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9077
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_of_the_Maltese_lira
|
en
|
Coins of the Maltese lira
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] |
2006-01-09T02:59:26+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_of_the_Maltese_lira
|
Coins of the Maltese lira have been struck from when Malta adopted decimal currency in 1972, to 2007, after which Malta adopted the euro. There were 10 mils in one cent, and 100 cents in one Maltese lira.
The coins in this series replaced the pre-decimal Pound Sterling which had been in use in Malta since 1825. Therefore, the sizes for some coins were similar to their pre-decimal equivalents, for example the 5c was similar to the shilling and the 10c to the two shillings. These coins were designed by Christopher Ironside OBE.
In June 1975 an octagonal 25 cent coin was introduced to commemorate Malta becoming a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations on 13 December 1974. The new emblem appeared on the obverse side, and the 25c coin was the first coin to depict the new republican emblem.
Image Value Diameter Composition Edge Obverse Reverse first minting withdrawal [1] 2 mils 20.30 mm Aluminium plain Maltese Cross Value 1972 1986 [2] 3 mils 23.25 mm Aluminium plain A bee on a honeycomb Value 1972 1986 [3] 5 mils 26.00 mm Aluminium plain A lampstand Value 1972 1986 [4] 1 cent 25.90 mm Bronze plain George Cross Value 1972 1986 [5] 2 cent 17.75 mm Cupronickel milled Penthesilea wearing an elm Value 1972 2008 [6] 5 cent 23.60 mm Cupronickel milled Megalithic altar Value 1972 1986 [7] 10 cents 28.50 mm Cupronickel milled Maltese galley Value 1972 1986 [8] 25 cents 30.00 mm Brass plain Emblem of Malta Value 1975 1994 [9] 50 cents 32.95 mm Cupronickel plain Great Siege Monument Value 1972 1994
A new series was issued on 19 May 1986, which consisted of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 cents and 1 lira, all depicting local flora and fauna on the obverse and the republican emblem on the reverse. The 1 lira coin was introduced in this series, replacing a former banknote.[1] In 1988 a new coat of arms was adopted showing a heraldic representation of the Maltese flag, a mural crown and a wreath of olive and palm trees. The coin series of 1991 depicted the new coat of arms, but the reverse side remained the same.
1986
1991-2007
This series remained in use until 2007, being withdrawn in January 2008 upon the introduction of the Euro. They were demonetised in 2010.
Second Series [10] Image Value Equivalent in Euros (€) Technical parameters Description Date of Diameter Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse first minting withdrawal lapse [11] 1 cent 0.02 18.51 mm 2.81 g Copper, zinc, a slight percentage of nickel Plain Coat of arms Ballottra (weasel) 1986
1991 31 January 2008[2] 1 February 2010[2] [12] 2 cents 0.04 17.78 mm 2.26 g Cupronickel Milled Coat of arms Zebbuga (olive tree) 1986
1991 31 January 2008[2] 1 February 2010[2] [13] 5 cents 0.12 19.78 mm 3.51 g il-Qabru (Maltese freshwater crab) [14] 10 cents 0.23 21.78 mm 5.01 g Lampuki (dolphin fish) [15] 25 cents 0.58 24.95 mm 6.19 g Incused beading Ghirlanda (evergreen rose) [16] 50 cents 1.16 27 mm 8 g Lettered Tulliera (Maltese Fleabane), an evergreen plant that grows in the Mediterranean region [17] Lm1 2.33 29.82 mm 13 g Nickel Merrill (Blue Rock Thrush), the national bird For table standards, see the coin specification table.
|
||||||
9077
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 84
|
https://www.fxexchangerate.com/world-countries/malta.html
|
en
|
The Republic of Malta
|
https://www.fxexchangerate.com/static/favicon.ico
|
https://www.fxexchangerate.com/static/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://www.fxexchangerate.com/static/flags/mt.webp"
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[] |
[] |
[
"Valletta",
"Malta",
"World Countries",
"Exchange Rates",
"FX Exchange Rate"
] | null |
[] | null |
Malta, officially The Republic of Malta, is a country in Europe, with an area of 316 square kilometers and a population of around 514,564. Its gdp is $14,786.16 Millions(2019). The capital of Malta Valletta, and the official currency is Euro(EUR).
|
en
|
https://www.fxexchangerate.com/static/favicon.ico
| null |
Malta, officially The Republic of Malta, is a country in Europe, with an area of 316 square kilometers and a population of around 514,564. Its gdp is $14,786.16 Millions(2019). The capital of Malta Valletta, and the official currency is Euro(EUR).
Major World Currencies Cross Table
|
|||
9077
|
dbpedia
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1
| 25
|
https://everything-everywhere.com/the-knights-of-malta/
|
en
|
The Knights of Malta
|
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[
"Gary Arndt",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2023-03-08T08:09:46+00:00
|
The Knights of Malta
|
en
|
Everything Everywhere
|
https://everything-everywhere.com/the-knights-of-malta/
|
Subscribe
Apple | Spotify | Amazon | iHeart Radio | Player.FM | TuneIn
Castbox | Podurama | Podcast Republic | RSS | Patreon
Podcast Transcript
In the early 11th century, a group of merchants from the Amalfi Coast of Italy received permission from the Caliph of Egypt to rebuild a church and hospital in Jerusalem to care for pilgrims to the Holy Land.
They called themselves The Order of St. John of Jerusalem.
Fast forward almost one thousand years later, and this group still exist. Not only do they still exist, but they have a unique status in the world of international diplomacy.
Learn more about the Knights of Malta and their thousand-year history on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.
There are very few organizations that can claim a lineage of almost 1,000 years. Most countries aren’t even that old.
Yet, there is one organization that can make that claim. They are officially known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta.
The origins of this order date back to the year 1048, almost 50 years before the start of the first crusade.
I point this out because Christian monastic military orders are strongly associated with the crusades. However, the hospitallers were founded well before the crusades began.
The first hospital in Jerusalem was constructed in the year 603 by the order of Pope Gregory I. Its purpose was to take care of pilgrims to the Holy Land. A hospital at this time was more than just a medical building, but was an entire compound with churches, housing, and commercial quarters.
Emperor Charlemagne expanded it in the year 800, adding a library and other structures.
However, in 1009, it was destroyed by the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
In the year 1020, the new Fatimid caliph, Ali az-Zahir, gave permission to a group of merchants from the Amalfi Coast to rebuild the hospital.
Monks of the Benedictine order managed the day-to-day affairs of the hospital, and they named their order after Saint John the Baptist and became known as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.
In 1080, a monk by the name of Gérard de Martigues, known to history as Blessed Gerard, became the rector of the facility. Under his guidance, the order became independent of other monastic orders.
With the start of the first crusade in 1096, the hospital took on increased importance. More Christians and pilgrims began flooding into the Holy Land, which was in need of service.
The early 12th century saw the rise of other monastic military orders in Jerusalem, including the Knights Templar and the Teutonic Knights, both of which will be the subject of future episodes.
In 1113, Pope Paschal II issued a Papal Bull titled Pie postulatio voluntatis which established the order as a military monastic order directly under the authority of the pope and allowed them to elect their own leaders. It also effectively made them independent of all local church authorities.
Over the next several centuries, the order grew in scope and size. They established hospitals all over the holy land and throughout Europe.
With the Fall of Acer in 1291, the crusaders were removed from the Holy Land, and with them went the Order of Saint John. The order briefly moved its headquarters from Jerusalem to Cyprus before moving to Rhodes in 1310.
The mission of the order changed now that they were evicted from Jerusalem. They still were to protect Christian travelers but now had to do so at sea, so they created a naval fleet. They now went by the name the Knights of Rhodes.
The order was organized by groups which were known as Langues or tongues. The primary divisions of the order around Europe were by language, so German, French, Spanish, Italian, etc.
The leader of the order was now also the Prince of Rhodes. The order became very independent, having its own military, coinage, and diplomatic relations with other states.
This was the foundation of the order being considered a sovereign entity, a subject I’ll be discussing more in a bit.
The orders time in Rhodes lasted a little over 200 years. In 1522, the island was conquered by Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.
The Knights of Rhodes, now without Rhodes, spent several years in the wilderness before they were given the islands of Malta by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1530.
The former knights of Rhodes, formerly the knights of Jerusalem, were now the knights of Malta.
The condition upon which they were granted Malta was known as the Tribue of the Maltese Flacon. One of the conditions was that the knights had to pay a tribute every year to Charles V and his mother, Queen Joanna of Castile, who was the sovereign of Sicily. In addition to money, every year on All Saints Day, they had to provide a falcon.
Once again, the Ottomans attacked the knights as they did in Rhodes and tried to take Malta. From May to September 1586, the Ottomans conducted what became known as the Great Siege. This time, unlike in Rhodes, the knights managed to defend the island successfully.
The knights managed to rule Malta for 268 years. Under their rule, Malta became a prosperous little country in the middle of the Mediterranean.
However, the Protestant Reformation and changes in Europe weakened and reduced the size of the order. Chapters in many countries closed, and some just flat-out converted.
There was some expansion into the New World. In 1651, they purchased the islands of Saint Barts, Saint Kitts, Saint Croix, and Saint Martin from the French, and they ruled them for fourteen years.
The rule of Knights of Malta over Malta ended in 1798 when the islands were invaded by Napoleon. The knights were overwhelmed and surrendered the island, and the French expelled all the knights.
In 1799, the Grand Master of the Order resigned.
This put the Knights of Malta in a very unusual position. They were a sovereign military order. They ruled a country, issued their own currency and had diplomatic relations with other countries.
Now, they had no country, but they still had their diplomatic status.
For years the order floundered in limbo. They were given refuge in Russia, for which they elected the Russian Tsar Paul I, the orders Grand Master.
They were offered the island of Gotland in Sweeden as a replacement for Malta, but they rejected the offer because it would require renouncing their claims to Malta.
In the 19th century, the order continued to contract with priories closing across Europe. The order didn’t even have a Grand Master from 1805 to 1879. It was run by lieutenants of the Order.
In 1834, the order formally moved their headquarters to Rome. In particular, two buildings, the Palazzo Malta on the Via Condotti and the Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill. Both of these are still in use by the order today.
The Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill is the location of one of the most iconic photos of Rome. The keyhole of the main door lines up perfectly with an arch in the garden and the dome of Saint Peters Basilica.
In 1879, Pope Leo XIII reestablished the Grand Master of the order.
The 19th century saw great changes the in the order. Having no territory of their own, they shifted the focus of the order back toward their original mission of helping those in need. The entire organization was reorganized, replacing the tongues with national chapters.
While the word “military” remained in the title of the organization, they no longer had any actual military force. Their only involvement in military affairs is serving as medical units during conflicts.
Despite all the changes, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta still has the word “sovereign.”
Sovereignty is a very tricky concept. It is usually defined as being a supreme authority, and the ultimate test case for this is the Knights of Malta.
The Knights of Malta haven’t controlled any territory of their own for over two hundred years. However, the sovereignty they had from controlling territory never disappeared.
Today, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta has diplomatic relations with 112 countries and official relations with five other countries. They also have observer status in the United Nations General Assembly, UNESCO, the United Nations High Commission on Refugees, the World Health Organization, the Council of Europe, and many other international organizations.
They issue their own stamps and passports, and even their own currency, the scudo, which was the currency when they controlled Malta. The coins they issue today are mostly for collectors.
Their buildings in Rome have been granted extraterritoriality, which means they have the same status as an embassy. Extraterritoriality is also extended to Fort St. Angelo in Malta.
Today, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta is primarily engaged in humanitarian operations. The closest comparison would be the International Red Cross, although the organizations are run very differently.
The Knights of Malta are still a religious order. There are three different classes of knights, with 13,500 members worldwide. They also have 80,000 volunteers and over 25,000 staff, most of whom are medical professionals.
They provide disaster relief, help refugees, and send food shipments to war zones. In many countries, most people are familiar with the Order of Malta as they run the ambulance service.
They also manage hundreds of medical centers, 20 hospitals, and over 100 homes for the elderly.
They are far more active in Europe than they are in North America, so Europeans listening to this are probably far more familiar with them than Americans or Canadians.
The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta is a unique institution in the world. Its thousand-year history, its unique international status, and its humanitarian mission make the Knights of Malta unlike anything else.
|
|||||
9077
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dbpedia
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1
| 24
|
https://www.ndtvprofit.com/world/which-is-the-worlds-rarest-passport-all-about-sovereign-military-order-of-maltas-crimson-passport-npc
|
en
|
Which Is The World's Rarest Passport? All About Sovereign Military Order Of Malta's Crimson Passport
|
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[
"bqfree",
"bqtrends"
] | null |
[
"Komal Jain"
] |
2024-02-02T12:59:02+05:30
|
The issuance of passports by the Order dates back to the 1300s when its diplomats travelled to foreign lands armed with documents confirming their ambassadorial status.
|
en
|
/icons/favicon.ico
|
NDTV Profit
|
https://www.ndtvprofit.com/world/which-is-the-worlds-rarest-passport-all-about-sovereign-military-order-of-maltas-crimson-passport-npc
|
In the realm of passports, where the power to travel freely is often measured by visa-free access to countries, one passport stands out not for its widespread acceptance, but for its exclusivity.
This is the crimson passport of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, a document held by a mere 500 individuals globally, making it the rarest passport in the world.
As reported by CNN, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, also known as the Knights of Malta, is a unique entity -- a sovereign nation without land, yet with United Nations observer status and a constitution.
The Order issues passports, car license plates, stamps, and currency, even though it lacks physical territory. The issuance of passports by the Order dates back to the 1300s when its diplomats travelled to foreign lands armed with documents confirming their ambassadorial status.
Today, the exclusive crimson passport is reserved for members of the Sovereign Council and leaders of diplomatic missions, along with their families.
The passport features gold lettering in French, 'Ordre Souverain Militaire de Malte', accompanied by the organisation's crest, possibly symbolising the blood of Christ.
According to Daniel de Petri Testaferrata, the Malta-based president of the Order, these diplomatic passports are granted for the duration of the government members' mandates. Grand Masters, who serve two terms and retire at the age of 85, enjoy passports with a decade-long validity. Other diplomatic passports, utilised solely for official missions, are valid for four years, containing 44 pages adorned with a watermark of the Maltese cross, without additional embellishments.
Despite lacking formal diplomatic relations, the diplomatic passport is recognised by two-thirds of Schengen members. The Order collaborates closely with several countries, including France, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
CNN reports that the Order actively engages in humanitarian efforts, providing rapid medical and humanitarian supplies to conflict or disaster victims, runs hospitals, ambulance corps, medical centres, homes for the elderly and disabled, soup kitchens, and first aid posts.
While this exclusive passport holds sway in many international circles, there are a few places, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and New Zealand, where it may not be accepted as a valid form of ID for travel, according to a report in the US-based travel magazine, Travel+Leisure.
|
||||
9077
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 85
|
https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/tomorrow-is-the-last-day-your-maltese-lira-will-ever-be-valuable/
|
en
|
Tomorrow Is The Last Day Your Maltese Lira Will Ever Be Valuable
|
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Johnathan Cilia",
"www.facebook.com",
"johnathan.cilia"
] |
2018-01-30T13:19:02+00:00
|
The end of an era is finally upon us: the Maltese Lira will officially be worthless tomorrow. Unless you are a currency collector, or just like the look of the money, there won’t be much point in having the soon-to-be-useless money. With the deadline looming and reports that nearly €37 million in Maltese Lira has yet to be … Continued
|
en
|
Lovin Malta
|
https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/tomorrow-is-the-last-day-your-maltese-lira-will-ever-be-valuable/
|
The end of an era is finally upon us: the Maltese Lira will officially be worthless tomorrow.
Unless you are a currency collector, or just like the look of the money, there won’t be much point in having the soon-to-be-useless money.
With the deadline looming and reports that nearly €37 million in Maltese Lira has yet to be exchanged, now might be a good time to do that massive housecleaning you’ve been wanting to do for about a decade now.
The Maltese Lira was a pretty awesome currency. It was full of crabs, as well as birds and fish on the coins, and had cool patriotic imagery on the notes.
It was also a financially strong currency, meaning that you could pretty much live for a week off of a single green LM10 note.
You after exchanging LM20 for US Dollars
However, the final nail in the Maltese Lira’s coffin is here.
If you still have some Maltese Lira, you need to head to the Central Bank in Valletta before 12:30pm on Wednesday to exchange the currency. They are only accepting currency that was printed after 18th September, 1989, and are not accepting any coins.
And if you happen to have over LM200 to exchange, first off, lucky you, and secondly, bring your IBAN number with you so that your new euros get deposited directly into your account.
Tag a friend that needs to get to the bank today!
|
|||||
9077
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 29
|
https://www.intltravelnews.com/2019/smom-small-country-long-name.html
|
en
|
SMOM: small âcountry,â long name
|
[
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Bill Thames"
] |
2019-07-01T07:29:29-07:00
|
During my trip to Rome in September 2017, I visited the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM).
SMOM is an institution dating back to the Crusades. Originally known as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, it once operated a hospital in Jerusalem. Pope Paschal II recognized the order in 1113 and declared it sovereign...
|
../sites/all/themes/combray/favicon.ico
|
https://www.intltravelnews.com/smom-small-country-long-name.html
|
During my trip to Rome in September 2017, I visited the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM).
SMOM is an institution dating back to the Crusades. Originally known as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, it once operated a hospital in Jerusalem. Pope Paschal II recognized the order in 1113 and declared it sovereign.
When the Saracens conquered the last of the Crusader kingdoms in 1291, the Order moved to Cyprus. In 1310, the Order moved to Rhodes after conquering that island, ruling from there until 1523, when the Turks conquered Rhodes.
In 1530, Emperor Charles V of Spain ceded the island of Malta to the Order. The Order was to give the emperor a falcon every year, and this is, roughly, the origin of the book title “The Maltese Falcon.”
The Order ran Malta until 1798, when Napoleon Bonaparte’s occupation of Malta began. The Order’s code prohibited the knights from raising weapons against fellow Christians, so the Order was forced to leave Malta. It moved to Rome in 1834 and, to this day, occupies two properties totaling a minuscule 1.6 acres.*
The organization’s history is reflected by its full name: The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta.
SMOM is governed by a prince, who also has the title of Grand Master. SMOM has diplomatic relations with 108 countries, including those of the European Union, and official relations with six other countries, including Canada. It has no relations with the United States, however.
SMOM enters into treaties with other countries and has permanent observer status at the United Nations. It issues its own passports, mints its own coin (the scudo, not legal currency outside of its properties in Italy) and has its own car tags (issued by the Italian government). SMOM also prints its own stamps, which are recognized by 57 countries, including Canada (but not the US).
In 2013, SMOM celebrated the 900th anniversary of Pope Paschal II’s recognition of the Order. Today, SMOM doesn’t do any crusading; instead, it acts as an international charity, doing humanitarian and medical work all over the world.
The prince lives in the Magistral Palace (Via Condotti, 68, Rome), located about a block and a half from the Spanish Steps. There isn’t much to see. The palace has an old carriage entrance with two Maltese flags above it; inside the passageway is an iron gate.
From the gate, you can see a white Maltese cross on a red oval shield on the other side of the courtyard. During my visit, the courtyard gate was closed, so I couldn’t go inside, but, since I was inside the old carriage entrance by about a yard, I considered that as having been on the property.
Around the corner is the Visitors’ Centre (Via Bocca di Leone, 73; www.orderofmalta.int/government/visitors-centre), open 9:30 a.m.-1 p.m. and 2-4 p.m. Monday through Friday. The center, which is about the size of a bedroom, has a time line of SMOM’s history hanging on one wall. You can also buy books, postcards and postage stamps there.
They won’t stamp your passport, though. Nor will they, for a stamp collector, cancel a postage stamp. Canadians can mail themselves postcards, but Americans don’t have that option.
The Magistral Villa (Piazza Cavalieri di Malta 3) — located on Aventine Hill at the intersection of Via di S. Sabina and Via Porta Lavernale — is somewhat out of the way but offers access to a wonderful sight: the famous Keyhole of Malta (Buco della Serratura).
The villa is fronted by a monumental entrance screen designed by artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi. In the door on that wall is a round keyhole about an inch in diameter.
If you look through it, you will see in the foreground neatly trimmed trees and shrubs belonging to SMOM; in the mid-ground are buildings located in Rome, and perfectly centered in the background is the dome of St. Peter’s at the Vatican. There, through a one-inch keyhole, you can see three “countries” simultaneously!
I took a taxi to the Magistral Villa and had the taxi driver wait for me while I went to look through the keyhole. There was a line of people waiting to do the same.
Between September and June, the gardens and the church at the Magistral Villa are open for public one-hour tours from 9 a.m. to 12:15 p.m. each Friday and on two Saturdays each month.
In a group of 10 to 25 people, the entry fee to the villa grounds is €5 per person, with children under 12 entering free. With fewer than 10 people, the group pays an entry fee of €50 (near $55.70). In either case, to tour the grounds, a guide is required. An English-speaking guide costs €100 (or an Italian-speaking guide, €80). Tours need to be prebooked by writing to visitorscentre@orderofmalta.int.
BILL THAMES
Laurel, MS
*SMOM’s properties in Rome are similar in status to an embassy. SMOM has complete control over who enters, but the land on which the buildings sit is part of Italy.
|
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3
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https://www.thecurrencyshop.com.au/guides/europe/currency-in-malta
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en
|
Currency in Malta
|
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[
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] | null |
[
"Freddie Larkins"
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2023-03-16T11:53:07+00:00
|
The currency of Malta is the Euro. Find out more about Euros, how they are used in Malta and how you can buy them.
|
en
|
/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/The_Currency_Shop_fav_icon.png
|
The Currency Shop
|
https://www.thecurrencyshop.com.au/guides/europe/currency-in-malta
|
Compare between different money changers and different delivery methods, including cash-pick up and postal delivery.
As an alternative you could buy a prepaid travel card which you can top up and use to spend and withdraw in Euros conveniently once you arrive.
If you’d rather buy your cash before you go, check out our handy Currency Exchange Locator tool, to find an exchange near you.
|
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9077
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dbpedia
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3
| 50
|
https://quizzclub.com/trivia/what-was-the-name-of-the-currency-of-malta-prior-to-adopting-the-euro/
|
en
|
What was the name of the currency of Malta prior to adopting the Euro?
|
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"Silvia Levame"
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2020-09-28T02:21:49+00:00
|
Time to challenge yourself. Click here to answer this question and others on QuizzClub.com
|
en
|
QuizzClub.com — The World's Largest collection of Quizzes, Trivia Questions, Personality Tests
|
https://quizzclub.com/trivia/what-was-the-name-of-the-currency-of-malta-prior-to-adopting-the-euro/
|
This site is not a part of the Facebook website or Facebook Inc. Additionally, this site is NOT endorsed by Facebook in any way.
FACEBOOK is a trademark of FACEBOOK, Inc.
Disclaimer: All content is provided for entertainment purposes only
|
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9077
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0
| 44
|
https://www.dema-coins.com/2023/11/grano-coin-Naples-Italy.html
|
en
|
Grano: coin from Kingdom of Naples; 12 cavallo
|
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[
"DEMA"
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2023-11-17T10:17:00+02:00
|
GRANO — 1 grano, 1789: Kingdom of Naples (Italy). VN GRANO / CAVALLI 12. FERDINAN IV SICILIAR REX. P: engraver Domenico Perger. Italian copper coin.
|
en
|
https://www.dema-coins.com/favicon.ico
|
https://www.dema-coins.com/2023/11/grano-coin-Naples-Italy.html
|
GRANO: COIN OF NAPLES (ITALY)
1 grano, 1789: Kingdom of Naples (Italy)
Ruler: Ferdinand IV (Italian "Ferdinando di Borbone-Due Sicilie") — king of the Kingdom of Naples (1759-1799, 1799-1806, 1815-1816). Also known as Ferdinand I (as the King of the Two Sicilies) and as Ferdinand III (as the Kingdom of Sicily).
VN GRANO / CAVALLI 12: one grano or 12 cavalli (the denomination of the coin is indicated in double format).
CC around the number "12" (the meaning of these symbols is unclear; on the coins of this series during the years 1788-1800 there are also other designations — PCC, PAC, PAP, PRC, RC, AP...).
FERDINAN IV SICILIAR REX: Ferdinand IV Sicilian king.
Portrait of the king.
Below the portrait is the symbol "P." — mark of engraver Domenico Perger.
Copper: 25 mm - 5.62 g
Reference price: 4.1$
COIN GRANO — WHERE & WHEN (coins catalog: by names & emitents)
KINGDOM OF NAPLES (Italian states, 15th-19th centuries): grano = 12 cavallo = 2 torneso = 1/120 piastra
KINGDOM OF SICILY (Italian states, 16th-19th centuries): grano = 1/20 taro = 1/240 piastra
KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES (Italian states, 19th century): grano = 2 torneso = 1/120 piastra
ORDER OF MALTA (16th-18th centuries): grano = 1/20 taro = 1/240 scudo
GRANO as coin name.
Grano (plural: grana/grani) — historical copper coin of the states of Southern Italy. Larger denominations (8, 10, 15... grana) were minted from silver. It was used during the 15-19 centuries.
Grano of the Order of Malta (Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta) of approximately the same historical period is considered separately. Maltese grano were issued during the 16th-18th centuries inclusively as 1/240 scudo (additionally from 1967 — exclusively in the form of souvenir coins).
The first grano appeared on the lands of the Kingdom of Naples at the end of the 1490s. It were copper coins weighing more than 4 g.
120 grana of Naples were equal to one Neapolitan piastra. Interestingly, no coins were issued in piastras at all. The analogue of the main monetary unit was a large silver coin (weight: 27.5 g) with a denomination of 120 grano.
In turn, one grano was divided into 2 tornese (plural: tornesi) or 12 cavallo (plural: cavalli).
Grano was also issued by the neighboring Kingdom of Sicily (the Sicilian piastra consisted of 240 corresponding grano). After uniting with Naples in 1816 into the single Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the new currency was once again piastra (120 grano).
Grano continued to be minted until the unification of Italy and the abolition of local currencies in the second half of the 19th century.
The name of the grano coin comes from the Latin word "granum" — wheat, grain (in the context of the units of measurement of weight of the ancient Romans).
|
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https://www.worldatlas.com/flags/malta
|
en
|
Flags, Symbols, & Currencies of Malta
|
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[
"WorldAtlas"
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2021-02-24T01:17:19-05:00
|
The flag of Malta is a bicolor flag of two equal vertical bands of white (hoist) and red (fly) with George Cross of red edges on the upper hoist-side corner. The official currency is the euro and "L-Innu Malti" (The Maltese Anthem) is the national anthem
|
en
|
/nwa_assets/img/site/favicon.png
|
WorldAtlas
|
https://www.worldatlas.com/flags/malta
|
The Malta flag was officially adopted on September 21, 1964. The flag of this island nation uses the traditional red and white colors of the Knights of Malta. The George Cross (upper left), outlined in red, was added to the flag in the 1940s, as King George VI of Britain presented it to islanders for outstanding gallantry during World War II. The flag of Malta is a bicolor flag with two vertical bands equal in size: white (left) and red (right). The white band features the George Cross with red edges on the upper hoist-side corner. The national flag has a height to length proportion of 2:3.
According to legend, the colors of Malta’s flag were originally given to the country by Roger I of Sicily in 1090. When his fleet of ships landed in Malta after a successful conquest of Sicily, the Christians living on the island of Malta offered to help Roger I fight the Arabs. In recognition of this help, Roger I tore a part of his chequered red-and-white flag and gifted it to the locals as a sign of gratitude. However, scholars claim the story is simply a 19th-century myth. The Maltese colors were possibly derived from the flag of the Knights of Malta, which featured a red field with a white cross. The George Cross featured on the flag is the second highest award in United Kingdom honors system.
History of Malta's Flag
During British rule in Malta, the colonial flag of the Crown Colony of Malta was used, which featured the Union Jack in the canton. A new flag was used in Malta between 1943 and 1964, which was similar to the current flag but included a canton that was blue in color and featured the George Cross inside it. However, this flag was used unofficially. Another design change occurred on September 21, 1964, which removed the blue canton but maintained the George Cross in the upper left corner. The intention was to make the cross appear less prominent since it was a reminder of the country’s colonial past.
In 2008, Malta joined the European Union. The Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union required its members to adopt the Euro as the official currency. In January 2008, the Central Bank of Malta began minting and distributing the Euro. It called for the conversion of the Lira at a fixed exchange rate of 0.429300:1. Maltese Lira coins were converted at all credit institutions up to February 2010, while notes continue to be exchanged with the last ones to be done in 2018.
Coins and Banknotes
Just like any other European Union country, the coins are minted in different designs. The Monnaie de Paris, which mints the Maltese Euro coins, has three different designs that were chosen through two rounds of public opinion in 2009. Three distinct designs comprise of the Mnajdra megalithic temples printed on the €0.01, €0.02, and €0.05 coins, Malta Coat of Arms printed on the €0.10, €0.20, and the €0.50 cents coins and the George Cross printed on the €1.00 and the €2.00 coins.
Historical Currencies of Malta
The pound was a widely used currency in the 19th century in Malta having been introduced to replace the coinage situation of the Knights of St John. The pound was changed at the rate of 12 to 1 scudi. Until 1972, the pound was the legal tender and was subdivided into 20 shillings, each worth 12 pence and 4 farthings. In 1825, the Maltese Lira was introduced to replace the pound by the Government of Malta. The first lira currency was issued in 1972 in the form of banknotes printed in English. In 1973, the Central Bank of Malta took over the mandate of printing the banknotes. The notes were printed in Maltese on the obverse and English on the reverse and were in the denominations of 1, 5 and 10 liri. In 1986, the second banknotes were issued with the coins replacing the 1 note liri and 2 and 20 liri notes introduced. The new banknotes were printed between 1973 and 1989 in different series. The 2nd and 3rd series banknotes comprised of the 1, 5, and 10 Maltese pounds denominations while the 4th and 5th series comprised of the 2, 5, 10, and 20 Lira denominations.
|
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9077
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dbpedia
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1
| 90
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https://en.tempo.co/read/1830660/order-of-malta-worlds-rarest-passport-with-500-holders
|
en
|
Order of Malta; World's Rarest Passport with 500 Holders
|
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[
"Passport",
"Malta",
"Diplomatic Passport"
] | null |
[
"Najla Nur Fauziyah",
"Petir Garda Bhwana"
] |
2024-02-07T08:36:53+07:00
|
The rarest passport in the world is held by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta with only around 500 diplomatic passport holders.
|
en
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https://www.tempo.co/desktop/tempo-white.ico
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Tempo
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https://en.tempo.co/read/1830660/order-of-malta-worlds-rarest-passport-with-500-holders
|
TEMPO.CO, Jakarta - Singaporean, and Japanese passports are among the strongest, allowing their citizens to travel to 194 countries without a visa. But, the rarest passport in the world is held by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta with only around 500 diplomatic passport holders.
The Order of Malta, also known as the Knights of Malta is recognized as a sovereign nation with United Nations observer status and a constitution. However, it operates without territorial jurisdiction.
The Knights originated as a chivalric order in Jerusalem around 1099 and were gifted the Maltese archipelago in 1530 by the King of Spain. Napoleon Bonaparte forced the Knights out of Malta in the French invasion of 1798, and these days the Order is headquartered in Rome.
Daniel de Petri Testaferrata, the Malta-based President of the Order, tells CNN that only about 100 of the 13,500 knights, dames, and chaplains now dispersed around the globe live in the Maltese archipelago. It issues unique car license plates, currency, passports, and stamps even if there are no roads, banks, or even a territory.
The Order provides rapid medical and humanitarian supplies to victims of conflict or natural disasters, runs hospitals, ambulance corps, medical centers, homes for the elderly and the disabled, soup kitchens, and first aid posts; stressing the Order’s commitment to global well-being. Currently, the Sovereign Order of Malta is actively engaged in 120 countries.
The history of the Order of Malta
The Order began issuing laissez-passer documents in the 1300s to allow their errant knights to traverse the globe and collect alms. They took their modern form after the Second World War, although the passports are reserved for diplomats only.
“The Order grants passports to members of their government for the duration of their mandate,” said Daniel de Petri Testaferrata.
The Knightly passports are blood red and are reserved exclusively for Sovereign Council members, diplomatic mission leaders, and their families. The books of 44 pages are normally valid for just four years, apart from the passport of the Grand Masters’ which has a 10-year validity.
The Order of Malta is recognized by two-thirds of Schengen members. Additionally, the Order works closely with many countries with no formal diplomatic relations such as France, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
TIMES OF INDIA | CNN | NZ HERALD
Editor's Choice:Bawaslu to Launch Patrol on Cooling-off Days to Prevent Money Politics
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https://mbo.adventistas.org/befb_tag/order-of-malta-coins
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en
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Misión Boliviana Occidental
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https://swissmoney.com/what-is-the-currency-in-malta/
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en
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Mystery Solved: What Is the Currency in Malta?
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Curious what is the currency in Malta? In this article, we'll delve into the unique financial landscape of this Mediterranean gem.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
https://swissmoney.com/what-is-the-currency-in-malta/
|
Curious what is the currency in Malta? In this article, we’ll delve into the unique financial landscape of this Mediterranean gem, exploring the currency, and practical insights for navigating monetary transactions on the islands.
Maltese currency
In 1825, an imperial order brought sterling coins to Malta, replacing various circulating coinages, including those issued by the Knights of St John.
The terms lira in Maltese and pound in English were on banknotes until 1986 when lira became the official name in both languages. Mil-denominated coins were phased out in 1994.
Finally, in July 2007, the European Union approved Malta’s application to join the euro area. Subsequently, in January 2008, the euro became the official currency in Malta, replacing the Maltese lira at an exchange rate of €1 = MTL 0.429300.
What currency is Malta using now?
Presently, the euro stands as the legal tender of Malta. The Maltese government acknowledges it for all financial transactions, encompassing the purchase of goods, tax payments, and debt settlements.
No other currency holds official acceptance in Malta.
Key facts about the official currency of Malta:
A fun fact is that Euro coins come in different designs in every Eurozone country.
In the case of Maltese euro coins, the €1 and €2 feature the emblem of the Sovereign Order of Malta, known as the Maltese Cross. It became associated with the island during the Order’s rule from 1530 to 1798.
The 10, 20, and 50-cent showcase the Emblem of Malta, displaying a heraldic representation of the national flag, a mural crown symbolising the fortifications of Malta, and flanked by olive and palm branches representing peace.
The shield has a wreath with a ribbon that carries the inscription Repubblika ta’ Malta (Republic of Malta).
Finally, the 1, 2, and 5-cent depict the altar at the prehistoric temple complex of Mnajdra, built around 3600 BC by the sea.
Spending money in Malta
Here is an overview of the most commonly used payment methods.
Credit cards
In Malta, credit cards, particularly VISA and Mastercard, find widespread acceptance, especially in touristy establishments.
However, some retailers refuse American Express (Amex) due to the high fees it imposes. Discover cards also face lower acceptance.
It’s crucial to be aware of potential overseas fees associated with credit card use, such as cash advance fees, international transaction fees, charges for overseas withdrawals and other hidden fees.
Credit cards enjoy broad usage in Malta, and merchants typically accept payments on all major networks.
Debit cards
Debit cards, commonly used in Malta, let you buy at point-of-sale terminals and withdraw cash directly from your bank account.
However, exercise caution, as your home bank may impose high rates and fees when you use your card overseas. These fees may encompass ATM withdrawals, overseas transactions, and foreign currency conversions
Prepaid cards
Opt for a prepaid travel card when making payments in Malta. They usually incur lower fees on euro currency exchange than credit or debit cards.
Prepaid travel cards function by letting you load funds in your preferred currency and lock in the exchange rate.
Also, many of these cards allow you to hold multi-currency balances. It lets you avoid dynamic currency conversion and other hidden fees while providing the security and convenience of your regular cards.
However, keep an eye on potential charges like reload fees, inactivity fees, and ATM withdrawal fees.
Moreover, it’s worth noting that the currency loading process onto your card may take days, potentially leaving you cash-strapped.
Cash
Having some travel money in euro banknotes is a wise move for various situations. It is advisable to exchange money at the Central Bank or any currency exchange office before or upon arrival.
For the initial days of your trip, bring enough local currency and exchange the remaining amount once you have settled. This approach allows you to take advantage of more favourable local exchange rates.
While cards and other payment methods are widely accepted in popular areas and major cities, it’s prudent to keep some cash on hand for places off the beaten path where card acceptance may be limited.
Currency exchange
The euro, the currency in Malta, is one of many global currencies and is traded against all official currencies worldwide.
The euro’s exchange rate is affected by factors like currency supply and demand and regional and global economic and political events. Nevertheless, right now €1 is priced at £0.87.
Currency exchange before the leave
When you want to make sure you have enough travel money in the local currency before you go on a trip, or you want to spend money in cash, there are three options to buy euros from home:
Purchase euros online for delivery or pick-up in-store.
Exchange AUD for EUR at a currency exchange store.
Acquire euros at the airport.
Foreign currency exchange in Malta
When exchanging Maltese currency for euros in Malta, consider these options:
Exchange Kiosks, Stores, and Desks
Look for the Bureau de Change sign, but be cautious, as kiosks in places like hotels or airports may have higher costs.
However, be cautious of offices claiming no fees or zero commissions, as they may compensate with unfavourable rates. Remember that not all places may exchange AUD, and they may have strict bill conditions.
Airports, Train Stations, and Hotel Desks
These spots may offer convenient currency exchange but watch out for potential markups and fees. Malta International Airport’s exchange bureaux operate 24/7, accepting international cards.
However, avoid exchanging cash at airports and hotels due to poor exchange rates and higher fees.
ATMs
You can always withdraw money at ATMs if you need more Malta currency. Malta has many ATMs, some drive-through ones by the Bank of Valletta.
Be aware of fees from the ATM provider and your home bank for overseas withdrawals. Always choose the Maltese currency at ATMs for better exchange rates.
Prepaid Cards or Travel Debit Cards
These can provide a better exchange rate and lower costs.
📚Read more: The Best Place To Exchange Currency
FAQ
What is the best currency to use in Malta?
The euro is a local currency in Malta. Therefore, it is the best one to use throughout your trip.
Can I use British pounds in Malta?
Typically, British pounds (GBP) aren’t widely accepted in Malta. However, you might come across popular tourist spots that do allow payment in this foreign currency.
Should I buy euros in the UK or Malta?
Determining whether converting pounds to euros is more cost-effective in the UK or Malta poses a challenge. Your exchange costs rely on the provider you choose. They establish the exchange rate and fees, which can vary significantly.
Should I take euros to Malta?
Yes. As the euro is the only legal currency in Malta, you should take it to this country.
Read more:
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Cyprus and Malta have moved to euros
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Cyprus and Malta have moved to euros
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https://yanaluxury.com/news-72-cyprus-and-malta-have-moved-to-euros.html
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Since 1 January, two more Mediterranean States, Cyprus and Malta, have added a list of countries using euros, which now stands at 15. On the new night, the ATMs of both countries began to issue a single European currency.
By the end of January, the Maltese lira and the Cyprus pound will be held in parallel with the euro. In Malta, it will be possible to change the euro free of charge until the end of March, and in Cyprus, the exchange of national currencies will continue until the end of June.
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Joint issue with Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM)
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The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta is an independent non-country organisation that operates a sizeable fleet of military and disaster relief spaceships, engaging in anti-pirate and naval security operations, as well as disaster relief and...
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https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/future/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20210714174715
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https://future.fandom.com/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_(Solar_Wars)
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The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta is an independent non-country organisation that operates a sizeable fleet of military and disaster relief spaceships, engaging in anti-pirate and naval security operations, as well as disaster relief and refugee relocation operations throughout the solar system. Primarily funded through international donations and a large state banking business, the Order of Malta (as it is colloquially known) is independent of any government and, in effect, acts as a separate international entity outside of the legal jurisdiction of other nations but within international law. Like the Alliance of Arab Mining Guilds, it falls into the category of non-state sovereign entity.
The Order is generally made up of citizens and non-citizen volunteers. Citizens of the Order come from all over the solar system but must be Catholic and regularly participate in the religious services and duties of the Order. Family of the Order are not granted citizenship but immediate family may be considered under the protection of the Order. The Order is divided into 5 main branches (military, hospitaller, financial, religious, and general staff) with the first 3 of primary importance and the latter 2 considered auxiliary branches.
The Order is often contrasted with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (a non-governmental volunteer aid organisation) as the latter is not sovereign and in addition to being composed of many distinct Societies based in and subject to the unique laws of various countries, it strictly does not engage in any military activity. The Order is notable for having a limited presence on-world in Earth and Mars, primarily focusing on space piracy and disaster relief while medical and humanitarian aid efforts on both inner worlds are generally covered by the IRCRCM. Attempts at forming an Islamic counterpart to the Order of Malta have been attempted but these are generally shot down by Islamic authorities as monasticism is commonly frowned upon in Islam.
Key Stats[]
Miscellaneous Information[]
Population:
Citizens: 680,000 (the Order recognises dual citizenship, most citizens are also citizens of other countries)
Volunteers: 63,000
Demonym: Knight of Malta
Currency: Maltese Scudo
Religion: Catholicism
Government[]
As the Order of Malta is not a conventional country, its government is not organised and does not function according to conventional political doctrine. The Order has five main service branches, the religious branch, the military branch, the hospitaller branch, the financial branch, and the general staff. Of the five, the military and hospitaller branches make up the vast majority of citizens and are considered the primary branches of the Order with the financial branch considered a mid-level branch, while the other two are considered auxiliary branches that act in supporting roles.
Prince and Grand Master of the Order: The Grand Master is the supreme head of the Order of Malta and is elected from the ranks of the Order for continuous service until aged 77. The Grand Master is head of state but wields considerable influence as he/she is the head of the Sovereign Council, the government of the Order. He/she is elected by the Chapter General and is the commander-in-chief of the Military Corps of the Order of Malta.
Sovereign Council: The government of the Order, the Sovereign Council is elected by the Chapter General every 5 years and consists of 6 general-purpose members and 4 High Officers: Grand Commander, Grand Chancellor, Receiver of the Common Treasure, and Grand Hospitaller. The Grand Commander is the highest religious leader of the Order and oversees the Order's religious affairs. The Grand Commander is considered next-in-line for commander-in-chief if the Grand Master cannot perform his/her duties. The Grand Chancellor is head of the executive and handles both interior and foreign affairs. The Receiver of the Common Treasure handles the Order's finances and overseas its extensive banking services. The Grand Hospitaller is head of the Order's hospitaller services and overseas humanitarian efforts.
Chapter General: The legislative body of the Order, the Chapter General is made up of the members of the Sovereign Council, the Grand Priors, the Generals of the Military, the Officers of the Bank of the Order of Malta, and 15 elected representatives of the citizens of the Order. They meet at least once a year to deliberate over matters of the Order, as well as to elect a new Sovereign Council every 5 years.
Grand Court of Justice: The supreme court of the Order, the Grand Court is made of 7 justices elected by the Chapter General. The Order of Malta practices an inquisitorial judicial system under the Order's own civil law.
Military Corps[]
Generally known as Armed Knights of the Order, the troops of the Military Corps of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta are highly-trained and engage in anti-pirate and naval security operations throughout the solar system. Each sector of the solar system has its own fleet of Navy ships and division of the Regimental Infantry and is commanded by a Sector Admiral and/or Sector General.
Navy of the Order of Malta: Consisting of around 150,000 personnel, the navy operates over 400 ships in addition to 800 smaller fightercraft.
Regimental Infantry: Consisting of around 100,000 personnel, the infantry serves aboard Navy ships and operates various infantry bases around the solar system. Many Infantry units are contracted out as security forces for non-governmental colonies in the solar system.
Knights Hospitallers[]
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Republic of Malta High income Middle East & North Africa Euro area Euro 2011 A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate entered into force on January 1, 2008: 1 euro = 0.4293 Maltese lira. Please note that historical data are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries. National accounts data source from 1995 to 2015 is Eurostat; prior to 1995 is UN. Original chained constant price data are rescaled. 2015 Country uses the 2008 System of National Accounts methodology Value added at basic prices (VAB) Rolling surveys (annual estimation) BPM6 General trade system Consolidated central government Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) Income survey (IS), 2015 Yes 2010 2009 2018 2013 MT Malta
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Special NotesA simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate entered into force on January 1, 2008: 1 euro = 0.4293 Maltese lira. Please note that historical data are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries. National accounts data source from 1995 to 2015 is Eurostat; prior to 1995 is UN.
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Order of Malta Coins with Grand Masters
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GRAND MASTERS of the KNIGHTS of St. JOHN
full style of the Grand masters:
(a) to 1798: Dei Gratia Sacrae Domus Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani et militaris Ordinis Sancti Sepulchri Dominici Magister humilis pauperumque Iesu Christi custos (the phrase et militaris Ordinis Sancti Sepulchri Dominici ceases to be effective 04 Nov 1497, but is not deleted) ("by the Grace of God, Grand Master of the Sacred Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem and of the military Order of the Holy Sepulcher, humble guardian of the poor of Jesus Christ");
(b) 10 Dec 1798 - 24 Mar 1801: Velikiy Magistr Ordena Svyatogo Ioanna Ierusalimskogo ("Grand master of the Holy Order of St. John of Jerusalem");
(c) from 1803: Gran Maestro ("Grand master"); in common official use to 1805: Principe e Gran Maestro ("Prince and Grand master"); Long form: "His Most Eminent Highness, Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta, Most Humble Guardian of the Poor of Jesus Christ."
Jerusalem Era 1113-1142
Gerard Sasso (Procurator of Hospitals)......................Feb 1113 - 03 Sep 1120
Raymond du Puy de Provence (Master of the Order)................1120 - 1159
Krak des Chevaliers Era 1142-1271
The first half of the century has been described as Krak des Chevaliers' "golden age". At its peak, Krak des Chevaliers (a castle in the west of Syria and north of Lebanon) housed a garrison of around 2,000. Such a large garrison allowed the Hospitallers to extract tribute from a wide area. From the 1250s the fortunes of the Knights Hospitaller took a turn for the worse on 08th April 1271, Krak des Chevaliers was captured by the Mamluk Sultan Baibars after a siege lasting 36 days, and then purportedly only by way of a forged letter claiming to be from the Hospitallers' Grand Master that caused the Knights to surrender.
Auger de Balben [or Auger, dit de Balben].......................1159 - 1162
Arnaud de Comps.................................................1162 - 1163
Gilbert d'Aissailly..................................bf. 19 Jan 1163 - 1170
Gaston de Murols................................................1170 - 1172
Gérard Joubert de Syrie.........................................1172 - Oct 1177
Roger I des Moulins.............................................1177 - 01 May 1187
Borrell (Provisor et custos)...........................................1188
Ermengard d'Asp.................................................1188 - 1190
Garnier de Naplous [Nablus].....................................1190 - af. Jun 1192
Geoffroy I de Donjon de Duisson.................................1192 - 1202
Alfonso, infante de Portugal....................................1203 - 1206
Geoffroy II Le Rat..............................................1206 - af.22 May 1207
Pierre Guérin de Montaigu (1st time)....................bf. Oct 1207 - af.11 Nov 1227
Bertrand I de Thessy [Texis].........................bf. 01 Mar 1228 - 1231
Pierre Guérin de Montaigu (2nd time).................bf. 01 May 1231 - af. May 1236
Bertrand II de Comps.................................bf. 20 Sep 1236 - 1239/1240
Pierre I de Vieille-Brioude [Vielle-Bride]......................1240 - 17 Sep 1242
Guillaume I de Chateuneuf.......................................1242 - af.24 Jun 1258
Hughes de Revel (Grand Master of the Order 1267).....bf. 09 Oct 1258 - 01 Apr 1277
St. John commanders at Kos
The island was conquered by the Venetians, who then sold it to the Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes (the Knights of St John) in 1215. Later the Knights faced the threat of a Turkish invasion and abandoned the island to the Ottoman Empire in 1523.
unknown rulers 1215-1338
Dragonetto di Gaudiosa.....................................1338 - 1344
Bertrando di Canyesio......................................1346 - 1353
unknown ruler 1353-1358
Raimondo Berenger..........................................1358 - ?
Bertrin de Gayac............................................. ? - 1381
Ruggiero di Lupoalto.......................................1381 - 1385
Hesso Schlegelholtz........................................1386 - 1412
Luc de Valines....................................................1413
Hermann von Aue............................................1414 - 1415
unknown ruler 1415-1421
Pierre de Baume............................................1421 - ?
Gisberto di Miraljes..............................................1428
Ruggiero di Lubant.........................................1428 - 1433
Fantino Quarini............................................1433 - 1453
Jean de Fay................................................1453 - 1454
Jean de Chateauneuf........................................1454 - 1457
Pierre de Brissons.........................................1458 - ?
Adimar Dupuy...............................................1464 - 1466
Jacques de la Geltru................................after 1466 and in 1479
Edoardo di Carmadino.......................................1471 - 1495
Jean Dadeu.................................................1495 - 1501
Costanzo Operti............................................1501 - 1503
Bernardino Piossasco di Airasca............................1503 - 1505
Berengar von Monsaberg.....................................1505 - 1507
Antonio di San Martino.....................................1507 - 1510
Guiotto Castellana [Ragusa]................................1510 - 1513
Francesco Sans.............................................1513 - 1515
Jean Parissot de la Valette (GM K. St John 1557-1568)......1515 - 1516
Jacques Gibert.............................................1516 - 1519
Prejan de Bidoux...........................................1519 - 1522
Pierino da Ponte (GM K. St John 1534-1535)........................1522
Acre (Akko) Era 1271-1291
Nicolas I de Lorgne..................................bf. 04 Aug 1277 - 12 Mar 1284
Jean I de Villiers..............................................1284 - 20 Oct 1293
When the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell in 1291, the Order settled first in Cyprus and then, in 1310, led by Grand Master Fra Foulques de Villaret, on the island of Rhodes. From there, defense of the Christian world required the organization of a naval force; so the Order built a powerful fleet and sailed the eastern Mediterranean, fighting many famous battles for the sake of Christendom, including Crusades in Syria and Egypt.
Cyprus Era 1291-1307
Odon de Pins.........................................bf. 30 Sep 1294 - 17 Mar 1296
Guillaume II de Villaret.................................26 Mar 1296 - 1305
Rhodes Era 1309-1522
Foulques [Fulk] de Villaret (1st time)......................bf. 1305 - Sep 1317
Gérard de Pins (Lieutenant).........................18 Sep 1317 - 1319
Maurice de Pagnac (in dissidence)..........................1317 - 1319
Foulques [Fulk] de Villaret (2nd time)..........................1319 - 13 Jun 1319
Hélion de Villeneuve.....................................18 Jun 1319 - May 1346
Dieudonne de Gozon (until 28 Jun 1346, Lieutenant)..........May 1346 - 03 Dec 1353
Pierre II de Corneillan..................................08 Dec 1353 - 24 Aug 1355
Rogier II DesPins...........................................Aug 1355 - 28 May 1365
Ramon II Berengar [Raymond Bérenger].....................01 Jun 1365 - 16 Feb 1374
Robert de Juilly (or de Juliac).............................Feb 1374 - 27 Jul 1377
Juan Fernando de Erdia [Juan Fernández de Heredia].......24 Oct 1377 - 24 Mar 1396
Strakonice, a town in southern Czech Republic, situated about 65 miles (105 km.) south-southwest of Prague and about 24 miles (38 km.) northeast of the German frontier. It is noted today for it's very well-preserved castle and other early buildings. One might also mention in passing that this is the general region which created the lager beers which have formed much of the basis for modern American beers - the city of Ceské Budejovice (Budweis) is just 35 miles (55 km.) to the southeast. Bavor IV donated the castle and environs to the Order of St. John Hospitallers (the Knights of Malta) at some point between 1382 and c. 1410. The Order, which had maintained a chapter house in the town since 1234, held the locale until it's own dissolution at the end of the 18th century (c. 1400-1798). Strakonice was later took by Bohemia (Austria-Hungary) in 1798.
Philibert de Naillac.....................................06 May 1396 - 1421
Lieutenant; appointed by Pope in Rome.
Riccardo Caracciolo Rossi dei conti di Gerace..........Apr 1383 - 18 May 1395
Bartolomeo Carafa della Spina..............................1395 - 25 Apr 1405
Nicola Orsini di Campodifiore..............................1405 - 1409
Antonio I di Fluviano de Riviere.........................01 Jul 1421 - 26 Oct 1437
Jean II Bonpar de Lastic.................................06 Nov 1437 - 19 May 1454
Jacques de Milly (or Jobert de Milly)....................01 Jun 1454 - 17 Aug 1461
Pedro Ramon Zacosta [Pietro Raimondo Zacosta]............24 Aug 1461 - 21 Feb 1467
Gianbattista Orsini......................................28 Feb 1467 - 08 Jun 1476
Full name: Giovanni Battista Orsini dei conti di Gravina.
Pierre III d'Aubusson....................................17 Jun 1476 - 03 Jul 1503
Emeric de Amboise [Aimery d'Amboise, dit Chaumont].......10 Jul 1503 - 13 Nov 1512
Guy de Blanchefort.......................................22 Nov 1512 - 24 Nov 1513
Fabrizio Del Carretto dei marchesi del Finale............15 Dec 1513 - 10 Jan 1521
Malta Era 1530-1798
Philippe de Villiers de l'Isle Adam......................22 Jan 1521 - 22 Aug 1534
After six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Knights were forced to surrender in 1523 and left Rhodes with military honours. The Order remained without a territory of its own until 1530, when Grand Master Fra Philippe de Villiers de lIsle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the Order by Emperor Charles V with the approval of Pope Clement VII.
Peter IV del Ponte.......................................26 Aug 1534 - 12 Nov 1535
Full name: Pietro Del Ponte, dei signori di Lambriase e Casal Gros. He took office on 10 Nov 1534.
Didier de Sainte-Jaille, dit Tholon......................22 Nov 1535 - 26 Sep 1536
Juan III de Omedes y Coscón..............................20 Oct 1536 - 06 Sep 1553
The Order lost many of its European holdings following the rise of Protestantism and French Egalitarianism, but survived on Malta. The property of the English branch was confiscated in 1540.
Claude de la Sangle......................................11 Sep 1553 - 17 Aug 1557
Jean IV Parisot de la Valette............................21 Aug 1557 - 21 Aug 1568
In 1565 the Knights, led by Grand Master Fra Jean de la Vallette (after whom the capital of Malta, Valletta, was named), defended the island for more than three months during the Great Siege by the Turks. The fleet of the Order, then one of the most powerful in the Mediterranean, contributed to the ultimate destruction of the Ottoman naval power in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.
Pietro V Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte....................23 Aug 1568 - 26 Jan 1572
Jean V L'Eveque de la Cassiere...........................27 Jan 1572 - 21 Dec 1581
Maturin de Lescaut, dit Romegas (lieutenant in dissidence).1581 - 04 Nov 1581
Hugh II Loubeaux-Verdalle................................12 Jan 1582 - 04 May 1595
Full name: Hugues de Loubenx des seigneurs de Loubenx et de Verdalle.
Martin I Garcias [Martín Garcés (Garzez)]................08 May 1595 - 07 Feb 1601
Aloysius de Wignacourt [Alof de Wignacourt]..............10 Feb 1601 - 14 Sep 1622
Luís I Mendes de Vasconcellos [Vasconcelhos].............17 Sep 1622 - 07 Mar 1623
Antonio II de Paula (took office 20 Mar 1623)............10 Mar 1623 - 07 Jun 1636
Juan Pablo Lascaris de Castellar.........................16 Jun 1636 - 14 Aug 1657
Full name: Giovanni Paolo di Giannetto Lascaris di Castellar, de conti di Ventimiglia.
Martín II de Redín y Cruzat Redín Esparza................17 Aug 1657 - 06 Feb 1660
Annete de Clermont de Chattegesson.......................09 Feb 1660 - 02 Jun 1660
Full name:Annet de Clermont-Chatte des seigneurs de Geyssans.
Rafael [Raphael] Cotoner i d'Olesa Santmartí i Camfulles.05 Jun 1660 - 20 Oct 1663
Nicolas II Cotoner.......................................23 Oct 1663 - 29 Apr 1680
Full name: Nicolau Cotoner i d'Olesa Santmartí i Camfulles.
The Knights of Malta had a strong presence within the Imperial Russian Navy and the pre-revolutionary French Navy. When De Poincy was appointed governor of the French colony on St. Kitts in 1639 he was a prominent Knight of St. John and dressed his retinue with the emblems of the Order. In 1651, the Knights bought from the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique the islands of Sainte-Christophe, Saint Martin (1651-1665) and Saint Barthélemy (1653-1667). The Order's presence in the Caribbean was eclipsed with De Poincy's death in 1660. He had also bought the island of Saint Croix (1651-1665) as his personal estate and deeded it to the Knights of St. John. In 1665, the order sold their Caribbean possessions to the French West India Company, ending the Order's presence in that region. Tortuga, an island lying off the north coast of Haiti was a major pirate base for nearly a century (1629-1725). This island was more-or-less the center of operations for the loose-knit buccaneer network known as the "Brethren of the Coast", which reached the zenith of its power under Henry Morgan, 1667-1672. Tortuga came nominally to the Knights of St. John from 1653 to 1667 and was later took by France.
Gregorio Carafa dei principi della Roccella..............02 May 1680 - 20 Jul 1690
Pierre-Adrien de Wignacourt..............................27 Jul 1690 - 04 Feb 1697
Ramon III Perellós i de Rocafull.........................05 Feb 1697 - 10 Jan 1720
Full name: Ramon Rabassa de Perellós i de Rocafull Híjar i Vives de Boíl, dels senyors de Benetússer i Barons de Dosaigües.
Marc'Antonio Chigi Zondadari dei marchesi di San Quirico.14 Jan 1720 - 16 Jun 1722
António Manuel de Vilhena , dos condes de Vila Flor......19 Jun 1722 - 12 Dec 1736
Raymond III Despugh......................................16 Dec 1736 - 15 Jan 1741
Full name: Ramon Despuig y Martínez de Marcilla de los condes de Montealegre [Ramon Despuig i Martínez de Marcilla Rocabertí de Dameto i Ram de Montoro, dels comtes de Montenegro i Montoro].
Manuel I Pinto da Fonseca................................18 Jan 1741 - 24 Jan 1773
Francisco Ximenez De Tejada..............................28 Jan 1773 - 09 Nov 1775
Full name: Francisco Ximénez de Tejada de los señores de Sobrarbe y condes de Aragón [Francisco Antonio Ximénez de Tejada y Eslava López de Mirafuentes y Vicuña Zozaya, de los señores de Sobrarbe y condes de Aragón].
Emmanuel II de Rohan-Polduc..............................12 Nov 1775 - 13 Jul 1797
Full name: François-Marie-des-Neiges-Emmanuel de Rohan, comte du Polduc, seigneur de Henleix.
The decree of the French National Assembly Abolishing the Feudal System (1789) abolished the Order in France, as well as the dues which have been substituted for them, under whatever denomination they are known or collected (even when compounded for), possessed by secular or regular congregations, by holders of benefices, members of corporations (including the Order of Malta and other religious and military orders), as well as those devoted to the maintenance of churches, those impropriated to lay persons and those substituted for the portion congrue, are abolished [The Decree Abolishing the Feudal System, August 11, 1789, J.H. Robinson, ed., Readings in European History 2 vols. (Boston: Ginn, 1906), 2: 404-409]. The French Revolutionary Government seized the assets and properties of the Order in France in 1792.
Ferdinand Joseph Freiherr von Hompesch zu Bollheim.......17 Jul 1797 - 26 Aug 1798
Full name: Ferdinand Joseph Hermann Freiherr von Hompesch zu Bollheim. He abandons Malta on 22 Jun 1798, abdicates on 06 Jul 1799. In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the island for its strategic value during his Egyptian campaign. Because of the Orders rule prohibiting them to raise weapons against other Christians, the knights were forced to leave Malta. Although the sovereign rights of the Order in the island of Malta had been reaffirmed by the Treaty of Amiens (1802), the Order was unable to return to Malta. In 1577, the German Bailiwick of Brandenburg became Lutheran, but continued to pay its financial contribution to the Order until the branch was turned into a merit Order by the King of Prussia in 1812. The "Johanniter Orden" was restored as a Prussian Order of Knights Hospitaller in 1852.
Note: There is really little to be said about Hompesch except that he was undoubtedly the worst Grand Master the Order ever had. The situation of Malta vis-à-vis events in Europe had become steadily more ominous over the previous decade (Rohan had ordered the building of Fort Tigné as yet another part of the protective ring around Valletta) and it was certain that Revolutionary France had its eye on the island. In addition a rather small number of French Knights clearly sympathized with the new regime and worked against the interests of the Order (it should be noted that the vast majority, however, were the most valiant defenders of the Island in the final siege the Spanish Knights actually remained neutral because Spain was then allied to France). Hompesch, elected because of his diplomatic skills, absolutely refused to believe in a French attack and made no preparations to meet it (even though he was given very reliable reports that one was coming he preferred to believe it was sailing straight to Egypt). With a motivated force of defenders, ample supplies and a strategy of holding the impregnable city of Valletta while leaving the rest of the island to the French invaders, Napoleons forces would have found themselves in severe trouble. The fortifications of Valletta were surely the most formidable of Europe fully equipped with some 1400 cannon they would have been extremely difficult for the French army to overwhelm. In addition, Malta only had to hold out for a relatively short time because the British fleet under Admiral Nelson was actively hunting for Napoleons expeditionary force. The French forces had appeared off Malta on 09 June 1798, began landing on the 10th and, on the 12th, after Hompeschs inaction insured its success, accepted the surrender of the Grand Master. Had Valletta held out just a few weeks the situation would have been entirely different: Napoleon was under orders not to risk the Egyptian Expedition if Malta resisted, and the possibility of his fleet being attacked by the British was an ever present danger. In fact, less than two months later, on 01st August, Nelson inflicted a crushing defeat on the French at the Battle of the Nile, sinking or capturing all but two of the French warships (including the huge French 100, LOrient, which blew up taking all the great treasures Napoleon plundered from the Order to the bottom of Aboukir Bay). Had Nelson been able to do this earlier, while Napoleon was tied down attempting to take Valletta, he would have marooned Napoleon and his troops, thus changing European history. In any case, the French garrison on Malta did not last very long: the Maltese revolted in September 1799 and with British help the French surrendered a year later. The island remained a British possession until Malta became independent on 21 September 1964 (it became a republic on 13 December 1974).
Thomas di Contara......................................................1798 d. 1805
Siege of Malta 1798-1800: On 19 May 1798, a French fleet sailed from Toulon, escorting an expeditionary force of over 30,000 men under General Napoleon Bonaparte. The force was destined for Egypt, Bonaparte seeking to expand French influence in Asia and force Britain to make peace in the French Revolutionary Wars, which had begun in 1792. Sailing southeast, the convoy collected additional transports from Italian ports and at 05:30 on 9 June arrived off Valletta, the heavily fortified port-city on the island of Malta. Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim, refused Bonaparte's demand that his entire convoy be allowed to enter Valletta and take on supplies, insisting that Malta's neutrality meant that only two ships could enter at a time. On receiving this reply, Bonaparte immediately ordered his fleet to bombard Valletta and on 11 June General Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers directed an amphibious operation in which several thousand soldiers landed at seven strategic sites around the island. The French Knights deserted the order, and the remaining Knights failed to mount a meaningful resistance. Approximately 2,000 native Maltese militia resisted for 24 hours, retreating to Valletta once the city of Mdina fell to General Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois. Although Valletta was strong enough to hold out against a lengthy siege, Bonaparte negotiated a surrender with Hompesch, who agreed to turn Malta and all of its resources over to the French in exchange for estates and pensions in France for himself and his knights. Bonaparte then established a French garrison on the islands, leaving 4,000 men under Vaubois while he and the rest of the expeditionary force sailed eastwards for Alexandria on 19 June. On 02 September, this anger erupted in a popular uprising during an auction of church property, and within days thousands of Maltese irregulars had driven the French garrison into Valletta. Valletta was surrounded by approximately 10,000 irregular Maltese soldiers led by Emmanuel Vitale and Canon Saverio Caruana. The Maltese were armed with 23 cannon and a small squadron of coastal gunboats. Although there was intermittent skirmishing between the garrison and the Maltese, the fortress was too strong for the irregulars to assault. Late in September, a British convoy consisting of 13 battered ships under Captain Sir James Saumarez appeared off the island. In mid-September, a squadron of Portuguese ships also had arrived at the island. They included the Príncipe Real, Rainha de Portugal, São Sebastião and Afonso de Albuquerque, and the British ship HMS Lion, all under the command of Tomás Xavier Teles de Castro da Gama, Marquess of Niza. This force had been sent from the Tagus to augment Nelson's fleet, and after a brief stay off Malta continued to Alexandria. The Portuguese ships returned to the blockade of the island in October. Late in September, a British convoy consisting of 13 battered ships under Captain Sir James Saumarez appeared off the island. Survivors of the Battle of the Nile, they were in urgent need of repair and unable to directly assist in the siege. On 12 October, the British ships of the line HMS Alexander under Captain Alexander Ball, HMS Culloden under Captain Thomas Troubridge and HMS Colossus under Captain George Murray joined Niza's ships off Malta, marking the formal start of the blockade. On 24 October, after a ten day passage from Naples, Nelson joined the blockade squadron in HMS Vanguard accompanied by HMS Minotaur. On 28 October, Ball successful completed negotiations with the French garrison on the small island of Gozo, the 217 French soldiers there agreeing to surrender without a fight and transferring the island. 1799 was a frustrating year for the British and Maltese forces deployed against Malta, as efforts to secure sufficient forces to prosecute the siege were repeatedly denied. The British blockade continued to prevent French efforts to resupply Valletta during the early summer of 1800, and by August the situation was desperate: no horses or pack animals, dogs, cats, fowls or rabbits still lived within the city, the cisterns had been emptied and even firewood was in short supply. On 03 September, with his men dying of starvation and disease at the rate of more than 100 a day, Vaubois called a council of his officers at which they unanimously decided to surrender. The next day, envoys were sent to the British and in the afternoon General Pigot and Captain Martin signed the agreed terms with Vaubois and Villeneuve. The Maltese were excluded from negotiations entirely, although their commander, Alexander Ball, subsequently became the first Governor of Malta. The terms of the surrender were absolute: the island, its dependencies, fortifications and military supplies and ships were all turned over to British control. The capture of Malta returned control of the central Mediterranean to Britain and was an important step in the invasion and liberation of Egypt from French rule in 1801. An essential condition of the Treaty of Amiens in the same year, which brought an end to the French Revolutionary War, was that Malta be evacuated by the British. Russian Tsar Alexander I had a long standing claim to the island as titular head of the Knights of St. John, and demanded that it was turned over to Russian control before agreeing any alliance with Britain. Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger flatly refused, and the Napoleonic Wars with France began soon afterwards, in part due to the failure of Britain to comply with this tenet of the treaty. The island subsequently remained in British hands until its independence in 1964.
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https://alchetron.com/Maltese-scudo
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Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia
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2017-08-18T08:30:48+00:00
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The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tar, each of 20 grani with 6 piccioli to the grano. It is pegged to the euro (at a rate of
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/favicon.ico
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Alchetron.com
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https://alchetron.com/Maltese-scudo
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History
The scudo was first minted in Rhodes in 1318. By 1500 the coins had the distinctive characteristics of a cross and the Order's and Grandmaster's coat of arms on one side, and the head of St. John the Baptist on the other. The scudo was first minted in Malta during the reign of Piero de Ponte. The quality of the coins improved especially during the reign of António Manoel de Vilhena in the early 18th century. At some points in time, foreign coinage was allowed to circulate in Malta alongside the scudo. These included Spanish dollars, Venetian lire, Louis d'or and other currencies.
During the French occupation of Malta in 1798, the French authorities melted down some of the silver from the island's churches and struck them into 15 and 30 tari coins from the 1798 dies of Grandmaster Hompesch. After the Maltese rebellion, gold and silver ingots were stamped with a face value in grani, tari and scudi and they briefly circulated as coinage in Valletta and the surrounding area.
The scudo continued to circulate on the island of Malta, which had become a British colony, along with some other currencies until they were all replaced by the pound in 1825, at a rate of 1 pound = 12 scudi using British coinage. Despite this some scudi remained in use and the last coins were withdrawn from circulation and demonetized in November 1886. 1 scudo in 1886 had the spending power equivalent to £3.82 or €4.35 in 2011. The present-day Republic of Malta adopted the decimal Maltese lira in 1972, and the euro in 2008.
The SMOM, which is now based in Rome, has issued souvenir coins denominated in grani, tari and scudi since 1961. The 1961 issues were minted in Rome, while mints in Paris and Arezzo were used in 1962 and 1963. From 1964 onwards coins were minted in the Order's own mint. The scudo is only intended to be recognised as legal tender within the Order itself.
The scudo was also the currency used on the Order's stamps from 1961 to 2005, when the euro began to be used.
Coins
Coins were issued in denominations of 1, 2½, 5 and 10 grani, 1, 2, 4 and 6 tarì, 1, 1¼, 1⅓, 2, 2½, 5, 10 and 20 scudi. The 1, 2½, 5 and 10 grani and 1 tarì were minted in copper, with the 2½ grani denominated as 15 piccioli. The 2, 4 and 6 tarì, 1, 1¼, 1⅓, 2 and 2½ scudi were silver coins, with the 1¼, 1⅓ and 2½ scudi denominated as 15, 16 and 30 tarì. The 5, 10, 20 scudi coins were gold.
Coins minted today include bronze 10 grani, silver 9 tarì, 1 and 2 scudi and gold 5 and 10 scudi.
In 2011, a gold coin of António Manoel de Vilhena minted in 1725 sold for $340,000.
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https://www.sporcle.com/reference/clue/sovereign-military-order-of-malta
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Sovereign Military Order Of Malta Crossword Clue
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The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Sovereign Military Order Of Malta
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https://www.sporcle.com/reference/clue/sovereign-military-order-of-malta
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https://www.foreigncurrencyandcoin.com/product-category/currencies-2/maltese-lira/
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Foreign Currency
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en
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https://www.foreigncurrencyandcoin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/favicon.ico
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Foreign Currency
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https://www.foreigncurrencyandcoin.com/product-category/currencies-2/maltese-lira/
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Our goal is to provide a safe, trusted, and reliable platform for those wanting to sell their unused foreign currency.
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967990
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Maltese scudo
|
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official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta; the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798
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en
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/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967990
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official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta; the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798
Coins of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem
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http://www.m3p.com.mt/wiki/Maltese_Lira
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en
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Maltese Lira
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There are multiple entries with this name. These include:
Maltese Lira (currency) - also known as Liri Maltin or Il-Lira Maltija
Maltese Lira (instrument)
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https://dontstopliving.net/world-borders-how-to-get-from-the-republic-of-malta-to-the-sovereign-military-order-of-malta-within-fort-st-angelo/
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en
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World Borders: How to Get from the Republic of Malta to The Sovereign Military Order of Malta🪖🗝🟥⬜️⬛️ Within Fort St. Angelo
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2017-10-03T00:45:35+08:00
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In my ongoing World Borders Series, this is a peculiar and welcome addition and country 156 on my wacaday tourist journey on planet earth. I have to give the FULL NAMES of these two countries for you to understand the difference. I didn’t cross from Malta into Malta – that would be absurd. I officially
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Don't Stop Living - A Lifestyle of Travel
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https://dontstopliving.net/world-borders-how-to-get-from-the-republic-of-malta-to-the-sovereign-military-order-of-malta-within-fort-st-angelo/
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In my ongoing World Borders Series, this is a peculiar and welcome addition and country 156 on my wacaday tourist journey on planet earth. I have to give the FULL NAMES of these two countries for you to understand the difference. I didn’t cross from Malta into Malta – that would be absurd. I officially backpacked in TWO different countries whilst remaining within the same fortress! Fort St. Angelo! I crossed the border from the Republic of Malta (Malta) into the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, which is also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta!
Hold On – What is The Sovereign Military Order of Malta?
I was going backpacking through the Sovereign Military Order of Malta – an unusual country to tour – literally the ONLY United Nations recognised country in the world with no official land. It is an old order, with their own flag, coat of arms, currency, stamps, passport stamps and international recognition. They are recognised by OVER 100 United Nations members. Many have classed it as the “only official country in the world with no land”.
Are you serious? The country has NO land?
Well yes and no. The fact they have no “land” is not 100% correct as of course they have 3 knights, so those knights must live somewhere right? The country has embassies all over the world, so you can see their presence. But a visit to one of their embassies is of course not their own land. Those embassies are in countries owning that land and therefore you can visit as many of their embassies as you want but you cannot say you have backpacked the country unless you have been inside residence of one of the knights. It was research time! So it appears, there are officially two parts of LAND owned, leased or rented by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
How can you backpack the Sovereign Military Order of Malta?
I found out that one of the places where one of those knights lives is a private 99 year lease on the ancient Fort St. Angelo in the city of Vitoriosso in the Republic of Malta (which should not be confused with the Sovereign Military Order of Malta). So here in this huge fort in the Republic of Malta is a private section which is not open to the general public. It is private land, on a 99 year lease since 1998, so they have 80 years left of that lease. Although not open to the general public, a private guided tour is available on request to the information and reception area of Fort St. Angelo. When I heard about this, I asked immediately for a special private guided tour and my wish was granted. I was pretty excited ahead of my visit. The tour costs 5 Euros and you get issued with a ticket but no visa or passport is needed or issued. You must remain with your guide at all times.
The country was only given this “land” back in 1998. On 5th December 1998, a treaty was signed between Malta and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta granting the upper part of Fort St Angelo, including the Grand Master’s House and the Chapel of St Anne, to the Order with limited extraterritoriality. This treaty stated the purpose is “to give the Order the opportunity to be better enabled to carry out its humanitarian activities as Knights Hospitallers from Saint Angelo, as well as to better define the legal status of Saint Angelo subject to the sovereignty of Malta over it”.
This treaty was then updated and ratified on 1st November 2001. The agreement now has a duration of 99 years but the document allows the Maltese Government terminate it at any time after 50 years – reminding me of the previous Hong Kong and UK treaty and when Prince Charlie brought down the Union Flag in the Kong in 1997. In terms of the agreement, the flag of Malta is to be flown together with the flag of the Order in a prominent position over Saint Angelo. No asylum on the premises may be granted by the Order and generally the Maltese courts have full jurisdiction and Maltese law shall still apply. A number of immunities and privileges are mentioned in the second bilateral treaty.
Getting to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta’s Private Leased Property in Fort St. Angelo
Step 1 – Valletta to Il Birgu / Citta Vittoriosa
To get to Fort St. Angelo, you need to first get a bus from Valletta (Malta’s capital city) to the city of Birgu / Il Birgu (one of three cities – the Tri-city). Once in Birgu / Il Birgu, you will become aware that the city is also sometimes referred to as Vittoriosa or Citta Vittoriosa.
Valletta’s main bus station is located actually just outside the city walls and is organised into three main parts – A, B and C. To get to Birgu (also referred to as Citta Vittoriosa) you need to go to the A part, nearest the city entrance. Here, head to the first three bays, A1, A2 and A3 and check for buses 2, 3 or 4. From here, buses 2, 3 and 4 all head to Birgu. Just wait and get the next one. They run all day. You can pay a single fare to the driver for 2 Euros, however I recommend getting a Tallinja Card – it’s a 7 day pass for EVERY bus route on Malta and Gozo and costs 21 Euros.
