’s anything I can learn from her. It may come in handy sometime.”
General Henry H. (“Hap”) Arnold, visiting Detroit, was greeted by Aircraft Builder Henry Ford, caught by a photographer in powerful and unusual profile (see cut).
In the Doghouse
Bob Hope, ski-nosed favorite of U.S. doughboys, who returned two months ago from a 30,000-mile tour of the South Pacific, was suspended by Paramount for failure to show up for work on a new picture, promptly announced that he had ‘”suspended” Paramount because “the boys come first. … If somebody’ll suspend the war, I’ll be very happy to start another picture. . . . I’ll give the country a nice rest How often can people stand to look at my kisser?”
Noel Coward was as unwelcome in Brooklyn as the New York Giants: Brooklynites had discovered that his new book, Middle East Diary (TIME. Nov. 6), made frightened men of Brooklyn soldiers. Wrote Coward: “I was less impressed by . . . mournful little Brooklyn boys … in tears . . . with nothing worse than a bullet wound in the leg or a fractured arm.”
Ann Sheridan, dressed in old clothes, posed on a Hollywood street and got a free facial—in blackface—from ace cinemakeup man, Perc Westmore. She then drove down Hollywood Boulevard in an open car to fulfill her election bet with Democrat Westmore. Hollywood bets led to other antics:
Andy Devine, fat, gravel-throated comedian, was shaved by singing starlet Susanna Foster, Republican.
Hedda Hopper, gossip-columnist, paid off by filling a day’s column for her rival Sidney Skolsky.
Dorothy Brett, brown-eyed, bustling, British-born artist who painted eleven eerie portraits of Leopold Stokowski for which he never sat (TIME, May 8), was refused permission by her subject to hang them in Manhattan’s City Center. Said Stokowski: “They are too, too fantastic—too imaginative for the Center.” But he admitted he liked them, consented to have them displayed for art lovers at Manhattan’s Norlyst Gallery.
Thomas Franklyn (“Tommy”) Manville, for the moment a lonely bachelor veteran of seven marriages, put up for sale the complete furnishings (estimated value, over $100,000) of the 29-room house on his five-acre. $400,000 estate, Bon Repos, in New Rochelle, N.Y., announced he had not made up his mind whether he would sell the rest. Meanwhile he is making his home in the eight-room guest house.
In the Chips
John P. Marquand, shy, tongue-in-cheek, best-selling satirist, explained that he had changed from hacking out Satevepost serials to a novel-a-year pace to escape high income taxes, only to find that his system had backfired and he had to pay higher taxes than ever.* But he defended the one-a-year system anyhow, declared: “Few people realize how much good writing can be traced to the income tax.”
Baron Henri de Rothschild, elegant physician, playwright, perfumer, essayist, vintner and banker, who has been a man without a country since 1940, had his French citizenship restored by the French Council of State. Rothschild, who left France for the U.S. when the Vichy Government was formed (and was charged with flight from his native land), also received the right to claim all possessions confiscated by Vichy.
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, dour, dignified, 71-year-old Danish author (The Long Journey, The Fall of the King). won the 1944 Nobel Prize for literature, thus becoming the third Dane to get it. Jensen, who has written some 60 volumes of belles-lettres, has visited the U.S. several times; two of his novels are set in Chicago.
Technical Sergeant Charles E. (“Commando”) Kelly, shock-haired, Congressional Medal of Honor winner, finally heard a public explanation of why he had overstayed leave from Fort Benning, Ga., gotten a go-day confinement to camp (TIME, Aug. 28). The explanation was made by 19-year-old Jo Louise Elliott, of Charleston, W.Va., who was wearing his engagement ring. Added she: “I like long engagements—15 or 16 years.”
*His dramatic adaptation of his Bostonian novel, The Late George Apley, had its first night before a blue-blooded Boston audience. Columnist Lucius Beebe, up from Manhattan to cover the event, wisecracked: “[The play] … is set in 1912, and it might … be entitled ‘Boston in Modern Dress!’ “
|
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correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
0
| 72
|
https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/six-interesting-facts-about-the-nobel-prize-in-literature
|
en
|
Six Interesting Facts about the Nobel Prize in Literature
|
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"Andrea Koczela"
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2018-04-13T13:00:00+00:00
|
Test your knowledge about the Nobel Prize in Literature against these six facts.
|
en
|
//blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hubfs/file-21251103-ico.ico
|
https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/six-interesting-facts-about-the-nobel-prize-in-literature
|
What does it mean to win a Nobel Prize in Literature? Some of the past winners have explained it better than we ever could. For example, Seamus Heaney declared, "I've said it before about the Nobel Prize: it's like being struck by a more or less benign avalanche. It was unexpected, unlooked for, and extraordinary." Doris Lessing, for her part, said, "As soon as I got the Nobel Prize, my back collapsed and I was in the hospital." Mario Vargas Llosa reminds us of the notoriety that comes with the title of Nobel laureate: "The Nobel prize is a fairy tale for a week and a nightmare for a year. You can't imagine the pressure to give interviews, to go to book fairs."
Any way you look at it, winning the Nobel Prize in Literature is certainly life changing. Take a moment to test your knowledge against these six facts about the Nobel Prize in Literature:
1904 - Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray
1917 - Karl Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan
1966 - Shmuel Agnon, Nelly Sachs
1974 - Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson
4. The first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature was Selma Lagerlöf in 1909. She was later nominated to the Swedish Academy to select other Nobel Prize winners.
5. Only two people have ever declined the award. Boris Pasternak accepted the prize in 1958, but the authorities of his country (the Soviet Union) later forced him to reject the prize. Jean Paul Sartre declined it in 1964 because he refused all official recognition.
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correct_award_00093
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FactBench
|
1
| 45
|
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/biographical/
|
en
|
Johannes V. Jensen – Biographical
|
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"
|
en
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/biographical/
|
Johannes V. Jensen
Biographical
I was born on the 20th of January, 1873, in a village in North Jutland, the second son of the district veterinary surgeon, H. Jensen, a descendant on both sides of farmers and craftsmen. In 1893, at the age of twenty, I graduated from the Cathedral School of Viborg, and subsequently studied medicine for three years at the University of Copenhagen. I earned my living by my pen until it became necessary for me to choose between further studies and literature. The grounding in natural sciences which I obtained in the course of my medical studies, including preliminary examinations in botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry, was to become decisive in determining the trend of my literary work.
My literary career began near the turn of the century with the publication of Himmerlandshistorier (1898-1910) [Himmerland Stories], comprising a series of tales set in that part of Denmark where I was born. This was followed in the years up to 1944 by «legends» and«myths» representing literary forms I have particularly liked, and of which nine volumes have appeared (Myter, 1907-45 [Myths]). I have also written poetry, a few plays, and many essays, chiefly on anthropology and the philosophy of evolution.
For many years I was engaged in journalism, writing articles and chronicles for the daily press without ever joining the staff of any newspaper. Nor have I ever belonged to any political party. After extensive journeys to the East, to Malaya and China, and several visits to the United States, I inspired a change in the Danish literature and press by introducing English and American vigour, which was to replace the then dominant trend of decadent Gallicism. The essence of my literary work is to be found in my collection of poems, which may be regarded as a reaction against the fastidious style of the day bearing Baudelaire’s poisonous hall-mark. My poems represented a turn to simple style and sound subject matter (Digte, 1904-41, 1943 [Poems]).
A probing analysis of the problems of evolution forms the basis of my prose. During half a century of literary work, I have endeavoured to introduce the philosophy of evolution into the sphere of literature, and to inspire my readers to think in evolutionary terms. I was prompted to do this because of the misinterpretation and distortion of Darwinism at the end of the 19th century. The concept of the Übermensch had disastrous consequences in that it led to two world wars, and was destroyed only with the collapse of Germany in 1945. In the course of opposing this fallacious doctrine, I have arrived at a new interpretation of the theory of evolution and its moral implications.
Biographical note on Johannes V. Jensen
Johannes V. Jensen (1873-1950) developed his theories of evolution in a cycle of six novels, Den lange rejse (1908-22) [The Long Journey], which was published in a two-volume edition in 1938.
From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
Johannes V. Jensen died on 25 November 1950.
The Nobel Foundation's copyright has expired.
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correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
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2
| 10
|
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159552
|
en
|
Johannes V. Jensen
|
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Danish author (1873-1950)
|
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/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159552
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for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style (English)
|
|||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
1
| 12
|
https://www.henrikpontoppidan.dk/text/english/seclit/johs_v_jensen_hp.html
|
en
|
Johs V Jensen and HP
|
https://www.henrikpontoppidan.dk/favicon.ico
|
https://www.henrikpontoppidan.dk/favicon.ico
|
[
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Towards a New World:
Johannes V. Jensen and Henrik Pontoppidan
1900: Creating a nice symmetry, Henrik Pontoppidan (1857-1943) pauses midlife in what will be the midst of his 'Stories about Lucky Per'. Having written and released four 'informal pamphlets' – as they were called – about his protagonist, bringing him to the height of happiness, Pontoppidan stops and muses: Hm, what is he to make of this Per? After a two-year break he will begin releasing another four – before rewriting (and rewriting and rewriting) the stories from these pamphlets into a finished, properly bound novel.1
Meanwhile, in another part of town: While Pontoppidan's protagonist is stuck in a pleasant all-time high, atop a sun-flooded mountain in the Alps with his rich mistress, young Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873-1950) releases three short historical novels about a modern anti-hero stumbling through life, in the end inevitably falling, obeying 'the law of the fall'. They are independent, yet interconnected. Come October 1901 with the release of the third, they will be collected under the title The Fall of the King.2
2000: Lucky Per and The Fall of the King have in the course of the twentieth century been monumentalized as the most important works of their respective authors' oeuvres, epitomizing The Great Danish Novel rather than, say, genre-bending and feuilleton-like world literature. At the beginning of a new millennium, Jensen's originally ill-received and badly selling novel is voted 'best Danish book of the century' with Pontoppidan's taking second place.3
Yet both novels are very much at odds with genre conventions. Several commentators have drawn attention to the irony here, one of them calling the admission of Jensen's 'in the best sense indelicate and uneducated book' into the canon 'a wonderful scandal'.4 Lucky Per and The Fall of the King are also at odds with their home country. And their two Nobel Prize-winning authors did in fact have a reception outside Denmark in their own time, especially in the German-speaking world. Jensen had at least one book out in Germany almost every year between 1907 and 1929, and a regular flow well into the thirties.5
Pontoppidan and Jensen's success had the general success of Scandinavian naturalism as a prerequisite. Incidentally, Pontoppidan wrote the text for a campaign advertising Denmark to German tourists – Reisebilder aus Dänemark (1890, Travel pictures from Denmark).6 Scandinavia held an interesting double fascination for the German public. On the one hand, the disillusioned Scandinavian naturalism and early modernism mirrored Germany's own struggles against backwards provincialism and towards international modernity. On the other hand, Denmark was a destination for the growing tourist industry and seemed like an unspoiled oasis of natural beauty, far and away from capitalism and the rapid industrialization of Germany. One might compare this ambiguity with the similarly ambivalent fascination with Scandinavia in the wake of Nordic Noir's popularity in England and the United States some hundred years later.
Pontoppidan is undoubtedly one of the greatest chroniclers of his own country. However, the themes and the forms of his work are very much part of more international trends. Working with the irony and the hidden narrators of Gustave Flaubert, and with unreliable narration as in Henry James or Joseph Conrad, Pontoppidan is abreast of the major formal strategies for interpreting the consequences of modernity on offer in European literature.7 Lykke-Per was quickly translated into German as Hans im Glück (1906), alongside many other titles by Pontoppidan.8 Ten years later it turned up in György Lukács' seminal Die Theorie des Romans (1916) as an important part of the history of the European novel, a rather singular masterpiece 'which, of all nineteenth-century novels, comes closest, perhaps, to Flaubert's great achievement'.9 Lukács corresponded with another Pontoppidan reader and commentator about Hans im Glück, Ernst Bloch, who considered the novel 'a work that can be counted among the text books of world literature'.10 Thomas Mann was inspired by Pontoppidan and saluted him on his 70th birthday as a 'full blooded story teller, a critic of life and society of completely European importance'.11
One of the greatest emotional and intellectual challenges around 1900 was the question of religion, in the light of the theory of evolution and other sources of doubt. The writers and artists of Scandinavian naturalism and early modernism renounced religion, but having been brought up with Christianity, they found it hard to find their way in a world that had 'been abandoned by God' – as Lukács would put it. Some reconverted, some found substitutes for the grand Christian narrative in the narrative of evolution and the idea of scientific progress, some replaced god with the self, life, nature, the body, woman or art. Once he had achieved it, Jensen never backed down from his optimistic version of Darwinism, though this was increasingly at odds with contemporary science; Jensen loaded evolution with questions of meaning, not least in the face of death, that science cannot answer. Pontoppidan was more of a pessimist. He knew faith and the church from the inside and was as harshly satirical towards mellow and folksy versions of Christianity as he was sympathetic to more troubled and Kierkegaardian interpretations. They both remained staunch atheists, but perceived modernity as a transitory phase and used literature as a means to point towards a new world, thus inheriting the general narrative bend of nineteenth century worldviews – scientific, philosophical, and religious.
Start spreading the news
Reviewing a much belated English translation of Lucky Per, Frederic Jameson begins:
Once upon a time, when provinces still existed, an ambitious young provincial would now and again attempt to take the capital by storm: Midwesterners arriving in New York; Balzacian youths plotting their onslaught on the metropolis ('a nous deux, maintenant!'); eloquent Irishmen getting a reputation in London; and Scandinavians – Ibsen, Georg Brandes, Strindberg, Munch – descending on Berlin to find a culture missing in the bigoted countryside. So also Henrik Pontoppidan's hero, an unhappy clergyman's son who flees the windswept coasts of Jutland for a capital city which is itself narrow-minded and provincial in comparison with the bustling centres of Europe.
Fredric Jameson, 'Cosmic Neutrality' 201112
The ambitious provincial's quest for success in the capital is one of the most typical motifs of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century novels. In a way, everyone was such a provincial arriving in the bustling metropolis of modernity, having left a traditional lifestyle in small town or rural settings, either in spirit, in the flesh, or both. This is August Strindberg striking the pose, descending on Paris in the 1890s, having left not only narrow-minded Stockholm, but also the more up-beat city of Berlin (not to mention a couple of wives, in Sweden and Austria respectively):
I come from the mountains and the valleys, from down there by the banks of the blue Danube. I have left behind my cottage by the roadside with the as-yet- unharvested grapes, I have left the still-ripening tomatoes and melons, and the roses, which are in bud. For the hundredth time I have strapped on my rucksack and set off to seek work in the great city, the market-place and workshop of embattled minds, Paris!
August Strindberg, 'Sensations Detraquees', 189413
Despite being set in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and based on extensive historical studies, The Fall of the King sets off from the same motif. Just like Lucky Per, Mikkel Thøgersen finds himself in the King's Copenhagen (as the Danish saying goes), far away from the rural conditions in which he grew up and in times of great upheaval concerning science and religion.
The insides of these outwardly ambitious young men, so eager to take the capital and modernity by storm, are divided camps. This, rather than ambition in itself, is obviously what interests both author and reader; Freud was a contemporary of Pontoppidan, Jensen and Strindberg, and his work indicates a great deal about the interests of the period in general. Strindberg's 'I' oscillates between lofty self-assurance that he will come, see and conquer the market-place and workshop of embattled minds, and the frightening 'deranged sensations' that give the essay its name. Per struggles hard to rid himself of his Christian background and be a manly and materialist conqueror, but Christianity and 'his father's shadow' keep catching up. Mikkel is trapped between egomania and complete paralysis of action due to excessive reflection, a consistent conflict in Jensen's early work.
The figure of the provincial arriving in the capital is more than subject matter, conveniently borrowed from historical circumstance. One might say that literature, not least the genre of the novel, found itself in the same position as these ambitious young men: Just as they sought a psychological means of dealing with surrounding modernity, the novel was seeking a formal one. Lukács in Theory of the Novel thought that Pontoppidan's Lucky Per provided one of rather few valid responses to just that challenge.
Glittering prize
Both Johannes Vilhelm Jensen and Henrik Pontoppidan left their parental homes in Jutland for Copenhagen, in order to study medicine and polytechnics, respectively. Neither of them graduated and they both chose the uncertain life of a writer. Rather than engineering the future through science and technology, they wanted to do so through literature. Both authors were inspired by theories of evolution. Lucky Per as well as The Fall of the King contain reflections on the coming community, as it were, as well as the possibility of a new human.
Jameson sees Lucky Per as a highly original version of the novel of the artist. It is also a kind of counterfactual autobiography. Like his creator, Peter Andreas Sidenius leaves the school of polytechnics, not because he wants to interpret modernity in literature like Pontoppidan did, but because he finds the teachers and the teaching too old-fashioned for his engineering ambitions. Per does not work with words; he wants to change the Danish part of the face of the earth by way of an enormous canal project. Pausing in his design work, he looks out of the window, down at 'the raw stuff of Denmark's future, the dead clay that he, like God, dreamed of creating in his own image, breathing into it the life of his emancipated soul'.14
Jensen devoted a lot of his work to combinations of avant la lettre gonzo journalism, poetic vision and popular science. His grand narrative of the Nordic race as ancestors to Columbus, modern America and industrial modernity as such was articulated early; with delightful futurist gusto in the travel articles Den gotiske Rennaissance (1901, The Gothic Renaissance) as well as two novels set in America; with increasing jingoism in numerous collections of essays as well as a series of novels under the title Den lange Rejse (1908-1922) – 'Jensen's six-volume evolutionary bible recounting "the long journey" of mankind'.15 In The Fall of the King, however, we find a somewhat less optimistic story about a new human, a homunculus with an enormous brain created by a demonic scientist. Both the scientist and the creature are executed in flames, the bodily reality of their extremely painful end described with a mix of scientific calm and colourful expressionism over several pages.16
As a very old man, Pontoppidan wrote of himself: 'For a number of years I did my duty as a foot soldier in the human spirit's eternal fight for freedom.'17 As a young man he had indeed been a part of the political and cultural struggle termed 'The Modern Breakthrough' by its leading figure, George Brandes, a specifically Danish and Scandinavian mixture of political liberalism, Darwinism, (cautious) literary naturalism and enlightenment philosophy.
Pontoppidan's first wife was a peasant's daughter, and they lived in the countryside when he debuted in 1881. He was never sentimental about this starting point, and his early prose, mostly in short forms, mercilessly points out the facts of rural life in the second half of the nineteenth century: extreme poverty among farm workers and smallholders concealed by the jovial rhetoric of the highly successful land owning peasants, self-confidently marching towards cultural and political influence. As he gained momentum and scope, writing both small and very large novels, Pontoppidan combined these techniques of social, cultural and political critique with a stronger psychological interest. This is markedly the case with the first two of his so-called Three Great Novels, Det forjættede Land (1891-1895, The Promised Land) and Lucky Per.
The last of the three great novels, De Dødes Rige (1917, The Kingdom of the Dead), in one way abandons the young man's belief in political, scientific and social progress. However, as is the case with earlier writing distancing Pontoppidan from the Modern Breakthrough, this novel of bitter political and psychological disillusion – with an ending that is halfway apocalyptic, halfway pastoral – can at the same time be seen as a scorching critique of the Danes for not being revolutionary enough.
The wording of the 'foot soldier' quote given above might indicate that Pontoppidan was in fact not only thinking about progress in political, scientific and social terms. There is a Hegelian ring to the term 'human spirit', and the influence of German idealism upon nineteenth-century Scandinavia can hardly be overestimated. In reaction to the materialism of The Modern Breakthrough that hit Scandinavia in the 1890s, idealism furnished the raw materials for decadence and symbolism, and in these particular forms might be another source of Pontoppidan's phrasing here.
Judging by the novel Danskere (1896, Danishmen), his debut as a writer of serious literature – and not just of pulp fiction that paid the bills in his early youth – Johannes V. Jensen's move to Copenhagen never quite brought him to the metropolis of his dreams, exactly because it was a city made of dreams:
As the steamer glided closer and closer to Copenhagen, a city built in Buris's dreams sank in ruins; a white shinning city of palaces which stretched its steeples up into the clarity of the day, accommodating a distinctive noble human race.
Buris had not known of this city of dreams before he saw it fade into the mist, withdrawing like a mirage – now that reality faced him naked and grey.
Johannes V. Jensen: Danskere (1896)18
Jensen's next novel also uses the motif of a Hamsun-like, hyper sensitive, ever reflecting provincial arriving in Copenhagen. In fact, the title character of Einar Elkjær (1898), like both Knut Hamsun and Jensen himself, also visits the international capital of modernity to be – New York – but disappointment is certain everywhere he goes. After his early expiry, the autopsy seems to show that Einar had been thinking himself to death. The novel famously ends with the laconic statement: 'The autopsy suggested soft brain.'19
Through his fictional alter ego Buris in Danskere, Jensen links his youthful longings with a general hope for progress just as his elder Pontoppidan had done, but the protagonists of their grand narratives are different: Pontoppidan's somewhat idealistic 'human spirit' versus Jensen's more materialist 'a distinctive noble human race'. Jensen's hypersensitive and unquenchable longing, delivered in the lyrically compressed prose so typical of symbolism's rerun of romanticism, seem to be aligned with an idea of evolution beyond the human as we know it now.
Jensen spent the rest of his life photo-shopping the symbolist selfie that emerges from his early work, even disowning his first two novels. The picture he wanted to leave behind, by way of a large and enormously varied oeuvre, was that of a manly, optimistic and healthy Darwinist, a resolute lover of facts, a journalist, improvising scientist and chronicler of Himmerland in Jutland where he grew up. It was decidedly not that of an effeminate and hyper sensitive artist.
With a few outlying exceptions, reception and scholarship has been divided between two positions ever since. Some see Jensen's life and work as gradually developing a mature relationship with the ever-present and restless longing for an arrival that never takes place. This was the line taken by the Nobel Prize Committee. Others find a modernist pioneer around 1900, a deeply troubled young figure erupting with unprecedented and unrivalled creative energy. And after that? Well, when the devil grows old, he gets himself to a monastery – as the Danish version of an international proverb might be translated with an appropriate ring of Hamlet. Jensen moved 'from sublime nihilism to positivity of a lower order', as one of his commentators has it.20
It is easy to ridicule the fact that the 1917 Nobel Literature Prize was awarded to a writer as unimportant as Karl Gjellerup.21 However, giving the award to Gjellerup, a defector from The Modern Breakthrough turned fervent idealist, made it possible for the committee to honour by proxy the only obvious Danish candidate, the ever scandalous Georg Brandes, who for ideological reasons could not be named himself. The proxy was Henrik Pontoppidan, and the Danish prize of 1917 was thus split – rather than just shared – between a great novelist of materialist bend who had just finished another masterpiece (De Dødes Rige) and an inferior but energetically partisan idealist and Pan-Germanist who had not lived in Denmark for over twenty years.
The 1917 Nobel Literature prize was a set assignment, and the setting stemmed not only from the Nobel statutes demanding for works of 'an idealistic tendency' but also from the realities of the First World War. Giving the prize to a writer from one of the warring nations was out of the question; it had to be a small and neutral one. The Second World War posed comparable problems in terms of both idealism and neutrality. Johannes V. Jensen's insistent materialism had prevented him from receiving the prize in spite of the fact that he was nominated no less than eighteen times. In the forties, however, the Nietzschean brutality of his youthful futurism could be forgiven in the light of the latter day poetic softening of his Darwinism. He received the prize in 1944 – and this was seen as a discreet encouragement to a Denmark occupied by Nazi Germany.
Jensen and Pontoppidan were fundamentally different in almost every way and had very little to do with each other personally. The difference can be seen in a rare moment of overlap. Both men received an honorary doctorate at the University in Lund. The reserved and ageing Pontoppidan accepted the honour but sent his apologies to the awarding ceremony. Jensen, his strained relationship with the academic world and highbrow culture in general notwithstanding, received the laurels at a formal and pompous ritual in 1929.
Stars are stars and they shine so hard
The short story 'Ørneflugt' (1893, 'Eagle's Flight'), is – alongside Lucky Per – the most well-known work by Pontoppidan. It features a satirical and seemingly programmatic rewriting of Hans Christian Andersen's 'The Ugly Duckling' (1843) that has enabled generations of teachers to set up an instructive antithesis between late romanticist idealism and Scandinavian naturalism.
The story is simple: An infant eagle is found by some boys and grows up in the poultry yard of an old parson. The eagle is given the bourgeois name Klaus, he dwells near the pigsty, is lavishly fed with garbage and thrives in the new conditions. Sometimes 'a vague longing' overtakes him, but his wings are 'well clipped', and Klaus' attempts at flying invariably end in a dark corner of the poultry yard. After a couple of years the clipping is neglected and Klaus manages to fly up and away, obeying not only the call of nature in general but also the call of a female eagle. However, the higher spheres are frightening and the physical demands of following the proud female go beyond what the chubby protagonist can muster. He flies home, but alas, a hired man of the farm shoots him, not knowing that what certainly looks like an eagle in fact belongs to the poultry yard. The eagle's flight ends in the dung heap.
Pontoppidan's text mentions Andersen's directly in the opening paragraph and concludes with the effective punchline: 'It avails but little to have come from an eagle's egg, if one is raised in the poultry yard.'22 The story of the domesticated eagle is an exact, materialist and pessimistic reversal of the idealist conception of man in Andersen's original. To that extent this little text manages satirically to orchestrate for a chamber group, as it were, Georg Brandes large scale criticism of a Danish literature stagnating under a reactionary cultural climate.
The paraphrase I have just given does justice to less than half of the short text – and probably also to about half of Andersen's original which, as is so often the case, contains its own ironic and metafictional hints. To an extent, one might say that Pontoppidan worked in continuation of Andersen, rather than in opposition to him.23 The long middle part of 'The Eagle's Flight', framed by the robust reversal of Andersen's fairy tale in beginning and end contains a description of Klaus' ascension. The setting changes from the distinctly Danish parsonage to a high alpine landscape – transposing the register of the text from realism to allegorical symbolism.
At first he is overjoyed, in a way that mimics the homecoming of Andersen's tale, and also of the Bildungsroman more generally: Finding balance between its own identity and its own true element at last, the eagle screams with joy – 'In a flash it knew what it meant to be an eagle.' This, however, is the middle of a late nineteenth-century short story, not the end of a Bildungsroman or a fairy tale. Losing sight of any sign of human culture, Klaus is frightened by 'the empty vastness' around him.
At this point, the she-eagle turns up and invigorates him, and the narrator of the 1899-version intensifies the action by changing to the present tense. She leads him into ever-higher alpine areas of cold and hostile beauty. The air is filled with strange rumbling noises until every sound recedes into great stillness:
They have reached a vast stone desert, a chaos of gigantic blocks tumbled upon each other like the ruins of an overthrown tower of Babel. Suddenly the view before them opens. High above the drifting clouds spreads like a vision the unearthly realm of perpetual snow, unsoiled by swarming life, the home of the eagle and the great stillness. The last rays of day seem to be resting in quiet slumber on the white snow. Behind it rises the dark blue sky covered with calm stars.
Henrik Pontoppidan: 'Ørneflugt' (1899)
This is an unsettling vision of a universe where Earth is not the centre, and human life not a sacred core, but a soiled anomaly in an indifferent and majestic coldness that was there before and will be there after the babbling and 'swarming life' of humans. The sun is setting, which endows the scenery with a discretely apocalyptic feel.
'Eagle's Flight' is a naturalist frame around a symbolist core, around existential questions raised and left unanswered by God's death and the new materialist metaphysics. The text even suggests that what we normally think of as reality is a human construction, a veil drawn over a universe man cannot bear to behold.24 Such a worldview certainly breaks with a long Christian tradition, but the break is by no means absolute. The division of the world in two spheres, a dingy netherworld of human activity and an unearthly realm of eternal beauty, is not exactly new.
It's a man's man's world
'What do men want?' – Anthony Giddens asked in The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, love and Eroticism (1992), and continued:
In one sense the answer has been clear and understood by both sexes from the nineteenth century onwards. Men want status among other men, conferred by material rewards and conjoined to rituals of male solidarity. But the male sex here misread a key trend in the trajectory of development of modernity. For men self-identity was sought after in work, and they failed – we always have to add, by and large – to understand that the reflexive project of self involves an emotional reconstruction of the past in order to project a coherent narrative towards the future. Their unconscious emotional reliance upon women was the mystery whose answer they sought in women themselves; and the quest for selfidentity became concealed within this unacknowledged dependence. What men wanted was something which women had in some part already achieved; it is no wonder that male authors, including the narrator of My Secret Life, became obsessed with the secret that only women could reveal, but which the piling up of amorous conquests wholly failed to disclose.
Anthony Giddens: The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism (1992)25
This quotation points out a vital problem concerning male identity in modern times, not least around 1900. One way of interpreting Lucky Per would be to see it as large-scale demonstration of such a male misreading of modernity.
Peter Andreas Sidenius – the rebel son of provincial parson – tries to make it big in a man's man's world of struggle and competition. His luck as a womanizer works to the same end: Conquering women gives him status (inwards as well as outwards), and one particularly rich conquest provides him with access to the influence and finances he needs for his great engineering project. Jakobe, however, is more than the daughter of a very wealthy Jewish financier. Per does in fact realize that she is both intelligent and passionate, but – as men in general do, according to Giddens – he misreads her, their relationship, and thereby himself and the inner logic of modernity.
Modernity is not only about urbanization, capitalization, atheism and steam engines. The changes in the sphere of intimacy are just as profound as any of these. The new kinds of intimacy, especially the relation between mother and infant in the nuclear family, on the one hand, and the kind of equal relationship between lovers that Giddens terms the pure relationship, on the other, affect the core of subjective identity. For men, however, the 'unacknowledged dependence' on women is repressed, and lives its own life, erupting in womanizing, violence, submission and idealization. The complexity of interpersonal connection is reduced, and the pressure vented in the Madonna-whore complex.
Per's women neatly fall in either category. From the 'black-eyed, dark-haired pauper-girl' who laughs at him 'with her large red half-open mouth' on a wild sleigh ride while the other boys yell in 'reluctant admiration', to Inger Blomberg, the parson's daughter he ends up marrying. In the following passage, Inger is clearly understood as the Madonna type, while Jakobe is stereotyped as the opposite:
It occurred to him, then, that it was more by this chaste composure, rather than by any particular outer traits, that she resembled Fransisca in his eyes. That cool modesty, like the scent of wild roses, had hovered around her form. He could remember how the least allusion to love's mysteries brought the blood to her cheeks, while Jakobe – no, with her, it was otherwise. He couldn't deny that it had, now and then, struck him there was something unsavory in the reckless passion with which she had lovingly devoted herself to him.
Henrik Pontoppidan, Lykke-Per (1918)26
The delusional nature of Per's reasoning is suggested by the clichéd wording – wild roses, the least allusion to love's mysteries, reckless passion – and by the discretely outrageous interpretation of Jakobe at the end.
While still engaged to Jakobe, Per spends several months in a small town in the Alps – financed by his father-in-law to-be – supposedly studying construction work on a huge dam, in reality stuck in thoughts of a more inward and philosophical kind. Reading between the lines of his detached letters, Jakobe understands the scale of his crisis and turns up, self-confidently disregarding the bigoted morals of her time. Though not married, they spend a week together, and this is how it really was for Per (it was after this chapter on the summit of happiness that his author paused and mused in 1900):
For Per, these days really signified a new birth and baptism. His life had suddenly come into a charged richness and beauty he had never dreamt of. He went around in an intoxicated state of revelation, as if he had developed new senses.
What he had demanded of happiness seemed to him indifferent and insignificant to the degree of joy to be found in merely one kiss. Jakobe was transformed for him. He loved her now as a woman who had given him new life, who had widened the boundaries of his world, and whose embrace had exorcised the threatening shadow of death from his path.
Henrik Pontoppidan, Lykke-Per (1918)27
Per's later interpretation of Jakobe and their relationship is obviously in the wrong. She is an erotic being, but also psychologically and intellectually Per's equal, if not superior. Jakobe does not fit into the Madonna-whore complex, but is Pontoppidan's rather successful attempt at creating a third way.28 Jakobe's later fate can be seen as a kind of alternative ending of the novel. Abandoned by Per, and after the death of the child he did not know she was expecting, Jakobe uses her means to create an asylum for the neglected children of the metropolis. As always with Pontoppidan, there is a darker side, too. Even if the tale of her asylum provides an alternative, edifying ending to the novel, the stark Nietzschean bend of Jakobe's thinking can hardly be considered progressive.
By distorting the image of Jakobe, Per also twists his own conception of their relationship. It seems that a modern relationship between them had in fact been possible, a relationship unlike the traditional marriage based on exterior bonds, one grounded solely on the attraction and mutual sympathy between them. In short: Giddens' pure relationship and its plastic sexuality was already a fact for Jakobe and Per – when he for sinister reasons broke it off and ran for the safety of Christianity and a traditional marriage in fertile surroundings far from bustling Copenhagen.
Heroes
Up to this point, the tale of Lucky Per very much runs like the one about Klaus from 'Eagle's Flight', with rich psychological and historical background added – and an ambiguous and highly original ending coming up. Because of his Christian upbringing in general, and his pastor father's grim piety in particular, happiness is not available for Per, even if he is lucky all the time.29 He is unable to spread his wings and fly with his eagle princess over half the kingdom, his for the taking. He is in the end man enough, though, to realize how clipped he is, how unable to be close to other people. Having lived with Inger for some years, he leaves her and the children, having found a suitable estate owner waiting in the wings for her and the little ones. He then turns around and faces the darkness of his psyche, 'his father's shadow'. Living alone as an inspector of roads in the most desolate part of Jutland he finds peace – and in the end, death.
Is Per a hero, a true eagle after all, maybe even a new human, no longer afraid of the high alpine landscapes of modern existence? In the end he stands his ground as an atheist and realizes the aphorism: know thyself – age-old, but revitalized in post Christian times, as the Death of God releases energy that can be invested elsewhere, in the self. Per leaves behind little notes saying so much: 'without the strong, even bold courage to will oneself in all our divine nakedness, no one reaches full freedom'30 And he is kind. He arranges for his to be ex-wife to lead the happy normal life she wants. He donates his fortune to the asylum Jakobe runs for poor children of the metropolis, in the spirit of a joint endeavour for creating new humans beyond public and private structures as we know them.
Frederic Jameson praises Per's 'Cosmic neutrality' and the novel about him for its original version of melancholia. He clearly distinguishes between this concept and 'older narrative stereotypes': 'We must avoid the temptation of a religious or ascetic interpretation, and the accents either of asceticism or of existential pathos and Pascalian "misery". We must resist the temptation to see Per's final return to Jutland as a withdrawal from the world.'31 What Pontoppidan and his protagonist discovered was the death wish; central to later theories of desire by Freud and Lacan.
Jameson does not mention Lukács, but his conclusion seems to draw on him. Lukács sees Pontoppidan's novel as the only heir to Don Quixote, the epitome of 'abstract idealism' – one of two novelistic reactions to the abandonment of the world by God, the other being 'The romanticism of disillusionment'. Lukács' point is that most of Lucky Per reads like a typical nineteenth-century novel, focused on psychological dynamics and development, but then that the ending reveals a completely different psychology, which overturns the interpretation of the narrative we have just read:
The revealed transcendence of this ending and its evident prestabilised harmony with the soul give an appearance of necessity to all the confusions that preceded it; indeed, seen from the end, the dynamic relationship between the soul and the world is reversed; it looks as though the hero had always remained unchanged, quietly watching the passing events from within himself; as though the entire action consisted merely in removing the veils in which his soul was wrapped. The dynamic nature of psychology is thus shown to be only apparently dynamic, but not until – and this is where Pontoppidan's great mastery lies – it has rendered possible a journey through a really vital and dynamic life-totality by its semblance of movement.
György Lukács' Die Theorie des Romans (1916)32
Jameson, Lukács, Bloch and many other commentators who interpret Per's retreat in positive, existentialist terms are absolutely right, but tend to underestimate the tension in the text itself between their own reading and the one they denounce under terms such as Jameson's 'older narrative stereotypes' or Lukács' 'Romanticism of disillusionment'. Lucky Per is very much about a man who cannot escape the effects of his upbringing, in the poultry yard as it were. His final courage in accepting himself is heroic, but at the same time looks suspiciously like a substitute for religion. The rejection of his own grand project, the women who love him, and desire itself, seems to be an atheist version of the Christian and paternal renunciation of all worldly goods and pleasures. In terms of his love life, it is a reasonable interpretation to see him as a rather special version of a modern man. Per misreads what Giddens termed 'a key trend in the trajectory of development of modernity, first by venturing on a quest for 'status among other men, conferred by material rewards and conjoined to rituals of male solidarity' and then once all this is within reach, by gradually trading it for splendid isolation, celibacy and self-realisation rather than new and better forms of intimacy.
This exchange clarifies the relationship between Per and the protagonist of the fairy tale on which the novel draws. Like Hans in the Grimm brothers' 'Hans im Glück', Per trades things of value for things of less value until he has nothing. Hans is overjoyed at the end, free at last, but what about Per? The novel is as darkly ambiguous here as Hans Christian Andersen's superb revamping of the same fairy tale – Hvad Fatter gjør, det er altid det Rigtige (1861, 'What the Old Man Does is Always Right') – is jubilant and slippery.33
The formal mastery of Lucky Per lies in the way Pontoppidan writes his protagonist through the dominant novelistic forms of the nineteenth century – the Bildungsroman and the novel of disillusion – and then creates an ending that is neither naively edifying nor cheaply nihilistic. But this is achieved at the cost of an aporia between different psychological conceptions of the protagonist and the storyline, each denouncing the other. The novel is a masterpiece in the history of the European novel not because it is perfect, but because it is flawed in a particularly successful way. 34
It is no coincidence that one of Per's written leftovers denounces the essentialist belief in a true self, not by replacing it by another concept of the self, a constructivist one, but by maintaining that he does not know whether we have a core or whether there are 'as many souls in us as there are cards in the game of “Cuckoo'” (541). 'I wonder, I wonder, the note ends inconclusively. And so, one might say, does the novel.
Changes
Reviewing the second version of Lucky Per (1905), the hugely influential Professor of Danish Literature, Vilhelm Andersen, comments on the slightly old-fashioned tone of Pontoppidan's prose and compares it to Jensen's: 'Pontoppidan keeps his style as a pastor's wife does the floor of her living room. There is no growth in his prose, it does not sprout after him. When Johannes V Jensen strides through his mother tongue there is always creation in it, his footsteps drip.'35
There is some truth in this, even if is impossible to be as good a story teller as Pontoppidan is without mastery of language. In Pontoppidan, style always serves the epic intentions. His long and detailed descriptions of landscapes, for instance, be they Danish, alpine or even Greenlandish, are invariably carefully embedded in the thematic structure of the text as suggestive descriptions of the protagonist, as is obvious even in a text as short as 'Eagle's Flight'; where they help articulate a biological conception of man. Even if Jensen very much shares this materialist anthropology and often sees his characters as emanations of weather and landscapes, the classicism and moderation of Pontoppidan's storytelling has no parallel in his work, especially early on. He is first and foremost a writer, and the power of his writing – when he is at his best – tears away from generic, intentional, thematic and structural restraints.
The following description of the butchery of a horse – one of many descriptions of physical death in The Fall of the King, the culmination being the 1520 Stockholm bloodbath – has become legend:
It was so cold that the snow crunched loudly underfoot, and fingers tingled as if touched by dripping acid. But through the frozen death of the meadow crept the brook, black and open and incurably alive.
The knacker threw Anders Graa's horse over on its back and began to cut it open. The blood lay in a big brown puddle, melting down into the snow, and the pinkish froth turned quickly to ice. With every stroke of the knife, color welled up out of the steaming carcass, with marvellous shades of blue and read gleaming from the flesh. Shreds were still twitching, jerking, quivering in the frosty air. The severed muscles writhed like worms licked by flames. The long windpipe was laid bare, the back teeth exposed like four rows of mystic characters. A delicate pink membrane appeared, patterned with a myriad of blue veins, like a countryside scored by many rivers and seen from a great height. When the thorax was opened it was like a cave, with great whitish-blue membranes hanging down, brown and black blood coming out of small holes in the veined walls, and yellow fat stretching from top to bottom in elongated, dripping masses. The liver was more vividly brown than any other brown thing in the world. The spleen appeared, blue and dappled like the night and the Milky Way. And there were many other bright colors – entrails of blue and green, bits and pieces that were brick-red and ocher-yellow.
All of the luxuriant, garish colors of the east – the gold of the sands of Egypt, the turquoise of the skies over the Tigris and Euphrates – all the rampant colors of India and the Orient blossomed there in the snow under the knacker's filthy knife.
Johannes V. Jensen: Kongens Fald (1900-1901) 36
This is a provocatively realistic description of the material reality of death, and as such an example of young Jensen's heavy handed anti-idealism. It is embedded in the larger thematic structure of The Fall of the King which is very much a novel about lack of meaning in the face of death's inevitability – and in the absence of any religious frame of interpretation. The intestines look like a countryside and the Milky Way, and their colours are connected with the origins of European culture. The description thus brutally suggests that the western empires, the larger culture of man, and the universe itself are under the law of the fall.
The force of the description, however, lies in the paradoxical life of a death scene. Jensen had learned his trade as a writer of pulp fiction and knew how to play to a modern mass audience's fascination of death and destruction. The scandalous energy of the description is well beyond what is needed for the plot, and strains both the referential and the symbolic meaning. As is suggested by the similarity of the knacker's knife to the writer's pen, the reference of the passage is on closer inspection not only to an external reality and a thematic structure but also to language and the description itself. The phallic knife of destruction is a magic wand and a potent instrument of masculine writerly fertility, breathing life into a spectacle of vivid colours and endless possibilities of meaning, ready to be interpreted in, for instance, psychoanalytical, queer or postcolonial terms. The passage is a materialist prose poem, an allegory for a kind of bad-taste expressionist vitalism, spelling out – in 'back teeth exposed like four rows of mystic characters' – the gospel of the carcass with self-consciously paradoxical elan. Later on, in one of many short mythical interludes, even the grim reaper himself seems to die, screaming 'like a woman in labor.'37
In spite of the fact that The Fall of the King follows the narrative logic that Lukács termed the biographical inner form of the novel – we follow Mikkel through most of his miserable life – it is a string of prose poems rather than a rounded epic. The third-person narrator permanently hovers on the brink of revealing himself as either the lyrical I of poetry or the self-conscious first-person narrator common in eighteenth-century novels by Diderot or Sterne. Apostrophes and the second-person pronoun, unusual in prose narration but almost obligatory in older poetry, are used frequently, especially in the recurring descriptions of death, destruction and the transitory nature of human life, creating a strong tension between high style and vividly materialistic pictures.38
These formal traits of The Fall of the King are connected both to Jensen's productive ambivalence towards fine literature and a general sliding between different text types, registers and author functions at a point in time when the advent of modern mass media had upset traditional distinctions. In Jensen's literary prose, the journalist and the poet are never much separate. And vice versa: Jensen's newspaper work was continually collected and offered as literature in book format. The big ego of the gonzo journalist is, after all, often on the brink of morphing into the both all-encompassing and anonymous I of poetry. It is a telling fact that Jensen's perhaps most famous poem, 'Interference', with its picture of the sleepless and split modern mind, was first published as a newspaper article in 1901 and then revamped as free verse poetry in Digte (1906, Poems). With broken-up lines, an expanded text and a place within that most prestigious of mediums, the book-borne collection of poems, texts like 'Interference' acted as an entrance sign to – and cast the journalist and writer of pulp fiction as a hugely influential pioneer of – literary modernism.
Toback to the fromtime39
Bearing in mind Jensen's ambivalent relationship with the literary field, the explosively creative nature of his writing, his bastardized aesthetics, the idiosyncratic nature of his points of view, his wide-ranging interests and the many different author functions he tried to incarnate, it is no wonder that Jensen had to invent his own genres. No wonder either that what he termed 'myte' (myth) was as successful as it is impossible to define. His own best attempt focusses on the transformation of a situation, an object or a personal story into an epiphanic symbol: 'a leap into a picture'.40 This makes the Jensenian myth more a device or a method than a genre; a device related to the underlying evolutionary interpretation of man. The later Jensen's lavish use of the term makes one commentator's dry definition more accurate: 'anything that can be published as a feature in Politiken.41 In fact, Jensen wrote 449 features for the newspaper Politiken, and almost everything under the sky was to be found there. Baptizing a feature 'myth' and printing it in a book, Jensen transformed it into literature.
This dilution notwithstanding, some of Jensen's most original work is to be found in his collections of myths. 'The Skeleton Man' is a frequently anthologized example. Consisting of two prose pieces brought together in the book Myter og Jagter (1907, Myths and hunts) this myth manages to fashion modern life's irreducible contradictions and modernity's inescapable ugliness into a startling picture. Both pieces are set in the grimmest of industrial sceneries, the German town of Krefeld and London, described with the same kind of deadpan virtuosity Jensen used for bull fights in Spain or beheadings in The Fall of the King. In both cities, the first-person speaker witnesses the same cabaret act, where an abused young woman sings a strange little song, accompanied by a cruel clown – a duet between modern life and eternal death bringing 'healing pain' to the poor and suffering audience. This is a tribute to a bastardized literature, literature unafraid of human suffering, industrial ugliness and crass mass culture, literature able to look the 'interference' of modernity in the eye and hold gaze with the timelessness of myth. One must remember the unforgettable words from The Fall of the King: 'Through the frozen death of the meadow crept the brook, black and open and incurably alive.'
Jensen's most popular work was in another genre he more or less made up: short stories set exclusively in the landscape where he grew up, at Himmerland. These Stories of Himmerland were part of a general interest in folklore, rural life and regional settings all over Europe and in every art form. They secured him a large audience and a seat in 'The Rural Rebellion' where, for the first time, rural life – not least the material reality of poverty and hard manual labour – was described by people who had actually lived such a life rather than by members of the culturally hegemonic bourgeoisie gone radical (such as Pontoppidan, the parson's son).
Jensen's father was, in fact, not a peasant, but a veterinarian. The family lived among people working the land, but led a life different from theirs. Jensen left for Copenhagen, and from there he travelled extensively throughout the world, driven by alternating impulses of outward, restless appetite for the exotic and the modern and, once he was on the road, inward longing for home. Just as one can question whether he ever arrived anywhere, it is doubtful whether he ever returned.
The stories of Himmerland display a highly original processing of these ambiguities. People and landscapes are described with the insider's knowledge but seen from a distance, noticeable in the language and attitude of the narrator. Very often the protagonists are strange outsiders rather that representatives of a class or a milieu. It is easy to understand why the stories and their author were seen as part of the regionalist trend. Jensen took this view himself, and engaged in merciless fights with his sister, the writer Thit Jensen (1876-1957), over the literary patent on Himmerland. However, both the themes and forms of Jensen's stories differ fundamentally from comparable contemporaries. One finds no social indignation in Jensen, and though the stories from Himmerland can be nostalgic, it is a cosmic and even futurist nostalgia, rather than a cliched longing for ways of life eradicated by modernity. Jensen's vitalism and Darwinism made him think of man as an educated animal, and in a way his evolutionary thinking was a narrative and edifying trip back to the future; or rather a step forward to a past where people lived in direct exchange with nature's both brutal and beautiful cycles. The childhood landscape of Himmerland as a literary and mythical construct was where the grand narrative of evolution led. 'The natural sciences applied retroactively' was one of many explanations of his mythical method.42
Read in this way, Jensen's Himmerland is a myth and a utopian chronotope – a conception of time manifested as a place. In its fusion of progressive and reactionary vectors it is very similar to the sequences which concludes Pontoppidan's last great novel, the multiprotagonist narrative De Dødes Rige (1917, The Kingdom of the Dead). In the end, all the threads of the novel's vast tissue of plots come together in a farm collective, where the characters form a secular utopia, a new world beyond the political and technological mirages of modernity. In the last lines, like an inverted story of Cain and Abel, two brothers are reconciled with each other.
Poul is an atheist doctor and the informal leader of the rural asylum, and welcomes his hitherto zealous pastor brother, who seems to be worn out by the less than idealistic intrigues of church politics in the capital: 'Oh, Johannes, you really have come back from the kingdom of the dead!'43 The central motif of the novel is here connected not only to the church but also to the hustle and bustle of Copenhagen. Both the old belief in God and the more modern worship of money and scientific as well as political progress are denounced and bypassed in the mature Pontoppidan's vision of a new world. As was the case with Lucky Per, though, the ending is ambiguous. For what is the reader to make of the flute notes coming out of a hut in the very last line? Is this a metafictional comment on the scene as a pastoral, or background music to a touching (but even so, reactionary) finale?
In the course of the secularization process, nature supplanted God as the ultimate referent throughout the Western world; Jensen's grand evolutionary myth and Pontoppidan's great novels gave form to this both retrograde and forward-looking replacement. Well over 100 years later, we are less preoccupied with the death of God; now it is the successor, nature, which seems to be dying. Not only in the physical sense. Maybe nature as a strongly normative metaphysical concept needs to die – in the same way that God needed to die for Jensen and Pontoppidan: to make way for life and a new world. That is, at least, the claim coming from the dark corners of contemporary eco-criticism, as in Timothy Morton's Ecology without Nature. Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics (2007). It remains to be seen what literary forms will be relevant in this transition. 'The novel is the epic of a world that has been abandoned by God' Lukács stated. What forms could we use in a world abandoned by nature?
Bibliography
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Denmark 1973, 100th Birth Anniversary of Johannes Vilhelm Jensen MNH, Mi 540
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MNH original gum.
<br>
<br>Motive: 100th Birth Anniversary of Johannes Vilhelm Jensen.
<br>- Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873-1950), Schriftsteller, Nobelpreis 1944.
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Free shipping on all eligible items from tidno.Free shipping on each additional eligible item you buy from tidno.US $2.95FreeGermanyStandard International ShippingEstimated between Thu, Aug 8 and Wed, Aug 21 to 60323
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Jensen
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Wilhelm Jensen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Jensen
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German writer (1837–1911)
For the Nobel Prize laureate Danish author, see Johannes Vilhelm Jensen.
Wilhelm Hermann Jensen (15 February 1837 – 24 November 1911) was a German writer and poet.
Biography
[edit]
Wilhelm Jensen was born at Heiligenhafen in the Duchy of Holstein (now Germany), the illegitimate son of Swenn Hans Jensen (1795–1855), the Mayor of the city of Kiel, later administrator (Landvogt) of the German/Danish island of Sylt, who came of old patrician Frisian stock. Wilhelm married Marie Brühl in May 1865 in Vienna and they had six children together. Jensen was the son-in-law of the journalist and writer Johann August Moritz Bruehl (1819–1877), the father-in-law of the historian and editor Eduard Heyck, botanist Carl Christian Mez and Ernst, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, the grandfather of the writer and poet Hans Heyck and the step grandfather to psychologist Narziß Ach.[citation needed]
After attending the classical schools at Kiel and Lübeck, Jensen studied medicine at the universities of Kiel, Würzburg, Jena and Breslau. He, however, abandoned the medical profession for that of writing, and after engaging for some years in individual private study proceeded to Munich, where he associated with men of letters. After a residence in Stuttgart (1865–1869), where for a short time he conducted the Schwabische Volkszeitung and became the lifelong friend of the writer Wilhelm Raabe, he became editor in Flensburg of the Norddeutsche Zeitung. In 1872 he again returned to Kiel, lived from 1876 to 1888 in Freiburg im Breisgau, and from 1888 until his death was a resident of Munich and St. Salvator near Prien on Lake Chiemsee.[1]
Literary works
[edit]
Jensen was a prolific German writer of fiction, publishing more than one hundred and fifty works, but only comparatively few of them became popular, such as the novels, Karin von Schweden (Berlin, 1878); Die braune Erica (Berlin, 1868); and the tale, Die Pfeifer von Dusenbach, Eine Geschichte aus dem Elsass (1884). Others included: Barthenia (Berlin, 1877); Götz und Gisela (Berlin, 1886); Heimkunft (Dresden, 1894); Aus See und Sand (Dresden, 1897); Luv und Lee (Berlin, 1897); and the narratives, Aus den Tagen der Hansa (Leipzig, 1885); Aus stiller Zeit (Berlin, 1881–1885); and Heimat. Jensen also published some tragedies, among them Dido (Berlin, 1870) and Der Kampf fürs Reich (Freiburg im Br., 1884).[1] He was also a poet; a collection of his poetry is contained in "Vom Morgen zum Abend" (1897).[citation needed] His output continued until the year of his death, with Fremdlinge under den Menschen.[2]
Jensen is now remembered mainly as the author of the novella Gradiva. Sigmund Freud published an analysis of this work during 1907.
References
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Nobel Prize in Physics
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The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others are the Nobel Prize in chemistry, Nobel Prize in literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, a German, "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays)." This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in Physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. In 2007 the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert (of France) and Peter Grünberg (of Germany) for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance; they share the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than €1 million, or US$1.6 million).
Nomination and selection
Template:Tfd A maximum of three Nobel Laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physics.[1] Compared with some other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the Nobel Prize in Physics is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why these Nobel Prizes have grown in importance over the years to become the most important prizes in Physics.[2]
These Nobel Laureates are selected by a committee that consists of five members elected by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In its first stage, several thousand people are asked to nominate candidates. These names are scrutinized and discussed by experts until only the winners remain. This slow and thorough process, insisted upon by Alfred Nobel, is arguably what gives the prize its importance.
Forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, are sent to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. In practice some nominees do become known. It is also common for publicists to make such a claim, founded or not.
The nominations are screened by committee, and a list is produced of approximately two hundred preliminary candidates. This list is forwarded to selected experts in the field. They remove all but approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations to the appropriate institution.
While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can occur if the individual died in the months between the nomination and the decision of the prize committee.
The Nobel Prize in Physics requires that the significance of achievements being recognized is "tested by time." In practice it means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much longer. For example, half of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar for his work on stellar structure and evolution that was done during the 1930s. As a downside of this approach, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a Prize, as the discoverers may have died by the time the impact of their work is realized.[citation needed]
The Award
The Nobel Prize in Physics consists of a gold medallion (the "Nobel Prize Medal for Physics"), a diploma, and a monetary grant.[1] The Nobel Prize Medals, which have been minted in Sweden since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Their engraved designs are internationally-recognized symbols of the prestige of the Nobel Prize.
The front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medals for Physics, Chemistry, Literature, and Physiology or Medicine (for the "Swedish Prizes") features the same engraved profile of Alfred Nobel with his name abbreviated as "Alfr. Nobel" to the left of his profile and the dates of his birth and death to the right of it (in capital letters and Roman numerals).[1]
The reverse side of the medals for Physics and Chemistry is "The medal of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences," which "represents Nature in the form of a goddess resembling Isis, emerging from the clouds and holding in her arms a cornucopia. The veil which covers her cold and austere face is held up by the Genius of Science" ("The Nobel Medal for Physics and Chemistry").[3]
The grant is currently approximately 10 million SEK, slightly more than €1 million (US$1.6 million).[1][4]
The Nobel Award Ceremony
The committee and institution serving as the selection board for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates in October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. "The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King of Sweden. ... Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount" ("What the Nobel Laureates Receive").
The Nobel Banquet is the banquet that is held every year in Stockholm City Hall in connection with the Nobel Prize.[1][4]
List of Laureates
180 Nobel Laureates in Physics have been selected as of 2007. The following chart includes the Nobel Laureates in Physics since its inceptions in 1901.[5]
Year Name Country Citation 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays)" 1902 Hendrik Lorentz
Pieter Zeeman Netherlands "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena". See Zeeman effect. 1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel France "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" Pierre Curie
Marie Curie France
Poland / France "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" 1904 John William Strutt United Kingdom "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies" 1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Germany "for his work on cathode rays" 1906 Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases" 1907 Albert Abraham Michelson United States "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid". See Michelson-Morley experiment. 1908 Gabriel Lippmann France "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference" 1909 Guglielmo Marconi
Karl Ferdinand Braun Italy
Germany "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals Netherlands "For his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids." See van der Waals force. 1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat." 1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden "invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and light-buoys." 1913 Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes Netherlands "For his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" 1914 Max von Laue Germany "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals." 1915 William Henry Bragg
William Lawrence Bragg Australia/United Kingdom "For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays." 1916 no award prize purse allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1917 Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom "For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements." 1918 Max Planck Germany "In recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta." See Planck constant. 1919 Johannes Stark Germany "For his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields." 1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys" 1921 Albert Einstein Germany
Switzerland "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his explanation of the photoelectric effect" 1922 Niels Bohr Denmark "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan United States "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect" 1924 Manne Siegbahn Sweden "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy" 1925 James Franck
Gustav Hertz Germany "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" 1927 Arthur Holly Compton United States "for his discovery of the effect named after him". See Compton effect. Charles Thomson Rees Wilson United Kingdom "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour". See cloud chamber. 1928 Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him" 1929 Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie France "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons". See De Broglie hypothesis. 1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" 1931 no award prize purse allocated to the Special Fund for this prize. 1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" 1933 Erwin Schrödinger
Paul Dirac Austria
United Kingdom "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" 1934 no award prize purse allocated half to the Main Fund and half to the Special Fund for this prize. 1935 James Chadwick United Kingdom "for the discovery of the neutron" 1936 Victor Francis Hess Austria "for his discovery of cosmic radiation" Carl David Anderson United States "for his discovery of the positron" 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson
George Paget Thomson United States
United Kingdom "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals". See wave-particle duality. 1938 Enrico Fermi Italy "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" 1939 Ernest Lawrence United States "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" 1940 no award prize purse allocated half to the Main Fund and half to the Special Fund for this prize. 1941 1942 1943 Otto Stern Germany
United States "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi United States "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" 1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle" 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman United States "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics" 1947 Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer" 1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation" 1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces". See Yukawa potential. 1950 Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" 1951 John Douglas Cockcroft
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton United Kingdom
Ireland "for their pioneering work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" 1952 Felix Bloch
Edward Mills Purcell Switzerland
United States "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" 1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" 1954 Max Born Germany
1939: United Kingdom "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" Walther Bothe West Germany "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" 1955 Willis Eugene Lamb United States "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum". See Lamb shift. Polykarp Kusch United States "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" 1956 William Bradford Shockley
John Bardeen
Walter Houser Brattain United States "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" 1957 Chen Ning Yang (楊振寧)
Tsung-Dao Lee (李政道) People's Republic of China
United States "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" 1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Čerenkov
Il'ya Frank
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect" 1959 Emilio Gino Segrè
Owen Chamberlain United States "for their discovery of the antiproton" 1960 Donald Arthur Glaser United States "for the invention of the bubble chamber" 1961 Robert Hofstadter United States "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name". See Mössbauer effect. 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" 1963 Eugene Paul Wigner Hungary
United States "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" Maria Goeppert-Mayer
J. Hans D. Jensen United States
West Germany "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" 1964 Charles Hard Townes United States "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle" Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov
Aleksandr Prokhorov Soviet Union;
Australia/Soviet Union 1965 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
Julian Schwinger
Richard Phillips Feynman Japan
United States
United States "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" 1966 Alfred Kastler France "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" 1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars" 1968 Luis Walter Alvarez United States "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" 1969 Murray Gell-Mann United States "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions". See Eightfold way. 1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Sweden "for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics" Louis Eugene Félix Néel France "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics" 1971 Dennis Gabor United Kingdom "for his invention and development of the holographic method" 1972 John Bardeen
Leon Neil Cooper
John Robert Schrieffer United States "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" 1973 Leo Esaki
Ivar Giaever Japan;
Norway/United States "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" Brian David Josephson United Kingdom "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect" 1974 Martin Ryle
Antony Hewish United Kingdom "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" 1975 Aage Niels Bohr
Ben Roy Mottelson
Leo James Rainwater Denmark
Denmark
United States "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" 1976 Burton Richter
Samuel Chao Chung Ting United States "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind". In other words: for discovery of the J/Ψ particle as it confirmed the idea that baryonic matter (such as the nuclei of atoms) is made out of quarks. 1977 Philip Warren Anderson
Nevill Francis Mott
John Hasbrouck van Vleck United States
United Kingdom
United States "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Soviet Union "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" Arno Allan Penzias
Robert Woodrow Wilson United States
United States "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow
Abdus Salam
Steven Weinberg United States
Pakistan
United States "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" 1980 James Watson Cronin
Val Logsdon Fitch United States "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons". See CP-violation. 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen
Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States
United States "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson United States "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar India
United States "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars". See Chandrasekhar limit. William Alfred Fowler United States "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" 1984 Carlo Rubbia
Simon van der Meer Italy
Netherlands "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" 1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" 1986 Ernst Ruska West Germany "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" Gerd Binnig
Heinrich Rohrer West Germany
Switzerland "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" 1987 Johannes Georg Bednorz
Karl Alexander Müller West Germany
Switzerland "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" 1988 Leon Max Lederman
Melvin Schwartz
Jack Steinberger United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" 1989 Norman Foster Ramsey United States "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" Hans Georg Dehmelt
Wolfgang Paul United States
West Germany "for the development of the ion trap technique" 1990 Jerome I. Friedman
Henry Way Kendall
Richard E. Taylor United States
United States
Canada "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" 1992 Georges Charpak France "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" 1993 Russell Alan Hulse
Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. United States "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" 1994 Bertram Brockhouse Canada "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" Clifford Glenwood Shull United States "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" 1998 Robert B. Laughlin
Horst Ludwig Störmer
Daniel Chee Tsui United States
Germany
United States "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations". See Quantum Hall effect. 1999 Gerardus 't Hooft
Martinus J.G. Veltman Netherlands "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" 2000 Zhores Ivanovich Alferov
Herbert Kroemer Russia
Germany "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics" Jack St. Clair Kilby United States "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit" 2001 Eric Allin Cornell
Wolfgang Ketterle
Carl Edwin Wieman United States
Germany
United States "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" 2002 Raymond Davis Jr.
Masatoshi Koshiba United States
Japan "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" Riccardo Giacconi United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" 2003 Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg
Anthony James Leggett Russia
Russia
United Kingdom "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids" 2004 David J. Gross
H. David Politzer
Frank Wilczek United States "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction" 2005 Roy J. Glauber United States "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence" John L. Hall
Theodor W. Hänsch United States
Germany "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique" 2006 John C. Mather
George F. Smoot United States "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" 2007 Albert Fert
Peter Grünberg France
Germany "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"
Notes
Other references
Friedman, Robert Marc (2001). The Politics of Excellence: Behind the Nobel Prize in Science. New York & Stuttgart: VHPS (Times Books). ISBN 0716731037 (10). ISBN 978-0716731030 (13).
Gill, Mohammad (March 10, 2005). "Prize and Prejudice". Chowk ("Voices that question, provoke and inspire"; ideas, identities and interactions"; "Where paths intersect"). Accessed November 5, 2007. ("Chowk is a platform to publish, discuss and debate writings on a variety of issues that are important to the people of India, Pakistan, and other South Asian countries" ["About Chowk"].)
Hillebrand, Claus D. (June 2002). "Nobel century: a biographical analysis of physics laureates". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 27.2: 87-93.
Lemmel, Birgitta. "The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics". nobelprize.org. Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 2006. Accessed November 9, 2007. (An article on the history of the design of the medals featured on the official site of the Nobel Foundation.)
"What the Nobel Laureates Receive". nobelprize.org. Copyright © Nobel Web AB 2007. Accessed November 9, 2007. (Featured link in "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies".)
See also
Nobel laureates by country
"All Nobel Laureates in Physics" - Index webpage on the official site of the Nobel Foundation.
"The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies" – Official hyperlinked webpage of the Nobel Foundation.
"The Nobel Prize in Physics" - Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation.
"The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry" – Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation.
Template:Nobel Prizes Template:Nobel Prize in Physics
Template:Link FA als:Nobelpreis für Physik ar:جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء ast:Premiu Nobel de Física zh-min-nan:Nobel Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Chióng br:Priz Nobel ar fizik bg:Нобелова награда за физика ca:Premi Nobel de Física cs:Nobelova cena za fyziku cy:Gwobr Ffiseg Nobel da:Nobelprisen i fysik de:Nobelpreis für Physik et:Nobeli füüsikaauhind el:Βραβείο Νόμπελ Φυσικής eo:Premio Nobel de Fiziko eu:Fisikako Nobel Saria fa:جایزه نوبل فیزیک gl:Premio Nobel de Física ko:노벨 물리학상 hr:Nobelova nagrada za fiziku ia:Premio Nobel pro Physica io:Nobel-premiarii por fiziko id:Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisika is:Nóbelsverðlaun í eðlisfræði it:Premio Nobel per la fisica he:פרס נובל לפיזיקה hu:Fizikai Nobel-díj ms:Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik nl:Nobelprijs voor de Natuurkunde no:Nobelprisen i fysikk oc:Prèmi Nobel de fisica scn:Premiu Nobel pâ fìsica simple:Nobel Prize in Physics sk:Zoznam nositeľov Nobelovej ceny za fyziku sl:Nobelova nagrada za fiziko sr:Нобелова награда за физику fi:Nobelin fysiikanpalkinto sv:Nobelpriset i fysik th:รายชื่อผู้ได้รับรางวัลโนเบลสาขาฟิสิกส์ uk:Нобелівська премія з фізики
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Phineas Phoenix"
] | null |
Features titles of award winners such as the Newbery, Caldecott, and Coretta Scott King awards. Also includes the call number if the Vise Library owns a particular item.
|
en
|
//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png
|
https://library.cumberland.edu/awardwinningbooks/nobel
|
Karl Adolph Gjellerup - The Vise Library does not own any works by this author
Henrik Pontoppidan - The Vise Library does not own any works by this author
2021 Winner
Abdulrazak Gurnah - The library does not own any of the books published by this author.
2022 Winner
Annie Ernaux - The library does not own any of the books published by this author.
|
|||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
2
| 91
|
http://www.esp.org/timeline/VIS-vs-ART_1940-1949.html
|
en
|
ESP Timeline: Visual Arts vs Arts and Culture (1940
|
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[
""
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[] | null |
en
|
img/favicon.ico
| null |
Painting by Piet Mondrian: Broadway Boogie Woogie was completed in 1943, shortly after Mondrian moved to New York in 1940. Compared to his earlier work, the canvas is divided into a much larger number of squares. Although he spent most of his career creating abstract work, this painting is inspired by clear real-world examples: the city grid of Manhattan, and the Broadway boogie woogie, a type of music Mondrian loved. The painting was bought by the Brazilian sculptor Maria Martins for the price of $800 at the Valentine Gallery in New York City, after Martins and Mondrian both exhibited there in 1943. Martins later donated the painting to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
Painting by Piet Mondrian: Broadway Boogie Woogie was completed in 1943, shortly after Mondrian moved to New York in 1940. Compared to his earlier work, the canvas is divided into a much larger number of squares. Although he spent most of his career creating abstract work, this painting is inspired by clear real-world examples: the city grid of Manhattan, and the Broadway boogie woogie, a type of music Mondrian loved. The painting was bought by the Brazilian sculptor Maria Martins for the price of $800 at the Valentine Gallery in New York City, after Martins and Mondrian both exhibited there in 1943. Martins later donated the painting to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
Casablanca wins Academy Award for best picture. The WWII drama represents the studio system at its best, where all the talent (behind and in front of the camera) worked at their peak. Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman were not the studios first choices for their roles, but they remain one of the screens all-time great romantic pairings.
Triptych by Francis Bacon: Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion comprises three canvasses that are based on the Eumenides — or Furies — of Aeschylus's Oresteia, and that depict three writhing anthropomorphic creatures set against a flat burnt orange background. It was executed in oil paint and pastel on Sundeala fibre board and completed within two weeks. The triptych summarises themes explored in Bacon's previous work, including his examination of Picasso's biomorphs and his interpretations of the Crucifixion and the Greek Furies. The Three Studies are generally considered Bacon's first mature piece. When the painting was first exhibited in 1945 it caused a sensation and established him as one of the foremost post-war painters. Remarking on the cultural significance of Three Studies, the critic John Russell observed in 1971 that "there was painting in England before the Three Studies, and painting after them, and no one ... can confuse the two".
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style".
Triptych by Francis Bacon: Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion comprises three canvasses that are based on the Eumenides — or Furies — of Aeschylus's Oresteia, and that depict three writhing anthropomorphic creatures set against a flat burnt orange background. It was executed in oil paint and pastel on Sundeala fibre board and completed within two weeks. The triptych summarises themes explored in Bacon's previous work, including his examination of Picasso's biomorphs and his interpretations of the Crucifixion and the Greek Furies. The Three Studies are generally considered Bacon's first mature piece. When the painting was first exhibited in 1945 it caused a sensation and established him as one of the foremost post-war painters. Remarking on the cultural significance of Three Studies, the critic John Russell observed in 1971 that "there was painting in England before the Three Studies, and painting after them, and no one ... can confuse the two".
Going My Way wins Academy Award for best picture. Writer-director Leo McCarey once again proved his ability to balance tears and laughs, in this tale of a rule-breaking priest (Oscar winner Bing Crosby) taking over a New York parish from a retiring priest. In the latter role, Barry Fitzgerald was oddly nominated as both lead and supporting actor, winning in the latter category.
Hermann Hesse awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style".
The Best Years of Our Lives wins Academy Award for best picture. The world population was just adjusting to life after World War II and some film executives feared that audiences wanted escapism, not a movie reflecting their lives. But it was a huge hit, and its honesty in dealing with civilian changes and vulnerabilities are still powerful. It was produced by Samuel Goldwyn, directed by William Wyler.
Painting by Jackson Pollock: Reflections of the Big Dipper, consisting of built up layers of paint with dripped enamel as the final touch, concluding the composition. It was around 1947 that Jackson Pollock traded in his brushes for sticks, trowels and knives and began adding foreign matter, such as sand, broken glass, nails, coins, paint-tube tops and bottle caps to his canvases. Reflection of the Big Dipper was exhibited at the Betty Parsons Gallery in 1948, along with sixteen other paintings by Jackson Pollock. The show received positive reviews. Pollock's works from this time are a transitional step between a more traditional handling of paint and his revolutionary technique of dripping paint on canvases off a large scale.
André Paul Guillaume Gide awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight".
Painting by Jackson Pollock: Reflections of the Big Dipper, consisting of built up layers of paint with dripped enamel as the final touch, concluding the composition. It was around 1947 that Jackson Pollock traded in his brushes for sticks, trowels and knives and began adding foreign matter, such as sand, broken glass, nails, coins, paint-tube tops and bottle caps to his canvases. Reflection of the Big Dipper was exhibited at the Betty Parsons Gallery in 1948, along with sixteen other paintings by Jackson Pollock. The show received positive reviews. Pollock's works from this time are a transitional step between a more traditional handling of paint and his revolutionary technique of dripping paint on canvases off a large scale.
Gentleman's Agreement wins Academy Award for best picture. The Elia Kazan-directed drama, starring Gregory Peck, was another hot-button winner, as it addressed the topic of anti-Semitism.
Thomas Stearns Eliot awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry".
Painting by Barnett Newman: Onement I features the first full incarnation of what Newman later called a 'zip', a vertical band of color. This motif would play a central role in many of his subsequent paintings. The painting's title is an archaic derivation of the word 'atonement', meaning, "the state of being made into one."
Hamlet wins Academy Award for best picture. The black and white Shakespeare adaptation, from U.K.s J. Arthur Rank-Two Cities, was the first non-Hollywood film to take the top award. And Laurence Olivier became the first person to direct himself to a best-actor win.
|
||||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
0
| 88
|
https://johanneslarsson.com/blog/most-popular-johannes-people-in-the-world/
|
en
|
Top 10 Most Important People Named Johannes & Name Meaning
|
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[
""
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[
"Johannes Larsson"
] |
2024-07-07T16:58:05+00:00
|
Find out who the most popular Johannes around the world are and how their achievements have left a mark in history, as well as the meaning of then name.
|
en
|
Johannes Larsson
|
https://johanneslarsson.com/blog/most-popular-johannes-people-in-the-world/
|
If Johannes is your first name, you've probably found yourself googling it to see what other people called Johannes have accomplished in their lives.