Get off the bus at the top of the hill in Il Birgu. There is a sign for a museum and cafe Riche is on the corner. Ask the driver if you are not sure – tell him Fort St. Angelo (or the nearest stop to it). The number 2 bus also goes straight into the town centre of Vittoriosa, but I wanted to walk this part.
Step 2 – Walking from the bus stop in Il Birgu to the entrance to Fort St. Angelo
There is only one entrance to Fort St. Angelo. I recommend walking down the main street in Il Birgu (Vittoriosa) called Main Gate Street. You go under the entrance arch and now you are in Vittoriosa.
On your left you will see a shop called “Gemstones”, pop in here and get a FREE map of Birgu and Vittoriosa. I also spoke to the nice gentleman in here about the history of the town and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
After that, walk down the main street, Main Gate Street to the central square in Vittoriosa, known simply as Vittoriosa Square. Not only is Vittoriosa hugely historic, but the main square and buildings nearby also have some inklings of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. A flag of the country flies in the main square, next to an EU flag, a Malta flag and a Vittoriosa flag. There is a hospital nearby which was once owned and used by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. I toured these sights on route to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Step 3 – Walking From Vittoriosa Square to Fort St. Angelo
From the main square, head down to the left towards the docks and once you are at the Maritime Museum on the waterfront, go right along the bay and you will eventually arrive at the entrance to Fort St. Angelo. Head up the ramp into the fortress on route to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. You will see the two flags flying side by side at the top of the fortress – this is the private area that you aim to backpack.
Step 4 – The Border Itself Between the Republic of Malta and The Sovereign Military Order of Malta Within Fort St. Angelo
The border itself is up in the top part of the fortress. If you are a normal tourist on the normal entrance fee to the fortress, you will SEE the entrance gate to The Sovereign Military Order of Malta Within Fort St. Angelo but you will not be able to enter. So get the private tour booked in advance and you can backpack it, I explain how to book it here.
The border is the entry gate to the upper part of the fortress, listed on the guide map to Fort St. Angelo as number 6 (the Upper, Private part). There is strictly no access for normal tourists without a guide. But as I mentioned, it’s easy to book and arrange providing you do your research in advance. The border crossing is this simple – you walk to the entrance. Your guide opens the black gates with a key and you walk in. There is no check. There is a sign that proves this is the actual border, it says: Sovereign Military Order of Malta – Fort St. Angelo Top Section.
There is also a sign on the left (in English – despite the main languages being Maltese, Latin and Italian) that says “PRIVATE: Authorised Entry Only”.
Visas and Passport Stamps for The Sovereign Military Order of Malta Within Fort St. Angelo
There is no visa required, you just need to have paid your 5 Euros ticket price for the guided tour. This acts as your entry confirmation. You will be with a guide. You do not therefore need a visa, or even a passport. On entering the black gate into The Sovereign Military Order of Malta there is no border guard and no passport check or passport stamp. Your guide will have a key to the gate and they open it and you follow them in. It is that simple. I asked on the day if I could get a passport stamp or buy any coins, notes or stamps and the answer was no. However, contacting the country through their official website and you can do it.
Souvenirs from The Sovereign Military Order of Malta Within Fort St. Angelo
I love to collect souvenirs however, so I made sure I had postcards, a keyring, fridge magnet all with the country’s flag on it, as well as my maps, ticket and guides. There is no shop inside the Sovereign Military Order of Malta Within Fort St. Angelo but there is a shop in St. Angelo Fortress and some good souvenirs shops in Vittoriosa and Valletta which sell merchandise related to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta Within Fort St. Angelo.
On the Rip!: Nearest Bar to the The Sovereign Military Order of Malta Within Fort St. Angelo
As a keen “beer backpacker” I was going to have a beer just outside the fortress in the nearest bar I could find in the country, then I realised there is a bar within the fortress with local Maltese beer, Cisk so I had one. It is one of the few countries where I won’t be able to do a “night on the rip” or “top 8.3 bars in the capital” in but I also like a celebratory beer when I backpack a new country, this was country 156 out of the golden list of 626 countries so I enjoyed the beer. I bought it and drank it in the museum shop inside Fort St. Angelo, some 50 metres from the entrance to the unusual country The Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Backpacking in The Sovereign Military Order of Malta Within Fort St. Angelo
I have written a guide to my personal Top 22 sights in the Upper Section of Fort St. Angelo in the country. There are other places in the Republic of Malta where I backpacked through with some relevance to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. It is a country with a fascinating and long history.
Here are some videos from my epic tour backpacking in The Sovereign Military Order of Malta:
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Malta, Order Of Scudo KM 286 Prices & Values
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Explore Malta, Order Of Scudo prices in the World Coin Price Guide, powered by Numismaster. It's available for free at NGCcoin.com.
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Price Guide
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Year/Mint
Denom Mintage $ 1773
Scudo$ 1774
Scudo$
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PrAgGVGFVFXF505355586061626364656667686970 --100.00-200.00250.00--------------- --100.00-200.00250.00---------------
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Melt Value = "¤"
The World Coin Price Guide was independently compiled by Active Interest Media’s NumisMaster. In some cases, NGC has made adjustments or edits to the prices, descriptions and specifications. NGC makes the World Coin Price Guide available to its website visitors as a free service, but in no way does the information provided represent NGC’s official opinion or policy. For example, varieties listed in the World Coin Price Guide may not necessarily be recognized by NGC. Please contact NGC Customer Service with any questions.
NGC Price and Value Guides Disclaimer
Disclaimer: The prices listed in the various NGC Price and Value Guides are compiled from a number of independent, third party sources in the numismatic community which NGC believes to be reliable. Prices provided are averages, not specific prices for individual coins. Further, because these prices are only updated from time to time, they do not reflect short term pricing trends, which are quite common and are often quite dramatic, given the volatile nature of the collectible coin marketplace. This is especially true for rare coins, where there are fewer sales and greater variations in sale prices. For all of these reasons, the prices in these guides are designed to serve merely as one of many measures and factors that coin buyers and sellers can use in determining coin values. These prices are not intended, and should not be relied upon, to replace the due diligence and — when appropriate — expert consultation that coin buyers and sellers should undertake when entering into a coin transaction. As such, NGC disclaims all warranties, express or implied, with respect to the information contained in the NGC Guides. By using the NGC Guides, the user agrees that neither NGC nor any of its affiliates, shareholders, officers, employees or agents shall have any liability for any loss or damage of any kind, including without limitation any loss arising from reliance on the information contained in the Guides.
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https://orderofmalta.mt/history/960-years-of-history/
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Sovereign Order of Malta
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https://orderofmalta.mt/history/960-years-of-history/
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1048 Jerusalem
The founding of the religious community of the Hospitallers of St. John in the Holy Land dates back to 1048. Some merchants from the maritime republic of Amalfi obtained an authorization from the Caliph of Egypt to build in Jerusalem a church, convent and hospital named after St. John Baptist to assist pilgrims.
It was under the leadership of Blessed Fra’ Gerard, founder and first Master, that the religious community became a lay religious order. Thanks to the bull of 15 February 1113, Pope Paschal II recognised the Order of St. John, placing it under the protection of the Church and granting it the right to freely elect its superiors, without interference from other lay or religious authorities.
Blessed Fra’ Gerard’s successor as Master was Blessed Fra’ Raymond du Puy who between 1145 and 1153 wrote the first rule for the Order’s members. All the confreres were religious, bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience, and dedicated to assisting the poor and the sick.
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Jerusalem obliged the Order to assume the military defence of the sick and pilgrims and to protect its medical centres and main roads. Defence of the faith was then added to the hospitaller mission and the Order adopted the eight-pointed cross, still today its symbol.
1291 Cyprus
After the fall of St. John of Acre and the loss of the Holy Land in 1291, the Order of St. John moved its seat and hospital to Limassol on the island of Cyprus, where it had already been present since 1210 thanks to the concession of important properties, privileges and trading rights. Here, faithful to its mission, it continued to build new hospitals and the strategic position of the island encouraged it to create a naval fleet to protect pilgrims en route to the Holy Land.
Members continued to arrive from all over Europe and the Order acquired more possessions on the shores of the Mediterranean, including the important port of Famagusta, the city of Nicosia and numerous Commanderies.
The growing instability of Cyprus restricted the Hospitallers’ expansion, and they looked towards the island of Rhodes as more suitable for the Order of St. John to settle.
1310 Rhodes
Under the leadership of Grand Master Fra’ Foulques de Villaret, in 1307 the knights of the Order of St. John landed on Rhodes. After completing the acquisition of the island in 1310 they transferred their seat there. At that time the defence of Christendom required a naval force and the Order navigated the eastern Mediterranean with its powerful fleet, fighting many famous battles.
The Order’s independence from other nations thanks to papal deeds, with the universally recognized right to maintain and deploy armed forces and to appoint ambassadors, constituted the grounds for its international sovereignty.
Since the beginning of the 14th century, the knights belonging to the European nobility who arrived in Rhodes were grouped according to their language. Initially there were seven Langues (Tongues): Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon (Navarra), England (with Scotland and Ireland) and Germany, with the addition in 1462 of the eighth Langue of Castille and Portugal. Each Langue had its own Priory or Grand Priory, Bailiwick and Commandery.
The Order was governed by the Grand Master (Prince of Rhodes) and by the Council, it minted its own money and maintained diplomatic relations with other nations. The Order’s great offices were given to representatives of the various Langues. Religious members of various nationalities occupied the Order’s seat, the Convent.
In 1523, after six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Soliman the Magnificent, the knights were forced to surrender and left Rhodes with military honours.
1530 Malta
For some years the Order remained without a territory, until in 1530 Grand Master Fra’ Philippe de Villiers de l’Isle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the Order by Emperor Charles V with the approval of Pope Clement VII. It was established that the Order would remain neutral in any war between Christian nations.
In 1565, the knights led by Grand Master Fra’ Jean de la Vallette heroically defended the island from the Ottomans during the Great Siege of Malta. The victory curbed the expansionist aims of the Ottomans on the continent and was celebrated throughout Europe.
The following year the fortified city and port of Valletta was built, named after its founder the Grand Master. The knights transformed Malta with major urban construction projects, building palaces and churches, as well as formidable defence bastions and gardens. Architecture and artistic patronage flourished. A large new hospital was built on the island, considered one of the most organized in the world, and a school of anatomy was created, followed by a faculty of medicine. The Order also played an important role in the development of ophthalmology and pharmacology.
Besides these activities, for centuries the Order of Malta’s fleet was deployed in the most important manoeuvres in the Mediterranean Sea against the Ottoman fleet and the North African pirates.
1799 St. Petersburg
It was Russia that came to rescue of the Order of St. John during one of its most difficult times. Albeit not a Catholic and without the legal requisites to take office, Czar Paul I became Grand Master, protecting the Order’s continuity in one of the most dramatic historic and political moments of its long existence.
When Paul I died in1801, his son Alexander did not claim for himself the office of Grand Master which was taken by the Italian Giovanni Battista Tommasi in 1803.
1834 Rome
After establishing its seat first in Messina, then in Catania and Ferrara, in 1834 the Order finally settled in Rome in the then Pontifical State. Now relieved of the strain of temporal government and all military commitments, the successive Grand Masters were able to focus on the Order’s original charismata of assistance to the poor and the sick.
During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Order thoroughly updated its statutes, Constitutional Charter and Code. The loss of the island of Malta also meant the end of the ancient internal subdivision into Langues. The consequent reorganization of the Order coincided with the creation of the National Associations. The first to be founded was the German Association in 1859, followed in 1875 by the British one and in 1877 by the Italian one.
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Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta
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Catholic lay religious order
This article is about the modern Catholic military order. For its medieval predecessor, see Knights Hospitaller. For the period of Malta under its rule, see Hospitaller Malta. For the unrelated Republic of Malta, see Malta. "Knight of Malta" redirects here. For other uses, see Knight of Malta (disambiguation).
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), officially the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta,[a] and commonly known as the Order of Malta or the Knights of Malta, is a Catholic lay religious order, traditionally of a military, chivalric, and noble nature.[4] Though it possesses no territory, the order is often considered a sovereign entity under international law.
The order claims continuity with the Knights Hospitaller, a chivalric order that was founded about 1099 by the Blessed Gerard in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[5] The order is led by an elected prince and grand master.[6] Its motto is Tuitio fidei et obsequium pauperum ("Defence of the faith and assistance to the poor"). The order venerates the Virgin Mary as its patroness, under the title of Our Lady of Philermos.
The Order's membership includes about 13,500 Knights, Dames and Chaplains.[7] Thirty-three of these are professed religious Knights of Justice.[2] Until the 1990s, the highest classes of membership, including officers, required proof of noble lineage. More recently, a path was created for Knights and Dames of the lowest class (of whom proof of aristocratic lineage is not required) to be specially elevated to the highest class, making them eligible for office in the order.
The Order's modern-day role is largely focused on providing humanitarian assistance and assisting with international humanitarian relations, for which purpose it has had permanent observer status at the United Nations General Assembly since 1994.[8] The Order employs about 52,000 doctors, nurses, auxiliaries and paramedics assisted by 95,000 volunteers in more than 120 countries, assisting children, homeless, disabled, elderly, and terminally ill people, refugees, and lepers around the world without distinction of ethnicity or religion.[b] Through its worldwide relief corps, Malteser International, the order aids victims of natural disasters, epidemics and war.[9]
The Order maintains diplomatic relations with 113 states,[10] enters into treaties, and issues its own passports, coins and postage stamps. Its two headquarters buildings in Rome enjoy extraterritoriality,[11] and it maintains embassies in other countries. The Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata news agency has called it "the smallest sovereign state in the world".[12] The three principal officers are counted as citizens.[3] Although the Order has been a United Nations General Assembly observer since 1994,[10][13] this was granted in view of its "long-standing dedication [...] in providing humanitarian assistance and its special role in international humanitarian relations";[8] the same category is held by other non-state entities such as the International Olympic Committee and International Committee of the Red Cross.[14]
Name and insignia
[edit]
The Order of Malta comprises a large number of Priories, Sub-priories, and National Associations around the world, but there also exist various organizations with similar-sounding names that are unrelated to the Order. These include a number of mimic orders,[15] such as masonic and non-Catholic organizations.[16]
The Order has two flags:[1]: Constitution Article 8 the State Flag is rectangular with a red background upon which there is a white Latin cross.[17] The Flag of the Order's works is rectangular with a red background upon which there is a white eight-pointed Maltese cross.[17]
The Grand Master displays a rectangular flag with a red background upon which there is a white eight-pointed Maltese cross, encircled by the Collar of the Order and surmounted by a crown.[17]
The coat of arms of the Order, gules a cross argent (a white/silver cross on a red field), is most often depicted on an oval shield surrounded by a rosary, all superimposed on a white eight-pointed cross over a princely mantle surmounted by a crown.[1]: Constitution Article 8 § 2
In ecclesiastical heraldry of the Catholic Church, the Order of Malta is one of only two orders (along with the Order of the Holy Sepulchre) whose insignia may be displayed in a clerical coat of arms (laypersons having no such restriction). The shield is surrounded with a silver rosary for Professed Knights, or for others the ribbon of their rank. Some members may also display the Maltese cross behind their shield instead of the ribbon.[18]
To protect its heritage against fraud, the Order has legally registered sixteen versions of its names and emblems in some one hundred countries.[19]
History of the Order of Saint John
[edit]
Main article: Knights Hospitaller
Founding
[edit]
The birth of the Knights Hospitaller dates back to around 1048. Merchants from the ancient Marine Republic of Amalfi obtained from the Caliph of Egypt the authorisation to build a church, convent, and hospital in Jerusalem, to care for pilgrims of any religious faith or race. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem – the monastic community that ran the hospital for the pilgrims in the Holy Land – became independent under the guidance of its founder, the religious brother Gerard.
With the Papal bull Pie postulatio voluntatis dated 15 February 1113, Pope Paschal II approved the foundation of the Hospital and placed it under the aegis of the Holy See, granting it the right to freely elect its superiors without interference from other secular or religious authorities. By virtue of the Papal Bull, the hospital became an order exempt from the control of the local church. All the Knights were religious, bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.
The constitution of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem during the Crusades obliged the order to take on the military defence of the sick, the pilgrims, and the captured territories. The order thus added the task of defending the faith to that of its hospitaller mission.
As time went on, the order adopted the white, eight-pointed Cross that is still its symbol today. The eight points represent the eight beatitudes that Jesus pronounced in his Sermon on the Mount.
Cyprus
[edit]
When the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell after the Siege of Acre in 1291, the order settled first in Cyprus.
Rhodes
[edit]
In 1310, led by Grand Master Fra' Foulques de Villaret, the knights regrouped on the island of Rhodes. From there, the defense of the Christian world required the organization of a naval force, so the Order built a powerful fleet and sailed the eastern Mediterranean, fighting battles for the sake of Christendom, including Crusades in Syria and Egypt.
In the early 14th century, the institutions of the Order and the knights who came to Rhodes from every corner of Europe were grouped according to the languages they spoke. The first seven such groups, or Langues (Tongues) – from Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon (Navarre), England (with Scotland and Ireland), and Germany – became eight in 1492, when Castile and Portugal were separated from the Langue of Aragon. Each Langue included Priories or Grand Priories, Bailiwicks, and Commanderies.
The Order was governed by its Grand Master, the Prince of Rhodes, and its Council. From its beginning, independence from other nations granted by pontifical charter and the universally recognised right to maintain and deploy armed forces constituted grounds for the international sovereignty of the Order, which minted its own coins and maintained diplomatic relations with other states. The senior positions of the Order were given to representatives of different Langues.
In 1523, after six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the walls collapsed from undermining explosives, and by a negotiated surrender the Knights left Rhodes carrying their arms.
Malta
[edit]
The Order remained without a territory of its own until 1530, when Grand Master Fra' Philippe de Villiers de l'Isle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the order by Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his mother Queen Joanna of Castile as monarchs of Sicily, with the approval of Pope Clement VII, for which the order had to honour the conditions of the Tribute of the Maltese Falcon.[20]
In 1565, the Knights, led by Grand Master Fra' Jean de Valette (after whom the capital of Malta, Valletta, was named), defended the island for more than three months during the Great Siege by the Ottomans.
The fleet of the Order contributed to the ultimate destruction of the Ottoman naval power in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, led by John of Austria, half brother of King Philip II of Spain.
The Reformation, which split Western Europe into Protestant and Catholic states, affected the knights as well. In several countries, including England, Scotland, and Sweden, the order dissolved. In others, including the Netherlands and Germany, entire bailiwicks or commanderies (administrative divisions of the order) experienced Protestant conversions; these "Johanniter orders" survive in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden and many other countries, including the United States and South Africa. It was established that the order should remain neutral in any war between Christian nations.[citation needed]
From 1651 to 1665, the Order ruled four islands in the Caribbean. On 21 May 1651 it acquired the islands of Saint Barthélemy, Saint Christopher, Saint Croix and Saint Martin. These were purchased from the French Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique which had just been dissolved. In 1665, the four islands were sold to the French West India Company.
In 1798, Napoleon led the French occupation of Malta. Napoleon demanded from Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim that his ships be allowed to enter the port and to take on water and supplies. The Grand Master replied that only two foreign ships could be allowed to enter the port at a time. Bonaparte, aware that such a procedure would take a long time and leave his forces vulnerable to British Admiral Horatio Nelson, immediately ordered a cannon fusillade against Malta.[21] The French soldiers disembarked in Malta at seven points on the morning of 11 June and attacked. After several hours of fierce fighting, the Maltese in the west were forced to surrender.[22]
Napoleon opened negotiations with the fortress capital of Valletta. Faced with vastly superior French forces and the loss of western Malta, the Grand Master negotiated a surrender to the invasion.[23] Hompesch left Malta for Trieste on 18 June.[24] He resigned as Grand Master on 6 July 1799.
The knights were dispersed, though the Order continued to exist in a diminished form and negotiated with European governments for a return to power as part of the agreement between France and Holy Roman Empire during the German mediatisation. The Russian Emperor, Paul I, gave the largest number of knights shelter in Saint Petersburg, an action that gave rise to the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller and the Order's recognition among the Russian Imperial Orders.[25] The refugee knights in Saint Petersburg proceeded to elect Tsar Paul as their Grand Master – a rival to Grand Master von Hompesch until the latter's abdication left Paul as the sole Grand Master. Grand Master Paul I created, in addition to the Catholic Grand Priory, a "Russian Grand Priory" of no fewer than 118 Commanderies, dwarfing the rest of the Order and open to all Christians. Paul's election as Grand Master was, however, never ratified under Catholic canon law, and he was the de facto rather than de jure Grand Master of the Order.
By the early 19th century, the Order was severely weakened by the loss of its priories throughout Europe. Only 10% of the order's income came from traditional sources in Europe, with the remaining 90% being generated by the Russian Grand Priory until 1810. This was partly reflected in the government of the Order being under Lieutenants, rather than Grand Masters, in the period 1805 to 1879, when Pope Leo XIII restored a Grand Master to the order. This signaled the renewal of the Order's fortunes as a humanitarian and religious organization.
On 19 September 1806, the Swedish government offered the sovereignty of the island of Gotland to the Order. The offer was rejected since it would have meant the Order renouncing their claim to Malta.[26]
Exile
[edit]
The French forces occupying Malta expelled the Knights Hospitaller from the country.[27]
During the seventeen years that separated the seizure of Malta and the General Peace, "the formality of electing a brother Chief to discharge the office of Grand Master, and thus to preserve the vitality of the Sovereign Institute, was duty attended to".[28][29] The office of Lieutenant of the Magistery and ad interim of Grand Master was held by the Grand Baillies Field Marshal Counto Soltikoff, Giovanni Tommasi, De Gaevera, Giovanni y Centelles, De Candida and the Count Colloredo.[29] Their mandates complexively covered the period until the death of the Emperor Paul in 1801.[29]
The Treaty of Amiens (1802) obliged the United Kingdom to evacuate Malta, which was to be restored to a recreated Order of St. John, whose sovereignty was to be guaranteed by all of the major European powers, to be determined at the final peace. However, this did not happen because of objections to the treaty that quickly grew in the United Kingdom.
Bonaparte's rejection of a British offer involving a ten-year lease of Malta prompted the reactivation of the British blockade of the French coast; Britain declared war on France on 18 May.[30]
The 1802 treaty was never implemented. The United Kingdom resumed hostilities citing France's imperialist policies in the West Indies, Italy, and Switzerland.[31]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
[edit]
The Congress of Vienna of 1815 confirmed the loss of Malta. After having temporarily resided in Messina, Catania and Ferrara, the seat of the order was moved to Ferrara in 1826 and to Rome in 1834. The Magistral Palace in Via Condotti 68 and the Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill enjoy extraterritorial status. The grand priories of Lombardy-Venetia and of Sicily were restored from 1839 to 1841. The office of Grand Master was restored by Pope Leo XIII in 1879, after a vacancy of 75 years, confirming Giovanni Battista Ceschi a Santa Croce as the first Grand Master of the restored Order of Malta. However, the loss of possession of Malta during this period did not affect the right of active and passive legation for the Order, which is legally important for the absolute continuity of international status, regardless of the former territorial possession.[32]
The original hospitaller mission became the main activity of the order, growing ever stronger during the 20th century, most especially because of the contribution of the activities carried out by the Grand Priories and National Associations in many countries around the world. Large-scale hospitaller and charitable activities were carried out during World Wars I and II under Grand Master Fra' Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere (1931–1951). Under the Grand Masters Fra' Angelo de Mojana di Cologna (1962–88) and Fra' Andrew Bertie (1988–2008), the projects expanded.
In February 2013, the Order celebrated the 900th anniversary of its papal recognition with a general audience with Pope Benedict XVI and a Mass celebrated by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone in Saint Peter's Basilica.[33]
Constitutional reform
[edit]
The Order experienced a leadership crisis beginning in December 2016, when Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager protested his removal as Grand Chancellor by Grand Master Fra' Matthew Festing. In January 2017 Pope Francis ordered von Boeselager reinstated and required Festing's resignation.[34][35][36][37][38] Francis also named Archbishop (later Cardinal) Giovanni Becciu[39] as his personal representative to the Order – sidelining the Order's Cardinal Patron Raymond Burke – until the election of a new Grand Master.[40][41][42] The pope effectively taking control over the Order was seen by some as a break with tradition and the Order's independence.[43]
In May 2017, the Order named Mauro Bertero Gutiérrez, a Bolivian member of the Government Council, to lead its constitutional reform process.[44][45][46] In June 2017, in a departure from tradition, the leadership of the Order wore informal attire rather than formal wear full dress uniforms to their annual papal audience.[47] In May 2018 when a new Grand Master was elected, Francis extended Becciu's mandate indefinitely.[48][49] When the Order's Chapter General met in May 2019 three of the 62 participants were women for the first time.[50]
On 1 November 2020, Pope Francis named Archbishop (later Cardinal) Silvano Tomasi to replace Becciu as his Special Delegate to the Order, reiterating the responsibilities of that office as his sole representative.[51]
On 3 September 2022, Pope Francis promulgated the new constitution of the Order and made provisional appointments to the Sovereign Council; he scheduled a convocation of the Extraordinary General Chapter for 25 January 2023, when regular appointments can be made in place of his provisional ones.[52][53] On 26 January, the General Chapter elected to six-year terms on the Sovereign Council the same four members Francis had appointed the previous September[54] and six of the nine Councillors he had named.[55]
On 19 June 2023, Pope Francis named Cardinal Gianfranco Ghirlanda to succeed Burke as patron.[56]
Organisation
[edit]
Governance
[edit]
The proceedings of the Order are governed by its Constitutional Charter and Code.[1]
The Prince and Grand Master is the head of the order and governs both as sovereign and as religious superior. He is "entitled to sovereign prerogatives and honors as well as the title of "Most Eminent Highness".[1]: Constitution Article 12 He is elected to a term of ten years and may be elected to a second term, but may not serve beyond the completion of his 85th year.[1]: Constitution Article 13, §2 The Prince and Grand Master is Fra' John T. Dunlap who was elected on 3 May 2023.[57] "In the event of permanent impediment, resignation or death of the Grand Master, the Order is governed by a Lieutenant ad interim in the person of the Grand Commander, who can only perform acts of ordinary administration without making any innovations."[1]: Constitution Article 18 If it is not possible to elect a Grand Master, a Lieutenant of the Grand Master is elected, who has the same powers as the Grand Master with the exception of the prerogatives of honour pertaining to a sovereign. Both the Lieutenant ad interim and the Lieutenant of the Grand Master are styled Eccellenza (Excellency).
The Sovereign Council is the primary governing body of the Order that handles regular business. The members are the Grand Master (or Lieutenant), the holders of the four High Officers (the Grand Commander,[58] the Grand Chancellor,[59] the Grand Hospitaller[60] and the Receiver of the Common Treasure),[61] the five Councilors of the Council of the Professed Knights, and four Councilors.[1]: Constitution Article 25
The Council of the Professed Knights "assists the Grand Master in the spiritual care of the Order and in the governance of the First and Second Class".[1]: Constitution Article 26 It includes the Grand Master (or Lieutenant), the Grand Commander, and five Councilors elected by the Chapter of the Professed.
The Chapter General is the legislative body of the Order, which meets every six years. It elects the members of the Sovereign Council.
The Council Complete of State elects the Grand Master or the Lieutenant of the Grand Master.
The Board of Auditors audits the Order's finances. It includes a President elected among the seven Councillors, all elected by the Chapter General.
The Government Council is the advisory board to the Sovereign Council in charge of studying political, religious, humanitarian assistance and international issues.
The Order's judicial powers are exercised by a group of Magistral Courts, whose judges are appointed by the Grand Master and the Sovereign Council.
Regional divisions
[edit]
The order is divided regionally into six Grand Priories, six Sub-Priories and 48 associations.[62]
The six Grand Priories are:
Grand Priory of Rome (founded 1214; expropriated 1808; restored 1816)[63]
Grand Priory of Lombardy and Venice (founded as two priories about 1180; expropriated 1796–1806; restored as a single priory 1839)[63]
Grand Priory of Naples and Sicily (founded as the Priory of Messina, the Priory of Barletta, and the Priory of Capua in the 12th and 13th centuries; suppressed 1806–1826; restored as a single priory 1839)[63]
Grand Priory of Bohemia (founded 1182)[63]
Grand Priory of Austria (separated from the Grand Priory of Bohemia 1938)[63]
Grand Priory of England (re-established 1993)[63]
The six Sub-Priories are:
Sub-Priory of St. Michael (Cologne, Germany)
Sub-Priory of St. George and St. James (Madrid, Spain)
Sub-Priory of Our Lady of Philermo (San Francisco, United States)
Sub-Priory of Our Lady of Lourdes (New York, United States)
Sub-Priory of The Immaculate Conception (Melbourne, Australia)
Sub-Priory of St. Oliver Plunkett (Ireland)
Most of the 48 associations are national, but several countries (Brazil, Germany, the United States) have more than one association.
Until the beginning of the nineteenth century the Order was divided regionally into Langues.
Membership
[edit]
Membership in the Order is divided into three classes each of which is subdivided into several categories:[64]
First Class, who make religious vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience:
Knights of Justice or Professed Knights
Professed Conventual Chaplains
There are currently (2023) 33 Knights of Justice and six Professed Conventual Chaplains.[2]: p. 18
Second Class: Knights and Dames in Obedience make a Promise of Obedience:
Knights and Dames of Honour and Devotion in Obedience
Knights and Dames of Grace and Devotion in Obedience
Knights and Dames of Magistral Grace in Obedience
There are currently (2023) 541 Knights in Obedience and 137 Dames in Obedience.[2]: p. 18
Third Class, who make no vows or promises, but live according to the principles of the Church and the Order:
Knights and Dames of Honour and Devotion
Conventual Chaplains ad honorem
Knights and Dames of Grace and Devotion
Magistral Chaplains
Knights and Dames of Magistral Grace
Donats (male and female) of Devotion[65]
There are currently (2023) 12,395 members of the Third Class.[2]: p. 38
Within each class and category of knights there are ranks of Knight, Knight Grand Cross, and Bailiff Knight Grand Cross.
Bishops and priests are generally admitted as chaplains of the Order of Malta. There are some priests who are knights of the order, usually because they were admitted to the order prior to ordination. The priests of the Order of Malta are ranked as Honorary Canons, as in the Order of the Holy Sepulchre; and they are entitled to wear the black mozetta with purple piping and purple fascia.[citation needed]
Prior to the 1990s, all officers of the order had to be of noble birth (defined differently in different countries), as they were all Knights of Justice or Knights in Obedience. However, Knights of Magistral Grace (i.e. those who do not have proof of noble birth) now may make the Promise of Obedience and, at the discretion of the Grand Master and Sovereign Council, may enter the novitiate to become professed Knights of Justice.[citation needed]
Religious officers
[edit]
Cardinal Patron
[edit]
The Cardinalis Patronus (Cardinal Patron), who is either a cardinal when appointed by the pope or soon raised to that rank,[66] promotes the spiritual interests of the order and its members, and its relations with the Holy See.[1]: Constitution Article 5 § 5
Paolo Giobbe (8 August 1961 – 3 July 1969)
Giacomo Violardo (3 July 1969 – 17 March 1978)
Paul-Pierre Philippe, O.P. (10 November 1978 – 9 April 1984)
Sebastiano Baggio (26 May 1984 – 21 March 1993)
Pio Laghi (8 May 1993 – 11 January 2009)
Paolo Sardi (6 June 2009 – 8 November 2014)[72]
Raymond Burke (8 November 2014–19 June 2023)[73]
Gianfranco Ghirlanda (19 June 2023-present)[74]
Special delegate
[edit]
Since 2017, Pope Francis has appointed special delegates to fulfill the role that was previously assigned to the patron.
On 2 February 2017 Pope Francis appointed Archbishop Giovanni Angelo Becciu as his special delegate to the order.[75][76]
After Becciu resigned from the rights and privileges of a cardinal after being implicated in a financial corruption scandal, in October 2020,[77] Pope Francis appointed Archbishop Silvano Tomasi as his special delegate to the order on 1 November 2020.[78][79]
Prelate
[edit]
The Prelate of the order is responsible for the clergy of the order and assists the Grand Master, the Grand Commander and the Coordinator of the Second Class in the care of the spiritual life and in the religious observance of all members of the order.[1]: Constitution Articolo 22 [80] He is appointed by the Pope on the advice of the Cardinal Patron.
On 4 July 2015 Pope Francis named as Prelate Bishop Jean Laffitte.[81] Laffitte succeeded Archbishop Angelo Acerbi, who had held the office since 2001.
Relationship with other mutually-recognised Orders of Saint John
[edit]
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has collaborated with other mutually-recognized Orders of Saint John; for example, the SMOM is a major donor of the St John Eye Hospital in Jerusalem, which is primarily operated by the Most Venerable Order of Saint John.[82]
Nuns of the Order
[edit]
There are three enclosed monasteries of nuns of the Order, two in Spain that date from the 11/12th centuries and one in Malta.[83] The existence of the nuns is not mentioned in the Constitutional Charter or the Code of the Order.
International status
[edit]
The Order "as a subject of international law, exercises sovereign functions with regard to [its] purposes",[84] namely "promoting the glory of God and the sanctification of its members" and performing works of mercy "towards the sick, the needy, and people without a country without distinction of religion, race, sex, origin and age".[85]
The Order has formal diplomatic relations with 113 states (including the Holy See) and has official relations with another five states and with the European Union.[10] The Order maintains diplomatic missions around the world and many of the states reciprocate by accrediting ambassadors to the Order (usually their ambassador to the Holy See). During the reign of Fra' Andrew Bertie as Prince and Grand Master (1988–2008), the number of nations extending diplomatic relations to the Order more than doubled from 49 to 100.[86]
The Order has observer status at the General Assembly of the United Nations and some of the specialized agencies of the United Nations.[87] One such example is the UN Central Emergency Response Fund, to which it contributed USD $36,000 from 2006–2022.[88] The Order is not classified as a "non-member state" nor as an "intergovernmental organization", but rather as one of the "other entities having received a standing invitation to participate as observers."[89]
The Order has relations with the International Committee of the Red Cross and a number of international organizations. While the International Telecommunication Union has granted radio identification prefixes to the United Nations and the Palestinian Authority, the Order has never received one. For awards purposes, amateur radio operators consider the Order a separate "entity"—but stations transmitting from there use an unofficial callsign, starting with the prefix "1A".[90] The Order has neither sought nor been granted a top-level domain for the Internet or an international dialing code for telephone purposes.
The Order's international nature is useful in enabling it to pursue its humanitarian activities without being seen as an operative of any particular nation. Its sovereignty is also expressed in the issuance of passports, licence plates,[91] stamps,[92] and coins.[93]
Scholarly debate
[edit]
With its unique history and unusual present circumstances, the exact status of the Order in international law has been the subject of debate. Some scholars have questioned the Order's sovereignty based on the fact that the Order has very limited geographical territories and on account of the Order's relationship with the Holy See. The connection between the Holy See and the Order of Malta was seen as so close as to call into question the actual sovereignty of the order as a separate entity. This has prompted constitutional changes on the part of the Order, which were implemented in 1997. Since then, the Order has been widely recognized as a sovereign subject of international law in its own right.[94]
Some legal experts claim that the Order's claim to sovereignty cannot be maintained. Even taking into account the Order's ambassadorial diplomatic status among many nations, some scholars reject the country's sovereign status.[95] Wilhelm Wengler rejects the notion that recognition of the Order by some states (for example, the Republic of San Marino in 1935 recognized SMOM as a sovereign state in its own right.[96][97][98]) makes it a subject of international law.[99] Ian Brownlie writes that, "Even in the sphere of recognition and bilateral relations, the legal capacities of institutions like the Sovereign Order of Jerusalem and Malta must be limited simply because they lack the territorial and demographic characteristics of states."[100] Helmut Steinberger states that, "With the historical exception of the Holy See, which maintains diplomatic relations with more than 100 States, in contemporary international law only States as distinguished from international organizations or other subjects of international law are accorded sovereignty."[101]
Other legal experts argue in favour of the Order's claim to sovereignty. Georg Dahm affirms that the Order is a "subject of international law without territory".[102] Berthold Waldstein-Wartenberg writes that the sovereignty of the Order and its personality in international law is "generally recognized by international law doctrine".[103] Gerhard von Glahn affirms that "the Order can be classified as a nonstate subject of international law, although of a somewhat peculiar nature."[104] Rebecca Wallace explains that a sovereign entity does not have to be a country, and that the Order is an example of this.[105]
Relations with the Holy See
[edit]
On 24 January 1953, the Tribunal of Cardinals appointed by Pope Pius XII stated that, "The quality of the sovereign Order of the institution is functional, that is, aimed at ensuring the achievement of the purposes of the Order itself and its development in the world." The Tribunal of Cardinals further stated that, "The status of sovereign Order...consists in the enjoyment of certain prerogatives inherent to the Order itself as a Subject of international law. These prerogatives, which are proper to sovereignty—in accordance with the principles of international law—and which, following the example of the Holy See, have also been recognized by some States, do not however constitute in the Order that complex of powers and prerogatives, which it belongs to sovereign bodies in the full sense of the word."[106]
On 24 June 1961, Pope John XXIII approved the Constitutional Charter of the Order, which stated that "the Order is a legal entity formally approved by the Holy See. It has the quality of a subject of international law" (Article 1) and that "the intimate connection existing between the two qualities of a religious order and a sovereign order do not oppose the autonomy of the order in the exercise of its sovereignty and prerogatives inherent to it as a subject of international law in relation to States." (Article 3)[32]
Relations with Italy
[edit]
The Order has signed treaties with Italy dated 20 February 1884, 23 December 1915, 4 January 1938, and 1956.[107]
The Supreme Court of Cassation decreed on 6 June 1974 that, "the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Malta constitutes a sovereign international subject, in all terms equal, even if without territory, to a foreign state with which Italy has normal diplomatic relations, so there is no doubt, as already this Supreme Court has warned, that it has the legal treatment of foreign states".[108]
The two most important properties of the Order in Rome – the Palazzo Malta in Via dei Condotti 68, where the Grand Master resides and Government Bodies meet, and the Villa del Priorato di Malta on the Aventine Hill, which hosts the Grand Priory of Rome – as well as the Embassy of the Order to Holy See and the Embassy of the Order to Italy are all recognised as extraterritorial by Italy.[109] As Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.[32]
By a decree of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy of 28 November 1929, "The Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta enjoys in Italy the honors due to the Cardinals, and takes place after them." Further, "The representation of the Grand Magistry of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta . . . immediately follows the representations of the Foreign Diplomatic Corps." Finally, the decree affirms that the Bailiffs Knights Grand Cross of Justice in Italy shall be styled "Excellency" (Italian: Eccellenza).[110]
The Order is one of the largest landowners in Italy; its properties are exempted from certain Italian fiscal jurisdiction.[107]
Diplomatic vehicles of the Order in Italy receive diplomatic license plates with the code "XA". Other vehicles of the Order receive Italian license plates with the prefix SMOM.
Relations with the Republic of Malta
[edit]
Two bilateral treaties have been concluded between the Order and the Republic of Malta. The first treaty, dated 21 June 1991, is now no longer in force.[111] The second treaty was signed on 5 December 1998 and ratified on 1 November 2001.[112]
This agreement grants the Order the use with limited extraterritoriality of the upper portion of Fort St. Angelo in the city of Birgu. Its stated purpose is "to give the Order the opportunity to be better enabled to carry out its humanitarian activities as Knights Hospitallers from Saint Angelo, as well as to better define the legal status of Saint Angelo subject to the sovereignty of Malta over it".[113]
The agreement has a duration of 99 years, but the document allows the Government of Malta to terminate it at any time after 50 years.[114] Under the terms of the agreement, the flag of Malta is to be flown together with the flag of the Order in a prominent position over Fort St. Angelo. No asylum may be granted by the Order and generally the Maltese courts have full jurisdiction and Maltese law shall apply. The second bilateral treaty mentions a number of immunities and privileges, none of which appeared in the earlier treaty.[111][112]
Currency and postage stamps
[edit]
The Order's coins are appreciated more as collector's items than for use as currency.
Some 58 countries recognize the Order's postage stamps for franking purposes, including several such as Canada and Mongolia that lack full diplomatic relations with the Order.[115] In 2005, Poste italiane, the Italian postal service, agreed with the Order to deliver internationally most classes of mail other than registered, insured, and special-delivery mail. The Order began issuing euro-denominated postage stamps in 2005, although the scudo remains the official currency of the Order.
Military Corps
[edit]
The Order states that it was the hospitaller role that enabled the Order to survive the end of the crusading era; nonetheless, it retains its military title and traditions.
On 26 March 1876, the Association of the Italian Knights of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (Associazione dei cavalieri italiani del sovrano militare ordine di Malta, ACISMOM) reformed the Order's military to a modern military unit of the era. This unit provided medical support to the Italian Army and on 9 April 1909 the military corps officially became a special auxiliary volunteer corps of the Italian Army under the name Corpo Militare dell'Esercito dell'ACISMOM (Army Military Corps of the ACISMOM), wearing Italian uniforms.[116] Since then the Military Corps have operated with the Italian Army both in wartime and peacetime in medical or paramedical military functions, and in ceremonial functions for the Order, such as standing guard around the coffins of high officers of the Order before and during funeral rites.[117]
I believe that it is a unique case in the world that a unit of the army of one country is supervised by a body of another sovereign country. Just think that whenever our staff (medical officers mainly) is engaged in a military mission abroad, there is the flag of the Order flying below the Italian flag.
— Fausto Solaro del Borgo, President of the Italian Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, stated in a speech given in London in November 2007.[116]
Air force
[edit]
In 1947, after the post-World War II peace treaty forbade Italy to own or operate bomber aircraft and only operate a limited number of transport aircraft, the Italian Air Force opted to transfer some of its Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 aircraft to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, pending the definition of their exact status (the SM.82 were properly long range transport aircraft that could be adapted for bombing missions). These aircraft were operated by Italian Air Force personnel temporarily flying for the Order, carried the Order's roundels on the fuselage and Italian ones on the wings, and were used mainly for standard Italian Air Force training and transport missions but also for some humanitarian tasks proper of the Order of Malta (like the transport of sick pilgrims to the Lourdes sanctuary). In the early 1950s, when the strictures of the peace treaty had been much relaxed by the Allied authorities, the aircraft returned under full control of the Italian Air Force. One of the aircraft transferred to the Order of Malta, still with the Order's fuselage roundels, is preserved in the Italian Air Force Museum.[118]
Logistics
[edit]
The Military Corps has become known in mainland Europe for its operation of hospital trains,[119] a service carried out intensively during both World Wars. The Military Corps still operates a modern 28-car hospital train with 192 hospital beds, serviced by a medical staff of 38 medics and paramedics provided by the Order and a technical staff provided by the Italian Army's Ferrovieri Engineer Regiment.[120]
Orders, decorations, and medals
[edit]
Order pro Merito Melitensi
See also
[edit]
Knights Hospitaller
List of Knights Hospitaller sites
Order of Malta Ambulance Corps (Ireland)
Notes
[edit]
References
[edit]
Bibliography
[edit]
Lentz III, Harris M. (2015). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishing. ISBN 9781476621555.
Further reading
[edit]
Burlamacchi, Maurizio (2013). Nobility, Honour and Glory: A Brief Military History of the Order of Malta. Olschki. ISBN 978-88-222-6247-9.
Cohen, R. (1920). Knights of Malta, 1523–1798. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge .
Colonna, Marcantonio, The Dictator Pope: The Inside Story of the Francis Papacy, Washington DC, Regnery Publishing, 2017–2018.
Güttner-Sporzyński, Darius von (15 January 2013) [2013]. Evolution and Adaptation: The Order of Saint John in War and Peace. Ordines Militares. Colloquia Torunensia Historica .
Santolaria de Puey y Cruells, José-Apeles (1997). Escuela Diplomática Española (ed.). Relaciones jurídicas internacionales de la Soberana Orden de San Juan de Malta. Google Docs.
Sire, H.J.A. (1994). The Knights of Malta. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300055021.
Sire, H.J.A. (2016). The Knights of Malta: A Modern Resurrection. Bevin Way, London: Third Millennium. ISBN 9781908990679.
List of Italian knights of the Order of Malta from 1136 to 1713: Elenco dei cavaleri del S.M.Ordine di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme by Francesco Bonazzi (Napoli: Libreria Detken & Rocholl, 1897)
List of Italian knights of the Order of Malta from 1714 to 1907: Elenco dei cavaleri del S.M.Ordine di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme by Francesco Bonazzi (Napoli: Libreria Detken & Rocholl, 1907)
List of members of the Order of Malta 1880: Ruolo generale del sov. mil. ordine di S. Giovanni de Gerulasemme ovvero di Malta (Roma: Tipografia Poliglotta della S. Congregazione di Propaganda Fide, 1880)
Gagliarducci, Andrea (6 September 2022). "How did Pope Francis change the Order of Malta?". Catholic News Agency .
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The Republic of Malta is an island country in the Southern European, lying south of Italy, north of Libya, and east of Tunisia. Although it’s the tenth smallest country, it is listed as the fourth most populated sovereign country. Strategically located in the center of the Mediterranean, Malta has been a preferred naval base for Romans, Greek, Phoenicians and Carthaginians, Arabs, Aragonese, Normans, French, and British.
Malta’s economy plays well with 32 other advanced countries, focusing on foreign trade and manufacturing. Its scenic location has also drawn film producers and tourists that contributed to the country’s economic growth. Before Malta became a “Euro zone”, it used the Maltese lira as its national currency from 1972 until 2007. Prior to the lira, the country’s monetary unit was the pound sterling. Due to coin shortage following World War I, banknotes were introduced in August 1914 but were replaced with British notes. From its 1949 issues, a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II appears on Maltese banknotes, even on the first notes issued by the Central Bank of Malta in 1967.
In 1972, Malta decimalized its currency, introducing the lira at par with the pound. The family of notes bears Maltese text on the obverse while English on the reverse. The notes were watermarked with the head of an allegorical woman surmounted by a fortress which is a representation of the dauntless spirit of Malta.
In 1979, a set of notes were issued to commemorate the country’s Freedom Day or the day that the British Forces finally left the archipelago.
On March 17, 1986, another set of notes was released by the Central Bank, featuring the third president of Malta, Agatha Barbara, a spiral motif from a neolithic temple in Tarxien, and a sailing ship that represents the traditional shipbuilding history. The notes also highlight traditional or commercial activities, architecture, and seal of the Republic.
On September 18, 1989, the bank released another family of notes to commemorate the 25th year of the country’s independence. The notes depict a statue of a woman holding a ruder which is an epitome of Malta’s control over her own destiny. The notes also carry doves that signifies peace, the seal of the United Nations, the bank logo, and mosaic designs.
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Sovereign Military Order of Malta Travel Guide
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2021-12-29T03:30:21+00:00
|
A Sovereign Military Order of Malta Travel Guide, which describes the three SMOM properties in downtown Rome.
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en
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taste2travel
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https://www.taste2travel.com/sovereign-military-order-of-malta-travel-guide/
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This is the taste2travel guide to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Date Visited: December 2021
Introduction
I love geographical oddities, so when I learnt about a sovereign state which issues its own passports, stamps, currency, license plates, has a government, a permanent mission to the UN but no territory – I was fascinated.
Most tourists rarely hear about SMOM – the Sovereign Order of Malta, a lay Catholic religious order which has existed for 930 years.
Also known as the Order of Malta or Knights of Malta, the order was traditionally of a military, chivalric and noble nature. Despite its name, the Knights haven’t had any military function since leaving Malta in 1798 and today are known for their relief corps – the Maltesers – who provide humanitarian assistance around the globe.
The SMOM are headquartered at the Magistral Palace (Palazzo Malta), which is located in the heart of Rome on Via dei Condotti, a short stroll from the Spanish Steps.
The Palace serves as the residence of the Grand Master of the Order (position currently vacant) and also as the seat of government.
The Palace grounds have been granted extraterritorial status by the Italian government – just like Embassies around the world.
While the Palace isn’t open to visitors, you can step onto the grounds of this sovereign state by entering the horse carriageway which is the main entrance, A security gate ensures you cannot enter the Palace itself.
You can also enter the Palace complex by visiting the post office (see ‘Philately‘ below) which is located in the administration wing at the rear of the Palace.
Located on the Aventine Hill, overlooking the river Tiber, the city of Rome and the Vatican is the Magistral Villa, the 2nd property which serves as the Embassy of the SMOM to Italy and as the seat of the Roman branch of the Order of Malta.
Like the Magistral Palace, the Magistral Villa has been granted extraterritorial status by the Italian government.
If there is anything the SMOM is known for – it’s the famous ‘Keyhole of Malta‘ (Il Buco Della Serratura), a small keyhole in a gate which offers a spectacular, telescopic view of the dome of St. Peter’s through a long tunnel of cypress hedge.
On any given day, a constant stream of tourist’s queue in the square outside the Villa to peek through the keyhole, trying to compose a perfect shot of the dome.
While tourists are aware of the keyhole, they have little idea about the Magistral Villa or the SMOM.
The Magistral Villa, which is surrounded by high security walls, isn’t open to the public but can be accessed by joining a private tour which is conducted every Friday morning (see ‘Sightseeing‘ below for details on booking tours).
I highly recommend the tour – it’s the best way to get that famous photo as you have the opportunity to stand in the middle of the hedge and compose the perfect shot.
What is covered on a tour of the Villa is the garden and the famous church – Santa Maria del Priorato (St. Mary of the Priory), a fine example of Neoclassical architecture by famed Venetian architect Giovanni Battista Piranesi. An explosion of stucco relief, Piranesi chose the church as his final resting place.
A third, lesser-known property – the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi (House of the Knights of Rhodes), rises up out of the ancient rubble which is the Forum of Augustus, a short stroll from the Coliseum.
This property is also closed to the public but can be accessed by joining a private tour, which are conducted every Saturday morning (see ‘Sightseeing‘ below for details on booking tours).
For those who like collecting passport stamps, you’ll be disappointed to learn that the SMOM doesn’t issue any stamps – not even souvenir stamps. Possibly this will change in the future!
You can learn more about the Order of Malta on their website or you can contact the Visitor’s Centre at – visitorscentre@orderofmalta.int
Activity Report
If you would like to learn more about the global humanitarian work conducted by the Order of Malta, you can refer to their annual Activity Report which is published in several languages:
Activity Report 2021: available online in English, Italian, French, Spanish and German
Location
Piazza del Grillo, 1, 00184 Roma RM, Italy
Piazza dei Cavalieri di Malta, 00153 Roma RM, Italy
Via dei Condotti, 68, 00187 Roma RM, Italy
The three properties of the Order of Malta are located in central Rome at the following locations:
Magistral Palace (Palazzo Malta): Via dei Condotti,68 (Metro Station: Red line – Spagna)
Magistral Villa (Villa Malta): Piazza dei Cavalieri di Malta,4, Aventine Hill (Metro Stations: Blue line – Circo Massimo or Piramide)
Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi (House of the Knights of Rhodes): Piazza del Grillo, 1 (Metro Station: Blue line – Colosseo)
History
The Order of Malta was founded in 1048 by Amalfian merchants in Jerusalem as a monastic order that ran a hospital to tend to Christian pilgrims in the Holy Land. The flag of Amalfi, which features an 8-pointed cross on a blue field was adopted by the Knights of St. John, who substituted the blue for red.
At the height of its power, the order was also tasked by Rome with the additional military function of defending Christians from the local Muslim population.
The Knights of St. John were just one of a number of Christian military orders founded during this period — including the fabled but now defunct Knights Templar. The Knights, also known as the Hospitallers both cared for the sick and defended Jerusalem until 1187, when the Sultan of Egypt conquered the holy city.
The Knights went into exile in 1291, relocating to Limassol, Cyprus. The impressive Kolossi Castle, which was originally built in 1210 by the Knights, served as a base for the Order.
The Order then bought the island of Rhodes in 1309 and relocated there. While on Rhodes, it is claimed the Knights harassed Muslim merchants in the Eastern Mediterranean. This harassment ended in 1523, when they were forced from Rhodes by the Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent.
England’s King Charles V, offer the island of Malta to the Knights in exchange for an annual falcon – now known as the Maltese falcon!
The Knights of St. John ruled Malta until they were dislodged by Napoleon’s army in 1798. The order settled in Rome in the mid-19th century, where it remains to this day.
Flags & Emblems
Flags
The constitution of the Order of Malta states: “The flag of the Order bears either the white Latin cross on a red field or the white eight-pointed cross (cross of Malta) on a red field.“
The two flags of the Order of Malta are:
State Flag: The State flag, which looks very similar to the Danish flag, consists of a white Latin cross on a red field. The state flag is derived from the design worn by the Knights Hospitaller during the Crusades.
Flag of the Order’s Works: The Flag of the Order’s Works consists of a white Maltese cross on a red field.
Both flags are flown above the entrance to the Magistral Palace, where a third (middle) flagpole is reserved for the flag of the Grand Master, which is flown when he is in residence. Although not visible from the street, a large Maltese cross flag flies above the Palace. This can clearly be seen from the top of the Spanish steps.
Similarly, a large Maltese cross flag flies above the Magistral Villa (not visible from the street) and also from the balcony of the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi.
Coat-of-Arms
The coat-of-arms of the Order displays a white Latin cross on a red oval field, surrounded by a rosary, which is all superimposed on a white eight-pointed cross and displayed under a princely cloak surmounted by a crown.
You can read more about the flags and emblems on the Order or Malta website.
Philately
The Knights Hospitaller established an early form of postal service in Malta in the early 1530s. Today, the Order’s modern postal administration, known as the Poste Magistrali, issues several sets of stamps each year, which are denominated in euro.
Stamps can be purchased at the post office at the Magistral Post Office, which is located on the 2nd floor of the administration wing of the Magistral Palace at Via delle Carrozze, 79.
Opening Hours: The post office is open:
Monday, Tuesday and Thursday from 08:30 to 13:30
Wednesday and Friday from 08:30 to 13:30 and 14:00 to 16:00
Current stamp issues can be viewed on the Order of Malta website. An online philately shop is being planned, but in the meantime, the post office can be contacted via email at postemagistrali@orderofmalta.int
Stamp Validity
It should be noted that the stamps of the Order of Malta are not valid for postage to all countries. The SMOM has bi-lateral postal agreements with 50 different countries (not including the US, UK or Australia) to which postage can be sent bearing SMOM stamps.
Mail stamped with Sovereign Order of Malta stamps can be sent to the countries listed here, provided it is posted at the Magistral Post Office. Additionally red ‘Poste Magistrali‘ post boxes can be found on the ground floor of the administration building at Via delle Carrozze, 79 or on the grounds of the Magistral Villa.
Currency
The official currency of the SMOM is the scudo, an historic currency which dates back to a time when the Order ruled over Malta – from 1530 until 1798.
Coins, which are minted in gold, silver and bronze, cannot be used for transactions and serve only as collector’s items. The scudo is subdivided into 12 tarì, and the tari subsequently subdivided into 20 grani (singular grano).
The following coins are currently available for purchase:
Bronze: 10 grani
Silver: 9 tarì, 1 and 2 scudi
Gold: 5 and 10 scudi
Full details of the scudo coins on issue are available on the Order of Malta website
A complete set of uncirculated scudo coins can be purchased for €80 from the Magistral Post Office, which is located on the 2nd floor of the administration wing of the Magistral Palace at Via delle Carrozze, 79.
The de-facto currency of the SMOM is the euro (€).
SMOM License Plates
The SMOM issues its own car license plates, although these are very scare.
I saw one car bearing such a plate which was parked inside the (locked) courtyard of the Magistral Palace. I wasn’t able to properly photograph the plate so I’ve sourced an image from the internet.
Government
With the position of Grand Master currently vacant, the Order of Malta is presently headed by a Lieutenant of the Grand Master, which is Fra’ Marco Luzzago. The Grand Master usually resides inside the Magistral Palace which is the seat of the SMOM government.
The body of government is the Superior Council which consists of a group of 11 elected individuals (all men). Heading the council is the Grand Master along with the holders of the four High Offices (Grand Commander, Grand Chancellor, Grand Hospitaller and Receiver of the Common Treasure) and six members.
Sightseeing
There are three SMOM properties in downtown Rome, all of which are easily accessed via public transport.
Tours
Of the three properties, the Magistral Villa and the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi are open to the public. Both properties are open one day per week for private tours, with the Villa open on Friday mornings (except July and August) and the Casa open on Saturday mornings.
Due to it serving as the residence of the Grand Master and being the seat of government for the Order, the Magistral Palace is not open to the public.
Private tours of the SMOM properties can be organised by emailing the SMOM Visitor’s centre at visitorscentre@orderofmalta.int
Magistral Palace (Palazzo Malta)
Address: Via dei Condotti,68
With the highest concentration of luxury brands, Via dei Condotti is Rome’s most elegant shopping street – provided money is no object! Located at number 68, just two blocks in front of the Spanish Steps, the Magistral Palace lies in the heart of this ritzy shopping precinct.
While Via dei Condotti is a busy shopping street, almost everyone passes by the palace without ever noticing it, totally unaware of its importance or of its extraterritorial nature, and fully focussed on window shopping in the glitzy boutiques. The Order generates handsome revenue by renting out the ground floor retail premises to the likes of Jimmy Choo, Hermes and Mont Blanc.
The palace was left to the Order of Malta in 1629 by its representative in Rome, Fra’ Antonio Bosio. Since 1834, the palace has served as the residence of the Grand Master and seat of the Sovereign Order of Malta’s government.
The palace serves as the headquarters of the Order of Malta. From here, the Order’s diplomatic, religious, humanitarian and administrative undertakings are overseen. The palace grounds have been granted extraterritorial rights by the Italian Republic.
The Magistral Palace is closed to the public, but you are able to stand inside the main entrance which once served as a horse carriageway.
For those who count ‘countries visited’, you can claim to have stood on the territory of the SMOM by standing inside the main entrance. From the entrance, two large gates block public access to the palace courtyard.
The rear wall of the courtyard features a Maltese cross which is mounted above a fountain. At the time of my visit in December of 2021, a small Christmas tree had been installed in front of the fountain. The tiny courtyard is normally used as a car park by visiting diplomats.
SMOM Visitor’s Centre
The Magistral Palace is bounded by three streets; Via dei Condotti (front), Via Bocca di Leone (side) and Via delle Carrozze (rear). Previously, an SMOM Visitor’s Centre operated from the small premises at Via Bocca di Leone, 73.
At the start of the pandemic, the Order made the decision to close the shop, in an attempt to raise more revenue, by offering the premises for rental income. However, as of my visit in December 2021, the premises had yet to be rented with the space in front of the door being used for parking.
The current Visitors Centre is now located on the 2nd floor of the administration building, around the corner at Via delle Carrozze, 79.
SMOM Post Office
For those wishing to purchase postage stamps, coins and postcards, you can do so from the Magistral Post Office, which is located on the 2nd floor of the administration wing at Via delle Carrozze, 79.
Although the palace isn’t open to visitors, the administration section of the palace is. Once inside the doors, you are on the territory of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Inside, on the ground floor, a bright red ‘Poste Magistrali‘ post box can be used for postage, provided the destination country recognises the stamps of the SMOM (refer to the Philately section above).
The post office (a desk in the hallway) is located on the 2nd floor! The Visitor’s Centre is also located here.
Magistral Villa (Villa Malta)
Address: Piazza dei Cavalieri di Malta,4, Aventine Hill
The Magistral Villa, which is also known as the Villa del Priorato di Malta and Villa Malta has been in the possession of the Order of Malta since the 14th century and, together with the Magistral Palace, is one of its two institutional seats. Like the palace, the villa has also been granted extraterritorial status by Italy.
The Grand Master receives heads of state and representatives of governments at the Villa, as well as the ambassadors accredited to the Order.
Tours: Private tours of the Magistral Villa are conducted each Friday morning (except during July and August) and can be arranged by emailing the SMOM Visitor’s Centre at: visitorscentre@orderofmalta.int
While the garden and church are open to visitors, the villa cannot be visited.
Originally built in 939 as a Benedictian monastery, the property was transferred to the Knights Templar in the 12th century. In 1312 the Order of Templars was suspended and the monastery was given to the Knights of Rhodes, at a time when the Order was headquartered on Rhodes.
In 1522, when the Order moved from Rhodes to Malta, the name of the order was changed to the Sovereign Order of Malta (Sovrano Ordine di Malta). The Roman seat of the Order, which was called the Gran Priorato di Roma dei Cavalieri di Malta, was also located at the property.
In 1765, under the direction of the Grand Prior Giovan Battista Rezzonico, nephew of pope Clement XIII, and with the Venetian architect Giovanni Battista Piranesi, the entire property was radically transformed.
Santa Maria del Priorato
The church of Santa Maria del Priorato is one of the oldest churches in Rome, having first been established in the 10th century when the property was a monastery.
As part of the reconstruction project overseen by Giovanni Battista Piranesi, a former medieval church was modified and renamed as Santa Maria del Priorato (St. Mary of the Priory). The Virgin Mary is venerated by the Order of Malta as its patroness.
The church is used today as a place of worship by the Order and includes a Magistral Throne, which is used by the Grand Master. Whenever the Order is without a Grand Master, the throne is turned to face the back of the canopy. A key event for the church is the feast of St. John the Baptist, patron saint of the Order, which is celebrated on the 24th of June.
The church is unique in that it is the only example of the architectural work of Piranesi – it is the only building he ever built. It is also considered to be the earliest example in Rome of Neoclassical architecture. At the time is was completed, Piranesi’s stucco craze faced some criticism – it was just a little too ‘neo‘ for some.
So enamoured was Piranesi with his masterpiece, he wanted always to remain in the church. Today, his ashes are interred underneath a statue of himself, wearing a Roman toga, which was sculptured by Giuseppe Angelini (1735-1811).
The interior of the church is striking for its whiteness, with all statues, and the many stucco reliefs, in the same shade of white. The centre-piece is the high altar which is also in stucco and was created by Tommaso Righi, an apprentice of Piranesi.
The original design of the altar, as described by Piranesi himself was “a sarcophagus as the base and table of the altar, an elaborate superstructure with a medallion (on which a Madonna and Child would be carved), and a depiction of the Apotheosis of St. Basil (the namesake of the order’s original church at the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi)”.
Keyhole of Malta
Most visitors to the Magistral Villa never enter the Villa, but instead join a queue in the square outside to wait their turn to view the dome of St. Peter’s through the famous Keyhole of Malta (Il Buco Della Serratura).
The majestic dome of St. Peter’s, designed by Michelangelo and completed in the 16th century is visible all across Rome, but, what’s possibly the best view, is completely invisible at first sight – until you look through the tiny (1 cm-wide) keyhole.
Incredibly, a wonderful telescoped view of St. Peter’s opens up before you, symmetrically framed by the Cypress hedges of the Villa garden. The unique vista is the brainchild of Piranesi.
Guarding access to the Villa from the Piazza dei Cavalieri di Malta is a majestic entrance screen which was also designed by Piranesi. The famous keyhole is installed in the arch-headed central gate.
Trying to photograph a distant dome, through a tunnel hedge, through a 1 cm wide keyhole, isn’t an easy task, especially when you have a long line of people waiting behind you wishing to do the same thing. I took several photos through the keyhole which were all bad.
The photo I have included above was taken inside the grounds of the Villa, which meant I had to briefly block someone’s view. If you want to get the perfect shot, it’s best to book a private tour.
What is unique about this view is that you can view three ‘lands’ simultaneously; with the SMOM in the foreground, Italy in the mid-ground and Vatican City in the background.
Magistral Villa Garden
As part of the great makeover project, led by Piranesi, the Villa garden was also completely remodelled. Exotic plants, including different varieties of palm trees were planted.
From the garden, you can also enjoy an unobstructed view of the dome of St. Peter’s without peering through a tiny keyhole. Worth taking a private tour!
The centre-piece of the garden is a towering 500-year-old Lebanese cedar tree. The garden features fountains and a well which dates back to the time of the monastery.
A highlight of the garden is the small, 17th-century coffee-house whose walls are lined with the coats-of-arms of the Professed Knights of the Order of Malta from 1800 to today.
The Villa serves as the main function centre for the Order, with garden functions being popular, especially during the Covid pandemic. For such functions, the coffee-room provides the perfect catering venue.
The coffee-house lies alongside the cypress hedge tunnel, which you need to pass through (briefly blocking someone’s view), in order to enter.
Magistral Villa
As part of the reconstruction project conducted by Piranesi in the 17th century, the Magistral Villa, a former monastery, was transformed. Today, the Villa serves as the Embassy of the SMOM to Italy and is the seat of the Roman branch of the Order. Public access is prohibited.
Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi (House of the Knights of Rhodes)
Address: Piazza del Grillo, 1
While most reports on the Order of Malta mention the Magistral Villa and the Magistral Palace, there is a 3rd, lesser-known property, which is often overlooked – the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi (House of the Knights of Rhodes).
The haphazard external appearance of the House of the Knights of Rhodes is the result of a stratification of monuments on the area that housed the Forum of Augustus in the imperial age.
Located at the Forum of Augustus, across the road from the wedding cake monument which is the Victor Emmanuel II National Monument (Altare della Patria), you could be mistaken for thinking the Casa is a ruin. However, a fluttering Maltese Cross flag on the balcony of the upper floor indicates that this building is indeed functional and occupied.
In the 9th century, monks began the construction of a church and a monastery dedicated to St. Basil on the area of the Forum of Augustus.
As was the practice at the time, parts of old wall structures were utilised in the construction process. In 1230, the complex was then incorporated into a property of the Knights of St. John.
Loggia – Terrace
In 1466, renovations were commissioned by Cardinal Marco Barbo, a Roman prior of the Order, which included the construction of the upper floor terrace (loggia) which offers panoramic views of the Forum of Augustus.
When in 1566 the Knights of St. John moved its headquarters to the Magistral Villa on Aventine hill, Pope Pius V entrusted the building to the Institute of the Dominican Sisters.
The Dominican Sisters occupied the property until 1930, at which time the convent was demolished to make way for the Via dei Fori, a wide avenue which runs in a straight line from the Piazza Venezia to the Colosseum.
During the 1940s and 1950s, the City of Rome made renovations to the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi, which made it possible to recover the entire house, which was then granted back to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in 1946.
Palatine Chapel of Saint John the Baptist
On the ground floor of the Casa is the Palatine Chapel, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, patron of the Order of the Knights. A niche on the rear wall includes an altar with a statue of St John.
Despite its appearance, the chapel is a modern edition to the property, built in 1946 into one of the rooms of the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi.
Hall of Honour
Upstairs, on the 1st floor of the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi, is the Hall of Honour. Characterised by its lofty ceiling, the flags of the eight “languages” of the Order hang from the two side walls.
Two large paintings, which date from the 20th century, show the island of Rhodes and Malta; while a 2nd painting shows the possessions of the ancient Order. From the Hall of Honour, a doorway leads into the Hall of the Loggetta.
Hall of the Loggetta
The Hall of the Loggetta features sculptures and paintings from different periods. It is used as a function room by the Order.
Tours
Private tours of the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi are conducted each Saturday morning.
Bookings need to be made in advance by emailing the SMOM Visitor’s Centre at – visitorscentre@orderofmalta.int
Visa Requirements
There’s no immigration control between Italy and the two extra-territorial properties controlled by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. For those who like collecting passport stamps, you’re out of luck! Passport stamps are not issued by the SMOM.
SMOM Passports
The world’s rarest passport, with only 500 in circulation, belongs to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the one country in the world without land!
Diplomatic Passports
There are just three people who carry an Order of Malta diplomatic passport:
The Grand Master
The Grand Commander
The Grand Chancellor
Service Passports
Service passports of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta are issued only to people who are in charge of a special mission within the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The validity of the passport is strictly linked to the duration of the assignment.
That concludes my report for the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Safe Travels!
Darren
Follow me on Instagram:
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1. Administration
The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank (ECB) and the Eurosystem (composed of the central banks of the eurozone countries). As an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all member states, and the operation of the eurozone payment systems.
The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, although not all states have done so. The United Kingdom and Denmark negotiated exemptions,[1] while Sweden (which joined the EU in 1995, after the Maastricht Treaty was signed) turned down the euro in a 2003 referendum, and has circumvented the obligation to adopt the euro by not meeting the monetary and budgetary requirements. All nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course.
2. Issuing Modalities for Banknotes
Since 1 January 2002, the national central banks (NCBs) and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis.[2] Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them. Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the total value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem.[2] In practice, the ECB's banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs, thereby incurring matching liabilities vis-à-vis the ECB. These liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The other 92% of euro banknotes are issued by the NCBs in proportion to their respective shares of the ECB capital key,[2] calculated using national share of European Union (EU) population and national share of EU GDP, equally weighted.[3]
3. Characteristics
3.1. Coins and Banknotes
The euro is divided into 100 cents (sometimes referred to as euro cents, especially when distinguishing them from other currencies, and referred to as such on the common side of all cent coins). In Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage.[4][5] Otherwise, normal English plurals are sometimes used,[6] with many local variations such as centime in France.
All circulating coins have a common side showing the denomination or value, and a map in the background. Due to the linguistic plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used (as opposed to the less common Greek or Cyrillic) and Arabic numerals (other text is used on national sides in national languages, but other text on the common side is avoided). For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, the map only showed the 15 member states which were members when the euro was introduced. Beginning in 2007 or 2008 (depending on the country) the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway , Ukraine , Belarus , Russia or Turkey. The 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, however, keep their old design, showing a geographical map of Europe with the 15 member states of 2002 raised somewhat above the rest of the map. All common sides were designed by Luc Luycx. The coins also have a national side showing an image specifically chosen by the country that issued the coin. Euro coins from any member state may be freely used in any nation that has adopted the euro.
The coins are issued in denominations of €2, €1, 50c, 20c, 10c, 5c, 2c, and 1c. To avoid the use of the two smallest coins, some cash transactions are rounded to the nearest five cents in the Netherlands and Ireland[7][8] (by voluntary agreement) and in Finland (by law).[9] This practice is discouraged by the Commission, as is the practice of certain shops of refusing to accept high-value euro notes.[10]
Commemorative coins with €2 face value have been issued with changes to the design of the national side of the coin. These include both commonly issued coins, such as the €2 commemorative coin for the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Rome, and nationally issued coins, such as the coin to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics issued by Greece. These coins are legal tender throughout the eurozone. Collector coins with various other denominations have been issued as well, but these are not intended for general circulation, and they are legal tender only in the member state that issued them.[11]
The design for the euro banknotes has common designs on both sides. The design was created by the Austrian designer Robert Kalina.[12] Notes are issued in €500, €200, €100, €50, €20, €10, €5. Each banknote has its own colour and is dedicated to an artistic period of European architecture. The front of the note features windows or gateways while the back has bridges, symbolising links between countries and with the future. While the designs are supposed to be devoid of any identifiable characteristics, the initial designs by Robert Kalina were of specific bridges, including the Rialto and the Pont de Neuilly, and were subsequently rendered more generic; the final designs still bear very close similarities to their specific prototypes; thus they are not truly generic. The monuments looked similar enough to different national monuments to please everyone.[13]
3.2. Payments Clearing, Electronic Funds Transfer
Capital within the EU may be transferred in any amount from one country to another. All intra-EU transfers in euro are treated as domestic transactions and bear the corresponding domestic transfer costs.[14] This includes all member states of the EU, even those outside the eurozone providing the transactions are carried out in euro.[15] Credit/debit card charging and ATM withdrawals within the eurozone are also treated as domestic transactions; however paper-based payment orders, like cheques, have not been standardised so these are still domestic-based. The ECB has also set up a clearing system, TARGET, for large euro transactions.[16]
3.3. Currency Sign
A special euro currency sign (€) was designed after a public survey had narrowed the original ten proposals down to two. The European Commission then chose the design created by the Belgian Alain Billiet. Of the symbol, the EC stated[4]
Inspiration for the € symbol itself came from the Greek epsilon (Є)[17] – a reference to the cradle of European civilisation – and the first letter of the word Europe, crossed by two parallel lines to 'certify' the stability of the euro.
—European Commission
The European Commission also specified a euro logo with exact proportions and foreground and background colour tones.[18] While the Commission intended the logo to be a prescribed glyph shape, font designers made it clear that they intended to design their own variants instead.[19] Typewriters lacking the euro sign can create it by typing a capital "C", backspacing, and overstriking it with the equal ("=") sign. Placement of the currency sign relative to the numeric amount varies from nation to nation, but for texts in English the symbol (or the ISO-standard "EUR") should precede the amount.[20]
4. History
4.1. Introduction
The euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty. To participate in the currency, member states are meant to meet strict criteria, such as a budget deficit of less than 3% of their GDP, a debt ratio of less than 60% of GDP (both of which were ultimately widely flouted after introduction), low inflation, and interest rates close to the EU average. In the Maastricht Treaty, the United Kingdom and Denmark were granted exemptions per their request from moving to the stage of monetary union which resulted in the introduction of the euro. (For macroeconomic theory, see below.)
The name "euro" was officially adopted in Madrid on 16 December 1995.[21] Belgian Esperantist Germain Pirlot, a former teacher of French and history is credited with naming the new currency by sending a letter to then President of the European Commission, Jacques Santer, suggesting the name "euro" on 4 August 1995.[22]
Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits, all conversion between the national currencies had to be carried out using the process of triangulation via the euro. The definitive values of one euro in terms of the exchange rates at which the currency entered the euro are shown on the right.
The rates were determined by the Council of the European Union,[23] based on a recommendation from the European Commission based on the market rates on 31 December 1998. They were set so that one European Currency Unit (ECU) would equal one euro. The European Currency Unit was an accounting unit used by the EU, based on the currencies of the member states; it was not a currency in its own right. They could not be set earlier, because the ECU depended on the closing exchange rate of the non-euro currencies (principally the pound sterling) that day.
The procedure used to fix the conversion rate between the Greek drachma and the euro was different, since the euro by then was already two years old. While the conversion rates for the initial eleven currencies were determined only hours before the euro was introduced, the conversion rate for the Greek drachma was fixed several months beforehand.[24]
The currency was introduced in non-physical form (traveller's cheques, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently. Their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other. The euro thus became the successor to the European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new euro notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002.
The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months more. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from several years to indefinitely (the latter for Austria, Germany, Ireland, Estonia and Latvia in banknotes and coins, and for Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia and Slovakia in banknotes only). The earliest coins to become non-convertible were the Portuguese escudos, which ceased to have monetary value after 31 December 2002, although banknotes remain exchangeable until 2022.
4.2. Eurozone Crisis
Following the U.S. financial crisis in 2008, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed in 2009 among investors concerning some European states, with the situation becoming particularly tense in early 2010.[25][26] Greece was most acutely affected, but fellow Eurozone members Cyprus, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain were also significantly affected.[27][28] All these countries utilized EU funds except Italy, which is a major donor to the EFSF.[29] To be included in the eurozone, countries had to fulfil certain convergence criteria, but the meaningfulness of such criteria was diminished by the fact it was not enforced with the same level of strictness among countries.[30]
According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2011, "[I]f the [euro area] is treated as a single entity, its [economic and fiscal] position looks no worse and in some respects, rather better than that of the US or the UK" and the budget deficit for the euro area as a whole is much lower and the euro area's government debt/GDP ratio of 86% in 2010 was about the same level as that of the United States. "Moreover", they write, "private-sector indebtedness across the euro area as a whole is markedly lower than in the highly leveraged Anglo-Saxon economies". The authors conclude that the crisis "is as much political as economic" and the result of the fact that the euro area lacks the support of "institutional paraphernalia (and mutual bonds of solidarity) of a state".[31]
The crisis continued with S&P downgrading the credit rating of nine euro-area countries, including France, then downgrading the entire European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) fund.[32]
A historical parallel – to 1931 when Germany was burdened with debt, unemployment and austerity while France and the United States were relatively strong creditors – gained attention in summer 2012[33] even as Germany received a debt-rating warning of its own.[34][35] In the enduring of this scenario the Euro serves as a mean of quantitative primitive accumulation.