Seeing that my own name happens to be Johannes, I thought it would be interesting to make a list.
From composers to inventors, novelists to athletes, people named Johannes have definitely left a mark in this world and changed many things for the better.
And just as diverse as the people I'm about to discuss, the name Johannes comes in many different forms.
I am Swedish and Johannes is a very common name in my home country. But also in other Germanic-speaking countries, Johannes has become a staple first name for man as well as a second name.
The meaning of the name Johannes
What does the name Johannes mean?
Johannes originates from the Hebrew name יֹוחָנָן (Yehochanan) and means ‘Yahweh (God) is gracious‘.
Nowadays, you can find it in all variations around the world.
The English call us John or Joe.
Germans Johann or Hans, which is short for Johannes.
French-speaking countries turned Johannes into Jean.
And Juan is a widespread name among countries with Spanish origin.
But without further ado, let's jump into this exciting list of the most popular people named Johannes in the world.
Top 10 most popular Johannes in the world
#10- Johannes Thingnes Bø
Johannes is one of the most successful biathletes. He started his career in 2009 alongside his brother Tarjei. His breakthrough was during season 2013/2014, having debuted in the world cup only one season prior.
🎉 Important Achievements
As of season 2019/2020, Johannes won five junior world championships, ten world championships, 48 individual world cups, and three medals at the Winter Olympic Games, making him the third most successful male biathlete of all time.
#09- Johannes Heesters
Born Johan Marius Nicolaas Heesters, dutch actor and stage performer Johannes Heesters made a name for himself in the German-speaking entertainment industry in the early 1900's. He maintained his career over decades and was a beloved public figure until his death.
🎉 Important Achievements
Johannes spent 90 years entertaining and is one of the oldest perfomers in history. He is credited in 108 movies, released 21 albums between 1936 and 2007 and won numerous international awards. At his last performance less than two months prior to his death, Johannes was 108 years old.
#08- Johannes Moser
Another entertainer is Johannes Moser. He is an internationally known German-Canadian Cellist. Johannes started practising his craft at the young age of eight years.
🎉 Important Achievements
Throughout his impressive career, Johannes played with the world-leading orchestras as well as in collaboration with renowned chamber musicians. He is nowadays playing on a priceless cello by Italian luthier Andrea Guarneri, made in 1694.
#07- Johannes Kerkorrel
Known as the Dylan of Rock, Johannes Kerkorrel was a singer-songwriter, journalist, and playwright in his native South Africa. With his strong voice, he became one of the important players of the cultural movement against apartheid in the 1980's. He commited suiced at the age of 42.
🎉 Important Achievements
Johannes won several awards for his memorable two-decade contribution to the alternative Afrikaans music scene and is still seen as an icon for his revolutionary style and dedicated actions against racism.
#06 – Johannes Vermeer
Famous Dutch painter and Artist Johannes Vermeer was born in 1632 and left historically important pieces of art to the world. He is now one of the most studied painters, despite the fact that he was poor during his lifetime, having produced only a few paintings.
🎉 Important Achievements
Johannes revolutionized Baroque style painting by focusing and specializing in the domestic life of middle-class citizens. His unique technique of layering pigments has found great admiration and influenced the works of other famous artists, such as Salvador Dalì.
#05 – Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was a Danish author. He introduced modernism to the local literature culture, specializing in modern poetry. Johannes was known for putting his own spin to his works, creating modern poetry in direct and straightforward language.
🎉 Important Achievements
Considered to be the first great Danish writer of the 20th century, Johannes won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1944 “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination”.
#04 – Johannes Rydzek
Downhill doesn't mean that you're losing – at least not always. Johannes Rydzek, a German Nordic combined skier, proves that the faster you go down the slope, the faster you shoot up towards success. He started his promising career at the age of 13 in 2005 and is one of the best-known German athletes.
🎉 Important Achievements
Johannes has so far won medals in three consecutive Winter Olympic Games and six world championships in his discipline.
#03 – Johannes Kepler
Being the first in many science-based and historically essential studies has made Johannes Kepler one of the most important contributors to (astro)physics. He was a German mathematician, physicist, astrologer, and astronomer and dedicated his life to science.
🎉 Important Achievements
With his three main publications, Johannes revolutionized the way scientists of the 17th century and beyond saw and worked with the laws of planetary motion and thus paved Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.
#02 – Johannes Gutenberg
Another revolutionary pioneer was Johannes Gutenberg, born in the year 1400. He was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, inventor, printer, and publisher. His Gutenberg-Bibel, the first-ever printed book, is regarded as one of the milestones of the second millennium.
🎉 Important Achievements
By inventing mass-produced movable metal type printers, Johannes started the so-called Gutenberg-Revolution in Europe, which resulted in a mass-recording of human history, mass-communication, and the foundation of mass-learning thanks to the now possible distribution of knowledge.
#01 – Johannes Brahms
At the top of our list is Johannes Brahms. He was a German composer, pianist, and conductor in the 19th century. Johannes was already famous throughout his life-time which allowed him to not only compose for great orchestras but to also debut his own music.
🎉 Important Achievements
|
|||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
3
| 65
|
http://danish-design.com/designer/wegner/
|
en
|
Design.com
|
http://danish-design.com/wp-content/uploads/hans_wegner-492x492.jpg
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2015-11-12T10:43:26+00:00
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Danish-Design.com - Original Danish Furniture Design
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http://danish-design.com/designer/
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Hans J. Wegner born Tønder 1914.
There is no doubt that his upbringing in Tønder as well as the landscape of his childhood in Southern Jutland were a major influence on the designer he was to become.
On this map of Wegner’s home town are marked locations that were of significance to the young Wegner. These are places Wegner would recognise and point out were he alive today.
1914. National boundaries.
Map showing national boundaries at the time of Wegner’s birth.
Hans J. Wegner was born 2 April 1914 in Tønder at 12 Smedegade. At this time Tønder comprised mainly of 17th and early 18th century houses built as the town grew around a thriving lace industry. Pre 1864 Tønder was within the Duchy of Schleswig and was part of Germany until the Schleswig Plebiscite of 14 March 1920. Marius Jacobsen (1899-1991), a teacher who was later to have an influence on the young Wegner wrote an article of his own early days in the town noting that Tønder had been deeply effected by the First World War. Many men had been killed and many of the children were undernourished and prone to sickness.
ref: Hans J. Wegner A Nordic Icon from Tønder p19 – Source article by Marius Jacobsen 1978.
1920 Plebescite.
Share of the vote following the 1920 plebescite with pro Danish areas shown in blue.
Following the 1920 plebiscite Northern Schleswig including Tønder in the south of the region was incorporated into Denmark. Although Tønder was vastly pro German with 76.5% of the inhabitants voting to remain within Germany it was economically dependent on the pro Danish rural uplands to the north. The Wegner family were pro Danish their votes amongst the 750 cast in favour of Danish rule². Map showing the share of popular vote 1920 plebiscite.
1925-1938
1925 Census.
Hans Jørgensen’s parents were Peter Mathieson Wegner and Nicoline Wegner, née Lausen, the daughter of an innkeeper from Sæd Mark. Peter Mathieson Wegner a Master shoemaker had opened his business based in the family home on Smedegade in 1908. The 1925 census shows the house was then occupied by the family consisting of the two parents, Hans and his brother, Heinrich Franz (b. 1911) their fraternal grandmother, another relative Augusta Otila Johannsen plus a journeyman shoemaker and two apprentices. It was not uncommon for apprentices to be given room and board at this time.
Family background.
Water colour of 12 Smedegade by Wegner circa 1930. © Hans J. Wegner Tegnestue
According to the Article by Ellesmere Dan-Jensen³ Wegner recalled that the family spent most of the time in a small room facing the street. He remembered his mother keeping a close eye on the apprentices and recalled that if they were not home by 10.00 pm, “they’d catch it good and proper”. Of the young Wegner while it was said he would draw and cut-out figures before he could walk it was during his early adolescence that he began to develop a real artistic aptitude as illustrated in his watercolour of the family home from around 1930.
Early Education
Junior gymnastics team, Tønder 1927. HJW 4th from right front row © Wegner family archive.
Tønder’s Statsseminariums Øvelsesskole, a state run Teacher prep school was established in 1920 around the same time Wegner began his formal education. In a profile article published in the Berlingske Tidende when Wegner was 65 he reflected on the influence on him of Marius Jacobsen, a teacher from the school. Wegner remembered with affection how Jacobsen, who had experienced the depravations following the First World War on the town, spent his free time with his students, opened his home to them and ice skated with them in the winter. In the 1979 article by Kirsten Risgaard, he commented that he believed it was Jacobsen who “taught him to see”. Gymnastics was his favourite subject.
Boyhood Interests.
HJW sailing on the Viåda stream in Tønder © Wegner family archive.
Wegner played in the surrounding country side around Tønder liked animals and birds, swam in the local creek, Vidåen where he sailed homemade canoes on the river during the summer. He later recalled that although he did not fish himself he would accompany his friends to the creek to observe and use them as subjects for his drawings.
“as a boy I carved ships”
Workshop of Peter Mathieson Wegner © Wegner family archive.
Around this time Wegner developed a passion for sculpting in wood and later recalled how he often borrowed tools from his fathers workshop to use on his carvings usually made made from oak which he salvaged when houses were being demolished.
Carving by Wegner of Wave and Rock Theodore Lundberg 1891 for Royal Copenhagen He was one of the few visitors from the town to the Museum which had opened in Tønder in 1923 where he found inspiration for some of his early woodcarvings. These early pieces such as those inspired by the porcelain figures he saw in the museum such as ‘the wave and the rock ‘ by Theodore Lundberg demonstrate a clear grasp of three dimensional space at an early age in their execution.
1928-32
The Stahlberg family circa 1945
The norm for boys during this period was to enter into an apprenticship and become artisans as had Wegner’s father who had learnt his trade under a German master shoemaker in Skærbæk. This was particularly true for a small town like Tønder and it was natural for Hans’s older brother Heinrich Franz (1911-1973) to be apprenticed to his father, later taking over the family workshop. Aged fourteen, Hans became an apprentice under Master cabinet maker Hermann Friedrich Nicolaus Stahlberg (1884-1952) a neighbour living on Smedegade.
Advert for the firm H. F. Stahlberg
The workshops of H. F Stahlberg, Wegner’s mentor and teacher were typical of the cabinet making profession of this period, a small scale operation with few apprentices producing everything by hand. Wood was purchased locally for producing traditional furnishings for all rooms in the house as well as coffins. The year before Wegner began his apprenticship The workshop was extended to include a furniture business in the front of the building. Wegner started his journey with Stahlberg on 15 April 1928. Used to handling tools from an early age his proficiency was encouraged and appreciated by his mentor. The work was varied with assignments completed from commission to delivery to the customer.
Wegner recollected: “I remember when I was an apprentice and working on a particularly interesting task. You were sorry when it was quitting time and almost couldn’t wait to start up again the next morning, you felt proud when the thing was finished. loaded onto the wagon – a two wheeled cart- and then driven to the customer. You enjoyed your work in those days, you bought your work to completion , you were responsible for the result and you had to deliver it yourself. You followed the task from beginning to end”. – (Henrick Steen Møller: Temamed variation. Hans J. Wegner’s møbler. p 8)
Wegner was around 17 when he designed his first chair, later he was unable to recollect the exact date. The chair upholstered using a pair of his mother’s curtains is vary angular its geometric appearance influenced by contempory Cubist furniture. Comprising of two frames it hints at Wegner’s ability to design simple coherant constructions. He later sad of the chair, “it was very quadrangular- this was modern during those years.. – (Jens Bernsen: Hans J. Wegner on Design. p9)
The chair remained in the Wegner family for many years only to be ultimately destroyed.
Wegner was still only 17 when he completed his apprenticeship on 22 March 1932. His Certificate still in the family’s possession, records that he was awarded top marks. Amongst his contemporaries was the son of Hermann Friedrich, Willy Stahlberg born in 1911. In 1932 the profession Wegner entered into was under pressure. During the interwar years increasing industrialisation saw the development of a number of larger furniture factories in rural Denmark and artisan cabinet making faced tough competition from mass-produced furniture and the effects of the Wall Street crash of 1929 was also felt in Tønder.
1932-35
© Wegner family archive.
High unemployment may have influenced Wegner to stay working at Stahlberg’s rather than looking for employment elsewhere. After a further three years with the firm he was eligible for military service and placed at the the Høvelte Barrackes in Northern Zealand near Copenhagen. During his time in the military he visited the København Snedkerlaug’s exhibition. The Copenhagen Cabinet Makers’ Guild began the exhibitions in 1927 as a collaboration between cabinet makers and designers in the face of the increasing competition from mass-produced furniture.
The conclusion Wegner reached from the exhibition was that he needed to broaden his education beyond his good handicraft skills if he was to open his own workshop. Following these experiences he only returned to Tønder on family visits.
1935
Wegner takes a two-and-a-half month’s cabinet making course at Teknologisk Institut and, subsequently, applies for admittance at the School of Arts and Crafts.
1936
HJW and Børge Mogensen plus two unidentified students. School of Art and Design circa 1937
Wegner enters the School of Arts and Crafts’, specialising in cabinet making. Here he meets and befriends fellow Jutlander, Børge Mogensen.
1938
Wegner has his debut at Snedkerlaugets exhibition with dining table and chairs, and armchairs drawn for Master of Crafts, Ove Lander.
Architects, Arne Jacobsen and Erik Møller set up office in Århus to start the project of building the new town hall. On recommendation of his teacher, O. Mølgaard Nielsen, Wegner is hired to draw furniture for the building and is, therefore, granted one year’s leave from his studies. However, his first assignment was to draw the furniture for Nyborg Public Library for Erik Møller and Flemming Lassen. For a period, he is also sent to Nyborg to oversee the building process.
1939
Dining room furniture for Snedkerlaugets exhibition for Master of Crafts, P. Nielsen. Even before finishing his assignment in Nyborg, Wegner is called to Århus for the town hall project.
1939-42
Furniture for Århus Town Hall is completed (produced by I.C.A Nielsen and Planmøbel). ” I designed all the furnishings for the CIty Hall, naturally I discussed it with Erik Møller, who was responsible for the hall and may have had some ideas. When there are only three men and a boss, everyone works together very closely. Of course, it’s Erik Møller and Arne Jacobsen’s furniture in the City Hall. I learnt a lot from being there”. ref Just One Good Chair Christian Holmsted Olesen p.39.
Alongside his work in the drawing room, Wegner starts cooperation with Master Woodcutter, Michael Laursen in Århus and Johannes Hansens Møbelsnedkeri in Copenhagen.
1940
Rocking chair for Michael Laursen. The rocking chair is the first Wegner model to go into mass production.
1941
Wegner collaborates with cabinet maker Johannes Hansen , the son of a former Danish Minister for Agriculture, for the first time. They exhibit a cabinet and dining set plus a living room group with sofa upholstered in green fabric. It is the first in an unbroken row of 26 consecutive appearances at Snedkerlauget’s between the designer and cabinet maker.
Wegner signs with Planmøbel for three series of office furniture.
The office furniture for Planmøbel and Wegner’s assignment for Jacobsen and Møller melt together in that the furniture for Planmøbel in installed in Århus Rådhus albeit with some slight modifications.
Wegner establishes his own drawing office in Århus as a self employed designer.
1942
Johannes Hansen and Wegner exhibit living room furniture in Cuban mahogany at the annual Cabinet Makers Exhibition.
1943
Wegner exhibits furniture in walnut at the annual Cabinet Makers Exhibition including a sofa in a striking green striped fabric.
Fritz Hansen asks Wegner for suggestions for their bent-wood-production. The results are The Chinese Chairs of which two go into production (FH 4283 and FH 1783 – later as PP 66 at PP Møbler). Wegner continues drawing for Fritz Hansen until the mid fifties.
Drawing of his friend Børge Mogensen by Wegner while at the school of Arts and Crafts.
Børge Mogensen establishes contact between Wegner and FDB (equivalent to the Co-Operative movement). Mogensen had been appointed by the FDB in 1939 to help create an affordable range of functional modern furniture and popularise the cause of modernism.
Wegner gains membership of Akademisk Arkitektforbund (MAA) and Kunstersamfundet.
1944
Wegner’s daughters Marianne aged 41/2and Eva aged 1 photographed with ‘Peter’s Table and Chair’ for an article on the Wegner family in the Politiken newspaper. The feature appeared in 1951 following the award to Wegner of the Lunning Prize.
Wegner designs the children’s furniture ‘Peter’s Chair and Table’ and the rocking chair, J16. Both enter production at Tarm Stole og Møbelfabrik, owned by FDB.
Wegner originally designed the table and chair to mark the chistening of ‘Peter’, the son of his friend Børge Mogensen. Due to the shortage of available materials at the time Wegner made the gift one Sunday morning from an old door with a construction that could be easily taken apart for shipping and rebuilt by a child. Today the Children’s furniture is produced by Carl Hansen and Son and the J16 Rocking Chair by Fredericia Furniture.
The Fish Cabinet
HJW-Sketch of the intarsia work on the left hand door of the Fish Cabinet.
Wegner draws and completes the intarsia work on ‘The Fish Cabinet’ (JH). In terms of craftsmanship Wegner’s Fish Cabinet is perhaps the best demonstration of both his carpentry and artistic skills. It was designed for Johannes Hansen’s booth at the 1944 Cabinet Makers Guild Exhibition. On first viewing it is an extremely functional cabinet characteristic of the Klint school.
Wegner’s drawing of the complete cabinet for Johannes Hansen.
The interior is extravagently ornamented with a design inspired by the organic life observed in boyhood along the banks of the Vidå in Tønder. The internal surfaces, doors and drawer fronts depict an underwater world of fish and plant life.
The finished cabinet showing the intricate inlay of the interior.
The interior design of the Fish Cabinet can be seen as a teasing response by Wegner contradictary to the Karre Klint school of functional design which banished superfluous decoration. However, Wegner could not persuade Johannes Hansen to produce the cabinet, the interior of which required over 3,000 pieces of individually cut intarsia work. The marquetry inlayer contracted for the work said it was too demanding and impossible to produce.
The Johannes Hansen booth at the annual Cabinet Makers Guild Exhibition, Copenhagen circa 1944.
The cabinet was completed by Wegner himself cutting and inlaying each piece over a three week period in his apartement. Wegner later recalled. I said, “Damn, I’ll just make it myself. So I sharpened a pocket knife given to me by Damgaard Jensen – it may have been more of a craftsman effort than an artistic one, but it was fun to make”. Master craftsman Ejnar Pederesen, a central figure in 20th century Danish furniture making said of Wegner craftsmanship “I know no fellow whose ability equals Wegner’s. I’ve never met anyone with similar skills”.ref Just One Good Chair, Christian Holmsted Olessen. p 222,223.
1945-46
Wegner and Børge Mogensen co-operate on designing for Snedkerlauget, The Cabinet Makers Guild annual exhibition.The two friends spent time at a holiday cottage and designed all of the furniture together. They agreed to split the rights to the designs and Mogensen took those for the Spoke Backed Sofa and Wegner the matching easy chair.
1946
Wegner and Børge Mogensen win first prize in Magasin du Nord’s competition on practical and up-to-date hotel furniture.
For the second year in succession Wegner collaborates with his friend Børge Mogensenin designing the furniture for the Johannes Hansen stand at the annual Cabinet Makers Exhibition. Weighers contribution includes a highly decorative cabinet with an acorn and oak leaf motif rendered in intarsia on the front and sides.
HJW and Master cabinet maker Johannes Hansen circa 1960
Wegner moves to Copenhagen closer to Johannes Hansen’s workshop and the creative environment where he feels most inspired.
Left to right HJW- Poul Hansen-Niels Thompsen circa 1975
Due to the fact that Wegner moves to Copenhagen his cooperation with Johannes Hansen gets closer. Johannes Hansen allows Wegner to make whatever furniture he likes at his workshop, and Wegner becomes close friends with the foreman, Niels Thomsen who starts working at the workshop in 1947. ‘The Peacock Chair’ from 1947 is the first of many unique pieces of furniture.
1946-48
Furniture for the ship Venus for Palle Suensons Tegnestue.
1946-51
Wegner becomes a teacher the School for Arts and Crafts and is also employed by Professor, Palle Suenson’s drawing office.
1947
Wegner shows the Peacock Chair at the annual Cabinet Makers Exhibition. Although described at the time as the best stand that year, the large Windsor inspired chair was also described as being ‘one of the more exotic contributions. However, the chair rapidly gains International attention in subsequent years and is a turning point in Wegner’s establishing his own style.
1948
Johannes Hansen stand at the annual Cabinet Makers Exhibition features a living room with furniture in cherry and a drop leaf dining table in teak with chairs and matching cabinet.
Shell Chairs in moulded plywood for MoMAs competition on low-cost furniture. This simple design of minimum components could be stacked for export. The armrests are part of the moulded shell giving the design a sculptural three dimensional quality. The concept was extremely advanced for the available technology at the time of the exhibition although in 1989 Wegner built a full scale model to demonstrate its viability.
Advertisement for the Venus Chair at Oxford Circus on the London Underground May 2014.
The FH1936 Chair, table FH1937, and sofa FH1935 with two dimensional moulded shells were the first of Wegner’s experiments using the then new technology of laminated wood to be produced. Fritz Hansen manufacture the series up to around 1953. In 2014 to mark the Centenary of Wegner’s birth Getama and the British retailer John Lewis re-introduce the series as the Venus Chair and Venus Bench in celebration of Wegner’s centenary and the retailers 150 th anniversary.
1949
‘The Round One’/’The Chair’ with woven cane seat, the folding chair, and the three-shells shell chair (all JH). ‘The Y-Chair’ or Wishbone chair are designed.
Wegner gets his national first break-through with his furniture at the Snedkerlauget’s exhibition. Amongst other designs Johannes Hansen exhibits The Round Chair and The Folding Chair which gain national attention.
Inga Wegner at home sitting in the only Tripartite Shell Chair ever produced. It remained in the lounge of the Wegner house in Gentofte.
The Tripartite Shell Chair. A very open airy chair with the three shells appearing to float above the frame. The bent laminated frame is in fact in two parts, one fixing the shells, the other tying together the structure. The two frames join where their combined thickness is required to provide most strength and support. The chair demonstrates Wegner’s mastering of the laminating technique.
Wegner is the exhibition architect for Foreningen af Dansk Kunsthåndværk.
Wegner initiates co-operation with Carl Hansen and Son.
1950
SAESCO is founded by Elvind Kold Christensen. Christensen was an entrepreneur and salesman who dissatisfied with the quality of the furniture he was selling was inspired on seeing the Round Chair the previous year and approached Wegner to work with him. He introduced the young designer to five furniture producers who could produce furniture designed for mass production without compromising the quality of the furniture. Together they formed SALESCO comprising of Carl Hansen & Son who produced chairs, Getama upholstered furniture with timber frames, the upholsterer A. P. Stolen, Ry Møbler makers of storage units and Andreas Tuck a manufacturer of tables.
SALESCO played a pivitol role in promoting Wegner and Danish design to an international audience only sold Wegner designs throughout the 1950’s and 60’s. The co-operation began with Wegner designing precisely what the E. Kold Christiansen most wanted – a low cost beautifully designed dining/cafe chair – The Wishbone or Y Chair.
The CH24 Wishbone chair enters production with Carl Hansen and Son. Although Wegner was never fully satisfied with the ergonomics of the chair it demonstrates his brilliance in designing furniture that was cheap to produce but beautifully conceived. Due to its design and suitability for for mass production it becomes the most commercially successful of all Wegner’s chairs and has remained the mainstay of Carl Hansen’s production for over six decades.
Furniture designed by Finn Juhl, Børge Mogensen, and Wegner are chosen for the American magazine Interiors who publishes an article in february 1950 and feature the Round Chair on the cover, catapulting Wegner into international fame and sparking a profitable export market. It became known simply as, The Chair and began making high profile appearances like the televised 1961 presidential debates between Nixon and Kennedy. Of the design Wegner said, “many foreigners have asked me how we made the Danish style. And I’ve answered that it…was rather a continuous process of purification, and for me of simplification, to cut down to the simplest possible elements of four legs, a seat and combined top rail and arm rest.”
Wegner starts co-operation with a further four producers, each with their own specialty: Andreas Tuck (tables), Getama (Furniture with loose cushions), Ry Møbler (cabinets and closets), and A.P. Stolen (upholstery). Simultaniously he designs furniture for Carl Hansen.
The designs for Carl Hansen include the chairs CH22, CH23, and CH25.
‘The Flag Halyard Chair’, inspired by digging in the sand when on holiday at the seaside with his children and is designed for Getama. PP Møbler assume the production of the chair as model pp225 in 2002.
Johannes Hansen’s stand at the 1950 annual Cabinet Maker Exhibition is clearly indicative of Wegner’s growing confidence.
The Round Chairs are shown with upholstered seats and with the re-worked finger joints expressing the beauty of the timber.
The collapsable Dolphin Chairs are two of the finest examples of Wegner’s understanding of the possibilities of wood.
‘The Round Chair’ (pp503) is selected by both audience and a professional board as best design on the exhibition ‘Good Design’ in USA.
Wegner is awarded the Grand Prix at the Milano Triennial.
1951
Wegner and Finnish Tapio Wirkkala are the first to be awarded ‘Lunningsprisen’. The Lunning Prize was instituted by the Frederick Lunning owner of the New York agency for Georg Jensen an was awarded annually to two eminent Scandinavian designers between 1951 to 1970. The recipients were selected by a group of peers from Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland.
The Teddy Bear Chair’ (AB), ‘The Dolphin Chair’ (JH) and CH28.
Johannes Hansen stand at the annual Cabinet Makers Exhibition 1951.
1952
Placed around a circular table at the annual Cabinet Makers Exhibition Wegner unveils ‘The Cow Horn Chair’ Designed for Johannes Hansen. This was the first occasion whe Wegner choose to make the construction of the chair a decorative feature emphasising the beauty of the wood. Suspended above the table is a conical pendent light fitted with a convenient pull handle and rise and fall mechanism a forerunner of the later successful Wegner Pendent.
From the photo montage ‘in Politiken, December 1951.
The Sawhorse Chair’ is launched by Carl Hansen & Son. The chair first appeared in a portrait on Wegner in December 1951 in the newspaper, Politiken. Wegner’s housemaid is pictured sitting in the Chair. The text reads: ‘By the time Hans J. Wegner sends a chair out into the world, he has tested it thoroughly and for a long time. Wegner was pleased with how comfortable the chair was, plus the fact that it was light enough to be handled easily by a housewife.
Cooperation with C. M. Madsen’s factories is initiated due to an increasing demand for light Wegner chairs.
Wegner becomes supervisor of the teaching at the School for Arts and Crafts.
The Lunning Prize affords Wegner and his wife, Inga, the opportunity to take a three-month study trip to USA and Mexico.Wegner takes time to visit modern advanced factories and is offered the possibility of having his carpentry-based furniture produced by a high-tech company, but says no. Later recalling the offer he said ” I wasn’t happy about it. I felt that Danish craftsmen should do the work. It was not designed for them. Not for big American factories. They said: We can do the same on machines…I didn’t want to do it”.
ref interview with Henrik Steen Møller, Stolemageren Hans J. Wegner, a film by Lise Roos 1992.
1953
The Valet Chair and the Upholstered Peacock are both shown by Wegner and Johannes Hansen for he first time at the 1953 Cabinet Makers Exhibition.
The Valet Chair, designed in 1953, had elements for hanging up or storing each piece of a Mans Suit. The carved backrest is used as a coat hanger, trousers hung on a rail at the edge of the seat and the contents of ones pockets in storage space underneath the seat.
Wegner receives honorary diploma and gold medal at the Milano Triennale.
Wegner designs the GE290 series of armchairs and sofas for Getama. Nicknamed the Plank chairs by consumers because of the broad arms convenient for resting a cup or glass on. The chairs are an evolution of the earlier CH25 easy chair offering greater comfort for prolonged sitting.
1954
The Cabinet Makers Exhibition 1954, Featuring the adjustable Tub Chair and Architects Desk both of which were re-introduced exactly 60 years later by PP Møbler to mark the centenary of Wegner’s birth.
Inspired by the increase in student hostels Wegner designs his series of daybeds for Getama.
1955
Wegner and Professor Eigil Sørensen discuss ergonomics. Circa 1955
Wegner draws the office swivel chair (JH), which is inspired by Professor, Eigil Snorrasons effort to make designers focus on ergonomics. This can be seen in the support for the lower back support based on Wegner’s detailed study of X rays.
The Swivel Chair is exhibited for the first time on the Johannes Hansen stand at the annual Cabinet Makers Exhibition.
1956
Wegner receives the Eckersberg medal. (originally the Akademiets Aarsmedaille or Annual Academy Medal) is an annual award of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, named after the Danish painter Christopher Wilhelm Eckersberg.
Recipient of the Dansk Købestævne’s annual medal.
Stackable chair for Fritz Hansen with an experimental frame of laminated beech. It was not put into production due to the relatively high cost of manufacture. In 2004 it was prototyped by Carl Hansen and Son for a project in Madrid and entered into production a year later.
Wegner’s contribution to the annual Cabinet Makers Exhibition is a pair of beautifully executed reclining chairs, one shorter than the other echoing the proportions of the Dolphin chairs exhibited in 1950. Both chairs are fitted with wheels to help manoeuvre them around the room and are upholstered with woven straps making them a comfortable sit.
1957
Wegner receives the silver medal at the Milano Triennale.
Johannes Hansen unveils a refined armchair in oak with a woven cane seat and back. Wegner also shows his Roman Chair sometimes referred to as the Buffalo Chair as an accompanyment to an The Architects Desk.
1958
The interior furnishing by Wegner of a committee room. UNESCO Paris 1958.
Wegner designs furniture including conference tables for the UNESCO building in Paris designed by Marcel Breuer, Pier Luigi Nervi and Bernard Zehrfuss.
Wegner receives Dansk Snedkerlaugs annual award.
Wegner receives Citation of Merit at the Pratt Institute in New York, USA.
Wegner is awarded in Britain and becomes an honorary Royal Designer for Industry of the Royal Society of Arts, London.
1959
Taking the Safari Chair designed by his old teacher Karre Klint as a reference Wegner designed a low Easy Chair for display at the annual Snedkerlaugets exhibition. The chair frame in oak is shown in a red lacquer with upholstery in woven cane and saddle leather.The angle of the back adjusts on a pivot which is positioned low enough to ensure the back is correctly supported.
Retrospective Exhibition George Jensen’s New York.
Frederick Lunning who awarded the Lunning Prize arranged a retrospective exhibition of Wegner’s designs in the New York showrooms of Georg Jensen. The US press reported that the exhibition as a triumph. Wegner always worked on all his exhibition builds himself. ref Just One Good Chair Christian Holmsted Olessen p 67.
From left to right during at the opening of the New York Exhibition. Inga Wegner, Frederik Lunning, HJW In conversation with Charles Eames In conversation with PhilipMorris
Wegner draws the plans for building his own holiday home at Hald Strand on Northern Sealand.
1960
The iconic image of John F. Kennedy sitting in Wegner’s Round Chair (pp503) NBC presidential debate 1960.
John F. Kennedy faces Richard Nixon in the first presidential election debate to be televised on NBC. They sit on “The Chair”. The debate proved favourable to Kennedy amongst television viewers and pivotal in the forthcoming election.
The Ox Chair (AP) Wegner had an Ox Chair in his own living room. He was photographed in it a number of times, which suggests he was particularly fond of the chair, not least of all because one can sit in so many ways. The highly conspicuous headrest are reminisent of the horns of an ox but the cylindrical “sausage shaped” bolster gained the chair the nickname of the ‘Sausage Chair’ in Denmark.
Wegner receives the International Design Award byt the American Institute of Decorators for Furniture Design.
Wegner receives the Swedish Prins Eugen medal. The medal was founded to commemorate the eightieth birthday of the Swedish prince in 1945 and is awarded for outstanding artistic achievement.
Wegner and Johannes Hansen show a desk and circular conference table in oak with matching conference chairs (JH 513) at the annual Cabinet Makers Exhibition.
1961
Wegner exhibits a circular table and storage unit in teak together with the Bull Chair on the 1961 Johannes Hansen contribution to the annual Cabinet Makers Exhibition. Suspended above the table the pendent complete with a handle and rise and fall mechanism Wegner first exhibited in 1952. On that occasion together with the Cowhorn chair the precursor to the more masculine Bull.
The Bull Chair. Wegner drew several variations on the Bull chair some with some without horns. It is a fine example of the line Wegner could masterfully walk between elegance and playfulness. “We must take care,” he once said, “that everything doesn’t get so dreadfully serious. We must play – but we must play seriously.” In his later years he continued to design chairs and has also worked with lighting, such as the Pole lamp created in 1976 with his daughter Marianne. A true craftsman, Wegner stated that, “the chair does not exist. The good chair is a task one is never completely done with.”
1962-65
Wegner builds own house in Gentofte in cooperation with architects, Arne Karlsen and Allan Jessen.
1962
Johannes Hansen shows a new Wegner Folding Chair and leather upholstered JH 513 Conference chairs around a large circular table. Wegner highlighted the teak surface of the table by suspending a circular ring of lights of his own design above it. In addition Wegner presented a beautifully refined version of his rise and fall pendent with curved sides.
1963
The three-legged shell chair (JH)is unveiled at the Cabinet Makers Guild annual exhibition. A development of his ideas for the 1948 Museum of Modern Art completion for Low Cost Furniture the Three Legged Chairs were praised for their technical competance but criticised for their bulk and cost of production. Johannes Hansen produced a dozen chairs in 1989 to mark Wegner’s 75 th birthday. It was not until 1998 that it was put into full scale prodction by Carl Hansen and Son. The pendent LO37 is suspended above the low table around which the chairs are arranged.
1964
Furniture for Tuborg in Hellerup (JH).
Wegner is awarded Københavns Snedkerlaugs annual award. He exhibits a range of outdoor furniture building on the folding chair displayed the previous year.
1965
Wegner and Johannes Hansen exhibit a range of office furniture and chairs at the Cabinet Makers Guild exhibition including the ‘Little Steel Chair’ he has decided to use in his own home in Gentofte.
The chair is described as an ‘exceptionally elegant little chair’. The set of four illustrated remained in Wegner’s dinning room for the next 42 years up to the designers death in 2007.
CH44 Easy Chair for Carl Hansen & Son
1966
The Snedkerlauget’s exhibitions end. Wegner’s final exhibits together Johannes Hansen includes a magnificent Boat Shaped Table JH713 together with JH 513 Conference Chairs and a surprisingly comfortable folding chair in canvas and tubular steel that in spite of its unpretentious appearance is extremely comfortable.
Wegner has contributed to the Cabinet Makers Guild Exhibitions every year apart from 1940 since 1938. He won 24 prizes in the competitions associated with the event and around half the furniture he exhibited went into production.
Wegner receives the International Design Award from The American Institute of Interior Designs, New York, USA.
Wegner becomes a member of IDD, Danish Designers (today MDD).
1967
Wegner returns to the theme of the Rocking Chair and designs a version for Getama which can be assembled and taken apart at will (GE673). The Chair is showcased together with other furniture especially designed for the company.
The new collection for Getama includes the Hammock Chair. Wegner had experimented with laminated wood supporting the body with a web of woven flag halyard. A technique he had previously employed in his 1958 Web Chairs, (PP129). The Hammock Chair was relaunched in 2014 by PP Møbler as PP 135. A little more than six months later, in January 1968, PP135 helped Wegner on his way to winning the American International Design Award for his collective contribution to furniture design.
1968
E. K. Christiansen leaves SALESCO to work with Poul Kjærholm and the new management decides to promote the work of other designers along side that of Wegner. This meant that the close hands-on collaboration that gave Wegner the control over the quality of his furniture was no longer possible and he stopped designing for the firm. However, Getama one of the most successful partners in the group wished to continue their partnership . Together they had already successfully supplied furniture for large residence halls and Wegner agreed to work closely with Getama on the interior design of this type.