5. Direct and Indirect Usage
5.1. Direct Usage
The euro is the sole currency of 19 EU member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. These countries constitute the "eurozone", some 343 million people in total (As of 2018).[36]
With all but two of the remaining EU members obliged to join, together with future members of the EU, the enlargement of the eurozone is set to continue. Outside the EU, the euro is also the sole currency of Montenegro and Kosovo and several European microstates (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City) as well as in four overseas territories of EU members that are not themselves part of the EU (Saint Barthélemy, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the French Southern and Antarctic Lands and Akrotiri and Dhekelia). Together this direct usage of the euro outside the EU affects nearly 3 million people.
The euro has been used as a trading currency in Cuba since 1998,[37] and Syria since 2006.[38] There are also various currencies pegged to the euro (see below). In 2009, Zimbabwe abandoned its local currency and used major currencies instead, including the euro and the United States dollar.[39]
5.2. Use as Reserve Currency
Since its introduction, the euro has been the second most widely held international reserve currency after the U.S. dollar. The share of the euro as a reserve currency increased from 18% in 1999 to 27% in 2008. Over this period, the share held in U.S. dollar fell from 71% to 64% and that held in Yen fell from 6.4% to 3.3%. The euro inherited and built on the status of the Deutsche Mark as the second most important reserve currency. The euro remains underweight as a reserve currency in advanced economies while overweight in emerging and developing economies: according to the International Monetary Fund[40] the total of euro held as a reserve in the world at the end of 2008 was equal to $1.1 trillion or €850 billion, with a share of 22% of all currency reserves in advanced economies, but a total of 31% of all currency reserves in emerging and developing economies.
The possibility of the euro becoming the first international reserve currency has been debated among economists.[41] Former US Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan gave his opinion in September 2007 that it was "absolutely conceivable that the euro will replace the US dollar as reserve currency, or will be traded as an equally important reserve currency".[42] In contrast to Greenspan's 2007 assessment, the euro's increase in the share of the worldwide currency reserve basket has slowed considerably since 2007 and since the beginning of the worldwide credit crunch related recession and European sovereign-debt crisis.[40]
5.3. Currencies Pegged to The Euro
Outside the eurozone, a total of 22 countries and territories that do not belong to the EU have currencies that are directly pegged to the euro including 14 countries in mainland Africa (CFA franc), two African island countries (Comorian franc and Cape Verdean escudo), three French Pacific territories (CFP franc) and three Balkan countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark), Bulgaria (Bulgarian lev) and Macedonia (Macedonian denar).[43] On 28 July 2009, São Tomé and Príncipe signed an agreement with Portugal which will eventually tie its currency to the euro.[44] Additionally, the Moroccan dirham is tied to a basket of currencies, including the euro and the US dollar, with the euro given the highest weighting.
With the exception of Bosnia, Bulgaria, Macedonia (which had pegged their currencies against the Deutsche Mark) and Cape Verde (formerly pegged to the Portuguese escudo), all of these non-EU countries had a currency peg to the French Franc before pegging their currencies to the euro. Pegging a country's currency to a major currency is regarded as a safety measure, especially for currencies of areas with weak economies, as the euro is seen as a stable currency, prevents runaway inflation and encourages foreign investment due to its stability.
Within the EU several currencies are pegged to the euro, mostly as a precondition to joining the eurozone. The Bulgarian lev was formerly pegged to the Deutsche Mark; one other EU currency with a direct peg due to ERM II is the Danish krone.
In total, (As of 2013), 182 million people in Africa use a currency pegged to the euro, 27 million people outside the eurozone in Europe, and another 545,000 people on Pacific islands.[36]
Since 2005, stamps issued by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta have been denominated in euros, although the Order's official currency remains the Maltese scudo.[45] The Maltese scudo itself is pegged to the euro and is only recognised as legal tender within the Order.
6. Economics
6.1. Optimal Currency Area
In economics, an optimum currency area, or region (OCA or OCR), is a geographical region in which it would maximise economic efficiency to have the entire region share a single currency. There are two models, both proposed by Robert Mundell: the stationary expectations model and the international risk sharing model. Mundell himself advocates the international risk sharing model and thus concludes in favour of the euro.[46] However, even before the creation of the single currency, there were concerns over diverging economies. Before the late-2000s recession it was considered unlikely that a state would leave the euro or the whole zone would collapse.[47] However the Greek government-debt crisis led to former British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw claiming the eurozone could not last in its current form.[48] Part of the problem seems to be the rules that were created when the euro was set up. John Lanchester, writing for The New Yorker, explains it:
“The guiding principle of the currency, which opened for business in 1999, were supposed to be a set of rules to limit a country's annual deficit to three per cent of gross domestic product, and the total accumulated debt to sixty per cent of G.D.P. It was a nice idea, but by 2004 the two biggest economies in the euro zone, Germany and France, had broken the rules for three years in a row.[49]”
6.2. Transaction Costs and Risks
Most traded currencies by value
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover[50] Rank Currency ISO 4217 code
(symbol) % of daily trades
(bought or sold)
(April 2019)
1
United States dollar
USD (US$)
88.3%
2
Euro
EUR (€)
32.3%
3
Japanese yen
JPY (¥)
16.8%
4
Pound sterling
GBP (£)
12.8%
5
Australian dollar
AUD (A$)
6.8%
6
Canadian dollar
CAD (C$)
5.0%
7
Swiss franc
CHF (CHF)
5.0%
8
Renminbi
CNY (元)
4.3%
9
Hong Kong dollar
HKD (HK$)
3.5%
10
New Zealand dollar
NZD (NZ$)
2.1%
11
Swedish krona
SEK (kr)
2.0%
12
South Korean won
KRW (₩)
2.0%
13
Singapore dollar
SGD (S$)
1.8%
14
Norwegian krone
NOK (kr)
1.8%
15
Mexican peso
MXN ($)
1.7%
16
Indian rupee
INR (₹)
1.7%
17
Russian ruble
RUB (₽)
1.1%
18
South African rand
ZAR (R)
1.1%
19
Turkish lira
TRY (₺)
1.1%
20
Brazilian real
BRL (R$)
1.1%
21
New Taiwan dollar
TWD (NT$)
0.9%
22
Danish krone
DKK (kr)
0.6%
23
Polish złoty
PLN (zł)
0.6%
24
Thai baht
THB (฿)
0.5%
25
Indonesian rupiah
IDR (Rp)
0.4%
26
Hungarian forint
HUF (Ft)
0.4%
27
Czech koruna
CZK (Kč)
0.4%
28
Israeli new shekel
ILS (₪)
0.3%
29
Chilean peso
CLP (CLP$)
0.3%
30
Philippine peso
PHP (₱)
0.3%
31
UAE dirham
AED (د.إ)
0.2%
32
Colombian peso
COP (COL$)
0.2%
33
Saudi riyal
SAR (﷼)
0.2%
34
Malaysian ringgit
MYR (RM)
0.1%
35
Romanian leu
RON (L)
0.1% Other 2.2% Total[51] 200.0%
The most obvious benefit of adopting a single currency is to remove the cost of exchanging currency, theoretically allowing businesses and individuals to consummate previously unprofitable trades. For consumers, banks in the eurozone must charge the same for intra-member cross-border transactions as purely domestic transactions for electronic payments (e.g., credit cards, debit cards and cash machine withdrawals).
Financial markets on the continent are expected to be far more liquid and flexible than they were in the past. The reduction in cross-border transaction costs will allow larger banking firms to provide a wider array of banking services that can compete across and beyond the eurozone. However, although transaction costs were reduced, some studies have shown that risk aversion has increased during the last 40 years in the Eurozone.[52]
6.3. Price Parity
Another effect of the common European currency is that differences in prices—in particular in price levels—should decrease because of the law of one price. Differences in prices can trigger arbitrage, i.e., speculative trade in a commodity across borders purely to exploit the price differential. Therefore, prices on commonly traded goods are likely to converge, causing inflation in some regions and deflation in others during the transition. Some evidence of this has been observed in specific eurozone markets.[53]
6.4. Macroeconomic Stability
Before the introduction of the euro, some countries had successfully contained inflation, which was then seen as a major economic problem, by establishing largely independent central banks. One such bank was the Bundesbank in Germany; the European Central Bank was modelled on the Bundesbank.[54]
The euro has come under criticism due to its imperialistic style regulation, lack of flexibility and [55] rigidity towards sharing member States on issues such as nominal interest rates. Many national and corporate bonds denominated in euro are significantly more liquid and have lower interest rates than was historically the case when denominated in national currencies. While increased liquidity may lower the nominal interest rate on the bond, denominating the bond in a currency with low levels of inflation arguably plays a much larger role. A credible commitment to low levels of inflation and a stable debt reduces the risk that the value of the debt will be eroded by higher levels of inflation or default in the future, allowing debt to be issued at a lower nominal interest rate.
Unfortunately, there is also a cost in structurally keeping inflation lower than in the United States, UK, and China. The result is that seen from those countries, the euro has become expensive, making European products increasingly expensive for its largest importers. Hence export from the euro zone becomes more difficult.
In general, those in Europe who own large amounts of euros are served by high stability and low inflation.
Trade
A 2009 consensus from the studies of the introduction of the euro concluded that it has increased trade within the eurozone by 5% to 10%,[56] although one study suggested an increase of only 3%[57] while another estimated 9 to 14%.[58] However, a meta-analysis of all available studies suggests that the prevalence of positive estimates is caused by publication bias and that the underlying effect may be negligible.[59] Furthermore, studies accounting for time trend reflecting general cohesion policies in Europe that started before, and continue after implementing the common currency find no effect on trade.[60][61] These results suggest that other policies aimed at European integration might be the source of observed increase in trade.
Investment
Physical investment seems to have increased by 5% in the eurozone due to the introduction.[62] Regarding foreign direct investment, a study found that the intra-eurozone FDI stocks have increased by about 20% during the first four years of the EMU.[63] Concerning the effect on corporate investment, there is evidence that the introduction of the euro has resulted in an increase in investment rates and that it has made it easier for firms to access financing in Europe. The euro has most specifically stimulated investment in companies that come from countries that previously had weak currencies. A study found that the introduction of the euro accounts for 22% of the investment rate after 1998 in countries that previously had a weak currency.[64]
Inflation
The introduction of the euro has led to extensive discussion about its possible effect on inflation. In the short term, there was a widespread impression in the population of the eurozone that the introduction of the euro had led to an increase in prices, but this impression was not confirmed by general indices of inflation and other studies.[65][66] A study of this paradox found that this was due to an asymmetric effect of the introduction of the euro on prices: while it had no effect on most goods, it had an effect on cheap goods which have seen their price round up after the introduction of the euro. The study found that consumers based their beliefs on inflation of those cheap goods which are frequently purchased.[67] It has also been suggested that the jump in small prices may be because prior to the introduction, retailers made fewer upward adjustments and waited for the introduction of the euro to do so.[68]
Exchange rate risk
One of the advantages of the adoption of a common currency is the reduction of the risk associated with changes in currency exchange rates. It has been found that the introduction of the euro created "significant reductions in market risk exposures for nonfinancial firms both in and outside Europe".[69] These reductions in market risk "were concentrated in firms domiciled in the eurozone and in non-euro firms with a high fraction of foreign sales or assets in Europe".
Financial integration
The introduction of the euro seems to have had a strong effect on European financial integration. According to a study on this question, it has "significantly reshaped the European financial system, especially with respect to the securities markets [...] However, the real and policy barriers to integration in the retail and corporate banking sectors remain significant, even if the wholesale end of banking has been largely integrated."[70] Specifically, the euro has significantly decreased the cost of trade in bonds, equity, and banking assets within the eurozone.[71] On a global level, there is evidence that the introduction of the euro has led to an integration in terms of investment in bond portfolios, with eurozone countries lending and borrowing more between each other than with other countries.[72]
Effect on interest rates
As of January 2014, and since the introduction of the euro, interest rates of most member countries (particularly those with a weak currency) have decreased. Some of these countries had the most serious sovereign financing problems.
The effect of declining interest rates, combined with excess liquidity continually provided by the ECB, made it easier for banks within the countries in which interest rates fell the most, and their linked sovereigns, to borrow significant amounts (above the 3% of GDP budget deficit imposed on the eurozone initially) and significantly inflate their public and private debt levels.[73] Following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, governments in these countries found it necessary to bail out or nationalise their privately held banks to prevent systemic failure of the banking system when underlying hard or financial asset values were found to be grossly inflated and sometimes so near worthless there was no liquid market for them.[74] This further increased the already high levels of public debt to a level the markets began to consider unsustainable, via increasing government bond interest rates, producing the ongoing European sovereign-debt crisis.
Price convergence
The evidence on the convergence of prices in the eurozone with the introduction of the euro is mixed. Several studies failed to find any evidence of convergence following the introduction of the euro after a phase of convergence in the early 1990s.[75][76] Other studies have found evidence of price convergence,[77][78] in particular for cars.[79] A possible reason for the divergence between the different studies is that the processes of convergence may not have been linear, slowing down substantially between 2000 and 2003, and resurfacing after 2003 as suggested by a recent study (2009).[80]
Tourism
A study suggests that the introduction of the euro has had a positive effect on the amount of tourist travel within the EMU, with an increase of 6.5%.[81]
7. Exchange Rates
7.1. Flexible Exchange Rates
The ECB targets interest rates rather than exchange rates and in general does not intervene on the foreign exchange rate markets. This is because of the implications of the Mundell–Fleming model, which implies a central bank cannot (without capital controls) maintain interest rate and exchange rate targets simultaneously, because increasing the money supply results in a depreciation of the currency. In the years following the Single European Act, the EU has liberalised its capital markets and, as the ECB has inflation targeting as its monetary policy, the exchange-rate regime of the euro is floating.
7.2. Against Other Major Currencies
The euro is the second-most widely held reserve currency after the U.S. dollar. After its introduction on 4 January 1999 its exchange rate against the other major currencies fell reaching its lowest exchange rates in 2000 (3 May vs Pound sterling, 25 October vs the U.S. dollar, 26 October vs Japanese yen). Afterwards it regained and its exchange rate reached its historical highest point in 2008 (15 July vs U.S. dollar, 23 July vs Japanese yen, 29 December vs Pound sterling). With the advent of the global financial crisis the euro initially fell, to regain later. Despite pressure due to the European sovereign-debt crisis the euro remained stable.[82] In November 2011 the euro's exchange rate index – measured against currencies of the bloc's major trading partners – was trading almost two percent higher on the year, approximately at the same level as it was before the crisis kicked off in 2007.[83]
8. Linguistic Issues
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Brief history of the Maltese Pound
|
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In 1855 the British Pound was declared the only legal tender on Malta. Prior to this coins of the English, French, Spanish, Sicilian dollars and coins of the Knights of the Order of Malta circulated alongside. In spite of this declaration commerce and banking still continued to use gold and silver coins of the…
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Vassallo History
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https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/maltese-currency-history/the-history-of-the-maltese-pound/
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In 1855 the British Pound was declared the only legal tender on Malta. Prior to this coins of the English, French, Spanish, Sicilian dollars and coins of the Knights of the Order of Malta circulated alongside. In spite of this declaration commerce and banking still continued to use gold and silver coins of the Order of Malta and Sicily.
The foreign coins were finally removed from circulation in 1885 following a decree by the Italian government, which left only sterling coins circulating on the island for nearly a century until 1972. Although using British coinage, Malta did not decimalize its currency system in 1971 like Britain.
Malta finally decimalized in 1972 with the Pound being divisible by 1000 mils, or 100 cents.
Although Malta’s currency was the Pound sterling, local official notes were issued denominated in pounds starting in 1914 due to concern over the first world war. This first series of notes was short lived being replaced by British treasury notes again in 1915 which circulated until 1949.
In 1949 Malta established a currency board and again began to issue notes. The Maltese pound was still pegged to the pound sterling and this parity was observed until the late 1970’s.
In 1968 the newly formed Central Bank of Malta took over the functions of the currency board and began to issue the national currency.
The name Lira, Maltese for pound was not used on banknotes until 1973 and on coins until 1986.
The ISO 4217 code for the Maltese Pound was MTL, locally prices were expressed using the pound sign (£) or Lm preceded the amount, i.e. Lm5,00.
Maltese coins then came in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 cents and 1 Lira, and banknotes were issued in denominations of 2, 5, 10 and 20 Lira.
The Maltese Pound. was the second most valuable currency in the world, Kuwait being ranked at number one.
In 2008 Malta adopted the euro as its national currency.
1940
With the outbreak of World War II, legislation was passed on 13 September 1939, authorising the Maltese government to issue Maltese notes in denominations of 2/-, 2/6, 5/-, 10/- and £1. These were put into circulation at different dates during 1940, except for the 2/- note which was issued in March 1942. A 1/- note (overprinted on old 2/- unissued stock) was issued in November 1942 and replaced by a new 1/- note in 1943.
The issue of small denomination paper currency was necessitated by the scarcity of metal for coinage, and by the difficulty of shipping British currency to Malta during the war. With the war’s end, these small denomination notes became obsolete and fell into disuse, mainly because paper wore out too quickly, and they were again replaced by British coins which continued to circulate as legal tender up to 1972.
The notes issued in Malta during the Second World War were uniface (single faced) notes except for the 1/- note which represented an overprint on old stocks of the 1918 2/- note. This was probably a wartime austerity measure applicable to note issues for the British colonial empire, as all other colonial note-issuing territories had similar uniface notes. The Malta notes therefore formed part of the colonial omnibus issues.
1942
1943
1949
1951
On 8 May 1951, new 10/- and £1 Maltese notes came into circulation. These came to be known as the ‘New’ series. Similar notes bearing Queen Elizabeth’s portrait were issued in April 1954 to commemorate Her Majesty’s visit to Malta.
On 2 June 1961 a £5 denomination note was issued for the first time, bearing the famous Annigoni portrait of HM The Queen. Two years later a 10/- and £1 note were issued on the same design, and these three came to be known as the ‘Pictorial’ series.
1954
1963
1968
The Central Bank of Malta, which was established by the Central Bank Act of 1967 and began operating on 17 April 1968, took over the assets and liabilities of the Note Security Fund from the Currency Board in June 1968. From that date responsibility for the issue of currency notes passed to the Central Bank and during the same month the Bank issued its first 10/- and £5 notes bearing the same design as the ‘Pictorial’ series. The £1 note in this series was issued on 24 September 1969 and these three notes were called the CBM 1st series.
1969
1973
The Central Bank issued its second series, the CBM 2nd series, on 15 January 1973. The 10/- note was dropped (a 50c coin had been issued in May 1972 as part of the coin changeover to decimalisation) and a £M10 note was introduced.
1979
The third series, called the CBM 3rd series, was issued on 30 March 1979, and kept the same denominations of £M1, £M5 and £M10 as the previous one.
1986
On 17 March 1986, the Central Bank issued a new set of four notes -namely Lm2, Lm5, Lm10, Lm20 called the CBM 4th series. This issue marked the appearance of the Lm20 and the Lm2 note. The Lm1 note was replaced in 1986 by a coin. For the first time the notes included a portrait of the President of the Republic as Head of State.
1989
On 18 September 1989 the Bank issued a new set of currency notes, the fifth series. This coincided with the 25th anniversary of Malta’s Independence. These banknotes, which had the same denominations as those of the fourth series, were enhanced with security features in 1994.
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta
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Sovereign Military Order of Malta facts for kids
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Learn Sovereign Military Order of Malta facts for kids
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta
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The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), officially the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (Italian: Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, di Rodi e di Malta; Latin: Supremus Militaris Ordo Hospitalarius Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodiensis et Melitensis), commonly known as the Order of Malta or Knights of Malta, is a Catholic lay religious order, traditionally of a military, chivalric, and noble nature. Though it possesses no territory, the order is often considered a sovereign entity under international law.
The order claims continuity with the Knights Hospitaller, a chivalric order that was founded about 1099 by the Blessed Gerard in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The order is led by an elected prince and grand master. Its motto is Tuitio fidei et obsequium pauperum ("Defence of the faith and assistance to the poor"). The order venerates the Virgin Mary as its patroness, under the title of Our Lady of Philermos.
The Order's membership includes about 13,500 Knights, Dames and Chaplains. Thirty-three of these are professed religious Knights of Justice. Until the 1990s, the highest classes of membership, including officers, required proof of noble lineage. More recently, a path was created for Knights and Dames of the lowest class (of whom proof of aristocratic lineage is not required) to be specially elevated to the highest class, making them eligible for office in the order.
The Order's modern-day role is largely focused on providing humanitarian assistance and assisting with international humanitarian relations, for which purpose it has had permanent observer status at the United Nations General Assembly since 1994. The Order employs about 52,000 doctors, nurses, auxiliaries and paramedics assisted by 95,000 volunteers in more than 120 countries, assisting children, homeless, disabled, elderly, and terminally ill people, refugees, and lepers around the world without distinction of ethnicity or religion. Through its worldwide relief corps, Malteser International, the order aids victims of natural disasters, epidemics and war.
The Order maintains diplomatic relations with 113 states, enters into treaties, and issues its own passports, coins and postage stamps. Its two headquarters buildings in Rome enjoy extraterritoriality, similar to embassies, and it maintains embassies in other countries. The Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata news agency has called it "the smallest sovereign state in the world". The three principal officers are counted as citizens. Although the Order has been a United Nations General Assembly observer since 1994, this was granted in view of its "long-standing dedication [...] in providing humanitarian assistance and its special role in international humanitarian relations"; the same category is held by other non-state entities such as the International Olympic Committee and International Committee of the Red Cross.
Name and insignia
Main article: Flag and coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
The Order of Malta comprises a large number of Priories, Sub-priories, and National Associations around the world, but there also exist various organizations with similar-sounding names that are unrelated to the Order. These include a number of mimic orders, such as masonic and non-Catholic organizations.
The Order has two flags: the State Flag is rectangular with a red background upon which there is a white Latin cross. The Flag of the Order's works is rectangular with a red background upon which there is a white eight-pointed Maltese cross.
The Grand Master displays a rectangular flag with a red background upon which there is a white eight-pointed Maltese cross, encircled by the Collar of the Order and surmounted by a crown.
The coat of arms of the Order, gules a cross argent (a white/silver cross on a red field), is most often depicted on an oval shield surrounded by a rosary, all superimposed on a white eight-pointed cross over a princely mantle surmounted by a crown.
In ecclesiastical heraldry of the Catholic Church, the Order of Malta is one of only two orders (along with the Order of the Holy Sepulchre) whose insignia may be displayed in a clerical coat of arms (laypersons having no such restriction). The shield is surrounded with a silver rosary for Professed Knights, or for others the ribbon of their rank. Some members may also display the Maltese cross behind their shield instead of the ribbon.
To protect its heritage against fraud, the Order has legally registered sixteen versions of its names and emblems in some one hundred countries.
History of the Order of Saint John
Main article: Knights Hospitaller
Founding
The birth of the Knights Hospitaller dates back to around 1048. Merchants from the ancient Marine Republic of Amalfi obtained from the Caliph of Egypt the authorisation to build a church, convent, and hospital in Jerusalem, to care for pilgrims of any religious faith or race. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem – the monastic community that ran the hospital for the pilgrims in the Holy Land – became independent under the guidance of its founder, the religious brother Gerard.
With the Papal bull Pie postulatio voluntatis dated 15 February 1113, Pope Paschal II approved the foundation of the Hospital and placed it under the aegis of the Holy See, granting it the right to freely elect its superiors without interference from other secular or religious authorities. By virtue of the Papal Bull, the hospital became an order exempt from the control of the local church. All the Knights were religious, bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.
The constitution of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem during the Crusades obliged the order to take on the military defence of the sick, the pilgrims, and the captured territories. The order thus added the task of defending the faith to that of its hospitaller mission.
As time went on, the order adopted the white, eight-pointed Cross that is still its symbol today. The eight points represent the eight beatitudes that Jesus pronounced in his Sermon on the Mount.
Cyprus
When the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell after the Siege of Acre in 1291, the order settled first in Cyprus.
Rhodes
In 1310, led by Grand Master Fra' Foulques de Villaret, the knights regrouped on the island of Rhodes. From there, the defense of the Christian world required the organization of a naval force, so the Order built a powerful fleet and sailed the eastern Mediterranean, fighting battles for the sake of Christendom, including Crusades in Syria and Egypt.
In the early 14th century, the institutions of the Order and the knights who came to Rhodes from every corner of Europe were grouped according to the languages they spoke. The first seven such groups, or Langues (Tongues) – from Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon (Navarre), England (with Scotland and Ireland), and Germany – became eight in 1492, when Castile and Portugal were separated from the Langue of Aragon. Each Langue included Priories or Grand Priories, Bailiwicks, and Commanderies.
The Order was governed by its Grand Master, the Prince of Rhodes, and its Council. From its beginning, independence from other nations granted by pontifical charter and the universally recognised right to maintain and deploy armed forces constituted grounds for the international sovereignty of the Order, which minted its own coins and maintained diplomatic relations with other states. The senior positions of the Order were given to representatives of different Langues.
In 1523, after six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the walls collapsed from undermining explosives, and by a negotiated surrender the Knights left Rhodes carrying their arms.
Malta
The Order remained without a territory of its own until 1530, when Grand Master Fra' Philippe de Villiers de l'Isle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the order by Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his mother Queen Joanna of Castile as monarchs of Sicily, with the approval of Pope Clement VII, for which the order had to honour the conditions of the Tribute of the Maltese Falcon.
In 1565, the Knights, led by Grand Master Fra' Jean de Vallette (after whom the capital of Malta, Valletta, was named), defended the island for more than three months during the Great Siege by the Ottomans.
The fleet of the Order contributed to the ultimate destruction of the Ottoman naval power in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, led by John of Austria, half brother of King Philip II of Spain.
The Reformation, which split Western Europe into Protestant and Catholic states, affected the knights as well. In several countries, including England, Scotland, and Sweden, the order dissolved. In others, including the Netherlands and Germany, entire bailiwicks or commanderies (administrative divisions of the order) experienced Protestant conversions; these "Johanniter orders" survive in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden and many other countries, including the United States and South Africa. It was established that the order should remain neutral in any war between Christian nations.
From 1651 to 1665, the Order ruled four islands in the Caribbean. On 21 May 1651 it acquired the islands of Saint Barthélemy, Saint Christopher, Saint Croix and Saint Martin. These were purchased from the French Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique which had just been dissolved. In 1665, the four islands were sold to the French West India Company.
In 1798, Napoleon led the French occupation of Malta. Napoleon demanded from Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim that his ships be allowed to enter the port and to take on water and supplies. The Grand Master replied that only two foreign ships could be allowed to enter the port at a time. Bonaparte, aware that such a procedure would take a long time and leave his forces vulnerable to British Admiral Horatio Nelson, immediately ordered a cannon fusillade against Malta. The French soldiers disembarked in Malta at seven points on the morning of 11 June and attacked. After several hours of fierce fighting, the Maltese in the west were forced to surrender.
Napoleon opened negotiations with the fortress capital of Valletta. Faced with vastly superior French forces and the loss of western Malta, the Grand Master negotiated a surrender to the invasion. Hompesch left Malta for Trieste on 18 June. He resigned as Grand Master on 6 July 1799.
The knights were dispersed, though the Order continued to exist in a diminished form and negotiated with European governments for a return to power as part of the agreement between France and Holy Roman Empire during the German mediatisation. The Russian Emperor, Paul I, gave the largest number of knights shelter in Saint Petersburg, an action that gave rise to the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller and the Order's recognition among the Russian Imperial Orders. The refugee knights in Saint Petersburg proceeded to elect Tsar Paul as their Grand Master – a rival to Grand Master von Hompesch until the latter's abdication left Paul as the sole Grand Master. Grand Master Paul I created, in addition to the Catholic Grand Priory, a "Russian Grand Priory" of no fewer than 118 Commanderies, dwarfing the rest of the Order and open to all Christians. Paul's election as Grand Master was, however, never ratified under Catholic canon law, and he was the de facto rather than de jure Grand Master of the Order.
By the early 19th century, the Order was severely weakened by the loss of its priories throughout Europe. Only 10% of the order's income came from traditional sources in Europe, with the remaining 90% being generated by the Russian Grand Priory until 1810. This was partly reflected in the government of the Order being under Lieutenants, rather than Grand Masters, in the period 1805 to 1879, when Pope Leo XIII restored a Grand Master to the order. This signaled the renewal of the Order's fortunes as a humanitarian and religious organization.
On 19 September 1806, the Swedish government offered the sovereignty of the island of Gotland to the Order. The offer was rejected since it would have meant the Order renouncing their claim to Malta.
Exile
The French forces occupying Malta expelled the Knights Hospitaller from the country.
During the seventeen years that separated the seizure of Malta and the General Peace, "the formality of electing a brother Chief to discharge the office of Grand Master, and thus to preserve the vitality of the Sovereign Institute, was duty attended to". The office of Lieutenant of the Magistery and ad interim of Grand Master was held by the Grand Baillies Field Marshal Counto Soltikoff, Giovanni Tommasi, De Gaevera, Giovanni y Centelles, De Candida and the Count Colloredo. Their mandates complexively covered the period until the death of the Emperor Paul in 1801.
The Treaty of Amiens (1802) obliged the United Kingdom to evacuate Malta, which was to be restored to a recreated Order of St. John, whose sovereignty was to be guaranteed by all of the major European powers, to be determined at the final peace. However, this did not happen because of objections to the treaty that quickly grew in the United Kingdom.
Bonaparte's rejection of a British offer involving a ten-year lease of Malta prompted the reactivation of the British blockade of the French coast; Britain declared war on France on 18 May.
The 1802 treaty was never implemented. The United Kingdom resumed hostilities citing France's imperialist policies in the West Indies, Italy, and Switzerland.
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
The Congress of Vienna of 1815 confirmed the loss of Malta. After having temporarily resided in Messina, Catania and Ferrara, the seat of the order was moved to Ferrara in 1826 and to Rome in 1834. The Magistral Palace in Via Condotti 68 and the Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill enjoy extraterritorial status. The grand priories of Lombardy-Venetia and of Sicily were restored from 1839 to 1841. The office of Grand Master was restored by Pope Leo XIII in 1879, after a vacancy of 75 years, confirming Giovanni Battista Ceschi a Santa Croce as the first Grand Master of the restored Order of Malta. However, the loss of possession of Malta during this period did not affect the right of active and passive legation for the Order, which is legally important for the absolute continuity of international status, regardless of the former territorial possession.
The original hospitaller mission became the main activity of the order, growing ever stronger during the 20th century, most especially because of the contribution of the activities carried out by the Grand Priories and National Associations in many countries around the world. Large-scale hospitaller and charitable activities were carried out during World Wars I and II under Grand Master Fra' Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere (1931–1951). Under the Grand Masters Fra' Angelo de Mojana di Cologna (1962–88) and Fra' Andrew Bertie (1988–2008), the projects expanded.
In February 2013, the Order celebrated the 900th anniversary of its papal recognition with a general audience with Pope Benedict XVI and a Mass celebrated by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone in Saint Peter's Basilica.
Constitutional reform
The Order experienced a leadership crisis beginning in December 2016, when Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager protested his removal as Grand Chancellor by Grand Master Fra' Matthew Festing. In January 2017 Pope Francis ordered von Boeselager reinstated and required Festing's resignation. Francis also named Archbishop (later Cardinal) Giovanni Becciu as his personal representative to the Order – sidelining the Order's Cardinal Patron Raymond Burke – until the election of a new Grand Master. The pope effectively taking control over the Order was seen by some as a break with tradition and the Order's independence.
In May 2017, the Order named Mauro Bertero Gutiérrez, a Bolivian member of the Government Council, to lead its constitutional reform process. In June 2017, in a departure from tradition, the leadership of the Order wore informal attire rather than formal wear full dress uniforms to their annual papal audience. In May 2018 when a new Grand Master was elected, Francis extended Becciu's mandate indefinitely. When the Order's Chapter General met in May 2019 three of the 62 participants were women for the first time.
On 1 November 2020, Pope Francis named Archbishop (later Cardinal) Silvano Tomasi to replace Becciu as his Special Delegate to the Order, reiterating the responsibilities of that office as his sole representative.
On 3 September 2022, Pope Francis promulgated the new constitution of the Order and made provisional appointments to the Sovereign Council; he scheduled a convocation of the Extraordinary General Chapter for 25 January 2023, when regular appointments can be made in place of his provisional ones. On 26 January, the General Chapter elected to six-year terms on the Sovereign Council the same four members Francis had appointed the previous September and six of the nine Councillors he had named.
On 19 June 2023, Pope Francis named Cardinal Gianfranco Ghirlanda to succeed Burke as patron.
Organisation
Governance
The proceedings of the Order are governed by its Constitutional Charter and Code.
The Prince and Grand Master is the head of the order and governs both as sovereign and as religious superior. He is "entitled to sovereign prerogatives and honors as well as the title of "Most Eminent Highness". He is elected to a term of ten years and may be elected to a second term, but may not serve beyond the completion of his 85th year. The Prince and Grand Master is Fra' John T. Dunlap who was elected on 3 May 2023. "In the event of permanent impediment, resignation or death of the Grand Master, the Order is governed by a Lieutenant ad interim in the person of the Grand Commander, who can only perform acts of ordinary administration without making any innovations." If it is not possible to elect a Grand Master, a Lieutenant of the Grand Master is elected, who has the same powers as the Grand Master with the exception of the prerogatives of honour pertaining to a sovereign. Both the Lieutenant ad interim and the Lieutenant of the Grand Master are styled Eccellenza (Excellency).
The Sovereign Council is the primary governing body of the Order that handles regular business. The members are the Grand Master (or Lieutenant), the holders of the four High Officers (the Grand Commander, the Grand Chancellor, the Grand Hospitaller and the Receiver of the Common Treasure), the five Councilors of the Council of the Professed Knights, and four Councilors.
The Council of the Professed Knights "assists the Grand Master in the spiritual care of the Order and in the governance of the First and Second Class". It includes the Grand Master (or Lieutenant), the Grand Commander, and five Councilors elected by the Chapter of the Professed.
The Chapter General is the legislative body of the Order, which meets every six years. It elects the members of the Sovereign Council.
The Council Complete of State elects the Grand Master or the Lieutenant of the Grand Master.
The Board of Auditors audits the Order's finances. It includes a President elected among the seven Councillors, all elected by the Chapter General.
The Government Council is the advisory board to the Sovereign Council in charge of studying political, religious, humanitarian assistance and international issues.
The Order's judicial powers are exercised by a group of Magistral Courts, whose judges are appointed by the Grand Master and the Sovereign Council.
Regional divisions
The order is divided regionally into six Grand Priories, six Sub-Priories and 48 associations.
The six Grand Priories are:
Grand Priory of Rome (founded 1214; expropriated 1808; restored 1816)
Grand Priory of Lombardy and Venice (founded as two priories about 1180; expropriated 1796–1806; restored as a single priory 1839)
Grand Priory of Naples and Sicily (founded as the Priory of Messina, the Priory of Barletta, and the Priory of Capua in the 12th and 13th centuries; suppressed 1806–1826; restored as a single priory 1839)
Grand Priory of Bohemia (founded 1182)
Grand Priory of Austria (separated from the Grand Priory of Bohemia 1938)
Grand Priory of England (re-established 1993)
The six Sub-Priories are:
Sub-Priory of St. Michael (Cologne, Germany)
Sub-Priory of St. George and St. James (Madrid, Spain)
Sub-Priory of Our Lady of Philermo (San Francisco, United States)
Sub-Priory of Our Lady of Lourdes (New York, United States)
Sub-Priory of The Immaculate Conception (Melbourne, Australia)
Sub-Priory of St. Oliver Plunkett (Ireland)
Most of the 48 associations are national, but several countries (Brazil, Germany, the United States) have more than one association.
Until the beginning of the nineteenth century the Order was divided regionally into Langues.
Membership
Membership in the Order is divided into three classes each of which is subdivided into several categories:
First Class, who make religious vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience:
Knights of Justice or Professed Knights
Professed Conventual Chaplains
There are currently (2023) 33 Knights of Justice and six Professed Conventual Chaplains.
Second Class: Knights and Dames in Obedience make a Promise of Obedience:
Knights and Dames of Honour and Devotion in Obedience
Knights and Dames of Grace and Devotion in Obedience
Knights and Dames of Magistral Grace in Obedience
There are currently (2023) 541 Knights in Obedience and 137 Dames in Obedience.
Third Class, who make no vows or promises, but live according to the principles of the Church and the Order:
Knights and Dames of Honour and Devotion
Conventual Chaplains ad honorem
Knights and Dames of Grace and Devotion
Magistral Chaplains
Knights and Dames of Magistral Grace
Donats (male and female) of Devotion
There are currently (2023) 12,395 members of the Third Class.
Within each class and category of knights there are ranks of Knight, Knight Grand Cross, and Bailiff Knight Grand Cross.
Bishops and priests are generally admitted as chaplains of the Order of Malta. There are some priests who are knights of the order, usually because they were admitted to the order prior to ordination. The priests of the Order of Malta are ranked as Honorary Canons, as in the Order of the Holy Sepulchre; and they are entitled to wear the black mozetta with purple piping and purple fascia.
Prior to the 1990s, all officers of the order had to be of noble birth (defined differently in different countries), as they were all Knights of Justice or Knights in Obedience. However, Knights of Magistral Grace (i.e. those who do not have proof of noble birth) now may make the Promise of Obedience and, at the discretion of the Grand Master and Sovereign Council, may enter the novitiate to become professed Knights of Justice.
Religious officers
Cardinal Patron
The Cardinalis Patronus (Cardinal Patron), who is either a cardinal when appointed by the pope or soon raised to that rank, promotes the spiritual interests of the order and its members, and its relations with the Holy See.
Paolo Giobbe (8 August 1961 – 3 July 1969)
Giacomo Violardo (3 July 1969 – 17 March 1978)
Paul-Pierre Philippe, O.P. (10 November 1978 – 9 April 1984)
Sebastiano Baggio (26 May 1984 – 21 March 1993)
Pio Laghi (8 May 1993 – 11 January 2009)
Paolo Sardi (6 June 2009 – 8 November 2014)
Raymond Burke (8 November 2014–19 June 2023)
Gianfranco Ghirlanda (19 June 2023-present)
Special delegate
Since 2017, Pope Francis has appointed special delegates to fulfill the role that was previously assigned to the patron.
On 2 February 2017 Pope Francis appointed Archbishop Giovanni Angelo Becciu as his special delegate to the order.
After Becciu resigned from the rights and privileges of a cardinal after being implicated in a financial corruption scandal, in October 2020, Pope Francis appointed Archbishop Silvano Tomasi as his special delegate to the order on 1 November 2020.
Prelate
The Prelate of the order is responsible for the clergy of the order and assists the Grand Master, the Grand Commander and the Coordinator of the Second Class in the care of the spiritual life and in the religious observance of all members of the order. He is appointed by the Pope on the advice of the Cardinal Patron.
On 4 July 2015 Pope Francis named as Prelate Bishop Jean Laffitte. Laffitte succeeded Archbishop Angelo Acerbi, who had held the office since 2001.
Relationship with other mutually-recognised Orders of Saint John
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has collaborated with other mutually-recognized Orders of Saint John; for example, the SMOM is a major donor of the St John Eye Hospital in Jerusalem, which is primarily operated by the Most Venerable Order of Saint John.
Nuns of the Order
There are three enclosed monasteries of nuns of the Order, two in Spain that date from the 11/12th centuries and one in Malta. The existence of the nuns is not mentioned in the Constitutional Charter or the Code of the Order.
International status
Main article: Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
For more details, see List of Permanent Observers of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to the United Nations and List of diplomatic missions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
The Order "as a subject of international law, exercises sovereign functions with regard to [its] purposes", namely "promoting the glory of God and the sanctification of its members" and performing works of mercy "towards the sick, the needy, and people without a country without distinction of religion, race, sex, origin and age".
The Order has formal diplomatic relations with 113 states (including the Holy See) and has official relations with another five states and with the European Union. The Order maintains diplomatic missions around the world and many of the states reciprocate by accrediting ambassadors to the Order (usually their ambassador to the Holy See). During the reign of Fra' Andrew Bertie as Prince and Grand Master (1988–2008), the number of nations extending diplomatic relations to the Order more than doubled from 49 to 100.
The Order has observer status at the General Assembly of the United Nations and some of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. One such example is the UN Central Emergency Response Fund, to which it contributed USD $36,000 from 2006–2022. The Order is not classified as a "non-member state" nor as an "intergovernmental organization", but rather as one of the "other entities having received a standing invitation to participate as observers."
The Order has relations with the International Committee of the Red Cross and a number of international organizations. While the International Telecommunication Union has granted radio identification prefixes to the United Nations and the Palestinian Authority, the Order has never received one. For awards purposes, amateur radio operators consider the Order a separate "entity"—but stations transmitting from there use an unofficial callsign, starting with the prefix "1A". The Order has neither sought nor been granted a top-level domain for the Internet or an international dialing code for telephone purposes.
The Order's international nature is useful in enabling it to pursue its humanitarian activities without being seen as an operative of any particular nation. Its sovereignty is also expressed in the issuance of passports, licence plates, stamps, and coins.
With its unique history and unusual present circumstances, the exact status of the Order in international law has been the subject of debate. Some scholars have questioned the Order's sovereignty based on the fact that the Order has very limited geographical territories and on account of the Order's relationship with the Holy See. The connection between the Holy See and the Order of Malta was seen as so close as to call into question the actual sovereignty of the order as a separate entity. This has prompted constitutional changes on the part of the Order, which were implemented in 1997. Since then, the Order has been widely recognized as a sovereign subject of international law in its own right.
Some legal experts claim that the Order's claim to sovereignty cannot be maintained. Wilhelm Wengler rejects the notion that recognition of the Order by some states (for example, the Republic of San Marino in 1935 recognized SMOM as a sovereign state in its own right.) makes it a subject of international law. Ian Brownlie writes that, "Even in the sphere of recognition and bilateral relations, the legal capacities of institutions like the Sovereign Order of Jerusalem and Malta must be limited simply because they lack the territorial and demographic characteristics of states." Helmut Steinberger states that, "With the historical exception of the Holy See, which maintains diplomatic relations with more than 100 States, in contemporary international law only States as distinguished from international organizations or other subjects of international law are accorded sovereignty."
Even taking into account the Order's ambassadorial diplomatic status among many nations, a claim to sovereign status is sometimes rejected.
Other legal experts argue in favour of the Order's claim to sovereignty. Georg Dahm affirms that the Order is a "subject of international law without territory". Berthold Waldstein-Wartenberg writes that the sovereignty of the Order and its personality in international law is "generally recognized by international law doctrine". Gerhard von Glahn affirms that "the Order can be classified as a nonstate subject of international law, although of a somewhat peculiar nature." Rebecca Wallace explains that a sovereign entity does not have to be a country, and that the Order is an example of this.
Relations with the Holy See
On 24 January 1953, the Tribunal of Cardinals appointed by Pope Pius XII stated that, "The quality of the sovereign Order of the institution is functional, that is, aimed at ensuring the achievement of the purposes of the Order itself and its development in the world." The Tribunal of Cardinals further stated that, "The status of sovereign Order...consists in the enjoyment of certain prerogatives inherent to the Order itself as a Subject of international law. These prerogatives, which are proper to sovereignty—in accordance with the principles of international law—and which, following the example of the Holy See, have also been recognized by some States, do not however constitute in the Order that complex of powers and prerogatives, which it belongs to sovereign bodies in the full sense of the word."
On 24 June 1961, Pope John XXIII approved the Constitutional Charter of the Order, which stated that "the Order is a legal entity formally approved by the Holy See. It has the quality of a subject of international law" (Article 1) and that "the intimate connection existing between the two qualities of a religious order and a sovereign order do not oppose the autonomy of the order in the exercise of its sovereignty and prerogatives inherent to it as a subject of international law in relation to States." (Article 3)
Relations with Italy
The Order has signed treaties with Italy dated 20 February 1884, 23 December 1915, 4 January 1938, and 1956.
The Supreme Court of Cassation decreed on 6 June 1974 that, "the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Malta constitutes a sovereign international subject, in all terms equal, even if without territory, to a foreign state with which Italy has normal diplomatic relations, so there is no doubt, as already this Supreme Court has warned, that it has the legal treatment of foreign states".
The two most important properties of the Order in Rome – the Palazzo Malta in Via dei Condotti 68, where the Grand Master resides and Government Bodies meet, and the Villa del Priorato di Malta on the Aventine Hill, which hosts the Grand Priory of Rome – as well as the Embassy of the Order to Holy See and the Embassy of the Order to Italy are all recognised as extraterritorial by Italy. As Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.
By a decree of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy of 28 November 1929, "The Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta enjoys in Italy the honors due to the Cardinals, and takes place after them." Further, "The representation of the Grand Magistry of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta . . . immediately follows the representations of the Foreign Diplomatic Corps." Finally, the decree affirms that the Bailiffs Knights Grand Cross of Justice in Italy shall be styled "Excellency" (Italian: Eccellenza).
The Order is one of the largest landowners in Italy; its properties are exempted from certain Italian fiscal jurisdiction.
Diplomatic vehicles of the Order in Italy receive diplomatic license plates with the code "XA". Other vehicles of the Order receive Italian license plates with the prefix SMOM.
Relations with the Republic of Malta
Two bilateral treaties have been concluded between the Order and the Republic of Malta. The first treaty, dated 21 June 1991, is now no longer in force. The second treaty was signed on 5 December 1998 and ratified on 1 November 2001.
This agreement grants the Order the use with limited extraterritoriality of the upper portion of Fort St. Angelo in the city of Birgu. Its stated purpose is "to give the Order the opportunity to be better enabled to carry out its humanitarian activities as Knights Hospitallers from Saint Angelo, as well as to better define the legal status of Saint Angelo subject to the sovereignty of Malta over it".
The agreement has a duration of 99 years, but the document allows the Government of Malta to terminate it at any time after 50 years. Under the terms of the agreement, the flag of Malta is to be flown together with the flag of the Order in a prominent position over Fort St. Angelo. No asylum may be granted by the Order and generally the Maltese courts have full jurisdiction and Maltese law shall apply. The second bilateral treaty mentions a number of immunities and privileges, none of which appeared in the earlier treaty.
Currency and postage stamps
See also: Postage stamps and postal history of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
The Order's coins are appreciated more as collector's items than for use as currency.
Some 58 countries recognize the Order's postage stamps for franking purposes, including several such as Canada and Mongolia that lack full diplomatic relations with the Order. In 2005, Poste italiane, the Italian postal service, agreed with the Order to deliver internationally most classes of mail other than registered, insured, and special-delivery mail. The Order began issuing euro-denominated postage stamps in 2005, although the scudo remains the official currency of the Order.
Military Corps
The Order states that it was the hospitaller role that enabled the Order to survive the end of the crusading era; nonetheless, it retains its military title and traditions.
On 26 March 1876, the Association of the Italian Knights of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (Associazione dei cavalieri italiani del sovrano militare ordine di Malta, ACISMOM) reformed the Order's military to a modern military unit of the era. This unit provided medical support to the Italian Army and on 9 April 1909 the military corps officially became a special auxiliary volunteer corps of the Italian Army under the name Corpo Militare dell'Esercito dell'ACISMOM (Army Military Corps of the ACISMOM), wearing Italian uniforms. Since then the Military Corps have operated with the Italian Army both in wartime and peacetime in medical or paramedical military functions, and in ceremonial functions for the Order, such as standing guard around the coffins of high officers of the Order before and during funeral rites.
I believe that it is a unique case in the world that a unit of the army of one country is supervised by a body of another sovereign country. Just think that whenever our staff (medical officers mainly) is engaged in a military mission abroad, there is the flag of the Order flying below the Italian flag.
Air force
In 1947, after the post-World War II peace treaty forbade Italy to own or operate bomber aircraft and only operate a limited number of transport aircraft, the Italian Air Force opted to transfer some of its Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 aircraft to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, pending the definition of their exact status (the SM.82 were properly long range transport aircraft that could be adapted for bombing missions). These aircraft were operated by Italian Air Force personnel temporarily flying for the Order, carried the Order's roundels on the fuselage and Italian ones on the wings, and were used mainly for standard Italian Air Force training and transport missions but also for some humanitarian tasks proper of the Order of Malta (like the transport of sick pilgrims to the Lourdes sanctuary). In the early 1950s, when the strictures of the peace treaty had been much relaxed by the Allied authorities, the aircraft returned under full control of the Italian Air Force. One of the aircraft transferred to the Order of Malta, still with the Order's fuselage roundels, is preserved in the Italian Air Force Museum.
Logistics
The Military Corps has become known in mainland Europe for its operation of hospital trains, a service carried out intensively during both World Wars. The Military Corps still operates a modern 28-car hospital train with 192 hospital beds, serviced by a medical staff of 38 medics and paramedics provided by the Order and a technical staff provided by the Italian Army's Ferrovieri Engineer Regiment.
Orders, decorations, and medals
Main article: Orders, decorations, and medals of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Order pro Merito Melitensi
See also
In Spanish: Orden de Malta para niños
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2013-01-25T19:58:29+00:00
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Brief History of Currency in Malta The Coinage of Malta Throughout Malta’s chequered history, the coinage used was mostly that of the ruling power of the central Mediterranean at the time. Local coins, probably also minted in Malta are, however, known to have existed in the third century BC. During later classical times, more Maltese…
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https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/maltese-currency-history/
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Brief History of Currency in Malta
The Coinage of Malta
Throughout Malta’s chequered history, the coinage used was mostly that of the ruling power of the central Mediterranean at the time. Local coins, probably also minted in Malta are, however, known to have existed in the third century BC. During later classical times, more Maltese coins were in circulation. Unfortunately, this privilege ended with the coming of the Arabs in 870 AD.
During their rule in Malta from 1530 to 1798, the Knights of St. John minted and circulated their own coins. This was discontinued during the French occupation from 1798 to 1800. At the time when Malta was a British Protectorate, followed by the granting of the Maltese Islands to Britain as a colony in 1814, the circulating currency was mainly Sicilian, Spanish and French. Steps to regularise the monetary system were taken in 1825, and on 24 June that year British Silver and Copper became legal tender. British Gold Sovereigns and Half Sovereigns were minted in England for exclusive use in Malta. This coinage, meant to replace the so-called Malta Grain which had been minted by the Order, continued to be struck until 1913. British copper coins were declared the sole legal tender in October 1857 and remained so until 1972, in spite of the fact that Malta gained Independence in 1964.
In May 1972 the Malta Currency came into being and the currency system was changed into a decimal one. The Malta pound was divided into 100 cents, and 1 cent into 10 mils. Eight distinctive coins in base metal were issued. In November of the same year, the first series of the Malta Numismatic Gold and Silver Sets were issued. These coins and those of subsequent issues were legal tender till 31 January 2008. The Maltese lira remained legal tender till 31 January 2008.
On 1 January 2008, Malta adopted the euro as its national currency and the euro became Malta’s legal tender.
Ancient and medieval coins
If one had to go through Malta’s history, one is bound to find that the coinage used was mainly that of the foreign ruling power of the Island or of neighbouring countries with which Malta had extensive trade links.
The first known coins introduced into the Maltese Islands were those of the Carthaginians who occupied the Islands from approximately the mid-sixth century BC. These coins, which remained the standard currency for about two centuries, contained figures of divinities and various symbols.
Various Greek coins struck in the Greek colonies in nearby Sicily and Southern Italy have also been found in Malta and Gozo. Following the Roman conquest of the Islands from the Carthaginians at the start of the Second Punic War in 218 B.C., the Maltese Islands were allowed a limited measure of self-government and even minted their own coinage. The Punic influence in Malta was slow to disappear and remained evident well into the Roman Period.
The Maltese coins of that period were all struck in bronze, the only metal the Roman authorities permitted to be coined. However, Roman silver and bronze coins dating to this period were also current in the Maltese Islands.
The early coins struck reflect the double culture prevalent at the time in the Maltese Islands – Punic and Greek. Although they were struck during the Roman period they bear either the Punic legend ANN (which may mean ship) or the Greek legend MELITAIWN (meaning of Malta). Also one coin-type minted in Gozo bears the legend in Greek characters ‘GAYLITWN’, (of Gozo).
The Greek legend reflects Greek influence on the Maltese Islands during the Hellenistic Period.
This influence progressively increased in evidence after Malta and Gozo were annexed to the Roman Province of Sicily whose dominant culture was Greek. Towards the mid-first century B.C. coins based on Sicilian standards were struck in Malta, reflecting increasing contacts between the two Mediterranean islands. One coin bears the Greek legend MELITAIWN on the obverse and on the reverse there is the name of the Roman Propraetor C Arruntanus Balbus who governed the Sicilian province from 35 to 27 B.C.
After the first century B.C. there are no records to show that the Maltese Islands continued to mint their own coins. From this date on the coinage of Rome was used throughout the Empire.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Malta was ruled in turn by the Byzantines, the Arabs, the Normans, the Swabians, Angevins, the Aragonese and Castilians. The coinage of these rulers was current in the Maltese Islands.
Coinage of the Knights in Malta
In 1530, Emperor Charles V of Spain donated the Maltese Islands in fief to the Order of St John of Jerusalem, officially known nowadays as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta.
Through the intercession of Pope Clement VII, the Order, in spite of strong insistence by the Master of the Mint at Messina to deny it the right of mintage, obtained the privilege of striking coins in Malta. The first coins which appear to have been minted in Malta by the Knights were struck during the brief reign of the second Grand Master, Pietro del Ponte (1534-35). The Order of St John minted coins in gold, silver and copper during its 268-year rule in Malta.
After their arrival on the Island the monetary system was adapted to that of Sicily. In 1609, the Council of the Order also appointed a Commission to study the new regulations issued for the Sicilian Mint at Messina to ensure that coins struck in Malta would in future conform in weight and fineness to those of Sicily. From time to time foreign coins, including Spanish Doubloons and Piastres, Venetian Zecchini, Livournine, Genovine and Louis d’Or were allowed to circulate with the local coinage.
Because of the critical financial difficulties following Malta’s Great Siege of the Turks against the Knights in 1565, and to have funds to pay the several thousand labourers engaged in the building of the new city of Valletta, the Order found it expedient to strike fiduciary copper coins. The reverse side of these coins depicted clasped hands surrounded by the legend ‘NON AES SED FIDES’, (Not Money But Trust). According to Giacomo Bosio, historian of the Order, Grand Master Jean de La Vallete (1557-1568) promised to redeem these copper coins in “noble, metal” and also fixed their rate of exchange at par not only with Maltese silver coins but also with Sicilian silver pieces.
Fiduciary copper coins, struck by other Grand Masters continued to pass current in Malta at par with Sicilian silver and to maintain their value with local silver coins until the death of Grand Master Antoine de Paule in 1636 as the amount put in circulation had remained more or less proportionate to the internal needs of the Island. But when Grand Master Jean-Paul Lascaris Castellar (1636-1657) struck these fiduciary pieces in excessive quantities, the rate of exchange between copper and silver was completely unbalanced and increased rapidly from year to year to such an extent that in 1764 local copper was reported to be losing the amount of 107% in exchange for silver.
The Knights’ minting art reached its peak in the gold and silver coins issued during the office of Grand Master Antonio Manoel de Vilhena (1722-1736).
Vilhena was the first to coin the 12 Zecchini gold piece, the highest denomination in the Order’s coinage. He also introduced the silver 2 Scudi and the 8 and 12 Tari pieces.
The highest value silver coin minted by the Order was the Maltese dollar, known as the “pezza”, “oncia d’argento” or “uqija” This was first issued during the long reign of Grand Master Emmanuel Pinto (1741 – 1773).
The Mint of Malta
Little is known of the first mint in Malta before the time of Grand Master La Vallete. And even for some time afterwards, only fragments of information have been unearthed. Bosio, in his ‘Storia della Sacra Religione’ wrote in the year 1684 that the Master of the Mint in 1566 (shortly after the Great Siege) was a Fleming named Simon Prevost. He engraved and struck the special coins and medals which were placed in a copper urn under the foundation stone of the new city of Valletta.
The site of the first mint of the Order of St. John in Malta is also unknown. Numismatic historians, however, believe it was probably first located at either Fort St. Angelo or in Birgu (Vittoriosa). Shortly after 1573, the Mint was transferred to the tower of the Grand Master’s Palace in Valletta. After 1604, it was installed in St. Sebastian Street in Valletta, today known as Old Mint Street. In 1778 the Mint was moved again, this time to the “Conservatoria” (today the National Malta Library), still in the capital city of Valletta, and remained there until it ceased to function in 1800.
Under the rule of the Knights, the Grand Master himself was responsible for appointing the Master of the Mint who, in turn, had jurisdiction over all goldsmiths and silversmiths operating in Malta.
Between 1722 and 1727, Grand Master Antonio Manoel de Vilhena (1722-1736) struck no less than 200,000 Zecchini pieces but these quickly began to disappear from circulation as, through prejudice or lack of expertise in the art of finance, they were issued at well below their real value when compared with foreign gold coins whose value had risen on the market. Large quantities of these Zecchini were exported, mainly to Naples and Sicily where gold was rated at a higher value than in Malta and where they were subsequently melted down at a profit. Vilhena had in the meantime also made a complete alteration in the silver coinage by issuing new denominations and because the silver standard had also been raised it became just as profitable for speculators to export the Order’s silver coins.
To check the constant flow of the coinage of the Order outside Malta the Mint was ordered to stop striking Zecchini and in 1730 a strict prohibition of the oexportation of local gold and silver was imposed. These measures were partly successful until Vilhena’s death in December 1736.
However, two years after the election of Grand Master Ramon Despuig (1736-1741) it was again found out that the 2 Scudi and Scudo silver coins were being exported by speculators or melted down by the local silversmiths. In spite of the reimposition of heavy fines and harsher penalties for those who either exported or melted down the coinage, silver coins continued to disappear from circulation. In March and April 1738 Despuig withdrew from circulation all silver coins of the Order and coined them into new coins of inferior fineness thereby making it unprofitable for speculators to export them. Though this drastic measure saved the Order from a total disappearance of the silver coins of the Knights from Malta and increased the amount of the coinage, it also resulted in the extinction of a large number of Vilhena’s beautifully executed silver coins.
In March of the succeeding year, again through lack of expertise in financial matters, the Order committed the grave error of arbitrarily raising the value of foreign coins and leaving the rate of the Island’s standard coin, the Zecchino, at the old rate. An immediate exportation of the Order’s gold and silver coins took place and within a short while Malta’s currency practically consisted of its over abundant copper token coins which at that time were worth about 100% less than their nominal value.
On his election, Grand Master Emmanuel Pinto (1741-1773), faced with a great shortage of gold and silver coins, quickly struck a good amount of Zecchini but these were afterwards replaced with new denominations of 10 and 5 Scudi gold pieces (Single Louis and Half Louis – Lwig u nofs Lwig) as the former coins proved to be unpopular due to their inferior fineness. Although Pinto also introduced new denominations in silver including the 30 and 15 Tari pieces (L-Uqija u Nofs Uqija) he was unable to restore confidence in the Order’s currency. In 1762 or 1763, unable to find a remedy he sought the competent advice of Zanobio Paoli, a former Master of the Mint in Florence. When Paoli arrived in Malta he found the local Mint in a deplorable state and in an elaborate ‘ ‘Trattato della Zecca’ ‘ submitted soon after his arrival, he made various recommendations including the introduction of new denominations, the striking of new Zecchini of 22½ carats and the withdrawal of the fiduciary copper coins.
Unfortunately no records exist as towhat measures were taken to reorganise the Mint after Paoli’s report during Pinto’s rule. Apart from prolific issues of certain denominations and the introduction of the gold 20 Scudi or Double Louis of Malta (Lwig doppju) in 1764 very little appears to have been adopted from Paoli’s report and the local Mint continued to be run at a loss. During the short rule of Grand Master Francisco Ximenes de Texada (1773-1775) matters remained just as bad, for the Commissioners of the Mint in 1774 blamed the Mintmaster for the issue of a debased and discredited coinage. Within the period 1766 and 1776 minting had in fact been very erratic and the accounts for the Mint show a loss of just over 2,446 Scudi.
In 1777 the Treasury of the Order, to reorganise the Mint and to stop it from operating at a loss, decided to adopt Paoli’s recommendations with regard to the method of work and the various duties of those employed in that establishment. To restore confidence in the Order’s coinage it was also recommended that the standard gold coin, the Zecchino, was to be restored to its original fineness of 22 ½ carats and 3 1/6 deniers in weight and its value regulated periodically according to the rate at which Spanish Doubloons were bought by the mints of Naples and Palermo. The standard silver coin, the Maltese Scudo, was also to be restored to the fineness of 10 ozs. 12 grs. fine silver per pound and the Commissioners of the Mint were also to issue periodically a tariff showing the purchase price of foreign coins Amongst other matters it was also recommended that Pinto’s debased Zecchini and the copper fiduciary coins were to be withdrawn.
Many of these recommendations, though approved by Grand Master Emmanuel de Rohan (1775-1779) were ignored; for instance Pinto’s Zecchini were never withdrawn and the copper pieces were only countermarked against forgery. However, there is no doubt that necessary measures and changes in the Mint’s administration were carried out, as the coins of de Rohan are most exact in weight and purity. The financial records of the mint also reveal that this establishment, though losing in certain years, made an overall profit of over 25,000 Scudi over the period 1778 to 1788.
Nevertheless, during De Rohan’s rule the financial position of the Order deteriorated further and seriously chiefly because of developments occurring overseas. The economic affairs of Malta depended to a large degree on the steady inflow of capital from abroad. Much of these funds originated from ‘responsions’ or remittances in connection with property income from the large number of land holdings in Europe belonging to the Order. During the French Revolution however, much of the income-producing property owned in France was confiscated and many Knights fled to Malta. With little money available, the Order was forced to incur huge debts in Malta and abroad to maintain its operations, and to make up for the loss, it was obliged to coin the silver plate of its galleys as well as much of the silverware in the Grand Master’s Palace, the Hospital and other places.
The Mint of the Order continued to function during the two-year reign of Ferdinand von Hompesch (1797-98) who relinquished Malta without any serious effort to defend it from the French who landed on the Island in June 1798.
French Rule, 1798-1800
When Napoleon landed in Malta, he seized whatever gold, silver and precious stones he could find in the Co-Cathedral of the Knights (the Church of St John) in Valletta and various other churches and institutions elsewhere in the Island. Some of the silver found was melted down at the Malta Mint and struck into 30 and 15 Tari pieces depicting the bust and arms of Hompesch, the last Grand Master of the Order to govern in Malta.
In September 1798 the Maltese revolted against the French. All the gold and silver of the Monte di Pieta’, a state-owned pawning institution, was seized by the French and later used to finance the troops and inhabitants during the blockade of Valletta by the Maltese insurgents. As no coins could be minted owing to the lack of certain materials, the French struck ingots made of gold and silver during the blockade of the French garrison in Valletta.
These ingots circulated for a time as money. On one side of the ingots were stamped the arms of the city of Valletta and on the obverse the value in Scudi, Tari and Grani.
British Era, 1800-1964
With the advent of the British Protectorate in 1800, which was followed by the granting of Malta to Britain as a colony in 1814, the Mint of the Order ceased to function, and the machinery was taken to the Civil Arsenal for storage. In 1828 after being polished and put in working order it was sold to the Greek Government for the petty sum of £100. During the first fifty years of British rule, the legal circulating coinage included the coins of the Knights, Spanish Doubloons and dollars, Sicilian Dollars, South American Dollars, French 5 Franc pieces and English coins. Other foreign coins, though not legally current, also circulated in Malta; these consisted mainly of French Louis d’Or and Maria Theresa Dollars.
The dissimilarity of the intrinsic value of British silver coins with more acceptable continental coins, as well as with the cosmopolitan collection of currencies which circulated in Malta during the British era, were the cause of much discontent in the Island. Furthermore, projects for an Island coinage proposed by the local Merchants and recommended by the local Government were for various reasons not adopted and the currency situation was often very difficult.
Steps for the regularisation of the local monetary system were taken in June 1825 when British silver and copper coins (the Crown, Half Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, Penny, Halfpenny and Farthings) were declared legal tender as a preparatory measure to the general introduction of British metallic currency as the circulating medium in Malta. However, British silver coined in England after 1816 on the basis of 66 shillings instead of 62 shillings per Pound Troy remained unpopular in Malta for a long time after their introduction. Such a type of coin was wholly unserviceable then in operations with the markets of the Mediterranean where the preferred coins such as the Spanish and Sicilian Dollars had an approximate and corresponding value in proportion to their weight of fine silver. Furthermore, though in December 1825 Government departments began to keep their accounts exclusively in Sterling, the Banks, the Commercial Body and the inhabitants did not change their mode of keeping their accounts and of making sales, contracts etc., in Scudi, Tari and Grani.
British gold Sovereigns and Half Sovereigns were introduced in 1826.
British copper coins were declared the sole legal tender copper currency in Malta in November 1827 and in April of the following year all copper coins of the Order ceased to be legal tender. To this effect, a copper coin, called the British Grain (1/3 farthing), had been struck by the Royal Mint in England for exclusive use in Malta and issued for local circulation in 1827. This coin, meant to replace the so-called Malta Grain, locally known as “Habba”, and which had been minted by the Order, continued to be struck until 1913. A proposed design for the Grain, sent by the local Government to the Secretary of State in 1825 which depicted the value “1G” within a circle surmounted by the name ‘MELITA’ on the reverse, was not adopted by the Royal Mint who instead preferred the seated figure of Britannia.
In October 1855, a Proclamation declared Sterling to be the sole legal tender currency in Malta. In spite of this, however, the business and banking community continued to make use of gold and silver coins of the Order as well as certain foreign coins, particularly the Sicilian Dollar. These non-sterling coins were removed from local circulation during the period October 1885 – November 1886 following a decree by the Italian Government withdrawing the coins of the Pontifical State and those of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The remaining gold and silver coins of the Order of St John were demonetised and withdrawn from circulation between October and November 1886. These developments left British coins as the only legal tender coinage on the Island. They remained so until the early 1970s when the Island’s coinage system was radically changed.
New Coins for Malta
In the light of recommendations of the Currency Decimalisation Committee appointed in 1967, the Maltese Government approved legislation in September 1971 providing for the decimalisation of the local coin currency. The British coins in local circulation – the ¼d, ½d, 1d, 3d, 6d, 1/-, 2/-, 2/6, the 5/- (Churchill Crown), and the 5p, 10p and 50p – were thus demonetised in stages, and in May 1972 a set of Maltese coins was issued in replacement.
The Malta pound, which was renamed Maltese lira (Lm) in 1983, was retained as the currency unit. This was divided into 100 cents, and the 1 cent into 10 mils. Initially, eight coins were issued in the following denominations: 2 mils, 3 mils, 5 mils, 1 cent, 2 cents, 5 cents, 10 cents, 50 cents. The mils were in aluminium, the 1 cent in bronze, and the rest in cupro-nickel. On 13 December 1974, Malta was proclaimed a Republic within the Commonwealth. To commemorate this event, a 25 cents coin in nickel brass was issued in June 1975.
This decimal set represented the first coinage issued by Malta as an independent nation and marked a new era in which Malta’s own coins could circulate exclusively as the Island’s sole legal tender coinage.
In 1986, a new set of seven definitive coins was issued, in denominations of Lm1, 50 cents, 25 cents, 10 cents, 5 cents, 2 cents and 1 cent. The 10 cent coin was the first in the new set to be issued, introduced on 19 May 1986.
An innovative feature in the new set was the Lm1 coin which replaced the Lm1 currency note.
Maltese Bank and Currency Notes
The first banknotes of Malta were issued by the Banco Anglo-Maltese, established in 1809, and by the Banco di Malta, established in 1812. The notes were issued in various denominations of scudi with 12 scudi equivalent to one pound sterling. These banknotes were not accepted by government departments and were issued more for the convenience of the commercial body. In 1855, when sterling was declared the sole legal tender in Malta, banks stopped issuing notes in scudi and introduced notes in pounds sterling in denominations of £1, £5, £10, £20, £30, £50 and £100. Between 1873 and 1875, these notes were overprinted ‘Payable in Sicilian Dollars’, reflecting the wide-spread popularity of the Sicilian dollar, notwithstanding the 1857 proclamation.
Banknotes ceased being issued in 1878. However, when the Sicilian dollar was withdrawn between November 1885 and February 1886 following a decree by the Italian government, the banks again reverted to the issue of notes in sterling.
In 1882 the entire business of the Treasury Chest in Malta was transferred to the Anglo-Egyptian Banking Company’s branch which had been opened the previous year. In 1886, approval was given for the issue of the bank’s own notes. All these private issues continued to be made until 1903.
The first official Maltese Currency Notes were issued on August 1914, prompted by reasons of expediency and precaution. Following the outbreak of the First World War, a massive hoarding of gold and silver coins set in, generating a run on the banks. Under such emergency conditions, Ordinance No VIII of 1914 was rushed, providing for the issue of temporary paper currency. The new issue was in denominations of five shillings, ten shillings, £1, £5 and £10. Between 7 May and 30 September 1915, these notes were demonetised and replaced by British notes, in denominations of £1 and 10 shillings, which remained in circulation for some twenty years. With the outbreak of World War II, legislation was passed on 13 September 1939, authorising the Maltese government to issue Maltese notes in denominations of 2/-, 2/6, 5/-, 10/- and £1. These were put into circulation at different dates during 1940, except for the 2/- note which was issued in March 1942. A 1/- note (overprinted on old 2/- unissued stock) was issued in November 1942 and replaced by a new 1/- note in 1943. The issue of small denomination paper currency was necessitated by the scarcity of metal for coinage, and by the difficulty of shipping British currency to Malta during the war. With the war’s end, these small denomination notes became obsolete and fell into disuse, mainly because paper wore out too quickly, and they were again replaced by British coins which continued to circulate as legal tender up to 1972.
The notes issued in Malta during the Second World War were uniface (single faced) notes except for the 1/- note which represented an overprint on old stocks of the 1918 2/- note.
This was probably a wartime austerity measure applicable to note issues for the British colonial empire, as all other colonial note-issuing territories had similar uniface notes.
The Malta notes therefore formed part of the colonial omnibus issues.
The paper currency issued during both World Wars though intended only for temporary use, was however found convenient, and Ordinance No 1 of 1949 (The Currency Notes Ordinance) finally put the issue of local paper currency on a permanent basis. Between 1949 and 1968 the notes detailed below were issued by the Currency Board.
On 8 May 1951, new 10/- and £1 Maltese notes came into circulation. These came to be known as the ‘New’ series. Similar notes bearing Queen Elizabeth’s portrait were issued in April 1954 to commemorate Her Majesty’s visit to Malta.
On 2 June 1961 a £5 denomination note was issued for the first time, bearing the famous Annigoni portrait of HM The Queen. Two years later a 10/- and £1 note were issued on the same design, and these three came to be known as the ‘Pictorial’ series.
The Central Bank of Malta, which was established by the Central Bank Act of 1967 and began operating on 17 April 1968, took over the assets and liabilities of the Note Security Fund from the Currency Board in June 1968.
From that date responsibility for the issue of currency notes passed to the Central Bank and during the same month the Bank issued its first 10/- and £5 notes bearing the same design as the ‘Pictorial’ series. The £1 note in this series was issued on 24 September 1969 and these three notes were called the CBM 1st series.
The Central Bank issued its second series, the CBM 2nd series, on 15 January 1973. The 10/- note was dropped (a 50c coin had been issued in May 1972 as part of the coin changeover to decimalisation) and a £M10 note was introduced.
The third series, called the CBM 3rd series, was issued on 30 March 1979, and has kept the same denominations of £M1, £M5 and £M10 as the previous one.
On 17 March 1986, the Central Bank issued a new set of four notes -namely Lm2, Lm5, Lm10, Lm20 called the CBM 4th series. This issue marked the appearance of the Lm20 and the Lm2 note. The Lm1 note was replaced in 1986 by a coin. For the first time the notes included a portrait of the President of the Republic as Head of State.
On 18 September 1989 the Bank issued a new set of currency notes, the fifth series. This coincided with the twentyfifth anniversary of Malta’s Independence. These banknotes, which had the same denominations as those of the fourth series, were enhanced with security features in 1994.
On 20 March 1974, legislation was passed whereby notes demonetised previously would no longer be exchangeable at the Central Bank as from 20 March 1984, and other notes would no longer be exchangeable as from 10 years after their demonetisation date.
Malta’s euro coins
Malta adopted the euro as its national currency and the euro became Malta’s legal tender on 1 January 2008.
The choice of the designs for the national sides of Malta’s euro coins was decided through public consultation. In the first consultation twelve themes were presented to the public. Of these, three of the designs – the Statue of the Baptism of Christ, Malta’s Coat of Arms and the Mnajdra Temple Altar – were chosen. The fourth design, that of the Maltese eight-pointed Cross, was also considered after it received the highest number of votes from the public as an alternative to the twelve themes presented in the consultation process.
The second consultation resulted in the Maltese eight-pointed Cross, Malta’s Coat of Arms and the Mnajdra Temple Altar being chosen as designs for the Maltese euro coins.
Following the choice of the coins, the Monnaie de Paris was awarded the contract for the minting of euro coins bearing the Maltese national side. The Monnaie de Paris is the State-owned mint that has been responsible for the minting of all French euro coins.
Malta entered into an agreement with the Commission of the European Communities through a Memorandum of Understanding that was divided into two phases. The preparatory phase, included the production of a certain quantity of test coins.
The second phase consisted of the mass production of the whole quantity of coins required for the changeover, which started after Malta received the formal approval from the EU Council of Ministers to adopt the euro.
The designs for the Maltese side of the euro coins was approved by the EU Commission and this resulted in some small changes that were carried out to the original designs selected by the public to make them conform fully to the Commission Recommendation on common guidelines for the national sides of euro circulation coins.
Each country in the euro area uses its own symbol or design on the euro coins. Although the national sides are different, all the euro coins can be used in all parts of the euro area.
The Central Bank of Malta issued its first €2 commemorative coin on Monday 5 Jannuary 2009.
The coin commemorated the 10th anniversary of Economic and Monetary Union. Each euro area country issued a similar coin bearing the same design but with the name of the country and the legend ‘EMU 1999-2009′ shown in the respective language. The Maltese euro coin has the legend ‘UEM 1999-2009′, where the letters UEM stand for ‘Unjoni Ekonomika u Monetarja’.
The deliberately primitive design of the coin symbolizes the euro as the latest step in the long history of trade up to the formation of economic and monetary union. It was created by George Stamatopoulos, a sculptor from the minting department at the Bank of Greece.
On Friday 30 March 2012, the Central Bank of Malta issued the €2 coin commemorating ‘’Ten years of the Euro’’. Euro area citizens were invited to submit designs in May 2011. A professional jury selected five from more than 800 designs. The short-listed designs were then placed online, open to all euro area citizens, for a public vote in June 2011.
Close to 35,000 participated in the vote. The winning design, receiving 34% of the votes, was created by Mr Helmut Andexlinger, a professional designer at the Austrian Mint.