Exhibition by Johannes Hansen saw the launch of the Web Chair. The pendent light was also designed by Wegner.
Wegner designs a range of college furniture for Getama for several large projects including student resedencies for Kampsax and Ostenfeld.
Wegner loosens his ties with JH, but is welcomed at another workshop, namely PP Møbler, who has produced wooden frames for AP Stolen’s Wegner furniture since 1953.
Wegner starts drawing for PP Møbler and, in the mid seventies, PP Møbler takes over a large part of Wegner’s table-collection from Andreas Tuck including the Cross Legged Table PP 85.
1969
Wegner’s the first furniture for PP are pp201 and pp203.
The modular and linkable chair series GE 370 with their wide practical armrests is designed for Getama. Designed in two heights the individual chairs can be linked and arms aded or removed as required.
Wegner’s house wins him an award from Gentofte Kommune.
1970
In designing the sofa group and arm chair JH 801 for Johannes Hansen, Wegner demonstrated his ability to work in flat steel sections supporting upholstery built around a frame in solid beech. The group was re launched in 2008 on the 100 th anniversary of Carl Hansen & Son.
Writing desk pp305.
1971
Wegner is awarded Diploma di Collaborazione at the Milano Triennale.
1973
Furniture and lamps for Hotel Scandinavia. The asymmetrical polycarbonate shade is designed so different diameter shades can be cut from the same moulding forming the basis for a range of table and floor lights.
The oil crises of October 1973 damaged Danish exports and initiated the decline of the countries furniture industry.
1974
Furniture for Herlev Hospital (Getama A/S).
Wegner re-thinks his chair for Børge Mogensens spindle back Sofa).
1975
Wegner draws furniture for Amagercentret’s theatre and cinemas (GE).
Student hostel furniture for Ashdown House at MIT, USA (GE+CMM).
Wegner wins first prize in a competition concerning streetlamps for environments worthy of preservation. His daughter Marianne, who has worked at his studio since 1973, collaborates on the design. The lamp goes into production two years later after a few revisions.
1976
Butterfly Chair (GE460) The production drawing reveals that the chair’s design was finished in 1976, but production did not begin until the following year. It was exhibited the same year at the Furniture Fair in the Bella Centre in a red painted version upholstered as illustrated in a black and white striped fabric. Sales were slow, and it was not until Getama re-introduced the chair in the early 1990s that production really took off. In 2013 agreement was reached for the chair to be distributed in the UK by the John Lewis Partnership.
By the end of the 1970’s, Ry Møbler and A.P. Stolen cease trading. JH now takes over production rights for Wegner’s upholstered furniture.
1977
Conference tables for Vejle Amtsråd (JH).
Conference tables for Politiken (JH).
Wegner serves as member of Dansk Designråd from 1977-81.
1978
Furniture for Sønderjyllands Amtsråd (JH).
Konference table for Ishøj Byråd (JH).
1979
Lamps (LP) and conference tables (JH) for Industriens Hus.
Conference table for A. P. Møller (JH).
1980
Awarding of the Møbeprisen . HJW- Culture Minister Lise Østergaard and PP Møbler Master Cabinet Maker Ejnar Pedersen
Awarded the Furniture Prize.
Element sofa GE280
1981
Wegner draws a special chair for the Moa Museum in Japan (PP).
1982
Wegner receives the C.F. Hansen medal, named after the architect C. F Hansen for his outstanding contribution to architecture. . The award established in 1830 is awarded by the Royal Danish Academy of fine arts it is the Academy’s highest distinction for architecture.
Dining table pp75
1983
Chairs and tables for the canteen and Sikker Hansen-salen at Politikens Hus (GE).
1984
Rocking chair pp124
Furniture for Mørdrup church in Espergærde (PP).
1985
Conference table Carlsberg in Hong Kong (JH).
Chairs for Salling Ungdomsskole (GE).
In the mid-eighties, Wegner participates in several SE exhibitions, which started in 1983 as a continuation of Snedkerlauget’s exhibitions.
1986
Conference table for Apotekerforeningen (PP)
Wegner presents the Circle Chair to Queen Ingrid of Denmark at the Cabinet Makers Autumn Exhibition 1986.
The Circle The Chair (PP130) draws a lot of attention at the exhibition.
Wegner receives Dansk Designråds design award.
1987
Armchairs PP58 and 68.
1988
Stack and connectable chairs for Koldinghus Slot (JH).
Wegner receives honorary grant from Nationalsbankens Jubilæumsfond.
Wegner receives grant from Ole Haslunds Kunstnerfond.
1989
The Chinese Chair with upholstered seat. (PP56)
Production of the Ox Chair is re-introduced by Erik Jørgensen Møbelfabrik.
1990
Conference chair PP240 (PP Møbler).
Wegner draws furniture for The Maersk McKinney Møller Centre for Continuing Education in Cambridge, UK (PP and GE).
Conference table for IBM in Lyngby (PP Møbler).
1991
The Chair is depicted on the 350 kroner stamp part of a set of four celebrating Danish designers.
JH closes and PP takes over the production of many well-known Wegner designs.
Furniture for KPMG in Copenhagen.
Fredericia Furniture takes over a number og Wegner models after JH. FF and Wegner have cooperated previously in the mid-seventies and this time, as well as last time, the cooperation only lasts a few years.
1992
Wegner draws the ‘Rødding Chair’ (PP93/193) for Rødding Højskole’s 150’ieth birthday.
Marianne Wegner SIT94 Exhibition in London to mark her father’s birthday.
Wegner stops drawing but continues as supervisor for his daughter, who has gradually taken over responsibility for Wegner’s furniture.
The Møller Centre is completed in Cambridge with Wegner furniture specified throughout the building. It is the largest and most comprehensive interior by Hans Wegner in the UK. Marianne Wegner and Matthew Rhodes of The Cale Schiang Partnership co-ordinate the delivery and installation of furniture in the building.
1993
The water tower in Tønder is renovated and converted to house the Wegner museum. The museum’s collection consists of 36 of the designers chairs donated to the town by Hans and Inga Wegner.
Opening ceremony 12 August 1995. Left to right: Ove Mogensen, Hans J. Wegner, Queen Ingrid of Denmark.
Wegner is made honorary member of Akademiet for de Skønne Kunster.
1995
Tønder’s Gift of Chairs. The Wegner Museum opens.
Wegner becomes honorary doctor at the Royal College of Art in London.
Wegner receives The 8th International Design Award in Osaka, Japan.
2004
Wegner celebrates his 90 th birthday. 130 of his models are still in production and the demand for his furniture is increasing.
2007
Wegner passes away leaving a remarkable legacy of design and craftsmanship for future generations to enjoy.
Obituaries.
The Telegraph Published 5 February 2007.
The Guardian Published 6 February 2007.
New York Times Published 5 February 2007.
Herald Tribune Published 7 February 2007.
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correct_award_00093
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FactBench
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1
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https://www.quoteswave.com/authors/johannes-vilhelm-jensen
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en
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Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Quotes, Famous Quotes by Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
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[
"Johannes Vilhelm Jensen"
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Famous Quotes by Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Danish Author, Born 20th January, 1873, Collection of Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Quotes and Sayings, Search Quotations by Johannes Vilhelm Jensen.
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en
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/favicon.ico
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https://www.quoteswave.com/authors/johannes-vilhelm-jensen
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About
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was born in Farsø, Denmark. He was a Danish author, novelist and poet. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1944 "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style". He studied medicine at the University of Copenhagen. After three years of studying he chose to change careers and devote himself fully to literature. He wrote poetry, a few plays, and many essays, chiefly on anthropology and the philosophy of evolution. He wrote several books include: Danskere, Einar Elkjær, The Fall of the King (novel), Den gotiske renæssance, Skovene, Hjulet, At Memphis Station, The Long Journey (series of six novels), Evolution og Moral, Digte (poems), and Tilblivelsen.
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correct_award_00093
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FactBench
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3
| 6
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize
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en
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Nobel Prize | Definition, History, Winners, & Facts
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1999-11-05T00:00:00+00:00
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Nobel Prize, any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed by Alfred Nobel.
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize
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Nobel Prize
award
Recent News
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Nobel Prize, any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards given for intellectual achievement in the world. To browse Nobel Prize winners alphabetically, chronologically, and by prize, see below.
In the will he drafted in 1895, Nobel instructed that most of his fortune be set aside as a fund for the awarding of five annual prizes “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” These prizes as established by his will are the Nobel Prize for Physics, the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the Nobel Prize for Peace. The first distribution of the prizes took place on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel’s death. An additional award, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969. Although not technically a Nobel Prize, it is identified with the award; its winners are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.
After Nobel’s death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.
The selection process
The prestige of the Nobel Prize stems in part from the considerable research that goes into the selection of the prizewinners. Although the winners are announced in October and November, the selection process begins in the early autumn of the preceding year, when the prize-awarding institutions invite more than 6,000 individuals to propose, or nominate, candidates for the prizes. Some 1,000 people submit nominations for each prize, and the number of nominees usually ranges from 100 to about 250. Among those nominating are Nobel laureates, members of the prize-awarding institutions themselves; scholars active in the fields of physics, chemistry, economics, and physiology or medicine; and officials and members of diverse universities and learned academies. The respondents must supply a written proposal that details their candidates’ worthiness. Self-nomination automatically disqualifies the nominee. Prize proposals must be submitted to the Nobel Committees on or before January 31 of the award year.
Britannica Quiz
Nobel Laureates in Literature
On February 1 the six Nobel Committees—one for each prize category—start their work on the nominations received. Outside experts are frequently consulted during the process in order to help the committees determine the originality and significance of each nominee’s contribution. During September and early October the Nobel Committees have accomplished their work and submit their recommendations to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the other prize-awarding institutions. A committee’s recommendation is usually but not invariably followed. The deliberations and the voting within these institutions are secret at all stages. The final decision by the awarders must be made by November 15. Prizes may be given only to individuals, except the Peace Prize, which may also be conferred upon an institution. An individual may not be nominated posthumously, but a winner who dies before receiving the prize may be awarded it posthumously, as with Dag Hammarskjöld (for peace; 1961), Erik Axel Karlfeldt (for literature; 1931), and Ralph M. Steinman (for physiology or medicine; 2011). (Steinman was named a winner several days after his death, which was unbeknownst to the Nobel Assembly. It was decided that he would remain a Nobel laureate, since the purpose of the posthumous rule was to prevent prizes being deliberately awarded to deceased individuals.) The awards may not be appealed. Official support, whether diplomatic or political, for a certain candidate has no bearing on the award process because the prize awarders, as such, are independent of the state.
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https://tarnmoor.com/2021/01/04/knocking-the-knobel/
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Knocking the Knobel
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Brazilian Novelist Jorge Amado (1912-2001) The following is a repeat of a post I wrote five years ago, in January 2016. I have since read Meek Heritage by Finnish writer Frans Eemil Sillanpää and consider that he deserved his prize. I don’t have too much good to say about the Swedish Academy, which decides who…
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Tarnmoor
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https://tarnmoor.com/2021/01/04/knocking-the-knobel/
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Brazilian Novelist Jorge Amado (1912-2001)
The following is a repeat of a post I wrote five years ago, in January 2016. I have since read Meek Heritage by Finnish writer Frans Eemil Sillanpää and consider that he deserved his prize.
I don’t have too much good to say about the Swedish Academy, which decides who will receive the Nobel Prize for Literature. If you look at the list of its recipients, it would not take too much effort to produce a list of as great as or even greater literary figures who have not received the laureate. Let me take a stab at it:
Kobo Abe (Japan), Woman in the Dunes
Chinua Achebe (Nigeria), Things Fall Apart
Ryunosuke Akutagawa (Japan), Rashomon
Jorge Amado (Brazil), Gabriela: Clove and Cinnamon
W. H. Auden (UK), Poetry
Georges Bernanos (France), Mouchette
Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina), Ficciones
Joseph Conrad (UK/Poland), Nostromo
Richard Flanagan (Australia), The Narrow Road to the Deep North
Graham Greene (UK), The Heart of the Matter
Vassili Grossman (Russia), Life and Fate
Henry James (US/UK), The Ambassadors
James Joyce (Ireland), Ulysses
Yashar Kemal (Turkey), Memed, My Hawk
Gyula Krúdy (Hungary), The Red Post Coach
Stanislaw Lem (Poland), Solaris
Osip Mandelstam (Russia), Poetry
Vladimir Nabokov (US/Russia), Lolita
Fernando Pessoa (Portugal), The Book of Disquiet
Marcel Proust (France), In Search of Lost Time
Arkady and Boris Strugatsky (Russia), Roadside Picnic
Italo Svevo (Slovenia), Confessions of Zeno
Leo Tolstoy (Russia), Novels and Stories
Mark Twain (US), Novels and Stories
Evelyn Waugh (UK), Brideshead Revisited
Virginia Woolf (UK), Mrs Dalloway
As you can see, I have not overloaded the list with the names of American authors, in the interests of being fair. If I wanted to, I can add names like Philip Roth, Ursula K. Le Guin, Joyce Carol Oates, Philip K. Dick, Cormac McCarthy, James Baldwin, Ralph Ellison, and a few others.
These can replace such figures as the following, whose reputations have not kept up with the times: Bjornsterne Bjornson, José Echegaray, Giosue Carducci, Rudolf Christoph Eucken, Paul von Heyse, Verner von Heidenstam, Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontopiddan, Carl Spitteler, Jacinto Benavente, Grazia Deledda, Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Pearl S. Buck, Frans Eemil Sillanpaa [SIC], Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Earl Russell, and a few dozen others—mostly Scandinavian nonentities which at one time were highly thought of by a couple dozen mouldy Swedish academics. (Please forgive me for being lax about the diacritical marks in the above names.)
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https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/John_Galsworthy
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New World Encyclopedia
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John Galsworthy Born: August 14, 1867
Kingston, Surrey, England Died: January 31 1933 (aged 65)
London, England Occupation(s): Writer Nationality: English
John Galsworthy (August 14, 1867 – January 31, 1933) was an English novelist and playwright. Notable works include The Forsyte Saga (1906–1921) and its sequels, A Modern Comedy and End of the Chapter. Galsworthy's novels addressed the class system in England, especially the rise of the merchant class, or "new money," and its relations to the aristocracy, or "old money." In the wake of the Industrial Revolution and urbanization, Galsworthy's works reflected the inevitable conflicts that arose during the transition from a more pastoral society to a modern one. He won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1932.
Biography
Galsworthy was born at Kingston Hill in Surrey, England, into an established wealthy family, the son of John and Blanche Bailey (nee Bartleet) Galsworthy. He attended Harrow and New College, Oxford, training as a barrister and was called to the bar in 1890. However, he was not interested in practicing law and instead traveled abroad to look after the family's shipping business interests. During these travels he met Joseph Conrad, then the first mate of a sailing-ship moored in the harbor of Adelaide, Australia, and the two future novelists became close friends. In 1895, Galsworthy began an affair with Ada Nemesis Pearson, the wife of one of his cousins. After her divorce the pair eventually married on September 23, 1905, and stayed together until his death in 1933. During World War I, he worked in a hospital in France as an orderly after being passed over for military service. John Galsworthy lived for the final seven years of his life at Bury in West Sussex. He died from a brain tumor at his London home, Grove Lodge, Hampstead. In accordance with his will he was cremated at Woking, and his ashes scattered over the South Downs from the air.[1] There is also a memorial in Highgate "New" Cemetery.[2]
Literary Works
From the Four Winds was Galsworthy's first published work in 1897, a collection of short stories. These, and several subsequent works, were published under the pen name John Sinjohn, and it would not be until The Island Pharisees (1904) that he would begin publishing under his own name, probably owing to the death of his father. His first play, The Silver Box (1906), became a success, and he followed it up with The Man of Property (1906), the first in the Forsyte trilogy. Although he continued writing both plays and novels, it was as a playwright that he was mainly appreciated at the time. Along with other writers of the time, such as Shaw, his plays addressed the class system and social issues; two of his best known plays were Strife (1909) and The Skin Game (1920).
Over time his reputation shifted; he is now far better known for his novels and particularly The Forsyte Saga, the first of three trilogies of novels about the eponymous family and connected lives. These books, as with many of his other works, dealt with class, and in particular upper-middle class lives. Although sympathetic to his characters, he highlights their insular, snobbish, and acquisitive attitudes and their suffocating moral codes. He is viewed as one of the first writers of the Edwardian era; challenging in his works some of the ideals of society depicted in the proceeding literature of Victorian England. The depiction of a woman in an unhappy marriage furnishes another recurring theme in his work. The character of Irene in The Forsyte Saga is drawn from Ada Pearson even though her previous marriage was not as miserable as Irene's.
His work is often less convincing when it deals with the changing face of wider British society and how it affects people of the lower social classes. Through his writings he campaigned for a variety of causes, including prison reform, women's rights, animal welfare, and censorship, but these have limited appeal outside the era in which they were written.
Legacy
He was elected as the first president of the International PEN literary club in 1921, was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1929—after earlier turning down a knighthood—and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932.
The popularity of his fiction waned quickly after his death, but the hugely successful adaptation of The Forsyte Saga in 1967 renewed interest in the writer.
A number of John Galsworthy's letters and papers are held at the University of Birmingham Special Collections.
Adaptations
The Forsyte Saga has been filmed several times:
That Forsyte Woman (1949), directed by Compton Bennett, an MGM adaptation in which Errol Flynn played a rare villainous role, as Soames.
BBC television drama (1967), directed by James Cellan Jones, David Giles, starring Eric Porter, Nyree Dawn Porter, Kenneth More, Susan Hampshire, Joseph O'Conor, adapted by Lennox Philips and others, 26 parts.
Granada television drama (2002), directed by Christopher Menaul, starring Gina McKee, Damian Lewis, Rupert Graves, Corin Redgrave, 13 parts.
The Skin Game was adapted and directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1931. It starred VC France, Helen Haye, Jill Esmond, Edmund Gwenn, John Longden.
Escape was filmed in 1930 and 1948. The latter was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, starring Rex Harrison, Peggy Cummings, William Hartnell. The screenplay was by Philip Dunne.
One More River (a film version of Galsworthy's Over the River) was filmed by James Whale in 1934. The film starred Frank Lawton, Colin Clive (one of Whale's most frequently used actors), and Diana Wynyard. It also featured Mrs. Patrick Campbell in a rare sound film appearance.
Selected works
From The Four Winds, 1897 (as John Sinjohn)
Jocelyn, 1898 (as John Sinjohn)
Villa Rubein, 1900 (as John Sinjohn)
A Man Of Devon, 1901 (as John Sinjohn)
The Island Pharisees, 1904
The Silver Box, 1906 (his first play)
The Forsyte Saga, 1906-21, 1922
The Man Of Property, 1906
(interlude) Indian Summer of a Forsyte, 1918
In Chancery, 1920
(interlude) Awakening, 1920
To Let, 1921
The Country House, 1907
A Commentary, 1908
Fraternity, 1909
A Justification For The Censorship Of Plays, 1909
Strife, 1909
Fraternity, 1909
Joy, 1909
Justice, 1910
A Motley, 1910
The Spirit Of Punishment, 1910
Horses In Mines, 1910
The Patrician, 1911
The Little Dream, 1911
The Pigeon, 1912
The Eldest Son, 1912
Moods, Songs, And Doggerels, 1912
For Love Of Beasts, 1912
The Inn Of Tranquility, 1912
The Dark Flower, 1913
The Fugitive, 1913
The Mob, 1914
The Freelands, 1915
The Little Man, 1915
A Bit's Love, 1915
A Sheaf, 1916
The Apple Tree, 1916
Beyond, 1917
Five Tales, 1918
Saint's Progress, 1919
Addresses In America, 1912
The Foundations, 1920
In Chancery, 1920
Awakening, 1920
The Skin Game, 1920
To Let, 1920
A Family Man, 1922
The Little Man, 1922
Loyalties, 1922
Windows, 1922
Captures, 1923
Abracadabra, 1924
The Forest, 1924
Old English, 1924
The Show, 1925
Escape, 1926
Verses New And Old, 1926
Castles In Spain, 1927
A Modern Comedy, 1924-1928, 1929
The White Monkey, 1924
(Interlude) a Silent Wooing, 1927
The Silver Spoon, 1926
(Interlude) Passers By, 1927
Swan Song, 1928
Two Forsyte Interludes, 1927
The Manaton Edition, 1923-26 (collection, 30 vols.)
Exiled, 1929
The Roof, 1929
On Forsyte Change, 1930
Two Essays On Conrad, 1930
Soames And The Flag, 1930
The Creation Of Character In Literature, 1931 (The Romanes Lecture for 1931).
Maid In Waiting, 1931
Forty Poems, 1932
Flowering Wilderness, 1932
Over the River, 1933
Autobiographical Letters Of Galsworthy: A Correspondence With Frank Harris, 1933
The Grove Edition, 1927-34 (collection, 27 Vols.)
Collected Poems, 1934
End Of the Chapter, 1931-1933, 1934 (posthumously)
Maid In Waiting, 1931
Flowering Wilderness, 1932
One More River, 1933 (originally the English edition was called Over the River)
Punch And Go, 1935
The Life And Letters, 1935
The Winter Garden, 1935
Forsytes, Pendyces And Others, 1935
Selected Short Stories, 1935
Glimpses And Reflections, 1937
Galsworthy's Letters To Leon Lion, 1968
Letters From John Galsworthy 1900-1932, 1970
Notes
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Marrot, Harold Vincent. The Life and Letters of John Galsworthy. C. Scribner's Sons, 1936.
Mottram, R. H. John Galsworthy. British Council by Longmans, Green, 1952.
Sternlicht, Stanford V. John Galsworthy. Twayne Publishers, 1987. ISBN 9780805769470
All links retrieved August 3, 2022.
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Nobel Prize in Literature
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The ASU Library acknowledges the twenty-three Native Nations that have inhabited this land for centuries. Arizona State University's four campuses are located in the Salt River Valley on ancestral territories of Indigenous peoples, including the Akimel O’odham (Pima) and Pee Posh (Maricopa) Indian Communities, whose care and keeping of these lands allows us to be here today. ASU Library acknowledges the sovereignty of these nations and seeks to foster an environment of success and possibility for Native American students and patrons. We are advocates for the incorporation of Indigenous knowledge systems and research methodologies within contemporary library practice. ASU Library welcomes members of the Akimel O’odham and Pee Posh, and all Native nations to the Library.
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Johannes V. Jensen (20 January 1873 - 25 November 1950)Sven Hakon Rossel University of Vienna1944 Nobel Prize in Literature Broadcast Presentation Source for information on Jensen, Johannes V. (20 January 1873 - 25 November 1950): Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature, Part 2 dictionary.
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Johannes V. Jensen (20 January 1873 - 25 November 1950)
Sven Hakon Rossel
University of Vienna
1944 Nobel Prize in Literature Broadcast Presentation
1944 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech
Jensen: Banquet Speech
Jensen: Autobiographical Statement
Bibliographies
Biographies
References
Papers
This entry was expanded by Rossel from his Jensen entry in DLB 214: Twentieth-Century Danish Writers.
BOOKS: Danskere (Copenhagen: Det Nordiske, 1896);
Einar Elkær: Roman (Copenhagen: Det Nordiske, 1898);
Himmerlandsfolk: Historier (Copenhagen: Det Nordiske, 1898);
Intermezzo: Dolores, Forsvundne Skove, Louison (Copenhagen: Det Nordiske, 1899);
Foraarets Død (Copenhagen: Det Nordiske, 1900);
Den store Sommer (Copenhagen: Det Nordiske, 1900);
Den gotiske Renaissance (Copenhagen: Det Nordiske, 1901);
Vinteren (Copenhagen: Det Nordiske, 1901);
Kongens Fald (Copenhagen: Det Nordiske, 1901)–comprises Foraarets Død, Den store Sommer, and Vinteren; translated by P. T. Federspiel and Patrick Kirwan as The Fall of the King (London: Grayson & Grayson, 1933; New York: Holt, 1933);
Kirken i Farsø: Skitse (Minneapolis & Chicago: C. Rasmussen, 1903);
Madame D’Ora (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1904);
Nye Himmerlandshistorier (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1904)–includes “Kirstens sidste Rejse,” translated by Lee Marshall as “Kirsten’s Last Journey,” in Anthology of Danish Literature: Bilingual Edition, edited by F.J. Billeskov Jansen and P. M. Mitchell (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1971), pp. 300-379;
Skovene (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1904);
Hjulet (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1905);
Digte (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1906); revised and enlarged as Digte: Anden Udgave, 1917; revised and enlarged as Digte: Tredie Udgave, 1921; revised and enlarged as Digte: 1901–1941, 1943; revised and enlarged as Digte, 1948–includes “Ved Frokosten” and “Paa Memphis Station,” translated by Alexander Taylor as “At Lunch” and “At Memphis Station,” in Contemporary Danish Poetry, edited by Line Jensen and others (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1958), pp. 91-92;
Myter og Jagter (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1907)– includes “Fusijama,” translated by Elias Bredsdorff as “Fujiyama,” in his Contemporary Danish Prose: An Anthology (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1958), pp. 85-90;
Den ny Verden: Til international Belysning of nordisk Bondekultur (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1907);
Singapore Noveller (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1907);
Nye Myter (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1908);
Bræen: Myter om Istiden og det første Menneske (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1908); translated by Arthur G. Chater in Fire and Ice, volume 1 of The Long Journey (London: Gyldendal, 1922; New York: Knopf, 1923);
Lille Ahasverus (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1909);
Myter: Ny Samling (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1910);
Himmerlandshistorier: Tredie Samling (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1910);
Nordisk Aand: Kroniker og Karakteristiker (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1911);
Skibet (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1912);
Myter: Fjerde Samling (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1912);
Rudyard Kipling (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1912);
Olivia Marianne (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1915);
Introduktion til vor Tidsalder (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1915);
Aarbog l916 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1916);
Eksotiske Noveller (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1916)–comprises Singapore Noveller, Lille Ahasverus, and Olivia Marianne;
Aarbog l917 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1917);
Norne-Gæst (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1919); translated by Chater in The Cimbrians, volume 2 of The Long Journey (London: Gyldendal, 1923; New York: Knopf, 1923);
Det tabte Land: Mennesket før Istiden (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1919); translated by Chater in Fire and Ice, volume 1 of The Long Journey (London: Gyldendal, 1922; New York: Knopf, 1923);
Johannes Larsen og hans Billeder (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1920);
Christofer Columbus (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1921); translated by Chater as Christopher Columbus, volume 3 of The Long Journey (London: Gyldendal, 1924; New York: Knopf, 1924);
Sangerinden (Madame d’Ora): Drama i fem Akter (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1921);
Cimbrernes Tog (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1922); translated by Chater in The Cimbrians, volume 2 of The Long Journey (London: Gyldendal, 1923; New York: Knopf, 1923);
Æstetik og Udvikling: Efterskerift til Den lange Rejse (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1923);
Aarstiderne, illustrated by Johannes Larsen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1923);
Myter: Tredie Bind, 1914–1924 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1924);
Hamlet: Til Forklaring of Hamletskikkselen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1924);
Evolution og Moral (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1925);
Aarets Højtider (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1925);
Verdens Lys: Nye Digte (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1926);
Jørgine (Copenhagen: Hage & Clausens Forlag, 1926);
Dyrenes Forvandling: Til Udviklingens Plastik (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1927);
Ved Livets Bred og andre Myter (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1928);
Aandens Stadier (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1928);
Retninger i Tiden: Artikler 1925–30 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1930);
Den jydske Blæst: Digte 1926–1930 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1931);
Form og Sjæl: Portræter og Personligheder (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1931);
Paa danske Veje, illustrated by Larsen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1931);
Pisangen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1932);
Kornmarken (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1932);
Sœlernes Ø (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1934);
Det Blivende: Tankens Revoluüoneñng i det 19de Aarhundrede og Tïlbagefaldet i det 20de (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1934);
Dr. Renaults Fristelser (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1935);
Gudrun (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1936);
Darduse, Bryllupet i Peking: Eventyrkomedie i fire Akter (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1937);
Paaskebadet: Digte 1931–1937 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1937);
Jydske Folkelivsmalere: Dalsgaard, Michael Ancher, Hans Smidth (Copenhagen: Arthur Jensen, 1937);
Den lange Rejse, 2 volumes (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1938)–comprises volume 1, Det tabte Land, Bræen, and Norne-Gæst; and volume 2, Cimbrernes Tog, Skibet, and Christofer Columbus;
Thorvaldsen: Haandvœrkeren og Manden (Copenhagen: Arthur Jensen, 1938);
Nordvejen: Indtryk af norsk Natur (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1939);
Fra Fristaterne: Rejsebreve, med et Tilbageblik (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1939);
Gutenberg: Til Bogtrykkerkunstens Historie, by Jensen and Aage Marcus (Copenhagen: Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri, 1939);
Mariehønen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1940);
Udvalgte Prosastykker, edited by Morten Borup and Peter Iløse (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1940);
Mindets Tavle: Portrœter og Personligheder (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1941);
Vor Oprindelse (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1941);
Om Sproget og Undervisningen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1942);
Kvinden i Sagatiden (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1942);
Folkeslagene i Østen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1943);
Møllen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1944);
Myter, 2 volumes (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1946);
Bogbinderen (Copenhagen: Printed by J. H. Schultz, 1947);
Afrika: Opdagelsesrejserne (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1949);
Danske Køreteøjer (Copenhagen: Thaning & Appel, 1949);
Swift og Oehlenschläger (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1950);
Tilblivelsen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1951);
Mytens ring: Efterladte myter og beskrivelser (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1957);
Ungt er endnu Ordet: Portræter og Personligheder, edited by Carl Bergstrøm-Nielsen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1958);
Troth, edited by Sven Hakon Rossel (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum, 2002).
Editions and Collections: Den jydske blæst og andre digte, selected by Ole Wivel (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1957);
Bræen, edited by Martin Larsen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1963);
Himmerlandshistorier, edited, with an afterword, by Jørgen Elbek, Gyldendals Bibliotek, no. 24 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1963);
Johannes Larsen og Aarstiderne, edited, with a foreword, by Aage Marcus, Gyldendals Uglebøger, no. 56 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1963);
Jordens Kreds, selected by Marcus, introduction by Niels Birger Wamberg (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1967);
Myter i Digte i Udvalg, selected by Leif Nedergaard (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1969);
Himmerlandshistorier, edited by Povl Marstal (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1970);
Mørkets frodighed; Tidlige myter, selected by Wamberg (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1973);
12 Himmerlandshistorier, edited by Sven Moller Kristensen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1979);
Tretten Myter: Johannes V. Jensen, selected and illustrated by Jens Jensen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1982);
Himmerlandshistorier: Et udvalg, selected by Sonja Carlberg (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1984);
Kender du Johannes V. Jensen, selected by Margit Mørk (Copenhagen: Grafisk, 1986);
Christofer Columbus, foreword by Ib Michael (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1992);
Madame D’Ora; Hjulet, edited by Sven Hakon Rossel (Copenhagen: Det Danske Sproge-og Litteraturselskab/Borgen, 1997);
Digte: Johannes V. Jensen, edited by Frits Johansen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1998).
Editions in English: “Ane og Koen,” translated by Victor Folke Nelson as “Ann and the Cow”; “Forsvundne Skove,” translated by Henry Commager as “Lost Forests,” in Denmark’s Best Stories, edited by Hanna Astrup Larsen (New York: American-Scandinavian Foundation/Norton, 1928), pp. 327-340;
Garden Colonies in Denmark, translated by F. Aubrey Rush (Copenhagen: Danske selskab, 1949);
Denmark’s Johannes V. Jensen, translated by Marion L. Nielsen (Logan: Utah State Agricultural College, 1955);
The Waving Rye, selected by C. A. Bodelsen, translated by Ronald Bathgate and others (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1958; New York: American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1959);
The Fall of the King, translated by Alan Bower and edited by Sven Hakon Rossel (Seattle: Mermaid Press, 1992; revised edition, Traverse City: Stonehill, 1995).
PLAY PRODUCTIONS: Trods, Chicago, Scandia Hall, 1 February 1903;
Sangerinden, Odense, Odense Teater, 16 November 1923;
Darduse, Bryllupet i Peking: Eventyrkomedie i fire akter, Copenhagen, Royal Theater, 22 January 1937;
Hamlet, translation of William Shakespeare’s play, Copenhagen, Royal Theater, 24 April 1937.
OTHER: Jack London, Naar Naturen kalder, translated by Aslaug Mikkelsen, foreword by Jensen (Copenhagen: Peter Hansen, 1907);
Ditleff von Zeppelin, Fugletrak, edited by Jensen and Otto Gelsted (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1916);
Thorvaldsens Portrœtbuster, introduction by Jensen, biographical notes by Aage Marcus (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1926).
TRANSLATIONS: Frank Norris, Af Hvedens Saga: Polypen, en Bog om Kalifornien (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1907);
Rudyard Kipling and Wolcott Balestier, Nauhlaka: Forædling fra Vesten og Østen, translated by Jensen and Aslaug Mikkelsen (Copenhagen: V. Pio, 1911);
Kipling, Fribytterbreve; De rædselsfulde Nætters By og andre Skizzer, translated by Jensen and Mikkelsen (Copenhagen: V. Pio, 1912);
Kipling, Fra Hav til Hav, translated by Jensen and Mikkelsen (Copenhagen: V. Pio, 1913);
Kipling, Liv og Drøm, translated by Jensen and Mikkelsen (Copenhagen: V. Pio, 1913);
Kipling, Med Natexpressen Aar 2000 og andre Fortœllinger, translated by Jensen and Mikkelsen (Copenhagen: V. Pio, 1914);
Rudolf Requadt, Krigsflyveren (Copenhagen: Fr. Ravn, 1916);
Adelbert von Chamisso, Peter Schlemihls vidunderlige Historie (Copenhagen: Høst & Søn, 1918);
Walt Whitman, Digte, translated by Jensen and Otto Gelsted (Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk, 1919);
De islandske Sagaer, 3 volumes, translated by Jensen, Knud Hjortø, and Hans Kyrre (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1930–1932);
William Shakespeare, Hamlet (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1937);
Egil Skallagrimssons Saga (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1943);
Snorre Sturlason, Heimskringla: Norges Kongesagaer, translated and edited by Jensen and Kyrre (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1948).
SELECTED PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS–UNCOLLECTED: Skatten paa Korsøgaard: Fortælling fra Aarhundredets Begyndelse, as Ivar Lykke, Revuen (2 January-21 July 1895);
DødssejUren: Fortælling, as Lykke, Revuen (24 July 1895–26 January 1896);
Blodfesterne i Arizona: Mexikansk, historisk Fortælling, as Lykke, Revuen (26 January-31 May 1896);
Jim Blacksools Revolver: Roman fra det fjerne Vesten, as Lykke, Revuen (31 May-30 September 1896);
Falskmønterbandens blodige Bog: Kriminal-Roman, as Lykke, Revuen (1 July-13 December 1896);
Nihilistens Ed: En Nutidsroman, as Lykke, Revuen (19 July - 23 September 1896);
Taterkongens ni Sønner og deres Blodhœvn: Roman fra Dronning Margrethes Tid, as Lykke, Revuen (9 December 1896–5 May 1897);
Milliontyvenes Høvding eller den røde Tiger: Original illustreret New Yorkerroman, as Lykke, Revuen (9 May-22 September 1897);
Hakon Blodøxes Bedrifter: Roman fra Vikingetiden, as Lykke, Revuen (26 September 1897 – 9 March 1898);
Ridder Tages Dødsridt eller de blodige Sporer: Original historisk Roman fra Valdemar den Stores Tid, as Lykke, Revuen (13 March-20 July 1898).
By revolting against the introspection of Danish turn-of-the-century literature and the psychological and social naturalism of the nineteenth century, Johannes V. Jensen became one of the most prolific, innovative spirits in Danish cultural life. His worship of modern science and technology, the bustling life in the international metropolis, and pragmatic materialism and capitalism made him instrumental in the reorientation of Danish literature away from continental French and German models toward Anglo-American cultural life. His enthusiasm for American literature resulted in the introduction and promotion in Denmark of the works of many American writers.