The design symbolises the way in which the euro has become a truly global player in the last ten years and shows its importance in ordinary people’s lives (represented by the people in the design), trade (the ship), industry (the factory) and energy (wind power stations). This was the third time that all euro area countries issued a euro coin with a common design on the national side. The first was the commemorative €2 coin issued to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome in 2007 and the second, in 2009, commemorated ten years of Economic and Monetary union and the creation of the euro as a unit of account.
The Central Bank of Malta on 24 June 2013 issued a new euro coin set dated 2013. The set incorporates the eight Maltese euro coins as well as a €2 coin, commemorating the 1921 Constitution granting self-government to Malta. All coins were struck at the Royal Dutch Mint. The euro coins were designed by Noel Galea Bason while the €2 coin was designed by Ganni Bonnici. The set also includes a replica coin from the Byzantine period and is packed in a distinctive presentation box. The minting is limited to 35,000 sets.
Brief History of the Maltese Pound
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Maltese lira
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_lira
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Currency of Malta from 1825 to 2007
For the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, see Maltese scudo.
Maltese lira
Maltese pound (English)
Lira Maltija (Maltese)
Maltese banknotesMaltese coins
ISO 4217CodeMTL
until June 1983: MTP, Maltese poundUnitPluralliriSymbol£M and LmDenominationsSubunit 1⁄100cent (c) 1⁄1000mill (m)BanknotesLm 2, Lm 5, Lm 10, Lm 20Coins Freq. used1c, 2c, 5c, 10c, 25c, 50c, Lm 1DemographicsUser(s)None, previously:
MaltaIssuanceCentral bankCentral Bank of Malta Websitewww .centralbankmalta .comValuationInflation2.8% SourceThe World Factbook, 2006 est.EU Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)Since2 May 2005Fixed rate since2 May 2005Replaced by euro, non cash1 January 2008Replaced by euro, cash31 January 20081 € =Lm 0.429300Bandpegged in practice, 15% de jureThis infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
The lira (Maltese: lira Maltija, plural: liri, ISO 4217 code: MTL) or pound (until ca. 1986 in English, code MTP) was the currency of Malta from 1972 until 31 December 2007. One lira was divided into 100 cents, each of 10 mils. After 1986 the lira was abbreviated as Lm, although the original £M sign continued to be used unofficially. In English the currency was still frequently called the pound even after its official English language name was changed to lira.
The euro replaced the lira as the official currency of Malta on 1 January 2008 at the irrevocable fixed exchange rate of €1 per Lm 0.4293, or approximately €2.33 per Lm 1.
History
[edit]
Sterling
[edit]
In 1825, an imperial order-in-council introduced sterling coinage to Malta, replacing a system under which various coinages circulated, including that issued in Malta by the Knights of St John. The pound was valued at 12 scudi of the local currency. This exchange rate meant that the smallest Maltese coin, the grano, was worth one third of a farthing (1 scudo = 20 tari = 240 grani). Consequently, 1⁄3-farthing (1⁄12-penny) coins were issued for use in Malta until 1913, alongside the regular sterling coinage. Amongst the British colonies which used sterling coinage, Malta was unique in issuing a 1⁄3-farthing coin.
Between 1914 and 1918, wartime emergency paper money issues were made by the government.
Until 1972, the pound was divided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence with 4 farthings to the penny; from May 1972 it was decimalised into 100 cents, and each cent into 10 mils.[1]
Pre-decimal sterling coinage continued to circulate in Malta for nearly a year after it was withdrawn in the UK due to decimalisation as Malta did not decimalise until 1972. Although the Maltese pound was initially equal to its sterling counterpart, this parity did not survive long after the floating of sterling on 22 June 1972.
Banknotes
[edit]
Emergency issues between 1914 and 1918 were in denominations of 5 and 10 shillings, £1, £5 and £10. In 1940, notes dated 13 September 1939 in denominations of 2/6, 5/–, 10/– and £1 were issued, followed late in the year by a provisional 1/– note overprinted on old 2/– notes dated 20 November 1918.[2] Note production continued after the Second World War in denominations of 10/- and £1, with £5 notes reintroduced between 1961 and 1963.
After the Central Bank of Malta was established by the Central Bank Act of 1967 and began operating on April 17, 1968,[2] the issuing body named on the banknotes switched from "Government of Malta" to "Central Bank of Malta." While the designs of the notes remained unchanged, the colors were changed. The Central Bank refers to this series as the "CBM first series". The CBM second series began with the introduction of lira-denominated notes on January 15, 1973.[2]
Lira
[edit]
Banknotes issued by the Government of Malta and then by the Central Bank of Malta were written in English up to 1972. From 1973 to 1985, they were written in Maltese on the obverse (with the currency identified as "lira"), and in English on the reverse (identifying the currency as pound). From 1986 to 2007, Maltese was used on both sides.[3]
Although exclusively using British coins at that time, Malta did not decimalise with the UK in 1971. Instead, decimalisation occurred a year later, on the "pound and mil" system, dividing the pound into 1,000 mils and 100 cents. The Maltese name "lira" and the English name "pound" were used concurrently on banknotes until 1986, when "lira" became the official name of the currency in both languages. Mil denominated coins were removed from circulation in 1994.
On entry into the European Union, Malta agreed to adopt the euro. The lira was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2008, as part of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union.[4]
Euro changeover
[edit]
The Maltese lira was replaced by the euro as the official currency of Malta at the irrevocable fixed exchange rate of Lm 0.429300 per €1. However, Maltese lira banknotes and coins continued to have legal tender status and were accepted for cash payments until 31 January 2008. Maltese lira were convertible free of charge at all Maltese credit institutions until 30 March 2008. Maltese coins were convertible at the Central Bank of Malta until 1 February 2010, and banknotes remained convertible until 31 January 2018.
Exchange rate
[edit]
Since the Maltese currency was considered a local issue of sterling rather than an entirely separate currency until 13 December 1971, the two currencies maintained an exact 1:1 equivalence with each other. Afterwards, the Maltese currency was allowed to float, anchored to a basket of reserve currencies. The lira had subsequently[when?] been worth around GBP 1.60. After the Kuwaiti dinar, it was the second-highest-valued currency unit in the world, being worth US$3.1596 as of 28 April 2007. After the dollar weakened against other currencies in mid-2006, the lira was worth US$3.35289 as of 16 December 2007.
The currency entered the ERM II on 2 May 2005, by which its value had to be maintained within a 15% band around the central parity rate of Lm 0.429300 per euro. The Central Bank of Malta and Maltese Government unilaterally decided to keep the actual Lm/€ exchange rate equal to the central parity rate (i.e., doing away with the 15% band) throughout the ERM II period.
The irrevocable fixed conversion rate was established by the ECOFIN on 10 July 2007,[5] at Lm 0.4293 to one euro.[6][7][8]
Coins
[edit]
Decimal coinage was introduced in 1972 (one year after the United Kingdom) based on the "pound and mil" system proposed in 1855 by Sir William Brown MP in denominations of 2, 3, and 5 mils, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 50 cents. There was no one-mil coin, although, the coins that were provided (2m, 3m, and 5m) allowed goods to be priced (and change given) for any number of mils. In 1975, a 25c coin was introduced.
A new coinage was issued in 1986 in denominations of 1c, 2c, 5c, 10c, 25c and 50c and Lm 1. A third series was introduced in 1991 due to the change in Malta's coat of arms. The mils were withdrawn in 1994, although for some time only the 5 mils had been seen (and then only rarely).
Banknotes
[edit]
On 15 January 1973,[2] banknotes were introduced, denominated in liri on the obverse and pounds on the reverse, in denominations of £M 1, £M 5 and £M 10. In 1986, £M1 notes were replaced by coins and Lm 2 and Lm 20 notes were introduced.
Banknote Series the Maltese lira Series Symbol Denominations Date of issue 2nd £M £M 1, £M 5, £M 10 1973 3rd 1979 4th Lm Lm 2, Lm 5, Lm 10, Lm 20 1986 5th 1989
Banknotes of the fourth series were:
Fourth Series [9] Image Value Equivalent in Euros (€) Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark first printing issue withdrawal lapse [10] [11] Lm 2 4.66 138 × 66.5 mm Orange Agatha Barbara, map of Malta, and a brigantine (1531). Marsaxlokk harbour, gantry cranes Allegorical head 1967 (legal basis) 17 March 1986 15 June 1998 15 June 2008 [12] [13] Lm 5 11.65 145 × 69 mm Blue Agatha Barbara, map of Malta, and a speronara (1798) Mellieħa Bay, a woman engaged in lace making, a fisherman in the course of making fishing pots [14] [15] Lm 10 23.29 152 × 72.5 mm Green Agatha Barbara, map of Malta, and a tartana (1740) Grand Harbour, Malta Drydocks 13 September 2000 13 September 2010 [13] [14] Lm 20 46.59 159 × 76 mm Brown Agatha Barbara, map of Malta, and a xebec (1743) Auberge de Castille, the monument dedicated to the Maltese worker in Msida 30 November 1992 2 December 2002
Banknotes in circulation at the time of the introduction of the euro were:
Fifth Series [9] Image Value Equivalent in Euros (€) Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark first printing issue withdrawal lapse [15] [16] Lm 2 4.66 138 × 66.5 mm Violet Melita holding a rudder, symbolising Malta in control of her own destiny, 3 doves symbolising peace, United Nations Emblem, the Central Bank of Malta Coat-of-Arms, mosaic designs from the period of Roman presence in Malta. The Banca Giuratale at Mdina and the one at Victoria, Gozo Allegorical head 1967 (legal basis) 18 September 1989
Enhanced: 1 June 1994 31 January 2008[16] 31 January 2018[16] [17] [18] Lm 5 11.65 145 × 69 mm Blue Mdina Gate, Torre dello Standardo, extract from Maltese declaration of rights [19] [20] Lm 10 23.29 152 × 72.5 mm Green Sette Giugno Monument in Valletta, a national assembly meeting held on 7 June 1919, the day when four Maltese citizens were killed [21] [22] Lm 20 46.59 159 × 76 mm Brown, orange George Borg Olivier, raising of the Maltese flag, a marble tablet in Valletta commemorating Independence For table standards, see the banknote specification table.
See also
[edit]
Banknotes of the Anglo-Egyptian Banking Company Limited (Malta)
Maltese euro coins
Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Malta)
Economy of Malta
References
[edit]
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Order of Malta Coins with Grand Masters
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GRAND MASTERS of the KNIGHTS of St. JOHN
full style of the Grand masters:
(a) to 1798: Dei Gratia Sacrae Domus Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani et militaris Ordinis Sancti Sepulchri Dominici Magister humilis pauperumque Iesu Christi custos (the phrase et militaris Ordinis Sancti Sepulchri Dominici ceases to be effective 04 Nov 1497, but is not deleted) ("by the Grace of God, Grand Master of the Sacred Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem and of the military Order of the Holy Sepulcher, humble guardian of the poor of Jesus Christ");
(b) 10 Dec 1798 - 24 Mar 1801: Velikiy Magistr Ordena Svyatogo Ioanna Ierusalimskogo ("Grand master of the Holy Order of St. John of Jerusalem");
(c) from 1803: Gran Maestro ("Grand master"); in common official use to 1805: Principe e Gran Maestro ("Prince and Grand master"); Long form: "His Most Eminent Highness, Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta, Most Humble Guardian of the Poor of Jesus Christ."
Jerusalem Era 1113-1142
Gerard Sasso (Procurator of Hospitals)......................Feb 1113 - 03 Sep 1120
Raymond du Puy de Provence (Master of the Order)................1120 - 1159
Krak des Chevaliers Era 1142-1271
The first half of the century has been described as Krak des Chevaliers' "golden age". At its peak, Krak des Chevaliers (a castle in the west of Syria and north of Lebanon) housed a garrison of around 2,000. Such a large garrison allowed the Hospitallers to extract tribute from a wide area. From the 1250s the fortunes of the Knights Hospitaller took a turn for the worse on 08th April 1271, Krak des Chevaliers was captured by the Mamluk Sultan Baibars after a siege lasting 36 days, and then purportedly only by way of a forged letter claiming to be from the Hospitallers' Grand Master that caused the Knights to surrender.
Auger de Balben [or Auger, dit de Balben].......................1159 - 1162
Arnaud de Comps.................................................1162 - 1163
Gilbert d'Aissailly..................................bf. 19 Jan 1163 - 1170
Gaston de Murols................................................1170 - 1172
Gérard Joubert de Syrie.........................................1172 - Oct 1177
Roger I des Moulins.............................................1177 - 01 May 1187
Borrell (Provisor et custos)...........................................1188
Ermengard d'Asp.................................................1188 - 1190
Garnier de Naplous [Nablus].....................................1190 - af. Jun 1192
Geoffroy I de Donjon de Duisson.................................1192 - 1202
Alfonso, infante de Portugal....................................1203 - 1206
Geoffroy II Le Rat..............................................1206 - af.22 May 1207
Pierre Guérin de Montaigu (1st time)....................bf. Oct 1207 - af.11 Nov 1227
Bertrand I de Thessy [Texis].........................bf. 01 Mar 1228 - 1231
Pierre Guérin de Montaigu (2nd time).................bf. 01 May 1231 - af. May 1236
Bertrand II de Comps.................................bf. 20 Sep 1236 - 1239/1240
Pierre I de Vieille-Brioude [Vielle-Bride]......................1240 - 17 Sep 1242
Guillaume I de Chateuneuf.......................................1242 - af.24 Jun 1258
Hughes de Revel (Grand Master of the Order 1267).....bf. 09 Oct 1258 - 01 Apr 1277
St. John commanders at Kos
The island was conquered by the Venetians, who then sold it to the Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes (the Knights of St John) in 1215. Later the Knights faced the threat of a Turkish invasion and abandoned the island to the Ottoman Empire in 1523.
unknown rulers 1215-1338
Dragonetto di Gaudiosa.....................................1338 - 1344
Bertrando di Canyesio......................................1346 - 1353
unknown ruler 1353-1358
Raimondo Berenger..........................................1358 - ?
Bertrin de Gayac............................................. ? - 1381
Ruggiero di Lupoalto.......................................1381 - 1385
Hesso Schlegelholtz........................................1386 - 1412
Luc de Valines....................................................1413
Hermann von Aue............................................1414 - 1415
unknown ruler 1415-1421
Pierre de Baume............................................1421 - ?
Gisberto di Miraljes..............................................1428
Ruggiero di Lubant.........................................1428 - 1433
Fantino Quarini............................................1433 - 1453
Jean de Fay................................................1453 - 1454
Jean de Chateauneuf........................................1454 - 1457
Pierre de Brissons.........................................1458 - ?
Adimar Dupuy...............................................1464 - 1466
Jacques de la Geltru................................after 1466 and in 1479
Edoardo di Carmadino.......................................1471 - 1495
Jean Dadeu.................................................1495 - 1501
Costanzo Operti............................................1501 - 1503
Bernardino Piossasco di Airasca............................1503 - 1505
Berengar von Monsaberg.....................................1505 - 1507
Antonio di San Martino.....................................1507 - 1510
Guiotto Castellana [Ragusa]................................1510 - 1513
Francesco Sans.............................................1513 - 1515
Jean Parissot de la Valette (GM K. St John 1557-1568)......1515 - 1516
Jacques Gibert.............................................1516 - 1519
Prejan de Bidoux...........................................1519 - 1522
Pierino da Ponte (GM K. St John 1534-1535)........................1522
Acre (Akko) Era 1271-1291
Nicolas I de Lorgne..................................bf. 04 Aug 1277 - 12 Mar 1284
Jean I de Villiers..............................................1284 - 20 Oct 1293
When the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell in 1291, the Order settled first in Cyprus and then, in 1310, led by Grand Master Fra Foulques de Villaret, on the island of Rhodes. From there, defense of the Christian world required the organization of a naval force; so the Order built a powerful fleet and sailed the eastern Mediterranean, fighting many famous battles for the sake of Christendom, including Crusades in Syria and Egypt.
Cyprus Era 1291-1307
Odon de Pins.........................................bf. 30 Sep 1294 - 17 Mar 1296
Guillaume II de Villaret.................................26 Mar 1296 - 1305
Rhodes Era 1309-1522
Foulques [Fulk] de Villaret (1st time)......................bf. 1305 - Sep 1317
Gérard de Pins (Lieutenant).........................18 Sep 1317 - 1319
Maurice de Pagnac (in dissidence)..........................1317 - 1319
Foulques [Fulk] de Villaret (2nd time)..........................1319 - 13 Jun 1319
Hélion de Villeneuve.....................................18 Jun 1319 - May 1346
Dieudonne de Gozon (until 28 Jun 1346, Lieutenant)..........May 1346 - 03 Dec 1353
Pierre II de Corneillan..................................08 Dec 1353 - 24 Aug 1355
Rogier II DesPins...........................................Aug 1355 - 28 May 1365
Ramon II Berengar [Raymond Bérenger].....................01 Jun 1365 - 16 Feb 1374
Robert de Juilly (or de Juliac).............................Feb 1374 - 27 Jul 1377
Juan Fernando de Erdia [Juan Fernández de Heredia].......24 Oct 1377 - 24 Mar 1396
Strakonice, a town in southern Czech Republic, situated about 65 miles (105 km.) south-southwest of Prague and about 24 miles (38 km.) northeast of the German frontier. It is noted today for it's very well-preserved castle and other early buildings. One might also mention in passing that this is the general region which created the lager beers which have formed much of the basis for modern American beers - the city of Ceské Budejovice (Budweis) is just 35 miles (55 km.) to the southeast. Bavor IV donated the castle and environs to the Order of St. John Hospitallers (the Knights of Malta) at some point between 1382 and c. 1410. The Order, which had maintained a chapter house in the town since 1234, held the locale until it's own dissolution at the end of the 18th century (c. 1400-1798). Strakonice was later took by Bohemia (Austria-Hungary) in 1798.
Philibert de Naillac.....................................06 May 1396 - 1421
Lieutenant; appointed by Pope in Rome.
Riccardo Caracciolo Rossi dei conti di Gerace..........Apr 1383 - 18 May 1395
Bartolomeo Carafa della Spina..............................1395 - 25 Apr 1405
Nicola Orsini di Campodifiore..............................1405 - 1409
Antonio I di Fluviano de Riviere.........................01 Jul 1421 - 26 Oct 1437
Jean II Bonpar de Lastic.................................06 Nov 1437 - 19 May 1454
Jacques de Milly (or Jobert de Milly)....................01 Jun 1454 - 17 Aug 1461
Pedro Ramon Zacosta [Pietro Raimondo Zacosta]............24 Aug 1461 - 21 Feb 1467
Gianbattista Orsini......................................28 Feb 1467 - 08 Jun 1476
Full name: Giovanni Battista Orsini dei conti di Gravina.
Pierre III d'Aubusson....................................17 Jun 1476 - 03 Jul 1503
Emeric de Amboise [Aimery d'Amboise, dit Chaumont].......10 Jul 1503 - 13 Nov 1512
Guy de Blanchefort.......................................22 Nov 1512 - 24 Nov 1513
Fabrizio Del Carretto dei marchesi del Finale............15 Dec 1513 - 10 Jan 1521
Malta Era 1530-1798
Philippe de Villiers de l'Isle Adam......................22 Jan 1521 - 22 Aug 1534
After six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Knights were forced to surrender in 1523 and left Rhodes with military honours. The Order remained without a territory of its own until 1530, when Grand Master Fra Philippe de Villiers de lIsle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the Order by Emperor Charles V with the approval of Pope Clement VII.
Peter IV del Ponte.......................................26 Aug 1534 - 12 Nov 1535
Full name: Pietro Del Ponte, dei signori di Lambriase e Casal Gros. He took office on 10 Nov 1534.
Didier de Sainte-Jaille, dit Tholon......................22 Nov 1535 - 26 Sep 1536
Juan III de Omedes y Coscón..............................20 Oct 1536 - 06 Sep 1553
The Order lost many of its European holdings following the rise of Protestantism and French Egalitarianism, but survived on Malta. The property of the English branch was confiscated in 1540.
Claude de la Sangle......................................11 Sep 1553 - 17 Aug 1557
Jean IV Parisot de la Valette............................21 Aug 1557 - 21 Aug 1568
In 1565 the Knights, led by Grand Master Fra Jean de la Vallette (after whom the capital of Malta, Valletta, was named), defended the island for more than three months during the Great Siege by the Turks. The fleet of the Order, then one of the most powerful in the Mediterranean, contributed to the ultimate destruction of the Ottoman naval power in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.
Pietro V Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte....................23 Aug 1568 - 26 Jan 1572
Jean V L'Eveque de la Cassiere...........................27 Jan 1572 - 21 Dec 1581
Maturin de Lescaut, dit Romegas (lieutenant in dissidence).1581 - 04 Nov 1581
Hugh II Loubeaux-Verdalle................................12 Jan 1582 - 04 May 1595
Full name: Hugues de Loubenx des seigneurs de Loubenx et de Verdalle.
Martin I Garcias [Martín Garcés (Garzez)]................08 May 1595 - 07 Feb 1601
Aloysius de Wignacourt [Alof de Wignacourt]..............10 Feb 1601 - 14 Sep 1622
Luís I Mendes de Vasconcellos [Vasconcelhos].............17 Sep 1622 - 07 Mar 1623
Antonio II de Paula (took office 20 Mar 1623)............10 Mar 1623 - 07 Jun 1636
Juan Pablo Lascaris de Castellar.........................16 Jun 1636 - 14 Aug 1657
Full name: Giovanni Paolo di Giannetto Lascaris di Castellar, de conti di Ventimiglia.
Martín II de Redín y Cruzat Redín Esparza................17 Aug 1657 - 06 Feb 1660
Annete de Clermont de Chattegesson.......................09 Feb 1660 - 02 Jun 1660
Full name:Annet de Clermont-Chatte des seigneurs de Geyssans.
Rafael [Raphael] Cotoner i d'Olesa Santmartí i Camfulles.05 Jun 1660 - 20 Oct 1663
Nicolas II Cotoner.......................................23 Oct 1663 - 29 Apr 1680
Full name: Nicolau Cotoner i d'Olesa Santmartí i Camfulles.
The Knights of Malta had a strong presence within the Imperial Russian Navy and the pre-revolutionary French Navy. When De Poincy was appointed governor of the French colony on St. Kitts in 1639 he was a prominent Knight of St. John and dressed his retinue with the emblems of the Order. In 1651, the Knights bought from the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique the islands of Sainte-Christophe, Saint Martin (1651-1665) and Saint Barthélemy (1653-1667). The Order's presence in the Caribbean was eclipsed with De Poincy's death in 1660. He had also bought the island of Saint Croix (1651-1665) as his personal estate and deeded it to the Knights of St. John. In 1665, the order sold their Caribbean possessions to the French West India Company, ending the Order's presence in that region. Tortuga, an island lying off the north coast of Haiti was a major pirate base for nearly a century (1629-1725). This island was more-or-less the center of operations for the loose-knit buccaneer network known as the "Brethren of the Coast", which reached the zenith of its power under Henry Morgan, 1667-1672. Tortuga came nominally to the Knights of St. John from 1653 to 1667 and was later took by France.
Gregorio Carafa dei principi della Roccella..............02 May 1680 - 20 Jul 1690
Pierre-Adrien de Wignacourt..............................27 Jul 1690 - 04 Feb 1697
Ramon III Perellós i de Rocafull.........................05 Feb 1697 - 10 Jan 1720
Full name: Ramon Rabassa de Perellós i de Rocafull Híjar i Vives de Boíl, dels senyors de Benetússer i Barons de Dosaigües.
Marc'Antonio Chigi Zondadari dei marchesi di San Quirico.14 Jan 1720 - 16 Jun 1722
António Manuel de Vilhena , dos condes de Vila Flor......19 Jun 1722 - 12 Dec 1736
Raymond III Despugh......................................16 Dec 1736 - 15 Jan 1741
Full name: Ramon Despuig y Martínez de Marcilla de los condes de Montealegre [Ramon Despuig i Martínez de Marcilla Rocabertí de Dameto i Ram de Montoro, dels comtes de Montenegro i Montoro].
Manuel I Pinto da Fonseca................................18 Jan 1741 - 24 Jan 1773
Francisco Ximenez De Tejada..............................28 Jan 1773 - 09 Nov 1775
Full name: Francisco Ximénez de Tejada de los señores de Sobrarbe y condes de Aragón [Francisco Antonio Ximénez de Tejada y Eslava López de Mirafuentes y Vicuña Zozaya, de los señores de Sobrarbe y condes de Aragón].
Emmanuel II de Rohan-Polduc..............................12 Nov 1775 - 13 Jul 1797
Full name: François-Marie-des-Neiges-Emmanuel de Rohan, comte du Polduc, seigneur de Henleix.
The decree of the French National Assembly Abolishing the Feudal System (1789) abolished the Order in France, as well as the dues which have been substituted for them, under whatever denomination they are known or collected (even when compounded for), possessed by secular or regular congregations, by holders of benefices, members of corporations (including the Order of Malta and other religious and military orders), as well as those devoted to the maintenance of churches, those impropriated to lay persons and those substituted for the portion congrue, are abolished [The Decree Abolishing the Feudal System, August 11, 1789, J.H. Robinson, ed., Readings in European History 2 vols. (Boston: Ginn, 1906), 2: 404-409]. The French Revolutionary Government seized the assets and properties of the Order in France in 1792.
Ferdinand Joseph Freiherr von Hompesch zu Bollheim.......17 Jul 1797 - 26 Aug 1798
Full name: Ferdinand Joseph Hermann Freiherr von Hompesch zu Bollheim. He abandons Malta on 22 Jun 1798, abdicates on 06 Jul 1799. In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the island for its strategic value during his Egyptian campaign. Because of the Orders rule prohibiting them to raise weapons against other Christians, the knights were forced to leave Malta. Although the sovereign rights of the Order in the island of Malta had been reaffirmed by the Treaty of Amiens (1802), the Order was unable to return to Malta. In 1577, the German Bailiwick of Brandenburg became Lutheran, but continued to pay its financial contribution to the Order until the branch was turned into a merit Order by the King of Prussia in 1812. The "Johanniter Orden" was restored as a Prussian Order of Knights Hospitaller in 1852.
Note: There is really little to be said about Hompesch except that he was undoubtedly the worst Grand Master the Order ever had. The situation of Malta vis-à-vis events in Europe had become steadily more ominous over the previous decade (Rohan had ordered the building of Fort Tigné as yet another part of the protective ring around Valletta) and it was certain that Revolutionary France had its eye on the island. In addition a rather small number of French Knights clearly sympathized with the new regime and worked against the interests of the Order (it should be noted that the vast majority, however, were the most valiant defenders of the Island in the final siege the Spanish Knights actually remained neutral because Spain was then allied to France). Hompesch, elected because of his diplomatic skills, absolutely refused to believe in a French attack and made no preparations to meet it (even though he was given very reliable reports that one was coming he preferred to believe it was sailing straight to Egypt). With a motivated force of defenders, ample supplies and a strategy of holding the impregnable city of Valletta while leaving the rest of the island to the French invaders, Napoleons forces would have found themselves in severe trouble. The fortifications of Valletta were surely the most formidable of Europe fully equipped with some 1400 cannon they would have been extremely difficult for the French army to overwhelm. In addition, Malta only had to hold out for a relatively short time because the British fleet under Admiral Nelson was actively hunting for Napoleons expeditionary force. The French forces had appeared off Malta on 09 June 1798, began landing on the 10th and, on the 12th, after Hompeschs inaction insured its success, accepted the surrender of the Grand Master. Had Valletta held out just a few weeks the situation would have been entirely different: Napoleon was under orders not to risk the Egyptian Expedition if Malta resisted, and the possibility of his fleet being attacked by the British was an ever present danger. In fact, less than two months later, on 01st August, Nelson inflicted a crushing defeat on the French at the Battle of the Nile, sinking or capturing all but two of the French warships (including the huge French 100, LOrient, which blew up taking all the great treasures Napoleon plundered from the Order to the bottom of Aboukir Bay). Had Nelson been able to do this earlier, while Napoleon was tied down attempting to take Valletta, he would have marooned Napoleon and his troops, thus changing European history. In any case, the French garrison on Malta did not last very long: the Maltese revolted in September 1799 and with British help the French surrendered a year later. The island remained a British possession until Malta became independent on 21 September 1964 (it became a republic on 13 December 1974).
Thomas di Contara......................................................1798 d. 1805
Siege of Malta 1798-1800: On 19 May 1798, a French fleet sailed from Toulon, escorting an expeditionary force of over 30,000 men under General Napoleon Bonaparte. The force was destined for Egypt, Bonaparte seeking to expand French influence in Asia and force Britain to make peace in the French Revolutionary Wars, which had begun in 1792. Sailing southeast, the convoy collected additional transports from Italian ports and at 05:30 on 9 June arrived off Valletta, the heavily fortified port-city on the island of Malta. Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim, refused Bonaparte's demand that his entire convoy be allowed to enter Valletta and take on supplies, insisting that Malta's neutrality meant that only two ships could enter at a time. On receiving this reply, Bonaparte immediately ordered his fleet to bombard Valletta and on 11 June General Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers directed an amphibious operation in which several thousand soldiers landed at seven strategic sites around the island. The French Knights deserted the order, and the remaining Knights failed to mount a meaningful resistance. Approximately 2,000 native Maltese militia resisted for 24 hours, retreating to Valletta once the city of Mdina fell to General Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois. Although Valletta was strong enough to hold out against a lengthy siege, Bonaparte negotiated a surrender with Hompesch, who agreed to turn Malta and all of its resources over to the French in exchange for estates and pensions in France for himself and his knights. Bonaparte then established a French garrison on the islands, leaving 4,000 men under Vaubois while he and the rest of the expeditionary force sailed eastwards for Alexandria on 19 June. On 02 September, this anger erupted in a popular uprising during an auction of church property, and within days thousands of Maltese irregulars had driven the French garrison into Valletta. Valletta was surrounded by approximately 10,000 irregular Maltese soldiers led by Emmanuel Vitale and Canon Saverio Caruana. The Maltese were armed with 23 cannon and a small squadron of coastal gunboats. Although there was intermittent skirmishing between the garrison and the Maltese, the fortress was too strong for the irregulars to assault. Late in September, a British convoy consisting of 13 battered ships under Captain Sir James Saumarez appeared off the island. In mid-September, a squadron of Portuguese ships also had arrived at the island. They included the Príncipe Real, Rainha de Portugal, São Sebastião and Afonso de Albuquerque, and the British ship HMS Lion, all under the command of Tomás Xavier Teles de Castro da Gama, Marquess of Niza. This force had been sent from the Tagus to augment Nelson's fleet, and after a brief stay off Malta continued to Alexandria. The Portuguese ships returned to the blockade of the island in October. Late in September, a British convoy consisting of 13 battered ships under Captain Sir James Saumarez appeared off the island. Survivors of the Battle of the Nile, they were in urgent need of repair and unable to directly assist in the siege. On 12 October, the British ships of the line HMS Alexander under Captain Alexander Ball, HMS Culloden under Captain Thomas Troubridge and HMS Colossus under Captain George Murray joined Niza's ships off Malta, marking the formal start of the blockade. On 24 October, after a ten day passage from Naples, Nelson joined the blockade squadron in HMS Vanguard accompanied by HMS Minotaur. On 28 October, Ball successful completed negotiations with the French garrison on the small island of Gozo, the 217 French soldiers there agreeing to surrender without a fight and transferring the island. 1799 was a frustrating year for the British and Maltese forces deployed against Malta, as efforts to secure sufficient forces to prosecute the siege were repeatedly denied. The British blockade continued to prevent French efforts to resupply Valletta during the early summer of 1800, and by August the situation was desperate: no horses or pack animals, dogs, cats, fowls or rabbits still lived within the city, the cisterns had been emptied and even firewood was in short supply. On 03 September, with his men dying of starvation and disease at the rate of more than 100 a day, Vaubois called a council of his officers at which they unanimously decided to surrender. The next day, envoys were sent to the British and in the afternoon General Pigot and Captain Martin signed the agreed terms with Vaubois and Villeneuve. The Maltese were excluded from negotiations entirely, although their commander, Alexander Ball, subsequently became the first Governor of Malta. The terms of the surrender were absolute: the island, its dependencies, fortifications and military supplies and ships were all turned over to British control. The capture of Malta returned control of the central Mediterranean to Britain and was an important step in the invasion and liberation of Egypt from French rule in 1801. An essential condition of the Treaty of Amiens in the same year, which brought an end to the French Revolutionary War, was that Malta be evacuated by the British. Russian Tsar Alexander I had a long standing claim to the island as titular head of the Knights of St. John, and demanded that it was turned over to Russian control before agreeing any alliance with Britain. Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger flatly refused, and the Napoleonic Wars with France began soon afterwards, in part due to the failure of Britain to comply with this tenet of the treaty. The island subsequently remained in British hands until its independence in 1964.
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>Euro) [Maltese lira]
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"Malta (->Euro) [Maltese lira]",
"MTL"
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[] | null |
Currency MTL Malta (->Euro) [Maltese lira]
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//fxtop.com/c/en/MTL
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Label of currency MTL is Maltese lira.
Currency code MTL is associated to Malta, flag is used on this site for it.
Amounts in this currency have up to 2 decimals.
It is mainly associated to country or zone Malta.
Currency MTL doesn't have legal tender anymore, it was replaced by currency EUR since 2008-01-01.
Currency MTL is pegged with currency EUR since 2008-01-01, the fixed price is 1 EUR=0.4293 MTL.
Currency code MTL is a 3 letter normalized code according to standard ISO-4217, the 2 first letters are the code of the issuing country, third letter is the initial of the currency.
We recorded price on this currency since 1960-01-01
Current annual inflation rate for currency MTL is 2.551 %.
List of countries that are using or were using currency MTL :
Country labelRegionActual currencyLegacy currency MT-MaltaOccidental Europe EUR MTL
Put your mouse over a country to see its name, flag and currency, click on it to see details of the currency
Zoom in on: World Europe East Europe North america South america Africa Middle East Caribbean Asia Pacific
Sorry ! Your browser doesn't support SVG format, please update your browser
See also World forex map
World interactive maps with flags of the countries and their associated currencies
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[
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The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (Italian language: Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta ), also known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), Order of Malta or Knights of Malta...
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/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico
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Military Wiki
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https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta
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This article is about the sovereign international order. For the present-day republic, see Malta. For its armed forces, see Armed Forces of Malta. For other organisations styled or derived from the "Order of Malta", see Knights of Malta (disambiguation).
The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (Italian language: Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta ), also known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), Order of Malta or Knights of Malta, is a Roman Catholic lay religious order of, traditionally, a military, chivalrous and noble nature.[5] It is the world's oldest surviving order of chivalry.[6] The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is headquartered in Rome, and is widely considered a sovereign subject of international law.[7]
SMOM is the modern continuation of the original medieval order of Saint John of Jerusalem,[8] known as the "Fraternitas Hospitalaria" and later as the Knights Hospitaller, a group founded in Jerusalem about 1050 as an Amalfitan hospital to provide care for poor and sick pilgrims to the Holy Land. After the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade, it became a military order under its own charter. Following the loss of Christian held territories of the Holy Land to Muslims, the Order operated from Rhodes (1310–1523), and later from Malta (1530–1798), over which it was sovereign. Although this state came to an end with the ejection of the Order from Malta by Napoleon Bonaparte, the Order as such survived. It retains its claims of sovereignty under international law and has been granted permanent observer status at the United Nations.[9] The order is notable for issuing its own international passports for travel, postal stamps, along with its formal insignia, often portrayed as a white or gold Maltese cross. The order nominally invokes the Blessed Virgin Mary under the venerated Marian title of "Our Lady of Mount Philermos" as its patroness and spiritual intercessor.
Today the order has about 13,000 members; 80,000 permanent volunteers; and 20,000 medical personnel including doctors, nurses, auxiliaries and paramedics in more than 120 countries.[3] The goal is to assist the elderly, handicapped, refugeed, children, homeless, those with terminal illness and leprosy in all parts of the world, without distinction of race or religion.[3] In several countries—including France, Germany and Ireland—the local associations of the Order are important providers of first aid training, first aid services and emergency medical services. Through its worldwide relief corps—Malteser International—the Order is also engaged to aid victims of natural disasters, epidemics and armed conflicts.
In February 2013 the order celebrated its 900th anniversary recognising the Papal bull of sovereignty "Pie Postulatio Voluntatis" formally issued by Pope Paschal II on 15 February 1113, with a general audience given by Pope Benedict XVI[10] and a Holy Mass celebrated by Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone at Saint Peter's Basilica.
Name and insignia[]
The Order has a large number of local priories and associations around the world, but there also exist a number of organizations with similar-sounding names that are unrelated, including numerous fraudulent (self-styled) orders seeking to capitalize on the name.[11]
In the ecclesiastical heraldry of the Roman Catholic Church, the Order of Malta is one of only two orders (along with the Order of the Holy Sepulchre) whose insignia may be displayed in a clerical coat of arms. (Laypersons have no such restriction.) The shield is surrounded with a silver rosary for professed knights, or for others the ribbon of their rank. Members may also display the Maltese Cross behind their shield instead of the ribbon.[12]
History[]
Main article: Knights Hospitaller
The birth of the Order dates back to around 1048. Merchants from the ancient Marine Republic of Amalfi obtained from the Caliph of Egypt the authorisation to build a church, convent and hospital in Jerusalem, to care for pilgrims of any religious faith or race. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem – the monastic community that ran the hospital for the pilgrims in the Holy Land – became independent under the guidance of its founder, Blessed Gérard. With the Bull of 15 February 1113, Pope Paschal II approved the foundation of the Hospital and placed it under the aegis of the Holy See, granting it the right to freely elect its superiors without interference from other secular or religious authorities. By virtue of the Papal Bull, the Hospital became an Order exempt from the local Church. All the Knights were religious, bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.
The constitution of the Kingdom of Jerusalem regarding the crusades obliged the Order to take on the military defence of the sick, the pilgrims, and the territories that the crusaders had captured from the Muslims. The Order thus added the task of defending the faith to that of its hospitaller mission.
As time went on, the Order adopted the white eight-pointed Cross that is still its symbol today. The eight points represent the eight "beatitudes" that Jesus referred in his Sermon on the Mount.
Rhodes[]
When the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell in 1291, the Order settled first in Cyprus and then, in 1310, led by Grand Master Fra’ Foulques de Villaret, on the island of Rhodes. From there, defense of the Christian world required the organization of a naval force; so the Order built a powerful fleet and sailed the eastern Mediterranean, fighting many famous battles for the sake of Christendom, including Crusades in Syria and Egypt.
In the early 14th century, the institutions of the Order and the knights who came to Rhodes from every corner of Europe were grouped according to the languages they spoke. The initial seven such groups, or Langues (Tongues) – Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon (Navarre), England (with Scotland and Ireland), and Germany – became eight in 1492, when Castille and Portugal were separated from the Langue of Aragon. Each Langue included Priories or Grand Priories, Bailiwicks, and Commanderies.
The Order was governed by its Grand Master (the Prince of Rhodes) and Council. From its beginning, independence from other nations granted by pontifical charter and the universally recognised right to maintain and deploy armed forces constituted grounds for the international sovereignty of the Order, which minted its own coins and maintained diplomatic relations with other States. The senior positions of the Order were given to representatives of different Langues.
Malta[]
After six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Knights were forced to surrender in 1523 and left Rhodes with military honours. The Order remained without a territory of its own until 1530, when Grand Master Fra’ Philippe de Villiers de l’Isle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the Order by Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his mother Queen Joanna of Castile as monarchs of Sicily, with the approval of Pope Clement VII, for which the Order had to honour the conditions of the Tribute of the Maltese Falcon.
The Reformation which split Western Europe into Protestant and Roman Catholic states affected the Knights as well. In several countries, including England and Scotland, the Order was disestablished. In others, including the Netherlands and Germany, entire bailiwicks or commanderies (administrative divisions of the Order) experienced religious conversions. The "Johanniter orders" are the continuations of these converted divisions in Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and other countries, including the United States and South Africa. It was established that the Order should remain neutral in any war between Christian nations.
Great Siege
Main article: Siege of Malta (1565)
In 1565 the Knights, led by Grand Master Fra’ Jean de la Vallette (after whom the capital of Malta, Valletta, was named), defended the island for more than three months during the Great Siege by the Turks. The fleet of the Order, then one of the most powerful in the Mediterranean, contributed significantly to the ultimate destruction of the Ottoman naval power in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, led by Don Juan of Austria, half brother of King Philip II of Spain.
Exile[]
Two hundred years later, in 1798, the Order surrendered the Maltese islands to the French First Republic. The Order was dissolved and the knights were expelled from Malta.[13] The Treaty of Amiens (1802) obliged the United Kingdom to evacuate Malta which was to be restored to a recreated Order of St. John, whose sovereignty was to be guaranteed by all of the major European powers, to be determined at the final peace . However, this was not to be because objections to the treaty quickly grew in the UK.
Bonaparte's rejection of a British offer involving a ten-year lease of Malta prompted the reactivation of the British blockade of the French coast; Britain declared war on France on 18 May.[14] The 1802 treaty was never implemented. The UK gave its official reasons for resuming hostilities as France's imperialist policies in the West Indies, Italy and Switzerland.[15]
Rome[]
After having temporarily resided in Messina, Catania, and Ferrara, in 1834 the precursor of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta settled definitively in Rome, where it owns, with extraterritorial status, the Magistral Palace in Via Condotti 68 and the Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill.
The original hospitaller mission became the main activity of the Order, growing ever stronger during the last century, most especially because of the contribution of the activities carried out by the Grand Priories and National Associations in so many countries around the world. Large-scale hospitaller and charitable activities were carried out during World Wars I and II under Grand Master Fra’ Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere (1931–1951). Under the Grand Masters Fra’ Angelo de Mojana di Cologna (1962–1988) and Fra’ Andrew Bertie (1988–2008), the projects expanded.
Return to Malta[]
Two bilateral treaties have been concluded with the Government of the Maltese State. The first treaty is dated 21 June 1991 and is now no longer in force.[16] The second treaty was signed 5 December 1998 but ratified 01 November 2001.[17]
This agreement grants the Order the use with limited extraterritoriality of Fort St Angelo in the town of Birgu, Malta. Its stated purpose is "to give the Order the opportunity to be better enabled to carry out its humanitarian activities as Knights Hospitallers from Saint Angelo, as well as to better define the legal status of Saint Angelo subject to the sovereignity of Malta over it". The agreement has a duration of 99 years but the document allows the Maltese Government terminate it at any time after 50 years.[18][19] In terms of the agreement, the flag of Malta is to be flown together with the flag of the Order in a prominent position over Saint Angelo. No asylum may be granted by the Order and generally the Maltese courts have full jurisdiction and Maltese law shall apply. A number of immunities and privileges are mentioned in the second bilateral treaty. No immunities were contemplated by the first treaty.[20]
International status[]
See also: Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, List of Permanent Observers of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to the United Nations, List of diplomatic missions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, and List of diplomatic missions to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
With its unique history and unusual present circumstances, the exact status of the Order in international law has been the subject of debate. It describes itself as a "sovereign subject of international law." Its two headquarters in Rome — the Palazzo Malta in Via di Condotti 68, where the Grand Master resides and Government Bodies meet, and the Villa del Priorato di Malta on the Aventine, which hosts the Grand Priory of Rome — Fort Saint Angelo on the island of Malta, the Embassy of the Order to Holy See and the Embassy of the Order to Italy have all been granted extraterritoriality.[21]
Unlike the Holy See, however, which is sovereign over Vatican City and thus has clear territorial separation of its sovereign area and that of Italy, SMOM has had no territory since the loss of the island of Malta in 1798, other than only those current properties with extraterritoriality listed above. Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters. Therefore, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.[22] The United Nations does not classify it as a "non-member state" or "intergovernmental organization" but as one of the "other entities having received a standing invitation to participate as observers."[23] For instance, while the International Telecommunication Union has granted radio identification prefixes to such quasi-sovereign jurisdictions as the United Nations and the Palestinian Authority, SMOM has never received one. For awards purposes, amateur radio operators consider SMOM to be a separate "entity", but stations transmitting from there use an entirely unofficial callsign, starting with the prefix "1A".[24] Likewise, for internet identification, the SMOM has neither sought nor been granted a top-level domain, while Vatican City uses its own domain (.va).[25]
There are differing opinions as to whether a claim to sovereign status has been recognized. Ian Brownlie, Helmut Steinberger, and Wilhelm Wengler are among experts who say that the claim has not been recognized. Even taking into account the Order's ambassadorial diplomatic status among many nations, a claim to sovereign status is sometimes rejected.[26] The Order maintains diplomatic missions around the world and many of the states reciprocate by accrediting ambassadors to the Order.
Wengler—a German professor of international law—addresses this point in his book Völkerrecht, and rejects the notion that recognition of the Order by some states can make it a subject of international law. Conversely, professor Rebecca Wallace —writing more recently in her book International Law—explains that a sovereign entity does not have to be a country, and that SMOM is an example of this.[27] This position appears to be supported by the number of nations extending diplomatic relations to the Order, which more than doubled from 49 to 100 in the 20-year period to 2008.[28] In 1953, the Holy See proclaimed that the Order of Malta was a "functional sovereignty"[citation needed]— because it did not have all that pertained to sovereignty, such as territory.[citation needed] On 24 June 1961, Pope John XXIII approved the Constitutional Charter, which contains the most solemn reaffirmations of the sovereignty of the Order. Article 1 affirms that "the Order is a legal entity formally approved by the Holy See. It has the quality of a subject of international law." Article 3 states that "the intimate connection existing between the two qualities of a religious order and a sovereign order do not oppose the autonomy of the order in the exercise of its sovereignty and prerogatives inherent to it as a subject of international law in relation to States."[29]
SMOM has formal diplomatic relations with 104 states[30] and has official relations with another six countries and the European Union. Additionally it has relations with the International Committee of the Red Cross and a number of international organizations, including observer status at the UN and some of the specialized agencies.[31] Its international nature is useful in enabling it to pursue its humanitarian activities without being seen as an operative of any particular nation. Its sovereignty is also expressed in the issuance of passports, licence plates,[32] stamps,[33] and coins.[34]
The SMOM coins are appreciated more for their subject matter than for their use as currency; SMOM postage stamps, however, have been gaining acceptance among Universal Postal Union member nations.
The SMOM began issuing euro-denominated postage stamps in 2005, although the scudo remains the official currency of the SMOM. Also in 2005, the Italian post agreed with the SMOM to deliver internationally most classes of mail other than registered, insured, and special-delivery mail; additionally 56 countries recognize SMOM stamps for franking purposes, including those such as Canada and Mongolia that lack diplomatic relations with the Order.[35]
Governance[]
The proceedings of the Order are governed by its Constitutional Charter and the Order's Code. It is divided internationally into six territorial Grand Priories, six Sub-Priories and 47 national associations.
The supreme head of the Order is the Grand Master, who is elected for life by the Council Complete of State, holds the precedence of a cardinal of the Church since 1630 and received the rank of Reichsfürst (Prince of the Holy Roman Empire) in 1607.[36][37] Fra' Matthew Festing was elected by the Council as 79th Grand Master on 11 March 2008, succeeding Fra' Andrew Bertie, who was Grand Master until his death on 7 February 2008. Electors in the Council include the members of the Sovereign Council, other office-holders and representatives of the members of the Order. The Grand Master is aided by the Sovereign Council (the government of the Order), which is elected by the Chapter General, the legislative body of the Order. The Chapter General meets every five years; at each meeting, all seats of the Sovereign Council are up for election. The Sovereign Council includes six members and four High Officers: the Grand Commander, the Grand Chancellor, the Grand Hospitaller[38] and the Receiver of the Common Treasure.[39] The Grand Commander is the chief religious officer of the Order and serves as "Interim Lieutenant" during a vacancy in the office of Grand Master. The Grand Chancellor, whose office includes those of the Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is the head of the executive branch; he is responsible for the Diplomatic Missions of the Order and relations with the national Associations. The Grand Hospitaller's responsibilities include the offices of Minister for Humanitarian Action and Minister for International Cooperation; he coordinates the Order's humanitarian and charitable activities. Finally, the Receiver of the Common Treasure is the Minister of Finance and Budget; he directs the administration of the finances and property of the Order.
Patrons of the Order of Malta since 1961[]
The patron, who is always a cardinal, has the task of promoting the spiritual interests of the Order and its members, and its relations with the Holy See.
Paolo Cardinal Giobbe (8 August 1961 – 3 July 1969)
Giacomo Cardinal Violardo (3 July 1969 – 17 March 1978)
Paul-Pierre Cardinal Philippe, O.P. (10 November 1978 – 9 April 1984)
Sebastiano Cardinal Baggio (26 May 1984 – 21 March 1993)
Pio Cardinal Laghi (8 May 1993 – 11 January 2009)
Paolo Cardinal Sardi (6 June 2009 – present)
Membership[]
Membership in the order is divided into three classes and subdivided into several categories, i.e.:[40]
First Class, containing only one category: Knights of Justice or Professed Knights, and the Professed Conventual Chaplains, who take religious vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience and form what amounts to a religious order (until the 1990s membership in this class was restricted to members of families with noble lineages).
Second Class: Knight and Dames of Obedience, similarly restricted until recently, these knights and dames make a promise, rather than a vow, of obedience. This class is subdivided into three categories, namely that of Knight and Dames of Honour and Devotion in Obedience, Knight and Dames of Grace and Devotion in Obedience, and Knight and Dames of Magistral Grace in Obedience.
Third Class, which is subdivided into six categories: Knights and Dames of Honour and Devotion, Conventual Chaplains ad honorem, Knights and Dames of Grace and Devotion, Magistral Chaplains, Knights and Dames of Magistral Grace, and Donats (male and female) of Devotion.
All categories of this class are made up of members who take no vows and who had to show a decreasingly extensive history of nobility (knights of magistral grace need not prove any noble lineage and are the commonest class of knights in the United States). Within each class and category of knights are ranks ranging from bailiff grand cross (the highest) through knight grand cross, and knight — thus one could be a "knight of grace and devotion," or a "bailiff grand cross of justice." The final rank of donat is offered to some who join the order in the class of "justice" but who are not knights. Bishops and priests are generally honorary members, or knights, of the Order of Malta. However, there are some priests who are full members of the Order, and this is usually because they were conferred knighthood prior to ordination. The priests of the Order of Malta are ranked as Honorary Canons, as in the Order of the Holy Sepulchre; and they are entitled to wear the black mozetta with purple piping and purple fascia.
Prior to the 1990s, all officers of the Order had to be of noble birth (i.e., armigerous for at least a hundred years), as they were all knights of justice or of obedience. However, Knights of Magistral Grace (i.e., those without noble proofs) now may make the Promise of Obedience and, at the discretion of the Grand Master and Sovereign Council, may enter the novitiate to become professed Knights of Justice.
Worldwide, there are over 13,000 knights and dames, a small minority of whom are professed religious. Membership of the Order is by invitation only and solicitations are not entertained.
The Order's finances are audited by a Board of Auditors, which includes a President and four Councillors, all elected by the Chapter General. The Order's judicial powers are exercised by a group of Magistral Courts, whose judges are appointed by the Grand Master and Sovereign Council.
Military Corps of the Order[]
The Order states that it was the hospitaller role that enabled the Order to survive the end of the crusading era; nonetheless, it retains its military title and traditions. On March 26, 1876 the Association of the Italian Knights of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (ACISMOM) formed a Military Corps to provide medical support to the Italian Army, that on April 9, 1909 did officially become a special auxiliary volunteer corps of the Italian Army under the name Corpo Militare dell'Esercito dell'ACISMOM (Army Military Corps of the ACISMOM), wearing Italian uniforms.[41] Since then the Military Corps have operated with the Italian Army both in wartime and peacetime in medical or paramedical military functions, and in ceremonial functions for the Order, such as standing guard around the coffins of high officers of the Order before and during funeral rites.[42] Fausto Solaro del Borgo, President of the Italian Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, stated in a speech given in London in November 2007:[41]
I believe that it is a unique case in the world that a unit of the army of one country is supervised by a body of another sovereign country. Just think that whenever our staff (medical officers mainly) is engaged in a military mission abroad, there is the flag of the Order flying below the Italian flag.
Hospital trains[]
The Military Corps has become known in mainland Europe for its operation of hospital trains,[43] a service which was carried out intensively during both World Wars. The Military Corps still operate a modern 28 cars hospital train with 192 hospital beds, serviced by a medical staff of 38 medics and paramedics provided by the Order and a technical staff provided by the Italian Army Railway Engineers Regiment.[44]
Order of Malta aircraft[]
In 1947, after the post-World War II peace treaty forbade Italy to own or operate bomber aircraft and only operate a limited number of transport aircraft, the Italian Air Force opted to transfer some of its SM.82 aircraft to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, pending the definition of their exact status (the SM.82 were properly long range transport aircraft that could be adapted for bombing missions). These aircraft were operated by Italian Air Force personnel temporarily flying for the Order, carried the Order's roundels on the fuselage and Italian ones on the wings, and were used mainly for standard Italian Air Force training and transport missions but also for some humanitarian tasks proper of the Order of Malta (like the transport of sick pilgrims to the Lourdes sanctuary). In the early '50s, when the strictures of the peace treaty had been much relaxed by the Allied authorities, the aircraft returned under full control of the Italian Air Force. One of the aircraft transferred to the Order of Malta, still with the Order's fuselage roundels, is preserved in the Italian Air Force Historical Museum.[45]
Medals, awards and orders of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta[]
Main article: Medals, awards and orders of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
See also[]
Knights Hospitaller
List of Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller
Order of Malta Ambulance Corps
Order pro merito Melitensi
Postage stamps and postal history of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Jonathan Riley-Smith
The Alliance of the Orders of St. John of Jerusalem
[]
Bibliography[]
Patrick Levaye, Géopolitique du Catholicisme (Éditions Ellipses, 2007) ISBN 2-7298-3523-7.
Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The Atlas of the Crusades. Facts On File, Oxford (1991).
Cohen, R. (2004-04-15) [1920]. Julie Barkley, Bill Hershey and PG Distributed Proofreaders. ed. Knights of Malta, 1523–1798. Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12034 .
Hoegen Dijkhof, Hans J. (2006). The Legitimacy of Orders of St. John: a historical and legal analysis and case study of a para-religious phenomenon. Doctoral thesis. Leiden: University of Leiden. ISBN 9065509542.
Noonan, Jr., James-Charles (1996). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. Viking. p. 196. ISBN 0-670-86745-4.
Read, Piers Paul (1999). The Templars. Imago. p. 118. ISBN 85-312-0735-5.
Santolaria de Puey y Cruells, José-Apeles (1997). Escuela Diplomática Española. ed. Relaciones jurídicas internacionales de la Soberana Orden de San Juan de Malta. Google docs. https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B3R26J604FxmMWYzZDc5ZTctMzhiMS00NGZmLThlZjgtNmI5YTJiNzdkMTQy.
Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Allen Lane. p. 253. ISBN 0-7139-9220-4.
Wallace, R.M.M (1992). International Law. Sweet and Maxwell. p. 76.
Burlamacchi, Maurizio (2013). Nobility, Honour and Glory. A brief military History of the Order of Malta. Olschki. ISBN 978 88 222 6247 9.
[]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Constitution
Order of Malta Ambulance Corps Ireland
Order of Malta in Serbia
Permanent Observer Mission of the Order of Malta to the United Nations, IAEA and CTBTO in Vienna
Permanent Observer Mission of the Order of Malta to the United Nations in New York
Order of Malta Studies
The Order of Malta, Sovereignty, and International Law by François Velde.
WorldStatesmen
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http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/m/Malta.htm
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Malta / ˈ m ɒ l t ə /, officially the Republic of Malta ( Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, 80 km (50 mi) south of Sicily, 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya. Gibraltar lies 1,755 km (1,091 mi) to the west and Alexandria 1,508 km (937 mi) to the east. Malta covers just over 316 km2 (122 sq mi) in land area, making it one of the world's smallest states. It is also one of the most densely populated countries worldwide. The de facto capital city of Malta is Valletta; the largest town, Birkirkara. The main island comprises many towns, which together form one Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with a population of 368,250 according to Eurostat. The country has two official languages: Maltese (the national language) and English.
Throughout history, Malta's location has given it great strategic importance, and a succession of powers including the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, Habsburg Spain, Knights of St John, French and the British ruled the islands. Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 and became a republic in 1974, whilst retaining membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004. Malta is also party to the Schengen Agreement and in 2008 it became part of the eurozone.
Malta has a long Christian legacy and is an Apostolic see. According to the Acts of the Apostles in the Bible, St. Paul was shipwrecked on "Melite", as the Greeks called the island, and ministered there. Catholicism is the official religion in Malta as declared by the Maltese constitution.
Malta is internationally renowned as a tourist destination, with numerous recreational areas and historical monuments, including nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites, most prominently the Megalithic Temples which are some of the oldest free-standing structures in the world.
Etymology
The origin of the term Malta is uncertain, and the modern-day variation derives from the Maltese language. The most common etymology is that the word Malta derives from the Greek word μέλι (meli), "honey". The Greeks called the island Μελίτη (Melitē) meaning "honey-sweet" (which was also the name of a Nereid), possibly due to Malta's unique production of honey; an endemic species of bee lives on the island, giving it the popular nickname the "land of honey". The Romans went on to call the island Melita, which is the latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη. Another theory suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth meaning "a haven" in reference to Malta's many bays and coves. The current term Malta was introduced during the Kingdom of Sicily period.
History
Prehistory
Pottery found by archaeologists at Skorba resembles that found in Italy, and suggests that the Maltese islands were first settled in 5200 BC mainly by stone age hunters or farmers who had arrived from the larger island of Sicily, possibly the Sicani. The extinction of the dwarf hippos and dwarf elephants has been linked to the earliest arrival of humans on Malta. Prehistoric farming settlements dating to Early Neolithic period were discovered in open areas and also in caves, such as Għar Dalam.
The Sicani were the only tribe known to have inhabited the island at this time and are generally regarded as related to the Iberians. The population on Malta grew cereals, raised domestic livestock and, in common with other ancient Mediterranean cultures, worshiped a fertility figure represented in Maltese prehistoric artefacts as exhibiting the large proportions seen in similar statuettes, including the Venus of Willendorf.
Pottery from the Għar Dalam phase is similar to pottery found in Agrigento, Sicily. A culture of megalithic temple builders then either supplanted or arose from this early period. During 3500 BC, these people built some of the oldest existing, free-standing structures in the world in the form of the megalithic Ġgantija temples on Gozo; other early temples include those at Ħaġar Qim and Mnajdra.
The temples have a distinctive architecture, typically a complex trefoil design, and were used from 4000 to 2500 BC. Animal bones and a knife found behind a removable altar stone suggest that temple rituals included animal sacrifice. Tentative information suggests that the sacrifices were made to the goddess of fertility, whose statue is now in the National Museum of Archaeology in Valletta. The culture apparently disappeared from the Maltese Islands around 2500 BC. Archaeologists speculate that the temple builders fell victim to famine or disease. Others have speculated on the links between this event and Plato's account of the disappearance of Atlantis.
Another interesting archaeological feature of the Maltese islands often attributed to these ancient builders, are equidistant uniform grooves dubbed "cart tracks" or "cart ruts" which can be found in several locations throughout the islands with the most prominent being those found in an area of Malta named "Clapham Junction". These may have been caused by wooden-wheeled carts eroding soft limestone.
After 2500 BC, the Maltese Islands were depopulated for several decades until the arrival of a new influx of Bronze Age immigrants, a culture that cremated its dead and introduced smaller megalithic structures called dolmens to Malta.
Greeks, Phoenicians and Romans
Around 700 BC/BCE, the Ancient Greeks settled on Malta, especially around the area where Valletta now stands. A century later, Phoenician traders, who used the islands as a stop on their trade routes from the eastern Mediterranean to Cornwall, joined the natives on the island. The Phoenicians inhabited the area now known as Mdina, and its surrounding town of Rabat, which they called Maleth. The Romans, who also lived in Mdina, referred to it (and the island) as Melita.
After the fall of Phoenicia, in 400 BC the area came under the control of Carthage, a former Phoenician colony. During this time the people on Malta mainly cultivated olives and carobs, and produced textiles.
During the First Punic War of 264 BC, tensions led the Maltese people to rebel against Carthage and turn control of their garrison over to the Roman consul Sempronius. Malta remained loyal to Rome during the Second Punic War and the Romans rewarded it with the title Foederata Civitas, a designation that meant it was exempt from paying tribute or the rule of Roman law, although at this time it fell within the jurisdiction of the province of Sicily.
By 117 AD, the Maltese Islands were a thriving part of the Roman Empire, being promoted to the status of Municipium under Hadrian.
When the Roman Empire split into Eastern and Western divisions in the 4th century, Malta fell under the control of the Greek speaking Byzantine Empire from 395 to 870, which ruled from Constantinople. Although Malta was under Byzantine rule for four centuries, not much is known from this period. There is evidence that Germanic tribes, including the Goths and Vandals, briefly took control of the islands before the Byzantines launched a counterattack and retook Malta.
The Arab period and the Middle Ages
Malta became involved in the Arab–Byzantine Wars, and the conquest of Malta is closely linked with that of Sicily that began in 827 after admiral Euphemius' betrayal of his fellow Byzantines, requesting that the Aghlabid dynasty invade the island. The Arab chronicler and geographer al-Himyari recounts that in 870 AD, following a violent struggle against the occupying Byzantines, the Arab invaders, first led by Halaf al-Hadim, and later by Sawada ibn Muhammad, looted and pillaged the island, destroying the most important buildings, and leaving it practically uninhabited until it was recolonised by the Arabs from Sicily in 1048–1049 AD. It is uncertain whether this new settlement took place as a consequence of demographic expansion in Sicily, as a result of a higher standard of living in Sicily (in which case the recolonisation may have taken place a few decades earlier), or as a result of civil war which broke out among Arab rulers of Sicily in 1038. The Arabs introduced new irrigation, some fruits and cotton and the Siculo-Arabic language was adopted on the island from Sicily: it would eventually evolve into the Maltese language.
The Christians in the island were allowed freedom of religion; they had to pay jizya, a tax for non-Muslims, but were exempt from the tax that Muslims had to pay (Zakaat). The Normans in 1091, as part of their conquest of Sicily the Norman leader, Roger I of Sicily, was welcomed by the native Christians. The notion that Count Roger I reportedly tore off a portion of his checkered red-and-white banner and presented it to the Maltese - forming the basis of the present-day Maltese flag in gratitude for having fought on his behalf — is founded in myth.
The Norman period was productive; Malta became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Sicily which also covered the island of Sicily and the southern half of the Italian Peninsula. The Catholic Church was reinstated as the state religion with Malta under the See of Palermo, and some Norman architecture sprung up around Malta especially in its ancient capital Mdina. Tancred of Sicily, the last Norman monarch, made Malta a feudal lordship or fief within the kingdom and installed a Count of Malta. As the islands were much desired due to their strategic importance, it was during this time the men of Malta were militarised to fend off capture attempts; the early counts were skilled Genoese corsairs.
The kingdom passed on to the House of Hohenstaufen from 1194 until 1266. During this period, when Frederick II of Hohenstaufen began to reorganise his Sicilian kingdom, Western culture and religion began to exert their influence more intensely. Malta formed part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation for 72 years. Malta was declared a county and a marquisate, but its trade was totally ruined. For a long time it remained solely a fortified garrison. It was in 1224 under Frederick II that all remaining Muslims (who were not Moors) were expelled from Malta or impelled to convert and the entire Christian male population of Celano in Abruzzo was deported to Malta.
For a brief period the kingdom passed to the Capetian House of Anjou, but high taxes made the dynasty unpopular in Malta, due in part to Charles of Anjou's war against the Republic of Genoa, and the island of Gozo was sacked in 1275. A large revolt on Sicily known as the Sicilian Vespers followed these attacks, that saw the Peninsula separating into the Kingdom of Naples. Malta fell under the rule of the Aragonese in 1282.
Relatives of the kings of Aragon ruled the island until 1409, when it passed to the Crown of Aragon. Early on in the Aragonese ascendancy the sons of the monarchy received the title, "Count of Malta". During this time much of the local nobility was created. However by 1397 the bearing of the title "Count of Malta" reverted to a feudal basis with two families fighting over the distinction, which caused much distress. This led the king to abolish the title. Dispute over the title returned when the title was reinstated a few years later and the Maltese, led by the local nobility, rose up against Count Gonsalvo Monroy. Although they opposed the Count, the Maltese voiced their loyalty to the Sicilian Crown, which so impressed Alfonso IV that he did not punish the people for their rebellion but promised never to grant the title to a third party, instead incorporating it back into the crown. The city of Mdina was given the title of Città Notabile as a result of this sequence of events.
Knights of Malta and Napoleon
In 1530 Emperor Charles V gave the islands to the Knights Hospitaller under the leadership of Frenchman Philippe de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Grand Master of the Order, in perpetual lease for which they had to pay the Tribute of the Maltese Falcon. These knights, a military religious order now known as the Knights of Malta, had been driven out of Rhodes by the Ottoman Empire in 1522.
In 1551, Barbary corsairs enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo, about 5,000, deporting them to the Barbary coast.
The knights, led by Frenchman Jean Parisot de la Valette, Grand Master of the Order, withstood a siege by the Ottomans in 1565. The knights, with the help of the Maltese, were victorious, and speaking of the battle Voltaire said, "Nothing is better known than the siege of Malta." After the siege they decided to increase Malta's fortifications, particularly in the inner-harbour area, where the new city of Valletta, named in honour of Valette, was built. They also established watchtowers along the coasts – the Wignacourt, Lascaris and de Redin towers – named after the Grand Masters who ordered the work. The Knights' presence on the island saw the completion of many architectural and cultural projects, including the embellishment of Città Vittoriosa, the construction of new cities including Città Rohan and Città Hompesch and the introduction of new academic and social resources.
Approximately 11,000 people out of a population of 60,000 died of plague in 1675.
The Knights' reign ended when Napoleon captured Malta on his way to Egypt during the French Revolutionary Wars in 1798. Over the years, the power of the Knights declined and the Order became unpopular. This was around the time when the universal values of freedom and liberty were incarnated by the French Revolution. People from both inside the Order and outside appealed to Napoleon Bonaparte to oust the Knights. Napoleon Bonaparte did not hesitate. His fleet arrived in 1798, en route to his expedition of Egypt. As a ruse towards the Knights, Napoleon asked for safe harbour to resupply his ships, and then turned his guns against his hosts once safely inside Valletta. Grand Master Hompesch capitulated, and Napoleon entered Malta.
During a six-day stay on the island, Napoleon reformed national administration with the creation of a Government Commission, twelve municipalities, a public finance administration, the abolition of all feudal rights and privileges, the abolition of slavery and the granting of freedom to all Turkish slaves. On the judicial level, a family code was framed and twelve judges were nominated. Public education was organised along principles laid down by Bonaparte himself, providing for primary and secondary education. He then sailed for Egypt leaving a substantial garrison in Malta.
The French forces left behind became unpopular with the Maltese, due particularly to the French forces' hostility towards Catholicism and pillaging of local churches to fund Napoleon's war efforts. French financial and religious policies so angered the Maltese that they rebelled, forcing the French to depart. Great Britain, along with the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily, sent ammunition and aid to the Maltese and Britain also sent her navy, which blockaded the islands.
General Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois surrendered his French forces in 1800. Maltese leaders presented the island to Sir Alexander Ball, asking that the island become a British Dominion. The Maltese people created a Declaration of Rights in which they agreed to come "under the protection and sovereignty of the King of the free people, His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". The Declaration also stated that "his Majesty has no right to cede these Islands to any power...if he chooses to withdraw his protection, and abandon his sovereignty, the right of electing another sovereign, or of the governing of these Islands, belongs to us, the inhabitants and aborigines alone, and without control."
British Empire and World War II
In 1814, as part of the Treaty of Paris, Malta officially became a part of the British Empire and was used as a shipping way-station and fleet headquarters. Malta's position halfway between the Strait of Gibraltar and the Suez Canal proved to be its main asset during these years and it was considered an important stop on the way to India. This was an important trade route for the British and thus, the Maltese people took great advantage of this alliance as several culinary and botanical products were introduced in Malta; some examples (derived from the National Book of Trade Customs found in the National Library) include the entry of wheat (for bread making) and bacon. In 1919 British troops fired on a rally protesting against new taxes, killing four Maltese men. The event, known as Sette Giugno (Italian for 7 June), is commemorated every year and is one of five National Days.
In the early 1930s the British Mediterranean Fleet, which was at that time the main contributor to commerce on the island, moved to Alexandria as an economic measure and to be out of range of Italian bombers.
During World War II, Malta played an important role owing to its proximity to Axis shipping lanes. The bravery of the Maltese people during the second Siege of Malta moved King George VI to award the George Cross to Malta on a collective basis on 15 April 1942 "to bear witness to a heroism and devotion that will long be famous in history". Some historians argue that the award caused Britain to incur disproportionate losses in defending Malta, as British credibility would have suffered if Malta surrendered, as Singapore had. A replica of the George Cross now appears in the upper hoist corner of the Flag of Malta. The collective award remained unique until April 1999, when the Royal Ulster Constabulary became the second – and, to date, the only other – recipient of a collective George Cross.
Independence and Republic
Malta achieved its independence on 21 September 1964 ( Independence Day) after intense negotiations with the United Kingdom, led by Maltese Prime Minister George Borg Olivier. Under its 1964 constitution, Malta initially retained Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Malta and thus Head of State, with a Governor-General exercising executive authority on her behalf. In 1971, the Malta Labour Party led by Dom Mintoff won the General Elections, resulting in Malta declaring itself a republic on 13 December 1974 ( Republic Day) within the Commonwealth, with the President as head of state. A defence agreement signed soon after independence (and re-negotiated in 1972) expired on 31 March 1979.
Malta adopted a policy of neutrality in 1980. In 1989, Malta was the venue of a summit between US President George H.W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, their first face-to-face encounter, which signalled the end of the Cold War.
On 16 July 1990, Malta, through its foreign minister, Guido de Marco, applied to join the European Union. After tough negotiations, a referendum was held on 8 March 2003, which resulted in a favourable vote. General Elections held on 12 April 2003, gave a clear mandate to the Prime Minister, Eddie Fenech Adami, to sign the Treaty of accession to the European Union on 16 April 2003 in Athens, Greece. Malta joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. Following the European Council of 21–22 June 2007, Malta joined the Eurozone on 1 January 2008.
Politics
Malta is a republic, whose parliamentary system and public administration is closely modelled on the Westminster system. Malta had the second-highest voter turnout in the world (and the highest for nations without mandatory voting), based on election turnout in national lower house elections from 1960 to 1995. The unicameral House of Representatives, (Maltese: Kamra tad-Deputati), is elected by direct universal suffrage through single transferable vote every five years, unless the House is dissolved earlier by the President on advice of the Prime Minister.
The House of Representatives is made up of sixty-nine Members of Parliament. However, where a party wins an absolute majority of votes, but does not have a majority of seats, that party is given additional seats to ensure a parliamentary majority. The Constitution of Malta provides that the President appoint as Prime Minister the member of the House who is best able to command a (governing) majority in the House.
The President of Malta is appointed for a five-year term by a resolution of the House of Representatives carried by a simple majority. The role of the President as head of state is largely ceremonial. The main political parties are the Nationalist Party, which is a Christian democratic party, and the Labour Party, which is a social democratic party. The Labour Party is currently at the helm of the government, the Prime Minister being Joseph Muscat. The Nationalist Party, with Lawrence Gonzi as its leader, is in opposition. There are a number of smaller political parties in Malta that presently have no parliamentary representation.
Until World War II, Maltese politics was dominated by the language question fought out by Italophile and Anglophile parties. Post-War politics dealt with constitutional questions on the relations with Britain (first with integration then independence) and, eventually, relations with the European Union.
Administrative divisions
Malta has had a system of local government since 1993, based on the European Charter of Local Self-Government. There are at present 68 local councils (54 in Malta and 14 in Gozo). Sixteen "hamlets", which form part of larger councils, have their own Administrative Committee. There are no intermediate levels between local government and national government and the levels of the six districts (five on the main island) and of the three regions ( Gozo, Malta Majjistral, and Malta Xlokk) serve primarily statistical purposes.
Each council is made up of a number of councillors (from five to eleven, depending and relative to the population they represent). A Mayor and a Deputy Mayor are elected by and from the Councillors. The Executive Secretary, who is appointed by the council, is the executive, administrative and financial head of the council. Councillors are elected every four years through the single transferable vote. People who are eligible to vote in the election of the Maltese House of Representatives as well as resident citizens of the EU are eligible to vote. Due to the recent reform of the system, no elections will be held before 2012 from when elections will be held every two years for an alternating half of the councils.
Local councils are responsible for the general upkeep and embellishment of the locality (including repairs to non-arterial roads), allocation of local wardens and refuse collection; they also carry out general administrative duties for the central government such as collection of government rents and funds and answer government-related public inquiries.
Military
The objectives of the Armed Forces of Malta (AFM) are to maintain a military organisation with the primary aim of defending the islands' integrity according to the defence roles as set by the government in an efficient and cost-effective manner. This is achieved by emphasising the maintenance of Malta's territorial waters and airspace integrity.
The AFM also engages in combating terrorism, fighting against illicit drug trafficking, conducting anti-illegal immigrant operations and patrols and anti-illegal fishing operations, operating search and rescue (SAR) services, and physical/electronic security/surveillance of sensitive locations. Malta's search-and-rescue area extends from east of Tunisia to west of Crete, covering an area of around 250,000 km2.
As a military organisation, the AFM provides backup support to the Malta Police Force (MPF) and other government departments/agencies in situations as required in an organised, disciplined manner in the event of national emergencies (such as natural disasters) or internal security and bomb disposal.
On another level, the AFM establishes and/or consolidates bilateral co-operation with other countries to reach higher operational effectiveness related to AFM roles.
Geography
Malta is an archipelago in the central Mediterranean (in its eastern basin), some 80 km (50 mi) south of the Italian island of Sicily across the Malta Channel. Only the three largest islands – Malta (Malta), Gozo (Għawdex) and Comino (Kemmuna) – are inhabited. The smaller islands (see below) are uninhabited. The islands of the archipelago lie on the Malta plateau, a shallow shelf formed from the high points of a land bridge between Sicily and North Africa that became isolated as sea levels rose after the last Ice Age. The archipelago is therefore situated in the zone between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates.
Numerous bays along the indented coastline of the islands provide good harbours. The landscape consists of low hills with terraced fields. The highest point in Malta is Ta' Dmejrek, at 253 m (830 ft), near Dingli. Although there are some small rivers at times of high rainfall, there are no permanent rivers or lakes on Malta. However, some watercourses have fresh water running all year round at Baħrija, l-Imtaħleb and San Martin, and at Lunzjata Valley in Gozo.
Phytogeographically, Malta belongs to the Liguro-Tyrrhenian province of the Mediterranean Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Malta belongs to the ecoregion of "Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub".
The minor islands that form part of the archipelago are uninhabited and include:
Barbaganni Rock ( Gozo)
Cominotto, (Kemmunett)
Delimara Island ( Marsaxlokk)
Filfla ( Żurrieq)/( Siġġiewi)
Fessej Rock
Fungus Rock, (Il-Ġebla tal-Ġeneral) ( Gozo)
Għallis Rock ( Naxxar)
Ħalfa Rock ( Gozo)
Large Blue Lagoon Rocks ( Comino)
Islands of St. Paul/Selmunett Island ( Mellieħa)
Manoel Island, which connects to the town of Gżira, on the mainland, via a bridge
Mistra Rocks ( San Pawl il-Baħar)
Taċ-Ċawl Rock ( Gozo)
Qawra Point/Ta` Fraben Island ( San Pawl il-Baħar)
Small Blue Lagoon Rocks ( Comino)
Sala Rock ( Żabbar)
Xrobb l-Għaġin Rock ( Marsaxlokk)
Ta'that il-Mazz Rock
Climate
Malta has a Subtropical– Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa), with mild winters and warm to hot summers. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry.