Charles Darwin’s theories were an important source of inspiration for Jensen’s depictions of nature scenes and animals but had a disastrous impact on his questionable evolutionary and anthropological ideas. Despite his scientific and anti-idealistic orientation, Jensen was never able to let go of his deep-rooted dependence on the Jutland peasant traditions of his childhood and an equally deep-rooted fascination with Christian metaphysics. This contradiction or split resulted in an existential insecurity that manifests itself in a fragmentation both with regard to content and form, which gives Jensen’s fictional work continuing relevance. It places him in the modernist tradition of the twentieth century, adding to some of his texts a vibrant and eclectic, almost postmodern, quality. However, when Jensen was able to bridge this split in his myths and poetry, he created pieces of timeless art in which observation and vision, present time and eternity, reality and dream are seamlessly merged.
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was born on 20 January 1873 in Farsø in the northern Jutland province of Himmerland. His parents were both of peasant stock. His mother, Marie Kirstine Jensen, had a prosaic and practical view of life, but she also possessed a vivid imagination and a hot temper; his father, Hans Jensen, was the district veterinarian and was an expert in botany and zoology. He inspired Jensen’s later studies of nature and discovery of Darwin’s evolutionary theories. Although the family was strongly antireligious, in the late 1880s Jensen’s father became interested in spiritualism, an interest that became lifelong for Jensen’s sister, the writer Thit Jensen. Johannes V. Jensen later criticized this occult interest, although it was undoubtedly one of the causative factors for the longing for eternity and spiritual expansion that became an essential feature in his writing. Jensen also had one younger brother, who became a painter under the name Hans Deuvs.
In the autobiographical sketch Kirken i Farsø: Skitse (1903, The Church in Farse: Sketch), Jensen described his boyhood with his siblings and friends from the small town and the neighborhood farms, emphasizing his boldness and extroversion. A somewhat different description comes from one of Jensen’s friends, Peder Bach, quoted in Oluf Friis’s 1974 biography of Jensen: “Han var en besynderlig Dreng, ikke som de andre, men for det meste tavs og indesluttet, og han gik gerne og saa ned i jorden i sine egne dybe Tanker; men til Tider kunde han vaagne op, og da husker jeg at hans Snebolde blev temmelig haarde” (He was a strange boy, not like the others, but mostly silent and reticent, and he usually walked around looking down deep in his thoughts; but at times he could wake up, and then I remember that his snowballs became rather hard). A characteristic trait was his joy in reading. Jensen himself, in Mytens ring: Efterladte myter og beskrivelser (1957, The Ring of the Myth: Posthumous Myths and Descriptions), recalled his first books: children’s readers; accounts by Captain James Cook, Henry Morton Stanley, and David Livingstone of their expeditions; a history of Denmark; and Hans Christian Andersen’s tales–all works that he found on his father’s bookshelves.
After two years at Farse School, followed by private tutoring, Jensen went in 1890 to Viborg Katedralskole (cathedral school) for three years, where he became familiar with the humanistic, bourgeois educational tradition that for hundreds of years had formed the basis for spiritual life in Denmark. Jensen’s years in Viborg, depicted in the first two chapters of his first novel, Danskere (1896, Danes), were not harmonious, and his opposition was nourished in particular by reading the German poet Heinrich Heine, whom Jensen called, in his monograph Rudyard Kipling (1912), “denne Dynamitsjæsl” (this explosive spirit), and the British author Rudyard Kipling, in whose works Jensen experienced a new world of activity and international settings. Although classes in Viborg did not include modern literature, Jensen read works by contemporary writers in private. Both the neo-Romantic Danish poet Johannes Jørgensen and the Norwegian Knut Hamsun, whom Jensen regarded as the first to break with the older realism and naturalism–what Jensen called “den galliske knirkende Fornuftspoesi” (the Gallic, creaking literature of reason)–became additional models for the future writer.
Jensen passed his university entrance exams in 1893 and began the study of medicine at the University of Copenhagen in the fall. In January 1894 he published four poems, basically derivative of neo-Romantic literature, that include motifs foreshadowing his later settlement with the introverted and spiritual attitude that was prevalent in Danish literature at the time of his debut and remained part of Jensen’s own personality. Likewise without artistic quality are ten serial novels written under the pseudonym Ivar Lykke and published in the Copenhagen journal Revuen between 1895 and 1898. In Mytens ring, Jensen hints at the main ingredients of these serial novels, remarking that “Hvert Kapitel havde sit horrible Mord” (Each chapter contained a horrible murder). The novels hold no trace of his later mastery of style but are not without importance, as in them Jensen introduces motifs that he took up again later.
Jensen had his true literary debut in 1896 with the novel Danskere. After he abandoned his medical studies in 1898, he published Einar Elkœr: Roman (1898, Einar Elkæsr: Novel). Between the publication of the two novels he took a brief trip to New York City in 1896, the first of many travels that, altogether, brought Jensen to the United States six times. Both the character Buris in the first novel and Einar Elkasr in the second are students from the provinces who are confronted with the modern metropolis, Copenhagen. They are obsessed by paralyzing self-absorption that prevents them from establishing a spontaneous rapport with other people, in particular with women. Whereas Jensen hints at the possibility that the disintegration of Buris’s personality may stop, Einar constantly lapses into his ravings and dreams and dies at a mental hospital, where “Sektionen viste blèd Hjæsrne” (the autopsy showed a soft brain). Even though the two novels are strongly dependent on literary models–their melancholy atmosphere, big-city sceneries, and self-reflective protagonists can be found in the early works of Jergensen and Hamsun–their rebellion against both the fin-de-siècle spirit of the 1890s and literary and philosophical authority in general has a genuine ring. Jensen later excluded his first two books from lists of his works, perhaps because he recognized too much of his own introverted personality in his two protagonists. They are desperate outsiders, whose longing for happiness finds no fulfillment. This longing, which in so many of Jensen’s characters manifests itself as a longing to travel, is in reality a longing for the expansion of the soul.
Introspection remains a major issue in the two travelogues, Intermezzo: Dolores, Forsvundne Skove, Louihon (1899, Intermezzo: Dolores, Lost Forests, Louison) and Skovene (1904, The Woods), both written under the influence of Heine’s capricious, ironic style. The first was based on Jensen’s two visits as a reporter for the liberal newspaper Politiken to Spain, Germany, and France in 1898 and also includes the first of his many attacks on the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, whose theories of the superman constituted the “bad Darwinism” that Jensen later saw as the indirect cause of the two world wars. The second book was inspired by Jensen’s five-week stay in Singapore and on the Malay Peninsula during his first trip around the world in 1902 and 1903, which also took him to China, Japan, and the United States. In his description of a tiger hunt Jensen incorporates lyrical and satirical passages, witticisms, and brilliantly executed, precise but poetic descriptions of animals and nature. The strong stylistic contrasts in the volume reflect the self-ironic and didactic approach Jensen takes toward his own glorification of the primitive, against which he sets his homesickness and longing.
The reworked travel letters from his visit to Spain in 1898 and another to the World’s Exhibition in Paris in 1900, which Jensen incorporated into his Den gotuke Renaissance (1901, The Gothic Renaissance), on the other hand, include an enthusiastic endorsement of progress and reality: “Det tyvende Aarhundrede suser over Hovedet. Jeg bekender mig til Virkeligheden, jeg bekender” (The twentieth century roars above our heads. I profess to reality, I profess). This work glorifies the expansive spirit of the Gothic, that is, Anglo-Saxon, race, the fullest expression of which Jensen found in the American pragmatic and progressive view of life as it brought liberation from the decadence of the previous century. The volume climaxes in Walt Whitman–inspired prose hymns to progress and technology. Jensen’s theory was that the Gothic race had its origin in his home region, Himmerland. Its nature and people are portrayed in the realistic short stories in Himmerlands-folk: Historier (1898, Himmerland People: Stories), which constitute a counterbalance to Jensen’s introspective writings from the same period, and in the two collections Nye Himmerlandshistorier (1904, New Himmerland Stories) and Himmerlandshistorier: Tredie Samling (1910, Himmerland Stories: Third Collection). The early texts are marked by Jensen’s preoccupation with the meaninglessness of day-to-day existence and death. Later stories include masterful character studies of grotesque, roaming eccentrics, heroic accounts of man’s stubborn fight against either sordid surroundings or the callous forces of nature, and comic or satiric exposures of human folly. Jensen’s intimate knowledge of the flaws and meanness of his characters is balanced by a profound veneration for the old peasant traditions they also represent. In such texts Jensen has distanced himself from the uncritical glorification of technology and progress in Den gotiske Renaissance, and these stories are far above traditional regional literature.
In 1900 and 1901 Jensen published an historical novel in three parts: Foraarets Død (1900, Spring’s Death), Den store Sommer (1900, The Full Summer), and Vinteren (1901, Winter). Jensen combined the works into a single volume under the title of Kongens Fald (1901; translated as The Fall of the King, 1933). With Kongens Fald, Jensen successfully merged the extrovert/naturalistic and introvert/spiritual elements in his writing into a splendid mythic composition. In Jensen’s works there are many attempts at defining “the mythic.” In his 1932 article on Jensen, Aage Marcus reports Jensen as saying: “Leave out the plot, concentrate on those short flashes of the essence of things that illumine man and time, and you have the myth.” As Jensen writes in his Aarbog 1916 (Yearbook 1916), his point of departure is generally a concrete observation from which an expansion in time and space takes place, a technique that entails a revelation, “ingen lang møjsommelig Opregning men et Spring ind i et Billede” (rather a leap into an image than a long painstaking account). Crucial components of the myth are the tensions between the close and the distant, the tangible and the transcendental, and the concrete and the inexplicable, frequently establishing a perspective of time in which present, past, and future are bound together.
Kongens Fald can be read as a purely historical novel, attacking the passivity and indecisiveness that Jensen perceived as a major component of Danish mentality. These negative qualities are embodied in the Renaissance king Christian II and his companion, the mercenary Mikkel Thøgersen. However, Jensen ignores both historical accuracy and a structured psychological character delineation. Instead, by mingling dream-like passages of poetic beauty with harsh, naturalistic scenes of violence and destruction, he creates magnificent, deeply pessimistic visions of man’s inability to reach happiness. Like Buris in Danskere, the introverted outsider Mikkel completely lacks the ability to devote himself to enjoying the present: he can only act when his anguish turns into hatred and blind destructiveness. He rapes Ane Mette, the fiancée of his rival Otte Iversen, and many years later he kills Otte’s son, the carefree and spontaneous Axel, whose success with women stirs Mikkel’s feelings of alienation, envy, and hatred. He assaults the unarmed Axel, who later, without any bitterness, dies of blood poisoning, fever-stricken and dreaming that he is sailing into “den store Sommers Land, Dødens Land” (the land of full summer, the land of death). Axel’s “fall,” one of the lyrical highlights of the novel, corresponds on the historical level to the king’s “fall” during the fateful night in 1523 when Christian II, accompanied by Mikkel, irresolutely sails back and forth between two regions of Denmark wondering whether or not to take up the fight against the rebellious nobility–a dramatic highlight and at the same time a penetrating analysis of the paralysis of action by doubt. However, of crucial importance is not the outward fall as demonstrated in the king’s destiny. Jensen’s masterpiece must be read as a book about the inner fall, about man’s impermanence, and about death as his inexorable destiny in the midst of burgeoning life, illustrated in Axel’s fate. Kongens Fald is a book about the total absurdity of life and love, illustrated in Mikkel’s person. All of humanity is subject to the law of the fall, and only death brings the desired peace.
On his first trip around the world Jensen crossed the Pacific Ocean from Japan, stopping in the Hawaiian Islands and disembarking in San Francisco on 26 October 1902. His stay in the United States, primarily in Chicago and New York during the winter and spring of 1902–1903, provided him with the scenery for the two novels Madame D’Ora (1904) and Hjulet (1905, The Wheel), with which Jensen–only in part successfully-intended to continue the antimetaphysical trend in his authorship. Intentionally he disregards the rules of the traditional, naturalistic novel as he sets out to portray not individuals but various stages in man’s evolution within the framework of a fierce Darwinian struggle for the “survival of the fittest.” In Madame D’Ora this struggle takes place between “the missing link”–the cynical lay preacher, charlatan, and murderer Evanston–and the scientist Edmund Hall, a Faustian character fascinated with the transcendental, a neurasthenic dreamer who not only fails to reciprocate the passionate and unconditional feelings of the opera singer Leontine D’Ora but also falls an easy prey to Evanston because of his preoccupation with spiritual experiences.
In the sequel, Hjulet, the young poet Lee, Jensen’s alter ego, kills Evanston, who has now changed his name to the symbolic Cancer and has become an even clearer example of the Nietzschean vulgarization of Darwinism that Jensen had earlier attacked in Intermezzo. Through his struggle Lee overcomes his earlier passivity and turns into a man of action who condemns all aesthetics as nothing but “en Sygdom i Sansen for Virkeligheden” (a disease in the perception of reality). Passages parodying the detective novels of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle alternate with lengthy monologues (in particular by the constantly talking Cancer), congenial translations of poems by Whitman, and Lee’s sweeping visions, ranging from prehistoric, evolutionary stages in man’s development to his view of Christopher Columbus as a man of Nordic descent and a bridge builder between Europe’s past and America’s present. These visions–indeed prose poems of compelling poetic force–as well as the totally negative portrayal of the representative of pure materialism, Evanston/Cancer, prove that Jensen could not let go of the aesthetics that he lets Lee reject. The enthusiasm for the United States expressed in these two novels foreshadows later works of fiction and nonfiction, as Jensen returned to both theories of Columbus and Faustian motifs.
After Jensen returned to Copenhagen from New York City in the summer of 1903, he published a series of newspaper articles. In these articles his violent criticism of Danish superficiality and provincialism demonstrates how difficult it was for him to resign himself to staying home. He was particularly irritated by Danish literary life, partly because of his own aggressive nature, which isolated him among colleagues, and partly because he rejected both the neo-Romantics and the radical circle around the influential critic Georg Brandes, whom he had earlier admired. He was also unhappy because his books received mostly negative reviews and sold poorly.
Nevertheless, the period from 1904 to 1906 was characterized by a hectic productivity: two novels, a travelogue, a new volume of stories from Himmerland, and finally an epoch-making collection of poetry. All these publications were projects that Jensen felt he wanted to finish and move on. Digte (1906, Poems; revised and enlarged, 1917, 1921, 1943, 1948) includes almost all of his youthful poetry, except for those poems that he had published during his first year at the university, which have never been collected. Two of Jensen’s earliest prose poems from 1901, “Interferens” (Interference) and “Ved Bordet” (At the Table), published in a newspaper, were revised and incorporated in Digte. Prose poetry came to dominate this volume, especially with the inclusion of the Whitman translations, first published in the novel Hjulet. This preponderance of free verse has contributed to the popular but erroneous view that Jensen’s poetry consists mostly of prose poetry, with Whitman as the predominant model. The truth is rather that Jensen’s prose poems, modeled after the free verse of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Heine, belong to the period of 1901 to 1906, after which he increasingly devoted himself to poems in regular meters with either Old Norse alliterative verse or the classical rhymed stanza as models.
Digte is a milestone in the development of Danish lyric poetry. Its highly developed, bold imagery is filled with contrasts and tension both in content and in style, a style that veers from cynical statement to ecstatic exclamation to heart-rending simplicity and tenderness–the heritage of the 1890s. This metaphoric language is based on a sharp sensory perception that often takes the shape of a merciless self-analysis at the same time as it incorporates images from modern technology and everyday life.
At the center of the volume are three texts, the two prose poems “Interferens” and “Paa Memphis Station” (At Memphis Station), and the ballad-like “Christofer Columbus.” In “Interferens,” Jensen seeks, as he does in several of the poems, to reconcile the clash between extroversion and introversion, optimism and pessimism, belief in progress and wish for death–the two poles in his writing. When they intersect or rather become fused in one single state of mind, the myth emerges, as in “Christofer Columbus,” originally published in Madame D’Ora, where it was a warning to Hall to abandon his insatiable ambitions to transgress the boundaries of empirical science. It can, however, also be read as an anticipation of the novel Christofer Columbus (1921; translated as Christopher Columbus, 1924), as a portrait of Jensen’s tragic alter ego, Columbus, who is invoked in the poem “Afsked” (Departure). Here, another crucial theme from Jensen’s novels, the longing to travel, is introduced in an attack on humdrum everyday life in provincial Denmark. The poem was written in 1902 just before Jensen’s voyage around the world. Inspired by the voyage itself is “Paa Memphis Station,” a commitment to a reality that must encompass even the experience of death. This realization ignites the poet’s zest for a life that must be conquered through travel. Thus Columbus must move on, but the outcome of his travel turns out to be tragic, as Jensen points out in the succeeding poem, “Hverdagene” (Everyday Life). Its concluding request to “gaa frygtløst ind i Hverdagene” (enter into everyday life fearlessly) is preceded by lines about the merciless passage of time and unavoidable death:
Somren slaar sine Kister i.
Unge er vi saa ikke mere.
Men har Haabet ikke beskæmmet os tilstrækkeligt?
Nu kommer vor rige Dødstid, Broder.
(Summer is closing its chests.
So we are young no longer.
But has hope not shamed us sufficiently?
Now comes a plentiful dying time, brother.)
Such lines point ahead to perhaps the most difficult of all lyrical genres, the memorial poem, a genre that Jensen mastered to a degree not reached by any other Danish writer. In the second edition of Jensen’s collected poems, Digte: Anden Udgave (1917, Poems: Second Edition), there are two such poems, “Leonora Christine” and “Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson,” written in traditional iambic meter. The first is a portrait of Leonora Christine, a Danish Renaissance princess who spent twenty-two years in prison and whose tragic destiny Jensen perceives in a mythic perspective. The second poem is a glorification of the active and extroverted Norwegian writer, written on the occasion of Bjørnson’s death in 1910. The poem is pervaded with pantheism; however, Jensen concludes with lines negating that pantheism: “O Solopgang paa Bjergets Sne – / ham skal du aldrig mere se” (Oh sunrise on the mountain’s snow– / you shall never see him again). The last poem in the volume is “Envoi,” which Jensen kept revising until it received its final form in the third edition of his collected poems. This poem is noteworthy for its haiku-like simplicity, with a perfect form embracing time and space, a myth concentrated around the eternity of love placed in the cycle of nature.
Jensen’s productivity after his return from his journey around the world in 1902 and 1903 was also caused by the need to make a living for his family. On 15 April 1904 he married twenty-six-year-old Else Marie Ulrik, with whom he had three sons, Jens, Villum, and Emmerick. On 2 July 1906 Jensen began his own newspaper, Pressen (The Press), with John Martin. Modeled on contemporary American tabloids, Pressen was filled with sensational news, cartoons, and many advertisements. As Jensen did not have any political or cultural program for the newspaper, he did not find any readers, and Pressen lasted only until 31 July. This project was preceded by several trips to Himmerland and Berlin, and at the same time Jensen began translating Frank Norris’s novel The Octopus (1901), eventually published as Af Hvedens Saga: Polypen, en Bog om Kalifornien (1907, From the Wheat’s Saga: The Octopus, a Book about California). By writing the foreword to Naar Naturen kalder, a translation in 1907 of Jack London’s The Call of the Wild (1903), Jensen called attention in Denmark to another American writer; he introduced a third American writer, Ernest Hemingway, to the Danish public with an essay in Politiken (30 May 1930).
As a result of a 1905 trip to New York City, Jensen began writing a series of articles in March 1906 for Politiken about journalism, literature, and social issues in the United States. These essays were republished in the collection Den ny Verden: Til international Belysning of nordisk Bondekultur (1907, The New World: For an International Illustration of Nordic Peasant Culture). The heroes of the book are the American reporter Norris, who successfully portrayed the hectic pioneer spirit during the growth of the United States, and Theodore Roosevelt, who is seen as the epitome of American civilization because of his dynamic and extroverted nature. From the fall of 1906 to the summer of 1907 Jensen was preoccupied with polemical exchanges with various Danish writers and critics. For this reason the collection of prose Myter og Jagter (Myths and Hunts), from 1907, includes primarily texts that had previously been published. Singapore Noveller (Singapore Stories), also from 1907, was likewise based on older material. Together with the texts in Lille Ahasvérus (1909, Little Ahasuerus) and Olivia Marianne (1915), the stories in Singapore Noveller were collected in Ehothke Noveller (1916, Exotic Stories). They form an exotic counterpart to the stories about Himmerland. The United States provides the setting for some of the stories, but most of them are set in Java and China, inspired by Jensen’s Far East trip in the summer and fall of 1902, and owe their quality mainly to the exquisitely drawn scenery and linguistic virtuosity. In their somewhat simplistic view of the life of Europeans among the natives, the stories are an example of the strong influence Kipling had on Jensen’s early writings.
In the summer of 1907 Jensen, tired of literary disputes–although he had provoked them himself– made a trip to Norway, and in the following winter he went to Sweden. These visits resulted in several realistic hunting descriptions for Politiken, later included in the volume Nye Myter (1908, New Myths), which also includes one of Jensen’s best prose texts, “Darwin og Fuglen” (Darwin and the Bird). It opens with a magnificent spring scene, then is extended into a portrait of Darwin, the man whose evolutionary theories influenced Jensen’s writing for the remaining forty-three years of his life. With this volume and Myter og Jagter, Jensen had begun to create a series of brief, somewhat uneven prose texts, so-called myter or myths, which usually were first printed in newspapers; from 1910 to 1944 nine additional volumes were published. In essays and sketches based on reading and traveling, Jensen incorporates
Øjebliksbilleder fra Gaden, indre dæmrende Erindringer omspændende alle fem Verdensdele, Historien, Urtiden og en fjern Barndom... mellem hinanden, men sandt til Hobe forsaa vidt som det hænger sammen og har Tone og Farve.
(snapshots from the street, inner dawning memories encompassing all five continents, history, the earliest times and a distant childhood... intermingled, but every bit of it true in so far as it has coherence and resonance and color.)
Jensen presents his basic ideas in a symbolic, concentrated form: a full acceptance of present reality as the source and final goal of all longing as in “Fusijama” (1907; translated as “Fujiyama,” 1958) and a belief in eternity as it is found in the cyclic reappearance of the seasons as in “Nordisk Foraar” (1912, Nordic Spring). Jensen’s myths are based on his belief in the necessity of placing oneself in a meaningful context with nature as in “Haren” (1908, The Hare) and creating links to the most distant memories from history and prehistory as in “Dansk Natur” (1910, Danish Nature). This myth gives a superb description of Denmark seen in the light of the country’s past, incarnated in ancient monuments and in visions of the life of Stone Age people. It is actually one of several myths exemplifying the impossibility of seizing and preserving the present moment in isolation and thus–characteristic of the split in Jensen between materialism and spirituality–partially contradicting the “Fusijama” myth. Directly dealing with man’s quest for the indefinite and eternal are the myths “Moderen og Barnet” (1917, Mother and Child) and “Den store Kristoffer” (1917, The Great Christopher). “Moderen og Barnet,” which in his Æsketik og Udvikling: Efterskerift til Den lange Rejse (1923, Aesthetics and Evolution: Postscript to The Long Journey) Jensen called “nok det gyldigste jeg har gjort” (probably the most valid thing I have ever written), is based on the Roman Catholic concept of the Madonna and child, “Livets skønneste Symbol, Slægten i et Afbillede, som var Slægten selv, det højeste Under, og samtidigt den højeste Moral” (life’s most beautiful symbol, the family in a single image that is the family itself, the highest miracle and at the same time the highest ethics). In his retelling of the legend of St. Christopher, Jensen makes a Northerner of him. His staff, which changed into a palm, is interpreted mythically as the Northerner’s longing for the South, which is finally satisfied when the South comes to him in the person of the infant Jesus, whom Christopher carries across the river and into the North, an achievement that is duplicated when his namesake, Columbus, brings Christianity to the New World.
These two myths, as well as several others, were reworked and incorporated into the six books that became Den huge Rejse (1938; translated as The Long Journey, 3 volumes, 1922-1924). This multivolume novel comprises an evolutionary history or rather a fantasy of mankind. It was intended as a scientific counterpart to the biblical legends but turned out to be a collection of legends itself. Jensen sees the challenge of nature as the driving force of progress that brings about evolution. Bræen: Myter om Istiden og det første Menneske (1908, The Glacier: Myths of the Ice Age and of the First Man; translated in Fire and Ice, 1922) is the first written in the series and also its most popular. Here the Glacial Age has forced the humans to migrate southward; only Dreng (Boy) turns in defiance to the north and founds, together with the woman Moa (Mother), a large family. In a memorable scene Dreng rediscovers fire by striking sparks from flint, while Moa collects seeds and begins to till the soil.
Det tabte Land: Mermesket før Istiden (1919, The Lost Land: Man Before the Ice Age; translated in Fire and Ice) is a Darwinian myth of creation about the transition from animal to Homo sapiens in the preglacial rain forests of Jutland. The major character of the volume is Fyr (Fire), who climbs a volcano and, like Prometheus, steals the fire. Up on the mountain he sees the ocean in the distance, and the feeling of longing is stirred in him for the first time.
In Norne-Gæst (1919; translated in The Cimbrians, 1923), Jensen follows the lives of the Northerners from the Glacial Age to the Great Migration. The opening lines describe the newborn title character’s first glimpse of the blue sky between the leaves. This vision is to become crucial for his insatiable longing to travel that will drive Norne-Gæst around the world, encountering, for instance, Greek and Roman civilization, and up through the Bronze and Iron Ages. Cimbrernes Tog (1922, The Raids of the Cimbri; translated in The Cimbrians), the last volume of the series to be published, is also mainly set abroad. It opens with Norne-Gæst wandering up through Jutland in order to attend the spring festivals in Himmerland, home of the Cimbrians. Suddenly climatic deterioration sets in with floods and famine, and the Cimbrians set off under the command of Bojerik, a name modeled after a Boiorix mentioned in one of Jensen’s sources, Plutarch’s Parallel Lives. The narrative then follows the everyday life of the Cimbrians as they raid down through Europe, with intervening mythic scenes as observed and commented upon by the omnipresent Norne-Gæst. Other tribes join the Cimbrians, and together they win their first battles against the Romans. Here the Northerner and the Southerner, separated in Bræen, meet again. Eventually, the Cimbrians, having acquired the decadence of the foreign lands, are defeated in a bloody battle; yet, the volume concludes on a conciliatory note in which the spirits of antiquity and of the North merge harmoniously.
In Skibet (1912, The Ship) the Nordic longing to travel is embodied in the Vikings and their raids to the Mediterranean. In the North, Christianity is introduced through a monk, Brother Parvus. Jensen’s description of Parvus’s works of charity belongs among his best passages, forming an essential correlation to his frequently stressed anti-Christian attitude. The first church is erected by turning the Viking ship upside down. In the deepest sense the forest itself becomes a cathedral, while the longing to go abroad takes on a religious dimension.
Longing as the basic trait of the Nordic people becomes personified by the title character of the 1921 novel Christofer Columbus–whom Jensen had previously described as a reddish-blond Northerner in Hjulet– and his voyages of discovery. Jensen’s view of the defiant and struggling individual as the creator of culture, fundamental to Den lange Rejse, is paralleled by his concept of the basic trait of the Nordic people–“the Gothic race”–as being the dream about warmth and sun. This dream, which is Jensen’s explanation of the religious sentiment, is expressed through a longing for distant places, in the final account a longing for paradise that becomes embodied in the structures of the ship and the upward-reaching Gothic cathedral. The Viking migrations, the “raids of the Cimbri,” were a result of this longing, as was the voyage of the Goth, Columbus. His attempt at finding legendary lands resulted, however, in the discovery of America, of reality; and yet, at the conclusion of his life, Columbus realizes that his new discovery has brought him nothing but homelessness and loneliness. Now the initial optimism turns into tragic resignation, as Columbus subsequently chooses not a metaphysical solution but a return to his memories of the past. He does not realize that he must let his journey continue toward the eternal as it is depicted in the myth, “Ave Stella,” that concludes the volume.
Den lange Rejse is not a novel with a traditional plot centered around the adventures of a hero, nor should the work be read as a scientifically correct depiction of various cultural stages. The fact that so many of its theories are contrary to modern history, anthropology, and archeology is irrelevant and cannot weaken the work as literature. Rather, Den lange Rejse is a vision written by an artist with a formidable ability to identify with other periods and conditions. The outcome proves the impossibility of creating a meaningful coherence based on evolution alone, and Jensen’s project defies any organizing structure; however, the six volumes form a grandiose and gripping artistic work that is outstanding as a depiction of the ages of history and of mankind.
Jensen gradually turned away from the writing of fiction in favor of a growing involvement in current cultural and scientific issues; this reorientation was accompanied by a focusing on the feature article and the essay with the purpose of popularizing the theories of evolution. In Jensen’s collection of essays Nordisk Aand: Kroni-ker og Karakteristiker (1911, Nordic Spirit: Chronicles and Characteristics), the American society that he had glorified in Den ny Verden was analyzed further and seen as an implementation of the program in Den gotiske Renaissance, indeed as the true expression of the Nordic character; the Scandinavian prototype of this character is Bjørnson, who is portrayed with several other Danish and Norwegian writers. The volume concludes with a fierce attack on contemporary Danish literary critics for not appreciating Jensen’s work.
In April 1911 Jensen traveled with his wife to Paris and London via Berlin and Cologne. His fascination with the cathedral in Cologne found powerful expression in his next essay collection; and in a 10 May 1911 travel letter to Politiken from Normandy, where he looked for traces of the ancient Nordic population, can be seen the first impulses for the novel Skibet, which is set during the Viking Age. In 1912 Jensen also published a monograph, Rudyard Kipling, written in connection with several translations of various Kipling stories that he and Aslaug Mikkelsen had begun in 1911. Although Jensen was strongly influenced by the English writer during the composition of Singapore Noveller and the two additional volumes of short stories from 1909 and 1915, he is strongly critical of Kipling’s imperialistic attitude and deprecation of women.
In the fall of 1912 Jensen began his second great journey to Asia, from which he returned the following year. His reflections en route were later included in the philosophical travelogue Introduction til vor Tidsalder (1915, Introduction to Our Epoch). “I det indiske Hav” (In the Indian Ocean) displays pure poetry in some passages, where Jensen describes the voyage until the vessel sails into the Ceylonese port of Colombo in December. Singapore is revisited, and the homesickness that Jensen had experienced a decade earlier overtook him again. In China he found the theme for a lyrical short story, “Darduses Myndlinge” (Darduse’s Wards), which was later adapted for the stage as the comedy Darduse, Bryllupet i Peking: Eventyrkomedie i fire akter (1937,
Darduse, Wedding in Peking: Fairy Tale Comedy in Four Acts). From Manchuria, Jensen continued on his trip, describing in the chapter “fra Østen til Evropa” (from the East toward Europe) his experiences traveling on the Trans-Siberian Railroad, seeing again with joy the European peasant culture, and describing jubilantly his return to Scandinavia. In its analysis of the Northerner’s longing, the book forms a striking link between Den gotiske Renaissance and Christofer Columbus. At the same time, Jensen’s attempt to give religious feelings a purely physiological explanation is one more bit of evidence that the question of immortality kept troubling him.
Jensen planned to make still another journey to Asia, by way of the United States, the following summer, but did not complete his trip. In March 1914 he embarked for New York City, but the joy of rediscovery was moderate. Even though Jensen still admired the American press and the hectic and progressive atmosphere in the country, he sharply attacked what he saw as the childishness and bigotry of the Americans. In mid April, Jensen decided to return to Copenhagen, and a few months later World War I broke out. Since Denmark remained neutral, Jensen could leave for Berlin in August in order to negotiate with his German publisher, Samuel Fischer. During his visit he became strongly critical of the bellicosity that was shared by all of the German political parties, and he bitterly regretted the clash between Germany and Britain, since both nations had the same Gothic origin.
During the war Jensen was mainly occupied with writing the last volumes of Den lange Rejse. He also prepared a greatly enlarged edition of his collected poems, Digte: Tredie Udgave (1921, Poems: Third Edition). It includes–in addition to several memorial poems and other portraits–nine poems from Den lange Rejse. Of these, the alliterative “Drengs Gravsang” (Dreng’s Elegy) from Bræen binds up the experience of love and boundless longing in a mythic vision. “Vor Frue” (Our Lady), structured on the prosody of the medieval hymn “Dies irae,” and the ballad-like “Den sørgeligste Vise” (The Saddest Song) from Christofer Columbus treat other recurrent themes in Jensen’s writing: the first glorifies woman as a saving force and culminates in an apotheosis of the Madonna, while the second is one of the most overwhelming interpretations in Danish poetry of the futility of life. Disillusion and resignation also characterize the majority of remaining poems in the volume, many of which are in alliterative form.
Negative reviews of Cimbrernes Tog and the Den lange Rejse project as a whole by a critic for Politiken led to another of Jensen’s many literary feuds and culminated in a break with the newspaper that lasted until 1926. Shortly after the break, in December 1922, Jensen began the publication of his own periodical, Forum: Tidsskrift for Litteratur, Biologi og Samfundsspørgsmål (Forum: Periodical of Literature, Biology, and Social Issues), which survived for only one and a half years. In the first issue of Forum he published his most succinct and best-written settlement with the misuse of Darwinism, “Den daarlige Darwinisme” (The Bad Darwinism). In addition, Forum included a few insignificant poems about birds that, together with other animal poems illustrated by Jensen’s close friend the painter Johannes Larsen, were collected in the volume Aarstiderne (1923, The Seasons). Jensen’s interest in this painter and in the visual arts in general–he was himself a painter and was also an accomplished sculptor–resulted in several art books, two of which deal with the renowned Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen. Related to these works is the collection of newspaper articles about art, Form og Sjæl: Portræter af Personligheder (1931, Form and Soul: Portraits of Personalities), one more expression of Jensen’s love for classicism and of sculpture.
Essential for an understanding of Jensen’s fiction is his 1923 work Æsktik og Udvikling. The book is a sort of afterword to Den lange Rejse, in which Jensen also launches his “gradus” theory, a conception designating the gliding steps of evolution that he wanted to stress rather than the static species–further developed in later volumes, such as Aandens Stadier (1928, Stages of the Mind). In Æsktik og Udvikling, Jensen writes: “Den lange Rejse handler ikke eksklusivt om en Race, den handler om Udviklingstrin. Den ene Race er Udviklingstrinet af den anden” (Den lange Rejse does not deal exclusively with a race, it deals with stages of evolution. One race is the evolutionary stage of another). At the same time Jensen sharply attacks novels that focus exclusively on individuals as being pre-Darwinian and thus hero-worshiping and outdated. The concept of “bad Darwinism” is discussed again in the obscure and insignificant collection of previously published articles about Darwinism, Evolution og Moral (1925, Evolution and Ethics).
At the end of 1925, Jensen once again set out on a long journey; this time the goal was the Egyptian health resort of Helwan. From Egypt and later from Palestine, he sent several travel letters home to the newspaper Social-Demokraten, revised versions of which were included in Aandens Stadier.
Jensen continued to write memorial poems, and his perfection of this genre can be seen in the undervalued collection Verdens Lys (1926, The Light of the World). Verdens Lys includes six alliterative poems from Cimbrernes Tog that–in a mythic perspective–juxtapose and celebrate the union between North and South. Distinct among Jensen’s works in its focus on artistic expression is “Graven i Sne” (The Snow-Covered Grave), a memorial poem to the Danish Romantic poet Adam Oehlenschläger. It is both an idealized portrait of Oehlenschläger, Jensen’s beloved model as both a harmonious artist and human being–“To Gange gav han Livet Form, / i Livet selv, i ædel Norm” (Twice he gave to life a form, / in life itself, in noble norm)–and a poem about the eternal value of art in spite of the inevitability of death. It becomes a glorification of Jensen’s own poetic art, as it is expressed in a structure that combines observation, vision, and reflection into a perfect artistic entity that may turn out to be the only way to overcome the absurdity of life. The poems in memory of Jensen’s father offer an affectionate portrait of a man who lived in close intimacy with the miracles of life in nature, a closeness to nature inherited by the poet although not without discord. A much more somber tone is heard in the obituary for Jensen’s mother, the concluding poem of the volume, “Ved min Moders Død” (At My Mother’s Death), as well as in the hymn-like “Kirken i Hardanger” (The Church in Hardanger), in which the reader can perceive, behind the stoic resignation that results from placing oneself in the hands of the cycle of nature, the author’s fear of annihilation, which is so powerful that it threatens to break up the poetic form.
In 1927 Dyrenes Forvandling: Til Udviklingens Plastik (The Transformation of Animals: A Contribution to the Plasticity of Evolution) was published; it was another presentation of evolutionary theories but without the fierce attacks on Christianity that characterize some of his earlier writings. Jensen attempts–and the task appears scientifically absurd–to describe the animal soul and ethics as they change through all stages of evolution. Trips to Madeira and Rome followed in 1928, and impressions from both trips were likewise included in the anthropological study of human origin and development, Aandens Stadier.
In May 1929 Jensen received an honorary doctorate from the University of Lund. At the same time Jensen began to focus again on Nordic issues and started his translation of Egil’s Saga for a planned edition of De islandske Sagaer (The Icelandic Sagas), which was published in three volumes from 1930 to 1932. At the same time he returned to his preoccupation with Nordic archaeology in a series of articles subsequently published in the volume Paa danske Veje (1931, On Danish Roads) with his own photos and drawings by Larsen. With this work Jensen got involved in a fierce public debate about the preservation of the ancient burial mounds and stirred up so much political attention that stringent conservation laws were put into effect in 1937. His introduction to De islandske Sagaer, in which he discusses the sagas as products of a genuine Nordic mentality untouched by the traditions of antiquity and Christianity, points ahead to his book about women in the Viking Age, Kvinden i Sagatiden (1942, The Woman in the Saga Period), which also includes retellings of selected saga texts. For a new edition of Snorre Sturlason’s Heimskringla, published in 1948, Jensen took upon himself the difficult task of translating all 539 stanzas.
The transcendental aspect in his earlier poetry is not found in Den jydske Blæst: Digte 1926–1930 (1931, The Jutland Wind: Poems 1926-1930), Jensen’s last important poetry collection. Whereas death in, for instance, the memorial poem “Knut Hamsun” is still accepted as a pantheistic amalgamation into nature, most of the texts are structured on the tragic contrast between active life and the corruption of death, as in the memorial poem “Otto Benzon,” and now nature brings no consolation: “I Kammerdøren peb Vindens Røst, / en ensom Jammer, ingen Trøst” (The voice of the wind whistled in the chamber door / a lonesome lamentation, no comfort). When the memorial poem over others becomes a poem about Jensen himself, as in the concluding title poem, one finds the same death motif, the portrayal of death as man’s tragic but only certain verity. Jensen’s writing has this motif in common with Baroque literature, albeit without Heaven as the final destination.
On his sixtieth birthday, 20 January 1933, Jensen had reached such an esteemed position that a torchlight procession was held in his honor in Copenhagen and a festschrift published, Unge Digteres Hyldest til Johannes V. Jemen (Young Writers’ Homage to Johannes V. Jensen). In response to virulent public criticism of his lack of political commitment, Jensen, in an article published in Politiken on his birthday, emphasized–as he had done throughout his career–his independence as a freelance writer outside the political parties. Nevertheless, in a review of Hartvig Frisch’s Pest over Europa (1933, Plague over Europe) in the same newspaper on 3 December, he once again attacked Nietzsche’s philosophy and its consequences in the Germany of the early 1930s. Here Jensen strongly dissociated himself from contemporary political developments in Europe toward dictatorship, and, in the 1938 article “Hagekorset” (The Swastika), he publicly expressed his disgust with anti-Semitism.
In 1930 Jensen published the collection of essays and articles Retninger i Tiden: Artikler 1925-30 (Trends of the Times: Articles 1925-30); however, during the first part of the 1930s Jensen turned away from the essay form, with the exception of his short history of ideas, Det Blivende: Tankens Revolutionering i det 19de Aarhundrede og Tilbagefaldet i det 20de (1934, The Permanent: The Revolution of Thought in the 19th Century and the Backslide in the 20th), written in a more concise and concentrated style than his other philosophical works. With the underrated novel Dr. Renaults Fristelser (1935, The Temptations of Dr. Renault) he again took up fiction, reworking the Faust motif into a plot that, in contrast to the version presented by Goethe, lets the title character win over Mephistopheles because he is ready to fully accept the present. As in Hjulet, aestheticism is regarded as a barrier between man and reality, and in a significant scene Dr. Renault throws a valuable statue of Aphrodite into the sea, so that nothing will stand between him and life.
In October 1936 Jensen went on a short trip to the United States in order to collect material for a sequel to Dr. Renaults Fristelser, in spite of the negative reception that the book had received. The continuation never materialized. Instead, Jensen published the novel Gudrun (1936), a realization of a much older project: a contemporary novel of the Copenhagen woman, and thus also a novel about the city of Copenhagen, but completely different from Jensen’s first two novels. The city is no longer seen through the eyes of a student from the provinces. Now a citizen of Copenhagen for many years–and a matured artist–Jensen delivers a deeply intimate tribute to this city as a swarming, animated organism. Most of Jensen’s poems written in the 1930s were collected in 1937 as Paaskebadet: Digte 1931-1937 (The Easter Bath: Poems 1931-1937).
That same year, Jensen’s play adaptation of Darduse, Bryllupet i Peking, a “Fairy Tale Comedy in Four Acts,” had its premiere on 22 January at the Royal Theater in Copenhagen and was performed sixteen times. It was a weak play, carried by excellent acting and Knudáge Riisager’s rousing music. Jensen’s relationship with the theater was, on the whole, marked by a lack of success. During his stay in Chicago in the winter of 1902–1903 he had his own dramatization of some of his Himmerland stories performed by Danish-American amateurs with the title Trods (2002, Defiance). The one and only performance was a resounding fiasco. A dramatization of Madame D’Ora, titled Sangerinden (The Singer) and published as Sangerinden (Madame d’Ora): Drama i fem Akter (1921, The Singer [Madame d’Ora]: Drama in Five Acts), was performed unsuccessfully in 1923, premiering at the Odense Teater on 16 November; and when, on 24 April 1937, Jensen’s translation of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet was performed at the Royal Theater, it provoked such fierce criticism that the production had to be canceled.
Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, Jensen managed to visit Norway, described in the travelogue Nordvejen: Indtryk afnorsk Natur (1939, The Way North: Impressions of Norwegian Nature), and then the United States; in March 1939 he left Denmark for his sixth journey to the New World. His travel letters were first printed in Politiken and subsequently as a book, titled Fra Fristaterne: Rejsebreve, med et Tilbageblik (1939, From the Free States: Travel Letters with a Retrospect). This time Jensen’s encounter with the United States was marked by ambivalence. In the chapter “Fra Stillehavet til Atlanten” (From the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic), which is among the best sections of the book, the impressions from the trip are summed up. Although his overall impressions were still positive, Jensen was disappointed by what he saw as the increasing vulgarity and materialism of American society, where technology had become an end in itself, not an expression of man’s inventiveness and ingenuity. After having arrived on the East Coast, Jensen became ill and had to return home earlier than planned. Back in Copenhagen in May 1939 he added a concluding chapter on Thomas Jefferson, meant as a counterweight to the current antidemocratic trends in Europe.
Jensen had planned a tour to France for September 1939 in order to visit the regions where traces of prehistoric man had been discovered, but this plan was thwarted by the outbreak of World War II and had to be postponed until spring 1948. When the Germans occupied Denmark in April 1940, Jensen, apparently fearing arrest, took the precaution of burning his diaries from the previous thirty years, together with all personal letters written to him. In this way much data related to the writing of his books and–most important–notes from his many travels were lost for posterity. Nevertheless, he continued to write throughout the occupation from 1940 to 1945. In 1941 came Mindets Tavle: Portrœter og Personligheder (Plaque of Commemoration: Portraits and Personalities) with portraits of Nordic and British explorers, scientists, writers–and Darwin once again–and in 1943 the collection of some unimportant ethnographic articles, Folkeslagene i østen (The People of the Orient). Of greater quality is the study Vor Oprindehe (1941, Our Origin), describing humanity’s gradual acquisition of civilization. Again Jensen’s myth-creating fantasy bloomed in a visionary description of cultural progress. At the same time he offers a subtle analysis of his authorship, clearly drawing up a balance sheet and expressing his feeling that he was at the end of the road, a feeling that is also expressed in the essay “Tak til Sproget” (Thanks to Language), Jensen’s farewell to literature; this essay was included, together with some linguistic studies, in a small book, Om Sproget og Undervisningen (1942, About Language and Teaching).
After having been nominated several times for the Nobel Prize in Literature, Jensen finally received it on 9 November 1944. The Nobel Committee announced that the prize was awarded in recognition of “the remarkable force and richness of his poetic imagination, combined with a wide-ranging intellectualism and bold, innovative sense of style,” and Den lange Rejse appeared to be a decisive factor for the committee. In his speech of thanks at the City Hall of Stockholm on 10 December 1945, the writer once again paid tribute to Darwin and identified himself with the scientist: “To him [Darwin], evolution was not only the subject of a life’s study but the very essence of life, proof of the inexhaustible richness and wonder of nature, revealed each day and taken to heart.”
Since 1925 a large number of Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish intellectuals, literary scholars, and scientists had been proposing Jensen for the prize. Initially, the proponents pointed to his earlier works, in particular his myths, and his distinctive handling of style and language as well as his depictions of the Danish mind and Danish nature as qualifying him for the prize. Judged negatively, however, were Jensen’s anthropological essays for their lack of speculative content as well as their polemical tone.
The publication in 1938 of the two-volume edition of Den lange Rejse once again drew attention to Jensen’s major series of novels, and the positive attitude was strengthened further in 1943 with the publication of his poetry collection Digte: 1901-1941. Also, the German occupation of Denmark during World War II probably had an impact on the decision to award Jensen the prize in 1944.
In Denmark the Nobel Prize was welcomed by the entire press, which published large articles on Jensen on their front pages and had his friends and colleagues comment on the significance of the award as well as on Jensen’s authorship in general. The underground press also noticed the prize, even though Jensen was not an active member of the resistance. Because of the war, however, the event did not attract much attention abroad.
Jensen definitely appreciated having been awarded the Nobel Prize and expressed a certain amount of pride and self-esteem in his banquet speech in Stockholm; but he was not dependent on the money, and the award did not have any visible impact on his personal life or his writing. Neither did it contribute to increase his reputation abroad, which had reached its zenith in the interwar years, particularly in Germany and the Scandinavian countries; he never became a popular writer in the Anglo-American countries.
During the last years of Jensen’s life his productivity decreased significantly. After an operation in September 1948 he managed to finish a book about the great explorers, Afrika: Opdagelserejserne (1949, Africa: Journeys of Discovery), demonstrating that one of the favorite topics of his childhood reading was still inspiring him. Otherwise, Jensen was primarily occupied with the preparation of a combined, revised edition of the three books Dyrenes For-vandling Aandens Stadier, and Vor Oprindelse, but he managed to complete only the first volume, published posthumously in 1951 in the volume Tilblivelsen (Genesis). Troubled by an ear disease, he also suffered from shingles during the summer of 1949 and was hospitalized. He still managed to write a few more articles; the most valuable of these, “Adam Oehlenschläger 1779-1850,” published in the book Swift og Oehlenschläger (1950, Swift and Oehlenschläger), is a finely drawn portrait of his artistic model as a man of simple nature, without stiltedness, who calmly accepted death as Jensen had described in the poem “Graven i Sne.” On 31 January 1950 Jensen commented on his second great model, Darwin, in a short article, “Træsk fra vor Oprindelse” (Traits from Our Origin). These two personalities, the poet Oehlenschläger and the scientist Darwin, perfectly symbolize the two facets of Jensen’s authorship. In his later years natural science came to dominate, but the first element stands as the most valuable, the one that will survive.
Johannes V. Jensen died on 25 November 1950. Brandes once claimed that as a thinker and preacher Jensen could not be taken seriously. Brandes had a point: the content ofjensen’s many collections of essays and articles dealing with natural science, archaeology, and anthropology are often based on dubious scientific theories and deductions. In addition, in these volumes Jensen linguistically turns from lyrical expressiveness to a terse, matter-of-fact diction. But one must not fail to notice that in spite of the scientific topic, his stylistic mastery often breaks forth in evocative passages that can be read as sublime prose poetry. Jensen’s critics have also frequently overlooked that he was brilliant as a journalistic writer. He was unusually well-informed about current trends, and his knowledge of American society and literature was unique for a Dane of his time. Neither should his contributions as a translator be overlooked. Besides his accomplished translations from Old Norse, his outstanding rendering of Whitman’s poetry in Danish must be acknowledged.
Jensen reached perfection as a lyrical poet and a creator of myth, both in his collections of poetry and myths and when he succeeded in combining the two genres, as in Kongens Fald, Skovene, Den huge Rejse, and several of his stories of Himmerland. With his debut collection of poems, Jensen introduced modernism in Danish poetry, and he became the writer who, arguably, has had the strongest impact on twentieth-century Danish literature.
Bibliographies
Frits Johansen and Aage Marcus, Johannes V. Jensen: En Bibliografi, 2 volumes (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1933-1951);
Aage Jørgensen, Litteratur om Johannes V. Jensen En bibliografi (Odense: Odense University Press, 1998).
Biographies
K. K. Nicolaisen, Johannes V. Jensen: Bidrag til hans Biografi og Karakteristik (Aalborg: Viggo Madsens Boghandel, 1914);
Oluf Friis, Den unge Johannes V. Jensen 1873-1902, 2 volumes (Copenhagen: Gad, 1974);
Villum Jensen, Min fars hus: Erindringer om Johannes V. Jensen og hans miljø (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1976);
Leif Nedergaard, Johannes V. Jensen, third edition (Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel, 1993);
Lars Handesten, Johannes V. Jensen: Liv og Værk (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 2000).
References
Harry Andersen, Afhandlinger om Johannes V. Jensen (Rødovre: Rolv, 1982);
Andersen, Studier i Johannes V. Jensens Lyrik: Verseteknik, Sprog og Stil (Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1936);
Jørgen Elbek, Johannes V. Jensen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1966);
Otto Gelsted, Johannes V. Jensen: Kurven i hans Udvikling (Copenhagen: Arthur Jensen, 1938);
Alf Henriques, Johannes V. Jensen (Copenhagen: H. Hirschsprung, 1938);
Iben Holk, Jartegn: Et essay om Johannes V. Jensens myter (Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel, 2000);
Poul Houe, Johannes V. Jensens lange rejse: En postmoderne myte (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum, 1996);
Niels Ingwersen, “America as Setting and Symbol in Johannes V. Jensen’s Early Works,” American Norvegica, 3 (1971): 272-293;
Bent Haugaard Jeppesen, Johannes V. Jensen og den hvide mands byrde: Eksotisme og imperialisme (Copenhagen: Rhodos, 1984);
Aage Jørgensen, “Johannes V. Jensen (Literature): ‘. . . a good enough poet and; nowadays, a good enough human being. . . .’” in Neighbouring Nobel: The History of Thirteen Danish Nobel Prizes, edited by Henry Nielsen and Keld Nielsen (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2001), pp. 207-243;
Jørgensen and Helene Kragh-Jacobsen, eds., Columbus fra Himmerland (Farsø: Farsø Bibliotek, 1994);
Jørgensen and Anders Thyrring Andersen, eds., Et spring ind i et billede: Johannes V. Jensens mytedigtning (Odense: Odense Universitetsforlag, 2000);
Aage Marcus, “Johannes V. Jensen,” American-Scandinavian Review, 20 (1932): 339-347;
Felix Nørgaard and Aage Marcus, eds., Johannes V. Jensen. 1873-20. Januar–1943 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1943);
Sven Hakon Rossel, “Andersen og Jensen–Eventyret og myten,” in Hvad Fatter gjør... Boghistoriske, litterære og musikalske essays tilegnet Erik Dal, edited by Henrik Glahn and others (Herning: Poul Kristensen, 1982), pp. 392-402;
Rossel, Johannes V. Jensen (Boston: Twayne, 1984);
Aage Schiøttz-Christensen, Om sammenhængen i Johannes V. Jensens forfatterskab (Copenhagen: Borgen, 1956);
Henrik Wivel, Den titaniske eros: Drifts- og karakterfortolkning i Johannes V. Jensens forfatterskab (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1982).
Papers
The major collection of correspondence and manuscripts is in the Johannes V. Jensen Archives at Det kongelige Bibliotek (The Royal Library), Copenhagen. Additional material is located at Statsbiblioteket, Arhus, and the Farsø Bibliotek. Forty-three letters from Jensen to various Norwegian writers and friends are located at the University Library, Oslo.
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Johannes V. Jensen, author of The Fall of the King, on LibraryThing
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Student Awards & Certificates
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View a list of award and certificate recipients by year.
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Khira-Lisa Adams
Justin Baldauf
Robin I. Bordoli
Kenneth W. Branson
Luis M. Cantu
Thomas C. Cole
Steven T. Croft
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Kevin J. Efrusy
William L. Foster
Steven M. Fox
Stephen E. Henkenmeier
Ivan A. Hindshaw
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Richard Y. Lin
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Richard A. Peacock
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Ambereen S. Rizvi
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Jessica A. Teitz
Brian L. Trelstad
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Scott L. Utzinger
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Benjamin W. Wu
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Fred F. Benton
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Maximilian U. Cartellieri
Marcos A. Clutterbuck
Craig W. Collar
David S. Crawford
Jamison E. Day
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Roger A. Detter
Nathaniel Durant
Rachel J. Erickson
Kevin A. Frick
Melissa E. Graebner
Rakesh Gupta
Joshua D. Hannah
Amanda L. Hashfield Michael P. Jones
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Peter R. Kenyon
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Jonathan R. Pedley
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Michael J. Rosenstein
Timothy A. Ryan
Cipriano Santisteban
Craig T. Schorr
Saurabh Srivastava
William I. Tsui
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What is jensen? Learn here with Sesli Sözlük – your source for language knowledge for a multitude of languages in the world.
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English - English
Definition of jensen in English English dictionary
Anina Margarete Kirstina Petra Jensen Jensen Georg Jensen Johannes Vilhelm
modernistic Danish writer (1873-1950)
Related Terms
Lowenstein-Jensen medium
a primary mycobacterial recovery media composed of fresh whole eggs, defined salts, glycerol, potato flour, and malachite green
Georg Jensen
born Aug. 31, 1866, Raadvad, Den. died Oct. 2, 1935, Copenhagen Danish silversmith and designer. At age 14 he was apprenticed to a goldsmith, and in 1904 he opened his own workshop in Copenhagen. Exhibiting his silverware and jewelry at major foreign exhibitions, he quickly built a reputation as an outstanding and original silversmith. He was the first to realize a profit from the manufacture of modern silverware and among the first to fashion steel into handsome, serviceable cutlery. By 1935 his firm had stores all over the world and carried more than 3,000 patterns. After his death the business was continued by his son, Søren Georg Jensen (b. 1917)
Johannes Jensen
v. born Jan. 20, 1873, Farsø, Den. died Nov. 25, 1950, Copenhagen Danish novelist, poet, and essayist. He initially studied medicine but later turned to writing. He first made an impression as a writer of tales, including the more than 100 published under the recurring title Myths. His early writings also include a historical trilogy, The Fall of the King (1900-01), about Christian II of Denmark. His best-known work is The Long Journey (1908-22), a series of six novels that chronicles humanity's rise from primitive times to the time of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
v. born Jan. 20, 1873, Farsø, Den. died Nov. 25, 1950, Copenhagen Danish novelist, poet, and essayist. He initially studied medicine but later turned to writing. He first made an impression as a writer of tales, including the more than 100 published under the recurring title Myths. His early writings also include a historical trilogy, The Fall of the King (1900-01), about Christian II of Denmark. His best-known work is The Long Journey (1908-22), a series of six novels that chronicles humanity's rise from primitive times to the time of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944
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Jensen, Johannes Vilhelm
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Jensen, Johannes Vilhelm yōhänˈəs vĭlˈhĕlm yĕnˈsən [key], 1873–1950, Danish writer. As a young man he studied medicine; his interest in biology and anthropology is obvious throughout his works. Jensen created a distinctive literary form in
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Current Events
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The Nobel Prize in Literature’s history of snubs and long-forgotten winners
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Sergio C. Fanjul"
] |
2023-10-04T00:00:00
|
Shaped by the political and literary climate of the time, the award does not assure a spot in the literary canon and often overlooks exceptional authors
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en
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https://static.elpais.com/dist/resources/images/favicon.ico
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EL PAÍS English
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https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-10-04/the-nobel-prize-in-literatures-history-of-snubs-and-long-forgotten-winners.html
|
Mostly people would say that winning the Nobel Prize in Literature is a great honor. But a closer look at the history of the award might change their minds. Several publishers offer collections of works by Nobel Prize winners. Some people like to decorate their living rooms with unread books with gold-embossed leather covers. Open one up, and you may find something by Albert Camus, Gabriel García Márquez, William Faulkner, Samuel Beckett or Yasunari Kawabata — the Mount Olympus of the literary gods.
But in those elegant tomes of Nobel laureates, you may find some unfamiliar names, even if you are a well-read bibliophile. How about Sully Prudhomme, the French poet and essayist who won the first Nobel Prize for Literature in 1901? Or Verner von Heidenstam (1916), Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1939) and Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1944)? Do you know about Giosuè Carducci (1906), Henrik Pontoppidan (1917) or Carl Spitteler (1919)?
Some deserving writers have followers and readers in their home countries but never achieve international recognition or a Nobel Prize. Some of their works remain untranslated, while others have not seen updated editions in years. Winning the Nobel Prize, the highest international literary honor, doesn’t ensure future recognition or the immortality sought by aspiring writers.
The Nobel Prize eras
One possible reason for all the forgotten Nobel laureates is the evolution of the Nobel Prize over time, says professor Juan Bravo, who wrote a book about Nobel Prize winners for literature. Until a few years after the World War I, he says the prize was very regional. “At times, the Nobel Prize academy is influenced by diplomatic criteria, shall we say. A glance at the first 20 Nobel laureates reveals mostly low-profile names, with a few exceptions like Kipling (1907), Tagore (1913) and possibly Selma Lagerlöf (1909).”
Moreover, the further back we go in the list of winners, the more we find unfamiliar names. Time has sifted and settled the layer of dust, slowly erasing their memory. “Each era has its own particular interests. Many books that used to be bestsellers have been relegated to the back shelf,” said Cristina Oñoro, a literature professor at the Complutense University of Madrid.
A gradual period of openness started in 1920, but after World War II, Bravo says the Nobel Prize for Literature became more introverted, especially after Jean-Paul Sartre’s abrupt rejection of his award in 1964. In 1990, a period of “globalization” began with Mexican author Octavio Paz’s win. “This doesn’t mean that there haven’t been periods of regression, like the one we’re currently experiencing,” said Bravo.
During this globalization, we first encountered authors from different corners of the world. These writers are often unknown because they hail from distant lands, not because of their lack of skill or time-tested relevance. The awards to Wole Soyinka of Nigeria (1986), Gao Xingjian (2000) and Mo Yan (2012) of China, and Abdulrazak Gurnah (2021) of Tanzania perplexed the literary community and made cultural journalists scramble to find out more. In the 20th century, 80% of the Nobel laureates in literature were citizens of the U.S., Canada or Europe, while Africa, Asia, and the rest of the Americas accounted for the remaining 20%. Interestingly, no individual born in Oceania has ever received the Nobel Prize for Literature. However, a noticeable shift is now taking place.
The Nobel Prizes introduced new names and expanded the literary horizons of Western societies, challenging their ethnocentrism. In recent decades, female winners have become more common, as 93% of the winners were male until 1990 — typically older, white European men. While Europeans and Americans still dominate, they have only won 66% of the awards in the last 15 years. However, there is no guarantee that these diverse winners won’t also fade into literary obscurity, like many of their predecessors. “I think some of the recent Nobel Prize winners might end up being completely forgotten in the future. Who even reads Soyinka, Louise Glück, or Szymborska nowadays, apart from some book clubs?” wonders Javier Aparicio Maydeu, a professor of Spanish and comparative literature at Pompeu Fabra University in Spain.
Once the annual awards are revealed, the inevitable debates ignite, fueling heated discussions and opinions. “I think they should validate the career of an author who has already proven their worth, like Mario Vargas Llosa,” said Aparicio. “The prizes being given now, you know, to discover new talents, I don’t think they align with Alfred Nobel’s original intentions.” Others say the presence of lesser-known names adds depth and variety. “Literature is a vehicle for sharing voices and cultures, so I think it’s positive that the Nobel Prize can serve to broaden our horizons,” said Oñoro.
Spanish winners
The Spanish winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature tell the same story. While Juan Ramón Jiménez (1956) is highly regarded, Vicente Aleixandre (1977) is an excellent representative of the Generation of ‘27, and Camilo José Cela (1989) still casts a long shadow, others like José Echegaray (1904) and Jacinto Benavente (1922) are not widely known or read anymore. Surprisingly, the prestigious award was never bestowed upon their contemporaries, Benito Pérez Galdós and Ramón Valle-Inclán.
While some award-winning authors have been forgotten by readers, other deserving writers have simply been overlooked by the Swedish Academy. Among them are living authors like Haruki Murakami (who won Spain’s Princess of Asturias award this year) and António Lobo Antunes. There was no Nobel for revered authors like James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Philip Roth and Javier Marías. “Marías had all the qualities to win a Nobel Prize — a great body of work translated into multiple languages, and you can even find pocket editions of his books in bookstores when you travel abroad,” said Aparicio.
Many authors have left a lasting legacy without winning a Nobel, which proves that it is far from being the ultimate literary authority. “In no way,” said Bravo. “I’ll give you just one example. The canon of the 20th century novel has five names: Proust, Joyce, Kafka, Faulkner, and Virginia Woolf. Well, the only one who received the award was Faulkner, in 1949.”
Studying the impact of the Nobel Prize for Literature enables us to understand the mechanisms of literary fame and other types of celebrity. It does not ensure transcendence and lasting recognition. Authors may rise to prominence in one era, only to be forgotten in another. Conversely, forgotten authors can be rediscovered, while canonical figures in one country may be insignificant elsewhere. Success is fleeting, memento mori.
|
||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
1
| 66
|
https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/GXV5-3B4/andreas-jensen-1858-1946
|
en
|
Andreas Jensen (1858â1946) ⢠FamilySearch
|
[
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2024-07-17T00:00:00
|
Discover life events, stories and photos about Andreas Jensen (1858â1946) of Rødenes, Marker, Viken, Norway.
|
FamilySearch
|
https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/GXV5-3B4/andreas-jensen-1858-1946
|
When Andreas Jensen was born on 21 April 1858, in Rødenes, Marker, Viken, Norway, his father, Kristian Jensen, was 42 and his mother, Elen Dorthea Jensdatter, was 41. He married Wilhelmine Vilhelminde Pedersdotter Jensen on 15 February 1880, in Årjeg, Bács-Kiskun, Hungary. They were the parents of at least 7 sons and 4 daughters. He lived in Aremark, Ãstfold, Norway in 1900. He died on 25 December 1946, in Ãrje, Marker, Ãstfold, Norway, at the age of 88, and was buried in Marker, Viken, Norway.
1860 · School Act
School Act of 1860 which required permanent schools in both towns and rural areas.
1860 · Andreas Bloch
Birth year of Andreas Bloch. Well-known painter and illustrator. He is remembered primarily for his drawings. His works are represented in both the National Gallery and in the Oslo City Museum.
1882 · Sigrid Undset
Birth year of Sigrid Undset. Norwegian novelist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1928. Her best-known work is Kristin Lavransdatter.
|
||||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
0
| 1
|
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/summary/
|
en
|
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944
|
[
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[] |
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[
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"
|
en
|
NobelPrize.org
|
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/summary/
|
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"
To cite this section
MLA style: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Mon. 22 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/summary/>
Back to top Back To Top Takes users back to the top of the page
Nobel Prizes and laureates
Eleven laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2023, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from effective mRNA vaccines and attosecond physics to fighting against the oppression of women.
See them all presented here.
|
|||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
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2
| 64
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http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/prize.html
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en
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Winning Books Online
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[
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The Online Books Page
presents
PRIZE-WINNING BOOKS ONLINE
In this exhibit, you can read online the complete text of books that have won major literary prizes, like the Newbery Award, the Nobel Prize, and the Pulitzer Prize. The books listed below are either out of copyright (at least in some countries), or are online with the permission of the copyright holder. Please inform us of any bad links.
Newbery Award
The Newbery award for outstanding children's books by Americans was established in 1922. Each year a medal is given to a book published the previous year. In most years, Honor Books are designated as well. More information, including information on recent winners, can be found at the official Newbery Medal Home Page.
1922
Medalist: The Story of Mankind by Hendrik Van Loon
Honor book: Cedric, the Forester by Bernard Marshall
Honor book: The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles by Padraic Colum
Honor book: The Great Quest by Charles Boardman Hawes
Honor book: The Old Tobacco Shop by William Bowen
Honor book: The Windy Hill by Cornelia Meigs
1923
Medalist: The Voyages of Dr. Dolittle by Hugh Lofting
(No record of honor books in 1923)
1924
Medalist: The Dark Frigate by Charles Boardman Hawes
(No record of honor books in 1924)
1925
Medalist: Tales From Silver Lands by Charles Finger
Honor book: Nicholas: A Manhattan Christmas Story by Anne Carroll Moore
Honor book: The Dream Coach by Anne and Dillwyn Parrish
1926
Medalist: Shen of the Sea by Arthur Bowie Chrisman
Honor book: The Voyagers: Being Legends and Romances of Atlantic Discovery by Padraic Colum
1927
Medalist: Smoky, the Cowhorse by Will James
(No record of honor books in 1927)
1928
Medalist: Gay-Neck: The Story of a Pigeon by Dhan Gopal Mukerji
Honor book: Downright Dencey by Caroline Snedeker
Honor book: The Wonder Smith and His Son by Ella Young
1929
Medalist: The Trumpeter of Krakow by Eric P. Kelly
Honor book: The Pigtail of Ah Lee Ben Loo by John Bennett
Honor book: Millions of Cats by Wanda Gág
Honor book: The Boy Who Was by Grace Hallock
Honor book: Clearing Weather by Cornelia Meigs
Honor book: The Runaway Papoose by Grace Moon
Honor book: Tod of the Fens by Elinor Whitney
Due to copyright restrictions, we cannot yet be complete for subsequent years of the Newbery awards. The following later Newbery awardees are online:
A 1930 Honor book: The Jumping-Off Place by Marion Hurd McNeely
A 1931 Honor book: Spice and the Devil's Cave by Agnes Danforth Hewes
A 1934 Honor book: The Big Tree of Bunlahy: Stories of My Own Countryside by Padraic Colum
A 1934 Honor book: New Land by Sarah Schmidt
A 1935 Honor book: A Day on Skates: The Story of a Dutch Picnic by Hilda von Stockum
A 1940 Honor book: Runner of the Mountain Tops: The Life of Louis Agassiz by Mabel Louise Robinson
A 1947 Honor book: The Heavenly Tenants by William Maxwell
A 1948 Honor book: The Quaint and Curious Quest of Johnny Longfoot by Catherine Besterman
A 1949 Honor book: My Father's Dragon by Ruth Stiles Gannett
A 1950 Honor book: The Blue Cat of Castle Town by Catherine Coblentz
A 1952 Honor book: The Defender by Nicholas Kalashnikoff
1964 Medalist: It's Like This, Cat by Emily Neville
2009 Medalist: The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman (as read by the author on video)
Nobel Prize in Literature
The Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded to an author from any country who has produced "the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency", was established in 1901. The prize is given to an author, and does not usually cite individual books. Winning authors with books freely readable online are listed below; select the link on the author's name to see books by the author, and possibly to see links to books and other information about the author as well.
For more information on the Nobel Prize, including information on recent winners, see the official Nobel Prize web site.
1901: Sully Prudhomme (France, 1839-1907)
1902: Chrisian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (Germany, 1817-1903)
1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (Norway, 1832-1910)
1904: Frédéric Mistral (France, 1830-1914)
1904: José Echegaray y Eizaguirre (Spain, 1832-1916)
1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz (Poland, 1846-1916)
1906: Giosuè Carducci (Italy, 1835-1907)
1907: Rudyard Kipling (UK, 1865-1936)
1908: Rudolf Christoph Eucken (Germany, 1846-1926)
1909: Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (Sweden, 1858-1940)
1910: Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse (Germany, 1830-1914)
1911: Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgium, 1862-1949)
1912: Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann (Germany, 1862-1946)
1913: Rabindranath Tagore (India, 1861-1941)
1914: No award
1915: Romain Rolland (France, 1866-1944)
1916: Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam (Sweden, 1859-1940)
1917: Karl Adolph Gjellerup (Denmark, 1857-1919)
1917: Henrik Pontoppidan (Denmark, 1857-1943)
1918: No award
1919: Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler (Switzerland, 1845-1924)
1920: Knut Pedersen Hamsun (Norway, 1859-1952)
1921: Anatole France (France, 1844-1924)
1922: Jacinto Benavente (Spain, 1866-1954)
1923: William Butler Yeats (Ireland, 1865-1939)
1924: Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont (Poland, 1867-1925)
1925: George Bernard Shaw (UK, 1856-1950)
1926: Grazia Deledda (Italy, 1871-1936)
1927: Henri Bergson (France, 1859-1941)
1928: Sigrid Undset (Norway, 1882-1949)
1929: Thomas Mann (Germany, 1875-1955)
1930: Sinclair Lewis (USA, 1885-1951)
1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt (Sweden, 1864-1931)
1932: John Galsworthy (UK, 1867-1933)
1933: Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin (France, 1870-1953)
1934: Luigi Pirandello (Italy, 1867-1936)
1935: No award
1936: Eugene O'Neill (USA, 1888-1953)
1937: Roger Martin Du Gard (France, 1881-1958)
1938: Pearl S. Buck (USA, 1892-1973)
1939: Frans Emil Sillanpää (Finland, 1888-1964)
1940: No award
1941: No award
1942: No award
1943: No award
1944: Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (Denmark, 1873-1950)
1945: Gabriela Mistral (Chile, 1889-1957)
1946: Hermann Hesse (Germany, 1877-1962)
1947: André Gide (France, 1869-1951)
1948: T. S. Eliot (UK, 1888-1965)
1949: William Faulkner (USA, 1897-1962)
1950: Bertrand Russell (UK, 1872-1970)
1951: Pär Fabian Lagerkvist (Sweden, 1891-1974)
1952: François Mauriac (France, 1885-1970)
1953: Winston Churchill (UK, 1874-1965)
1954: Ernest Hemingway (USA, 1899-1961)
1955: Halldór Laxness (Iceland, 1902-1998)
1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez (Spain, 1881-1958)
1957: Albert Camus (France, 1913-1960)
1958: Boris Pasternak (Russia, 1890-1960)
Due to copyright restrictions, we cannot yet list books online for all subsequent years of the Nobel prizes. However, the following later Nobel awardees have free books online.
1960: Saint-John Perse (France, 1887-1975)
1962: John Steinbeck (US, 1902-1968)
1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Russia, 1918-2008)
1988: Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt, 1911-2006)
2007: Doris Lessing (UK, 1919-2013)
Pulitzer Prizes
The Pulitzer Prizes were established in 1917, with awards for journalism and literature. The early literature prize categories were American biography, drama, fiction, history, and poetry. For more information on the Pulitzer Prize, including full lists of winners, see the official Pulitzer Prize web site.
Journalism
Most of the journalism prizes have been awarded to articles and photographs in newspapers. As digitized newspapers come on line, we may link to some of the early winners. Full texts of many of the recent journalism winners are linked from the official Pulitzer journalism prize listings.
A one-time prize for newspaper history was awarded in 1918 for the following essay:
1918: A History of the Services Rendered to the Public by the American Press During the Year 1917 by Minna Lewinson and Henry Beetle Hough
A special citation was awarded posthumously in 2020 for the reporting of Ida B. Wells.
Biography
Except where noted, the subject of each biography is either the person mentioned in the title, or the author.