The average yearly temperature is 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) during the day and 15 °C (59 °F) at night. In the coldest month – January – the temperature ranges from 12 to 20 °C (54 to 68 °F) during the day and 7 to 12 °C (45 to 54 °F) at night. In the warmest month – August – the temperature ranges from 28 to 34 °C (82 to 93 °F) during the day and 19 to 24 °C (66 to 75 °F) at night. Generally – summer's/holiday season lasts to 8 months, starting from around mid-April with temperatures 19–23 °C (66–73 °F) during the day and 13–14 °C (55–57 °F) at night, ending in November with temperatures 17–23 °C (63–73 °F) during the day and 11–20 °C (52–68 °F) at night, although also in the remaining 4 months temperatures sometimes reach 20 °C (68 °F). Amongst all capitals in the continent of Europe, Valletta – the capital of Malta has the warmest winters, with average temperatures of 15–16 °C (59–61 °F) during the day and 9–10 °C (48–50 °F) at night in the period January–February. In March and December average temperatures is around 17 °C (63 °F) during the day and 11 °C (52 °F) at night. Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. Also, Malta is one of the few places in Europe which are "green" all year round.
Average annual temperature of the sea is 20 °C (68 °F) (the highest in the continent of Europe), from 16 °C (61 °F) in January to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the entire 6 months – from June to November – the average sea temperature exceeds 21 °C (70 °F)
Sunshine hours total around 3,000 per year (one of the highest results in Europe), from an average above five hours of sunshine per day in December to an average above 12 hours in July. This is about double that of cities in the northern half of Europe, for comparison: London – 1,461; however in winter it has up to several times more sunshine, for comparison: London has 37 hours while Malta has 155 or 164 (depending on the sources) hours of sunshine in December.
Climate data for Malta ( Malta International Airport in Luqa, in the central part of the island) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4) 15.5
(59.9) 16.7
(62.1) 19.1
(66.4) 23.3
(73.9) 27.5
(81.5) 30.7
(87.3) 30.7
(87.3) 28.0
(82.4) 24.2
(75.6) 20.1
(68.2) 16.7
(62.1) 22.3
(72.1) Daily mean °C (°F) 12.2
(54) 12.4
(54.3) 13.4
(56.1) 15.5
(59.9) 19.1
(66.4) 23.0
(73.4) 25.9
(78.6) 26.3
(79.3) 24.1
(75.4) 20.7
(69.3) 17.0
(62.6) 13.9
(57) 18.6
(65.5) Average low °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6) 9.3
(48.7) 10.1
(50.2) 11.9
(53.4) 14.9
(58.8) 18.4
(65.1) 21.0
(69.8) 21.8
(71.2) 20.1
(68.2) 17.1
(62.8) 13.9
(57) 11.0
(51.8) 14.9
(58.8) Precipitation mm (inches) 89.0
(3.504) 61.3
(2.413) 40.9
(1.61) 22.5
(0.886) 6.6
(0.26) 3.2
(0.126) 0.4
(0.016) 7.0
(0.276) 40.4
(1.591) 89.7
(3.531) 80.0
(3.15) 112.3
(4.421) 553.3
(21.783) Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 13.7 10.9 8.9 6.4 2.8 1.1 0.4 1.0 3.9 10.2 10.6 14.2 84.1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 158.1 172.3 223.2 246.0 300.7 327.0 365.8 337.9 261.0 220.1 183.0 155.0 2,950.1 Source: World Meteorological Organization, NOAA
Economy
Malta is classified as an advanced economy together with 32 other countries according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Until 1800 Malta depended on cotton, tobacco and its shipyards for exports. Once under British control, they came to depend on the dockyard for support of the Royal Navy, especially during the Crimean War of 1854. The military base benefited craftsmen and all those who served the military.
In 1869, the opening of the Suez Canal gave Malta's economy a great boost, as there was a massive increase in the shipping which entered the port. Ships stopping at Malta's docks for refuelling helped the Entrepôt trade, which brought additional benefits to the island.
However, towards the end of the 19th century the economy began declining, and by the 1940s Malta's economy was in serious crisis. One factor was the longer range of newer merchant ships that required less frequent refuelling stops.
Currently, Malta's major resources are limestone, a favourable geographic location and a productive labour force. Malta produces only about 20% of its food needs, has limited freshwater supplies and has no domestic energy sources. The economy is dependent on foreign trade (serving as a freight trans-shipment point), manufacturing (especially electronics and textiles) and tourism.
Film production is a growing contributor to the Maltese economy, with several big-budget foreign films shooting in Malta each year. The country has increased the exports of many other types of services such as banking and finance.
The government is investing heavily in education, including college.
In preparation for Malta's membership in the European Union, which it joined on 1 May 2004, it privatised some state-controlled firms and liberalised markets. For example, the government announced on 8 January 2007 that it is selling its 40% stake in MaltaPost, in order to complete a privatisation process which has been ongoing for the past five years. In 2010, Malta has managed to privatize telecommunications, postal services, shipyards and shipbuilding.
Malta has taken important and substantial steps to establish itself as a global player in the cross-border fund administration business. Competing against countries like Ireland and Luxembourg, Malta has a unique combination of a multi-lingual workforce and a strong Anglo-Saxon legal system. Malta has a mixed reputation for transparency and a DAW Index score of 6 although both would be expected to improve as Malta increasingly adopts more comprehensive legislative framework for financial services. Malta has a regulator, the MFSA, with a strong business development mindset and the country has been successful in attracting gaming businesses, aircraft and ship registration, credit-card issuing banking licences and also fund administration. Service providers to these industries, including fiduciary and trustee business, are a core part of the growth strategy of the Island. Malta has made strong headway in implementing EU Financial Services Directives including UCITs IV and soon AIFMD. As a base for alternative asset managers who must comply with new directives, Malta has attracted a number of key players including IDS, Iconic Funds, Apex Fund Services, and TMF/Customs House.
Malta and Tunisia are currently discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for petroleum exploration. These discussions are also undergoing between Malta and Libya for similar arrangements.
Malta does not have a property tax.
According to Eurostat data, Maltese PPS GDP per capita stood at 76 per cent of the EU average in 2008.
Banking and finance
The two largest commercial banks are Bank of Valletta and HSBC Bank Malta, both of which can trace their origins back to the 19th century.
Malta is one of the world's financial centres.
The Central Bank of Malta (Bank Ċentrali ta' Malta) has two key areas of responsibility: the formulation and implementation of monetary policy and the promotion of a sound and efficient financial system. It was established by the Central Bank of Malta Act on 17 April 1968. The Maltese government entered ERM II on 4 May 2005, and adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2008.
FinanceMalta is the quasi-governmental organisation tasked with marketing and educating business leaders in coming to Malta and runs seminars and events around the world highlighting the emerging strength of Malta as a jurisdiction for banking and finance and insurance.
Transport
Traffic in Malta moves on the left. Car ownership in Malta is exceedingly high, given the very small size of the islands; it is the fourth-highest in the European Union. The number of registered cars in 1990 amounted to 182,254, giving an automobile density of 582 /km2 (1,510 /sq mi).
Malta has 2,254 kilometres (1,401 mi) of road, 1,972 km (1,225 mi) (87.5%) of which are paved and 282 km (175 mi) were unpaved (December 2003).
The main roads of Malta from the southernmost point to the northernmost point are these: Triq Birżebbuġa in Birżebbuġa, Għar Dalam Road and Tal-Barrani Road in Żejtun, Santa Luċija Avenue in Paola, Aldo Moro Street (Trunk Road), 13 December Street and Ħamrun-Marsa Bypass in Marsa, Regional Road in Santa Venera/ Msida/ Gżira/ San Ġwann, St Andrew's Road in Swieqi/ Pembroke, Malta, Coast Road in Baħar iċ-Ċagħaq, Salina Road, Kennedy Drive, St. Paul's Bypass and Xemxija Hill in San Pawl il-Baħar, Mistra Hill, Wettinger Street (Mellieħa Bypass) and Marfa Road in Mellieħa.
Buses (xarabank or karozza tal-linja) are the primary method of public transport. Established in 1905, the service underwent an extensive reform in July 2011. The management structure changed from having self-employed drivers driving their own vehicles to a service being offered by a single company through a public tender (in Gozo, being considered as a small network, the service was given through direct order). The public tender was won by Arriva Malta, a member of the Arriva group. Arriva had a fleet of brand new buses, built by King Long especially for service by Arriva Malta. Also, there is a smaller fleet of Bendy-Buses brought in from Arriva London. It also operates 2 smaller buses for an intra- Valleta route only and 61 nine-metre buses, which are used to ease congestion on high density routes. Overall Arriva Malta operates 264 buses.
The new service includes a day and night services. The fast Crossline services operating at a frequency of 30 minutes. The Crossline service shall connect with Mainline services, which will operate at a frequency of between 10 and 30 minutes. At regional and local levels the feeder lines will serve villages and neighbouring areas at a frequency of 30 minutes. Interchanges are located in Valletta, Mater Dei Hospital, Swieqi, Paola, Marsa, Malta International Airport and Msida.
Between 1883 and 1931, Malta had a railway line that connected Valletta to the army barracks at Mtarfa via Mdina and a number of towns and villages. The railway fell into disuse and eventually closed altogether, following the introduction of electric trams and buses. At the height of the bombing of Malta during World War II, Mussolini announced that his forces had destroyed the railway system but by the time war broke out, the railway had been mothballed for more than nine years.
Malta has three large natural harbours on its main island:
The Grand Harbour (or Port il-Kbir), located at the eastern side of the capital city of Valletta, has been a harbour since Roman times. It has several extensive docks and wharves, as well as a cruise liner terminal. A terminal at the Grand Harbour serves ferries that connect Malta to Pozzallo & Catania in Sicily.
Marsamxett Harbour, located on the western side of Valletta, accommodates a number of yacht marinas.
Marsaxlokk Harbour (Malta Freeport), at Birżebbuġa on the south-eastern side of Malta, is the islands' main cargo terminal. Malta Freeport is the 11th busiest container ports in continent of Europe and 46th in the World with a trade volume of 2.3 million TEU's in 2008.
There are also two man-made harbours that serve a passenger and car ferry service that connects Ċirkewwa Harbour on Malta and Mġarr Harbour on Gozo. The ferry makes numerous runs each day.
Malta International Airport (Ajruport Internazzjonali ta' Malta) is the only airport serving the Maltese Islands. It is built on the land formerly occupied by the RAF Luqa air base. A heliport is also located there, but the scheduled service to Gozo ceased in 2006. The heliport in Gozo is at Xewkija. Since June 2007, Harbour Air Malta has operated a thrice-daily floatplane service between the sea terminal in Grand Harbour and Mgarr Harbour in Gozo.
Two further airfields at Ta' Qali and Ħal Far operated during World War II and into the 1960s but are now closed. Today, Ta' Qali houses a national park, stadium, the Crafts Village visitor attraction and the Malta Aviation Museum. This museum preserves several aircraft, including Hurricane and Spitfire fighters that defended the island in World War II.
The national airline is Air Malta, which is based at Malta International Airport, and which operates services to 36 destinations in Europe and North Africa. The owners of Air Malta are the Government of Malta (98%) and private investors (2%). Air Malta employs 1,547 staff. It has a 25% shareholding in Medavia.
Air Malta has concluded over 191 interline ticketing agreements with other IATA airlines. It also has a codeshare agreement with Qantas covering three routes. In September 2007, Air Malta made two agreements with Abu Dhabi-based Etihad Airways by which Air Malta wet-leased two Airbus aircraft to Etihad Airways for the winter period starting 1 September 2007, and provided operational support on another Airbus A320 aircraft which it leased to Etihad Airways.
Communications
The mobile penetration rate in Malta stood at 101.3% as at the end of 2009. Malta uses the GSM900 & UMTS(3G) mobile phone systems. This is compatible with the rest of the European countries, Australia and New Zealand.
There are no area codes in Malta, subscribers' numbers having eight digits. Fixed line telephone numbers have the prefix 21 and 27 while mobile telephone numbers have the prefix 79, 77 or 99. When calling Malta from abroad, one must first dial the international access code, then the country code +356 and the subscriber's number.
The number of pay TV subscribers fell in 2012 as subscribers cut the cord and began to rely increasingly on IPTV: the number of IPTV subscribers doubled in the six months to June 2012.
In late 2012 GO began expanding its FttH network and capabilities, offering speeds of up to 200Mb/s for its ‘rapido’ service.
The government in early 2012 called for a national FttH network to be built, with a minimum broadband service being upgraded from 4Mb/s to 100Mb/s.
Currency
Maltese euro coins feature the Maltese Cross on €2 and €1 coins, the Maltese Coat of Arms on the €0.50, €0.20 and €0.10 coins, and the Mnajdra Temples on the €0.05, €0.02 and €0.01 coins.
Malta has produced collectors' coins with face value ranging from 10 to 50 euro. These coins continue an existing national practice of minting of silver and gold commemorative coins. Unlike normal issues, these coins are not legal tender in all the eurozone. For instance, a €10 Maltese commemorative coin cannot be used in any other country.
From 1972 until introduction of the Euro in 2008, the currency was the Maltese Lira, which had replaced the Maltese pound. The pound replaced the Maltese scudo in 1798.
Tourism
Malta is a popular tourist destination, with 1.2 million tourists every year. Three times more tourists visit than there are residents. Tourism infrastructure has increased dramatically over the years and a number of good-quality hotels are present on the island, although overdevelopment and the destruction of traditional housing is of growing concern. An increasing number of Maltese now travel abroad on holiday.
In recent years, Malta has advertised itself as a medical tourism destination, and a number of health tourism providers are developing the industry. However, no Maltese hospital has undergone independent international healthcare accreditation. Malta is popular with British medical tourists, pointing Maltese hospitals towards seeking UK-sourced accreditation, such as with the Trent Accreditation Scheme. Dual accreditation with the American-oriented Joint Commission is necessary if hospitals in Malta wish to compete with the Far East and Latin America for medical tourists from the United States.
Science and technology
Malta signed a cooperation agreement with the European Space Agency (ESA) for more-intensive cooperation in ESA projects.
Demographics
Malta conducts a census of population and housing every ten years. The census held in November 2005 managed to count an estimated 96% of the population. A preliminary report was issued in April 2006, and results were weighted to an estimate for 100% of the population.
Native Maltese people make up the majority of the island. However there are minorities, the largest of which are British people, many of whom retired to Malta. The population of Malta as of July 2011 was estimated at 408,000. As of 2005, 17% were aged 14 and under, 68% were within the 15–64 age bracket whilst the remaining 13% were 65 years and over. Malta's population density of 1,282 per square km (3,322/sq mi) is by far the highest in the EU, and one of the highest in the world. The only census year showing a fall in population was that of 1967, with a 1.7% total decrease, attributable to a substantial number of Maltese residents who emigrated.
The Maltese-resident population for 2004 was estimated to make up 97.0% of the total resident population.
All censuses since 1842 have shown a slight excess of females over males. The 1901 and 1911 censuses came closest to recording a balance. The highest female-to-male ratio was reached in 1957 (1088:1000), and since the ratio has been constantly dropping. The 2005 census showed a 1013:1000 female-to-male ratio. Population growth has slowed down, from +9.5% between the 1985 and 1995 censuses, to +6.9% between the 1995 and 2005 censuses (a yearly average of +0.7%). The birth rate stood at 3860 (a decrease of 21.8% from the 1995 census) and the death rate stood at 3025. Thus, there was a natural population increase of 835 (compared to +888 for 2004, of which over a hundred were foreign residents).
The population's age composition is similar to the age structure prevalent in the EU. Since 1967 there was observed a trend indicating an ageing population, and is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. Malta's old-age-dependency-ratio rose from 17.2% in 1995 to 19.8% in 2005, reasonably lower than the EU's 24.9% average; 31.5% of the Maltese population is aged under 25 (compared to the EU's 29.1%); but the 50–64 age group constitutes 20.3% of the population, significantly higher than the EU's 17.9%. Malta's old-age-dependency-ratio is expected to continue rising steadily in the coming years.
Maltese legislation recognizes both civil and canonical (ecclesiastical) marriages. Annulments by the ecclesiastical and civil courts are unrelated and are not necessarily mutually endorsed. Malta voted in favour of divorce legislation in a referendum held on 28 May 2011. Abortion in Malta is illegal. A person must be 16 to marry. The number of brides aged under 25 decreased from 1471 in 1997 to 766 in 2005; while the number of grooms under 25 decreased from 823 to 311. There is a constant trend that females are more likely than males to marry young. In 2005 there were 51 brides aged between 16 and 19, compared to 8 grooms.
At the end of 2007 the population of the Maltese Islands stood at 410,290 and is expected to reach 424,028 by 2025. At the moment, females slightly outnumber males, making up 50.3 per cent of the population. The largest proportion of persons – 7.5 per cent – were aged 25–29, while there were 7.3% falling into each of the 45–49 and 55–59 age brackets.
Languages
The Maltese language ( Maltese: Malti) is the constitutional national language of Malta. Alongside the Maltese Language, English is also an official language of the country and hence the laws of the land are enacted both in Maltese and English. However, the Constitution states that if there is any conflict between the Maltese and the English texts of any law, the Maltese text shall prevail.
Maltese is originally a Semitic language descended from the now defunct Sicilian-Arabic ( Siculo-Arabic) dialect (from southern Italy). The Maltese alphabet consists of 30 letters based on the Latin alphabet, including the diacritically altered letters ż, ċ and ġ, as well as the letters għ, ħ, and ie.
Maltese has a Semitic base with substantial borrowing from Sicilian, Italian, a little French, and more recently, and increasingly, English. The language includes different dialects that can vary greatly from one town to another or from one island to another.
The Eurobarometer states that 100% of the population speak Maltese. Also, 88% of the population speak English, 66% speak Italian, and 17% speak French. This widespread knowledge of second languages makes Malta one of the most multi-lingual countries in the European Union. A study collecting public opinion on what language was "preferred" discovered that 86% of the population express a preference for Maltese, 12% for English, and 2% for Italian. Still, Italian television channels from Italy-based broadcasters, such as Mediaset and RAI, reach Malta and remain popular. Italian was an official language of Malta alongside Maltese until 1934, when English replaced it.
Religion
The Constitution of Malta declares Roman Catholicism as the state religion although entrenched provisions for the freedom of religion are made. Freedom House and the CIA World Factbook report that 98% of the population is Roman Catholic.
There are more than 360 churches in Malta, Gozo, and Comino, or one church for every 1,000 residents. The parish church (Maltese: "il-parroċċa", or "il-knisja parrokkjali") is the architectural and geographic focal point of every Maltese town and village, and its main source of civic pride. This civic pride manifests itself in spectacular fashion during the local village festas, which mark the day of the patron saint of each parish with marching bands, religious processions, special Masses, fireworks (especially petards), and other festivities.
Malta is an Apostolic See; the Acts of the Apostles tells of how Christians believe St. Paul, on his way from Crete to Rome to face trial, was shipwrecked on the island of "Melite", which many Bible scholars identify with Malta, an episode dated around AD 60. The Acts of the Apostles says St. Paul spent three months on the island, curing the sick including the father of Publius, the "chief man of the island". Various traditions are associated with this account. The shipwreck is said to have occurred in the place today known as St Paul's Bay. Saint Publius is said to have been made Malta's first bishop and a grotto in Rabat, now known as "St Paul's Grotto" (and in the vicinity of which evidence of Christian burials and rituals from the 3rd century AD has been found), is among the earliest known places of Christian worship on the island. The Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles is disputed.
Further evidence of Christian practices and beliefs during the period of Roman persecution appears in catacombs that lie beneath various sites around Malta, including St Paul's Catacombs and St Agatha's Catacombs in Rabat, just outside the walls of Mdina. The latter, in particular, were beautifully frescoed between 1200 and 1480, although marauding Turks defaced many of them in the 1550s. There are also a number of cave churches, including the grotto at Mellieħa, which is a Shrine of the Nativity of Our Lady where, according to legend, St. Luke painted a picture of the Madonna. It has been a place of pilgrimage since medieval times.
The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon record that in 451 AD, a certain Acacius was Bishop of Malta (Melitenus Episcopus). It is also known that in 501 AD, a certain Constantinus, Episcopus Melitenensis, was present at the Fifth Ecumenical Council. In 588 AD, Pope Gregory I deposed Tucillus, Miletinae civitatis episcopus, and the clergy and people of Malta elected his successor Trajan in 599 AD. The last recorded Bishop of Malta before the invasion of the Islands was a Greek named Manas, who was subsequently incarcerated at Palermo.
Maltese historian, Giovanni Francesco Abela, states that following their conversion to Christianity at the hand of St. Paul, the Maltese retained their Christian religion, despite the Fatimid invasion. Abela's writings describe Malta as a divinely ordained "bulwark of Christian, European civilization against the spread of Mediterranean Islam". The native Christian community that welcomed Roger I of Sicily was further bolstered by immigration to Malta from Italy, in the 12th and 13th centuries.
For centuries, the Church in Malta was subordinate to the Diocese of Palermo, except when it was under Charles of Anjou, who appointed bishops for Malta, as did – on rare occasions – the Spanish and later, the Knights. Since 1808 all bishops of Malta have been Maltese. As a result of the Norman and Spanish periods, and the rule of the Knights, Malta became the devout Catholic nation that it is today. It is worth noting that the Office of the Inquisitor of Malta had a very long tenure on the island following its establishment in 1530: the last Inquisitor departed from the Islands in 1798, after the Knights capitulated to the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte. During the period of the Republic of Venice, several Maltese families emigrated to Corfu. Their descendants account for about two-thirds of the community of some 4000 Catholics that now live on that island.
The patron saints of Malta are Saint Paul, Saint Publius, Saint Agatha and Saint George. Although not a patron saint, St George Preca (San Ġorġ Preca) is greatly revered as the first canonised Maltese saint. Pope Benedict XVI canonised him on 3 June 2007. Also, a number of Maltese individuals are recognised as Blessed, including Maria Adeodata Pisani and Nazju Falzon, with Pope John Paul II having beatified them in 2001.
Various Roman Catholic religious orders are present in Malta, including the Jesuits, Franciscans, Dominicans and Little Sisters of the Poor.
Most congregants of the local Protestant churches are not Maltese; their congregations draw on the many British retirees living in the country and vacationers from many other nations. There are approximately 500 Jehovah's Witnesses; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), the Bible Baptist Church, and the Fellowship of Evangelical Churches have about 60 affiliates. There are also some churches of other denominations, such as St. Andrew's Scots Church in Valletta (a joint Presbyterian and Methodist congregation) and St Paul's Anglican Cathedral, as well as a Seventh-day Adventist church in Birkirkara.
The Jewish population of Malta reached its peak in the Middle Ages under Norman rule. In 1479, Malta and Sicily came under Aragonese rule and the Alhambra Decree of 1492 forced all Jews to leave the country, permitting them to take with them only a few of their belongings. Several dozen Maltese Jews may have converted to Christianity at the time in order to remain in the country. Today, there is one Jewish congregation.
Zen Buddhism and the Bahá'í Faith claim some 40 members. There is one Muslim mosque. A Muslim primary school recently opened; its existence remains a point of some controversy. Of the estimated 3,000 Muslims in Malta, approximately 2,250 are foreigners, approximately 600 are naturalized citizens, and approximately 150 are native-born Maltese.
Migration
Inbound migration
As an EU member state and a party to the Schengen Agreement, Malta applies the EU's visa policy. This means that to enter the country:
Nationals of the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA) (Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) and their special territories and of Switzerland require only a passport or a national identity card. Except for Romanian and Bulgarian nationals, citizens of this category of countries do not require a permit to stay and work legally in Malta.
Nationals of a number of non-EU and non-EEA countries (most countries of the Western Balkans, most countries of the American continent, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Malaysia and Japan) require only a passport and do not need a visa to reside in Malta for less than 90 days.
Nationals of other countries need a passport and a visa to enter the country, visas being valid for one month.
The estimated net inflow (using data for 2002 to 2004) was of 1,913 persons yearly. Over the last 10 years, Malta accepted back a yearly average of 425 returning emigrants.
During 2006, a total of 1,800 illegal immigrants reached Malta making the crossing from the North African coast. Most of them intended to reach mainland Europe and happened to come to Malta due to their sub-standard vessels breaking down or being caught by Maltese and other EU officials. In the first half of 2006, 967 irregular immigrants arrived in Malta – almost double the 473 who arrived in the same period in 2005. Many immigrants have perished in the journey across the Mediterranean, with one notable incident being the May 2007 Malta migrant boat disaster.
Around 45% of immigrants landed in Malta have been granted refugee (5%) or protected humanitarian status (40%). A White Paper suggesting the grant of Maltese citizenship to refugees resident in Malta for over ten years was issued in 2005. Historically Malta gave refuge (and assisted in their resettlement) to eight hundred or so East African Asians who had been expelled from Uganda by Idi Amin and to just under a thousand Iraqis fleeing Saddam Hussein's regime.
Detention costs for the first half of 2006 alone cost € 746,385.
In 2005, Malta sought EU aid in relation to reception of irregular immigrants, repatriation of those denied refugee status, resettlement of refugees into EU countries, and maritime security. In December 2005, the European Council adopted The Global Approach to Migration: Priority Actions focusing on Africa and the Mediterranean; but the deployment of said actions has been limited to the western Mediterranean, thus putting further pressure on the central Mediterranean route for irregular immigration of which Malta forms a part.
Outbound migration
In the 19th century, most emigration from Malta was to North Africa and the Middle East, although rates of return migration to Malta were high. Nonetheless, Maltese communities formed in these regions. By 1900, for example, British consular estimates suggest that there were 15,326 Maltese in Tunisia, and in 1903 it was claimed that 15,000 people of Maltese origin were living in Algeria.
Malta experienced significant emigration as a result of the collapse of a construction boom in 1907 and after World War II, when the birth rate increased significantly, but in the 20th century most emigrants went to destinations in the New World, particularly the United States and Australia. After World War II, Malta's Emigration Department would assist emigrants with the cost of their travel. Between 1948 and 1967, 30 per cent of the population emigrated. Between 1946 and the late 1970s, over 140,000 people left Malta on the assisted passage scheme, with 57.6% migrating to Australia, 22% to the UK, 13% to Canada and 7% to the United States.
Emigration dropped dramatically after the mid-1970s and has since ceased to be a social phenomenon of significance. However, since Malta joined the EU in 2004 expatriate communities emerged in a number of European countries particularly in Belgium and Luxembourg.
Education
Primary schooling has been compulsory since 1946; secondary education up to the age of sixteen was made compulsory in 1971. The state and the Church provide education free of charge, both running a number of schools in Malta and Gozo, including De La Salle College in Cospicua, St. Aloysius' College in Birkirkara, St. Joseph's School in Blata l-Bajda and Saint Monica Girls' School in Mosta. A number of private schools are run in Malta, including San Andrea School and San Anton School in the valley of L-Imselliet (l/o Mġarr), St. Martin's College in Swatar and St. Michael's School in San Ġwann. As of 2008, there are two international schools, Verdala International School and QSI Malta. The state pays a portion of the teachers' salary in Church schools.
Education in Malta is based on the British model. Primary school lasts six years. At the age of 11 pupils sit for an examination to enter a secondary school, either a church school (the Common Entrance Examination) or a state school. Pupils sit for SEC O-level examinations at the age of 16, with passes obligatory in certain subjects such as mathematics, English and Maltese. Pupils may opt to continue studying at a sixth form college such as Junior College, St Aloysius' College, De La Salle College, St Edward's College or else at another post-secondary institution such as MCAST. The sixth form course lasts for two years, at the end of which students sit for the Matriculation examination. Subject to their performance, students may then apply for an undergraduate degree or diploma.
The University of Malta (U.o.M.) provides Tertiary education at diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate level. The adult literacy rate is 99.5% http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/malta/literacy-rate
Maltese and English are both used to teach students at primary and secondary school level, and both languages are also compulsory subjects. Public schools tend to use both Maltese and English in a balanced manner. Private schools prefer to use English for teaching, as is also the case with most departments of the University of Malta; this has a limiting effect on the capacity and development of the Maltese language. Most university courses are in English.
Of the total number of students studying a first foreign language at secondary level, 51% take Italian whilst 38% take French. Other choices include German, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic.
Healthcare
Malta has a long history of providing publicly funded health care. The first hospital recorded in the country was already functioning by 1372. Today, Malta has both a public healthcare system, known as the government healthcare service, where healthcare is free at the point of delivery, and a private healthcare system. Malta has a strong general practitioner-delivered primary care base and the public hospitals provide secondary and tertiary care. The Maltese Ministry of Health advises foreign residents to take out private medical insurance.
Malta was ranked number five in the World Health Organization's ranking of the world's health systems, compared to the United States (at 37), Australia (at 32), United Kingdom (at 18) and Canada (at 30). The healthcare system in Malta closely resembles the British system, as healthcare is free at the point of delivery.
Malta also boasts voluntary organizations such as the Emergency Fire & Rescue Unit(E.F.R.U.), St John Ambulance, who provide first aid/nursing services during events involving crowds.
The Mater Dei Hospital, Malta's primary hospital, opened in 2007. It has one of the largest medical buildings in Europe. Other government hospitals in Malta include:
Paul Boffa Hospital, an oncology hospital in Floriana
St Vincent De Paule Hospital, a geriatrics hospital
Gozo General Hospital, the only hospital on Gozo
In addition, Malta has three major private hospitals:
St Philip's Hospital, with a capacity of 75 beds, is in Santa Venera (currently closed).
St James Capua Hospital (the former Capua Palace Hospital), with 80 beds, is in Sliema.
St James Hospital has several sites, including a 13-bed unit in Zabbar, as well as a partner hospital in Libya.
St Mark's Clinic, in Msida, with a capacity of 5 beds, also offers some private hospital services.
The University of Malta has a medical school and a Faculty of Health Sciences, the latter offering diploma, degree (BSc) and postgraduate degree courses in a number of health care disciplines.
The Medical Association of Malta represents practitioners of the medical profession. MMSA is a separate body representing Maltese medical students, and is a member of EMSA and IFMSA. MIME, the Maltese Institute for Medical Education, is an institute set up recently to provide CME to doctors in Malta as well as medical students. The Foundation Program followed in the UK has been introduced in Malta in order to stem the 'brain drain' of newly graduated doctors to the British Isles. MADS, the Malta Association of Dental Students, is a student association set up to promote the rights of Dental Surgery Students studying within the faculty of Dental Surgery of the University of Malta. It is affiliated with IADS, the International Association of Dental Students.
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The €uro becomes Malta's currency
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It was a small step for many Maltese, a big step for the nation. The Prime Minister , the Governor of the Central Bank and scores of people withdrew the first euro notes from ATMs as Malta adopted the euro at midnight.
A simple operation in itself,...
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https://timesofmalta.com/article/the-euro-uro-becomes-maltas-currency.190439
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It was a small step for many Maltese, a big step for the nation. The Prime Minister , the Governor of the Central Bank and scores of people withdrew the first euro notes from ATMs as Malta adopted the euro at midnight.
A simple operation in itself, it marked the end of an intensive 40-month period to make Malta eligible for adoption of the European currency. It also marked the proper beginning of Malta’s participation as the smallest country in the eurozone, with the Governor of the Central Bank having an equal voice as other governors in the European Central Bank.
Euro adoption was a requirement for Malta once it joined the EU in 2004, but the government had wanted Malta to join at the earliest possible opportunity. Slovenia became the first of the 2004 group of new EU member states to adopt the currency on January 1, 2007, with Malta and Cyprus now being the second and third.
It was not an easy process, with Malta having had to grapple with a high public deficit and inflationary pressures in order to achieve the Maastricht criteria for euro adoption.
A major yardstick was reached on May 2, 2005 when Malta was accepted in European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) and the Maltese lira was fixed with a central parity rate of MTL/EUR 0.429300. That rate remained unchanged and became the irrevocable exchange rate. Prior to that date, the value of the lira used to be calculated on the basis of weightings on a basket of currencies consisting of the US dollar, the Sterling and the euro.
That Malta has now adopted the European currency is a step “back into the future” for Malta since for many centuries it shared the currency of different nations. According to the website of the Central Bank, the first known coins introduced into the Maltese Islands were those of the Carthaginians who occupied the Islands from approximately the mid-sixth century BC. These coins remained the standard currency for about two centuries.
Following the Roman conquest of the Maltese Islands at the start of the Second Punic War in 218 BC., the Maltese Islands were allowed a limited measure of self-government and even minted their own coinage, not unlike the current situation where Malta had minted its own euro coins.
Towards the mid-first century BC coins based on Sicilian standards were struck in Malta.
After the first century BC there are no records to show that the Maltese Islands continued to mint their own coins. From this date on the coinage of Rome was used throughout the Empire.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Malta was ruled in turn by the Byzantines, the Arabs, the Normans, the Swabians, Angevins, the Aragonese and Castilians. The coinage of these rulers was current in the Maltese Islands.
With the arrival of the Knights, the monetary system was adapted to that of Sicily and from time to time foreign coins, including Spanish Doubloons and Piastres, Venetian Zecchini, Livournine, Genovine and Louis d'Or were allowed to circulate with the local coinage, although this changed with time as the local mint was developed.
During the first 50 years of British rule, the legal circulating currency included the coins of the Knights, Spanish Doubloons and dollars, Sicilian Dollars, South American Dollars, French 5 Franc pieces and English coins.
In October 1855, a Proclamation declared Sterling to be the sole legal tender currency in Malta.
The Maltese Parliament in 1971 approved legislation for the decimalisation of the currency. In May 1972 a set of Maltese coins was issued to replace British coins. The Malta pound, which was renamed Maltese lira (Lm) in 1983, was retained as the currency unit.
This decimal set represented the first coinage issued by Malta as an independent nation and marked a new era in which Malta's own coins could circulate exclusively as the Island's sole legal tender coinage.
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Maltese scudo
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official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta; the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967990
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official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta; the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798
Coins of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem
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https://www.causeiq.com/organizations/sovereign-military-order-of-malta-western-associat,237450840/
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en
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Sovereign Military Order of Malta Western Association-USA
|
https://d3ndij9jahp01d.cloudfront.net/ico/favicon.eb9fcc49d7e1.ico
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https://d3ndij9jahp01d.cloudfront.net/ico/favicon.eb9fcc49d7e1.ico
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** ******* *** ***** ** ***, ******* ********* **** *** ********* *********** ** *** ******* *** ******** *** *** ********** ***** *** *** ****, *** *****, *** *** ********, ******* ***********, ****, *****, ** **** ********* ***** ******* *** ****** ***
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https://d3ndij9jahp01d.cloudfront.net/ico/favicon.eb9fcc49d7e1.ico
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https://www.causeiq.com/organizations/sovereign-military-order-of-malta-western-associat,237450840/
|
Cause IQ is a website that helps companies grow, maintain, and serve their nonprofit clients, and helps nonprofits find additional foundation funding. Our data and tools help professionals prospect for nonprofits, research opportunities, benchmark their clients, and enrich existing information.
© 2024 Nonprofit Metrics LLC
Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
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https://www.centralbankmalta.org/numismatic-issues
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en
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Central Bank of Malta
|
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
"numismatic issues central bank malta"
] | null |
[] | null |
The Central Bank of Malta issued the first non-circulating, legal tender coins for numismatic purposes in November 1972.
|
en
|
https://www.centralbankmalta.org/numismatic-issues
|
Numismatic Issues
The Central Bank of Malta issued the first non-circulating, legal tender coins for numismatic purposes in November 1972. These consisted of a set of gold and silver coins that were issued in conjunction with the Sovereign Military Order of Malta based in Rome. The coins were struck at the Order’s mint in Rome. In subsequent years, other gold and silver coin sets were issued in conjunction with the Order, which was instrumental in setting up the Malta Mint in 1973, after which coins in precious metal started being produced in Malta.
The Malta Mint ceased operations in 1995. The last numismatic coin produced was a silver coin commemorating the 25th anniversary of the Central Bank of Malta in 1993. Subsequent numismatic coins were struck at the Royal Mint, UK, at the Royal Dutch Mint, and at the Royal Belgian Mint.
Numismatic coins are sold from the Malta Coin Centre counter at the Bank's main premises, which is open Monday to Friday from 8.00am to 12.00pm. You can also buy coins from the Malta Coin Centre website. Keep up to date with new issues by following the Malta Coin Centre on Facebook.
The Numismatics and Historical Publications Advisory Board (NHPAB) was set up in 2017 to propose themes for the Central Bank of Malta commemorative coins programme and to act as editorial board for historical publications. It took over this role from the Currency Advisory Board. The NHPAB is chaired by Governor of the Central Bank of Malta, with Chief Officer Banking Operations, Prof. John Chircop, Dr Lillian Sciberras and Dr Mario Brincat as members. Board secretary is Kevin Cassar, Curator of the Central Bank’s Museum.
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https://www.numiscorner.com/products/49699-malta-order-of-emmanuel-de-rohan-scudo-12-tari-1796-silver-km-342
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en
|
MALTA, ORDER OF, Emmanuel de Rohan, Scudo, 12 Tari, 1796, Silver, KM:342
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ORDER OF. MALTA. Armored bust right Crowned oval shield, beaded and spiked, within sprigs, divided date above F <Bullet> EMMANUEL DE ROHAN M <Bullet> M <Bullet> 11.7 gr. Demandez gratuitement une recherche pour cet article de collection.. Quality VF(20-25).
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Numiscorner.com
|
https://www.numiscorner.com/products/49699-malta-order-of-emmanuel-de-rohan-scudo-12-tari-1796-silver-km-342
|
Delivery options and costs
Conditions for a simple letter:
Abroad: €4,95 if the order is under €150
In France: €4,95 if the order is under €50
Condition for a registered letter:
Abroad: €4,95 if the order is over €150
In France: €4,95 if the order is over €50
Condition for an express shipping:
For all destinations : €25 for all the orders
Delivery times
We do everything in our power to ship your order as soon as possible, ensuring the greatest security at all times. These shipments are associated with special administrative measures as a result of the currency or the destination, for example.
In the majority of cases, your order is shipped within two to five working days once the payment has been verified.
Please note that 100% of the articles included in our catalog are in stock and available for immediate processing.
Insurance
Each order is 100% insured until it reaches you. In addition to transport insurance, all our shipments are also covered by a policy with a private insurance company specialized in numismatics. As soon as your payment has been verified, you will receive an e-mail containing a tracking link and all the information regarding the delivery.
Returns
You are free to change your mind and return your order within 30 days.
Following inspection of the coin, you will receive a full refund for your purchase.
Items must be returned in a secured manner, in the original condition with the original packaging in which they were delivered, and by a suitable carrier providing a tracking number.
If you’re not 100% satisfied, you can ask for a full refund.
|
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https://orderofmaltacanada.org/history/
|
en
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Sovereign Order of Malta Canadian Association
|
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https://orderofmaltacanada.org/history/
|
1048 - Jerusalem
The birth of the Order dates back to around 1048. Merchants from the ancient Marine Republic of Amalfi obtained from the Caliph of Egypt the authorisation to build a church, convent and hospital in Jerusalem, to care for pilgrims of any religious faith or race. The Order of St.John of Jerusalem - the monastic community that ran the hospital for the pilgrims in the Holy Land - became independent under the guidance of its founder, Blessed Gérard. With the Bull of 15 February 1113, Pope Paschal II approved the foundation of the Hospital and placed it under the aegis of the Holy See, granting it the right to freely elect its superiors without interference from other secular or religious authorities. By virtue of the Papal Bull, the Hospital became an Order exempt from the Church. All the Knights were religious, bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.
The constitution of the Kingdom of Jerusalem regarding the crusades obliged the Order to take on the military defence of the sick, the pilgrims and the territories that the crusaders had conquered from the Moslems. The Order thus added the task of defending the faith to that of its hospitaller mission.
As time went on, the Order adopted the white eight-pointed Cross that is still its symbol today.
1310 - Rhodes
When the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell in 1291, the Order settled first in Cyprus and then, in 1310, led by Grand Master Fra' Foulques de Villaret, on the island of Rhodes.
From then, the defence of the Christian world required the organisation of a naval force. Thus the Order built a powerful fleet and sailed the Eastern Mediterranean, fighting many famous battles for the sake of Christendom - for example, the Crusades in Syria and Egypt. From its beginning, the independence from other nations granted by Pontifical deed, and the universally recognised right to maintain and deploy armed forces, constitute the grounds for the international sovereignty of the Order.
In the early 14th century the institutions of the Order and the knights who came to Rhodes from every corner of Europe were grouped according to the languages they spoke. There were initially seven groups of Langues (Tongues): Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon (Navarre), England (with Scotland and Ireland) and Germany. In 1492 Castille and Portugal split off from the Langue of Aragon and constituted the eighth Langue. Each Langue included Priories or Grand Priories, Bailiwicks and Commanderies.
The Order was governed by its Grand Master (the Prince of Rhodes) and Council, minted its own money and maintained diplomatic relations with other States. The senior positions of the Order were given to representatives of different Langues. The seat of the Order, the Convent, was composed of religious of various nationalities.
1050 - Malta
After six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Knights were forced to surrender in 1523 and left Rhodes with military honours.
The Order remained without a territory of its own until 1530, when Grand Master Fra' Philippe de Villiers de l'Isle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the Order by Emperor Charles V with the approval of Pope Clement VII.
It was established that the Order should remain neutral in any war between Christian nations. In 1565 the Knights, led by Grand Master Fra' Jean de la Vallette (after whom the capital of Malta, Valletta, was named), defended the island for more than three months during the Great Siege by the Turks.
1571 - The Battle of Lepanto
The fleet of the Order, then one of the most powerful in the Mediterranean, contributed to the ultimate destruction of the Ottoman naval power in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.
1798 - In exile
Two hundred years later, in 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the island for its strategic value during his Egyptian campaign. Because of the Order’s Rule prohibiting them to raise weapons against other Christians, the knights were forced to leave Malta. Although the sovereign rights of the Order in the island of Malta had been reaffirmed by the Treaty of Amiens (1802), the Order has never been able to return to Malta.
1834 - Rome
After having temporarily resided in Messina, Catania and Ferrara, in 1834 the Order settled definitively in Rome, where it owns, with extraterritoriality status, the Magistral Palace in Via Condotti 68 and the Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill.
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https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Malta_knights.htm
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Sovereign Military Order of Malta
|
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[
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Adopted 15 Feb 1113
Flag of the Order's Works Adopted c.1305
Map of SMOM headquarters Hear SMOM Anthem
"Ave Crux Alba"
(Hail Thou White Cross) Text of SMOM Anthem
Adopted c.Nov 1932
(composed 1930)
Constitutional Charter
(3 Sep 2022; in Italian)
---------------------------------
Former Constitutions
(21 Nov 1956; 27 Jun 1961;
in Italian)
Headquarters:
Palazzo di Malta
Via Condotti 68
(Rome, Italy)
(Jerusalem 1113-1244;
Acre 1244-1291;
Limassol 1291-1310;
Rhodes 1310-1522; Valletta
26 Oct 1530 - 12 Jun 1798;
Messina 1803-1805; Catania
1805-12 May 1826; Ferrara
12 May 1826 - 2 Jun 1834)
Currency: Maltese Scudo
(1530-1798 and from 1961) National Holiday: 24 Jun
(Nativitas Sancti Johannis
Baptistae/Natività
di San Giovanni Battista)
(Nativity of St. John the Baptist) Citizens: 3 (2022)
Total Knights/Dames Worldwide: 13,191 (2023) Budget: $N/A Income: $N/A Expenditures: $N/A Religion: Roman Catholic 100% International Organizations/Treaties: APM (observer), AU (observer), CE (observer), CPLP (observer), CTBTO (observer), ESCAP (observer), EU (observer), FAO (observer), IADB (observer), IAEA (observer), ICRC (observer), ICRM (observer), IFAD (observer), IFRCS (observer), InOC (observer), IOM (observer), IPU (permanent observer), OAS (observer), OIF (observer), PAM (associate), SICA (observer), UN (observer), UNEP (observer), UNESCO (observer), UNHCR (observer), UNIDO (observer), WFP (observer), WHO (observer)
Sovereign
Military Order
of Malta Chronology
c.1099 The Roman Catholic Order of Saint John is founded
under the abbey of St. Mary of the Latins in
Jerusalem.
15 Feb 1113 Pope Paschal II approved the establishment of the
Fraternal Order of the Hospital of Saint John of
Jerusalem by Papal Bull Pie Postulatio Voluntatis
(The Most Pious Request) as a separate Roman
Catholic religious order (Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis
Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani).
1244 Fall of Jerusalem, headquarters moved at Sainct-
Jehan-d'Acre (Akko), Krak des Chevaliers (Hisn
al-Akrad)(fell 1271), and Château de Margat
(Marqab)(fell 25 May 1285).
21 May 1291 Fall of Acre (Akko) to Muslim forces.
1291 Headquarters moved to Limassol (Lemesós), Cyprus.
27 May 1306 Vignolo de' Vignoli ceded by contract his rights on
Kós (Coo) and Léros (Lero) to the Hospitallers,
with the right of retaining Lardos and one more
estate of his own choice on Ródos (Rhodes).
20 Sep 1306 Hospitallers captured the Feraklos Castle on the
eastern coast of the island of Rhodes.
5 Sep 1307 The Pope issued an act confirming the Hospitallers'
possession of the island of Rhodes.
15 Aug 1310 The Knights Hospitaller occupy the island of Rhodes
(Sacred Order of the Knights of Saint John
Hospitaller of Jerusalem [Latin: Ordo Sacrae
Domus Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani]).
Apr 1383 - 5 Jun 1409 During the Great Schism in the Papacy, the Order on Rhodes, under Grand Master Fernándes de Heredia, recognizes the Papal court at Avignon. As a consequence the Pope in Rome declares Heredia deposed and appoints Lieutenants in his place
who were not recognized on Rhodes.
1400 - 1404 Mystras (Mistrás)(and from 1397 Corinth [Kórinthos])
in the Morea, Greece leased to the Order by the
Despot of Morea.
24 Dec 1522 The Knights are expelled from Rhodes by the Ottoman
Empire.
24 Mar 1530 The islands of Malta and Gozo, and the city of
Tripoli (now in Libya), are ceded as a perpetual
fief by theKing of Two Sicilies to the Order in
accordance with adeed signed in Castelfranco.
25 Apr 1530 The grant of the fief is accepted by a decree
approved by the Council of the Order.
26 Oct 1530 Knights of St. John Hospitaller take possession
(formal ceremony of enfeoffment 13 Nov 1530).
14 Aug 1551 Tripoli (in modern Libya) lost to the Ottomans. 18 May 1565 - 8 Sep 1565 Ottoman siege of Malta.
16 Jul 1620 Grand Master is invested with the title of Prince
(reichsfürst) of the Holy Roman Empire and the
style of "Serene Highness" (durchlaucht).
6 Sep 1629 Modern Palazzo dell'Ordine di Maltabuilding on Via
Trinitatis (now Via Condotti), Rome is bequeathed
to the Order by Antonio Bosio (b. 1575? - d. 1629)
10 Jun 1630 Grand masters awarded ecclesiastic equality with
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope
Urban VIII, with the style of "Most Eminent
Highness" (Eminentiae celsitudo).
24 May 1651 - 4 Jan 1666 Caribbean islands of Saint-Barthélemy, Saint-
Christophe, Saint-Croix, and Saint-Martin are
administered by the Order.
12 Jun 1798 Sovereignty over the islands of Malta, Gozo and
Comino is renounced by the Order in favor of
France by a convention signed aboard the French
ship Orient.
24 Nov 1798-23/24 Mar 1801 Russian Emperor Paul I assumed the office of the
Grand Master by a proclamation of 24 Nov 1798;
formally installed at a ceremony held in the
Winter Palace of St. Petersburg on 10 Dec 1798;
imperial manifesto on the assumption of the office
of the Grand Master was published on 27 Dec 1798.
8 Sep 1800 British occupy Malta (making it a colony in 1813).
25 Mar 1802 Treaty of Amiens between U.K. and France under
article X stated that Malta, Gozo and Comino to
be restored to the Knights Hospitaller and to be
declared neutral under the protection and
guarantee of Austria, France, Prussia, Russia,
Spain, and the U.K. (article never applied).
9 Feb 1803 Notional re-establishment of the Order after the
loss of Malta. Sovereign Military Hospitaller
Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of
Malta (in Italian: Sovrano Militare Ordine
Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, detto
di Rodi, detto di Malta).
14 Dec 1822 By the Treaty of Verona the Order is recognized as
a sovereign state.
2 Jun 1834 Headquarters of the Order moved to the Palazzo di
Malta in Rome.
1869 The Palazzo di Malta and the Villa Malta receive
extraterritorial rights, in this way becoming
the only "sovereign" territorial possessions of
modern the Order.
21 Nov 1956 Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John
of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta (Italian:
Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San
Giovanni di Gerusalemme, detto di Rodi, detto di
Malta [Latin is used in the Apostolic Letters of
21 Nov 1956 and 27 Jun 1961 promulgating the
Constitutional Charters:Sacer Ordo Fratrum
Militum Hospitalis Sancti Joannis
Hierosolymitani]).
11 Jan 1969 Autonomy granted to the Order resident in Rome
by Italy.
24 Aug 1994 Permanent observer status at the United Nations
30 Apr 1997 Italian designated as the official language of the
Order in the amended Charter (Italian was the
language of the Constitutinal Charters of the
Order promulgated in 1956 and 1961).
1 Nov 2001 Malta government grants SMOM the use, with limited
extraterritoriality, of the upper portion of
Fort St. Angelo in the city of Birgu for 99 years.
Heitersheim
Principality
(1248-1806)
SMOM website Diplomatic
Recognition List
Note: Though without a territory since 12 Jun 1798, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta still regards itself, and is regarded by the states that give it diplomatic recognition¹, as a sovereign state. The Knights of Malta (full style Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta [SMOM]) now functions as a Roman Catholic charitable organization with limited diplomatic status as a "sovereign entity", complete with passports, coinage (via the world's smallest national mint), license plates, ITU amateur radio license prefix (1A) and a post office.
Rector
1113 - 3 Sep 1120 Geraudo (Gérard)("Blessed Gerard") (b. c.1040 - d. 1120)
Custodians (Custos) 1120 - af.25 Oct 1158 Raimond Dupui (du Puy) (b. 1083 - d. 1160)
bf.29Nov1160-af.11Mar1162 Auger de Balben (d. c.1163) 1162 - 1163 Arnaud de Comps [uncertain] (d. 1163)
bf.19 Jan 1163 - 1169/1170 Gilbert de Sailli (d'Aissailli) (d. 1183)
1169/1170 - 1172 Gastone de Murols (d. 1172)
1172/1173 - Oct 1177 Joubert de Sirie (d. 1177?)
1177 - 1 May 1187 Roger des Moulins (d. 1187) 1187 - 1189/1190 Ermengard d'Aps (Emengarde Daps) (d. 1192)
(provisor?)
1190 - af.Jun 1192 Garnier de Napoli (Garnier de Naplouse)(b. 1147 - d. 1192)
1192 - 1202 Geofroi de Duisson (d. 1202)
1203 - 1206 Fernando Afonso de Portugal, mestre (b. 1135 - d. 1207)
de Avis
1206 - af.22 May 1207 Geofroi Le Rat (Gothofredus Mus) (d. 1207)
bf.Oct 1207-af.11 Nov 1227 Gerin de Montaigu (d. 1230)
bf.1 Mar 1228 - 1231 Bertrand de Thercy (Thessy) (d. 1231)
bf.1 May 1231-af.May 1236 Gerin Lebrun (d. 1236)
(died in Egyptian captivity)
bf.20 Sep 1236-1239/1240 Bertrand de Comps (d. 1240)
1239/1240 - 17 Sep 1242 Pierre de Villebride (Vieille-Brioude) (d. 1242) 31 May 1243-af.24 Jun 1258 Guillaume de Chasteauneuf (d. 1258)
(Khwarezmian prisoner 18 Oct 1244 - 17 Oct 1250)
18 Oct 1244 - 11 Feb 1250 Jean de Ronay (d. 1250)
(Lieutenant during the captivity of Chasteauneuf)
bf.9 Oct 1258 - 1 Apr 1277 Hugue de Revel (d. 1277)
Masters (Magister)bf.4 Aug 1277-12 Mar 1284 Nicolas de Lorgue (Lorgne) (d. 1284)
bf.Sep 1285 - 20 Oct 1293 Jean de Villers (d. 1293)
bf.30 Sep 1294-17 Mar 1296 Odon de Pins (Eudes de Pin) (d. 1296)
26 Mar 1296 - 1305 Guillaume de Villaret (d. 1305)
(Guilhem del Vilaret)
bf.3 Nov 1305 - Sep 1317 Foulques de Villaret (1st time) (d. 1327)
(Folco del Vilaret)
18 Sep 1317 - 1319 Gérard de Pins (Lieutenant)
1317 - 1319 Maurice de Pagnac (in dissidence) (d. 1322)
(anti-Master; election not recognized by Pope)
1319 - 13 Jun 1319 Foulques de Villaret (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Jun 1319 - May 1346 Hélion (Elie) de Villeneuve (b. c.1270 d. 1346)
May 1346 - 3 Dec 1353 Dieudone de Gozon (d. 1353)
(until 28 Jun 1346, Lieutenant)
8 Dec 1353 - 24 Aug 1355 Pierre de Corneillan (d. 1355)
Aug 1355 - 28 May 1365 Roger de Pins (d. 1365)
1 Jun 1365 - 16 Feb 1374 Raimundo Berenguer (Raimond Bérenger) (d. 1374)
Feb 1374 - 1376 Robert de Juliac (Robert de Juilly) (d. 1377)
24 Oct 1377 - 1396 Juan Fernándes de Heredia (b. 1310 d. 1396)
(prisoner of Gjin Bua Shpata Despot
of Angelokastron Apr 1378 - May 1379)
Apr 1383 - 18 May 1395 Riccardo Caracciolo (d. 1395) (anti-Master, appointed by Pope Urban VI in Rome)
1395 - 25 Apr 1405 Bartolomeo Carafa della Spina (d. 1405)
(anti-Lieutenant, appointed by Pope Urban VI in Rome)
1405 - 1409 Nicola Orsini di Campodifiore
(anti-Lieutenant, appointed by Pope Innocent VII in Rome)
6 May 1396 - Jun 1421 Philibert de Naillac (d. 1421)
1 Jul 1421 - 26 Oct 1437 Anton Flavian de Ripa (d. 1437)
Grand Masters¹
6 Nov 1437 - 19 May 1454 Jean de Lastic (b. 1371 - d. 1454) 1 Jun 1454 - 17 Aug 1461 Jacques de Milly (d. 1461)
24 Aug 1461 - 21 Feb 1467 Pere Ramón Sacosta (b. 1404 - d. 1467)
28 Feb 1467 - 8 Jun 1476 Giovanni Battista Orsini (d. 1476) 17 Jun 1476 - 3 Jul 1503 Pierre d'Aubusson (b. 1423 - d. 1503)
(from 9 Mar 1489, Pierre Cardinal d'Aubusson)
10 Jul 1503 - 13 Nov 1512 Emeri d'Amboise, dit Chaumont (b. 1434 - d. 1512)
22 Nov 1512 - 24 Nov 1513 Guy de Blanchefort (b. 1446 - d. 1513)
(died on the way to Rhodes)
15 Dec 1513 - 10 Jan 1521 Fabrizio Del Carretto (b. 1455 - d. 1521) 22 Jan 1521 - 21 Aug 1534 Philippe de Villiers, seigneur de (b. 1464 d. 1534)
l'Isle-Adam
23? Aug 1534 - 10 Nov 1534 Giovanni de Boniface (Locum tenens)
10 Nov 1534 - 17 Nov 1535 Pierino di Antonio Giovanni del Ponte (b. 1462 - d. 1535)
(elected in absentia 26 Aug 1534)
19 Nov 1535 - 21 Jan 1538 Jacques de Pelloquin (Locum tenens)
22 Nov 1535 - 26 Sep 1536 Didier de Saint-Jaille, dit Tholon (b. 14.. - d. 1536)
(elected in absentia, did not take office)
21 Jan 1538 - 6 Sep 1553 Johan de Omedes i Coscón (b. 1473 - d. 1553)
(elected in absentia 20 Oct 1536)
8? Sep 1553 - 2 Jan 1554 Claudi (Claude) de Gruel de la Bourelh
(Locum tenens)
2 Jan 1554 - 18 Aug 1557 Claude de la Sengle (b. 1494 d. 1557) (elected in absentia 11 Sep 1553)
20? Aug 1557 - 21 Aug 1568 Jean de Valetta, seigneurde Parisot (b. 1494 - d. 1568)
(Locum tenens to 21 Aug 1557)
22 Aug 1568 - 23 Aug 1568 Claude de Glandèves (Locum tenens)
23 Aug 1568 - 26 Jan 1572 Pietro di Francesco di Monte (b. 1499 - d. 1572)
(= Pietro di Francesco Guidalotti Ciocchi)
27? Jan 1572 - 30 Jan 1572 Antonio Cressino (Locum tenens)
30 Jan 1572 - 21 Dec 1581 Jean Levesque de la Cassière (b. 1503 - d. 1581)
(deposed and held in custody 12 Jul 1581 - 11 Sep 1581,
departed Malta and died in Rome) 6 Jul 1581 - 3/4 Nov 1581 Mathurin d'Aux-Lescout, dit de Romegas (b. c.1525 - d. 1581)
(Locum tenens; in dissidence, departed
Malta for Rome on 28 Sep 1581)
8 Sep 1581 - 12 Jan 1582 Gaspare Visconti -Papal Legate (b. 1538 - d. 1595)
21 Dec 1581 - 12 Jan 1582 Vacant
12 Jan 1582 - 4 May 1595 Hugo de Loubenx de Verdala (b. 1531 - d. 1595)
(Hugues de Loubens de Verdalle) (from 18 Dec 1587, Hugo Cardinal de Loubenx de Verdala)6 May 1595 - 8 May 1595 Esteve (Esteban) Claramonte
(Locum tenens)
8 May 1595 - 7 Feb 1601 Martín Garcés (b. 1526 - d. 1601)
9 Feb 1601 - 10 Feb 1601 Pèire (Pierre) d'Esparvez (Esparbez)
Lussan (Locum tenens)
10 Feb 1601 - 14 Sep 1622 Aloph (Alof) de Wignacourt, seigneur (b. 1547 - d. 1622)
de Lits
16 Sep 1622 - 17 Sep 1622 Pedro de Urrea y Camarasa (b. 1555 - d. 1624)
(Locum tenens)
17 Sep 1622 - 7 Mar 1623 Luís Mendes de Vasconcelos (b. 1542? - d. 1623) 9? Mar 1623 - 10 Mar 1623 Balthazar (Balthazard) d'Agoult (Agout)
de Mouriès (Locum tenens)
10 Mar 1623 - 9 Jun 1636 Anthoni de Paula (Antoine de Paule) (b. 1552? - d. 1636)9 Jun 1636-12/13 Jun 1636 Honoré de Quiquéran de Beaujeu
(Locum tenens)
12/13 Jun 1636-14 Aug 1657 Johan Paul Lascaris-Castellar (b. 1561 - d. 1657) 15 Aug 1657 - 17 Aug 1657 Flaminio Balbiano, di Chieri
(Locum tenens)
17 Aug 1657 - 6 Feb 1660 Martín de Redín y Cruzat (b. 1590 - d. 1660)7 Feb 1660 - 9 Feb 1660 Antonio Tancredi, di Siena
(Locum tenens)
9 Feb 1660 - 2 Jun 1660 Annet Clermont de Chattes Gessan (b. 1587 - d. 1660) 3? Jun 1660 - 5 Jun 1660 Charles de Montagnac, dit l'Arfeuillère
(Locum tenens)
5 Jun 1660 - 20 Oct 1663 Rafael Cotoner i d'Olesa (b. 1601 - d. 1663) 21 Oct 1663 - 23 Oct 1663 Ottaviano Bandinelli, di Siena
(Locum tenens)
23 Oct 1663 - 29 Apr 1680 Nicolau Cotoner i d'Olesa (b. 1608 - d. 1680)30 Apr 1680 - 2 May 1680 Arnau Serralta (Locum tenens)
2 May 1680 - 21 Jul 1690 Gregorio di Girolamo Caraffa (Carafa) (b. 1615 - d. 1690)
d'Aragona, (de' Principi della Roccella)
22? Jul 1690 - 24 Jul 1690 Carlo Caraffa (Carafa) d'Aragona
(Locum tenens)
24 Jul 1690 - 4 Feb 1697 Adrien de Wignacourt, seigneur (b. 1619 - d. 1697)
de Lits
5? Feb 1697 - 7 Feb 1697 Gasparo Carnero (Locum tenens)
7 Feb 1697 - 10 Jan 1720 Ramon Rabassa de Perellós i de (b. 1637 - d. 1720)
Rocafull (dels senyors de Benetússer
i Barons de Dosaigües)11? Jan 1720 - 13 Jan 1720 Ramon Despuig i Martínez de Marcilla (b. 1670 - d. 1741)
(1st time) (Locum tenens)
13 Jan 1720 - 16 Jun 1722 Marc'Antonio di Ansano Zondadari (b. 1658 - d. 1722) 17? Jun 1722 - 19 Jun 1722 Ramon Despuig i Martínez de Marcilla (s.a.)
(2nd time) (Locum tenens)
19 Jun 1722 - 12 Dec 1736 António Manuel de Vilhena (b. 1663 - d. 1736)
13? Dec 1736 - 15 Jan 1741 Ramon Despuig i Martínez de Marcilla (s.a.)
(Locum tenens to 16 Dec 1736)
(3rd time)
16 Jan 1741 - 18 Jan 1741 Pietro Francesco Federico Roero di
Guarene (Locum tenens)
18 Jan 1741 - 24 Jan 1773 Manuel Pinto da Fonseca (b. 1681 - d. 1773)
26 Jan 1773 - 28 Jan 1773 Giovanni Battista d'Afflitto
(Locum tenens)
28 Jan 1773 - 9 Nov 1775 Francisco Antonio Ximénez de Tejada y (b. 1703 - d. 1775) Eslava9 Nov 1775 - 12 Nov 1775 Ferdinando Rosselmini, di Pisa
(Locum tenens)
12 Nov 1775 - 13 Jul 1797 François-Marie-des-Neiges-Emmanuel de (b. 1725 - d. 1797)
Rohan14? Jul 1797 - 17 Jul 1797 .... (Locum tenens)
17 Jul 1797 - 26 Aug 1798 Ferdinand Joseph Hermann Anton (b. 1744 - d. 1805)
Freiherr von Hompesch zu Bollheim
(left Malta 17 Jun 1798; declared deposed
at a meeting of the Russian Grand Priory
in St. Petersburg, Russia, 26 Aug 1798;
abdicated 6 Jul 1799, but continued to use the title)
24 Nov 1798 - 24 Mar 1801 Pavel I (= Pavel Petrovich) (b. 1754 - d. 1801)
(also Emperor of Russia Pavel I)
(formally installed on 10 Dec 1798)
Deputy to the Grand Master
24 Mar 1801 - 9 Feb 1803 Graf Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (b. 1736 - d. 1816)
(took office 10 Apr 1799, solely in Russia) 1802 - 9 Feb 1803 Giuseppe Caracciolo dei marchesi di (b. 1762 - d. 1839)
Sant'Eramo (Locum tenens)
(in opposition, appointed by the Pope)
Prince and Grand Master
9 Feb 1803 - 13 Jun 1805 Giovanni Battista Tommasi de Cortona (b. 1731 - d. 1805) Lieutenant of the Grand Master (acting as Grand Masters)
15 Jun 1805 - 25 Apr 1814 Innico Maria Guevara Suardo (b. 1744 - d. 1814)
(confirmed 5 Dec 1805)
Prince and Grand Master
17 Jun 1805 - 10 Feb 1809 Giuseppe Caracciolo dei marchesi di (s.a.)
Sant'Eramo
(canonically elected, but not confirmed)
Lieutenants of the Grand Master (acting as Grand Masters)
26 Apr 1814 - 10 Jun 1821 Andrea Di Giovanni e Centelles (b. 1742 - d. 1821)
(confirmed 25 Jun 1814)
11 Jun 1821 - 19 May 1834 Antonio Busca Arconati Visconti (b. 1767 - d. 1834)
23 May 1834 - 12 Jul 1845 Conte Carlo Candida (b. 1762 - d. 1845) (= Carlo de Candida dei Normanni) 15 Sep 1845 - 9 Oct 1864 Philipp Graf von Colloredo-Mels (b. 1779 - d. 1864) und-Waldsee (confirmed 30 Sep 1845) 26 Feb 1865 - 13 Jan 1872 Alessandro Ponsian Borgia (b. 1783 - d. 1872) 14 Feb 1872 - 28 Mar 1879 Baron Giovanni Battista Ceschi à Santa (b. 1827 - d. 1905) Croce, conte di CavedinePrinces and Grand Masters28 Mar 1879 - 24 Jan 1905 Baron Giovanni Battista Ceschi à Santa (s.a.) Croce, conte di Cavedine 24 Jan 1905 - 6 Mar 1905 Alessandro Capranica dei marchesi (b. c.1830 - d. 19..) Capranica del Grillo (ad-interim lieutenant; acting) 6 Mar 1905 - 26 Mar 1931 Galeazzo Maria Graf von Thun und (b. 1850 - d. 1931) Hohenstein (elected in absentia 6 Mar 1905, arrived in Rome 8 Mar 1905, confirmed 14 Mar 1905; left Rome for Austria 18 May 1915 - Oct 1920) 18 May 1915 - Oct 1920 Bernardo Lambertenghi, conte (b. 1839 - d. 1929) Lambertenghi (grand chancellor acting for absent Grand master) 1929 - 30 May 1931 Pio Franchi de' Cavalieri (b. 1869 - d. 1960) (acting forGrand masterto 26 Mar 1931;then ad-interim lieutenant) 30 May 1931 - 14 Nov 1951 Ludovico Chigi Della Rovere Albani, (b. 1866 - d. 1951) principe del Santo Romano Impero,
principe di Farnese, di Campagnano e
di Soriano, duca di Ariccia e di Formello,
marchese di Magliano Pecorareccio,
signore di Castelfusano, Cesano, Scrofano
e dell'Olgiata, principe romano e nobile
romano coscritto14 Nov 1951 - 25 Apr 1955 Conte Palatino Antonio Hercolani Fava (b. 1883 - d. 1962) Simonetti (ad-interim lieutenant; acting) 25 Apr 1955 - 12 May 1962 Ernesto Vittorio Maria Vincenzo Luigi (b. 1882 - d. 1971) Paternò-Castello dei duchi di Càrcaci (lieutenant of the grand master; acting) 12 May 1962 - 18 Jan 1988 Angelo De Mojana dei signori di (b. 1905 - d. 1988) Cologna 18 Jan 1988 - 12 Apr 1988 Giancarlo Pallavicini (b. 1911 - d. 1999) (ad-interim lieutenant; acting) 12 Apr 1988 - 7 Feb 2008 Andrew Willoughby Ninian Bertie (b. 1929 - d. 2008) 7 Feb 2008 - 11 Mar 2008 Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di (b. 1944 - d. 2020) Sanguinetto, conte di Sanguinetto (ad-interim lieutenant; acting) (1st time) 11 Mar 2008 - 28 Jan 2017 Robert Matthew Festing (b. 1949 - d. 2021) 28 Jan 2017 - 30 Apr 2017 Ludwig Franz Xaver Irenäus Joseph (b. 1937 - d. 2022) Peter Raimund Maria Hoffmann von Rumerstein (ad-interim lieutenant; acting)30 Apr 2017 - 29 Apr 2020 Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di (s.a.) Sanguinetto, conte di Sanguinetto (as lieutenant of the grand master, acting to 3 May 2018) (2nd time) 29 Apr 2020 - 8 Nov 2020 Ruy Gonçalo do Valle Peixoto de Villas (b. 1939) Boas (1st time)
(ad-interim lieutenant; acting)
8 Nov 2020 - 7 Jun 2022 Marco Luzzago (b. 1950 - d. 2022)
(lieutenant of the grand master; acting)
7 Jun 2022 - 14 Jun 2022 Ruy Gonçalo do Valle Peixoto de Villas (s.a.) Boas (2nd time)
(ad-interim lieutenant; acting)
14 Jun 2022 - John Timothy Dunlap (b. 1957)
(as lieutenant of the grand master;
acting to 3 May 2023)
Chancellors3 (Piliers of the Langues of Castille and Portugal alternate)
bf.29 Nov1469-c.18 Jan1476 Gonsalvo Aries del Rio
c.29 Jan 1476-31 Aug 1478 Payas (Pelagius) Correa
7 Nov 1478-bf.16 Feb 1499 Pedro Modarra (d. 1499)
16 Feb 1499 - 15 Jul 1508 João Coelho (d. 1511)
24 Mar 1511 - 23 Jul 1521 André d'Amaral (d. 1522)
1523 - 1525 Diego Nuñez del Aguila
1525 - 1531 Alvaro Pinto
1531 - af.1538 Diego Briceño
1538 - c.1539 Guglielmo Ramón Beneit (Benitez?)
(lieutenant/regent in 1539)
1542 - 1551 Christovão de Solis Farfan (d. 1551)
1551 - 1558 Lope Fernandez de Paz (d. 1558)
1558 - 1569 Christovão de Sernache Pereira
Grand Chancellors3 (Piliers of the Langues of Castille and Portugal alternate to 1799)
1569 - 1574 Ferdinando de Alarcón (b. 1510 - d. 1582)
1574 - 1577 Alonso de Solis
1577 - Oct 1582 Antonio Maldonado
1582 - 1583? Francesco Guiral
158. - 1584 Luis de Quintanilla
1584 - 1585 Francisco de Valencia
1585 - 1592 Martin de Nietto
1592 - 159. Alfonso de Texeda
c.1595 Hernando Ruiz del Corral (1st time)
(lieutenant)
c.1596 - 1597 João de la Rocha Pereira
1597 - 1599 Antonio de Toledo
1599 - 1606 Hernando Ruiz del Corral (2nd time)
1606 - 1609 Gonsalvo de Porras
1609 - 1611 Pedro Gonzales de Mendoza
1611 - 1613 Antonio Centeno Guiral
1613 - 1614 Diego Brochero
1614 - 1620 Diego de Guzman y Toledo
1620 - c.1625 Rodrigo Tello de Guzman
c.1622 Luis de Brito (lieutenant)
162. - 1628 Ferdinando Giron
1628 - 1630 Lourenço de Figueroa
1630 - 1631 Alfonso del Castillo y Samano
1631 Rafael Ortiz de Sottomaior
(Sotomayor?)
1631 - 1634 Thomas de Hoces
1634 - 1638 Miguel Solis de la Rocha
1638 - 1639 Gonçalvo de Saavedra
1639 - 1643 Ferdinando de Aldana
1643? - 164. Antonio del Encina (Elenzina)
c.1647 - c.1648 Juan de Zúñiga
1648 - 1649? Juan de Tordesillas
1649? - 1651 Alvaro de Ulloa
1651 - 1653 Gasppar de Alderete
1653 Diego Pereira de Melo
12 Dec 1653 - 16 May 1656 Lope Pereira de Lima
16 May 1656 - 17 Jan 1663 Juan Ximenes de Vedoja
1663 Diego de Villalobos
1663 - 1664 Diego de Morales
1664 - 1665 Francisco de Torres Pacheco y Cardenas
1665 - 1671 Iñigo de Velandia
1671 - 1675 Lourenço Muñoz de Figueroa
1675 - 1678 Diego de Bejarano y Orellana
1678 - 1680 Antonio Pereira Brandao
1680 - 1681 Bernardo d'Almeida
1681 - 1687 Antonio Correa de Sousa Montenegro
1687 - 1... Felipe de Escobedo y Aboz
1... - 1702 Felix Zapata (b. 1630? - d. 1708)
1703 - 1706 Antonio Manuel de Vilhena
2 Apr 1712 - 17 Dec 1713 Diego Velez de Guevara
17.. - 17.. Martinho Pinto da Fonseca
1713 - 1736 ....
12 Nov 1736 - 31 May 1744? José Peixoto da Silva (b. 1676 - d. 1744)
bf.1750 Manuel Antonio de Souza e Almeida (b. 1689 - d. 1750)
bf.1788 Manuel Ballesteros (d. 1788)
c.1798 Felipe Sarzana (Zarzana)
1798 - 10 Apr 1799 Hyacinthe Laurent Victor de La Houssaye(b. 1760 - d. 1800)10 Apr 1799 - 4 Mar 1801 Graf Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin (b. 1763 - d. 1826)4 Mar 1801 - 11 Jul 1801 Peter Ludwig Graf von der Pahlen (b. 1745 - d. 1826)(= Graf Pyotr Alekseyevich fon der Palen)
11 Jul 1801 - 9 Feb 1803 Knyaz' Aleksandr Borisovich Kurakin (b. 1752 - d. 1818)
Chancellors1812/14 - 1831 Amabile Vella (vice chancellor) (b. 1771 - d. 1831)
1829 - 1834? Alessandro Ponsian Borgia (s.a.)
(lieutenant of the grand chancellor)1844 - 18.. Filippo Filippi (b. 1810 - d. 1878)
c.1861 - c.1862 Felice Patroni Griffi (b. 1828 - d. 1895)
c.1867 - c.1877 Decio de'Conti Bentivoglio c.1877 - c.1880 Francesco Meraviglia Crivelli (lieutenant of the grand chancellor)c.1880 Carlo Pacca 1882 - c.1909 Antonio da Mosto, conte da Mosto (b. 1833 - d. 1909)Grand Chancellors16 Jan 1915 - 13 Feb 1929 Bernardo Lambertenghi, conte (s.a.)
Lambertenghi
1929 - 1931 Francesco d'Afflitto, marchese (b. 1861 - d. 1934)d'Afflitto (chancellor) 7 Nov 1931 - c.1952 Luigi Rangoni-Machiavelli, marchese, (b. 1870 - d. 1952)conte di Castelcrescente e di Borgofranco (chancellor) 1952 - 1958 Gabriel baron von Apor zu Altorja (b. 1889 - d. 1969) (Gábor báróApor altorjai) 1959 - 3 Feb 1965 Vincenzo di Napoli Rampolla (b. 1898 - d. 1965)Barresi Bellacera, principi di Resuttano12 Mar 1965 - Jan 1968 Carlo Lovera di Castiglione, dei (b. 1884 - d. 1968) marchese di Maria (ad-interim) Jan 1968 - 1978 Quintin Peter Thorsby Jermy Gwyn (b. 1906 - d. 1994) 12 Nov 1978 - 15 Feb 1980 Vittorio Marullo di Condojanni (b. 1907 - d. 1982) (ad-interim) 15 Feb 1980 - 19 Apr 1997 Felice Catalano di Melilli, barone (b. 1914 - d. 2003)
Catalano di Melilli
19 Apr 1997 - 1 Oct 2001 Carlo Marullo, conte Marullo di (b. 1946) Condojanni, principe di Casalnuovo (acting ad-interim for di Melilli in 1995) 1 Oct 2001 - 16 Apr 2005 Jacques de Liedekerke, comte de (b. 1928 - d. 2022) Liedekerke (acting to 1 Jan 2002) 16 Apr 2005 - 31 May 2014 Jean-Pierre Mazery (b. 1942) (acting for Liedekerke from 3 Nov 2004) 31 May 2014 - 10 Dec 2016 Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager (b. 1949) (1st time) 14 Dec 2016 - 28 Jan 2017 John Edward Critien (ad-interim) (b. 1949 - d. 2022) 28 Jan 2017 - 3 Sep 2022 Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager (s.a.)