1917: Julia Ward Howe, 1819-1910 by Laura E. Richards and Maud Howe Elliott
1918: Benjamin Franklin, Self-Revealed by William Cabell Bruce
1919: The Education of Henry Adams by Henry Adams
1920: The Life of John Marshall by Albert Jeremiah Beveridge
1921: The Americanization of Edward Bok by Edward Bok
1922: A Daughter of the Middle Border by Hamlin Garland (about the author and his family)
1923: The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page by Burton J. Hendrick
1924: From Immigrant to Inventor by Michael Pupin
1925: Barrett Wendell and His Letters edited by M. A. De Wolfe Howe
1926: The Life of Sir William Osler by Harvey Cushing
1927: Whitman: An Interpretation in Narrative by Emory Holloway (about Walt Whitman)
1928: The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas by Charles Edward Russell
1929: The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter H. Page by Burton J. Hendrick
Drama
1918: Why Marry? by Jesse Lynch Williams
1919: No award
1920: Beyond the Horizon by Eugene O'Neill
1921: Miss Lulu Bett by Zona Gale
1922: Anna Christie by Eugene O'Neill
1923: Icebound by Owen Davis
1924: Hell-Bent Fer Heaven by Hatcher Hughes
1925: They Knew What They Wanted by Sidney Howard
1926: Craig's Wife by Sidney Howard
1927: In Abraham's Bosom by Paul Green (pre-production version in his collection Lonesome Road)
1928: Strange Interlude by Eugene O'Neill
Fiction
1918: His Family by Ernest Poole
1919: The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington
1920: No award
1921: The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton
1922: Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington
1923: One of Ours by Willa Cather
1924: The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson
1925: So Big by Edna Ferber
1926: Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis
1927: Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield
1928: The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder.
1929: Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin
History
1917: With Americans of Past and Present Days by J. J. Jusserand
1918: A History of the Civil War, 1861-1865 by James Ford Rhodes
1919: No award
1920: The War with Mexico by Justin Harvey Smith
1921: The Victory at Sea by William S. Sims
1922: The Founding of New England by James Truslow Adams
1923: The Supreme Court in United States History by Charles Warren
1924: The American Revolution: A Constitutional Interpretation by Charles Howard McIlwain
1925: History of the American Frontier, 1763-1893 by Frederic L. Paxson
1926: A History of the United States (Volume VI: The War for Southern Independence, 1849-1865) by Edward Channing
1927: Pinckney's Treaty by Samuel Flagg Bemis
1928: Main Currents in American Thought (Volume I: The Colonial Mind, and Volume II: The Romantic Revolution in America) by Vernon Louis Parrington
1929: The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861-1865 by Fred A. Shannon
Poetry
1918: Love Songs by Sara Teasdale
1919: The Old Road to Paradise by Margaret Widdemer
1919: Cornhuskers by Carl Sandburg
1920: No award
1921: No award
1922: Collected Poems by Edwin Arlington Robinson
1923: Poetry by Edna St. Vincent Millay from 1922:
The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver
A Few Figs from Thistles
Eight sonnets in American Poetry 1922: A Miscellany
1924: New Hampshire by Robert Frost
1925: The Man Who Died Twice by Edwin Arlington Robinson
1926: What's O'Clock by Amy Lowell
1927: Fiddler's Farewell by Leonora Speyer
1928: Tristram by Edwin Arlington Robinson
1929: John Brown's Body by Stephen Vincent Benét
We have not yet determined whether any later Pulitzer Prize-winning books can go online.
Home -- Books -- News -- Features -- Archives -- The Inside Story
|
|||||||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
3
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https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-whose-last-name-is-jensen/chris-abraham
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en
|
Famous People Whose Last Name Is Jensen
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Anime Chris"
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2016-04-02T00:00:00
|
Being a fairly common name, it's no surprise there are a lot of famous people with the last name Jensen. Do you recognize all the celebrities whose last name ...
|
en
|
/img/icons/touch-icon-iphone.png
|
Ranker
|
https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-whose-last-name-is-jensen/chris-abraham
|
Being a fairly common name, it's no surprise there are a lot of famous people with the last name Jensen. Do you recognize all the celebrities whose last name is Jensen on this list? Although not all of these people are related, they are all famous people with Jensen as their surname. From athletes and actors to musicians and political figures, this list provides images of each famous Jensen along with information about their lives. If your surname is also Jensen, you very well could be related to some of the well-known people on this list. Examples of famous Jensens include Jelena Jensen, Dani Jensen, and Maren Jensen, but there are plenty of others on this list to learn about other than just those three.
If you want to know more about each celebrity Jensen, click their corresponding row and more information will appear. In some cases you can click the person's name and see what other lists of ours they are ranked on.
|
||
correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
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3
| 53
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https://pantheon.world/profile/occupation/writer/country/denmark
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en
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Greatest Danish Writers
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http://localhost:3000/api/screenshot/occupation-country?occupation=writer&country=dnk
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1. Hans Christian Andersen ( 1805 - 1875 )
With an HPI of 86.61 , Hans Christian Andersen is the most famous Danish Writer . His biography has been translated into 176 different languages on wikipedia.
Hans Christian Andersen ( AN-dər-sən, Danish: [ˈhænˀs ˈkʰʁestjæn ˈɑnɐsn̩] ; 2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875) was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, he is best remembered for his literary fairy tales. Andersen's fairy tales, consisting of 156 stories across nine volumes, have been translated into more than 125 languages. They have become embedded in Western collective consciousness, accessible to children as well as presenting lessons of virtue and resilience in the face of adversity for mature readers. His most famous fairy tales include "The Emperor's New Clothes", "The Little Mermaid", "The Nightingale", "The Steadfast Tin Soldier", "The Red Shoes", "The Princess and the Pea", "The Snow Queen", "The Ugly Duckling", "The Little Match Girl", and "Thumbelina." Andersen's stories have inspired ballets, plays, and animated and live-action films.
2 . Karen Blixen ( 1885 - 1962 )
With an HPI of 73.95 , Karen Blixen is the 2nd most famous Danish Writer . Her biography has been translated into 70 different languages.
Baroness Karen Christenze von Blixen-Finecke (born Dinesen; 17 April 1885 – 7 September 1962) was a Danish author who wrote in Danish and English. She is also known under her pen names Isak Dinesen, used in English-speaking countries; Tania Blixen, used in German-speaking countries; Osceola, and Pierre Andrézel. Blixen is best known for Out of Africa, an account of her life while in Kenya, and for one of her stories, Babette's Feast. Each has been adapted as films and each won Academy Awards. She is also noted, particularly in Denmark, for her Seven Gothic Tales. Among her later stories are Winter's Tales (1942), Last Tales (1957), Anecdotes of Destiny (1958) and Ehrengard (1963). The latter was adapted as a romantic comedy film Ehrengard: The Art of Seduction, directed by Bille August and in association with Netflix, which released it on streaming in late 2023. Blixen was considered several times for the Nobel Prize in Literature, but did not receive it because judges were reportedly concerned about showing favoritism to Scandinavian writers, according to Danish reports.
4 . Sigrid Undset ( 1882 - 1949 )
With an HPI of 72.30 , Sigrid Undset is the 4th most famous Danish Writer . Her biography has been translated into 98 different languages.
Sigrid Undset (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈsɪ̂ɡːɾiː ˈʉ̂nːseːt]; 20 May 1882 – 10 June 1949) was a Danish-born Norwegian novelist. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1928. Born in Denmark and raised in Norway, Undset had her first books of historical fiction published in 1907. She fled Norway for the United States in 1940 because of her opposition to Nazi Germany and the German invasion and occupation of Norway, but returned after World War II ended in 1945. Her best-known work is Kristin Lavransdatter, a trilogy about life in Norway in the Middle Ages, portrayed through the experiences of a woman from birth until death. Its three volumes were published between 1920 and 1922.
5 . Johannes V. Jensen ( 1873 - 1950 )
With an HPI of 71.04 , Johannes V. Jensen is the 5th most famous Danish Writer . His biography has been translated into 80 different languages.
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (Danish pronunciation: [joˈhænˀəs ˈvilhelˀm ˈjensn̩]; 20 January 1873 – 25 November 1950) was a Danish author, known as one of the great Danish writers of the first half of 20th century. He was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style". One of his sisters, Thit Jensen, was also a well-known writer and a very vocal, and occasionally controversial, early feminist.
6 . Henrik Pontoppidan ( 1857 - 1943 )
With an HPI of 70.68 , Henrik Pontoppidan is the 6th most famous Danish Writer . His biography has been translated into 80 different languages.
Henrik Pontoppidan (Danish: [ˈhenˀʁek pʰʌnˈtsʰʌpitæn]; 24 July 1857 – 21 August 1943) was a Danish realist writer who shared with Karl Gjellerup the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1917 for "his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark." Pontoppidan's novels and short stories — informed with a desire for social progress but despairing, later in his life, of its realization — present an unusually comprehensive picture of his country and his epoch. As a writer he was an interesting figure, distancing himself both from the conservative environment in which he was brought up and from his socialist contemporaries and friends. He was the youngest and in many ways the most original and influential member of the Modern Break-Through.
7 . Sven Hassel ( 1917 - 2012 )
With an HPI of 63.75 , Sven Hassel is the 7th most famous Danish Writer . His biography has been translated into 26 different languages.
Sven Hassel was the pen name of the Danish-born Børge Willy Redsted Pedersen (19 April 1917 – 21 September 2012) known for his novels about German soldiers fighting in World War II. In Denmark he used the pen name Sven Hazel. He is one of the bestselling Danish authors, possibly second only to Hans Christian Andersen. Hassel claimed his authorship was based on being a veteran of the German Wehrmacht who had fought in the Battle of Berlin in 1945 until he surrendered to the Soviets. However, numerous post-war investigations have proved his claims to be false and outright fabrications. In fact Hassel (as Pedersen) was a Danish criminal who did join the German Army but was incarcerated for having lied about his convictions. He was not captured in Berlin because he was in prison in Denmark. In the post war period he gave false testament which led to the arrest and imprisonment of innocent people.
8 . Georg Brandes ( 1842 - 1927 )
With an HPI of 63.53 , Georg Brandes is the 8th most famous Danish Writer . His biography has been translated into 36 different languages.
Georg Morris Cohen Brandes (4 February 1842 – 19 February 1927) was a Danish critic and scholar who greatly influenced Scandinavian and European literature from the 1870s through the turn of the 20th century. He is seen as the theorist behind the "Modern Breakthrough" of Scandinavian culture. At the age of 30, Brandes formulated the principles of a new realism and naturalism, condemning hyper-aesthetic writing and also fantasy in literature. His literary goals were shared by some other authors, among them the Norwegian "realist" playwright Henrik Ibsen. When Georg Brandes held a series of lectures in 1871 with the title "Main Currents in 19th-century Literature", he defined the Modern Breakthrough and started the movement that would become Cultural Radicalism. In 1884 Viggo Hørup, Georg Brandes, and his brother Edvard Brandes started the daily newspaper Politiken with the motto: "The paper of greater enlightenment". The paper and their political debates led to a split of the liberal party Venstre in 1905 and created the new party Det Radikale Venstre.
10 . N. F. S. Grundtvig ( 1783 - 1872 )
With an HPI of 62.57 , N. F. S. Grundtvig is the 10th most famous Danish Writer . His biography has been translated into 41 different languages.
Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig (Danish: [ˈne̝koˌlɑjˀ ˈfʁeðˀˌʁek ˈse̝vəˌʁiˀn ˈkʁɔntvi]; 8 September 1783 – 2 September 1872), most often referred to as N. F. S. Grundtvig, was a Danish pastor, author, poet, philosopher, historian, teacher and politician. He was one of the most influential people in Danish history, as his philosophy gave rise to a new form of nationalism in the last half of the 19th century. It was steeped in the national literature and supported by deep spirituality. Grundtvig holds a unique position in the cultural history of his country. Grundtvig and his followers are credited with being very influential in the formulation of modern Danish national consciousness. He was active during the Danish Golden Age, but his style of writing and fields of reference are not immediately accessible to a foreigner, thus his international importance does not match that of his contemporaries Hans Christian Andersen and Søren Kierkegaard.
|
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correct_award_00093
|
FactBench
|
0
| 51
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https://bidoonism.com/nobel-prize-for-literature/
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en
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Nobel Prize for Literature
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This page lists the Nobel prize winners to date. The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded almost annually since 1901. It is intended to go to an author who has produced outstanding work "in an ideal direction." While individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is primarily based on an…
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https://bidoonism.com/nobel-prize-for-literature/
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❮ Poetry & Prose ❮ Books / People
The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded almost annually since 1901. It is intended to go to an author who has produced outstanding work “in an ideal direction.” While individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is primarily based on an author’s body of work as a whole.
— § —
Sully Prudhomme
1901
— French
— Poetry
René François Armand (Sully) Prudhomme (1839–1907) was a French poet and essayist. In giving the award the committee said, “in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect.”
1902 / Theodor Mommsen
“the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work A History of Rome”
— history, law
1903 / Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
“as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit”
— poetry, novel, drama
1904 / Frédéric Mistral
“in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist”
— poetry, philology
1905 / Henryk Sienkiewicz
“because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer”
— novel
1906 / Giosuè Carducci
“not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces”
— poetry
1907 / Rudyard Kipling
“in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration that characterize the creations of this world-famous author”
— novel, short story, poetry
1908 / Rudolf Christoph Eucken
“in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life”
— philosophy
1909 / Selma Lagerlöf
“in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings”
— novel, short story
1910 / Paul von Heyse
“as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories”
— poetry, drama, novel, short story
1911 / Maurice Maeterlinck
“in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers’ own feelings and stimulate their imaginations”
— drama, poetry, essay
1912 / Gerhart Hauptmann
“primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art”
— drama, novel
1913 / Rabindranath Tagore
“because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West”
— poetry, novel, drama, short story, literary criticism
1915 / Romain Rolland
“as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings”
— novel
1916 / Verner von Heidenstam
“in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature”
— poetry, novel
1917 / Karl Adolph Gjellerup
“for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals”
— poetry
/ Henrik Pontoppidan
“for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark”
— novel
1919 / Carl Spitteler
“in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring”
— poetry
1920 / Knut Hamsun
“for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil”
–novel
19211 / Anatole France
“in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament”
— novel, poetry
1922 / Jacinto Benavente
“for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama”
— drama
1923 / William Butler Yeats
“for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation”
— poetry
1924 / Władysław Reymont
“for his great national epic, The Peasants”
— novel
1925 / George Bernard Shaw
“for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty”
— drama, literary criticism<
1926 / Grazia Deledda
“for her idealistically inspired writings, which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general
— poetry, novel
1927 / Henri Bergson
“in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented”
1928 / Sigrid Undset
“principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages”
— novel
1929 / Thomas Mann
“principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature”
— novel, short story, essay
1930 / Sinclair Lewis
“for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters”
— novel, short story, drama
1931 / Erik Axel Karlfeldt
“The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt”
— poetry
1932 / John Galsworthy
“for his distinguished art of narration, which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga”
— novel
1933 / Ivan Bunin
“for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing”
— short story, poetry, novel
1934 / Luigi Pirandello
“for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art”
— drama, novel, short story
1936 / Eugene O’Neill
“for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy”
— drama
1937 / Roger Martin du Gard
“for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle Les Thibault”
— novel
1938 / Pearl S. Buck
“for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces”
— novel, biography
1939 / Frans Eemil Sillanpää
“for his deep understanding of his country’s peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature”
— novel
1944 / Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
“for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style”
— novel, short story
1945 / Gabriela Mistral
“for her lyric poetry, which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world”
— poetry
1946 / Hermann Hesse
“for his inspired writings, which while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style”
— novel, poetry
1947 / André Gide
“for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight”
— novel, essay
1948 / T. S. Eliot
“for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry”
— poetry
1949 / William Faulkner
“for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”
— novel, short story
1950 / Bertrand Russell
“in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought”
— philosophy
1951 / Pär Lagerkvist
“for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind”
— poetry, novel, short story, drama
19521 / François Mauriac
“for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life”
— novel, short story
19531 / Winston Churchill
“for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values”
— history, essay
1954 / Ernest Hemingway
“for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style”
— novel
1955 / Halldór Laxness
“for his vivid epic power, which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland”
— novel, short story, drama, poetry
1956 / Juan Ramón Jiménez
“for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity”
— poetry
1957 / Albert Camus
“for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times”
— novel, short story, drama, philosophy, essay
1958 / Boris Pasternak
“for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition”
— novel, poetry, translation
19591 / Salvatore Quasimodo
“for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times”
— poetry
19601 / Saint-John Perse
“for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry, which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time”
— poetry
19611 / Ivo Andrić
“for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country”
— novel, short story
19621 / John Steinbeck
“for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception”
— novel, short story, screenplay
19631 / Giorgos Seferis
“for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture”
— poetry, essay, memoirs
1964 / Jean-Paul Sartre
“for his work, which rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age”
— novel, short story, philosophy, drama, literary criticism, screenplay
1965 / Mikhail Sholokhov
“for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people”
— novel
1966 / Shmuel Yosef Agnon
“for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people”
— novel, short story
/ Nelly Sachs
“for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel’s destiny with touching strength”
— poetry, drama
1967 / Miguel Ángel Asturias
“for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America”
— novel, poetry
1968 / Yasunari Kawabata
“for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind”
— novel, short story
1969 / Samuel Beckett
“for his writing, which – in new forms for the novel and drama – in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation”
— novel, drama, poetry
1970 / Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
“for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature”
— novel
1971 / Pablo Neruda
“for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent’s destiny and dreams”
— poetry
1972 / Heinrich Böll
“for his writing, which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature”
— novel, short story
1973 / Patrick White
“for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has introduced a new continent into literature”
— novel, short story, drama
1974 / Eyvind Johnson
“for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom”
— novel
/ Harry Martinson
“for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos
— poetry, novel, drama
1975 / Eugenio Montale
“for his distinctive poetry, which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions”
— poetry
1976 / Saul Bellow
“for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work”
— novel, short story
1977 / Vicente Aleixandre
“for a creative poetic writing, which illuminates man’s condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars”
— poetry
1978 / Isaac Bashevis Singer
“for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life”
— novel, short story, memoirs
1979 / Odysseas Elytis
“for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man’s struggle for freedom and creativeness”
— poetry, essay
1980 / Czesław Miłosz
“who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man’s exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts”
— poetry, essay
1981 / Elias Canetti
“for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power”
— novel, drama, memoirs, essay
1982 / Gabriel García Márquez
“for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent’s life and conflicts”
— novel, short story, screenplay
1983 / William Golding
“for his novels, which with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today”
— novel, poetry, drama
1984 / Jaroslav Seifert
“for his poetry, which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man”
— poetry
1985 / Claude Simon
“who in his novel combines the poet’s and the painter’s creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition”
— novel
1986 / Wole Soyinka
“who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence”
— drama, novel, poetry
1987 / Joseph Brodsky
“for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity”
— poetry, essay
1988 / Naguib Mahfouz
“who, through works rich in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous – has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind”
— novel, short story
1989 / Camilo José Cela
“for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man’s vulnerability”
— novel, short story
1990 / Octavio Paz
“for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity”
— poetry, essay
1991 / Nadine Gordimer
“who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity”
— novel, short story, essay
1992 / Derek Walcott
“for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment”
— poetry, drama
1993 / Toni Morrison
“who in novels characterised by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality”
— novel
1994 / Kenzaburō Ōe
“who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today”
— novel, short story
1995 / Seamus Heaney
“for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past”
— poetry
1996 / Wisława Szymborska
“for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality”
— poetry
1997 / Dario Fo
“who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden”
— drama
1998 / José Saramago
“who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality”
— novel, drama, poetry
1999 / Günter Grass
“whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history”
— novel, drama, poetry
2000 / Gao Xingjian
“for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama”
— novel, drama, literary criticism
2001 / V. S. Naipaul
“for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories”
— novel, essay
2002 / Imre Kertész
“for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history”
— novel
2003 / J. M. Coetzee
“who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider”
— novel, essay, translation
2004 / Elfriede Jelinek
“for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society’s clichés and their subjugating power”
— novel, drama
2005 / Harold Pinter
“who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression’s closed rooms”
— drama, screenplay
2006 / Orhan Pamuk
“who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures”
— novel, screenplay, essay
2007 / Doris Lessing
“that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny”
— novel, drama, poetry, short story, memoirs
2008 / J. M. G. Le Clézio
“author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization”
— novel, short story, essay, translation
2009 / Herta Müller
“who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed”
— novel, short story, poetry
2010 / Mario Vargas Llosa
“for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual’s resistance, revolt, and defeat”
— novel, short story, essay, drama, memoirs
2011 / Tomas Tranströmer
“because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality”
— poetry, translation
2012 / Mo Yan
“who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary”
— novel, short story
2013 / Alice Munro
“master of the contemporary short story”
— short story
2014 / Patrick Modiano
“for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation”
— novel
2015 / Svetlana Alexievich
“for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time”
— history, essay
2016 / Bob Dylan
“for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition”
— poetry, songwriting
2017 / Kazuo Ishiguro
“who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world”
— novel
2018 / Olga Tokarczuk
“for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life”
— novel, short story, poetry, essay
2019 / Peter Handke
“For an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience.”
— novel, short story, drama
ENGLISH LIT.
English style guide
The English language
Booker / “Nobel” / Pulitzer
Elizabethan era / “Love letters”
“Definitive List of Literary Works”
French in English / Latin in English
Anthology / Chronology / Terminology
Phrases & idioms with their etymologies
Literary criticism: analysing poetry & prose
Glossary of works, writers and literary devices:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
📙 Books 📕 Poets 📗 Thinkers 📘 Writers
READING LISTS ETC.
WRITERS
Atwood, Margaret
Austen, Jane
Brontë sisters
Burton, Sir Richard
Chaucer, Geoffrey
Conrad, Joseph
Curtis, Adam
de Cervantes, Miguel
Dickens, Charles
Dostoevsky, Fyodor
Faulkner, William
Forster, E. M.
García Márquez
Greene, Graham
Hardy, Thomas
Hemingway, Earnest
Huxley, Aldous
Joyce, James
Kafka, Franz
Kureishi, Hanif
Lawrence, D. H.
Melville, Herman
Miller, Henry
Morrison, Toni
Nin, Anaïs
Orwell, George
Proust, Marcel
Roy, Anuradha
Rushdie, Salman
Şafak, Elif
Seneca
Smith, Zadie
Steinbeck, John
Tolstoy, Leo
Updike, John
Waugh, Evelyn
Wilde, Oscar
Woolf, Virginia
Zola, Émile
POETS
Aesop
Alighieri, Dante
Angelou, Maya
Blake, William
Byron, Lord
Catullus, Gaius
Coleridge, Samuel T.
Cummings, E. E.
Dickinson, Emily
Donne, John
Dryden, John
Eliot, T. S.
Frost, Robert
Gibran, Kahlil
Heaney, Seamus
Homer
Horace
Kaur, Rupi
Keats, John
Larkin, Philip
Marlowe, Christopher
Milton, John
Ovid
Plath, Sylvia
Poe, Edgar Allen
Pound, Ezra
Raleigh, Walter
Rumi
Sappho
Sexton, Anne
Shakespeare, William
Shelley, Percy
Silverstein, Shel
Spenser, Edmund
Tennyson, Alfred
Virgil
Walcott, Derek
Whitman, Walt
Wyatt, Thomas
PHILOSOPHERS
Antisthenes
Aquinas, Thomas
Aristotle
Bacon, Francis
Bentham, Jeremy
Cicero
Confucius
de Beauvoir, Simone
Democritus
Derrida, Jacques
Descartes, René
Empedocles
Epicurus
Foucault, Michel
Hegel, Georg
Heraclitus
Hobbes, Thomas
Hume, David
John Stuart Mill
Kant, Immanuel
Kierkegaard, Søren
Lao-Tzu
Locke, John
Machiavelli, Niccolo
Marcus Aurelius
Marx, Karl
Nietzsche, Friedrich
Paine, Tom
Parmenides
Plato
Plotinus
Pope Gregory I
Popper, Karl
Pythagoras
Rousseau, Jean
Russell, Bertrand
Sartre, Jean-Paul
Socrates
Spinoza, Baruch
St Augustine
Thales
Voltaire
Wittgenstein, Ludwig
Wollstonecraft, Mary
Zeno of Citium
PSYCHOLOGISTS
Bandura, Albert
Ekman, Paul
Erikson, Erik
Festinger, Leon
Freud, Sigmund
Horney, Karen
James, William
Johnson, Virginia
Jung, Carl
Kahneman, Daniel
Kinsey, Alfred
Klein, Melanie
Pavlov, Ivan
Piaget, Jean
Pinker, Steven
Rogers, Carl
Skinner, B. F.
Vygotsky, Lev
POLITICAL FIGURES
ⅰ Queen Boudica
ⅱ King Alfred the Great
ⅲ King Edward I
ⅳ King Henry V
ⅴ King Henry VIII
ⅵ Queen Elizabeth I
ⅶ King Charles II
ⅷ Queen Victoria
Berners-Lee, Tim
Chomsky, Noam
Columbus, Christopher
Copernicus, Nicolaus
da Vinci, Leonardo
Darwin, Charles
Dawkins, Richard
Einstein, Albert
Fukuyama, Francis
Galilei, Galileo
Gutenberg, Johannes
Harari, Yuval
Hobsbawm, Eric
Lovelace, Ada
Michelangelo
Newton, Isaac
Saïd, Edward
BOOKS OF FICTION ⅋
📙 120 Days of Sodom
📙 Aeneid
📙 Agamemnon
📙 The Arabian Nights
📙 The Art of Love
📙 Astrophil and Stella
📙 The Bell Jar
📙 Brave New World
📙 The Carnal Prayer Mat
📙 Catch-22
📙 An Opium-Eater
📙 Delta of Venus
📙 The Divine Comedy
📙 Dubliners
📙 Fanny Hill
📙 Flowers of Evil
📙 Gilgamesh
📙 Heart of Darkness
📙 Iliad
📙 The Kama Sutra
📙 King James Bible
📙 Lady and the Dog
📙 Lady Chatterley’s Lover
📙 Lolita
📙 Lord of the Files
📙 Madame Bovary
📙 Metamorphoses
📙 Metamorphosis
📙 Milk and Honey
📙 1984
📙 Odyssey
📙 The Old Man and the Sea
📙 The Oresteia
📙 The Perfumed Garden
📙 The Secret Sharer
📙 Snows of Kilimanjaro
📙 Song of Solomon
📙 Story of O
📙 Story of the Eye
📙 The Trial
📙 Theogony
📙 Tropic of Cancer
📙 Ulysses
📙 Willian Wilson
📙 Yellow Wallpaper
NON-FICTION BOOKS ⅋
📙 The Adventure of English
📙 Amusing Ourselves to Death
📙 An Apology for Poetry
📙 De Profundis
📙 A Defence of Poetry
📙 Dream of Enlightenment
📙 Dream of Reason
📙 English as a Global Language
📙 The Four Ages of Poetry
📙 Future Shock
📙 The Golden Bough
📙 Guns, Germs, and Steel
📙 Hammer of Witches
📙 Handbook of Philosophy
📙 History of Philosophy
📙 Illustrated Philosophy
📙 Imagined Communities
📙 The Magic of Reality
📙 Manufacturing Consent
📙 Norton Anthology of English
📙 On Bullshit
📙 Orientalism
📙 Oxford Book of English Verse
📙 Public Opinion
📙 Pursuits of Wisdom
📙 Sapiens
📙 Why We Sleep
.
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correct_award_00093
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FactBench
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0
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https://alchetron.com/Johannes-V-Jensen
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en
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Johannes V Jensen
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Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (commonly known as Johannes V. Jensen 20 January 1873 25 November 1950) was a Danish author, often considered the first great Danish writer of the 20th century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1944 for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imaginat
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https://alchetron.com/Johannes-V-Jensen
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Early years
He was born in Farsø, a village in North Jutland, Denmark, as the son of a veterinary surgeon and he grew up in a rural environment. While studying medicine at the University of Copenhagen he worked as a writer to fund his studies. After three years of studying he chose to change careers and devote himself fully to literature.
Literary works
The first phase of his work as an author was influenced by fin-de-siècle pessimism. His career began with the publication of Himmerland Stories (1898–1910), comprising a series of tales set in the part of Denmark where he was born. During 1900 and 1901 he wrote his first masterpiece, Kongens Fald (translated into English as The Fall of the King in 1933), a modern historical novel centred on King Christian II. Literary critic Martin Seymour-Smith said it is an "indictment of Danish indecision and lack of vitality, which Jensen saw as a national disease. Apart from this aspect of it, it is a penetrating study of sixteenth-century people."
In 1906 Jensen created his greatest literary achievement: the collection of verses Digte 1906 (i.e. Poems 1906), which introduced the prose poem to Danish literature. He also wrote poetry, a few plays, and many essays, chiefly on anthropology and the philosophy of evolution.
He developed his theories of evolution in a cycle of six novels, Den lange rejse (1908–22), translated into English as The Long Journey (1923–24), which was published in a two-volume edition in 1938. This is often considered his main work in prose, a daring and often impressive attempt to create a Darwinian alternative to the Biblical Genesis myth. In this work we see the development of mankind from the Ice Age to the times of Columbus, focusing on pioneering individuals.
Like his compatriot Hans Christian Andersen, he travelled extensively; a trip to the United States inspired a poem of his, "Paa Memphis Station" [At the train station, Memphis, Tennessee], which is well known in Denmark. Walt Whitman was among the writers who influenced Jensen. Jensen later became an atheist.
Late career
Jensen's most popular literary works were all completed before 1920, a year which also marks his initiation of the 'Museumcentre Aars' in the town of Aars in Himmerland. After this he mostly concentrated on ambitious biological and zoological studies in an effort to create an ethical system based upon Darwinian ideas. He also hoped to renew classical poetry.
For many years he worked in journalism, writing articles and chronicles for the daily press without ever joining the staff of any newspaper.
Legacy
Jensen was a controversial figure in Danish cultural life. He was a reckless polemicist and his often dubious racial theories have damaged his reputation. However, he never showed any Fascist leanings.
Today Jensen is still considered the father of Danish modernism, particularly in the area of modern poetry with his introduction of the prose poem and his use of a direct and straightforward language. His direct influence was felt as late as the 1960s. Without being a Danish answer to Kipling, Hamsun or Sandburg, he bears comparison to all three authors. He combines the outlook of the regional writer with the view of the modern academic and scientific observer.
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Johs V Jensen and HP
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Towards a New World:
Johannes V. Jensen and Henrik Pontoppidan
1900: Creating a nice symmetry, Henrik Pontoppidan (1857-1943) pauses midlife in what will be the midst of his 'Stories about Lucky Per'. Having written and released four 'informal pamphlets' – as they were called – about his protagonist, bringing him to the height of happiness, Pontoppidan stops and muses: Hm, what is he to make of this Per? After a two-year break he will begin releasing another four – before rewriting (and rewriting and rewriting) the stories from these pamphlets into a finished, properly bound novel.1
Meanwhile, in another part of town: While Pontoppidan's protagonist is stuck in a pleasant all-time high, atop a sun-flooded mountain in the Alps with his rich mistress, young Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873-1950) releases three short historical novels about a modern anti-hero stumbling through life, in the end inevitably falling, obeying 'the law of the fall'. They are independent, yet interconnected. Come October 1901 with the release of the third, they will be collected under the title The Fall of the King.2
2000: Lucky Per and The Fall of the King have in the course of the twentieth century been monumentalized as the most important works of their respective authors' oeuvres, epitomizing The Great Danish Novel rather than, say, genre-bending and feuilleton-like world literature. At the beginning of a new millennium, Jensen's originally ill-received and badly selling novel is voted 'best Danish book of the century' with Pontoppidan's taking second place.3
Yet both novels are very much at odds with genre conventions. Several commentators have drawn attention to the irony here, one of them calling the admission of Jensen's 'in the best sense indelicate and uneducated book' into the canon 'a wonderful scandal'.4 Lucky Per and The Fall of the King are also at odds with their home country. And their two Nobel Prize-winning authors did in fact have a reception outside Denmark in their own time, especially in the German-speaking world. Jensen had at least one book out in Germany almost every year between 1907 and 1929, and a regular flow well into the thirties.5
Pontoppidan and Jensen's success had the general success of Scandinavian naturalism as a prerequisite. Incidentally, Pontoppidan wrote the text for a campaign advertising Denmark to German tourists – Reisebilder aus Dänemark (1890, Travel pictures from Denmark).6 Scandinavia held an interesting double fascination for the German public. On the one hand, the disillusioned Scandinavian naturalism and early modernism mirrored Germany's own struggles against backwards provincialism and towards international modernity. On the other hand, Denmark was a destination for the growing tourist industry and seemed like an unspoiled oasis of natural beauty, far and away from capitalism and the rapid industrialization of Germany. One might compare this ambiguity with the similarly ambivalent fascination with Scandinavia in the wake of Nordic Noir's popularity in England and the United States some hundred years later.
Pontoppidan is undoubtedly one of the greatest chroniclers of his own country. However, the themes and the forms of his work are very much part of more international trends. Working with the irony and the hidden narrators of Gustave Flaubert, and with unreliable narration as in Henry James or Joseph Conrad, Pontoppidan is abreast of the major formal strategies for interpreting the consequences of modernity on offer in European literature.7 Lykke-Per was quickly translated into German as Hans im Glück (1906), alongside many other titles by Pontoppidan.8 Ten years later it turned up in György Lukács' seminal Die Theorie des Romans (1916) as an important part of the history of the European novel, a rather singular masterpiece 'which, of all nineteenth-century novels, comes closest, perhaps, to Flaubert's great achievement'.9 Lukács corresponded with another Pontoppidan reader and commentator about Hans im Glück, Ernst Bloch, who considered the novel 'a work that can be counted among the text books of world literature'.10 Thomas Mann was inspired by Pontoppidan and saluted him on his 70th birthday as a 'full blooded story teller, a critic of life and society of completely European importance'.11
One of the greatest emotional and intellectual challenges around 1900 was the question of religion, in the light of the theory of evolution and other sources of doubt. The writers and artists of Scandinavian naturalism and early modernism renounced religion, but having been brought up with Christianity, they found it hard to find their way in a world that had 'been abandoned by God' – as Lukács would put it. Some reconverted, some found substitutes for the grand Christian narrative in the narrative of evolution and the idea of scientific progress, some replaced god with the self, life, nature, the body, woman or art. Once he had achieved it, Jensen never backed down from his optimistic version of Darwinism, though this was increasingly at odds with contemporary science; Jensen loaded evolution with questions of meaning, not least in the face of death, that science cannot answer. Pontoppidan was more of a pessimist. He knew faith and the church from the inside and was as harshly satirical towards mellow and folksy versions of Christianity as he was sympathetic to more troubled and Kierkegaardian interpretations. They both remained staunch atheists, but perceived modernity as a transitory phase and used literature as a means to point towards a new world, thus inheriting the general narrative bend of nineteenth century worldviews – scientific, philosophical, and religious.
Start spreading the news
Reviewing a much belated English translation of Lucky Per, Frederic Jameson begins:
Once upon a time, when provinces still existed, an ambitious young provincial would now and again attempt to take the capital by storm: Midwesterners arriving in New York; Balzacian youths plotting their onslaught on the metropolis ('a nous deux, maintenant!'); eloquent Irishmen getting a reputation in London; and Scandinavians – Ibsen, Georg Brandes, Strindberg, Munch – descending on Berlin to find a culture missing in the bigoted countryside. So also Henrik Pontoppidan's hero, an unhappy clergyman's son who flees the windswept coasts of Jutland for a capital city which is itself narrow-minded and provincial in comparison with the bustling centres of Europe.
Fredric Jameson, 'Cosmic Neutrality' 201112
The ambitious provincial's quest for success in the capital is one of the most typical motifs of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century novels. In a way, everyone was such a provincial arriving in the bustling metropolis of modernity, having left a traditional lifestyle in small town or rural settings, either in spirit, in the flesh, or both. This is August Strindberg striking the pose, descending on Paris in the 1890s, having left not only narrow-minded Stockholm, but also the more up-beat city of Berlin (not to mention a couple of wives, in Sweden and Austria respectively):
I come from the mountains and the valleys, from down there by the banks of the blue Danube. I have left behind my cottage by the roadside with the as-yet- unharvested grapes, I have left the still-ripening tomatoes and melons, and the roses, which are in bud. For the hundredth time I have strapped on my rucksack and set off to seek work in the great city, the market-place and workshop of embattled minds, Paris!