(2nd time)
3 Sep 2022 - Riccardo Paternò di Montecupo (b. 1945)
Papal Special Delegates to the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of
St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta
2 Feb 2017 - 1 Nov 2020 Giovanni Angelo Becciu (b. 1948)
(from 28 Jun 2018, Giovanni Angelo Cardinal Becciu)
1 Nov 2020 - Silvano Maria Tomasi (b. 1940)
(from 28 Nov 2020, Silvano Maria Cardinal Tomasi)
¹full style of the Grand Masters:
(a) c.1437 - 1798 (in Latin): Dei Gratia Sacrae Domus Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani et militaris Ordinis Sancti Sepulchri Dominici Magister humilis pauperumque Iesu Christi custos ("By the Grace of God, Grand Master of the Sacred Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem and of the military Order of the Holy Sepulcher, humble guardian of the poor of Jesus Christ"), the phrase "et militaris Ordinis Sancti Sepulchri Dominici" ceases to be effective 4 Nov 1497, but was not deleted. Short form Magnus Magister ("Grand Master");
(b) 24 Nov 1798 - 23/24 Mar 1801 (in Russian): Velikiy Magistr Derzhavnogo Ordena Svyatogo Ioanna Iyerusalimskogo ("Grand Master of the Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem");
(c) 24 Mar 1801 - 9 Feb 1803 (in Russian): Poruchik Velikogo Magistra ("Deputy to the Grand Master");
(d) from 9 Feb 1803 (in Italian): Principe e Gran Maestro("Prince and Grand Master"); Long form: Sua Altezza Eminentissima, Principe e Gran Maestro del Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospitaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, di Rodi e di Malta, il più umile Guardiano dei Poveri di Gesù Cristo ("His Most Eminent Highness, Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta, Most Humble Guardian of the Poor of Jesus Christ").
2Currently the SMOM maintains diplomatic relations with 113 countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, The Bahamas, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Niger, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Sudan, Spain, The Sudan, Suriname, Tajikistan, Thailand, Togo, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uruguay, Vatican City and Venezuela. The Order of Malta also has official relations with: Belgium, Canada, European Union, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Switzerland. The Order of Malta has relations at Ambassador level with: Palestine.
3until 1798, the Chancellor (from 1569, Grand Chancellor) was a coequal, but not superior, member of the Grand Master's Council along with the Grand Commander [Grand Marshal], Grand Hospitalier, Receiver of the Common Treasure, and the Turcopolier. However, it was the Vice-chancellor who administered the day-to-day government of the Order during this period:
Vice-chancellors1467 - 1501 Guillaume Caoursin (b. 1430 - d. 1501)20 Jul 1501 - 1513 Bartolomeo Poliziano (Policiano)20 Jan 1513 - 1526 Thomas Guichard (d. 1526)1526 - 1538 Tommaso Bosio1538? - 1566? Martin Rojas (Roxas de Portalruvio)1567 - c.1571 François Mégo (= Francisco Mego)c.1577 - 1578 Tommaso Gargallo (b. 1536 - d. 1614)1578 - c.1587 Diego de Ovando15.. - 1593 Giovanni Giampieri 1593 - 1617 Gianotto Bosio (d. 1622)1617 - 1626 Eugenio Ramirez Maldonado 1626? - 1655 Gian Francesco Abela (b. 1582 - d. 1655) 1655 - 1662 Pedro Barriga (d. 1686)1662 - 1682 Manuel Arias Porres1682 - 1696? Gaspar Carneiro 5 Nov 1714 - 1735 Manuel Pinto da Fonseca (s.a.) 5 Feb 1735 - 19 Jul 1743 Roque de Távora e Noronha (b. 1706 - d. 1743)1743? - 1781 Francisco Guedes de Magalhaes (b. 1716 - d. 1781) 1781 - c.1792 Luis de Almeida Portugalc.1795 - c.1798 Francisco Carvalho Pinto (b. 1746 - d. 1818)
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The lira (Maltese: lira Maltija, plural: liri, ISO 4217 code : MTL) was the currency of Malta from 1972 until 31 December 2007. The lira was abbreviated as Lm, although the traditional ₤ sign was often used locally. In English, the currency was still frequently called the pound because of the...
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https://currencies.fandom.com/wiki/Maltese_lira
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The lira (Maltese: lira Maltija, plural: liri, ISO 4217 code : MTL) was the currency of Malta from 1972 until 31 December 2007. The lira was abbreviated as Lm, although the traditional ₤ sign was often used locally. In English, the currency was still frequently called the pound because of the past usage of British currency on the islands.
The euro replaced the Maltese lira as the official currency of Malta on 1 January 2008 at the irrevocable fixed exchange rate of €1 per 0.4293 lira.
History[]
Pound Sterling[]
In 1825, an imperial order-in-council introduced British currency to Malta, replacing a system under which various coinages circulated, including that issued in Malta by the Knights of St John. The pound was valued at 12 scudi of the local currency. This exchange rate meant that the smallest Maltese coin, the grano, was worth one third of a farthing (1 scudo = 20 tari = 240 grani). Consequently, 1⁄3-farthing (1⁄12-penny) coins were issued for use in Malta until 1913, alongside the regular British coinage. Amongst the British colonies which used the sterling coinage, Malta was unique in having the 1⁄3-farthing coin.
Between 1914 and 1918, wartime emergency paper money issues were made by the government.
Until 1972, it was subdivided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence with 4 farthings to the penny; from May 1972 it was divided into 100 cents, and each cent into 10 mils.
Pre-decimal British sterling coinage continued to circulate in Malta for nearly a year after it was withdrawn in the UK due to decimalization on 15 February 1971. Then in 1972, a new, decimal Maltese currency, the lira, was introduced, in both coin and banknote form. The lira was initially equal to the pound sterling, however this parity did not survive long after the floating of sterling on 22 June 1972.
Banknotes[edit source][]
Emergency issues between 1914 and 1918 were in denominations of 5 and 10 shillings, 1, 5 and 10 pounds. In 1940, notes dated 13 September 1939 in denominations of 2+1⁄2, 5 and 10 shillings and 1 pound were issued, followed late in the year by a provisional 1 shilling note overprinted on an old 2 shilling dated 20 November 1918. Note production continued after the Second World War in denominations of 10 shillings and 1 pound, with 5 pounds notes reintroduced between 1961–1963.
After the Central Bank of Malta was established by the Central Bank Act of 1967 and began operating on April 17, 1968, the issuing body named on the banknotes switched from "Government of Malta" to "Central Bank of Malta." While the designs of the notes remained unchanged, the colors were changed. The Central Bank refers to this series as the "CBM first series". The CBM second series began with the introduction of lira-denominated notes on January 15, 1973.
Lira[]
Banknotes issued by the Government of Malta and then by the Central Bank of Malta were written in English up to 1972, with the denomination pounds (or shillings). From 1973 to 1985, they were written in Maltese on the obverse using the denomination liri, and in English on the reverse using pounds. From 1986 to 2007, Maltese and liri were used on both sides.
Although using British coins, Malta did not decimalize with the UK in 1971. Instead, it adopted a decimal system in 1972, based on the lira (equal to the pound) subdivided into 1000 mils or 100 cents. The name "lira" was used on banknotes beginning in 1973, initially jointly with "pound", and exclusively on both coins and banknotes since 1986. Mils were removed from circulation in 1994.
On entry into the European Union, Malta agreed to adopt the euro. The lira was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2008, as part of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union.
Euro changeover[]
The Maltese lira was replaced by the euro as the official currency of Malta at the irrevocable fixed exchange rate of 0.429300 MTL per 1 EUR. However, Maltese lira banknotes and coins continued to have legal tender status and were accepted for cash payments until 31 January 2008. Maltese liri were convertible free of charge at all Maltese credit institutions until 30 March 2008. Maltese coins were convertible at the Central Bank of Malta until 1 February 2010, and banknotes remained convertible until 31 January 2018.
Exchange rate[]
The Maltese lira was on a par with the British pound sterling (GBP) until 13 December 1971; since then the lira had been allowed to float, anchored to a basket of reserve currencies. The lira had subsequently[when?] been worth around £1.60 sterling. After the Kuwaiti dinar, it was the second-highest-valued currency unit in the world, being worth US$3.1596 as of 28 April 2007. After the dollar weakened against other currencies in mid-2006, the lira was worth US$3.35289 as of 16 December 2007.
The currency entered the ERM II on 2 May 2005, by which its value had to be maintained within a 15% band around the central parity rate of 0.429300 LM per euro. The Central Bank of Malta and Maltese Government unilaterally decided to keep the actual LM/euro exchange rate equal to the central parity rate (i.e., doing away with the 15% band) throughout the ERM II period.
The irrevocable fixed conversion rate was established by the ECOFIN on 10 July 2007, at 0.4293 lira to one euro.
Coins[]
Main article: Coins of the Maltese lira
Decimal coinage was introduced in 1972 (one year after the United Kingdom) in denominations of 2, 3, and 5 mils, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 50 cents. The division of the lira into 100 cents (rather than the 240 pence of the old system) meant that the cent was a relatively large unit - the United Kingdom introduced the decimal 1⁄2 penny for this reason. Malta went further in introducing the mil, equal to 1⁄10 cent. There was no one-mil coin. However, the coins that were provided (2, 3, and 5 mils) allowed goods to be priced (and change given) for any number of mils. In 1975, a 25-cent coin was introduced.
A new coinage was issued in 1986 in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 cents and 1 lira. A third series was introduced in 1991 due to the change in Malta's coat of arms. The mils were withdrawn in 1994, although for some time only the 5 mils had been seen (and then only rarely).
Banknotes[]
On 15 January 1973, banknotes were introduced, denominated in liri on the obverse and pounds on the reverse, in denominations of 1, 5 and 10 liri. In 1986, 1 lira notes were replaced by coins and 2 lira and 20 lira notes were introduced. Four series had been issuing, designated the second to the fifth series by the Central Bank, with the first series in the pound.
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Hospitallers | Definition, History, & Facts
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1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00
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Hospitallers, a religious military order that was founded at Jerusalem in the 11th century and that, headquartered in Rome, continues its humanitarian tasks in most parts of the modern world under several slightly different names and jurisdictions. Learn more about the Hospitallers in this article.
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hospitallers
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Hospitallers, a religious military order that was founded at Jerusalem in the 11th century and that, headquartered in Rome, continues its humanitarian tasks in most parts of the modern world under several slightly different names and jurisdictions.
The origin of the Hospitallers was an 11th-century hospital founded in Jerusalem by Italian merchants from Amalfi to care for sick and poor pilgrims. After the Christian conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade, the hospital’s superior, a monk named Gerard, intensified his work in Jerusalem and founded hostels in Provençal and Italian cities on the route to the Holy Land. The order was formally named and recognized on February 15, 1113, in a papal bull issued by Pope Paschal II. Raymond de Puy, who succeeded Gerard in 1120, substituted the Augustinian rule for the Benedictine and began building the power of the organization. It acquired wealth and lands and combined the task of tending the sick with defending the Crusader kingdom. Along with the Templars, the Hospitallers became the most formidable military order in the Holy Land.
When the Muslims recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, the Hospitallers removed their headquarters first to Margat and then, in 1197, to Acre. When the Crusader principalities came to an end after the fall of Acre in 1291, the Hospitallers moved to Limassol in Cyprus. In 1309 they acquired Rhodes, which they came to rule as an independent state, with right of coinage and other attributes of sovereignty. Under the order’s rule, the master (grand master from c. 1430) was elected for life (subject to papal confirmation) and ruled a celibate brotherhood of knights, chaplains, and serving brothers. For more than two centuries these Knights of Rhodes were the scourge of Muslim shipping on the eastern Mediterranean. They constituted the last Christian outpost in the East.
By the 15th century the Turks had succeeded the Arabs as the protagonists of militant Islam, and in 1522 Süleyman the Magnificent laid final siege to Rhodes. After six months the Knights capitulated and on January 1, 1523, sailed away with as many of the citizens as chose to follow them. For seven years the wandering Knights were without a base, but in 1530 the Holy Roman emperor Charles V gave them the Maltese archipelago in return, among other things, for the annual presentation of a falcon to his viceroy of Sicily. The superb leadership of the grand master Jean Parisot de la Valette prevented Süleyman the Magnificent from dislodging the Knights from Malta in 1565 in one of the most famous sieges in history, which ended in a Turkish disaster. What was left of the Turkish navy was permanently crippled in 1571 at the Battle of Lepanto by the combined fleets of several European powers that included the Knights of Malta. The Knights then proceeded to build a new Maltese capital, Valletta, named after la Valette. In it they built great defense works and a hospital of grand dimensions that attracted many physically and mentally ill patients from outside Malta.
Thereafter the Knights continued as a territorial sovereign state in Malta but gradually gave up warfare and turned wholly to territorial administration and to medical care. In 1798, however, their reign in Malta came to an end, when Napoleon, on his way to Egypt, occupied the island. The order’s return to Malta was provided for in the Treaty of Amiens (1802) but eliminated by the Treaty of Paris (1814), which assigned Malta to Great Britain. In 1834 the Knights of Malta became permanently established in Rome. From 1805 they were ruled by lieutenants until Pope Leo XIII revived the office of grand master in 1879. A new constitution containing a more precise definition of both the religious and the sovereign status of the order was adopted in 1961, and a code was issued in 1966.
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Ancient Knights of Malta get their 1st non-aristocratic head
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2023-05-03T14:34:02+00:00
|
A Canadian lawyer who found his vocation caring for AIDS patients in Harlem has been elected the grand master of the Knights of Malta, the first non-European and first nonaristocratic head of the ancient lay Catholic order that provides humanitarian aid around the world. John Dunlap, 66, was elected by an absolute majority of 99 voting members of a Knights body known as “the council complete of state.” The election brings a hoped-for end to a tumultuous few years during which Francis intervened to remove a previous grand master during a governance crisis.
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en
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https://s.yimg.com/rz/l/favicon.ico
|
Yahoo News
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https://www.yahoo.com/news/ancient-knights-malta-gets-first-143402184.html
|
ROME (AP) — A Canadian lawyer who found his vocation caring for AIDS patients in Harlem has been elected the grand master of the Knights of Malta, the first non-European and first nonaristocratic head of the ancient lay Catholic order that provides humanitarian aid around the world.
John Dunlap, 66, was elected by an absolute majority of 99 voting members of a Knights body known as “the council complete of state.” He immediately informed Pope Francis of his election and was being sworn in later Wednesday at the Knights’ magnificent villa on Rome’s Aventine hill.
The election brings a hoped-for end to a tumultuous few years during which Francis intervened to remove a previous grand master during a governance crisis. Francis then imposed a new set of constitutional reforms on the order, and appointed Dunlap as interim head, in ways that critics said threatened its sovereignty.
The Knights of Malta is an ancient chivalric order and sovereign entity that runs hospitals and clinics around the world. It counts 13,500 knights, dames and chaplains, 80,000 permanent volunteers and 42,000 employees, most of them medical personnel who lend first aid in areas of natural disasters and conflict zones.
As a sovereign body under international law, the Knights have diplomatic relations with more than 100 countries, which facilitates the delivery of humanitarian aid in war zones and conflict areas. The group participates in the U.N. and other international organizations as an observer state.
The order experienced a governance crisis in 2016-2017 sparked by a condom distribution scandal that resulted in Francis ousting the then-grand master and imposing years of Vatican-mandated reforms.
In 2020, Francis appointed his latest envoy to oversee those reforms, Cardinal Silvano Tomasi. The next year, the pope gave Tomasi sweeping powers to override the Knights’ existing constitution and governance structures to push the changes through.
Last year, a now-former top leader of the Knights warned that Tomasi's proposed reforms risked the order's sovereign status since they implied the Knights were a subject of the Holy See.
The distinction matters to the order because the Knights count on their reputation as a sovereign neutral player to gain access to crisis-hit areas that might be denied to other humanitarian groups.
During a recent conversation with journalists before the election, Dunlap denied the Vatican's interventions posed a risk of creating confusion or had negatively impacted the Knights' ability to maneuver in conflict zones.
“Absolutely not,” he said, adding that during the years of turmoil, the Knights had actually opened diplomatic relations with four new countries and that 11 ambassadors from countries that don’t have diplomatic relations showed up for his New Years' greetings this year.
“We’ve had no country that withdrew their ambassador,” Dunlap said.
Dunlap’s election to a 10-year term ends a period of change that including the election of a new governing body in January and the approval of a Vatican-mandated constitution approved in September.
Dunlap’s election was the first under the new constitution, which allows the election of a grand master — the order's head of state — without noble lineage and removes the requirement that he serve for life. The reforms were deemed necessary to broaden the pool of potential leaders down the line.
Dunlap was born in Ottawa and practices law in New York. He found his vocation to the Knights in the 1980s while volunteering with AIDS patients at the Cardinal Cooke Medical Center in Harlem, where he has continued to volunteer.
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3
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http://www.exchangerate.com/currency-information/maltese-lira.html
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en
|
Currency Information Maltese Lira
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Maltese Lira information. Learn more about money, currency, banknotes, coins, history, as well as current and past exchange rates. View photos and use the exchange rate currency converter.
| null |
The lira (Maltese: lira maltija, plural: liri, ISO 4217 code : MTL) was the currency of Malta from 1972 until 31 December 2007. The lira was abbreviated as Lm, although the traditional ₤ sign was often used locally. In English, the Maltese currency was sometimes referred to as the pound.
The euro replaced the Maltese lira as the official currency of Malta on 1 January 2008 at the irrevocable fixed exchange rate of 0.429300 MTL per 1 euro.
History
Before 1972, the pound circulated, composed of British coins and banknotes supplemented by Maltese notes. Although using British coins, Malta did not decimalize with the UK in 1971. Instead, it adopted a decimal system in 1972, based on the lira (equal to the pound) subdivided into 1000 mils or 100 cents. The name "lira" was used on banknotes beginning in 1973, initially jointly with "pound", and exclusively on both coins and banknotes since 1986. Mils were removed from circulation in 1994.
On entry into the European Union, Malta agreed to adopt the euro. The lira was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2008, as part of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union.
Euro changeover
The Maltese lira was replaced by the euro as the official currency of Malta at the irrevocable fixed exchange rate of 0.429300 MTL per 1 EUR. However, Maltese lira banknotes and coins continued to have legal tender status and were accepted for cash payments until 31 January 2008. Maltese liri were convertible free of charge at all Maltese credit institutions until 30 March 2008. Maltese coins will be convertible at the Central Bank of Malta until 1 February 2010, and banknotes until 31 January 2018.
Exchange rate
The Maltese pound/lira was on a par with the British pound sterling (GBP) until the late 1970s, since then the lira had been allowed to float, anchored to a basket of reserve currencies. The lira had subsequently been worth around £1.60 sterling. After the Kuwaiti dinar, it was the second-highest-valued currency unit in the world, being worth US$3.1596 as of 28 April 2007. After the dollar weakened against other currencies in mid 2006, the lira was worth US$3.35289 as of 16 December 2007.
The currency entered the ERM II on 2 May 2005, by which its value had to be maintained within a 15% band around the central parity rate of 0.429300 LM per euro. The Central Bank of Malta and Maltese Government unilaterally decided to keep the actual LM/euro exchange rate equal to the central parity rate (i.e., doing away with the 15% band) throughout the ERM II period.
The irrevocable fixed conversion rate was established by the ECOFIN on 10 July 2007, at 0.4293 lira to one euro.
Coins
Decimal coinage was introduced in 1972 in denominations of 2, 3 and 5 mils, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 50 cents. The division of the lira into 100 cents (rather than the 240 pence of the old system) meant that the cent was a relatively large unit - the United Kingdom introduced the decimal ½ penny for this reason. Malta went "one better" in introducing the mil. It will be noted that there was no 1 mil coin. However, the coins that were provided (2, 3, and 5 mils) allowed goods to be priced (and change given) for any number of mils. In 1975, a 25 cent coin was introduced.
A new coinage was issued in 1986 in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 cents and 1 lira. A third series was introduced in 1991 due to the change in Malta's coat of arms. The mils were withdrawn in 1994, although for some time only the 5 mils had been seen (and then only rarely).
Banknotes
In 1973, banknotes were introduced, denominated in liri on the obverse and pounds on the reverse, in denominations of 1, 5 and 10 liri. In 1986, 1 lira notes were replaced by coins and 2 lira and 20 lira notes were introduced. Four series had been issuing, designated the second to the fifth series by the Central Bank, with the first series in the pound.
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0
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coins_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John_of_Jerusalem
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en
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Category:Coins of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem
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en
|
/static/apple-touch/commons.png
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coins_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John_of_Jerusalem
|
official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta; the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798
|
||||||
9077
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dbpedia
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3
| 33
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http://www.exchangerate.com/currency-iso/maltese-lira-MTL.html
|
en
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Maltese Lira MTL ISO 4217
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The Maltese Lira, is the currency of Malta. Convert your currency to the Maltese Lira, MTL
| null |
The Maltese Lira, which is the official currency of Malta, has the ISO 4217 Code of MTL. The corresponding ISO-4217 Code Number for MTL is 470. The MTL ISO code has a currency exponent of 2.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard setting body of representatives from several national standards organizations.
ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three-letter codes known as the currency code. (Example:MTL is the currency code for the Malta Maltese Lira) This code defines the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 4217 are the accepted codes used by banking institutions, businesses, and individuals worldwide for defining different currencies. Using these codes helps to eliminate any confusion regarding currency names and symbols that can occur during translation.
The first two letters of the ISO 4217 code are the two letters of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. These are the same two letters that are also used as the basis for national top-level domains, such as .de, .us, .fr, etc.. The third letter is usually the initial of the currency itself. For example, Japan's currency code is JPY, JP for Japan and Y for yen. This eliminates the problems caused by the names dollar, franc and pound being used in several different countries. If a currency is revalued, the currency code's last letter is changed to distinguish it from older currency. Sometimes, the third letter is the initial for "new" in that country's language. For example, the Mexican peso is MXN, the N is for "nuevo", the Spanish word for "new". However this method is not always the rule. For example, the Russian ruble was changed from RUR to RUB, because it was decided to use a "B" the third letter in the word "ruble".
A three digit code number is also assigned to each currency. This numeric code is usually the same as the ISO 3166-1 numeric code. For example, the USD (United States dollar) has the code 840.
|
|||||||
9077
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dbpedia
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1
| 21
|
https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/maltese-currency-conversion/
|
en
|
Maltese Currency Conversion
|
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2014-06-19T11:33:19+00:00
|
Maltese scudo The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tari (singular taro), each of 20 grani with 6 piccioli to the grano. The loss…
|
en
|
Vassallo History
|
https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/maltese-currency-conversion/
|
Maltese scudo
The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tari (singular taro), each of 20 grani with 6 piccioli to the grano.
The loss of Malta in 1798 interrupted the issuing of the Order of St John’s coin. Minting of its coins was not resumed until 1961, since which time the Order has regularly issued new coins as part of its monetary system: 1 Scudo = 12 Tarì = 240 Grani.
1 scudo = 1s 8d (British)
1 scudo = 8c 3m (Maltese)
1 scudo = 19.1 cents (Euro)
1 scudo = 12 tari
1 taro = 1⅗d (British)
1 taro = 6.4m (Maltese)
1 taro = 1.6 cent (euro)
1 grano = ⅓ farthing
12 grani = 1 cent (euro)
During the British rule the pound was valued at 12 scudi of the local currency. This exchange rate meant that the smallest Maltese coin, the grano, was worth one third of a farthing (1 scudo = 12 tari = 240 grani). Consequently, ⅓ farthing coins were issued for use in Malta until 1913, alongside the regular British coinage.
The rate of conversion of the present Order of St John scudo with the Euro is: 1 Scudo = 0.24 Euro; and 1 Tarì = 0.02 Euro. The Order’s new coins after Malta were minted in Rome (1961), Paris (1962) and Arezzo (1963), and was transferred to the Order’s own Mint in 1964.
British
1£ = 20s = 240d
1s = 12d
half crown = 2s 6d
1crown = 5s
Money was divided into pounds (£) shillings (s. or /-) and pennies (d.). Thus, 4 pounds, eight shillings and fourpence would be written as £4/8/4d. or £4-8-4d.
There were:
20 shillings in £1 – a shilling was often called ‘bob’, so ‘ten bob’ was 10/-
12 pennies in1 shilling
240 pennies in £1
Pennies were broken down into other coins:
a farthing (a fourth-thing) was ¼ of a penny
a halfpenny (hay-p’ny) was ½ of a penny
three farthings was ¾ of a penny
British Grain (Habba) ⅓ farthing
Other coins of a value less than 1/- were
a half-groat (2d) 6 x 2d = 1/-
a threepenny bit (3d) made of silver 4 x 3d. = 1/-
a groat (4d) 3 x 4d = 1/-
sixpence (silver) – often called a ‘tanner’ 2 x 6d = 1/-
Coins of more than 1/- but less than £1 in value were
a two shilling piece (called a florin) 10 x 2/- = £1
a half-crown ( 2/6d) 8 x 2/6d = £1
a crown (5/-) 4 x 5/- = £1
ten shillings (a half-sovereign) 2 x 10/- = £1
a half-guinea (10/6d) 2 x 10/6d = £1/1/-
A £1 coin was called a Sovereign and was made of gold. A paper pound often was called a ‘quid’.
Coins of more than £1 were
a guinea (£1/1/-)
a £5 coin
Maltese to British
|
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dbpedia
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0
| 7
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https://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Maltese%2BScudo
|
en
|
Maltese+Scudo
|
http://img.tfd.com/TFDlogo1200x1200.png
|
http://img.tfd.com/TFDlogo1200x1200.png
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
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[] | null |
Definition of Maltese+Scudo in the Financial Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is Maltese+Scudo? Meaning of Maltese+Scudo as a finance term. What does Maltese+Scudo mean in finance?
|
https://img.tfd.com/favicon.ico
|
TheFreeDictionary.com
| null | ||||
9077
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dbpedia
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https://www.maltauncovered.com/malta-island/currency-euro/
|
en
|
What is the currency used in Malta and foreign currency exchange
|
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2017-02-03T17:06:52+00:00
|
The currency used in Malta is the Euro. Find out how and where you can get local currency in Malta and Gozo, and what payment methods are accepted.
|
en
|
/apple-icon-57x57.png
|
MaltaUncovered.com
|
https://www.maltauncovered.com/malta-island/currency-euro/
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Check out my two guidebooks full of local knowledge and my best recommendations for your trip, and up-to-date for 2024!
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Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (Italian language: Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta ), also known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), Order of Malta or Knights of Malta...
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This article is about the sovereign international order. For the present-day republic, see Malta. For its armed forces, see Armed Forces of Malta. For other organisations styled or derived from the "Order of Malta", see Knights of Malta (disambiguation).
The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (Italian language: Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta ), also known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), Order of Malta or Knights of Malta, is a Roman Catholic lay religious order of, traditionally, a military, chivalrous and noble nature.[5] It is the world's oldest surviving order of chivalry.[6] The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is headquartered in Rome, and is widely considered a sovereign subject of international law.[7]
SMOM is the modern continuation of the original medieval order of Saint John of Jerusalem,[8] known as the "Fraternitas Hospitalaria" and later as the Knights Hospitaller, a group founded in Jerusalem about 1050 as an Amalfitan hospital to provide care for poor and sick pilgrims to the Holy Land. After the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade, it became a military order under its own charter. Following the loss of Christian held territories of the Holy Land to Muslims, the Order operated from Rhodes (1310–1523), and later from Malta (1530–1798), over which it was sovereign. Although this state came to an end with the ejection of the Order from Malta by Napoleon Bonaparte, the Order as such survived. It retains its claims of sovereignty under international law and has been granted permanent observer status at the United Nations.[9] The order is notable for issuing its own international passports for travel, postal stamps, along with its formal insignia, often portrayed as a white or gold Maltese cross. The order nominally invokes the Blessed Virgin Mary under the venerated Marian title of "Our Lady of Mount Philermos" as its patroness and spiritual intercessor.
Today the order has about 13,000 members; 80,000 permanent volunteers; and 20,000 medical personnel including doctors, nurses, auxiliaries and paramedics in more than 120 countries.[3] The goal is to assist the elderly, handicapped, refugeed, children, homeless, those with terminal illness and leprosy in all parts of the world, without distinction of race or religion.[3] In several countries—including France, Germany and Ireland—the local associations of the Order are important providers of first aid training, first aid services and emergency medical services. Through its worldwide relief corps—Malteser International—the Order is also engaged to aid victims of natural disasters, epidemics and armed conflicts.
In February 2013 the order celebrated its 900th anniversary recognising the Papal bull of sovereignty "Pie Postulatio Voluntatis" formally issued by Pope Paschal II on 15 February 1113, with a general audience given by Pope Benedict XVI[10] and a Holy Mass celebrated by Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone at Saint Peter's Basilica.
Name and insignia[]
The Order has a large number of local priories and associations around the world, but there also exist a number of organizations with similar-sounding names that are unrelated, including numerous fraudulent (self-styled) orders seeking to capitalize on the name.[11]
In the ecclesiastical heraldry of the Roman Catholic Church, the Order of Malta is one of only two orders (along with the Order of the Holy Sepulchre) whose insignia may be displayed in a clerical coat of arms. (Laypersons have no such restriction.) The shield is surrounded with a silver rosary for professed knights, or for others the ribbon of their rank. Members may also display the Maltese Cross behind their shield instead of the ribbon.[12]
History[]
Main article: Knights Hospitaller
The birth of the Order dates back to around 1048. Merchants from the ancient Marine Republic of Amalfi obtained from the Caliph of Egypt the authorisation to build a church, convent and hospital in Jerusalem, to care for pilgrims of any religious faith or race. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem – the monastic community that ran the hospital for the pilgrims in the Holy Land – became independent under the guidance of its founder, Blessed Gérard. With the Bull of 15 February 1113, Pope Paschal II approved the foundation of the Hospital and placed it under the aegis of the Holy See, granting it the right to freely elect its superiors without interference from other secular or religious authorities. By virtue of the Papal Bull, the Hospital became an Order exempt from the local Church. All the Knights were religious, bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.
The constitution of the Kingdom of Jerusalem regarding the crusades obliged the Order to take on the military defence of the sick, the pilgrims, and the territories that the crusaders had captured from the Muslims. The Order thus added the task of defending the faith to that of its hospitaller mission.
As time went on, the Order adopted the white eight-pointed Cross that is still its symbol today. The eight points represent the eight "beatitudes" that Jesus referred in his Sermon on the Mount.
Rhodes[]
When the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell in 1291, the Order settled first in Cyprus and then, in 1310, led by Grand Master Fra’ Foulques de Villaret, on the island of Rhodes. From there, defense of the Christian world required the organization of a naval force; so the Order built a powerful fleet and sailed the eastern Mediterranean, fighting many famous battles for the sake of Christendom, including Crusades in Syria and Egypt.
In the early 14th century, the institutions of the Order and the knights who came to Rhodes from every corner of Europe were grouped according to the languages they spoke. The initial seven such groups, or Langues (Tongues) – Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon (Navarre), England (with Scotland and Ireland), and Germany – became eight in 1492, when Castille and Portugal were separated from the Langue of Aragon. Each Langue included Priories or Grand Priories, Bailiwicks, and Commanderies.
The Order was governed by its Grand Master (the Prince of Rhodes) and Council. From its beginning, independence from other nations granted by pontifical charter and the universally recognised right to maintain and deploy armed forces constituted grounds for the international sovereignty of the Order, which minted its own coins and maintained diplomatic relations with other States. The senior positions of the Order were given to representatives of different Langues.
Malta[]
After six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Knights were forced to surrender in 1523 and left Rhodes with military honours. The Order remained without a territory of its own until 1530, when Grand Master Fra’ Philippe de Villiers de l’Isle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the Order by Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his mother Queen Joanna of Castile as monarchs of Sicily, with the approval of Pope Clement VII, for which the Order had to honour the conditions of the Tribute of the Maltese Falcon.
The Reformation which split Western Europe into Protestant and Roman Catholic states affected the Knights as well. In several countries, including England and Scotland, the Order was disestablished. In others, including the Netherlands and Germany, entire bailiwicks or commanderies (administrative divisions of the Order) experienced religious conversions. The "Johanniter orders" are the continuations of these converted divisions in Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and other countries, including the United States and South Africa. It was established that the Order should remain neutral in any war between Christian nations.
Great Siege
Main article: Siege of Malta (1565)
In 1565 the Knights, led by Grand Master Fra’ Jean de la Vallette (after whom the capital of Malta, Valletta, was named), defended the island for more than three months during the Great Siege by the Turks. The fleet of the Order, then one of the most powerful in the Mediterranean, contributed significantly to the ultimate destruction of the Ottoman naval power in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, led by Don Juan of Austria, half brother of King Philip II of Spain.
Exile[]
Two hundred years later, in 1798, the Order surrendered the Maltese islands to the French First Republic. The Order was dissolved and the knights were expelled from Malta.[13] The Treaty of Amiens (1802) obliged the United Kingdom to evacuate Malta which was to be restored to a recreated Order of St. John, whose sovereignty was to be guaranteed by all of the major European powers, to be determined at the final peace . However, this was not to be because objections to the treaty quickly grew in the UK.
Bonaparte's rejection of a British offer involving a ten-year lease of Malta prompted the reactivation of the British blockade of the French coast; Britain declared war on France on 18 May.[14] The 1802 treaty was never implemented. The UK gave its official reasons for resuming hostilities as France's imperialist policies in the West Indies, Italy and Switzerland.[15]
Rome[]
After having temporarily resided in Messina, Catania, and Ferrara, in 1834 the precursor of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta settled definitively in Rome, where it owns, with extraterritorial status, the Magistral Palace in Via Condotti 68 and the Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill.
The original hospitaller mission became the main activity of the Order, growing ever stronger during the last century, most especially because of the contribution of the activities carried out by the Grand Priories and National Associations in so many countries around the world. Large-scale hospitaller and charitable activities were carried out during World Wars I and II under Grand Master Fra’ Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere (1931–1951). Under the Grand Masters Fra’ Angelo de Mojana di Cologna (1962–1988) and Fra’ Andrew Bertie (1988–2008), the projects expanded.
Return to Malta[]
Two bilateral treaties have been concluded with the Government of the Maltese State. The first treaty is dated 21 June 1991 and is now no longer in force.[16] The second treaty was signed 5 December 1998 but ratified 01 November 2001.[17]
This agreement grants the Order the use with limited extraterritoriality of Fort St Angelo in the town of Birgu, Malta. Its stated purpose is "to give the Order the opportunity to be better enabled to carry out its humanitarian activities as Knights Hospitallers from Saint Angelo, as well as to better define the legal status of Saint Angelo subject to the sovereignity of Malta over it". The agreement has a duration of 99 years but the document allows the Maltese Government terminate it at any time after 50 years.[18][19] In terms of the agreement, the flag of Malta is to be flown together with the flag of the Order in a prominent position over Saint Angelo. No asylum may be granted by the Order and generally the Maltese courts have full jurisdiction and Maltese law shall apply. A number of immunities and privileges are mentioned in the second bilateral treaty. No immunities were contemplated by the first treaty.[20]
International status[]
See also: Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, List of Permanent Observers of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to the United Nations, List of diplomatic missions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, and List of diplomatic missions to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
With its unique history and unusual present circumstances, the exact status of the Order in international law has been the subject of debate. It describes itself as a "sovereign subject of international law." Its two headquarters in Rome — the Palazzo Malta in Via di Condotti 68, where the Grand Master resides and Government Bodies meet, and the Villa del Priorato di Malta on the Aventine, which hosts the Grand Priory of Rome — Fort Saint Angelo on the island of Malta, the Embassy of the Order to Holy See and the Embassy of the Order to Italy have all been granted extraterritoriality.[21]
Unlike the Holy See, however, which is sovereign over Vatican City and thus has clear territorial separation of its sovereign area and that of Italy, SMOM has had no territory since the loss of the island of Malta in 1798, other than only those current properties with extraterritoriality listed above. Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters. Therefore, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.[22] The United Nations does not classify it as a "non-member state" or "intergovernmental organization" but as one of the "other entities having received a standing invitation to participate as observers."[23] For instance, while the International Telecommunication Union has granted radio identification prefixes to such quasi-sovereign jurisdictions as the United Nations and the Palestinian Authority, SMOM has never received one. For awards purposes, amateur radio operators consider SMOM to be a separate "entity", but stations transmitting from there use an entirely unofficial callsign, starting with the prefix "1A".[24] Likewise, for internet identification, the SMOM has neither sought nor been granted a top-level domain, while Vatican City uses its own domain (.va).[25]
There are differing opinions as to whether a claim to sovereign status has been recognized. Ian Brownlie, Helmut Steinberger, and Wilhelm Wengler are among experts who say that the claim has not been recognized. Even taking into account the Order's ambassadorial diplomatic status among many nations, a claim to sovereign status is sometimes rejected.[26] The Order maintains diplomatic missions around the world and many of the states reciprocate by accrediting ambassadors to the Order.
Wengler—a German professor of international law—addresses this point in his book Völkerrecht, and rejects the notion that recognition of the Order by some states can make it a subject of international law. Conversely, professor Rebecca Wallace —writing more recently in her book International Law—explains that a sovereign entity does not have to be a country, and that SMOM is an example of this.[27] This position appears to be supported by the number of nations extending diplomatic relations to the Order, which more than doubled from 49 to 100 in the 20-year period to 2008.[28] In 1953, the Holy See proclaimed that the Order of Malta was a "functional sovereignty"[citation needed]— because it did not have all that pertained to sovereignty, such as territory.[citation needed] On 24 June 1961, Pope John XXIII approved the Constitutional Charter, which contains the most solemn reaffirmations of the sovereignty of the Order. Article 1 affirms that "the Order is a legal entity formally approved by the Holy See. It has the quality of a subject of international law." Article 3 states that "the intimate connection existing between the two qualities of a religious order and a sovereign order do not oppose the autonomy of the order in the exercise of its sovereignty and prerogatives inherent to it as a subject of international law in relation to States."[29]
SMOM has formal diplomatic relations with 104 states[30] and has official relations with another six countries and the European Union. Additionally it has relations with the International Committee of the Red Cross and a number of international organizations, including observer status at the UN and some of the specialized agencies.[31] Its international nature is useful in enabling it to pursue its humanitarian activities without being seen as an operative of any particular nation. Its sovereignty is also expressed in the issuance of passports, licence plates,[32] stamps,[33] and coins.[34]
The SMOM coins are appreciated more for their subject matter than for their use as currency; SMOM postage stamps, however, have been gaining acceptance among Universal Postal Union member nations.
The SMOM began issuing euro-denominated postage stamps in 2005, although the scudo remains the official currency of the SMOM. Also in 2005, the Italian post agreed with the SMOM to deliver internationally most classes of mail other than registered, insured, and special-delivery mail; additionally 56 countries recognize SMOM stamps for franking purposes, including those such as Canada and Mongolia that lack diplomatic relations with the Order.[35]
Governance[]
The proceedings of the Order are governed by its Constitutional Charter and the Order's Code. It is divided internationally into six territorial Grand Priories, six Sub-Priories and 47 national associations.
The supreme head of the Order is the Grand Master, who is elected for life by the Council Complete of State, holds the precedence of a cardinal of the Church since 1630 and received the rank of Reichsfürst (Prince of the Holy Roman Empire) in 1607.[36][37] Fra' Matthew Festing was elected by the Council as 79th Grand Master on 11 March 2008, succeeding Fra' Andrew Bertie, who was Grand Master until his death on 7 February 2008. Electors in the Council include the members of the Sovereign Council, other office-holders and representatives of the members of the Order. The Grand Master is aided by the Sovereign Council (the government of the Order), which is elected by the Chapter General, the legislative body of the Order. The Chapter General meets every five years; at each meeting, all seats of the Sovereign Council are up for election. The Sovereign Council includes six members and four High Officers: the Grand Commander, the Grand Chancellor, the Grand Hospitaller[38] and the Receiver of the Common Treasure.[39] The Grand Commander is the chief religious officer of the Order and serves as "Interim Lieutenant" during a vacancy in the office of Grand Master. The Grand Chancellor, whose office includes those of the Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is the head of the executive branch; he is responsible for the Diplomatic Missions of the Order and relations with the national Associations. The Grand Hospitaller's responsibilities include the offices of Minister for Humanitarian Action and Minister for International Cooperation; he coordinates the Order's humanitarian and charitable activities. Finally, the Receiver of the Common Treasure is the Minister of Finance and Budget; he directs the administration of the finances and property of the Order.
Patrons of the Order of Malta since 1961[]
The patron, who is always a cardinal, has the task of promoting the spiritual interests of the Order and its members, and its relations with the Holy See.
Paolo Cardinal Giobbe (8 August 1961 – 3 July 1969)
Giacomo Cardinal Violardo (3 July 1969 – 17 March 1978)
Paul-Pierre Cardinal Philippe, O.P. (10 November 1978 – 9 April 1984)
Sebastiano Cardinal Baggio (26 May 1984 – 21 March 1993)
Pio Cardinal Laghi (8 May 1993 – 11 January 2009)
Paolo Cardinal Sardi (6 June 2009 – present)
Membership[]
Membership in the order is divided into three classes and subdivided into several categories, i.e.:[40]
First Class, containing only one category: Knights of Justice or Professed Knights, and the Professed Conventual Chaplains, who take religious vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience and form what amounts to a religious order (until the 1990s membership in this class was restricted to members of families with noble lineages).
Second Class: Knight and Dames of Obedience, similarly restricted until recently, these knights and dames make a promise, rather than a vow, of obedience. This class is subdivided into three categories, namely that of Knight and Dames of Honour and Devotion in Obedience, Knight and Dames of Grace and Devotion in Obedience, and Knight and Dames of Magistral Grace in Obedience.
Third Class, which is subdivided into six categories: Knights and Dames of Honour and Devotion, Conventual Chaplains ad honorem, Knights and Dames of Grace and Devotion, Magistral Chaplains, Knights and Dames of Magistral Grace, and Donats (male and female) of Devotion.
All categories of this class are made up of members who take no vows and who had to show a decreasingly extensive history of nobility (knights of magistral grace need not prove any noble lineage and are the commonest class of knights in the United States). Within each class and category of knights are ranks ranging from bailiff grand cross (the highest) through knight grand cross, and knight — thus one could be a "knight of grace and devotion," or a "bailiff grand cross of justice." The final rank of donat is offered to some who join the order in the class of "justice" but who are not knights. Bishops and priests are generally honorary members, or knights, of the Order of Malta. However, there are some priests who are full members of the Order, and this is usually because they were conferred knighthood prior to ordination. The priests of the Order of Malta are ranked as Honorary Canons, as in the Order of the Holy Sepulchre; and they are entitled to wear the black mozetta with purple piping and purple fascia.
Prior to the 1990s, all officers of the Order had to be of noble birth (i.e., armigerous for at least a hundred years), as they were all knights of justice or of obedience. However, Knights of Magistral Grace (i.e., those without noble proofs) now may make the Promise of Obedience and, at the discretion of the Grand Master and Sovereign Council, may enter the novitiate to become professed Knights of Justice.
Worldwide, there are over 13,000 knights and dames, a small minority of whom are professed religious. Membership of the Order is by invitation only and solicitations are not entertained.
The Order's finances are audited by a Board of Auditors, which includes a President and four Councillors, all elected by the Chapter General. The Order's judicial powers are exercised by a group of Magistral Courts, whose judges are appointed by the Grand Master and Sovereign Council.
Military Corps of the Order[]
The Order states that it was the hospitaller role that enabled the Order to survive the end of the crusading era; nonetheless, it retains its military title and traditions. On March 26, 1876 the Association of the Italian Knights of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (ACISMOM) formed a Military Corps to provide medical support to the Italian Army, that on April 9, 1909 did officially become a special auxiliary volunteer corps of the Italian Army under the name Corpo Militare dell'Esercito dell'ACISMOM (Army Military Corps of the ACISMOM), wearing Italian uniforms.[41] Since then the Military Corps have operated with the Italian Army both in wartime and peacetime in medical or paramedical military functions, and in ceremonial functions for the Order, such as standing guard around the coffins of high officers of the Order before and during funeral rites.[42] Fausto Solaro del Borgo, President of the Italian Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, stated in a speech given in London in November 2007:[41]
I believe that it is a unique case in the world that a unit of the army of one country is supervised by a body of another sovereign country. Just think that whenever our staff (medical officers mainly) is engaged in a military mission abroad, there is the flag of the Order flying below the Italian flag.
Hospital trains[]
The Military Corps has become known in mainland Europe for its operation of hospital trains,[43] a service which was carried out intensively during both World Wars. The Military Corps still operate a modern 28 cars hospital train with 192 hospital beds, serviced by a medical staff of 38 medics and paramedics provided by the Order and a technical staff provided by the Italian Army Railway Engineers Regiment.[44]
Order of Malta aircraft[]
In 1947, after the post-World War II peace treaty forbade Italy to own or operate bomber aircraft and only operate a limited number of transport aircraft, the Italian Air Force opted to transfer some of its SM.82 aircraft to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, pending the definition of their exact status (the SM.82 were properly long range transport aircraft that could be adapted for bombing missions). These aircraft were operated by Italian Air Force personnel temporarily flying for the Order, carried the Order's roundels on the fuselage and Italian ones on the wings, and were used mainly for standard Italian Air Force training and transport missions but also for some humanitarian tasks proper of the Order of Malta (like the transport of sick pilgrims to the Lourdes sanctuary). In the early '50s, when the strictures of the peace treaty had been much relaxed by the Allied authorities, the aircraft returned under full control of the Italian Air Force. One of the aircraft transferred to the Order of Malta, still with the Order's fuselage roundels, is preserved in the Italian Air Force Historical Museum.[45]
Medals, awards and orders of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta[]
Main article: Medals, awards and orders of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
See also[]
Knights Hospitaller
List of Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller
Order of Malta Ambulance Corps
Order pro merito Melitensi
Postage stamps and postal history of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Jonathan Riley-Smith
The Alliance of the Orders of St. John of Jerusalem
[]
Bibliography[]
Patrick Levaye, Géopolitique du Catholicisme (Éditions Ellipses, 2007) ISBN 2-7298-3523-7.
Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The Atlas of the Crusades. Facts On File, Oxford (1991).
Cohen, R. (2004-04-15) [1920]. Julie Barkley, Bill Hershey and PG Distributed Proofreaders. ed. Knights of Malta, 1523–1798. Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12034 .
Hoegen Dijkhof, Hans J. (2006). The Legitimacy of Orders of St. John: a historical and legal analysis and case study of a para-religious phenomenon. Doctoral thesis. Leiden: University of Leiden. ISBN 9065509542.
Noonan, Jr., James-Charles (1996). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. Viking. p. 196. ISBN 0-670-86745-4.
Read, Piers Paul (1999). The Templars. Imago. p. 118. ISBN 85-312-0735-5.
Santolaria de Puey y Cruells, José-Apeles (1997). Escuela Diplomática Española. ed. Relaciones jurídicas internacionales de la Soberana Orden de San Juan de Malta. Google docs. https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B3R26J604FxmMWYzZDc5ZTctMzhiMS00NGZmLThlZjgtNmI5YTJiNzdkMTQy.
Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Allen Lane. p. 253. ISBN 0-7139-9220-4.
Wallace, R.M.M (1992). International Law. Sweet and Maxwell. p. 76.
Burlamacchi, Maurizio (2013). Nobility, Honour and Glory. A brief military History of the Order of Malta. Olschki. ISBN 978 88 222 6247 9.
[]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Constitution
Order of Malta Ambulance Corps Ireland
Order of Malta in Serbia
Permanent Observer Mission of the Order of Malta to the United Nations, IAEA and CTBTO in Vienna
Permanent Observer Mission of the Order of Malta to the United Nations in New York
Order of Malta Studies
The Order of Malta, Sovereignty, and International Law by François Velde.
WorldStatesmen
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Malta, island country located in the central Mediterranean Sea with close historical and cultural connections to both Europe and North Africa. Malta is about 58 miles (93 km) south of Sicily and 180 miles (290 km) from either Libya or Tunisia. The island achieved independence from British rule in 1964.
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/place/Malta
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Malta
Top Questions
How many islands make up Malta?
Malta comprises five islands—Malta (the largest), Gozo, Comino, and the uninhabited islets of Kemmunett (Comminotto) and Filfla.
What kind of climate does Malta have?
Malta typically has a Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers, warm and sporadically wet autumns, and short cool winters with adequate rainfall. The annual mean temperature is in the mid-60s Fahrenheit (about 19 degrees Celsius), and monthly averages range from the mid-50s to the mid-80s Fahrenheit (about 12 to 29 degrees Celsius).
What languages are spoken in Malta?
Maltese and English are the official languages of Malta. Maltese resulted from the fusion of North African Arabic and a Sicilian dialect of Italian and is the only Semitic language officially written in Latin script. English is a medium of instruction in schools. Italian is understood by a sizable portion of the population.
Does Malta have an official religion?
The official religion of Malta is Roman Catholicism, but there is full freedom of religious belief. More than nine-tenths of Maltese are Roman Catholic; however, only about three-fifths of these practice their faith. Small numbers of Maltese are adherents of other Christian denominations or of Islam.
Malta, island country located in the central Mediterranean Sea. A small but strategically important group of islands, the archipelago has through its long and turbulent history played a vital role in the struggles of a succession of powers for domination of the Mediterranean and in the interplay between emerging Europe and the older cultures of Africa and the Middle East. As a result, Maltese society has been molded by centuries of foreign rule by various powers, including the Phoenicians, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Normans, Sicilians, Swabians, Aragonese, Hospitallers, French, and British.
Audio File: National anthem of Malta
Head Of Government:
Prime Minister: Robert Abela
Population:
(2024 est.) 550,100
Currency Exchange Rate:
1 USD equals 0.937 euro
Head Of State:
President: Myriam Spiteri Debono
The island of Malta specifically played a vital strategic role in World War II as a base for the Allied Powers. It was heavily bombarded by German and Italian aircraft, and by the end of the war Malta was devastated. In 1942 the island of Malta was presented with the George Cross, a British award for great gallantry, in recognition of the wartime bravery of the Maltese people. After the war, the movement for self-governance became stronger. The country of Malta became independent from Britain and joined the Commonwealth in 1964 and was declared a republic on December 13, 1974. It was admitted to the European Union (EU) in 2004. A European atmosphere predominates in Malta as a result of close association with the Continent, particularly with southern Europe. The Maltese are renowned for their warmth, hospitality, and generosity to strangers, a trait that was noted in the Acts of the Apostles, with respect to the experience of St. Paul, the Apostle, who was said to have been shipwrecked off Malta in 60 ce.
Recent News
Aug. 13, 2024, 2:52 AM ET (BBC)
Irish man shot by police in Malta after woman stabbed to death
Roman Catholicism is a major influence on Maltese culture. Various traditions have evolved around religious celebrations, notably those honouring the patron saints of towns and villages. The eight-pointed, or Maltese, cross, adopted by the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem in 1126, is commonly linked with Malta’s identity and is printed on the country’s euro coin. Valletta is the capital city.
Land
The country comprises five islands—Malta (the largest), Gozo, Comino, and the uninhabited islets of Kemmunett (Comminotto) and Filfla—lying some 58 miles (93 km) south of Sicily, 180 miles (290 km) north of Libya, and about 180 miles (290 km) east of Tunisia, at the eastern end of the constricted portion of the Mediterranean Sea separating Italy from the African coast.
Relief
Britannica Quiz
The Country Quiz
The islands of Malta are dominated by limestone formations, and much of their coastlines consist of steep or vertical limestone cliffs indented by bays, inlets, and coves. They lie on the submerged Malta-Hyblean Platform, a wide undersea shelf bridge that connects the Ragusa Platform of southern Sicily with the Tripolitana Platform of southern Libya.
The main physical characteristic of the island of Malta is a well-defined escarpment that bisects it along the Victoria Lines Fault running along the whole breadth of the island from Point ir-Raħeb near Fomm ir-Riħ Bay to the coast northeast of Għargħur at Madliena Fort. The highest areas are coralline limestone uplands that constitute a triangular plateau; Ta’ Żuta, which rises to 830 feet (253 metres) in the southwest, is the highest point. The uplands are separated from the surrounding areas by blue clay slopes, while an undercliff area is found where the coralline plateau has fallen and forms a subordinate surface between the sea and the original shore. The total shoreline of Malta is about 136 miles (219 km).
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In northern Malta the escarpment is occasionally abrupt and broken by deep embayments. To the south, however, the plateau gradually descends from about 600 to 830 feet (180 to 250 metres) into undulating areas of globigerina (derived from marine protozoa) limestone less than 300 feet (90 metres) in elevation. The western area is characterized by deeply incised valleys and undercliff areas, while to the east there are several valley systems that descend to the central plains.
The west coast of Malta presents a high, bold, and generally harbourless face. On the east, however, a tongue of high ground known as Mount Sceberras, on which the capital city, Valletta, is built, separates Marsamxett Harbour and Grand Harbour. Because of tectonic activity, Malta has been tilted in a northerly direction, producing cliffs of up to about 800 feet (250 metres) high on the south and southwestern coasts, while slopes descend to low cliffs and rocky shores on the northern and eastern coasts.
The landscape of the island of Gozo is characterized by broken upper coralline mesas, with the highest point being Ta’ Dbiegi Hill (636 feet [194 metres]). Gozo has a gentle easterly dip, so the lower coralline limestone, which forms high cliffs on the west coast, declines to below sea level but reappears on the east coast at Qala Point. Semicircular bays have formed on coastal cliffs where sinkholes have been invaded by the sea. The rounded bays at Xlendi and Dwejra on the west coast of Gozo originated as underground caverns with roofs that have collapsed.
Drainage
The island of Malta possesses favourable conditions for the percolation and underground storage of water. The impermeable blue clays provide two distinct water tables between the limestone formations—the perched and the mean sea-level aquifer. The principal source for the public supply of water has for several centuries been the main sea-level water table. The absence of permanent streams or lakes and a considerable runoff into the sea, however, have made water supply a problem, which has been addressed with an intensive reverse-osmosis desalination program. About half of Malta’s daily water needs are supplied by desalination plants throughout the islands.
Soils
Mainly young or immature and thin, Maltese soils generally lack humus, and a high carbonate content gives them alkaline properties. Human settlement and construction developments have altered the distribution and composition of soils. The Fertile Soil (Preservation) Act of 1973 requires that, when soils are removed from construction sites, they be taken to agricultural areas, and level stretches in quarries are often covered with carted soil.
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Currency of Malta from 1825 to 2007
For the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, see Maltese scudo.
Maltese lira
Maltese pound (English)
Lira Maltija (Maltese)
Maltese banknotesMaltese coins
ISO 4217CodeMTL
until June 1983: MTP, Maltese poundUnitPluralliriSymbol£M and LmDenominationsSubunit 1⁄100cent (c) 1⁄1000mill (m)BanknotesLm 2, Lm 5, Lm 10, Lm 20Coins Freq. used1c, 2c, 5c, 10c, 25c, 50c, Lm 1DemographicsUser(s)None, previously:
MaltaIssuanceCentral bankCentral Bank of Malta Websitewww .centralbankmalta .comValuationInflation2.8% SourceThe World Factbook, 2006 est.EU Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)Since2 May 2005Fixed rate since2 May 2005Replaced by euro, non cash1 January 2008Replaced by euro, cash31 January 20081 € =Lm 0.429300Bandpegged in practice, 15% de jureThis infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
The lira (Maltese: lira Maltija, plural: liri, ISO 4217 code: MTL) or pound (until ca. 1986 in English, code MTP) was the currency of Malta from 1972 until 31 December 2007. One lira was divided into 100 cents, each of 10 mils. After 1986 the lira was abbreviated as Lm, although the original £M sign continued to be used unofficially. In English the currency was still frequently called the pound even after its official English language name was changed to lira.
The euro replaced the lira as the official currency of Malta on 1 January 2008 at the irrevocable fixed exchange rate of €1 per Lm 0.4293, or approximately €2.33 per Lm 1.
History
[edit]
Sterling
[edit]
In 1825, an imperial order-in-council introduced sterling coinage to Malta, replacing a system under which various coinages circulated, including that issued in Malta by the Knights of St John. The pound was valued at 12 scudi of the local currency. This exchange rate meant that the smallest Maltese coin, the grano, was worth one third of a farthing (1 scudo = 20 tari = 240 grani). Consequently, 1⁄3-farthing (1⁄12-penny) coins were issued for use in Malta until 1913, alongside the regular sterling coinage. Amongst the British colonies which used sterling coinage, Malta was unique in issuing a 1⁄3-farthing coin.
Between 1914 and 1918, wartime emergency paper money issues were made by the government.
Until 1972, the pound was divided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence with 4 farthings to the penny; from May 1972 it was decimalised into 100 cents, and each cent into 10 mils.[1]
Pre-decimal sterling coinage continued to circulate in Malta for nearly a year after it was withdrawn in the UK due to decimalisation as Malta did not decimalise until 1972. Although the Maltese pound was initially equal to its sterling counterpart, this parity did not survive long after the floating of sterling on 22 June 1972.
Banknotes
[edit]
Emergency issues between 1914 and 1918 were in denominations of 5 and 10 shillings, £1, £5 and £10. In 1940, notes dated 13 September 1939 in denominations of 2/6, 5/–, 10/– and £1 were issued, followed late in the year by a provisional 1/– note overprinted on old 2/– notes dated 20 November 1918.[2] Note production continued after the Second World War in denominations of 10/- and £1, with £5 notes reintroduced between 1961 and 1963.
After the Central Bank of Malta was established by the Central Bank Act of 1967 and began operating on April 17, 1968,[2] the issuing body named on the banknotes switched from "Government of Malta" to "Central Bank of Malta." While the designs of the notes remained unchanged, the colors were changed. The Central Bank refers to this series as the "CBM first series". The CBM second series began with the introduction of lira-denominated notes on January 15, 1973.[2]
Lira
[edit]
Banknotes issued by the Government of Malta and then by the Central Bank of Malta were written in English up to 1972. From 1973 to 1985, they were written in Maltese on the obverse (with the currency identified as "lira"), and in English on the reverse (identifying the currency as pound). From 1986 to 2007, Maltese was used on both sides.[3]
Although exclusively using British coins at that time, Malta did not decimalise with the UK in 1971. Instead, decimalisation occurred a year later, on the "pound and mil" system, dividing the pound into 1,000 mils and 100 cents. The Maltese name "lira" and the English name "pound" were used concurrently on banknotes until 1986, when "lira" became the official name of the currency in both languages. Mil denominated coins were removed from circulation in 1994.
On entry into the European Union, Malta agreed to adopt the euro. The lira was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2008, as part of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union.[4]
Euro changeover
[edit]
The Maltese lira was replaced by the euro as the official currency of Malta at the irrevocable fixed exchange rate of Lm 0.429300 per €1. However, Maltese lira banknotes and coins continued to have legal tender status and were accepted for cash payments until 31 January 2008. Maltese lira were convertible free of charge at all Maltese credit institutions until 30 March 2008. Maltese coins were convertible at the Central Bank of Malta until 1 February 2010, and banknotes remained convertible until 31 January 2018.
Exchange rate
[edit]
Since the Maltese currency was considered a local issue of sterling rather than an entirely separate currency until 13 December 1971, the two currencies maintained an exact 1:1 equivalence with each other. Afterwards, the Maltese currency was allowed to float, anchored to a basket of reserve currencies. The lira had subsequently[when?] been worth around GBP 1.60. After the Kuwaiti dinar, it was the second-highest-valued currency unit in the world, being worth US$3.1596 as of 28 April 2007. After the dollar weakened against other currencies in mid-2006, the lira was worth US$3.35289 as of 16 December 2007.
The currency entered the ERM II on 2 May 2005, by which its value had to be maintained within a 15% band around the central parity rate of Lm 0.429300 per euro. The Central Bank of Malta and Maltese Government unilaterally decided to keep the actual Lm/€ exchange rate equal to the central parity rate (i.e., doing away with the 15% band) throughout the ERM II period.
The irrevocable fixed conversion rate was established by the ECOFIN on 10 July 2007,[5] at Lm 0.4293 to one euro.[6][7][8]
Coins
[edit]
Decimal coinage was introduced in 1972 (one year after the United Kingdom) based on the "pound and mil" system proposed in 1855 by Sir William Brown MP in denominations of 2, 3, and 5 mils, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 50 cents. There was no one-mil coin, although, the coins that were provided (2m, 3m, and 5m) allowed goods to be priced (and change given) for any number of mils. In 1975, a 25c coin was introduced.
A new coinage was issued in 1986 in denominations of 1c, 2c, 5c, 10c, 25c and 50c and Lm 1. A third series was introduced in 1991 due to the change in Malta's coat of arms. The mils were withdrawn in 1994, although for some time only the 5 mils had been seen (and then only rarely).
Banknotes
[edit]
On 15 January 1973,[2] banknotes were introduced, denominated in liri on the obverse and pounds on the reverse, in denominations of £M 1, £M 5 and £M 10. In 1986, £M1 notes were replaced by coins and Lm 2 and Lm 20 notes were introduced.
Banknote Series the Maltese lira Series Symbol Denominations Date of issue 2nd £M £M 1, £M 5, £M 10 1973 3rd 1979 4th Lm Lm 2, Lm 5, Lm 10, Lm 20 1986 5th 1989
Banknotes of the fourth series were:
Fourth Series [9] Image Value Equivalent in Euros (€) Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark first printing issue withdrawal lapse [10] [11] Lm 2 4.66 138 × 66.5 mm Orange Agatha Barbara, map of Malta, and a brigantine (1531). Marsaxlokk harbour, gantry cranes Allegorical head 1967 (legal basis) 17 March 1986 15 June 1998 15 June 2008 [12] [13] Lm 5 11.65 145 × 69 mm Blue Agatha Barbara, map of Malta, and a speronara (1798) Mellieħa Bay, a woman engaged in lace making, a fisherman in the course of making fishing pots [14] [15] Lm 10 23.29 152 × 72.5 mm Green Agatha Barbara, map of Malta, and a tartana (1740) Grand Harbour, Malta Drydocks 13 September 2000 13 September 2010 [13] [14] Lm 20 46.59 159 × 76 mm Brown Agatha Barbara, map of Malta, and a xebec (1743) Auberge de Castille, the monument dedicated to the Maltese worker in Msida 30 November 1992 2 December 2002
Banknotes in circulation at the time of the introduction of the euro were:
Fifth Series [9] Image Value Equivalent in Euros (€) Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark first printing issue withdrawal lapse [15] [16] Lm 2 4.66 138 × 66.5 mm Violet Melita holding a rudder, symbolising Malta in control of her own destiny, 3 doves symbolising peace, United Nations Emblem, the Central Bank of Malta Coat-of-Arms, mosaic designs from the period of Roman presence in Malta. The Banca Giuratale at Mdina and the one at Victoria, Gozo Allegorical head 1967 (legal basis) 18 September 1989
Enhanced: 1 June 1994 31 January 2008[16] 31 January 2018[16] [17] [18] Lm 5 11.65 145 × 69 mm Blue Mdina Gate, Torre dello Standardo, extract from Maltese declaration of rights [19] [20] Lm 10 23.29 152 × 72.5 mm Green Sette Giugno Monument in Valletta, a national assembly meeting held on 7 June 1919, the day when four Maltese citizens were killed [21] [22] Lm 20 46.59 159 × 76 mm Brown, orange George Borg Olivier, raising of the Maltese flag, a marble tablet in Valletta commemorating Independence For table standards, see the banknote specification table.
See also
[edit]
Banknotes of the Anglo-Egyptian Banking Company Limited (Malta)
Maltese euro coins
Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Malta)
Economy of Malta
References
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https://www.swulinski.com/travels/MilitaryOrderMalta.html
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Military Order of Malta
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en
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In the 11th century the Knights Hospitaller established a convent and hospital in Jerusalem to care for pilgrims to the Holy Land. One century later, the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem became free from the control of the local church and had a right to freely elect its superiors without interference from any other secular or religious authorities. The main mission of the order was taking care of sick, but during the crusades they were also obliged to military defense of the faith in the captured territories.
After the fall of Jerusalem in 1187, the Order of Saint John moved to Acre in Palestine. The free trade allowed them to accumulate riches, but in 1291 they lost the city to the Muslim Mamluks. It was the end of the Hospitallerâs presence in the Holly Land. They first moved to Cyprus, soon after they settled in Rhodes. In the 14th century Hospitallers built powerful naval force in the eastern Mediterranean. Their control of maritime trade was in conflict with interests of the nearby Ottoman Empire. In 1523, after six months of fierce combat against the fleet and army of the Turkish Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Knights of Saint John surrendered, and left Rhodes.
After leaving Rhodes, the Order remained without territory until 1530, when it was given the island of Malta. In Malta, they fortified the cities of Mdina and Valletta. On the nearby island of Gozo, the Order of Saint John built coastal towers. At the same time, the order also had a presence outside Europe. From 1651 to 1665, Knights ruled over four islands in the Caribbean. The Order was so rich that it could afford to purchase Saint Barthélemy, Saint Kitts, Saint Croix and Saint Martin.
Knights of St. John used slaves intensively. For almost three centuries, they made Malta the most important slave trade market in the Christian Mediterranean, selling mostly captured North Africans and Turks. Some religious prisoners were held for ransom or immediately forced to work at the oars. Knights Hospitaller needed a thousand slaves to equip the galleys in their fleet. The galleys in the Mediterranean were mainly rowed by slaves. It was a common practice. At that time, slaves sat at the oars of galleys belonging to Florence, Genoa, Spain, even to the Papal States. They rowed incessantly with short breaks every eight hours. The average life on such a ship did not exceed two years.
Over time, the power of the Knights of Saint John weakened. Napoleon Bonaparte drove them out of Malta when he stopped there on his way to Egypt in 1798. Bonaparte stayed on the island only for six days, but managed to accomplished many reforms including the abolition of slavery and all feudal rights. His decree granted freedom to nearly 2,000 slaves belonging to the Order of Saint John. With the arrival of Napoleon, the reign of the Order in Malta ended. They scattered throughout Europe, eventually establishing their headquarters in Rome, Italy in 1834.
Knights of Malta today continue to be a Catholic religious order. As such, it is linked to the Holy See, but at the same time it is independent as a sovereign subject of international law. It is a sovereign entity, but without clear territorial boundaries. The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta reside in Rome. It owns two headquarter buildings that are granted extraterritoriality by the Italian Government. It means that inside these buildings not an Italian, but the Orderâs laws apply.
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has its own constitution and maintains diplomatic relations with 112 states. The Order has its own embassies in foreign countries, issues its own passports, postage stamps and vehicle registration plates. The Order has an annual budget and its own official currency, Maltese scudo. The exact international status of the Order is not clear, due to lack of territorial boundaries. However, it has population of three official citizens and thousands of workers and volunteers and as such it can be considered the smallest sovereign state in the world.
The Order experienced a leadership crisis in 2016 and 2017 when the Grand Master expelled from the Order the member of the Sovereign Council, the Grand Chancellor because of his support in distributing condoms as humanitarian aid in poor countries. Pope Francis, who claims that condoms are permissible when it comes to HIV prevention, intervened in this case. The Order protested against the Pope's intervention at what it regarded was the internal affair of the Sovereign Order. Finally, the Grand Master resigned and previously expelled Grand Chancellor was reinstated. Some have seen the Knights of Malta crisis as a proxy conflict between Francis and his critics inside the church in the Pope's efforts to reform Catholic teaching on the family, marriage, and divorce.
The Sovereign Order of Malta has no territory apart from Palazzo Malta and Villa Malta in Rome and rented for 99 years Fort St Angelo in Malta. However, the Order is recognized by more than 110 countries as a sovereign entity, subject to international law. The Order has the status of a permanent observer at the United Nations, allowing to act as a neutral party in relief efforts in war zones. They run hospitals, refugee camps, addiction treatment centers, and disaster relief programs around the world.
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https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/118883/are-all-current-world-currencies-decimal
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en
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Are all current world currencies 'decimal'?
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2020-01-07T01:18:41
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Historically, non-decimal monetary systems were common. E.g. pound / shilling.
Every currency I can think of or have ever used is 'decimal' (where a higher/lower unit of currency is either a mult...
|
en
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https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/money/Img/favicon.ico?v=8321e2b9f08f
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Personal Finance & Money Stack Exchange
|
https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/118883/are-all-current-world-currencies-decimal
|
Today, only two countries have non-decimal currencies: Mauritania, where 1 ouguiya = 5 khoums, and Madagascar, where 1 ariary = 5 iraimbilanja. However, these are only theoretically non-decimal, as in both cases the value of the main unit is so low that the sub-units are too small to be of any practical use and coins of the sub-units are no longer used.
The official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, which retains its claims of sovereignty under international law and has been granted permanent observer status at the United Nations, is the Maltese scudo, which is subdivided into 12 tarì, each of 20 grani with 6 piccioli to the grano.
All other contemporary currencies are either decimal or have no sub-units at all, either because they had been abolished or because they have lost all practical value and not used.
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https://theculturetrip.com/europe/malta/articles/this-is-the-only-country-in-the-world-that-is-recognised-by-the-un-but-has-no-land
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en
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This Is The Only Country In The World That Has No Land
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2017-12-30T22:59:18+00:00
|
Take a look at this little-known entity with its own stamps passports and history and find out how you can visit a country that has no land.
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/img/apple-touch-icon.png
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Culture Trip
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https://theculturetrip.com/europe/malta/articles/this-is-the-only-country-in-the-world-that-is-recognised-by-the-un-but-has-no-land
|
Hold on a second… a country with no land? Are you serious? Absolutely! While the United Nations has 193 recognised countries, it also has two observer states, namely Palestine and the Holy See. But there is a little-known third entity that also holds observer status in the UN. Yes, get ready for this – this is an officially recognised country with no land! Welcome to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The order, complete with its own website has no actual land, yet it is recognised by the UN and maintains diplomatic relations with 107 countries.
What exactly is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta?
The official name of this order is the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta. Their official language is Italian, their currency is the (now defunct elsewhere) Maltese Scudo and they are a Roman Catholic religious order founded way back in 1099 in Jerusalem, by the Blessed Gerard. Officially, it is the world’s oldest surviving chivalric order. In its long history, the Order has owned land and resided in modern day Israel, Cyprus, Greece, Italy and Malta. These days, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta lives on, with its own government, laws, passport and population. They also have a church in their residence on the island of Malta.
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has its own flag and coat of arms. This flag flies from a number of places around the world, mostly on the island of Malta and in Italy at its headquarters. The official flag is a white cross on a red background.
Who controls the Sovereign Military Order of Malta?
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is an elective monarchy and is ruled by a Prince and Grand Master. This means the official population is two citizens, plus 13,000 members and 80,000 volunteers. One of the Knights of the Order is currently resident of the Upper Section of Fort St Angelo in the Republic of Malta. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta’s members also hold parades and events throughout the world including in Omagh in Northern Ireland for St Patrick’s Day.
Is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta an official country? I mean, does it have its own currency? And stamps?
Yes, yes and yes! The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has formal diplomatic relations with 107 other states and with the European Union. It also has official (but not diplomatic) relations with another six states, and it has full observer status at the UN. You can also feel like you are a tourist by picking up some Sovereign Military Order of Malta souvenirs, such as official stamps and coins. The Order also issues passports for its citizens (fully valid for travel) and car licence plates, despite not having any roads to drive on. For further reading, there are some great blogs on the Sovereign Military Order of Malta at YPT Life and Don’t Stop Living.
Can you visit the Sovereign Military Order of Malta?
OK, for all you budding backpackers, travel freaks and tourists, this is the cool part. You can actually visit this ‘country with no land’. Yes, the peculiar fact is that, despite having no official land, there are three venues which are either occupied or part-owned by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, and here they are…
1. Palazzo Malta (Rome, Italy)
To all intents and purposes, Palazzo Malta is the “capital” of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. It is a building located in Rome, Italy, and is also known as Palazzo di Malta or Palazzo dell’Ordine di Malta. Out of the three potential places to visit the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, this is the most important headquarters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and is located in Via dei Condotti 68. The order flag flies from the building’s exterior.
See privacy policy.
2. Villa Malta (Rome, Italy)
Also in Rome, Italy, you can visit Villa Malta, which is officially called Villa del Priorato di Malta. This is an elaborate building on top of a hill and is home to the Grand Priory of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Although the Villa Malta and the Palazzo Malta sit within the borders of Italy, both venues have been granted extraterritorial status. This is because Italy is one of the 107 countries that recognises the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Villa Malta also contains the embassy of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to Italy.
3. Fort St Angelo (Vittoriosa, Malta)
On the island of Malta (that’s the Republic of Malta) you can visit Fort St Angelo, which is currently part-owned by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta on a 99-year lease. This is the largest of the three territories currently belonging to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Fort St Angelo is in the city of Vittoriosa (also called Birgu), and the upper part of the fort has been leased to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The country was only given this “land” back in 1998, and you can now visit it and add it to your list of obscure countries that you never knew existed. Guided tours of the Knights’ Residence are available on request.
So there you have it. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta lives on and is a real country. If you share a keen interest in these types of places, check out our article on 11 Unclaimed Lands You Can Actually Rule.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta
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Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta
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Catholic lay religious order
This article is about the modern Catholic military order. For its medieval predecessor, see Knights Hospitaller. For the period of Malta under its rule, see Hospitaller Malta. For the unrelated Republic of Malta, see Malta. "Knight of Malta" redirects here. For other uses, see Knight of Malta (disambiguation).
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), officially the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta,[a] and commonly known as the Order of Malta or the Knights of Malta, is a Catholic lay religious order, traditionally of a military, chivalric, and noble nature.[4] Though it possesses no territory, the order is often considered a sovereign entity under international law.
The order claims continuity with the Knights Hospitaller, a chivalric order that was founded about 1099 by the Blessed Gerard in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[5] The order is led by an elected prince and grand master.[6] Its motto is Tuitio fidei et obsequium pauperum ("Defence of the faith and assistance to the poor"). The order venerates the Virgin Mary as its patroness, under the title of Our Lady of Philermos.
The Order's membership includes about 13,500 Knights, Dames and Chaplains.[7] Thirty-three of these are professed religious Knights of Justice.[2] Until the 1990s, the highest classes of membership, including officers, required proof of noble lineage. More recently, a path was created for Knights and Dames of the lowest class (of whom proof of aristocratic lineage is not required) to be specially elevated to the highest class, making them eligible for office in the order.
The Order's modern-day role is largely focused on providing humanitarian assistance and assisting with international humanitarian relations, for which purpose it has had permanent observer status at the United Nations General Assembly since 1994.[8] The Order employs about 52,000 doctors, nurses, auxiliaries and paramedics assisted by 95,000 volunteers in more than 120 countries, assisting children, homeless, disabled, elderly, and terminally ill people, refugees, and lepers around the world without distinction of ethnicity or religion.[b] Through its worldwide relief corps, Malteser International, the order aids victims of natural disasters, epidemics and war.[9]
The Order maintains diplomatic relations with 113 states,[10] enters into treaties, and issues its own passports, coins and postage stamps. Its two headquarters buildings in Rome enjoy extraterritoriality,[11] and it maintains embassies in other countries. The Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata news agency has called it "the smallest sovereign state in the world".[12] The three principal officers are counted as citizens.[3] Although the Order has been a United Nations General Assembly observer since 1994,[10][13] this was granted in view of its "long-standing dedication [...] in providing humanitarian assistance and its special role in international humanitarian relations";[8] the same category is held by other non-state entities such as the International Olympic Committee and International Committee of the Red Cross.[14]
Name and insignia
[edit]
The Order of Malta comprises a large number of Priories, Sub-priories, and National Associations around the world, but there also exist various organizations with similar-sounding names that are unrelated to the Order. These include a number of mimic orders,[15] such as masonic and non-Catholic organizations.[16]
The Order has two flags:[1]: Constitution Article 8 the State Flag is rectangular with a red background upon which there is a white Latin cross.[17] The Flag of the Order's works is rectangular with a red background upon which there is a white eight-pointed Maltese cross.[17]
The Grand Master displays a rectangular flag with a red background upon which there is a white eight-pointed Maltese cross, encircled by the Collar of the Order and surmounted by a crown.[17]
The coat of arms of the Order, gules a cross argent (a white/silver cross on a red field), is most often depicted on an oval shield surrounded by a rosary, all superimposed on a white eight-pointed cross over a princely mantle surmounted by a crown.[1]: Constitution Article 8 § 2
In ecclesiastical heraldry of the Catholic Church, the Order of Malta is one of only two orders (along with the Order of the Holy Sepulchre) whose insignia may be displayed in a clerical coat of arms (laypersons having no such restriction). The shield is surrounded with a silver rosary for Professed Knights, or for others the ribbon of their rank. Some members may also display the Maltese cross behind their shield instead of the ribbon.[18]
To protect its heritage against fraud, the Order has legally registered sixteen versions of its names and emblems in some one hundred countries.[19]
History of the Order of Saint John
[edit]
Main article: Knights Hospitaller
Founding
[edit]
The birth of the Knights Hospitaller dates back to around 1048. Merchants from the ancient Marine Republic of Amalfi obtained from the Caliph of Egypt the authorisation to build a church, convent, and hospital in Jerusalem, to care for pilgrims of any religious faith or race. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem – the monastic community that ran the hospital for the pilgrims in the Holy Land – became independent under the guidance of its founder, the religious brother Gerard.
With the Papal bull Pie postulatio voluntatis dated 15 February 1113, Pope Paschal II approved the foundation of the Hospital and placed it under the aegis of the Holy See, granting it the right to freely elect its superiors without interference from other secular or religious authorities. By virtue of the Papal Bull, the hospital became an order exempt from the control of the local church. All the Knights were religious, bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.
The constitution of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem during the Crusades obliged the order to take on the military defence of the sick, the pilgrims, and the captured territories. The order thus added the task of defending the faith to that of its hospitaller mission.
As time went on, the order adopted the white, eight-pointed Cross that is still its symbol today. The eight points represent the eight beatitudes that Jesus pronounced in his Sermon on the Mount.
Cyprus
[edit]
When the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell after the Siege of Acre in 1291, the order settled first in Cyprus.
Rhodes
[edit]
In 1310, led by Grand Master Fra' Foulques de Villaret, the knights regrouped on the island of Rhodes. From there, the defense of the Christian world required the organization of a naval force, so the Order built a powerful fleet and sailed the eastern Mediterranean, fighting battles for the sake of Christendom, including Crusades in Syria and Egypt.
In the early 14th century, the institutions of the Order and the knights who came to Rhodes from every corner of Europe were grouped according to the languages they spoke. The first seven such groups, or Langues (Tongues) – from Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon (Navarre), England (with Scotland and Ireland), and Germany – became eight in 1492, when Castile and Portugal were separated from the Langue of Aragon. Each Langue included Priories or Grand Priories, Bailiwicks, and Commanderies.
The Order was governed by its Grand Master, the Prince of Rhodes, and its Council. From its beginning, independence from other nations granted by pontifical charter and the universally recognised right to maintain and deploy armed forces constituted grounds for the international sovereignty of the Order, which minted its own coins and maintained diplomatic relations with other states. The senior positions of the Order were given to representatives of different Langues.
In 1523, after six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the walls collapsed from undermining explosives, and by a negotiated surrender the Knights left Rhodes carrying their arms.
Malta
[edit]
The Order remained without a territory of its own until 1530, when Grand Master Fra' Philippe de Villiers de l'Isle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the order by Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his mother Queen Joanna of Castile as monarchs of Sicily, with the approval of Pope Clement VII, for which the order had to honour the conditions of the Tribute of the Maltese Falcon.[20]
In 1565, the Knights, led by Grand Master Fra' Jean de Valette (after whom the capital of Malta, Valletta, was named), defended the island for more than three months during the Great Siege by the Ottomans.
The fleet of the Order contributed to the ultimate destruction of the Ottoman naval power in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, led by John of Austria, half brother of King Philip II of Spain.
The Reformation, which split Western Europe into Protestant and Catholic states, affected the knights as well. In several countries, including England, Scotland, and Sweden, the order dissolved. In others, including the Netherlands and Germany, entire bailiwicks or commanderies (administrative divisions of the order) experienced Protestant conversions; these "Johanniter orders" survive in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden and many other countries, including the United States and South Africa. It was established that the order should remain neutral in any war between Christian nations.[citation needed]
From 1651 to 1665, the Order ruled four islands in the Caribbean. On 21 May 1651 it acquired the islands of Saint Barthélemy, Saint Christopher, Saint Croix and Saint Martin. These were purchased from the French Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique which had just been dissolved. In 1665, the four islands were sold to the French West India Company.
In 1798, Napoleon led the French occupation of Malta. Napoleon demanded from Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim that his ships be allowed to enter the port and to take on water and supplies. The Grand Master replied that only two foreign ships could be allowed to enter the port at a time. Bonaparte, aware that such a procedure would take a long time and leave his forces vulnerable to British Admiral Horatio Nelson, immediately ordered a cannon fusillade against Malta.[21] The French soldiers disembarked in Malta at seven points on the morning of 11 June and attacked. After several hours of fierce fighting, the Maltese in the west were forced to surrender.[22]
Napoleon opened negotiations with the fortress capital of Valletta. Faced with vastly superior French forces and the loss of western Malta, the Grand Master negotiated a surrender to the invasion.[23] Hompesch left Malta for Trieste on 18 June.[24] He resigned as Grand Master on 6 July 1799.
The knights were dispersed, though the Order continued to exist in a diminished form and negotiated with European governments for a return to power as part of the agreement between France and Holy Roman Empire during the German mediatisation. The Russian Emperor, Paul I, gave the largest number of knights shelter in Saint Petersburg, an action that gave rise to the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller and the Order's recognition among the Russian Imperial Orders.[25] The refugee knights in Saint Petersburg proceeded to elect Tsar Paul as their Grand Master – a rival to Grand Master von Hompesch until the latter's abdication left Paul as the sole Grand Master. Grand Master Paul I created, in addition to the Catholic Grand Priory, a "Russian Grand Priory" of no fewer than 118 Commanderies, dwarfing the rest of the Order and open to all Christians. Paul's election as Grand Master was, however, never ratified under Catholic canon law, and he was the de facto rather than de jure Grand Master of the Order.
By the early 19th century, the Order was severely weakened by the loss of its priories throughout Europe. Only 10% of the order's income came from traditional sources in Europe, with the remaining 90% being generated by the Russian Grand Priory until 1810. This was partly reflected in the government of the Order being under Lieutenants, rather than Grand Masters, in the period 1805 to 1879, when Pope Leo XIII restored a Grand Master to the order. This signaled the renewal of the Order's fortunes as a humanitarian and religious organization.
On 19 September 1806, the Swedish government offered the sovereignty of the island of Gotland to the Order. The offer was rejected since it would have meant the Order renouncing their claim to Malta.[26]
Exile
[edit]
The French forces occupying Malta expelled the Knights Hospitaller from the country.[27]
During the seventeen years that separated the seizure of Malta and the General Peace, "the formality of electing a brother Chief to discharge the office of Grand Master, and thus to preserve the vitality of the Sovereign Institute, was duty attended to".[28][29] The office of Lieutenant of the Magistery and ad interim of Grand Master was held by the Grand Baillies Field Marshal Counto Soltikoff, Giovanni Tommasi, De Gaevera, Giovanni y Centelles, De Candida and the Count Colloredo.[29] Their mandates complexively covered the period until the death of the Emperor Paul in 1801.[29]
The Treaty of Amiens (1802) obliged the United Kingdom to evacuate Malta, which was to be restored to a recreated Order of St. John, whose sovereignty was to be guaranteed by all of the major European powers, to be determined at the final peace. However, this did not happen because of objections to the treaty that quickly grew in the United Kingdom.
Bonaparte's rejection of a British offer involving a ten-year lease of Malta prompted the reactivation of the British blockade of the French coast; Britain declared war on France on 18 May.[30]
The 1802 treaty was never implemented. The United Kingdom resumed hostilities citing France's imperialist policies in the West Indies, Italy, and Switzerland.[31]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
[edit]
The Congress of Vienna of 1815 confirmed the loss of Malta. After having temporarily resided in Messina, Catania and Ferrara, the seat of the order was moved to Ferrara in 1826 and to Rome in 1834. The Magistral Palace in Via Condotti 68 and the Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill enjoy extraterritorial status. The grand priories of Lombardy-Venetia and of Sicily were restored from 1839 to 1841. The office of Grand Master was restored by Pope Leo XIII in 1879, after a vacancy of 75 years, confirming Giovanni Battista Ceschi a Santa Croce as the first Grand Master of the restored Order of Malta. However, the loss of possession of Malta during this period did not affect the right of active and passive legation for the Order, which is legally important for the absolute continuity of international status, regardless of the former territorial possession.[32]
The original hospitaller mission became the main activity of the order, growing ever stronger during the 20th century, most especially because of the contribution of the activities carried out by the Grand Priories and National Associations in many countries around the world. Large-scale hospitaller and charitable activities were carried out during World Wars I and II under Grand Master Fra' Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere (1931–1951). Under the Grand Masters Fra' Angelo de Mojana di Cologna (1962–88) and Fra' Andrew Bertie (1988–2008), the projects expanded.
In February 2013, the Order celebrated the 900th anniversary of its papal recognition with a general audience with Pope Benedict XVI and a Mass celebrated by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone in Saint Peter's Basilica.[33]
Constitutional reform
[edit]
The Order experienced a leadership crisis beginning in December 2016, when Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager protested his removal as Grand Chancellor by Grand Master Fra' Matthew Festing. In January 2017 Pope Francis ordered von Boeselager reinstated and required Festing's resignation.[34][35][36][37][38] Francis also named Archbishop (later Cardinal) Giovanni Becciu[39] as his personal representative to the Order – sidelining the Order's Cardinal Patron Raymond Burke – until the election of a new Grand Master.[40][41][42] The pope effectively taking control over the Order was seen by some as a break with tradition and the Order's independence.[43]
In May 2017, the Order named Mauro Bertero Gutiérrez, a Bolivian member of the Government Council, to lead its constitutional reform process.[44][45][46] In June 2017, in a departure from tradition, the leadership of the Order wore informal attire rather than formal wear full dress uniforms to their annual papal audience.[47] In May 2018 when a new Grand Master was elected, Francis extended Becciu's mandate indefinitely.[48][49] When the Order's Chapter General met in May 2019 three of the 62 participants were women for the first time.[50]
On 1 November 2020, Pope Francis named Archbishop (later Cardinal) Silvano Tomasi to replace Becciu as his Special Delegate to the Order, reiterating the responsibilities of that office as his sole representative.[51]
On 3 September 2022, Pope Francis promulgated the new constitution of the Order and made provisional appointments to the Sovereign Council; he scheduled a convocation of the Extraordinary General Chapter for 25 January 2023, when regular appointments can be made in place of his provisional ones.[52][53] On 26 January, the General Chapter elected to six-year terms on the Sovereign Council the same four members Francis had appointed the previous September[54] and six of the nine Councillors he had named.[55]
On 19 June 2023, Pope Francis named Cardinal Gianfranco Ghirlanda to succeed Burke as patron.[56]
Organisation
[edit]
Governance
[edit]
The proceedings of the Order are governed by its Constitutional Charter and Code.[1]
The Prince and Grand Master is the head of the order and governs both as sovereign and as religious superior. He is "entitled to sovereign prerogatives and honors as well as the title of "Most Eminent Highness".[1]: Constitution Article 12 He is elected to a term of ten years and may be elected to a second term, but may not serve beyond the completion of his 85th year.[1]: Constitution Article 13, §2 The Prince and Grand Master is Fra' John T. Dunlap who was elected on 3 May 2023.[57] "In the event of permanent impediment, resignation or death of the Grand Master, the Order is governed by a Lieutenant ad interim in the person of the Grand Commander, who can only perform acts of ordinary administration without making any innovations."[1]: Constitution Article 18 If it is not possible to elect a Grand Master, a Lieutenant of the Grand Master is elected, who has the same powers as the Grand Master with the exception of the prerogatives of honour pertaining to a sovereign. Both the Lieutenant ad interim and the Lieutenant of the Grand Master are styled Eccellenza (Excellency).
The Sovereign Council is the primary governing body of the Order that handles regular business. The members are the Grand Master (or Lieutenant), the holders of the four High Officers (the Grand Commander,[58] the Grand Chancellor,[59] the Grand Hospitaller[60] and the Receiver of the Common Treasure),[61] the five Councilors of the Council of the Professed Knights, and four Councilors.[1]: Constitution Article 25
The Council of the Professed Knights "assists the Grand Master in the spiritual care of the Order and in the governance of the First and Second Class".[1]: Constitution Article 26 It includes the Grand Master (or Lieutenant), the Grand Commander, and five Councilors elected by the Chapter of the Professed.
The Chapter General is the legislative body of the Order, which meets every six years. It elects the members of the Sovereign Council.
The Council Complete of State elects the Grand Master or the Lieutenant of the Grand Master.
The Board of Auditors audits the Order's finances. It includes a President elected among the seven Councillors, all elected by the Chapter General.
The Government Council is the advisory board to the Sovereign Council in charge of studying political, religious, humanitarian assistance and international issues.
The Order's judicial powers are exercised by a group of Magistral Courts, whose judges are appointed by the Grand Master and the Sovereign Council.
Regional divisions
[edit]
The order is divided regionally into six Grand Priories, six Sub-Priories and 48 associations.[62]
The six Grand Priories are:
Grand Priory of Rome (founded 1214; expropriated 1808; restored 1816)[63]
Grand Priory of Lombardy and Venice (founded as two priories about 1180; expropriated 1796–1806; restored as a single priory 1839)[63]
Grand Priory of Naples and Sicily (founded as the Priory of Messina, the Priory of Barletta, and the Priory of Capua in the 12th and 13th centuries; suppressed 1806–1826; restored as a single priory 1839)[63]
Grand Priory of Bohemia (founded 1182)[63]
Grand Priory of Austria (separated from the Grand Priory of Bohemia 1938)[63]
Grand Priory of England (re-established 1993)[63]
The six Sub-Priories are:
Sub-Priory of St. Michael (Cologne, Germany)
Sub-Priory of St. George and St. James (Madrid, Spain)
Sub-Priory of Our Lady of Philermo (San Francisco, United States)
Sub-Priory of Our Lady of Lourdes (New York, United States)
Sub-Priory of The Immaculate Conception (Melbourne, Australia)
Sub-Priory of St. Oliver Plunkett (Ireland)
Most of the 48 associations are national, but several countries (Brazil, Germany, the United States) have more than one association.
Until the beginning of the nineteenth century the Order was divided regionally into Langues.
Membership
[edit]
Membership in the Order is divided into three classes each of which is subdivided into several categories:[64]
First Class, who make religious vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience:
Knights of Justice or Professed Knights
Professed Conventual Chaplains
There are currently (2023) 33 Knights of Justice and six Professed Conventual Chaplains.[2]: p. 18
Second Class: Knights and Dames in Obedience make a Promise of Obedience:
Knights and Dames of Honour and Devotion in Obedience
Knights and Dames of Grace and Devotion in Obedience
Knights and Dames of Magistral Grace in Obedience
There are currently (2023) 541 Knights in Obedience and 137 Dames in Obedience.[2]: p. 18
Third Class, who make no vows or promises, but live according to the principles of the Church and the Order:
Knights and Dames of Honour and Devotion
Conventual Chaplains ad honorem
Knights and Dames of Grace and Devotion
Magistral Chaplains
Knights and Dames of Magistral Grace
Donats (male and female) of Devotion[65]
There are currently (2023) 12,395 members of the Third Class.[2]: p. 38
Within each class and category of knights there are ranks of Knight, Knight Grand Cross, and Bailiff Knight Grand Cross.
Bishops and priests are generally admitted as chaplains of the Order of Malta. There are some priests who are knights of the order, usually because they were admitted to the order prior to ordination. The priests of the Order of Malta are ranked as Honorary Canons, as in the Order of the Holy Sepulchre; and they are entitled to wear the black mozetta with purple piping and purple fascia.[citation needed]
Prior to the 1990s, all officers of the order had to be of noble birth (defined differently in different countries), as they were all Knights of Justice or Knights in Obedience. However, Knights of Magistral Grace (i.e. those who do not have proof of noble birth) now may make the Promise of Obedience and, at the discretion of the Grand Master and Sovereign Council, may enter the novitiate to become professed Knights of Justice.[citation needed]
Religious officers
[edit]
Cardinal Patron
[edit]
The Cardinalis Patronus (Cardinal Patron), who is either a cardinal when appointed by the pope or soon raised to that rank,[66] promotes the spiritual interests of the order and its members, and its relations with the Holy See.[1]: Constitution Article 5 § 5
Paolo Giobbe (8 August 1961 – 3 July 1969)
Giacomo Violardo (3 July 1969 – 17 March 1978)
Paul-Pierre Philippe, O.P. (10 November 1978 – 9 April 1984)
Sebastiano Baggio (26 May 1984 – 21 March 1993)
Pio Laghi (8 May 1993 – 11 January 2009)
Paolo Sardi (6 June 2009 – 8 November 2014)[72]
Raymond Burke (8 November 2014–19 June 2023)[73]
Gianfranco Ghirlanda (19 June 2023-present)[74]
Special delegate
[edit]
Since 2017, Pope Francis has appointed special delegates to fulfill the role that was previously assigned to the patron.
On 2 February 2017 Pope Francis appointed Archbishop Giovanni Angelo Becciu as his special delegate to the order.[75][76]
After Becciu resigned from the rights and privileges of a cardinal after being implicated in a financial corruption scandal, in October 2020,[77] Pope Francis appointed Archbishop Silvano Tomasi as his special delegate to the order on 1 November 2020.[78][79]
Prelate
[edit]
The Prelate of the order is responsible for the clergy of the order and assists the Grand Master, the Grand Commander and the Coordinator of the Second Class in the care of the spiritual life and in the religious observance of all members of the order.[1]: Constitution Articolo 22 [80] He is appointed by the Pope on the advice of the Cardinal Patron.
On 4 July 2015 Pope Francis named as Prelate Bishop Jean Laffitte.[81] Laffitte succeeded Archbishop Angelo Acerbi, who had held the office since 2001.
Relationship with other mutually-recognised Orders of Saint John
[edit]
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has collaborated with other mutually-recognized Orders of Saint John; for example, the SMOM is a major donor of the St John Eye Hospital in Jerusalem, which is primarily operated by the Most Venerable Order of Saint John.[82]
Nuns of the Order
[edit]
There are three enclosed monasteries of nuns of the Order, two in Spain that date from the 11/12th centuries and one in Malta.[83] The existence of the nuns is not mentioned in the Constitutional Charter or the Code of the Order.
International status
[edit]
The Order "as a subject of international law, exercises sovereign functions with regard to [its] purposes",[84] namely "promoting the glory of God and the sanctification of its members" and performing works of mercy "towards the sick, the needy, and people without a country without distinction of religion, race, sex, origin and age".[85]
The Order has formal diplomatic relations with 113 states (including the Holy See) and has official relations with another five states and with the European Union.[10] The Order maintains diplomatic missions around the world and many of the states reciprocate by accrediting ambassadors to the Order (usually their ambassador to the Holy See). During the reign of Fra' Andrew Bertie as Prince and Grand Master (1988–2008), the number of nations extending diplomatic relations to the Order more than doubled from 49 to 100.[86]
The Order has observer status at the General Assembly of the United Nations and some of the specialized agencies of the United Nations.[87] One such example is the UN Central Emergency Response Fund, to which it contributed USD $36,000 from 2006–2022.[88] The Order is not classified as a "non-member state" nor as an "intergovernmental organization", but rather as one of the "other entities having received a standing invitation to participate as observers."[89]
The Order has relations with the International Committee of the Red Cross and a number of international organizations. While the International Telecommunication Union has granted radio identification prefixes to the United Nations and the Palestinian Authority, the Order has never received one. For awards purposes, amateur radio operators consider the Order a separate "entity"—but stations transmitting from there use an unofficial callsign, starting with the prefix "1A".[90] The Order has neither sought nor been granted a top-level domain for the Internet or an international dialing code for telephone purposes.
The Order's international nature is useful in enabling it to pursue its humanitarian activities without being seen as an operative of any particular nation. Its sovereignty is also expressed in the issuance of passports, licence plates,[91] stamps,[92] and coins.[93]
Scholarly debate
[edit]
With its unique history and unusual present circumstances, the exact status of the Order in international law has been the subject of debate. Some scholars have questioned the Order's sovereignty based on the fact that the Order has very limited geographical territories and on account of the Order's relationship with the Holy See. The connection between the Holy See and the Order of Malta was seen as so close as to call into question the actual sovereignty of the order as a separate entity. This has prompted constitutional changes on the part of the Order, which were implemented in 1997. Since then, the Order has been widely recognized as a sovereign subject of international law in its own right.[94]
Some legal experts claim that the Order's claim to sovereignty cannot be maintained. Even taking into account the Order's ambassadorial diplomatic status among many nations, some scholars reject the country's sovereign status.[95] Wilhelm Wengler rejects the notion that recognition of the Order by some states (for example, the Republic of San Marino in 1935 recognized SMOM as a sovereign state in its own right.[96][97][98]) makes it a subject of international law.[99] Ian Brownlie writes that, "Even in the sphere of recognition and bilateral relations, the legal capacities of institutions like the Sovereign Order of Jerusalem and Malta must be limited simply because they lack the territorial and demographic characteristics of states."[100] Helmut Steinberger states that, "With the historical exception of the Holy See, which maintains diplomatic relations with more than 100 States, in contemporary international law only States as distinguished from international organizations or other subjects of international law are accorded sovereignty."[101]
Other legal experts argue in favour of the Order's claim to sovereignty. Georg Dahm affirms that the Order is a "subject of international law without territory".[102] Berthold Waldstein-Wartenberg writes that the sovereignty of the Order and its personality in international law is "generally recognized by international law doctrine".[103] Gerhard von Glahn affirms that "the Order can be classified as a nonstate subject of international law, although of a somewhat peculiar nature."[104] Rebecca Wallace explains that a sovereign entity does not have to be a country, and that the Order is an example of this.[105]
Relations with the Holy See
[edit]
On 24 January 1953, the Tribunal of Cardinals appointed by Pope Pius XII stated that, "The quality of the sovereign Order of the institution is functional, that is, aimed at ensuring the achievement of the purposes of the Order itself and its development in the world." The Tribunal of Cardinals further stated that, "The status of sovereign Order...consists in the enjoyment of certain prerogatives inherent to the Order itself as a Subject of international law. These prerogatives, which are proper to sovereignty—in accordance with the principles of international law—and which, following the example of the Holy See, have also been recognized by some States, do not however constitute in the Order that complex of powers and prerogatives, which it belongs to sovereign bodies in the full sense of the word."[106]
On 24 June 1961, Pope John XXIII approved the Constitutional Charter of the Order, which stated that "the Order is a legal entity formally approved by the Holy See. It has the quality of a subject of international law" (Article 1) and that "the intimate connection existing between the two qualities of a religious order and a sovereign order do not oppose the autonomy of the order in the exercise of its sovereignty and prerogatives inherent to it as a subject of international law in relation to States." (Article 3)[32]
Relations with Italy
[edit]
The Order has signed treaties with Italy dated 20 February 1884, 23 December 1915, 4 January 1938, and 1956.[107]
The Supreme Court of Cassation decreed on 6 June 1974 that, "the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Malta constitutes a sovereign international subject, in all terms equal, even if without territory, to a foreign state with which Italy has normal diplomatic relations, so there is no doubt, as already this Supreme Court has warned, that it has the legal treatment of foreign states".[108]
The two most important properties of the Order in Rome – the Palazzo Malta in Via dei Condotti 68, where the Grand Master resides and Government Bodies meet, and the Villa del Priorato di Malta on the Aventine Hill, which hosts the Grand Priory of Rome – as well as the Embassy of the Order to Holy See and the Embassy of the Order to Italy are all recognised as extraterritorial by Italy.[109] As Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.[32]
By a decree of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy of 28 November 1929, "The Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta enjoys in Italy the honors due to the Cardinals, and takes place after them." Further, "The representation of the Grand Magistry of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta . . . immediately follows the representations of the Foreign Diplomatic Corps." Finally, the decree affirms that the Bailiffs Knights Grand Cross of Justice in Italy shall be styled "Excellency" (Italian: Eccellenza).[110]
The Order is one of the largest landowners in Italy; its properties are exempted from certain Italian fiscal jurisdiction.[107]
Diplomatic vehicles of the Order in Italy receive diplomatic license plates with the code "XA". Other vehicles of the Order receive Italian license plates with the prefix SMOM.
Relations with the Republic of Malta
[edit]
Two bilateral treaties have been concluded between the Order and the Republic of Malta. The first treaty, dated 21 June 1991, is now no longer in force.[111] The second treaty was signed on 5 December 1998 and ratified on 1 November 2001.[112]
This agreement grants the Order the use with limited extraterritoriality of the upper portion of Fort St. Angelo in the city of Birgu. Its stated purpose is "to give the Order the opportunity to be better enabled to carry out its humanitarian activities as Knights Hospitallers from Saint Angelo, as well as to better define the legal status of Saint Angelo subject to the sovereignty of Malta over it".[113]
The agreement has a duration of 99 years, but the document allows the Government of Malta to terminate it at any time after 50 years.[114] Under the terms of the agreement, the flag of Malta is to be flown together with the flag of the Order in a prominent position over Fort St. Angelo. No asylum may be granted by the Order and generally the Maltese courts have full jurisdiction and Maltese law shall apply. The second bilateral treaty mentions a number of immunities and privileges, none of which appeared in the earlier treaty.[111][112]
Currency and postage stamps
[edit]
The Order's coins are appreciated more as collector's items than for use as currency.
Some 58 countries recognize the Order's postage stamps for franking purposes, including several such as Canada and Mongolia that lack full diplomatic relations with the Order.[115] In 2005, Poste italiane, the Italian postal service, agreed with the Order to deliver internationally most classes of mail other than registered, insured, and special-delivery mail. The Order began issuing euro-denominated postage stamps in 2005, although the scudo remains the official currency of the Order.
Military Corps
[edit]
The Order states that it was the hospitaller role that enabled the Order to survive the end of the crusading era; nonetheless, it retains its military title and traditions.
On 26 March 1876, the Association of the Italian Knights of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (Associazione dei cavalieri italiani del sovrano militare ordine di Malta, ACISMOM) reformed the Order's military to a modern military unit of the era. This unit provided medical support to the Italian Army and on 9 April 1909 the military corps officially became a special auxiliary volunteer corps of the Italian Army under the name Corpo Militare dell'Esercito dell'ACISMOM (Army Military Corps of the ACISMOM), wearing Italian uniforms.[116] Since then the Military Corps have operated with the Italian Army both in wartime and peacetime in medical or paramedical military functions, and in ceremonial functions for the Order, such as standing guard around the coffins of high officers of the Order before and during funeral rites.[117]
I believe that it is a unique case in the world that a unit of the army of one country is supervised by a body of another sovereign country. Just think that whenever our staff (medical officers mainly) is engaged in a military mission abroad, there is the flag of the Order flying below the Italian flag.
— Fausto Solaro del Borgo, President of the Italian Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, stated in a speech given in London in November 2007.[116]
Air force
[edit]
In 1947, after the post-World War II peace treaty forbade Italy to own or operate bomber aircraft and only operate a limited number of transport aircraft, the Italian Air Force opted to transfer some of its Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 aircraft to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, pending the definition of their exact status (the SM.82 were properly long range transport aircraft that could be adapted for bombing missions). These aircraft were operated by Italian Air Force personnel temporarily flying for the Order, carried the Order's roundels on the fuselage and Italian ones on the wings, and were used mainly for standard Italian Air Force training and transport missions but also for some humanitarian tasks proper of the Order of Malta (like the transport of sick pilgrims to the Lourdes sanctuary). In the early 1950s, when the strictures of the peace treaty had been much relaxed by the Allied authorities, the aircraft returned under full control of the Italian Air Force. One of the aircraft transferred to the Order of Malta, still with the Order's fuselage roundels, is preserved in the Italian Air Force Museum.[118]
Logistics
[edit]
The Military Corps has become known in mainland Europe for its operation of hospital trains,[119] a service carried out intensively during both World Wars. The Military Corps still operates a modern 28-car hospital train with 192 hospital beds, serviced by a medical staff of 38 medics and paramedics provided by the Order and a technical staff provided by the Italian Army's Ferrovieri Engineer Regiment.[120]
Orders, decorations, and medals
[edit]
Order pro Merito Melitensi
See also
[edit]
Knights Hospitaller
List of Knights Hospitaller sites
Order of Malta Ambulance Corps (Ireland)
Notes
[edit]
References
[edit]
Bibliography
[edit]
Lentz III, Harris M. (2015). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishing. ISBN 9781476621555.
Further reading
[edit]
Burlamacchi, Maurizio (2013). Nobility, Honour and Glory: A Brief Military History of the Order of Malta. Olschki. ISBN 978-88-222-6247-9.
Cohen, R. (1920). Knights of Malta, 1523–1798. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge .
Colonna, Marcantonio, The Dictator Pope: The Inside Story of the Francis Papacy, Washington DC, Regnery Publishing, 2017–2018.
Güttner-Sporzyński, Darius von (15 January 2013) [2013]. Evolution and Adaptation: The Order of Saint John in War and Peace. Ordines Militares. Colloquia Torunensia Historica .
Santolaria de Puey y Cruells, José-Apeles (1997). Escuela Diplomática Española (ed.). Relaciones jurídicas internacionales de la Soberana Orden de San Juan de Malta. Google Docs.
Sire, H.J.A. (1994). The Knights of Malta. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300055021.
Sire, H.J.A. (2016). The Knights of Malta: A Modern Resurrection. Bevin Way, London: Third Millennium. ISBN 9781908990679.
List of Italian knights of the Order of Malta from 1136 to 1713: Elenco dei cavaleri del S.M.Ordine di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme by Francesco Bonazzi (Napoli: Libreria Detken & Rocholl, 1897)
List of Italian knights of the Order of Malta from 1714 to 1907: Elenco dei cavaleri del S.M.Ordine di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme by Francesco Bonazzi (Napoli: Libreria Detken & Rocholl, 1907)
List of members of the Order of Malta 1880: Ruolo generale del sov. mil. ordine di S. Giovanni de Gerulasemme ovvero di Malta (Roma: Tipografia Poliglotta della S. Congregazione di Propaganda Fide, 1880)
Gagliarducci, Andrea (6 September 2022). "How did Pope Francis change the Order of Malta?". Catholic News Agency .
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What Currency is Used in Malta?
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Discover everything you need to know about the currency used in Malta.
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Travelling with Boys
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https://travellingwithboys.co.uk/what-currency-is-used-in-malta/
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Malta, a small island nation located in the Mediterranean Sea, has its own monetary system and currency. In this article, we will explore the history of currency in Malta, the introduction of the euro, currency exchange options, the use of credit and debit cards, and the impact of the euro on Malta’s economy.
Understanding Malta’s Monetary System
In order to understand the currency used in Malta today, it is important to delve into the history of its monetary system. For many years, Malta had its own currency known as the Maltese lira. This currency played a significant role in the island nation’s economy and daily transactions.
However, in 2008, Malta decided to adopt the euro as its official currency, a move that had important implications for the country’s financial landscape.
History of Currency in Malta
The history of currency in Malta dates back centuries. In the early years, various foreign currencies were used on the island, including the Roman denarius and the Arab dinar. These currencies reflected the influence of different civilizations that had a presence in Malta throughout its history.
It wasn’t until 1972 that the Maltese lira was introduced as the official currency. This marked a significant milestone for Malta, as it gained greater control over its monetary policy and economic stability. The Maltese lira became a symbol of national identity and sovereignty.
Throughout the years, the Maltese lira went through different denominations and designs, showcasing the rich cultural heritage of Malta. The currency featured iconic Maltese landmarks, historical figures, and symbols that represented the nation’s values and aspirations. The Maltese lira played a vital role in facilitating trade, tourism, and everyday transactions among the locals.
Transition to the Euro
In preparation for Malta’s accession to the European Union, the decision was made to adopt the euro as the official currency. This transition was a significant step for Malta, aligning its monetary system with other European Union member states and fostering closer economic integration.
The process of transitioning from the Maltese lira to the euro was carefully managed, ensuring a smooth changeover for businesses and individuals alike. The Maltese Central Bank played a crucial role in this process, raising awareness and providing assistance to those affected by the currency switch.
As part of the transition, a comprehensive public education campaign was launched to familiarize the Maltese population with the new currency. Information sessions, workshops, and educational materials were made available to ensure that people understood the value and usage of the euro.
On January 1, 2008, the euro officially became the currency of Malta. The Maltese lira ceased to be legal tender, and all financial transactions were conducted in euros. The adoption of the euro brought about a range of benefits, including price stability, increased economic opportunities, and easier travel within the Eurozone.
Today, the euro is widely accepted and used in Malta, both by locals and tourists. It has become an integral part of the country’s financial system, supporting economic growth and facilitating international trade.
The Euro in Malta
Since Malta’s adoption of the euro in 2008, the currency has become an integral part of the island nation’s economy. Whether you are a local resident, a tourist visiting Malta, or a business operating within the country, understanding the euro’s functionality is crucial.
The euro’s introduction in Malta brought about significant changes in the way the country conducted its financial transactions. It marked a new era for the country, aligning it with the economies of other European Union member states and simplifying cross-border transactions.
Introduction of the Euro
On January 1, 2008, the euro officially replaced the Maltese lira as the legal tender in Malta. This historic moment was met with great anticipation and excitement as the country embraced the benefits of a unified currency. The adoption of the euro not only symbolized Malta’s integration into the European Union but also signaled its commitment to economic stability and growth.
With the introduction of the euro, prices in Malta underwent a transformation. The familiar Maltese lira signs and symbols were replaced with the euro symbol, and prices were displayed in euros across the country. This change brought a sense of uniformity and ease for both locals and tourists, as they no longer had to navigate through different currencies when making purchases.
Additionally, new banknotes and coins corresponding to euro denominations were introduced into circulation. These banknotes and coins featured iconic Maltese landmarks and historical figures, showcasing the unique cultural heritage of the island nation.
How the Euro Works in Malta
From the perspective of individuals in Malta, using the euro is straightforward. The currency is widely accepted across the island, ensuring a seamless experience when paying for goods and services. Whether you are shopping at local markets, dining at a restaurant, or visiting tourist attractions, you can rely on the euro as a trusted means of payment.
Banking services in Malta have also seamlessly integrated with the euro. Residents and businesses have access to a unified European financial system, allowing for efficient and convenient financial transactions. Whether it’s withdrawing cash from ATMs, depositing funds, or transferring money, the euro facilitates these transactions smoothly.
Furthermore, electronic payments have become increasingly prevalent in Malta. Online shopping, bill payments, and money transfers are conducted in euros, providing a secure and efficient way to manage finances. The euro’s stability and widespread acceptance have contributed to the growth of e-commerce and digital banking in Malta.
As Malta continues to thrive as a popular tourist destination, the euro plays a vital role in facilitating international transactions. Visitors from all over the world can easily exchange their currencies for euros, ensuring a hassle-free experience during their stay. The euro’s acceptance in hotels, restaurants, and tourist attractions further enhances the convenience for travelers.
In conclusion, the adoption of the euro in Malta has brought numerous benefits to the country’s economy and its residents. It has simplified financial transactions, promoted economic integration, and enhanced Malta’s position as a global player. The euro’s continued presence in Malta is a testament to the country’s commitment to progress and its place within the European Union.
Currency Exchange in Malta
While the euro is the official currency in Malta, it is important to understand the options available for currency exchange, especially for tourists visiting the country.
When it comes to currency exchange in Malta, there are several options to choose from. Exchange bureaus and banks are readily available throughout the country, offering currency exchange services to both locals and tourists. It is recommended to compare exchange rates and fees to ensure you receive a favorable rate.
In popular tourist areas, you might also find shops and hotels offering currency exchange services. This can be convenient for those who prefer to exchange money at their place of accommodation or while shopping. However, it is important to exercise caution when exchanging money outside of established financial institutions, as the rates may be less favorable and there is a higher risk of encountering fraudulent practices.
Where to Exchange Currency
When it comes to exchanging currency in Malta, it is advisable to use reputable banks or exchange bureaus. These institutions are regulated and offer a secure environment for currency exchange. Additionally, they often provide competitive rates and transparent fees.
It is important to note that exchanging currency at hotels and airports should be avoided, as these places often charge higher fees and offer less favorable rates. While it may be convenient to exchange money at these locations, it is generally more cost-effective to use banks or exchange bureaus.
Tips for Currency Exchange in Malta
If you need to exchange money in Malta, here are a few tips to keep in mind:
Check the exchange rates before arriving in Malta to get an idea of what to expect. This will help you determine whether it is better to exchange money in your home country or in Malta.
Use reputable banks or exchange bureaus to ensure the security of your funds. Look for institutions that are well-established and regulated.
Avoid exchanging currency at hotels and airports, as these places often charge higher fees. Instead, opt for banks or exchange bureaus for better rates.
Consider using a pre-paid travel card for convenience and to avoid carrying large amounts of cash. These cards can be loaded with euros and used like a debit card, offering convenience and security.
Keep an eye on the latest exchange rates to make the most of your money. Exchange rates fluctuate, so it is beneficial to stay informed and exchange currency when the rates are favorable.
By following these tips and being aware of the available options, you can ensure a smooth and cost-effective currency exchange experience in Malta.
Using Credit and Debit Cards in Malta
Aside from cash, credit and debit cards are widely accepted in Malta, making them a convenient payment option for both locals and tourists.
Acceptance of Cards in Malta
Most establishments in Malta, including shops, restaurants, hotels, and tourist attractions, accept major credit and debit cards. This means you can easily make payments without carrying excessive amounts of cash.
It is important to note that while card acceptance is widespread, there may be a minimum spend requirement or additional charges for using cards for small transactions. Be sure to check with the establishment beforehand.
Charges for Using Cards in Malta
When using credit or debit cards in Malta, it is worth considering any possible charges that may apply. Some banks and card issuers may impose foreign transaction fees or currency conversion charges.
It is advisable to inform your bank or card issuer about your travel plans to ensure your cards are not flagged for suspicious activity while using them in Malta. Additionally, consider obtaining a card that offers favorable terms for international use.
Malta’s Economy and the Euro
The adoption of the euro has had a profound impact on Malta’s economy, shaping the country’s trade, investment, and tourism sectors.
Impact of the Euro on Malta’s Economy
The euro has provided stability and facilitated trade for Malta, removing exchange rate risks within the European Union. This has made it easier for businesses to engage in cross-border transactions, attracting foreign investments and promoting economic growth.
Additionally, the euro has simplified travel and tourism within the European Union, making it more convenient for visitors from other member states to explore Malta and contribute to its tourism industry.
Future Predictions for Malta’s Currency
As a member of the European Union, Malta has a vested interest in the future of the euro. The currency has weathered challenges over the years and continues to evolve. The future of Malta’s currency will depend on various factors, including economic developments within the European Union and the country’s own fiscal policies.
For now, the euro remains the currency used in Malta, offering convenience and stability to residents and visitors alike.
In conclusion, Malta’s journey with currency has taken it from the Maltese lira to the adoption of the euro. The transition has brought about changes in everyday transactions, currency exchange options, and the overall economic landscape of the country. Whether you are planning a trip to Malta or simply interested in the currency systems of different nations, understanding what currency is used in Malta is essential for a smooth financial experience on the captivating Mediterranean island.
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The lira or pound was the currency of Malta from 1972 until 31 December 2007. One lira was divided into 100 cents, each of 10 mils. After 1986 the lira was abbreviated as Lm, although the original £M sign continued to be used unofficially. In English the currency was still frequently called the pound even after its official English language name was changed to lira.
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For the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, see Maltese scudo.
The lira (Maltese: lira Maltija, plural: liri, ISO 4217 code: MTL) or pound (until ca. 1986 in English, code MTP) was the currency of Malta from 1972 until 31 December 2007. One lira was divided into 100 cents, each of 10 mils. After 1986 the lira was abbreviated as Lm, although the original £M sign continued to be used unofficially. In English the currency was still frequently called the pound even after its official English language name was changed to lira.
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Currency in Malta: A Complete Guide
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Heading to Malta? Find out what currency is used in Malta, tips and tricks for Maltese currency exchange, and spending and saving money on your visit.
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en
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Wise
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https://wise.com/gb/travel-money/maltese-currency
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The currency in Malta is the euro. Each euro is divided into 100 cents.
When you’re buying currency for Malta, look out for the currency code EUR. And once you’re in Malta, you’ll see the symbol € used to show prices.
You’ll find Euro banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 - although the 200 and 500 EUR notes are seldom used. There are also 1 and 2 euro coins.
Cents come in coins of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50.
The Wise euro travel money card lets you top up in your local currency, and switch to euro to spend when you’re in Malta. You’ll get the best rate for spending in euro - and can also hold and spend 40+ other currencies with the same card.
Get your Wise travel money card online for free, to send and spend money around the world at the mid-market exchange rate.
Simply top up your card and convert to the currency you need in real time using the Wise app.
You’ll always get the mid-market exchange rate with no hidden costs, and you’ll avoid foreign transaction fees while withdrawing from ATMs abroad, paying in restaurants and shops, and buying your accommodation and flights.
Learn more about the euro card
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9077
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dbpedia
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2
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https://dbpedia.org/page/Maltese_scudo
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en
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About: Maltese scudo
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2_Scudi_di_Ramon_Despuig.jpg?width=300
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2_Scudi_di_Ramon_Despuig.jpg?width=300
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The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tarì (singular tarì), each of 20 grani (singular grano) with 6 piccoli (singular piccolo) to the grano. It is pegged to the euro (at a rate of 1 scudo to €0.24, which translates to €1 = 4 scudi 2 tarì).
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DBpedia
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Maltese_scudo
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dbo:abstract
Το Μαλτέζικο σκούντο ήταν το επίσημο νόμισμα του Κυρίαρχου Στρατιωτικού Τάγματος της Μάλτας, υπό την κυριαρχία του Τάγματος της Μάλτας, η οποία έληξε το 1798. Διαιρείτο σε 12 τάρι, και κάθε τάρι διαιρείται σε 20 γκράνι. Είναι συνδεδεμένο με το Ευρώ. (el)
Das Währungswesen des Malteserordens hat heute vorwiegend historische Bedeutung. Die Währungseinheit des Malteserordens heißt Scudo. 1 Scudo entspricht 12 Tari, die wiederum 240 entsprechen. Der Malteserorden verfügt heute, unbeschadet seines Status als Völkerrechtssubjekt, nicht mehr über ein Hoheitsgebiet mit einer dort ansässigen Bevölkerung. Somit ist eine eigene Währung volkswirtschaftlich nicht mehr notwendig. (de)
Para la antigua moneda de Malta, ver lira maltesa El escudo (plural scudi), es la moneda oficial de la Orden de Malta. y fue la moneda de Malta durante el gobierno de la Orden hasta 1798. Se subdivide en 12 tari (singular taro) y 240 grani. Está vinculado al euro (a razón de 1 escudo por cada 0,24€). (es)
The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tarì (singular tarì), each of 20 grani (singular grano) with 6 piccoli (singular piccolo) to the grano. It is pegged to the euro (at a rate of 1 scudo to €0.24, which translates to €1 = 4 scudi 2 tarì). (en)
Lo scudo è stata la moneta ufficiale di Malta durante il governo dei cavalieri ospedalieri. Si suddivideva in 12 tarì, a loro volta divisi in 20 grani e questi ultimi in 6 piccioli per grano. Lo scudo circolò anche dopo il 1798, cioè dopo l'allontanamento dei cavalieri da Malta, e solo nel 1825 fu rimpiazzato dal sterlina britannica al cambio di 1 sterlina per 12 scudi. L'ordine, che ora ha la propria sede a Roma, adotta ufficialmente lo scudo come moneta ma, dal 1961, essa viene prodotta solo come ricordo per i turisti; ugualmente accade per i tarì e i grani. Le monete vengono coniate dalla zecca propria dello SMOM: tali monete infatti non riportano il segno di zecca dell'Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, ovvero la R, ma un segno proprio, ovvero una croce ottagona con le iniziali S M O M nei quattro campi da essa formati. Gli antichi valori della moneta erano i seguenti: 1, 2½, 5 e 10 grani; 1, 2, 4 e 6 tarì; 1, 1¼, 1⅓, 2, 2½, 5, 10 e 20 scudi. I grani e la moneta da 1 tarì erano di in rame, con le monete da 2½ grani denominate come 15 piccioli. Le monete da 2, 4 e 6 tarì, e quelle da 1, 1¼, 1⅓, 2 e 2½ scudi erano coniate in argento, con quelle da 1¼, 1⅓ e 2½ scudi denominate come 15, 16 e 30 tarì rispettivamente. Le monete da 5, 10 e 20 scudi erano coniate in oro. Vengono coniate monete in argento da 1 e 2 scudi, in oro da 5 e 10 Scudi, in bronzo da 10 grani ed in argento da 9 tarì. (it)
Scudo maltańskie, skud maltański – oficjalna jednostka monetarna Zakonu Maltańskiego. Skud maltański był używany na Malcie od 1798, a w 1825 roku został zastąpiony przez funt brytyjski o równowartości 12 skudów. Od 1961 Zakon ponownie emituje swoją monetę, chociaż niewiele krajów uznaje ją za prawny środek płatniczy. Od 1964 r. Zakon bije swe monety w kilku miastach europejskich, głównie dla celów kolekcjonerskich (podobnie jak sprzedaż własnych znaczków pocztowych), co pozwala mu gromadzić środki na działalność charytatywną. Wartość scudo powiązana jest z euro w parytecie 1 scudo = 0,24 euro (1 taro = 0,02 euro). (pl)
Мальти́йский ску́до (итал. scudo maltese) — денежная единица Мальтийского ордена.Скудо = 12 тари = 240 грано. До 1777 года чеканились также монеты в пикколи (грано = 6 пикколи). (ru)
Мальтійський скудо (італ. Scudo maltese, мальт. Skud Malti) — офіційна валюта Мальтійського ордену. Скудо = 12 тарі = 240 грано. До 1777 карбувалися також монети в пікколі (гран = 6 пікколі). (uk)
rdfs:comment
Το Μαλτέζικο σκούντο ήταν το επίσημο νόμισμα του Κυρίαρχου Στρατιωτικού Τάγματος της Μάλτας, υπό την κυριαρχία του Τάγματος της Μάλτας, η οποία έληξε το 1798. Διαιρείτο σε 12 τάρι, και κάθε τάρι διαιρείται σε 20 γκράνι. Είναι συνδεδεμένο με το Ευρώ. (el)
Das Währungswesen des Malteserordens hat heute vorwiegend historische Bedeutung. Die Währungseinheit des Malteserordens heißt Scudo. 1 Scudo entspricht 12 Tari, die wiederum 240 entsprechen. Der Malteserorden verfügt heute, unbeschadet seines Status als Völkerrechtssubjekt, nicht mehr über ein Hoheitsgebiet mit einer dort ansässigen Bevölkerung. Somit ist eine eigene Währung volkswirtschaftlich nicht mehr notwendig. (de)
Para la antigua moneda de Malta, ver lira maltesa El escudo (plural scudi), es la moneda oficial de la Orden de Malta. y fue la moneda de Malta durante el gobierno de la Orden hasta 1798. Se subdivide en 12 tari (singular taro) y 240 grani. Está vinculado al euro (a razón de 1 escudo por cada 0,24€). (es)
The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tarì (singular tarì), each of 20 grani (singular grano) with 6 piccoli (singular piccolo) to the grano. It is pegged to the euro (at a rate of 1 scudo to €0.24, which translates to €1 = 4 scudi 2 tarì). (en)
Scudo maltańskie, skud maltański – oficjalna jednostka monetarna Zakonu Maltańskiego. Skud maltański był używany na Malcie od 1798, a w 1825 roku został zastąpiony przez funt brytyjski o równowartości 12 skudów. Od 1961 Zakon ponownie emituje swoją monetę, chociaż niewiele krajów uznaje ją za prawny środek płatniczy. Od 1964 r. Zakon bije swe monety w kilku miastach europejskich, głównie dla celów kolekcjonerskich (podobnie jak sprzedaż własnych znaczków pocztowych), co pozwala mu gromadzić środki na działalność charytatywną. Wartość scudo powiązana jest z euro w parytecie 1 scudo = 0,24 euro (1 taro = 0,02 euro). (pl)
Мальти́йский ску́до (итал. scudo maltese) — денежная единица Мальтийского ордена.Скудо = 12 тари = 240 грано. До 1777 года чеканились также монеты в пикколи (грано = 6 пикколи). (ru)
Мальтійський скудо (італ. Scudo maltese, мальт. Skud Malti) — офіційна валюта Мальтійського ордену. Скудо = 12 тарі = 240 грано. До 1777 карбувалися також монети в пікколі (гран = 6 пікколі). (uk)
Lo scudo è stata la moneta ufficiale di Malta durante il governo dei cavalieri ospedalieri. Si suddivideva in 12 tarì, a loro volta divisi in 20 grani e questi ultimi in 6 piccioli per grano. Lo scudo circolò anche dopo il 1798, cioè dopo l'allontanamento dei cavalieri da Malta, e solo nel 1825 fu rimpiazzato dal sterlina britannica al cambio di 1 sterlina per 12 scudi. Vengono coniate monete in argento da 1 e 2 scudi, in oro da 5 e 10 Scudi, in bronzo da 10 grani ed in argento da 9 tarì. (it)
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9077
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dbpedia
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0
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https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/maltese-currency-history/
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en
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Maltese Currency History
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2013-01-25T19:58:29+00:00
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Brief History of Currency in Malta The Coinage of Malta Throughout Malta’s chequered history, the coinage used was mostly that of the ruling power of the central Mediterranean at the time. Local coins, probably also minted in Malta are, however, known to have existed in the third century BC. During later classical times, more Maltese…
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en
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Vassallo History
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https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/maltese-currency-history/
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Brief History of Currency in Malta
The Coinage of Malta
Throughout Malta’s chequered history, the coinage used was mostly that of the ruling power of the central Mediterranean at the time. Local coins, probably also minted in Malta are, however, known to have existed in the third century BC. During later classical times, more Maltese coins were in circulation. Unfortunately, this privilege ended with the coming of the Arabs in 870 AD.
During their rule in Malta from 1530 to 1798, the Knights of St. John minted and circulated their own coins. This was discontinued during the French occupation from 1798 to 1800. At the time when Malta was a British Protectorate, followed by the granting of the Maltese Islands to Britain as a colony in 1814, the circulating currency was mainly Sicilian, Spanish and French. Steps to regularise the monetary system were taken in 1825, and on 24 June that year British Silver and Copper became legal tender. British Gold Sovereigns and Half Sovereigns were minted in England for exclusive use in Malta. This coinage, meant to replace the so-called Malta Grain which had been minted by the Order, continued to be struck until 1913. British copper coins were declared the sole legal tender in October 1857 and remained so until 1972, in spite of the fact that Malta gained Independence in 1964.
In May 1972 the Malta Currency came into being and the currency system was changed into a decimal one. The Malta pound was divided into 100 cents, and 1 cent into 10 mils. Eight distinctive coins in base metal were issued. In November of the same year, the first series of the Malta Numismatic Gold and Silver Sets were issued. These coins and those of subsequent issues were legal tender till 31 January 2008. The Maltese lira remained legal tender till 31 January 2008.
On 1 January 2008, Malta adopted the euro as its national currency and the euro became Malta’s legal tender.
Ancient and medieval coins
If one had to go through Malta’s history, one is bound to find that the coinage used was mainly that of the foreign ruling power of the Island or of neighbouring countries with which Malta had extensive trade links.
The first known coins introduced into the Maltese Islands were those of the Carthaginians who occupied the Islands from approximately the mid-sixth century BC. These coins, which remained the standard currency for about two centuries, contained figures of divinities and various symbols.
Various Greek coins struck in the Greek colonies in nearby Sicily and Southern Italy have also been found in Malta and Gozo. Following the Roman conquest of the Islands from the Carthaginians at the start of the Second Punic War in 218 B.C., the Maltese Islands were allowed a limited measure of self-government and even minted their own coinage. The Punic influence in Malta was slow to disappear and remained evident well into the Roman Period.
The Maltese coins of that period were all struck in bronze, the only metal the Roman authorities permitted to be coined. However, Roman silver and bronze coins dating to this period were also current in the Maltese Islands.
The early coins struck reflect the double culture prevalent at the time in the Maltese Islands – Punic and Greek. Although they were struck during the Roman period they bear either the Punic legend ANN (which may mean ship) or the Greek legend MELITAIWN (meaning of Malta). Also one coin-type minted in Gozo bears the legend in Greek characters ‘GAYLITWN’, (of Gozo).
The Greek legend reflects Greek influence on the Maltese Islands during the Hellenistic Period.
This influence progressively increased in evidence after Malta and Gozo were annexed to the Roman Province of Sicily whose dominant culture was Greek. Towards the mid-first century B.C. coins based on Sicilian standards were struck in Malta, reflecting increasing contacts between the two Mediterranean islands. One coin bears the Greek legend MELITAIWN on the obverse and on the reverse there is the name of the Roman Propraetor C Arruntanus Balbus who governed the Sicilian province from 35 to 27 B.C.
After the first century B.C. there are no records to show that the Maltese Islands continued to mint their own coins. From this date on the coinage of Rome was used throughout the Empire.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Malta was ruled in turn by the Byzantines, the Arabs, the Normans, the Swabians, Angevins, the Aragonese and Castilians. The coinage of these rulers was current in the Maltese Islands.
Coinage of the Knights in Malta
In 1530, Emperor Charles V of Spain donated the Maltese Islands in fief to the Order of St John of Jerusalem, officially known nowadays as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta.
Through the intercession of Pope Clement VII, the Order, in spite of strong insistence by the Master of the Mint at Messina to deny it the right of mintage, obtained the privilege of striking coins in Malta. The first coins which appear to have been minted in Malta by the Knights were struck during the brief reign of the second Grand Master, Pietro del Ponte (1534-35). The Order of St John minted coins in gold, silver and copper during its 268-year rule in Malta.
After their arrival on the Island the monetary system was adapted to that of Sicily. In 1609, the Council of the Order also appointed a Commission to study the new regulations issued for the Sicilian Mint at Messina to ensure that coins struck in Malta would in future conform in weight and fineness to those of Sicily. From time to time foreign coins, including Spanish Doubloons and Piastres, Venetian Zecchini, Livournine, Genovine and Louis d’Or were allowed to circulate with the local coinage.
Because of the critical financial difficulties following Malta’s Great Siege of the Turks against the Knights in 1565, and to have funds to pay the several thousand labourers engaged in the building of the new city of Valletta, the Order found it expedient to strike fiduciary copper coins. The reverse side of these coins depicted clasped hands surrounded by the legend ‘NON AES SED FIDES’, (Not Money But Trust). According to Giacomo Bosio, historian of the Order, Grand Master Jean de La Vallete (1557-1568) promised to redeem these copper coins in “noble, metal” and also fixed their rate of exchange at par not only with Maltese silver coins but also with Sicilian silver pieces.
Fiduciary copper coins, struck by other Grand Masters continued to pass current in Malta at par with Sicilian silver and to maintain their value with local silver coins until the death of Grand Master Antoine de Paule in 1636 as the amount put in circulation had remained more or less proportionate to the internal needs of the Island. But when Grand Master Jean-Paul Lascaris Castellar (1636-1657) struck these fiduciary pieces in excessive quantities, the rate of exchange between copper and silver was completely unbalanced and increased rapidly from year to year to such an extent that in 1764 local copper was reported to be losing the amount of 107% in exchange for silver.
The Knights’ minting art reached its peak in the gold and silver coins issued during the office of Grand Master Antonio Manoel de Vilhena (1722-1736).
Vilhena was the first to coin the 12 Zecchini gold piece, the highest denomination in the Order’s coinage. He also introduced the silver 2 Scudi and the 8 and 12 Tari pieces.
The highest value silver coin minted by the Order was the Maltese dollar, known as the “pezza”, “oncia d’argento” or “uqija” This was first issued during the long reign of Grand Master Emmanuel Pinto (1741 – 1773).
The Mint of Malta
Little is known of the first mint in Malta before the time of Grand Master La Vallete. And even for some time afterwards, only fragments of information have been unearthed. Bosio, in his ‘Storia della Sacra Religione’ wrote in the year 1684 that the Master of the Mint in 1566 (shortly after the Great Siege) was a Fleming named Simon Prevost. He engraved and struck the special coins and medals which were placed in a copper urn under the foundation stone of the new city of Valletta.
The site of the first mint of the Order of St. John in Malta is also unknown. Numismatic historians, however, believe it was probably first located at either Fort St. Angelo or in Birgu (Vittoriosa). Shortly after 1573, the Mint was transferred to the tower of the Grand Master’s Palace in Valletta. After 1604, it was installed in St. Sebastian Street in Valletta, today known as Old Mint Street. In 1778 the Mint was moved again, this time to the “Conservatoria” (today the National Malta Library), still in the capital city of Valletta, and remained there until it ceased to function in 1800.
Under the rule of the Knights, the Grand Master himself was responsible for appointing the Master of the Mint who, in turn, had jurisdiction over all goldsmiths and silversmiths operating in Malta.
Between 1722 and 1727, Grand Master Antonio Manoel de Vilhena (1722-1736) struck no less than 200,000 Zecchini pieces but these quickly began to disappear from circulation as, through prejudice or lack of expertise in the art of finance, they were issued at well below their real value when compared with foreign gold coins whose value had risen on the market. Large quantities of these Zecchini were exported, mainly to Naples and Sicily where gold was rated at a higher value than in Malta and where they were subsequently melted down at a profit. Vilhena had in the meantime also made a complete alteration in the silver coinage by issuing new denominations and because the silver standard had also been raised it became just as profitable for speculators to export the Order’s silver coins.
To check the constant flow of the coinage of the Order outside Malta the Mint was ordered to stop striking Zecchini and in 1730 a strict prohibition of the oexportation of local gold and silver was imposed. These measures were partly successful until Vilhena’s death in December 1736.
However, two years after the election of Grand Master Ramon Despuig (1736-1741) it was again found out that the 2 Scudi and Scudo silver coins were being exported by speculators or melted down by the local silversmiths. In spite of the reimposition of heavy fines and harsher penalties for those who either exported or melted down the coinage, silver coins continued to disappear from circulation. In March and April 1738 Despuig withdrew from circulation all silver coins of the Order and coined them into new coins of inferior fineness thereby making it unprofitable for speculators to export them. Though this drastic measure saved the Order from a total disappearance of the silver coins of the Knights from Malta and increased the amount of the coinage, it also resulted in the extinction of a large number of Vilhena’s beautifully executed silver coins.
In March of the succeeding year, again through lack of expertise in financial matters, the Order committed the grave error of arbitrarily raising the value of foreign coins and leaving the rate of the Island’s standard coin, the Zecchino, at the old rate. An immediate exportation of the Order’s gold and silver coins took place and within a short while Malta’s currency practically consisted of its over abundant copper token coins which at that time were worth about 100% less than their nominal value.
On his election, Grand Master Emmanuel Pinto (1741-1773), faced with a great shortage of gold and silver coins, quickly struck a good amount of Zecchini but these were afterwards replaced with new denominations of 10 and 5 Scudi gold pieces (Single Louis and Half Louis – Lwig u nofs Lwig) as the former coins proved to be unpopular due to their inferior fineness. Although Pinto also introduced new denominations in silver including the 30 and 15 Tari pieces (L-Uqija u Nofs Uqija) he was unable to restore confidence in the Order’s currency. In 1762 or 1763, unable to find a remedy he sought the competent advice of Zanobio Paoli, a former Master of the Mint in Florence. When Paoli arrived in Malta he found the local Mint in a deplorable state and in an elaborate ‘ ‘Trattato della Zecca’ ‘ submitted soon after his arrival, he made various recommendations including the introduction of new denominations, the striking of new Zecchini of 22½ carats and the withdrawal of the fiduciary copper coins.
Unfortunately no records exist as towhat measures were taken to reorganise the Mint after Paoli’s report during Pinto’s rule. Apart from prolific issues of certain denominations and the introduction of the gold 20 Scudi or Double Louis of Malta (Lwig doppju) in 1764 very little appears to have been adopted from Paoli’s report and the local Mint continued to be run at a loss. During the short rule of Grand Master Francisco Ximenes de Texada (1773-1775) matters remained just as bad, for the Commissioners of the Mint in 1774 blamed the Mintmaster for the issue of a debased and discredited coinage. Within the period 1766 and 1776 minting had in fact been very erratic and the accounts for the Mint show a loss of just over 2,446 Scudi.
In 1777 the Treasury of the Order, to reorganise the Mint and to stop it from operating at a loss, decided to adopt Paoli’s recommendations with regard to the method of work and the various duties of those employed in that establishment. To restore confidence in the Order’s coinage it was also recommended that the standard gold coin, the Zecchino, was to be restored to its original fineness of 22 ½ carats and 3 1/6 deniers in weight and its value regulated periodically according to the rate at which Spanish Doubloons were bought by the mints of Naples and Palermo. The standard silver coin, the Maltese Scudo, was also to be restored to the fineness of 10 ozs. 12 grs. fine silver per pound and the Commissioners of the Mint were also to issue periodically a tariff showing the purchase price of foreign coins Amongst other matters it was also recommended that Pinto’s debased Zecchini and the copper fiduciary coins were to be withdrawn.
Many of these recommendations, though approved by Grand Master Emmanuel de Rohan (1775-1779) were ignored; for instance Pinto’s Zecchini were never withdrawn and the copper pieces were only countermarked against forgery. However, there is no doubt that necessary measures and changes in the Mint’s administration were carried out, as the coins of de Rohan are most exact in weight and purity. The financial records of the mint also reveal that this establishment, though losing in certain years, made an overall profit of over 25,000 Scudi over the period 1778 to 1788.
Nevertheless, during De Rohan’s rule the financial position of the Order deteriorated further and seriously chiefly because of developments occurring overseas. The economic affairs of Malta depended to a large degree on the steady inflow of capital from abroad. Much of these funds originated from ‘responsions’ or remittances in connection with property income from the large number of land holdings in Europe belonging to the Order. During the French Revolution however, much of the income-producing property owned in France was confiscated and many Knights fled to Malta. With little money available, the Order was forced to incur huge debts in Malta and abroad to maintain its operations, and to make up for the loss, it was obliged to coin the silver plate of its galleys as well as much of the silverware in the Grand Master’s Palace, the Hospital and other places.
The Mint of the Order continued to function during the two-year reign of Ferdinand von Hompesch (1797-98) who relinquished Malta without any serious effort to defend it from the French who landed on the Island in June 1798.
French Rule, 1798-1800
When Napoleon landed in Malta, he seized whatever gold, silver and precious stones he could find in the Co-Cathedral of the Knights (the Church of St John) in Valletta and various other churches and institutions elsewhere in the Island. Some of the silver found was melted down at the Malta Mint and struck into 30 and 15 Tari pieces depicting the bust and arms of Hompesch, the last Grand Master of the Order to govern in Malta.
In September 1798 the Maltese revolted against the French. All the gold and silver of the Monte di Pieta’, a state-owned pawning institution, was seized by the French and later used to finance the troops and inhabitants during the blockade of Valletta by the Maltese insurgents. As no coins could be minted owing to the lack of certain materials, the French struck ingots made of gold and silver during the blockade of the French garrison in Valletta.
These ingots circulated for a time as money. On one side of the ingots were stamped the arms of the city of Valletta and on the obverse the value in Scudi, Tari and Grani.
British Era, 1800-1964
With the advent of the British Protectorate in 1800, which was followed by the granting of Malta to Britain as a colony in 1814, the Mint of the Order ceased to function, and the machinery was taken to the Civil Arsenal for storage. In 1828 after being polished and put in working order it was sold to the Greek Government for the petty sum of £100. During the first fifty years of British rule, the legal circulating coinage included the coins of the Knights, Spanish Doubloons and dollars, Sicilian Dollars, South American Dollars, French 5 Franc pieces and English coins. Other foreign coins, though not legally current, also circulated in Malta; these consisted mainly of French Louis d’Or and Maria Theresa Dollars.
The dissimilarity of the intrinsic value of British silver coins with more acceptable continental coins, as well as with the cosmopolitan collection of currencies which circulated in Malta during the British era, were the cause of much discontent in the Island. Furthermore, projects for an Island coinage proposed by the local Merchants and recommended by the local Government were for various reasons not adopted and the currency situation was often very difficult.
Steps for the regularisation of the local monetary system were taken in June 1825 when British silver and copper coins (the Crown, Half Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, Penny, Halfpenny and Farthings) were declared legal tender as a preparatory measure to the general introduction of British metallic currency as the circulating medium in Malta. However, British silver coined in England after 1816 on the basis of 66 shillings instead of 62 shillings per Pound Troy remained unpopular in Malta for a long time after their introduction. Such a type of coin was wholly unserviceable then in operations with the markets of the Mediterranean where the preferred coins such as the Spanish and Sicilian Dollars had an approximate and corresponding value in proportion to their weight of fine silver. Furthermore, though in December 1825 Government departments began to keep their accounts exclusively in Sterling, the Banks, the Commercial Body and the inhabitants did not change their mode of keeping their accounts and of making sales, contracts etc., in Scudi, Tari and Grani.
British gold Sovereigns and Half Sovereigns were introduced in 1826.
British copper coins were declared the sole legal tender copper currency in Malta in November 1827 and in April of the following year all copper coins of the Order ceased to be legal tender. To this effect, a copper coin, called the British Grain (1/3 farthing), had been struck by the Royal Mint in England for exclusive use in Malta and issued for local circulation in 1827. This coin, meant to replace the so-called Malta Grain, locally known as “Habba”, and which had been minted by the Order, continued to be struck until 1913. A proposed design for the Grain, sent by the local Government to the Secretary of State in 1825 which depicted the value “1G” within a circle surmounted by the name ‘MELITA’ on the reverse, was not adopted by the Royal Mint who instead preferred the seated figure of Britannia.
In October 1855, a Proclamation declared Sterling to be the sole legal tender currency in Malta. In spite of this, however, the business and banking community continued to make use of gold and silver coins of the Order as well as certain foreign coins, particularly the Sicilian Dollar. These non-sterling coins were removed from local circulation during the period October 1885 – November 1886 following a decree by the Italian Government withdrawing the coins of the Pontifical State and those of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The remaining gold and silver coins of the Order of St John were demonetised and withdrawn from circulation between October and November 1886. These developments left British coins as the only legal tender coinage on the Island. They remained so until the early 1970s when the Island’s coinage system was radically changed.
New Coins for Malta
In the light of recommendations of the Currency Decimalisation Committee appointed in 1967, the Maltese Government approved legislation in September 1971 providing for the decimalisation of the local coin currency. The British coins in local circulation – the ¼d, ½d, 1d, 3d, 6d, 1/-, 2/-, 2/6, the 5/- (Churchill Crown), and the 5p, 10p and 50p – were thus demonetised in stages, and in May 1972 a set of Maltese coins was issued in replacement.
The Malta pound, which was renamed Maltese lira (Lm) in 1983, was retained as the currency unit. This was divided into 100 cents, and the 1 cent into 10 mils. Initially, eight coins were issued in the following denominations: 2 mils, 3 mils, 5 mils, 1 cent, 2 cents, 5 cents, 10 cents, 50 cents. The mils were in aluminium, the 1 cent in bronze, and the rest in cupro-nickel. On 13 December 1974, Malta was proclaimed a Republic within the Commonwealth. To commemorate this event, a 25 cents coin in nickel brass was issued in June 1975.
This decimal set represented the first coinage issued by Malta as an independent nation and marked a new era in which Malta’s own coins could circulate exclusively as the Island’s sole legal tender coinage.
In 1986, a new set of seven definitive coins was issued, in denominations of Lm1, 50 cents, 25 cents, 10 cents, 5 cents, 2 cents and 1 cent. The 10 cent coin was the first in the new set to be issued, introduced on 19 May 1986.
An innovative feature in the new set was the Lm1 coin which replaced the Lm1 currency note.
Maltese Bank and Currency Notes
The first banknotes of Malta were issued by the Banco Anglo-Maltese, established in 1809, and by the Banco di Malta, established in 1812. The notes were issued in various denominations of scudi with 12 scudi equivalent to one pound sterling. These banknotes were not accepted by government departments and were issued more for the convenience of the commercial body. In 1855, when sterling was declared the sole legal tender in Malta, banks stopped issuing notes in scudi and introduced notes in pounds sterling in denominations of £1, £5, £10, £20, £30, £50 and £100. Between 1873 and 1875, these notes were overprinted ‘Payable in Sicilian Dollars’, reflecting the wide-spread popularity of the Sicilian dollar, notwithstanding the 1857 proclamation.
Banknotes ceased being issued in 1878. However, when the Sicilian dollar was withdrawn between November 1885 and February 1886 following a decree by the Italian government, the banks again reverted to the issue of notes in sterling.
In 1882 the entire business of the Treasury Chest in Malta was transferred to the Anglo-Egyptian Banking Company’s branch which had been opened the previous year. In 1886, approval was given for the issue of the bank’s own notes. All these private issues continued to be made until 1903.
The first official Maltese Currency Notes were issued on August 1914, prompted by reasons of expediency and precaution. Following the outbreak of the First World War, a massive hoarding of gold and silver coins set in, generating a run on the banks. Under such emergency conditions, Ordinance No VIII of 1914 was rushed, providing for the issue of temporary paper currency. The new issue was in denominations of five shillings, ten shillings, £1, £5 and £10. Between 7 May and 30 September 1915, these notes were demonetised and replaced by British notes, in denominations of £1 and 10 shillings, which remained in circulation for some twenty years. With the outbreak of World War II, legislation was passed on 13 September 1939, authorising the Maltese government to issue Maltese notes in denominations of 2/-, 2/6, 5/-, 10/- and £1. These were put into circulation at different dates during 1940, except for the 2/- note which was issued in March 1942. A 1/- note (overprinted on old 2/- unissued stock) was issued in November 1942 and replaced by a new 1/- note in 1943. The issue of small denomination paper currency was necessitated by the scarcity of metal for coinage, and by the difficulty of shipping British currency to Malta during the war. With the war’s end, these small denomination notes became obsolete and fell into disuse, mainly because paper wore out too quickly, and they were again replaced by British coins which continued to circulate as legal tender up to 1972.
The notes issued in Malta during the Second World War were uniface (single faced) notes except for the 1/- note which represented an overprint on old stocks of the 1918 2/- note.
This was probably a wartime austerity measure applicable to note issues for the British colonial empire, as all other colonial note-issuing territories had similar uniface notes.
The Malta notes therefore formed part of the colonial omnibus issues.
The paper currency issued during both World Wars though intended only for temporary use, was however found convenient, and Ordinance No 1 of 1949 (The Currency Notes Ordinance) finally put the issue of local paper currency on a permanent basis. Between 1949 and 1968 the notes detailed below were issued by the Currency Board.
On 8 May 1951, new 10/- and £1 Maltese notes came into circulation. These came to be known as the ‘New’ series. Similar notes bearing Queen Elizabeth’s portrait were issued in April 1954 to commemorate Her Majesty’s visit to Malta.
On 2 June 1961 a £5 denomination note was issued for the first time, bearing the famous Annigoni portrait of HM The Queen. Two years later a 10/- and £1 note were issued on the same design, and these three came to be known as the ‘Pictorial’ series.
The Central Bank of Malta, which was established by the Central Bank Act of 1967 and began operating on 17 April 1968, took over the assets and liabilities of the Note Security Fund from the Currency Board in June 1968.
From that date responsibility for the issue of currency notes passed to the Central Bank and during the same month the Bank issued its first 10/- and £5 notes bearing the same design as the ‘Pictorial’ series. The £1 note in this series was issued on 24 September 1969 and these three notes were called the CBM 1st series.
The Central Bank issued its second series, the CBM 2nd series, on 15 January 1973. The 10/- note was dropped (a 50c coin had been issued in May 1972 as part of the coin changeover to decimalisation) and a £M10 note was introduced.
The third series, called the CBM 3rd series, was issued on 30 March 1979, and has kept the same denominations of £M1, £M5 and £M10 as the previous one.
On 17 March 1986, the Central Bank issued a new set of four notes -namely Lm2, Lm5, Lm10, Lm20 called the CBM 4th series. This issue marked the appearance of the Lm20 and the Lm2 note. The Lm1 note was replaced in 1986 by a coin. For the first time the notes included a portrait of the President of the Republic as Head of State.
On 18 September 1989 the Bank issued a new set of currency notes, the fifth series. This coincided with the twentyfifth anniversary of Malta’s Independence. These banknotes, which had the same denominations as those of the fourth series, were enhanced with security features in 1994.
On 20 March 1974, legislation was passed whereby notes demonetised previously would no longer be exchangeable at the Central Bank as from 20 March 1984, and other notes would no longer be exchangeable as from 10 years after their demonetisation date.
Malta’s euro coins
Malta adopted the euro as its national currency and the euro became Malta’s legal tender on 1 January 2008.
The choice of the designs for the national sides of Malta’s euro coins was decided through public consultation. In the first consultation twelve themes were presented to the public. Of these, three of the designs – the Statue of the Baptism of Christ, Malta’s Coat of Arms and the Mnajdra Temple Altar – were chosen. The fourth design, that of the Maltese eight-pointed Cross, was also considered after it received the highest number of votes from the public as an alternative to the twelve themes presented in the consultation process.
The second consultation resulted in the Maltese eight-pointed Cross, Malta’s Coat of Arms and the Mnajdra Temple Altar being chosen as designs for the Maltese euro coins.
Following the choice of the coins, the Monnaie de Paris was awarded the contract for the minting of euro coins bearing the Maltese national side. The Monnaie de Paris is the State-owned mint that has been responsible for the minting of all French euro coins.
Malta entered into an agreement with the Commission of the European Communities through a Memorandum of Understanding that was divided into two phases. The preparatory phase, included the production of a certain quantity of test coins.
The second phase consisted of the mass production of the whole quantity of coins required for the changeover, which started after Malta received the formal approval from the EU Council of Ministers to adopt the euro.