August Strindberg, 'Sensations Detraquees', 189413
Despite being set in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and based on extensive historical studies, The Fall of the King sets off from the same motif. Just like Lucky Per, Mikkel Thøgersen finds himself in the King's Copenhagen (as the Danish saying goes), far away from the rural conditions in which he grew up and in times of great upheaval concerning science and religion.
The insides of these outwardly ambitious young men, so eager to take the capital and modernity by storm, are divided camps. This, rather than ambition in itself, is obviously what interests both author and reader; Freud was a contemporary of Pontoppidan, Jensen and Strindberg, and his work indicates a great deal about the interests of the period in general. Strindberg's 'I' oscillates between lofty self-assurance that he will come, see and conquer the market-place and workshop of embattled minds, and the frightening 'deranged sensations' that give the essay its name. Per struggles hard to rid himself of his Christian background and be a manly and materialist conqueror, but Christianity and 'his father's shadow' keep catching up. Mikkel is trapped between egomania and complete paralysis of action due to excessive reflection, a consistent conflict in Jensen's early work.
The figure of the provincial arriving in the capital is more than subject matter, conveniently borrowed from historical circumstance. One might say that literature, not least the genre of the novel, found itself in the same position as these ambitious young men: Just as they sought a psychological means of dealing with surrounding modernity, the novel was seeking a formal one. Lukács in Theory of the Novel thought that Pontoppidan's Lucky Per provided one of rather few valid responses to just that challenge.
Glittering prize
Both Johannes Vilhelm Jensen and Henrik Pontoppidan left their parental homes in Jutland for Copenhagen, in order to study medicine and polytechnics, respectively. Neither of them graduated and they both chose the uncertain life of a writer. Rather than engineering the future through science and technology, they wanted to do so through literature. Both authors were inspired by theories of evolution. Lucky Per as well as The Fall of the King contain reflections on the coming community, as it were, as well as the possibility of a new human.
Jameson sees Lucky Per as a highly original version of the novel of the artist. It is also a kind of counterfactual autobiography. Like his creator, Peter Andreas Sidenius leaves the school of polytechnics, not because he wants to interpret modernity in literature like Pontoppidan did, but because he finds the teachers and the teaching too old-fashioned for his engineering ambitions. Per does not work with words; he wants to change the Danish part of the face of the earth by way of an enormous canal project. Pausing in his design work, he looks out of the window, down at 'the raw stuff of Denmark's future, the dead clay that he, like God, dreamed of creating in his own image, breathing into it the life of his emancipated soul'.14
Jensen devoted a lot of his work to combinations of avant la lettre gonzo journalism, poetic vision and popular science. His grand narrative of the Nordic race as ancestors to Columbus, modern America and industrial modernity as such was articulated early; with delightful futurist gusto in the travel articles Den gotiske Rennaissance (1901, The Gothic Renaissance) as well as two novels set in America; with increasing jingoism in numerous collections of essays as well as a series of novels under the title Den lange Rejse (1908-1922) – 'Jensen's six-volume evolutionary bible recounting "the long journey" of mankind'.15 In The Fall of the King, however, we find a somewhat less optimistic story about a new human, a homunculus with an enormous brain created by a demonic scientist. Both the scientist and the creature are executed in flames, the bodily reality of their extremely painful end described with a mix of scientific calm and colourful expressionism over several pages.16
As a very old man, Pontoppidan wrote of himself: 'For a number of years I did my duty as a foot soldier in the human spirit's eternal fight for freedom.'17 As a young man he had indeed been a part of the political and cultural struggle termed 'The Modern Breakthrough' by its leading figure, George Brandes, a specifically Danish and Scandinavian mixture of political liberalism, Darwinism, (cautious) literary naturalism and enlightenment philosophy.
Pontoppidan's first wife was a peasant's daughter, and they lived in the countryside when he debuted in 1881. He was never sentimental about this starting point, and his early prose, mostly in short forms, mercilessly points out the facts of rural life in the second half of the nineteenth century: extreme poverty among farm workers and smallholders concealed by the jovial rhetoric of the highly successful land owning peasants, self-confidently marching towards cultural and political influence. As he gained momentum and scope, writing both small and very large novels, Pontoppidan combined these techniques of social, cultural and political critique with a stronger psychological interest. This is markedly the case with the first two of his so-called Three Great Novels, Det forjættede Land (1891-1895, The Promised Land) and Lucky Per.
The last of the three great novels, De Dødes Rige (1917, The Kingdom of the Dead), in one way abandons the young man's belief in political, scientific and social progress. However, as is the case with earlier writing distancing Pontoppidan from the Modern Breakthrough, this novel of bitter political and psychological disillusion – with an ending that is halfway apocalyptic, halfway pastoral – can at the same time be seen as a scorching critique of the Danes for not being revolutionary enough.
The wording of the 'foot soldier' quote given above might indicate that Pontoppidan was in fact not only thinking about progress in political, scientific and social terms. There is a Hegelian ring to the term 'human spirit', and the influence of German idealism upon nineteenth-century Scandinavia can hardly be overestimated. In reaction to the materialism of The Modern Breakthrough that hit Scandinavia in the 1890s, idealism furnished the raw materials for decadence and symbolism, and in these particular forms might be another source of Pontoppidan's phrasing here.
Judging by the novel Danskere (1896, Danishmen), his debut as a writer of serious literature – and not just of pulp fiction that paid the bills in his early youth – Johannes V. Jensen's move to Copenhagen never quite brought him to the metropolis of his dreams, exactly because it was a city made of dreams:
As the steamer glided closer and closer to Copenhagen, a city built in Buris's dreams sank in ruins; a white shinning city of palaces which stretched its steeples up into the clarity of the day, accommodating a distinctive noble human race.
Buris had not known of this city of dreams before he saw it fade into the mist, withdrawing like a mirage – now that reality faced him naked and grey.
Johannes V. Jensen: Danskere (1896)18
Jensen's next novel also uses the motif of a Hamsun-like, hyper sensitive, ever reflecting provincial arriving in Copenhagen. In fact, the title character of Einar Elkjær (1898), like both Knut Hamsun and Jensen himself, also visits the international capital of modernity to be – New York – but disappointment is certain everywhere he goes. After his early expiry, the autopsy seems to show that Einar had been thinking himself to death. The novel famously ends with the laconic statement: 'The autopsy suggested soft brain.'19
Through his fictional alter ego Buris in Danskere, Jensen links his youthful longings with a general hope for progress just as his elder Pontoppidan had done, but the protagonists of their grand narratives are different: Pontoppidan's somewhat idealistic 'human spirit' versus Jensen's more materialist 'a distinctive noble human race'. Jensen's hypersensitive and unquenchable longing, delivered in the lyrically compressed prose so typical of symbolism's rerun of romanticism, seem to be aligned with an idea of evolution beyond the human as we know it now.
Jensen spent the rest of his life photo-shopping the symbolist selfie that emerges from his early work, even disowning his first two novels. The picture he wanted to leave behind, by way of a large and enormously varied oeuvre, was that of a manly, optimistic and healthy Darwinist, a resolute lover of facts, a journalist, improvising scientist and chronicler of Himmerland in Jutland where he grew up. It was decidedly not that of an effeminate and hyper sensitive artist.
With a few outlying exceptions, reception and scholarship has been divided between two positions ever since. Some see Jensen's life and work as gradually developing a mature relationship with the ever-present and restless longing for an arrival that never takes place. This was the line taken by the Nobel Prize Committee. Others find a modernist pioneer around 1900, a deeply troubled young figure erupting with unprecedented and unrivalled creative energy. And after that? Well, when the devil grows old, he gets himself to a monastery – as the Danish version of an international proverb might be translated with an appropriate ring of Hamlet. Jensen moved 'from sublime nihilism to positivity of a lower order', as one of his commentators has it.20
It is easy to ridicule the fact that the 1917 Nobel Literature Prize was awarded to a writer as unimportant as Karl Gjellerup.21 However, giving the award to Gjellerup, a defector from The Modern Breakthrough turned fervent idealist, made it possible for the committee to honour by proxy the only obvious Danish candidate, the ever scandalous Georg Brandes, who for ideological reasons could not be named himself. The proxy was Henrik Pontoppidan, and the Danish prize of 1917 was thus split – rather than just shared – between a great novelist of materialist bend who had just finished another masterpiece (De Dødes Rige) and an inferior but energetically partisan idealist and Pan-Germanist who had not lived in Denmark for over twenty years.
The 1917 Nobel Literature prize was a set assignment, and the setting stemmed not only from the Nobel statutes demanding for works of 'an idealistic tendency' but also from the realities of the First World War. Giving the prize to a writer from one of the warring nations was out of the question; it had to be a small and neutral one. The Second World War posed comparable problems in terms of both idealism and neutrality. Johannes V. Jensen's insistent materialism had prevented him from receiving the prize in spite of the fact that he was nominated no less than eighteen times. In the forties, however, the Nietzschean brutality of his youthful futurism could be forgiven in the light of the latter day poetic softening of his Darwinism. He received the prize in 1944 – and this was seen as a discreet encouragement to a Denmark occupied by Nazi Germany.
Jensen and Pontoppidan were fundamentally different in almost every way and had very little to do with each other personally. The difference can be seen in a rare moment of overlap. Both men received an honorary doctorate at the University in Lund. The reserved and ageing Pontoppidan accepted the honour but sent his apologies to the awarding ceremony. Jensen, his strained relationship with the academic world and highbrow culture in general notwithstanding, received the laurels at a formal and pompous ritual in 1929.
Stars are stars and they shine so hard
The short story 'Ørneflugt' (1893, 'Eagle's Flight'), is – alongside Lucky Per – the most well-known work by Pontoppidan. It features a satirical and seemingly programmatic rewriting of Hans Christian Andersen's 'The Ugly Duckling' (1843) that has enabled generations of teachers to set up an instructive antithesis between late romanticist idealism and Scandinavian naturalism.
The story is simple: An infant eagle is found by some boys and grows up in the poultry yard of an old parson. The eagle is given the bourgeois name Klaus, he dwells near the pigsty, is lavishly fed with garbage and thrives in the new conditions. Sometimes 'a vague longing' overtakes him, but his wings are 'well clipped', and Klaus' attempts at flying invariably end in a dark corner of the poultry yard. After a couple of years the clipping is neglected and Klaus manages to fly up and away, obeying not only the call of nature in general but also the call of a female eagle. However, the higher spheres are frightening and the physical demands of following the proud female go beyond what the chubby protagonist can muster. He flies home, but alas, a hired man of the farm shoots him, not knowing that what certainly looks like an eagle in fact belongs to the poultry yard. The eagle's flight ends in the dung heap.
Pontoppidan's text mentions Andersen's directly in the opening paragraph and concludes with the effective punchline: 'It avails but little to have come from an eagle's egg, if one is raised in the poultry yard.'22 The story of the domesticated eagle is an exact, materialist and pessimistic reversal of the idealist conception of man in Andersen's original. To that extent this little text manages satirically to orchestrate for a chamber group, as it were, Georg Brandes large scale criticism of a Danish literature stagnating under a reactionary cultural climate.
The paraphrase I have just given does justice to less than half of the short text – and probably also to about half of Andersen's original which, as is so often the case, contains its own ironic and metafictional hints. To an extent, one might say that Pontoppidan worked in continuation of Andersen, rather than in opposition to him.23 The long middle part of 'The Eagle's Flight', framed by the robust reversal of Andersen's fairy tale in beginning and end contains a description of Klaus' ascension. The setting changes from the distinctly Danish parsonage to a high alpine landscape – transposing the register of the text from realism to allegorical symbolism.
At first he is overjoyed, in a way that mimics the homecoming of Andersen's tale, and also of the Bildungsroman more generally: Finding balance between its own identity and its own true element at last, the eagle screams with joy – 'In a flash it knew what it meant to be an eagle.' This, however, is the middle of a late nineteenth-century short story, not the end of a Bildungsroman or a fairy tale. Losing sight of any sign of human culture, Klaus is frightened by 'the empty vastness' around him.
At this point, the she-eagle turns up and invigorates him, and the narrator of the 1899-version intensifies the action by changing to the present tense. She leads him into ever-higher alpine areas of cold and hostile beauty. The air is filled with strange rumbling noises until every sound recedes into great stillness:
They have reached a vast stone desert, a chaos of gigantic blocks tumbled upon each other like the ruins of an overthrown tower of Babel. Suddenly the view before them opens. High above the drifting clouds spreads like a vision the unearthly realm of perpetual snow, unsoiled by swarming life, the home of the eagle and the great stillness. The last rays of day seem to be resting in quiet slumber on the white snow. Behind it rises the dark blue sky covered with calm stars.
Henrik Pontoppidan: 'Ørneflugt' (1899)
This is an unsettling vision of a universe where Earth is not the centre, and human life not a sacred core, but a soiled anomaly in an indifferent and majestic coldness that was there before and will be there after the babbling and 'swarming life' of humans. The sun is setting, which endows the scenery with a discretely apocalyptic feel.
'Eagle's Flight' is a naturalist frame around a symbolist core, around existential questions raised and left unanswered by God's death and the new materialist metaphysics. The text even suggests that what we normally think of as reality is a human construction, a veil drawn over a universe man cannot bear to behold.24 Such a worldview certainly breaks with a long Christian tradition, but the break is by no means absolute. The division of the world in two spheres, a dingy netherworld of human activity and an unearthly realm of eternal beauty, is not exactly new.
It's a man's man's world
'What do men want?' – Anthony Giddens asked in The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, love and Eroticism (1992), and continued:
In one sense the answer has been clear and understood by both sexes from the nineteenth century onwards. Men want status among other men, conferred by material rewards and conjoined to rituals of male solidarity. But the male sex here misread a key trend in the trajectory of development of modernity. For men self-identity was sought after in work, and they failed – we always have to add, by and large – to understand that the reflexive project of self involves an emotional reconstruction of the past in order to project a coherent narrative towards the future. Their unconscious emotional reliance upon women was the mystery whose answer they sought in women themselves; and the quest for selfidentity became concealed within this unacknowledged dependence. What men wanted was something which women had in some part already achieved; it is no wonder that male authors, including the narrator of My Secret Life, became obsessed with the secret that only women could reveal, but which the piling up of amorous conquests wholly failed to disclose.
Anthony Giddens: The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism (1992)25
This quotation points out a vital problem concerning male identity in modern times, not least around 1900. One way of interpreting Lucky Per would be to see it as large-scale demonstration of such a male misreading of modernity.
Peter Andreas Sidenius – the rebel son of provincial parson – tries to make it big in a man's man's world of struggle and competition. His luck as a womanizer works to the same end: Conquering women gives him status (inwards as well as outwards), and one particularly rich conquest provides him with access to the influence and finances he needs for his great engineering project. Jakobe, however, is more than the daughter of a very wealthy Jewish financier. Per does in fact realize that she is both intelligent and passionate, but – as men in general do, according to Giddens – he misreads her, their relationship, and thereby himself and the inner logic of modernity.
Modernity is not only about urbanization, capitalization, atheism and steam engines. The changes in the sphere of intimacy are just as profound as any of these. The new kinds of intimacy, especially the relation between mother and infant in the nuclear family, on the one hand, and the kind of equal relationship between lovers that Giddens terms the pure relationship, on the other, affect the core of subjective identity. For men, however, the 'unacknowledged dependence' on women is repressed, and lives its own life, erupting in womanizing, violence, submission and idealization. The complexity of interpersonal connection is reduced, and the pressure vented in the Madonna-whore complex.
Per's women neatly fall in either category. From the 'black-eyed, dark-haired pauper-girl' who laughs at him 'with her large red half-open mouth' on a wild sleigh ride while the other boys yell in 'reluctant admiration', to Inger Blomberg, the parson's daughter he ends up marrying. In the following passage, Inger is clearly understood as the Madonna type, while Jakobe is stereotyped as the opposite:
It occurred to him, then, that it was more by this chaste composure, rather than by any particular outer traits, that she resembled Fransisca in his eyes. That cool modesty, like the scent of wild roses, had hovered around her form. He could remember how the least allusion to love's mysteries brought the blood to her cheeks, while Jakobe – no, with her, it was otherwise. He couldn't deny that it had, now and then, struck him there was something unsavory in the reckless passion with which she had lovingly devoted herself to him.
Henrik Pontoppidan, Lykke-Per (1918)26
The delusional nature of Per's reasoning is suggested by the clichéd wording – wild roses, the least allusion to love's mysteries, reckless passion – and by the discretely outrageous interpretation of Jakobe at the end.
While still engaged to Jakobe, Per spends several months in a small town in the Alps – financed by his father-in-law to-be – supposedly studying construction work on a huge dam, in reality stuck in thoughts of a more inward and philosophical kind. Reading between the lines of his detached letters, Jakobe understands the scale of his crisis and turns up, self-confidently disregarding the bigoted morals of her time. Though not married, they spend a week together, and this is how it really was for Per (it was after this chapter on the summit of happiness that his author paused and mused in 1900):
For Per, these days really signified a new birth and baptism. His life had suddenly come into a charged richness and beauty he had never dreamt of. He went around in an intoxicated state of revelation, as if he had developed new senses.
What he had demanded of happiness seemed to him indifferent and insignificant to the degree of joy to be found in merely one kiss. Jakobe was transformed for him. He loved her now as a woman who had given him new life, who had widened the boundaries of his world, and whose embrace had exorcised the threatening shadow of death from his path.
Henrik Pontoppidan, Lykke-Per (1918)27
Per's later interpretation of Jakobe and their relationship is obviously in the wrong. She is an erotic being, but also psychologically and intellectually Per's equal, if not superior. Jakobe does not fit into the Madonna-whore complex, but is Pontoppidan's rather successful attempt at creating a third way.28 Jakobe's later fate can be seen as a kind of alternative ending of the novel. Abandoned by Per, and after the death of the child he did not know she was expecting, Jakobe uses her means to create an asylum for the neglected children of the metropolis. As always with Pontoppidan, there is a darker side, too. Even if the tale of her asylum provides an alternative, edifying ending to the novel, the stark Nietzschean bend of Jakobe's thinking can hardly be considered progressive.
By distorting the image of Jakobe, Per also twists his own conception of their relationship. It seems that a modern relationship between them had in fact been possible, a relationship unlike the traditional marriage based on exterior bonds, one grounded solely on the attraction and mutual sympathy between them. In short: Giddens' pure relationship and its plastic sexuality was already a fact for Jakobe and Per – when he for sinister reasons broke it off and ran for the safety of Christianity and a traditional marriage in fertile surroundings far from bustling Copenhagen.
Heroes
Up to this point, the tale of Lucky Per very much runs like the one about Klaus from 'Eagle's Flight', with rich psychological and historical background added – and an ambiguous and highly original ending coming up. Because of his Christian upbringing in general, and his pastor father's grim piety in particular, happiness is not available for Per, even if he is lucky all the time.29 He is unable to spread his wings and fly with his eagle princess over half the kingdom, his for the taking. He is in the end man enough, though, to realize how clipped he is, how unable to be close to other people. Having lived with Inger for some years, he leaves her and the children, having found a suitable estate owner waiting in the wings for her and the little ones. He then turns around and faces the darkness of his psyche, 'his father's shadow'. Living alone as an inspector of roads in the most desolate part of Jutland he finds peace – and in the end, death.
Is Per a hero, a true eagle after all, maybe even a new human, no longer afraid of the high alpine landscapes of modern existence? In the end he stands his ground as an atheist and realizes the aphorism: know thyself – age-old, but revitalized in post Christian times, as the Death of God releases energy that can be invested elsewhere, in the self. Per leaves behind little notes saying so much: 'without the strong, even bold courage to will oneself in all our divine nakedness, no one reaches full freedom'30 And he is kind. He arranges for his to be ex-wife to lead the happy normal life she wants. He donates his fortune to the asylum Jakobe runs for poor children of the metropolis, in the spirit of a joint endeavour for creating new humans beyond public and private structures as we know them.
Frederic Jameson praises Per's 'Cosmic neutrality' and the novel about him for its original version of melancholia. He clearly distinguishes between this concept and 'older narrative stereotypes': 'We must avoid the temptation of a religious or ascetic interpretation, and the accents either of asceticism or of existential pathos and Pascalian "misery". We must resist the temptation to see Per's final return to Jutland as a withdrawal from the world.'31 What Pontoppidan and his protagonist discovered was the death wish; central to later theories of desire by Freud and Lacan.
Jameson does not mention Lukács, but his conclusion seems to draw on him. Lukács sees Pontoppidan's novel as the only heir to Don Quixote, the epitome of 'abstract idealism' – one of two novelistic reactions to the abandonment of the world by God, the other being 'The romanticism of disillusionment'. Lukács' point is that most of Lucky Per reads like a typical nineteenth-century novel, focused on psychological dynamics and development, but then that the ending reveals a completely different psychology, which overturns the interpretation of the narrative we have just read:
The revealed transcendence of this ending and its evident prestabilised harmony with the soul give an appearance of necessity to all the confusions that preceded it; indeed, seen from the end, the dynamic relationship between the soul and the world is reversed; it looks as though the hero had always remained unchanged, quietly watching the passing events from within himself; as though the entire action consisted merely in removing the veils in which his soul was wrapped. The dynamic nature of psychology is thus shown to be only apparently dynamic, but not until – and this is where Pontoppidan's great mastery lies – it has rendered possible a journey through a really vital and dynamic life-totality by its semblance of movement.
György Lukács' Die Theorie des Romans (1916)32
Jameson, Lukács, Bloch and many other commentators who interpret Per's retreat in positive, existentialist terms are absolutely right, but tend to underestimate the tension in the text itself between their own reading and the one they denounce under terms such as Jameson's 'older narrative stereotypes' or Lukács' 'Romanticism of disillusionment'. Lucky Per is very much about a man who cannot escape the effects of his upbringing, in the poultry yard as it were. His final courage in accepting himself is heroic, but at the same time looks suspiciously like a substitute for religion. The rejection of his own grand project, the women who love him, and desire itself, seems to be an atheist version of the Christian and paternal renunciation of all worldly goods and pleasures. In terms of his love life, it is a reasonable interpretation to see him as a rather special version of a modern man. Per misreads what Giddens termed 'a key trend in the trajectory of development of modernity, first by venturing on a quest for 'status among other men, conferred by material rewards and conjoined to rituals of male solidarity' and then once all this is within reach, by gradually trading it for splendid isolation, celibacy and self-realisation rather than new and better forms of intimacy.
This exchange clarifies the relationship between Per and the protagonist of the fairy tale on which the novel draws. Like Hans in the Grimm brothers' 'Hans im Glück', Per trades things of value for things of less value until he has nothing. Hans is overjoyed at the end, free at last, but what about Per? The novel is as darkly ambiguous here as Hans Christian Andersen's superb revamping of the same fairy tale – Hvad Fatter gjør, det er altid det Rigtige (1861, 'What the Old Man Does is Always Right') – is jubilant and slippery.33
The formal mastery of Lucky Per lies in the way Pontoppidan writes his protagonist through the dominant novelistic forms of the nineteenth century – the Bildungsroman and the novel of disillusion – and then creates an ending that is neither naively edifying nor cheaply nihilistic. But this is achieved at the cost of an aporia between different psychological conceptions of the protagonist and the storyline, each denouncing the other. The novel is a masterpiece in the history of the European novel not because it is perfect, but because it is flawed in a particularly successful way. 34
It is no coincidence that one of Per's written leftovers denounces the essentialist belief in a true self, not by replacing it by another concept of the self, a constructivist one, but by maintaining that he does not know whether we have a core or whether there are 'as many souls in us as there are cards in the game of “Cuckoo'” (541). 'I wonder, I wonder, the note ends inconclusively. And so, one might say, does the novel.
Changes
Reviewing the second version of Lucky Per (1905), the hugely influential Professor of Danish Literature, Vilhelm Andersen, comments on the slightly old-fashioned tone of Pontoppidan's prose and compares it to Jensen's: 'Pontoppidan keeps his style as a pastor's wife does the floor of her living room. There is no growth in his prose, it does not sprout after him. When Johannes V Jensen strides through his mother tongue there is always creation in it, his footsteps drip.'35
There is some truth in this, even if is impossible to be as good a story teller as Pontoppidan is without mastery of language. In Pontoppidan, style always serves the epic intentions. His long and detailed descriptions of landscapes, for instance, be they Danish, alpine or even Greenlandish, are invariably carefully embedded in the thematic structure of the text as suggestive descriptions of the protagonist, as is obvious even in a text as short as 'Eagle's Flight'; where they help articulate a biological conception of man. Even if Jensen very much shares this materialist anthropology and often sees his characters as emanations of weather and landscapes, the classicism and moderation of Pontoppidan's storytelling has no parallel in his work, especially early on. He is first and foremost a writer, and the power of his writing – when he is at his best – tears away from generic, intentional, thematic and structural restraints.
The following description of the butchery of a horse – one of many descriptions of physical death in The Fall of the King, the culmination being the 1520 Stockholm bloodbath – has become legend:
It was so cold that the snow crunched loudly underfoot, and fingers tingled as if touched by dripping acid. But through the frozen death of the meadow crept the brook, black and open and incurably alive.
The knacker threw Anders Graa's horse over on its back and began to cut it open. The blood lay in a big brown puddle, melting down into the snow, and the pinkish froth turned quickly to ice. With every stroke of the knife, color welled up out of the steaming carcass, with marvellous shades of blue and read gleaming from the flesh. Shreds were still twitching, jerking, quivering in the frosty air. The severed muscles writhed like worms licked by flames. The long windpipe was laid bare, the back teeth exposed like four rows of mystic characters. A delicate pink membrane appeared, patterned with a myriad of blue veins, like a countryside scored by many rivers and seen from a great height. When the thorax was opened it was like a cave, with great whitish-blue membranes hanging down, brown and black blood coming out of small holes in the veined walls, and yellow fat stretching from top to bottom in elongated, dripping masses. The liver was more vividly brown than any other brown thing in the world. The spleen appeared, blue and dappled like the night and the Milky Way. And there were many other bright colors – entrails of blue and green, bits and pieces that were brick-red and ocher-yellow.
All of the luxuriant, garish colors of the east – the gold of the sands of Egypt, the turquoise of the skies over the Tigris and Euphrates – all the rampant colors of India and the Orient blossomed there in the snow under the knacker's filthy knife.
Johannes V. Jensen: Kongens Fald (1900-1901) 36
This is a provocatively realistic description of the material reality of death, and as such an example of young Jensen's heavy handed anti-idealism. It is embedded in the larger thematic structure of The Fall of the King which is very much a novel about lack of meaning in the face of death's inevitability – and in the absence of any religious frame of interpretation. The intestines look like a countryside and the Milky Way, and their colours are connected with the origins of European culture. The description thus brutally suggests that the western empires, the larger culture of man, and the universe itself are under the law of the fall.
The force of the description, however, lies in the paradoxical life of a death scene. Jensen had learned his trade as a writer of pulp fiction and knew how to play to a modern mass audience's fascination of death and destruction. The scandalous energy of the description is well beyond what is needed for the plot, and strains both the referential and the symbolic meaning. As is suggested by the similarity of the knacker's knife to the writer's pen, the reference of the passage is on closer inspection not only to an external reality and a thematic structure but also to language and the description itself. The phallic knife of destruction is a magic wand and a potent instrument of masculine writerly fertility, breathing life into a spectacle of vivid colours and endless possibilities of meaning, ready to be interpreted in, for instance, psychoanalytical, queer or postcolonial terms. The passage is a materialist prose poem, an allegory for a kind of bad-taste expressionist vitalism, spelling out – in 'back teeth exposed like four rows of mystic characters' – the gospel of the carcass with self-consciously paradoxical elan. Later on, in one of many short mythical interludes, even the grim reaper himself seems to die, screaming 'like a woman in labor.'37
In spite of the fact that The Fall of the King follows the narrative logic that Lukács termed the biographical inner form of the novel – we follow Mikkel through most of his miserable life – it is a string of prose poems rather than a rounded epic. The third-person narrator permanently hovers on the brink of revealing himself as either the lyrical I of poetry or the self-conscious first-person narrator common in eighteenth-century novels by Diderot or Sterne. Apostrophes and the second-person pronoun, unusual in prose narration but almost obligatory in older poetry, are used frequently, especially in the recurring descriptions of death, destruction and the transitory nature of human life, creating a strong tension between high style and vividly materialistic pictures.38
These formal traits of The Fall of the King are connected both to Jensen's productive ambivalence towards fine literature and a general sliding between different text types, registers and author functions at a point in time when the advent of modern mass media had upset traditional distinctions. In Jensen's literary prose, the journalist and the poet are never much separate. And vice versa: Jensen's newspaper work was continually collected and offered as literature in book format. The big ego of the gonzo journalist is, after all, often on the brink of morphing into the both all-encompassing and anonymous I of poetry. It is a telling fact that Jensen's perhaps most famous poem, 'Interference', with its picture of the sleepless and split modern mind, was first published as a newspaper article in 1901 and then revamped as free verse poetry in Digte (1906, Poems). With broken-up lines, an expanded text and a place within that most prestigious of mediums, the book-borne collection of poems, texts like 'Interference' acted as an entrance sign to – and cast the journalist and writer of pulp fiction as a hugely influential pioneer of – literary modernism.
Toback to the fromtime39
Bearing in mind Jensen's ambivalent relationship with the literary field, the explosively creative nature of his writing, his bastardized aesthetics, the idiosyncratic nature of his points of view, his wide-ranging interests and the many different author functions he tried to incarnate, it is no wonder that Jensen had to invent his own genres. No wonder either that what he termed 'myte' (myth) was as successful as it is impossible to define. His own best attempt focusses on the transformation of a situation, an object or a personal story into an epiphanic symbol: 'a leap into a picture'.40 This makes the Jensenian myth more a device or a method than a genre; a device related to the underlying evolutionary interpretation of man. The later Jensen's lavish use of the term makes one commentator's dry definition more accurate: 'anything that can be published as a feature in Politiken.41 In fact, Jensen wrote 449 features for the newspaper Politiken, and almost everything under the sky was to be found there. Baptizing a feature 'myth' and printing it in a book, Jensen transformed it into literature.
This dilution notwithstanding, some of Jensen's most original work is to be found in his collections of myths. 'The Skeleton Man' is a frequently anthologized example. Consisting of two prose pieces brought together in the book Myter og Jagter (1907, Myths and hunts) this myth manages to fashion modern life's irreducible contradictions and modernity's inescapable ugliness into a startling picture. Both pieces are set in the grimmest of industrial sceneries, the German town of Krefeld and London, described with the same kind of deadpan virtuosity Jensen used for bull fights in Spain or beheadings in The Fall of the King. In both cities, the first-person speaker witnesses the same cabaret act, where an abused young woman sings a strange little song, accompanied by a cruel clown – a duet between modern life and eternal death bringing 'healing pain' to the poor and suffering audience. This is a tribute to a bastardized literature, literature unafraid of human suffering, industrial ugliness and crass mass culture, literature able to look the 'interference' of modernity in the eye and hold gaze with the timelessness of myth. One must remember the unforgettable words from The Fall of the King: 'Through the frozen death of the meadow crept the brook, black and open and incurably alive.'
Jensen's most popular work was in another genre he more or less made up: short stories set exclusively in the landscape where he grew up, at Himmerland. These Stories of Himmerland were part of a general interest in folklore, rural life and regional settings all over Europe and in every art form. They secured him a large audience and a seat in 'The Rural Rebellion' where, for the first time, rural life – not least the material reality of poverty and hard manual labour – was described by people who had actually lived such a life rather than by members of the culturally hegemonic bourgeoisie gone radical (such as Pontoppidan, the parson's son).
Jensen's father was, in fact, not a peasant, but a veterinarian. The family lived among people working the land, but led a life different from theirs. Jensen left for Copenhagen, and from there he travelled extensively throughout the world, driven by alternating impulses of outward, restless appetite for the exotic and the modern and, once he was on the road, inward longing for home. Just as one can question whether he ever arrived anywhere, it is doubtful whether he ever returned.
The stories of Himmerland display a highly original processing of these ambiguities. People and landscapes are described with the insider's knowledge but seen from a distance, noticeable in the language and attitude of the narrator. Very often the protagonists are strange outsiders rather that representatives of a class or a milieu. It is easy to understand why the stories and their author were seen as part of the regionalist trend. Jensen took this view himself, and engaged in merciless fights with his sister, the writer Thit Jensen (1876-1957), over the literary patent on Himmerland. However, both the themes and forms of Jensen's stories differ fundamentally from comparable contemporaries. One finds no social indignation in Jensen, and though the stories from Himmerland can be nostalgic, it is a cosmic and even futurist nostalgia, rather than a cliched longing for ways of life eradicated by modernity. Jensen's vitalism and Darwinism made him think of man as an educated animal, and in a way his evolutionary thinking was a narrative and edifying trip back to the future; or rather a step forward to a past where people lived in direct exchange with nature's both brutal and beautiful cycles. The childhood landscape of Himmerland as a literary and mythical construct was where the grand narrative of evolution led. 'The natural sciences applied retroactively' was one of many explanations of his mythical method.42
Read in this way, Jensen's Himmerland is a myth and a utopian chronotope – a conception of time manifested as a place. In its fusion of progressive and reactionary vectors it is very similar to the sequences which concludes Pontoppidan's last great novel, the multiprotagonist narrative De Dødes Rige (1917, The Kingdom of the Dead). In the end, all the threads of the novel's vast tissue of plots come together in a farm collective, where the characters form a secular utopia, a new world beyond the political and technological mirages of modernity. In the last lines, like an inverted story of Cain and Abel, two brothers are reconciled with each other.
Poul is an atheist doctor and the informal leader of the rural asylum, and welcomes his hitherto zealous pastor brother, who seems to be worn out by the less than idealistic intrigues of church politics in the capital: 'Oh, Johannes, you really have come back from the kingdom of the dead!'43 The central motif of the novel is here connected not only to the church but also to the hustle and bustle of Copenhagen. Both the old belief in God and the more modern worship of money and scientific as well as political progress are denounced and bypassed in the mature Pontoppidan's vision of a new world. As was the case with Lucky Per, though, the ending is ambiguous. For what is the reader to make of the flute notes coming out of a hut in the very last line? Is this a metafictional comment on the scene as a pastoral, or background music to a touching (but even so, reactionary) finale?
In the course of the secularization process, nature supplanted God as the ultimate referent throughout the Western world; Jensen's grand evolutionary myth and Pontoppidan's great novels gave form to this both retrograde and forward-looking replacement. Well over 100 years later, we are less preoccupied with the death of God; now it is the successor, nature, which seems to be dying. Not only in the physical sense. Maybe nature as a strongly normative metaphysical concept needs to die – in the same way that God needed to die for Jensen and Pontoppidan: to make way for life and a new world. That is, at least, the claim coming from the dark corners of contemporary eco-criticism, as in Timothy Morton's Ecology without Nature. Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics (2007). It remains to be seen what literary forms will be relevant in this transition. 'The novel is the epic of a world that has been abandoned by God' Lukács stated. What forms could we use in a world abandoned by nature?
Bibliography
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FactBench
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https://graves.mf.uni-lj.si/graves/806/johannes-vilhelm-jensen
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en
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Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
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[
"International graves",
"graves",
"graves of famous people",
"famous people",
"beried famous people"
] | null |
[
"spletne-resitve.com"
] | null |
List of international graves of famous people that I visit.
|
sl
|
/favicon.ico
| null |
I visit graves of famous people. Not that I plan my travels specifically for graves, but I inform myself about the graves in the vicinity of the places I visit. Sometimes I stretch the definition of vicinity. This page therefore lists only the graves that I visited. All the photos are mine, except for some which just illustrate something else apart from the grave (face of a person, mostly).
If a grave is off limits (like Picasso in France or Hundertwasser in New Zealand) I respect that, and don't try to sneak in.
Janez Stare
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