The designs for the Maltese side of the euro coins was approved by the EU Commission and this resulted in some small changes that were carried out to the original designs selected by the public to make them conform fully to the Commission Recommendation on common guidelines for the national sides of euro circulation coins.
Each country in the euro area uses its own symbol or design on the euro coins. Although the national sides are different, all the euro coins can be used in all parts of the euro area.
The Central Bank of Malta issued its first €2 commemorative coin on Monday 5 Jannuary 2009.
The coin commemorated the 10th anniversary of Economic and Monetary Union. Each euro area country issued a similar coin bearing the same design but with the name of the country and the legend ‘EMU 1999-2009′ shown in the respective language. The Maltese euro coin has the legend ‘UEM 1999-2009′, where the letters UEM stand for ‘Unjoni Ekonomika u Monetarja’.
The deliberately primitive design of the coin symbolizes the euro as the latest step in the long history of trade up to the formation of economic and monetary union. It was created by George Stamatopoulos, a sculptor from the minting department at the Bank of Greece.
On Friday 30 March 2012, the Central Bank of Malta issued the €2 coin commemorating ‘’Ten years of the Euro’’. Euro area citizens were invited to submit designs in May 2011. A professional jury selected five from more than 800 designs. The short-listed designs were then placed online, open to all euro area citizens, for a public vote in June 2011.
Close to 35,000 participated in the vote. The winning design, receiving 34% of the votes, was created by Mr Helmut Andexlinger, a professional designer at the Austrian Mint.
The design symbolises the way in which the euro has become a truly global player in the last ten years and shows its importance in ordinary people’s lives (represented by the people in the design), trade (the ship), industry (the factory) and energy (wind power stations). This was the third time that all euro area countries issued a euro coin with a common design on the national side. The first was the commemorative €2 coin issued to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome in 2007 and the second, in 2009, commemorated ten years of Economic and Monetary union and the creation of the euro as a unit of account.
The Central Bank of Malta on 24 June 2013 issued a new euro coin set dated 2013. The set incorporates the eight Maltese euro coins as well as a €2 coin, commemorating the 1921 Constitution granting self-government to Malta. All coins were struck at the Royal Dutch Mint. The euro coins were designed by Noel Galea Bason while the €2 coin was designed by Ganni Bonnici. The set also includes a replica coin from the Byzantine period and is packed in a distinctive presentation box. The minting is limited to 35,000 sets.
Brief History of the Maltese Pound
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What is the currency in Malta?
The official currency in Malta is the Euro, which is issued and overseen by the Central Bank of Malta. If you’re buying your travel money online you may also see the official code being shown - EUR. In stores and restaurants, Euro prices are likely to use the currency symbol €.
Once you’re in Malta you’ll see costs of items shown in EUR and you’ll need to start paying for things in local coins and notes which are often found in the following denominations:
banknotes - 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and coins - 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 cents; 1, 2.
Can you officially pay in USD when you are in Malta?
You’re unlikely to be able to officially transact in USD in Malta, which is why it’s time to start getting used to EUR and learning more about the currency exchange rates so you’ll know what you’re spending on your trip.
This guide will walk through all you need to know, including US Dollar/Euro rates and where best to get your travel money from.
EuroCurrency nameEuroISO codeEURSymbol€SubunitCentCentral BankCentral Bank of MaltaBest travel cards to take to MaltaWise
Euro coins and banknotes
Here’s a full rundown of the EUR coins and banknotes you’ll need to be familiar with when you’re in Malta.
EUR banknotesEUR coins5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 5001, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 cents; 1, 2
Is USD accepted in Malta?
As we’ve seen, the official currency in Malta is EUR. If you carry US Dollars with you on your trip, you’ll probably need to exchange it before you can spend.
Sometimes when you’re away on a trip abroad you’ll find that merchants will take payments in a selection of major foreign currencies. However, the chances are that where this is offered, you won’t get a good exchange rate for your USD. Planning smart and convenient ways to spend in EUR when you’re away is likely to mean you save on costs in the end.
Usually, having a few different ways to pay and get cash is the best option for travellers and tourists. That’s because you’ll have a back up plan in case one payment method isn’t accepted for any reason, and you can pick the method that’s best suited to the specific transaction. Having a multi-currency card from a provider like Wise, plus your normal bank debit card, and some local cash in EUR should mean you’ve always got options. You can use your cash for small purchases and tipping, and make low cost payments and cash withdrawals with your multi-currency card, while keeping your bank card in reserve for emergencies.
Use a travel card on your next trip to Malta
Using a travel debit card in Malta is usually cheap, safe and convenient. A few providers in the US offer multi-currency cards which come with a linked payment account that lets you convert, hold and spend in EUR. That allows you to add a balance in USD and switch over to EUR to lock in the exchange rate and set your travel budget.
Once you have EUR in your account there are no extra fees to make payments, and you’ll not have foreign transaction charges to worry about, either.
Here’s a quick overview of a couple of handy travel debit cards you may want to order and use in Malta.
What is the currency exchange rate for £ 1 USD/EUR?
It’s helpful to get to know the live USD/EUR rate so you can easily calculate how much things are costing you while you’re on your trip abroad.
The rate you need to focus on is the mid market rate, which is the one banks and major currency services get when buying and selling currencies. This rate isn’t always passed on to customers. Instead you may find that the USD/EUR rate you get when exchanging travel cash includes a markup - an extra fee.
Find the USD/EUR mid-market rate from a currency conversion site or a website like this, so you can keep an eye on the market and compare the rates you’re offered as you travel against the mid-market rate easily.
Should I exchange USD to EUR before traveling to Malta?
It’s a good idea to exchange US Dollars to Euro before you head off to Malta, as you can often find a better exchange rate and lower overall costs before you travel.
When you’re in Malta you may need EUR in cash for some of your spending - particularly when tipping or making smaller value purchases. Buying your EUR travel money in advance can get you better USD/EUR exchange rates, and saves you wasting precious time shopping around for a good deal once you arrive in Malta.
Get familiar with the exchange rates offered locally to you, and online, so you can decide whether it’s worth switching some funds in advance of trip, using a travel card to pay while you’re away, or converting cash on arrival. Both in the US and in Malta, steer clear of exchanging currency at the airport. A captive market means that USD/EUR rates are often worse in the airport than in city centers.
Tips for exchanging money in Malta
At merchants and ATMs, make sure you’re charged in EUR. If you’re asked if you’d rather pay in USD instead, say no. That’s a sign of dynamic currency conversion, which usually means extra costs. Withdrawing money in target-currency can be easy, particularly in big cities and Valletta, here’s a few other tips if you want to exchange money in Malta
Avoid using exchange providers at airports or hotels in Malta as they usually offer pretty poor exchange rates because they have a captive market and little competition nearby
Use a travel debit card like the Wise card while you’re in Malta for fast and cheap conversion between currencies and easy ways to manage your money from your phone
Best place to exchange currency in Malta
You can get your EUR in Malta in a couple of ways.
You’ll be able to use a travel debit card from a provider like Wise to make convenient payments and cash withdrawals and to convert funds online.
Or if you prefer an offline solution you can carry some cash in USD to exchange when you arrive. Currency exchange providers are often in airports and hotels, although the exchange shops in a city centre are likely to be cheaper overall.
How to pay in Malta?
You’ll need to have EUR to spend in Malta. However, generally having a few different payment methods is a good plan. That means that if a merchant won't accept one, you’ve got a back up. It’s also reassuring to know you have a different way to pay if you were unlucky enough to have a card or some travel cash stolen. Here are your key payment options in Malta.
Debit or credit card
Card payments can be helpful in shops, restaurants and hotels but there will be places where cash is also important. Order a travel card from a provider like Wise for cheap and fast transactions, including card payments and cash withdrawals as and when you need travel money in EUR.
Euro cash
You’ll usually find you can use a card to make payments in Malta, but carrying some cash in EUR is also reassuring. It’s often easier for tipping and making smaller purchases, plus you’ve got a nice backup if your card is ever out of action for some reason.
It’s a smart idea to have both a card and some cash in EUR when you’re in Malta. Some merchants will prefer cash, but having a card for higher value payments and in busier more tourist places is also convenient. Consider using a travel card from a provider like Wise alongside your cash for flexibility.
Paying for the trip in USD
If you’re paying for things in Malta with a USD bank card you might find a foreign transaction fee is added. This pushes up your costs when you spend in a foreign currency, and can be tricky to calculate.
Travel debit cards don’t always work this way. When you make purchases in Malta using the Wise card you can either choose to convert your account balance to EUR in advance in the Wise app, or just leave your balance in US Dollars and let the card handle the transaction when you pay. You’ll always get the lowest available fee and there are no extra foreign transaction charges.
Conclusion - Currency in Malta
You won’t be able to pay in USD when you visit Malta - so learning about the currency you need is essential. Whether you decide to use a travel debit card from a service like Wise , or stock up on EUR in cash in advance, knowing the mid-market exchange rate can help you get the best available deal. Use this guide to learn all you need to know about the options, rates and fees for exchanging USD to EUR, and make your money go further while you’re away.
The official currency in Malta is EUR. You can’t usually pay in US Dollars in Malta, so you’ll need to plan in advance to get your travel money sorted. Consider ordering a travel debit card from a service like Wise, for low cost conversions to EUR and convenient spending and withdrawals - and remember that knowing the USD to EUR mid-market exchange rate is essential to check you’re getting a fair deal on currency exchange.
FAQ - Currency in Malta
What is the currency in Malta called?
The official currency in Malta is the Euro. You may also see the code EUR and the currency symbol €.
What's the currency in Valletta?
The official currency in Valletta is the Euro. You’ll only be able to spend in EUR while you’re there.
What is the old Malta currency?
Today the currency in Malta is the Euro. If you’re worried about currencies changing, why not get a travel debit card from a service like Wise which will automatically pick the currency needed in your destination when making a payment - with no penalties or inflated fees.
What is the best currency to take to Malta?
You’ll only be able to spend in EUR while you’re in Malta. Carrying some money in cash and using a travel debit card from a service like Wise is usually the best way to spend while you’re away from home.
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Knights Hospitaller facts for kids
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"Order of Saint John" redirects here. For other uses, see Order of Saint John (disambiguation).
"Hospitaller" redirects here. For other uses, see Hospitaller (disambiguation).
Quick facts for kids
Knights Hospitaller of Saint John of Jerusalem
Fraternitas Hospitalaria
Flag of the Order
Active c. 1099–present Allegiance The Pope Type Catholic military order Headquarters Nickname(s) The "Religion" Patron Colors
Black and white
Red and white
Engagements
The Crusades
Siege of Damascus (1148)
Siege of Ascalon (1153)
Crusader invasions of Egypt (1163–9)
Battle of Cresson (1187)
Battle of Hattin (1187)
Siege of Jerusalem (1187)
Siege of Belvoir Castle (1187-9)
Siege of Sahyun Castle (1188)
Siege of Safed (1188)
Siege of Acre (1189–1191)
Battle of Arsuf (1191)
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212)
Siege of Alcácer do Sal (1217)
Siege of Mount Tabor (1217)
Battle of Fariskur (1219)
Battle of Mansurah (1221)
Conquest of Majorca (1228)
Siege of Burriana (1233)
Siege of Ascalon (1247)
Fall of Arsuf (1265)
Fall of Haifa (1265)
Siege of Safed (1266)
Fall of Krak des Chevaliers (1271)
Second Battle of Homs (1281)
Siege of Margat (1282)
Fall of Tripoli (1289)
Siege of Acre (1291)
Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes
Battle of Amorgos (1312)
Battle of Chios (1319)
Battle of Rhodes (1320)
Battle of Adramyttion (1334)
Battle of Pallene (1344)
Battle of Imbros (1347)
Battle of Megara (1359)
Battle of Kosovo (1389)
Battle of Nicopolis (1396)
Siege of Smyrna (1402)
Siege of Rhodes (1444)
Ottoman conquest of Lesbos (1462)
Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)
Siege of Rhodes (1480)
Siege of Rhodes (1522)
Battle of Preveza (1538)
Algiers expedition (1541)
Invasion of Gozo (1551)
Siege of Tripoli (1551)
Battle of Djerba (1560)
Battle of Verbia (1561)
Great Siege of Malta (1565)
Action of 1570
Battle of Lepanto (1571)
Battle of Pantelleria (1586)
Action of 1595
Battle of Hammamet (1605)
Campaign of Cyprus (1609)
Raid on Żejtun (1614)
Action of 26 June 1625
Action of 28 September 1644
Battle of the Dardanelles (1656)
Battle of the Dardanelles (1657)
Action of 27 August 1661
Djidjelli expedition (1664)
Siege of Candia (1668)
Battle of Matapan (1717)
Bombardment of Algiers (1784)
French invasion of Malta (1798)
Other service in European navies. Commanders Notable
commanders Jean Parisot de Valette, Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Garnier de Nablus
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Latin: Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), is a medieval and early modern Catholic military order. It was founded in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century and had headquarters there until 1291, thereafter being based in Kolossi Castle in Cyprus (1302–1310), the island of Rhodes (1310–1522), Malta (1530–1798), and Saint Petersburg (1799–1801).
The Hospitallers arose in the early 12th century during the height of the Cluniac movement, a reformist movement within the Benedictine monastic order that sought to strengthen religious devotion and charity for the poor. Earlier in the 11th century, merchants from Amalfi founded a hospital in Jerusalem dedicated to John the Baptist to care for sick, poor, or injured Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. Blessed Gerard, a lay brother of the Benedictine order, became its head in 1080. After the Christian conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade, a group of crusaders formed a religious order to support the hospital. Some scholars consider the Amalfitan order and hospital to have been distinct from Gerard's order and its hospital.
The organization became a military religious order under its own papal charter, charged with the care and defence of the Holy Land. Following the reconquest of the Holy Land by Islamic forces, the knights operated from Rhodes, over which they were sovereign, and later from Malta, where they administered a vassal state under the Spanish viceroy of Sicily. The Hospitallers were one of the smallest groups to have colonized parts of the Americas, briefly acquiring four Caribbean islands in the mid-17th century, which they turned over to France in the 1660s.
The knights became divided during the Protestant Reformation, when rich commanderies of the order in northern Germany and the Netherlands became Protestant and largely separated from the Catholic main stem, remaining separate to this day; modern ecumenical relations between the descendant chivalric orders are amicable. The order was suppressed in England, Denmark, and other parts of northern Europe, and was further damaged by Napoleon's capture of Malta in 1798, after which it dispersed throughout Europe.
Today several organizations continue the Hospitaller tradition under the federation of the mutually recognized orders of St. John, which are the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John, the Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Chivalric Order of Saint John, the Order of Saint John in the Netherlands, and the Order of Saint John in Sweden.
History
Foundation and early history
In 603, Pope Gregory I commissioned the Ravennate Abbot Probus, who was previously Gregory's emissary at the Lombard court, to build a hospital in Jerusalem to treat and care for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. In 800, Emperor Charlemagne enlarged Probus' hospital and added a library to it. About 200 years later, in 1009, the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah destroyed the hospital and three thousand other buildings in Jerusalem. In 1023, merchants from Amalfi and Salerno in Italy were given permission by Caliph Ali az-Zahir to rebuild the hospital in Jerusalem. The hospital was served by the Order of Saint Benedict, built on the site of the monastery of Saint John the Baptist, and took in Christian pilgrims travelling to visit the Christian holy sites.
The monastic Hospitaller Order was created following the First Crusade by Blessed Gerard de Martigues, whose role as founder was confirmed by the papal bull Pie postulatio voluntatis issued by Pope Paschal II in 1113. Gerard acquired territory and revenues for his order throughout the Kingdom of Jerusalem and beyond. Under his successor, Raymond du Puy, the original hospice was expanded to an infirmary near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Initially, the group cared for pilgrims in Jerusalem, but the order soon extended to provide pilgrims with an armed escort before eventually becoming a significant military force. Thus, the Order of St. John imperceptibly became militaristic without losing its charitable character.
Raymond du Puy, who succeeded Gerard as master of the hospital in 1118, organized a militia from the order's members, dividing the order into three ranks: knights, men at arms, and chaplains. Raymond offered the service of his armed troops to Baldwin II of Jerusalem, and the order from this time participated in the crusades as a military order, in particular distinguishing itself in the Siege of Ascalon of 1153. In 1130, Pope Innocent II gave the order its coat of arms, a silver cross in a field of red (gueulles).
The Hospitallers and the Knights Templar became the most formidable military orders in the Holy Land. Frederick Barbarossa, the Holy Roman Emperor, pledged his protection to the Knights of St. John in a charter of privileges granted in 1185.
The statutes of Roger de Moulins (1187) deal only with the service of the sick; the first mention of military service is in the statutes of the ninth grand master, Fernando Afonso of Portugal (about 1200). In the latter, a marked distinction is made between secular knights, externs to the order, who served only for a time, and the professed knights, attached to the order by a perpetual vow, and who alone enjoyed the same spiritual privileges as the other religious. The order numbered three distinct classes of membership: the military brothers, the brothers infirmarians, and the brothers chaplains, to whom was entrusted the divine service.
In 1248, Pope Innocent IV (1243–1254) approved a standard military dress for the Hospitallers to be worn during battle. Instead of a closed cape over their armour (which restricted their movements), they wore a red surcoat with a white cross emblazoned on it.
Many of the more substantial Christian fortifications in the Holy Land were built by the Templars and the Hospitallers. At the height of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Hospitallers held seven great forts and 140 other estates in the area. The two largest of these, their bases of power in the Kingdom and in the Principality of Antioch, were the Krak des Chevaliers and Margat in Syria. The property of the Order was divided into priories, subdivided into bailiwicks, which in turn were divided into commanderies.
As early as the late 12th century, the order had begun to achieve recognition in the Kingdom of England and Duchy of Normandy. As a result, buildings such as St John's Jerusalem and the Knights Gate, Quenington in England were built on land donated to the order by local nobility. An Irish house was established at Kilmainham, near Dublin, and the Irish Prior was usually a key figure in Irish public life.
The Knights also received the "Land of Severin" (Terra de Zeurino), along with the nearby mountains, from Béla IV of Hungary, as shown by a charter of grant issued on 2 June 1247. The Banate of Severin was a march, or border province, of the Kingdom of Hungary between the Lower Danube and the Olt River, today part of Romania, and back then bordered across the Danube by a powerful Bulgarian Empire. The Hospitaller hold on the Banate was only brief.
Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes
Main article: Hospitaller Rhodes
After the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1291 (the city of Jerusalem had fallen in 1187), the Knights were confined to the County of Tripoli and, when Acre was captured in 1291, the order sought refuge in the Kingdom of Cyprus. Finding themselves becoming enmeshed in Cypriot politics, their Master, Guillaume de Villaret, created a plan of acquiring their own temporal domain, selecting Rhodes, then part of the Byzantine Empire. He also reorganised the order into eight langues, or "tongues", corresponding to a geographic or ethno-linquistic area: the Crown of Aragon, Auvergne, Crown of Castile, Kingdom of England, France, Holy Roman Empire, Italy and Provence. Each was administered by a Prior or, if there was more than one priory in the langue, by a Grand Prior.
Guillaume's successor, Foulques de Villaret, executed the plan to take Rhodes, and on 15 August 1310, after more than four years of campaigning, the city of Rhodes surrendered to the knights. They also gained control of a number of neighbouring islands and the Anatolian port of Halicarnassus and the island of Kastellorizo. Not long after, in 1312, Pope Clement V dissolved the Hospitallers' rival order, the Knights Templar, with a series of papal bulls, including the Ad providam bull that turned over much of their property to the Hospitallers. At Rhodes, and later Malta, the resident knights of each langue were headed by a bailiff. The English Grand Prior at the time was Philip De Thame, who acquired the estates allocated to the English langue from 1330 to 1358.
On Rhodes, the Hospitallers, by then also referred to as the Knights of Rhodes, were forced to become a more militarized force. In 1334, they fought an attempted invasion by Andronicus and his Turkish auxiliaries, and in 1374 they took over the defence of nearby Smyrna on the Anatolian coast, which had been conquered by a crusade in 1344; the knights held the city until it was besieged and taken by Timur in 1402. On the peninsula of Halicarnassus (present-day Bodrum), the knights reinforced their position with the construction of Petronium Castle, utilizing pieces of the partially destroyed Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, to strengthen their rampart.
In the 15th century, the knights fought frequently with Barbary pirates, also known as Ottoman corsairs. They withstood two invasions by ascendant Muslim forces, one by the Sultan of Egypt in 1444 and another by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror in 1480, who, after capturing Constantinople and defeating the Byzantine Empire in 1453, made the Knights a priority target.
In 1522, an entirely new sort of force arrived: 400 ships under the command of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent deployed as many as 100,000 men to the island, and possibly up 200,000. Under Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, the knights, though well-fortified, only had about 7,000 men-at-arms. The siege lasted six months, after which the defeated surviving Hospitallers were allowed to withdraw to Sicily. Despite the defeat, both Christians and Muslims seem to have regarded Phillipe Villiers as extremely valiant, and the Grand Master was proclaimed a Defender of the Faith by Pope Adrian VI.
Knights of Malta
Main articles: Hospitaller Malta and Hospitaller Tripoli
In 1530, after seven years of displacement from Rhodes, Pope Clement VII – himself a knight – reached an agreement with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain and Sicily, to provide the knights permanent quarters: In exchange for providing Malta, Gozo, and the North African port of Tripoli in perpetual fiefdom, Charles V would receive an annual fee of a single Maltese falcon (the Tribute of the Maltese Falcon), which they were to send on All Souls' Day to the king's representative, the Viceroy of Sicily. In 1548, Charles V raised Heitersheim, the headquarters of the Hospitallers in Germany, into the Principality of Heitersheim, making the Grand Prior of Germany a prince of the Holy Roman Empire with a seat and vote in the Reichstag.
The knights would stay in Malta for the next 268 years, transforming what they called "merely a rock of soft sandstone" into a flourishing island with mighty defences, whose capital city, Valletta, would become known as Superbissima, "Most Proud", among the great powers of Europe. However, the indigenous islanders were initially apprehensive about the order's presence and viewed them as arrogant intruders; they were especially loathed for taking advantage of local women. Most knights were French and excluded Maltese from serving in the order, even being generally dismissive of local nobility. However, the two groups coexisted peacefully, since the Knights boosted the economy, were charitable, and protected against Muslim attacks.
Hospitals were among the first projects to be undertaken in Malta, where French soon supplanted Italian as the official language (though the native inhabitants continued to speak Maltese among themselves). The knights also constructed fortresses, watch towers, and naturally, churches. Its acquisition of Malta signalled the beginning of the Order's renewed naval activity.
The building and fortification of Valletta, named for Grand Master la Valette, was begun in 1566, soon becoming the home port of one of the Mediterranean's most powerful navies. Valletta was designed by Francesco Laparelli, a military engineer, and his work was then taken up by Girolamo Cassar. The city was completed in 1571. The island's hospitals were expanded as well. The Sacra Infermeria could accommodate 500 patients and was famous as one of the finest in the world. In the vanguard of medicine, the Hospital of Malta included Schools of Anatomy, Surgery and Pharmacy. Valletta itself was renowned as a centre of art and culture. The Conventual Church of St. John, completed in 1577, contains works by Caravaggio and others.
In Europe, most of the Order's hospitals and chapels survived the Reformation, though not in Protestant or Evangelical countries. In Malta, meanwhile, the Public Library was established in 1761. The University was founded seven years later, followed, in 1786, by a School of Mathematics and Nautical Sciences. Despite these developments, some of the Maltese grew to resent the Order, which they viewed as a privileged class. This even included some of the local nobility, who were not admitted to the Order.
In Rhodes, the knights had been housed in auberges (inns) segregated by Langues. This structure was maintained in Birgu (1530–1571) and then Valletta (from 1571). The auberges in Birgu remain, mostly undistinguished 16th-century buildings. Valletta still has the auberges of Castille (1574; renovated 1741 by Grand Master de Vilhena, now the Prime Minister's offices), Italy (renovated 1683 by Grand Master Carafa, now an art museum), Aragon (1571, now a government ministry), Bavaria (former Palazzo Carnerio, purchased in 1784 for the newly formed Langue, now occupied by the Lands Authority) and Provence (now National Museum of Archaeology). In the Second World War, the auberge d'Auvergne was damaged (and later replaced by Law Courts) and the auberge de France was destroyed.
In 1604, each Langue was given a chapel in the conventual church of Saint John and the arms of the Langue appear in the decoration on the walls and ceiling:
Provence: Michael the Archangel, Jerusalem
Auvergne: Saint Sebastian, Azure a dolphin or
France: conversion of Paul the Apostle, France
Castile and León: James, brother of Jesus, Quarterly Castile and Leon
Aragon: Saint George [the church of the Langue is consecrated to Our Lady of the Pillar Per pale Aragon and Navarre]
Italy: St Catherine, Azure the word ITALIA in bend or
England: Flagellation of Christ, [no arms visible; in Rhodes the Langue used the arms of England, quarterly France and England]
Germany: Epiphany, Austria born by a double-headed eagle displayed sable
The Order may have played a direct part in supporting the Malta native Iacob Heraclid who, in 1561, established a temporary foothold in Moldavia. The Hospitallers also continued their maritime actions against Muslims and especially the Barbary pirates. Although they had only a few ships, they quickly drew the ire of the Ottomans, who were unhappy to see the order resettled. In 1565 Suleiman sent an invasion force of about 40,000 men to besiege the 700 knights and 8,000 soldiers and expel them from Malta and gain a new base from which to possibly launch another assault on Europe. This is known as the Great Siege of Malta.
At first the battle went as badly for the Hospitallers as Rhodes had: most of the cities were destroyed and about half the knights killed. On 18 August, the position of the besieged was becoming desperate: dwindling daily in numbers, they were becoming too feeble to hold the long line of fortifications. But when his council suggested the abandonment of Birgu and Senglea and withdrawal to Fort St. Angelo, Grand Master Jean Parisot de Valette refused.
The Viceroy of Sicily had not sent help; possibly the Viceroy's orders from Philip II of Spain were so obscurely worded as to put on his own shoulders the burden of the decision whether to help the Order at the expense of his own defences. A wrong decision could mean defeat and exposing Sicily and Naples to the Ottomans. He had left his own son with La Valette, so he could hardly be indifferent to the fate of the fortress. Whatever may have been the cause of his delay, the Viceroy hesitated until the battle had almost been decided by the unaided efforts of the knights, before being forced to move by the indignation of his own officers.
On 23 August came yet another grand assault, the last serious effort, as it proved, of the besiegers. It was thrown back with the greatest difficulty, even the wounded taking part in the defence. The plight of the Turkish forces was now desperate. With the exception of Fort Saint Elmo, the fortifications were still intact. Working night and day the garrison had repaired the breaches, and the capture of Malta seemed more and more impossible. Many of the Ottoman troops in crowded quarters had fallen ill over the terrible summer months. Ammunition and food were beginning to run short, and the Ottoman troops were becoming increasingly dispirited by the failure of their attacks and their losses. The death on 23 June of skilled commander Dragut, a corsair and admiral of the Ottoman fleet, was a serious blow. The Turkish commanders, Piali Pasha and Mustafa Pasha, were careless. They had a huge fleet which they used with effect on only one occasion. They neglected their communications with the African coast and made no attempt to watch and intercept Sicilian reinforcements.
On 1 September they made their last effort, but the morale of the Ottoman troops had deteriorated seriously and the attack was feeble, to the great encouragement of the besieged, who now began to see hopes of deliverance. The perplexed and indecisive Ottomans heard of the arrival of Sicilian reinforcements in Mellieħa Bay. Unaware that the force was very small, they broke off the siege and left on 8 September. The Great Siege of Malta may have been the last action in history in which a force of knights won a decisive victory against a numerically superior force that made use of firearms. When the Ottomans departed, the Hospitallers had but 600 men able to bear arms. The most reliable estimate puts the number of the Ottoman army at its height at some 40,000 men, of whom 15,000 eventually returned to Constantinople. The siege is portrayed vividly in the frescoes of Matteo Pérez in the Hall of St. Michael and St. George, also known as the Throne Room, in the Grandmaster's Palace in Valletta; four of the original modellos, painted in oils by Perez d'Aleccio between 1576 and 1581, can be found in the Cube Room of the Queen's House at Greenwich, London. After the siege a new city had to be built: the present capital city of Malta, named Valletta in memory of the Grand Master who had withstood the siege.
In 1607, the Grand Master of the Hospitallers was granted the status of Reichsfürst (Prince of the Holy Roman Empire), even though the Order's territory was always south of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1630, he was awarded ecclesiastic equality with cardinals, and the unique hybrid style His Most Eminent Highness, reflecting both qualities qualifying him as a true Prince of the Church.
Reconquista of the sea
See also: Navy of the Order of Saint John
With their diminished strength and relocation to Malta in the central Mediterranean, the knights found themselves devoid of their founding mission: assisting and joining the crusades in the Holy Land. Revenues subsequently dwindled as European sponsors were no longer willing to support a costly and seemingly redundant organization. The knights were forced to make do with their maritime location and turn to combating the increased threat of piracy, particularly from the Ottoman-endorsed Barbary pirates operating out of North Africa. Boosted by an air of invincibility following the successful defence of their island in 1565, and compounded by the Christian victory over the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the knights set about protecting Christian merchant shipping to and from the Levant and freeing the captured Christian slaves who formed the basis of the Barbary corsairs' piratical trading and navies. This campaign became known as the "corso".
Yet the Order soon struggled on a now reduced income. By policing the Mediterranean, they augmented the assumed responsibility of the traditional protectors of the Mediterranean, the naval city states of Venice and Genoa. Further compounding their financial woes; over the course of this period, the exchange rate of the local currencies against the 'scudo' that were established in the late 16th century gradually became outdated, meaning the knights were gradually receiving less at merchant factories. Economically hindered by the barren island they now inhabited, many knights went beyond their call of duty by raiding Muslim ships. More and more ships were plundered, from whose profits many knights lived idly and luxuriously, taking local women to be their wives and enrolling in the navies of France and Spain in search of adventure, experience, and yet more money.
The Knights' changing attitudes were coupled with the effects of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation and the lack of stability from the Roman Catholic Church. All this affected the knights strongly as the 16th and 17th centuries saw a gradual decline in the religious attitudes of many of the Christian peoples of Europe (and, concomitantly, the importance of a religious army), and thus in the Knights' regular tributes from European nations. That the knights, a chiefly Roman Catholic military order, pursued the readmittance of England as one of its member states – the Order there had been suppressed under King Henry VIII of England during the dissolution of the monasteries – upon the succession of the Protestant queen Elizabeth I of England aptly demonstrates the new religious tolerance within the Order. For a time, the Order even possessed a German langue which was part Protestant or Evangelical and part Roman Catholic.
The moral decline that the knights underwent over the course of this period is best highlighted by the decision of many knights to serve in foreign navies and become "the mercenary sea-dogs of the 14th to 17th centuries", with the French Navy proving the most popular destination. This decision went against the knights' cardinal reason for existence, in that by serving a European power directly they faced the very real possibility that they would be fighting against another Roman Catholic force, as in the few Franco-Spanish naval skirmishes that occurred in this period. The biggest paradox is the fact that for many years the Kingdom of France remained on amicable terms with the Ottoman Empire, the Knights' greatest and bitterest foe and purported sole purpose for existence. Paris signed many trade agreements with the Ottomans and agreed to an informal (and ultimately ineffective) cease-fire between the two states during this period. That the Knights associated themselves with the allies of their sworn enemies shows their moral ambivalence and the new commercial-minded nature of the Mediterranean in the 17th century. Serving in a foreign navy, in particular that of the French, gave the Knights the chance to serve the Church and for many, their King, to increase their chances of promotion in either their adopted navy or in Malta, to receive far better pay, to stave off their boredom with frequent cruises, to embark on the highly preferable short cruises of the French Navy over the long caravans favoured by the Maltese, and if the Knight desired, to indulge in some of the pleasures of a traditional debauched seaport. In return, the French gained and quickly assembled an experienced navy to stave off the threat of the Spanish and their Habsburg masters. The shift in attitudes of the Knights over this period is ably outlined by Paul Lacroix, who states:
Inflated with wealth, laden with privileges which gave them almost sovereign powers ... the order at last became so demoralised by luxury and idleness that it forgot the aim for which it was founded, and gave itself up for the love of gain and thirst for pleasure. Its covetousness and pride soon became boundless. The Knights pretended that they were above the reach of crowned heads: they seized and pillaged without concern of the property of both infidels and Christians."
With the knights' exploits growing in fame and wealth, the European states became more complacent about the Order, and more unwilling to grant money to an institution that was perceived to be earning a healthy sum on the high seas. Thus, a vicious cycle occurred, increasing the raids and reducing the grants received from the nation-states of Christendom to such an extent that the balance of payments on the island had become dependent on conquest. The European powers lost interest in the knights as they focused their intentions largely on one another during the Thirty Years' War. In February 1641 a letter was sent from an unknown dignitary in the Maltese capital of Valletta to the knights' most trustworthy ally and benefactor, Louis XIV of France, stating the Order's troubles:
Italy provides us with nothing much; Bohemia and Germany hardly anything, and England and the Netherlands for a long time now nothing at all. We only have something to keep us going, Sire, in your own Kingdom and in Spain.
Maltese authorities did not mention the fact that they were making a substantial profit policing the seas and seizing infidel ships and cargoes. The authorities on Malta immediately recognised the importance of corsairing to their economy and set about encouraging it, as despite their vows of poverty, the Knights were granted the ability to keep a portion of the spoglio, which was the prize money and cargo gained from a captured ship, along with the ability to fit out their own galleys with their new wealth.
The great controversy that surrounded the knights' corso was their insistence on their policy of 'vista'. This enabled the Order to stop and board all shipping suspected of carrying Turkish goods and confiscate the cargo to be re-sold at Valletta, along with the ship's crew, who were by far the most valuable commodity on the ship. Naturally, many nations claimed to be victims of the knights' over-eagerness to stop and confiscate any goods remotely connected to the Turks. In an effort to regulate the growing problem, the authorities in Malta established a judicial court, the Consiglio del Mer, where captains who felt wronged could plead their case, often successfully. The practice of issuing privateering licenses and thus state endorsement, which had been in existence for a number of years, was tightly regulated as the island's government attempted to haul in the unscrupulous knights and appease the European powers and limited benefactors. Yet these efforts were not altogether successful, as the Consiglio del Mer received numerous complaints around the year 1700 of Maltese piracy in the region. Ultimately, the rampant over-indulgence in privateering in the Mediterranean was to be the knights' downfall in this particular period of their existence as they transformed from serving as the military outpost of a united Christendom to becoming another nation-state in a commercially oriented continent soon to be overtaken by the trading nations of the North Sea.
Turmoil in Europe
Even as it survived in Malta, the Order lost many of its European holdings during the Reformation. The property of the English branch was confiscated in 1540. The German Bailiwick of Brandenburg became Lutheran in 1577, then more broadly Evangelical, but continued to pay its financial contribution to the Order until 1812, when the Protector of the Order in Prussia, King Frederick William III, turned it into an order of merit; in 1852, his son and successor as Protector, King Frederick William IV of Prussia, restored the Johanniterorden to its continuing place as the chief non-Roman Catholic branch of the Knights Hospitaller.
The Knights of Malta had a strong presence within the Imperial Russian Navy and the pre-revolutionary French Navy. When Phillippe de Longvilliers de Poincy was appointed governor of the French colony on Saint Kitts in 1639, he was a prominent Knight of St. John and dressed his retinue with the emblems of the Order. In 1651, the knights bought from the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique the islands of Sainte-Christophe, Saint Martin, and Saint Barthélemy. The Order's presence in the Caribbean was eclipsed with De Poincy's death in 1660. He had also bought the island of Saint Croix as his personal estate and deeded it to the Knights of St. John. In 1665, the order sold their Caribbean possessions to the French West India Company, ending the Order's presence in that region.
The decree of the French National Assembly in 1789 abolishing feudalism in France also abolished the Order in France:
V. Tithes of every description, as well as the dues which have been substituted for them, under whatever denomination they are known or collected (even when compounded for), possessed by secular or regular congregations, by holders of benefices, members of corporations (including the Order of Malta and other religious and military orders), as well as those devoted to the maintenance of churches, those impropriated to lay persons and those substituted for the portion congrue, are abolished ...
The French Revolutionary Government seized the assets and properties of the Order in France in 1792.
Loss of Malta and decline
Their Mediterranean stronghold of Malta was captured by Napoleon in 1798 during his expedition to Egypt. Napoleon demanded from Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim that his ships be allowed to enter the port and to take on water and supplies. The Grand Master replied that only two foreign ships could be allowed to enter the port at a time. Bonaparte, aware that such a procedure would take a very long time and would leave his forces vulnerable to Admiral Nelson, immediately ordered a cannon fusillade against Malta. The French soldiers disembarked in Malta at seven points on the morning of 11 June and attacked. After several hours of fierce fighting, the Maltese in the west were forced to surrender.
Napoleon opened negotiations with the fortress capital of Valletta. Faced with vastly superior French forces and the loss of western Malta, the Grand Master negotiated a surrender to the invasion. Hompesch left Malta for Trieste on 18 June. He resigned as Grand Master on 6 July 1799.
The knights were dispersed, though the order continued to exist in a diminished form and negotiated with European governments for a return to power. The Russian Emperor, Paul I, gave the largest number of knights shelter in Saint Petersburg, an action which gave rise to the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller and the Order's recognition among the Russian Imperial Orders. The refugee knights in Saint Petersburg proceeded to elect Tsar Paul as their Grand Master – a rival to Grand Master von Hompesch until the latter's abdication left Paul as the sole Grand Master. Grand Master Paul I created, in addition to the Roman Catholic Grand Priory, a "Russian Grand Priory" of no fewer than 118 Commanderies, dwarfing the rest of the Order and open to all Christians. Paul's election as Grand Master was never ratified under Roman Catholic canon law, and he was the de facto rather than de jure Grand Master of the Order.
By the early 19th century, the order had been severely weakened by the loss of its priories throughout Europe. Only 10% of the order's income came from traditional sources in Europe, with the remaining 90% being generated by the Russian Grand Priory until 1810. This was partly reflected in the government of the Order being under Lieutenants, rather than Grand Masters, in the period 1805 to 1879, when Pope Leo XIII restored a Grand Master to the order. This signalled the renewal of the order's fortunes as a humanitarian and religious organization.
On 19 September 1806, the Swedish government offered the sovereignty of the island of Gotland to the Order. The offer was rejected since it would have meant the Order renouncing their claim to Malta.
The 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) Hospital of Saint John, built between 1099 and 1291, was rediscovered in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. From 2000 to 2013, it was excavated by the Israel Antiquities Authority. It had been able to accommodate up to 2,000 patients, who came from all religious groups, and Jewish patients received kosher food. It also served as an orphanage, with these children often becoming Hospitallers when adults. The remaining vaulted area was discovered during excavations for a restaurant, and the preserved building will be incorporated in the project.
Successors of the Knights Hospitaller
For more details, see Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem#The mutually-recognised Orders of Saint John
The entities generally considered to maintain historical continuity with the Knights are the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, based in Rome and recognized by over 100 countries worldwide, as well as the chivalric orders in the Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem: the Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Chivalric Order of Saint John of the hospital at Jerusalem, Johanniter Orde in Nederland, Order of Saint John in Sweden, and the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem.
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
In 1834, the order settled in Rome. Hospital work, the original work of the order, became once again its main concern. The Order's hospital and welfare activities, undertaken on a considerable scale in World War I, were greatly intensified and expanded in World War II under the Grand Master Fra' Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere (Grand Master 1931–1951).
The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta, better known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), is a Roman Catholic lay religious order and the world's oldest surviving order of chivalry. Its sovereign status is recognised by membership in numerous international bodies and observer status at the United Nations and others. Of all the orders affiliated with Saint John, i.e., members of the Alliance of the Orders of St John, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta is the most senior since it possesses the ability to trace its history and line of Prince and Grand Masters directly back to the Knight Hospitallers.
The Order maintains diplomatic relations with 112 countries, official relations with 6 others and with the European Union, permanent observer missions to the United Nations and its specialised agencies, and delegations or representations to many other international organizations. It issues its own passports, currency, stamps and even vehicle registration plates. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has a permanent presence in 120 countries, with 12 Grand Priories and Sub-Priories and 48 national Associations, as well as numerous hospitals, medical centres, daycare centres, first aid corps, and specialist foundations, which operate in 120 countries. Its 13,500 members and 95,000 volunteers and over 52,000 medical personnel – doctors, nurses and paramedics – are dedicated to the care of the poor, the sick, the elderly, the disabled, the homeless, terminal patients, lepers, and all those who suffer. The Order is especially involved in helping victims of armed conflicts and natural disasters by providing medical assistance, caring for refugees, and distributing medicines and basic equipment for survival.
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta established a mission in Malta, after signing an agreement with the Maltese Government which granted the Order the exclusive use of Fort St. Angelo for a term of 99 years. Today, after restoration, the Fort hosts historical and cultural activities related to the Order of Malta.
Order of Saint John
Main articles: Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg), Order of Saint John in Sweden, and Johanniter Orde in Nederland
During the Reformation, German commanderies of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg (located chiefly in the Margraviate of Brandenburg) declared their continued adherence to the Order of Saint John even as their knights converted to evangelical Christianity. Continuing to the present day as the Order of Saint John of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg, this forms an order of chivalry under the protection of the Federal Republic and with its Herrenmeister ("Lord of the Knights") almost always a scion of the House of Hohenzollern (currently, Prince Oscar of Prussia). From Germany, this Protestant branch has spread by membership into other countries in Europe (including Belgium, Hungary, Poland, Finland, Denmark, Switzerland, France, Austria, the United Kingdom, and Italy), North America (the United States, Canada, and Mexico), South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Chile), Africa (Namibia, South Africa), Asia, and Australia.
The commanderies of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg in the Netherlands (which originated in the Middle Ages) and Sweden became independent of the Bailiwick after the Second World War and now are independent orders under the protection of their respective monarchs; King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands is an Honorary Commander of the Order of Saint John in the Netherlands, and the Order of St John in Sweden is protected by King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.
All three Protestant orders, the German, Dutch, and Swedish, are in formalised co-operation as members of the Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem, founded in 1961 by the Order of Saint John of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg. (As well as originating with the mediaeval Knights Hospitaller, these three orders meet the traditional conditions for dynastic orders of chivalry under the legitimate fount of honour of each nation, and thus enjoy recognition by the privately operated and funded International Commission on Orders of Chivalry as of 2016.) The Protestant orders remain independent of, though cooperative with, the Roman Catholic Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Most Venerable Order of Saint John
Main article: Most Venerable Order of Saint John
In England, almost all the property of the Knights Hospitaller was confiscated by King Henry VIII through the dissolution of the monasteries during the Reformation. Though not formally suppressed, this effectively caused the activities of the English Langue of the order to come to an end.
In 1831, a British order was recreated by European aristocrats claiming (possibly without authority) to be acting on behalf of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. This order in time became known as the Most Venerable Order of Saint John, receiving a royal charter from Queen Victoria in 1888, before expanding throughout the United Kingdom, the British Commonwealth, and the United States. Today, the best-known activities of this order are the St John Ambulance Brigade in Britain and the Commonwealth and the Saint John Eye Hospital in Jerusalem. The Most Venerable Order of Saint John has maintained a presence in Malta since the late 19th century. In contrast with the orders originating with the medieval Knights Hospitaller, the British organisation no longer limits its membership to Christians.
Self-styled orders
For more details, see Self-styled order
Several other organizations claim with their own sources to have evolved from the Knights Hospitaller, but all are subject to international dispute and lack recognition. The Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller was recognized by the Pope with Tsar Paul I becoming Grand Master. The British resented this decision as it could have given Russia access to the Mediterranean through a claim over Malta. Britain said that the decision of the Pope was not official. The Holy See later retracted its decision stating a number of conflicts with Tsar Paul I, since he did not follow the precepts binding the Grand Master: he was married and not celibate; he had never been to Malta and declined to live there; and he was not a Roman Catholic. Several other orders have made claims over the Order of St John since the 19th century. Each order, including the Russian Tradition, generally uses its interpretation of sources to present and claim a particular history of events. No independent sources support any superseding order of the Knights Hospitaller, all of which use either non-primary or self-published, non-peer-reviewed sources in support of their claims of legitimacy. The Order came to an end either shortly after the 1798 expulsion of the knights from Malta, or soon after the Russian Revolution in the early 20th century.
Following the end of World War II, and taking advantage of the lack of State Orders in the Italian Republic, an Italian called himself a Polish Prince and did a brisk trade in Maltese crosses as the Grand Prior of the fictitious "Grand Priory of Podolia" until successfully prosecuted for fraud. Another fraud claimed to be the Grand Prior of the Holy Trinity of Villeneuve, but gave up after a police visit, although the organisation resurfaced in Malta in 1975, and then by 1978 in the US, where it still continues.
The large passage fees collected by the American Association of SMOM in the early 1950s may well have tempted Charles Pichel to create his own "Sovereign Order of St John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller" in 1956. Pichel avoided the problems of being an imitation of SMOM by giving his organization a mythical history, claiming that the American organisation he led had been founded within the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller in 1908: a spurious claim, but which nevertheless misled many including some academics. In truth, the foundation of his organisation had no connection to the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller. Once created, the attraction of Russian Nobles into membership of Pichel's 'Order' lent some plausibility to his claims.
These organisations have led to scores of other self-styled orders. Another self-styled Order, based in the US, gained a substantial following under the leadership of the late Robert Formhals, who for some years, and with the support of historical organisations such as The Augustan Society, claimed to be a Polish prince of the House of Sanguszko.
Hierarchy
The first in the hierarchy of command was the Grand Master, or commander-in-chief, followed by the Grand Commander, who after 1304 came from the Grand Priory of St Gilles and who took the place of the Grand Master in case of his absence or death. The third-highest rank was that of the Marshal of the hospital, whose main duty was to prepare the order for war. This included the procurement of armour, weapons, mounts with all the required equine equipment, and artillery with all it entails (ordnance, powder, ammunitions). The Marshal could on occasion be given command by the Grand Master or the Grand Commander.
Princes and Grand Masters
See also
In Spanish: Orden de San Juan de Jerusalén para niños
Personalities of the Hospital
Caterina Vitale, the first female pharmacist of the Knights Hospitaller, and the first female pharmacist and chemist in Malta
List of the priors of Saint John of Jerusalem in England
Pierre Jean Louis Ovide Doublet, a leadership member of the French Secretariat of the Knights
Fortifications and locales of the Hospital
List of Knights Hospitaller sites
Fortifications of Malta
Fortifications of Rhodes
Kolossi Castle
Mailberg
Castle of La Muela
Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes
Torphichen Preceptory
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FROM SCUDO TO STERLING FOREWORD The purpose of all historiography is the knowledge of the past as a means of meeting the challenges of the present and forging viable policies for the future. History, as the critical conscience of past and present, is an indispensable premise to all political, civil and cultural actions at all times. The necessity of reviewing, through the original sources, the tortuous, far-reaching roots of today’s problems, of recapturing the past with all its idiosyncracies, contradictions and struggles, and of reconstructing it as an essential instrument for the transformation of society and for the solution of today’s problem is therefore seen to be of fundamental importance. The key economic problems that Malta has to face today have their roots buried deep in the early colonial days of the nineteenth century. The purpose of the present work is to probe one particular aspect of these problems, namely currency, while presenting a review and analysis of its trends during the turbulent transitional period between the last days of the Order of St John and the last decades of the nineteenth century. It was a period characterized by frequent monetary changes and by the simultaneous use of a multiplicity of coins not all of which were legal tender. This was the intervening period between the end of the centuries-old monetary stability dominated by the Order’s Scudo and the eventual steady state attained by Sterling, which finally emerged as the sole legal tender. The unsettled state of the currency at this time reflected both a changing international political climate as well as the related economic vicissitudes through which the Maltese Islands lived at the time and the concomitant social, political and civil transformations that ushered in the twentieth century. While giving a masterly rendering of how Malta’s monetary system evolved, Chevalier Joseph Sammut, a leading numismatist, breaks new ground by shedding light on a period that has hitherto been largely ignored. His thorough acquaintance with the relevant sources and his feel for the subject come through clearly in this well-researched work. Not only does From Scudo to Sterling give an organic synthesis of what has been written on the subject, it also brings to light new, unpublished material from both public and private, both local and foreign archives. In spite of the artificial economic boom prevalent during the first decade and a half after 1800, this was a time of particular hardship and suffering for Malta, rife with rumblings of war aggravated by penury, pestilence and political uncertainty. The British were unsure of the benefits they could reap from the newly-hatched colony they found in their lap and were consequently reluctant to be saddled with the responsibility of the island-group. But Malta soon began to prove its strategic worth. When in 1809, as a result of Napoleon’s Continental System, the British goods distribution points in Leghorn, Naples and Palermo had to be closed down, it became very convenient for British interests to retract these positions to Malta which was found to be an efficient bunker for the smuggling of British goods into Europe. This shilly-shallying on the part of Britain vis-à-vis Malta is reflected not only in the Island’s demographic changes that occurred at the time but also in the conflicting attitudes of the people at large and of the mercantile community in particular to the currency, evident in the hoarding of local coins contrasting with the circulation of Spanish and Sicilian money. A hackneyed, but none of the less true, assertion is that Malta prospered in time of war but sagged woefully in time of peace. Sammut’s book presents a great deal of supporting evidence for this thesis from the particular aspect of the currency. The stagnation after the boom of the Napoleonic wars and the relative peace in the Mediterranean after 1815 were responsible in no small way for Malta’s economic decline, the disappearance of the Spanish gold and silver coins from the local market, and the highly unsatisfactory state of the currency system which led to the strong representations to the British Government by the mercantile community in 1823. It did not take too long to dawn on the British that Malta was not a gift-horse to be looked in the mouth and the Melitensium Amor formula was soon concocted to camouflage their real intentions of turning the Island into a strong, strategically-placed fortress for the defence of their Mediterranean interests. Substantial amounts of British money – declared legally current in Malta in 1825 – were channeled into the fortifications and the establishment of an efficient and modern dockyard, inaugurated in 1848. In spite of this and in view of the centuries-old trading patterns of the Island, the Spanish and Sicilian Dollars remained the more popular means of exchange so that the British Treasury was induced to withhold silver consignments of specie to Malta, a policy that came in for harsh criticism on the Island as well as in England itself. The situation was further complicated by the introduction in 1833 of South American Dollars which were conveniently available to the Imperial Treasury in large quantities at economical rates. It transpired that these coins were of very irregular weights and otherwise defective, prompting complaints and criticism from all quarters. Within the decade the Treasury in London decided to do something about the resulting chaotic situation. The suggested four-per-cent devaluation drove the Island to panic, on which the anti-British faction readily capitalized. Towards the middle of the century Malta underwent a second boom as the thunder of war rumbled from distant Crimea; Malta proved to be a very convenient rear hospital and a strategic advanced depot. The Island’s worth was further underlined when Britain ceded the Ionian Islands to Greece in 1864 and Malta’s lucky star remained clearly in the ascendant as the Suez Canal was opened in 1869. By this time Malta had become indispensable to Britain as it constituted a vital l link in the chain of bases connecting the heart of the Empire to the Middle East and India. A flourishing entrepot trade developed which brought prosperity to many. These commercial activities were dependent on the ability of the Maltese to buy and sell overseas products through the foreign exchange earned by providing services to Britain. The wheel had turned full circle from the times of the Order when Malta had lived off the incomes largely derived from the rich Commanderies in Europe. Throughout this time Sicilian currency remained by far the most popular medium and although the need had long been felt to establish Sterling more firmly, not least to alleviate the relative hardship of servicemen and other payees in that currency who were in a disadvantaged position, the final decision was motivated, paradoxically, not by Britain but by Italy. After the unification of Italy in 1861, the Sicilian Dollar was demonetized, after which albeit by the usual time-lag that Maltese events are wont to follow European antecedents, it died a natural death in Malta as well. Sterling thus remained the sole legal tender. In relating this story, Chevalier Sammut deftly slips in many a sidelight of interest to the social historian. The role of the Church and the need of their intervention to get through to the people at a time of crisis, the exploitation of events in different ways by diverse political factions, the contrasting interests of the mercantile community and of the man-in-the-street, are al highlighted. The key personages that most influenced financial matters are introduced as events develop. Top merchants like Samuel Christian and Sir Agostino Portelli, bankers like Biagio Tagliaferro and Count Giovanni Messina, the philanthropist and merchant Giovanni Di Niccolo Pappaffy, and the jurist who had a say in anything that mattered in his time, Sir Adriano Dingli, are all seen to form part of an intriguingly intricate mosaic. The reader becomes a witness to the birth of infrastructural financial institutions such as the Anglo-Maltese Bank (1809), the Banco di Malta (1812), the Government Savings Bank (1833), the Chamber of Commerce (1848), and La Borsa (1854-57). These and several other tantalizing details are interwoven into the rich fabric that makes the book a valuable contribution to our understanding of Malta’s socio-economic history. Stanley Fiorini University of Malta 23 November 1991
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Top Exchange Rates Pegged to the U.S. Dollar
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2015-06-10T11:07:00-04:00
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From the end of World War II until around 1971, all countries in the IMF pegged their currencies to the U.S. dollar. Today, many still do.
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/favicon.ico
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Investopedia
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https://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/061015/top-exchange-rates-pegged-us-dollar.asp
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Currency exchange rates make up a very important part of a nation's economy. The exchange rate is the value of the currency compared to another one. The values of some currencies are free-floating. This means they fluctuate based on supply and demand in the market, while others are fixed. This means they are pegged to another currency.
In this article, we discuss exchange rates that are pegged to the U.S. dollar as well as some of the benefits of taking on this strategy.
What Does Pegging Mean?
When countries participate in international trade, they need to ensure the value of their currency remains relatively stable. Pegging is a way for countries to do that. When a currency is pegged, or fixed, it is tied to another country's currency.
Countries choose to peg their currency to safeguard the competitiveness of their exported goods and services. A weaker currency is good for exports and tourists, as everything becomes cheaper to purchase.
The wider the fluctuations in currencies, the more detrimental it can be to international trade. Many countries, though, chose to maintain a fixed policy, and today, there are still a significant number of currencies pegged to the U.S. dollar.
Bretton Woods Agreement
The greenback, as the U.S. dollar is commonly known, was pegged to gold under the Bretton Woods Agreement as the United States held most of the world's gold reserves. This system cut back the volatility in international trade relations as most currencies were pegged to the U.S. dollar. This agreement was ended by President Richard Nixon in the early 1970s.
Once the system collapsed, countries were free to choose how their currencies would work in the foreign exchange market. They were able to peg it to another currency, a currency basket, or let the market determine the currency's value.
Fixed vs. Floating Currencies
Today, there are two types of currency exchange rates that are still in existence—floating and fixed. Major currencies, such as the Japanese yen, euro, and the U.S. dollar, are floating currencies—their values change according to how the currency trades on foreign exchange or forex (FX) markets.
This type of exchange rate is based on supply and demand. This rate is, therefore, determined by market forces compared to other currencies. Any changes in currency pricing point to strength in the economy, while short-term changes may point to weakness.
Fixed currencies, on the other hand, derive value by being fixed to another currency. Most developing or emerging market economies use fixed exchange rates for their currencies. This provides exporting and importing countries more stability and also keeps interest rates low.
Why Currencies Peg to the U.S. Dollar
Countries have different reasons for pegging to the dollar. Most of the Caribbean islands—Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, and Bermuda, to name a few—peg their currencies to the U.S. dollar because their main source of income is derived from tourism paid in dollars. Fixing to the U.S. dollar stabilizes their economies and makes them less volatile.
In Africa, many countries peg to the euro. The exceptions are Djibouti and Eritrea, which peg their own currencies to the U.S. dollar. In the Middle East, many countries including Jordan, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates peg to the U.S. dollar for stability—the oil-rich nations need the United States as a major trading partner for oil.
In Asia, Macau, and Hong Kong fix to the U.S. dollar (Macau via pegging to the Hong Kong dollar). China, on the other hand, has been embroiled in controversy about its currency policy. While China does not officially peg the Chinese yuan to a basket of currencies that includes the U.S. dollar, China does manage the exchange rate of yuan to dollars so as to benefit its export-driven economy.
Major Fixed Currencies
Below is a list of some of the national economies and the corresponding rates that currently peg to the U.S. dollar as of 2022:
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The Sovereign Military Order of Saint
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The Sovereign Military Order of Saint-John (a.k.a. Malta)
This page is mainly interested in the heraldic aspects of the Order. The historical overview provided here is meant as a framework for a better understanding of the heraldry. For more information see the other resources on the Web.
Contents
Other Resources on the Web
web site of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
The Order of Malta By Guy Stair Sainty, and the links there
the Brotherhood of Blessed Gérard's comprehensive page of links related to the Order of Malta
the Order of Saint John, Knights Hospitaller, the British branch of an Orthodox order of that name (Russian Grand Priory in exile, founded 1928), whose headquarters are in America Contains numerous links worth pursuing.
The Regular order of Saint-John Holy Land, formerly known as "The Sovereign Order of St John of Jerusalem" until the SMOM sued for usurpation of name and mark. A French off-shoot founded in 1962 of the American order founded in the 1950s by Pichel (see Guy Sainty's page on self-styled orders for more information).
History of the Order
This section provides a brief historical sketch and some information on the current state of the Order. It owes a lot to H.J.A. Sire: The Knights of Malta, New Haven, 1994; Yale University Press. I have also consulted Berthold Waldstein-Wartenberg: Rechtsgeschichte des Malteserordens, Wien, 1969; Verlag Herold.
Please see Guy Sainty's page as well.
The Origins
The origin of the Order lies in a hospice for pilgrims created next to the Benedictine Abbey of St-Mary of the Latins in Jerusalem. The abbey was founded ca. 1050 by Amalfitan merchants, and the hospice ca. 1080 by Brother Gerard, and dedicated to Saint John the Baptist. Its servants formed a lay fraternity under the Augustinian rule. With the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 and the establishment of the Crusader states throughout Palestine, the numbers of pilgrims increased, but the semi-permanent state of war in the area exposed them to greater dangers. A papal bull of 1113 recognized the Hospitallers of Saint-John as a monastic order, and soon after, perhaps under the influence of the Templars (founded in Jerusalem in 1120) the Hospitallers turned into armed guards, and soon into fighting monks, participating alongside the Crusaders and holding fortresses as well as hospices across the Holy Land. This militarization probably occurred in the 1130s. The structure of the order is unclear in the 12th century, as there seemed to have been professed fratres alongside lay confratres, fighting knights in large numbers. Many of them perished in the battles which led to the fall of Jerusalem in 1189, and the Order fell back to Margat in the county of Tripoli, and a few years later to Acre.
In 1206 the first Statutes of the Order were issued, which divided the order between priests or chaplains, knights and sergeants (fighting men who were commoners). The Mastership (a title copied from the Templars around 1140) was restricted to knights in 1262.
After the fall of Acre in 1291 the Order fell back to Cyprus, then managed to conquer Rhodes ca. 1310 and inherit the Levantine estates of the Templars who had been abolished in 1312. They stayed in Rhodes until forced out by the Turks in 1522, at which time the Emperor and Spanish king Charles V gave them the island of Malta (1530) where they established themselves again.
The Order in the Old Regime
The name of the Order, until the 18th century, was Holy Order (or Religion) of [the Hospital of] Saint-John of Jerusalem, modified in the late 15th c. by the addition of and of the Sepulchre of Christ to reflect the incorporation in 1489 of the Order of the Canons of the Holy Sepulchre (distinct from the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre).
The Grand-Master was made Prince of the Holy German Empire in 1607, a title which carried with it the rank of Serene Highness; in 1630, the Pope granted the Grand-Master the rank of Eminence, similar to that of the cardinals. In 1741, the Grand-Master combined the two into Most Eminent Highness, a style which is still used today.
In 1301, the Order had organized itself in seven Langues: Provence, Auvergne, France, Spain, Italy, England and Germany, with a Pilier at the head of each, holding one of the top six offices of the order: Grand Commander, Marshal, Hospitaller, Drapier, Admiral, Turcopolier (Germany did not have an office; the office of Treasurer was never ascribed to a Langue).
The Langues corresponded to regional groupings of priories, the priories themselves groupings of commanderies. These consisted in the large number of estates which had been given over time to the Order (commendatoria meaning trust, and commendator meaning trustee; the words were later corrupted into commandery and commander). The commanderies could simply be estates, or houses where lay people were allowed to live and share some of the spiritual life of the Order (the corrodaries), or men and women who did not meet the nobiliary requirements (the confratres or donats), or where novitiates prepared for their vows. Some houses were convents of monks and nuns. The Langues were expected to send a set number of Knights to the main Convent in Rhodes (and later Malta).
The requirements to be a knight were initially to be of knightly family, but over time they became more stringent: in the 1350s nobility of both parents, in 1428 nobility of four generations on the father's side, in 1550 nobility of four quarters (all grandparents). The Langues each had their own requirements which could be stiffer: the French called for 8 quarters, the Italians 200 years in all four lines, the Germans 16 quarters, etc. In the 17th century nobility of robe or office was excluded.
Knights entered the novitiate, took simple vows after 1 year and solemn vows after the age of 21. Professed members (be they knights, chaplains or sergeants) were called "of Justice". The sergeants wore the "half-cross". Individuals who did not meet the nobiliary requirements but had otherwise distinguished themselves could be made Knights of Grace (the painter Caravaggio in 1608), while Knights of Justice who had to renounce their vows and marry for family obligations could become Knights of Devotion. The Donats were also entitled to the half-cross. In the 1630s there were about 1700 knights in the Order.
After 1789
The French Revolution marked the beginning of a new era for the order. In 1792 the estates of the order within France were confiscated. This confiscation was extended to their estates in other parts of Europe as French conquests advanced. In 1798, Bonaparte captured Malta with outrageous ease and expelled the Order. Some knights who had found refuge in St. Petersburg proclaimed the married, non-Catholic and non-knight Czar Paul I as their Grand-Master, and most surviving priories (except in Spain) acknowledged the election (1798) against the Pope's wishes. The Czar even created an Orthodox priory in 1799, and bestowed membership most liberally. He died assassinated in 1801. His successor Alexander I declined to assume the grand-mastership and instead turned to the Pope to name a new grand-master. Pius VII appointed Giovanni Tommasi in 1803, and the Grand-Master reformed the Convent (the heart of the order) in Messina. On his death in 1805, a new Grand Master was elected but the Pope refused to recognize him, and the Mastership fell in a 70-year hiatus, the Order being governed instead by elected lieutenants. In the next years, various attempts at reestablishing territorial sovereignty failed. In 1814, contrary to expectations, Malta remained in British hands and the order settled in Catania. Various plans to settle in Elba or Greece floundered. Relations between the Lieutenancy in Messina (and from 1826 in Ferrara) and the knights in France and Spain were severed. Remnants of the Order were finally offered a home by the Pope in the old Maltese embassy in Rome in 1831. Starting in the 1860s a number of national associations sprang up in various European countries, replacing the old system of Langues, and in 1879 the Pope appointed the existing Lieutenant as Grand Master. Good relations were maintained with the Italian government which accorded extra-territoriality to the Palazzo Malta, and finally signed a treaty modelled on the Lateran Treaty in 1930.
It was in the period between 1798 and 1961 that the Order thus acquired its present character. In particular, forms of membership which did not require solemn vows or even proofs of nobility were created or vastly extended: knights of honor and devotion, conventual chaplains ad honorem, knights of magistral grace and donats. Among professed knights, a series of three ranks was created: knight, commander, and bailli-grand-cross. In the category of knights of honor and devotion, a rank of honorary bailli-grand-cross was created, as well as a rank of grand-cross among the knights of magistral grace.
Membership grew as follows:
1880 1900 1921 1932 1949 -Professed- Knights of Justice 99 84 55 65 63 Conventual Chaplains 18 13 7 6 9 Chaplains of Obedience 43 138 37 15 6 Donats of Justice 11 16 9 4 6 -Non Professed- Knights of Honor 969 1078 1175 1563 1883 Dames of Honor 119 111 155 196 272 Knights of Magistral G. 23 37 95 444 1500 Donats 78 111 294 308 1090 Honorary chaplains 3 9 16 58 150 ----- Total 1363 1597 1843 2658 4979
The growth in Knights of Magistral Grace and Donats (the ranks which do not require nobility) is particularly striking. As a result, in 1961 the total membership stood at 7557, of which less than 1% were professed.
The present status and organization of the order dates from 1961.
Current Status and Organization
(Warning: I have not yet found a clear and detailed explanation of the various categories and ranks in the Order, so the following is likely to be inaccurate.)
The Sovereign Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint-John of Jerusalem, Rhodes and Malta or Sovereign Order of Malta, whose present constitution dates from June 24, 1961, consists of three distinct entities or categories:
A Religious Order: its members, Knights of Justice and Conventual Chaplains, once they have made solemn vows, are called professed. They are headed by an elected Grand Master and the Sovereign Council. There are currently 38 Knights of Justice, with 16 quarters of nobility, recruited from the Knights of Obedience and the Knights of Honour and Devotion. Among the Knights of Justice one find Knights Commanders and Knights Grand Cross. The heads of the Langues were called Baillis.
A Religious Institute of Laymen: its members, the Knights of Obedience and Donats of Justice, have promised obedience to their superiors, and submit to religious exercises prescribed by them. This category was created in 1960, and membership is limited to 500. Some members are in the Sovereign Council.
An International Order of Chivalry: the Grand Master confers knighthoods to mostly Catholic men and women around the world. There are over 10,000 knights and dames, grouped in 39 national associations. There are three categories, each with ranks of knights, commanders, grand-cross and bailli. They are, in decreasing order of nobiliary requirement:
Honour and Devotion,
Grace and Devotion (created in 1959),
Magistral Grace, non-nobles; comprises 60% of the total membership of 11,500 in the order.
There are also similar ranks for chaplains:
Conventual Chaplains ad honorem
Magistral Chaplains (or of Magistral Obedience, or Grace)
Donats of Devotion (3 classes)
The order also confers a decoration since 1916, the Cross of Malta pro merito melitensi for services to the Order's charitable works. This decoration has three ranks: Collar (for heads of state), Cross (including Grand-Cross, Grand-Officer, Commander, Office and Cross of Merit), and Cross pro piis meritis for members of the clergy (including Grand-Cross and Cross). The insignia of the decoration is a white cross moline with a red roundle in its center bearing a white Maltese cross.
The Order is governed by the Grand-Master and the Sovereign Council, which includes members ex officio and elected members. The Order's four oficers are the Grand-Commander, the Grand-Chancellor, the Hospitaller and the Receiver of the Common Treasury.
The Order considers itself to be an internationally recognized sovereign entity although without territorial basis. Two of its possessions, the Palazzo Malta, via Condotti, Rome and the Villa Malta, also in Rome, are given extra-territorial status by Italy since 1869. The order also owns The fortress Sant'Angelo in Malta since 1991. It mints coins, which do not circulate, but it also prints stamps accepted by 45 national post offices. The Order enjoys recognition from and has diplomatic relations with 67 countries (including Spain, Italy, Russia, Austria, Egypt, Brazil), has "legations" in 6 countries (including France, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland), and is a permanent observer at the UN since 1994.
For all its sovereignty, however, the Order is also an Order of the Roman Catholic Church, and as such recognizes the authority of the Pope over the Order's professed members in religious matters. This authority, finally clearly delineated in the 1950s, had been the source of conflicts, most notably the during 1951-62 interregnum.
The sovereignty of the order is a complex and controversial matter examined in greater detail here.
The Order's main activities are religious and charitable (hospital and medical assistance). The Order is financed through members' fees and donations, as well as charitable contributions from well-wishers; these sums are mostly collected and spent by the national associations.
Heraldry of the Order
The Order
Modern arms of the Order, from a panel in the palace of the Grand Masters, Rhodes.
The arms of the Order are Gules a cross argent. The full arms show the shield surrounded by a chaplet and placed over a cross of Malta, all within a mantle and surmounted by a closed crown. In 1776, when the (religious) order of Saint-Antoine in France was united with Malta, a double-headed eagle displayed holding in each beak a Tau was added behind the shield; the eagle had been granted to Saint-Antoine by Maximilian I. The eagle appears on 18th century coins from Malta (see a silver coin of 1790) but disappeared in the 19th century.
The arms of the Grand-Master Pinto de Fonseca (1742-73), from a gold coin. Notice the closed crown and the Baroque, asymmetric shape of the shield.
Grand Masters
The head of the order was traditionally called Magister Hospitalis Sanctis Johannis Hierosolym (master of the hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem), although on their seals they are only called custos until they left Jerusalem in 1291. The name of the order lengthened to "Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem and Acre", then "Jerusalem, Acre and Rhodes" after the conquest of that island in 1308. With that conquest came sovereignty, (immediately indicated by the style "by the Grace of God" for the Master) and among other rights that to coin money. The order minted coins more or less continuously until 1798 and the legends and figures reflect changing styles (see Mémoires Numismatiques de l'Ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem, by Edouard-Henri Furse; Rome, 1885).
The arms of the Master first appear on the obverse of coins with Roger de Pins (ca. 1360). They appear on the obverse, which shows the grand-master wearing a cape with a cross, kneeling before a reliquary of the True Cross. The shield is behind him on the right of the coin. The reverse of the Order's gigliati coins shows a cross flory, rather similar to that on French gold coins of the time. The mention of Acre disappears under Philippe de Nalhac (1396-1421); the title of "Grand Master" first appears under his successor Antoine Fluvian ("grammastro di Rodi" in Italian on an imitation of a Venetian sequin; cf. the title given to Pierre d'Aubusson on the gate of Saint Athanasios, Rhodes: "Rhodiorum Magnus Magister"). In a letter sent in 1423 by Venice to the Grand Master to express displeasure at the minting of imitation Venetian ducats, he is styled "reverendissimus dominus Magister Rodi" (cited in Papadopoli: Le Monete di Venezia, 1912; vol. 1, p. 250).
Grand-Masters quarter their arms with those of the order ( Gules a cross argent) since Philibert de Nalhac. With Jean de La Valette the Maltese cross is first shown on the reverse of some coins. The distinctive shape of the Maltese cross seems to date from the 16th century. Miniature illustrations of Caoursin's history of the siege of 1480 show the Grand Master's cape with a cross that is not yet of the classic shape; the arms of the cross are split and the ends of the arms taper out. In 1581, a coronet was added above the arms of the grand-master: a row of pearls, later intermingled with leaves, and then (under Adrien de Wignacourt) only leaves. In 1630 the Grand-Master was given by the pope the precedence of a cardinal and the style of "Most Eminent Highness". The closed crown of sovereignty was first used in 1741. At the same time, the arms of the order itself appear in their modern form on the coins: the shield, the Maltese cross behind it, the chaplet around it and the closed crown. Since the 18th century, a princely mantle has been placed behind the arms. Two Grand Masters who were made cardinals, Pierre d'Aubusson and Hugo Loubenx de Verdala, and displayed the cardinal's hat over their arms.
An unusual arrangement: the arms of the order impaled with the arms of the grand master wuartering the arms of the Order. Location unknown (probably Malta). Courtesy of the Heraldry Society.
See also the armory of the Grand Masters with some illustrations.
Bailliffs
Arms of Philippe de Villiers de l'Isle-Adam as bailli; Rhodes.
Bailliffs (or Baillis) were the heads of the Tongues and holders of the great offices of the order. Since the 15th century they bear a chief with the arms of the order. Miniatures in Caoursin's manuscript show the Baillis in session around the Grand Master, each holding a string of beads with a fiocco at the end; also, the tombstone of the French Bailli Montmirel in the Archaeological Museum, Rhodes, shows two such strings placed on both sides of his coat of arms.
Insignia
The insignia comes in four varieties:
A white Maltese cross surmounted by a closed crown and above it by a trophy of armour and flags with an escutcheon of the Order in the center; for Knights of Justice, Obedience and Honour and Devotion
A white Maltese cross surmounted by a closed crown and above it an escutcheon of the Order with an antique helmet and two swords per saltire above it; for Knights of Grace and Devotion
A white Maltese cross surmounted by a closed crown and above it a golden tie with an escutcheon of the Order in the middle: for Knights of Magistral Grace, Donats of Justice, Chaplains ad honorem, Donats of Devotion 1st class
A white Maltese cross surmounted by a closed crown: for Chaplains of Magistral Grace, Donats of Devotion 2d and 3d class.
Portrait of a commander of the Order of Malta, by Jean-Marc Nattier.
(Source: France, Ministère de la Culture, base de données Joconde).
Only the professed members (and perhaps the Knights and Chaplains of Obedience as well) are entitled to place a cross of Malta behind their arms. Knights Commanders also surround their shield with the chaplet from which hangs their insignia. Baillis quarter their arms with those of the order. Professed Chaplains surround their shield with a chaplet from which hangs their insignia. Professed knights have the full cross hanging from a black ribbon. The non-professed categories of knights have their insignia hanging from a black ribbon (with no cross behind the shield), but Knights Grand-Cross or Bailiffs within each class edge the ribbon with gold and add a chief with the arms of the Order (chef de la religion) to their coat.
Ecclesiastics who are members of the Order are exempted from the prohibition on display of exterior ornaments.
See also a heraldic tour of Rhodes and a heraldic tour of the 15th century Castle of Saint Peter in Bodrum, Turkey.
References
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https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/nocopyrightsounds/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20230421063303
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NoCopyrightSounds Wiki
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https://nocopyrightsounds.fandom.com/wiki/Category:Polydor_Records_artists
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A RfC (Request for Comment) is currently open relating to self-made backgrounds used in NCS videos, please read and vote here.
Hi, welcome to the NoCopyrightSounds Wiki!
Be sure to read and the Manual of Style and the Rules and Regulations before editing.
This wiki is under its construction phase!
The staff and other users are currently building this wiki to have enough substantial information to all users. Please be aware of this if you see any missing information or details on any pages.
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dbpedia
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3
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https://ultimateclassicrock.com/the-who-roger-daltrey-north-american-2024-tour/
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The Who’s Roger Daltrey Slates Intimate North American Shows
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[
"concerts",
"news"
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"Nick DeRiso"
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2024-03-18T16:31:47+00:00
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Roger Daltrey announced plans in March 2024 to perform songs from the Who and his solo career in nine North American cities.
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Ultimate Classic Rock
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https://ultimateclassicrock.com/the-who-roger-daltrey-north-american-2024-tour/
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Roger Daltrey will return to songs by the Who this summer during an intimate tour of theaters and amphitheaters in the U.S. and Canada. He's also promising some solo material and special question-and-answer sessions.
Stops include Boston, Detroit and Indianapolis. A complete list of the nine-city tour is below. Tickets go on sale beginning Friday at 10AM local time. Local venues will have more pre-sale information. Check thewho.com for other details.
The Who's most recent dates were in 2022 during the "Hits Back" tour. Who touring members Simon Townshend (guitar), Billy Nicholls (mandolin) and Katie Jacoby (violin) rejoin Daltrey for these newly announced shows. Special guests on select dates include KT Tunstall and Dan Bern.
READ MORE: Top 10 Roger Daltrey Who Songs
Daltrey and bandmate Pete Townshend recently appeared on a charity update of Mark Knopfler's "Going Home (Theme From Local Hero)," which featured more than 60 rock stars. Proceeds benefit the Teenage Cancer Trust, where Daltrey is an honorary patron; and Teen Cancer America, which was cofounded by Daltrey and Townshend. The single is available now.
Roger Daltrey 2024 North American Solo Tour
June 12: Wolf Trap – Filene Center in Vienna, VA*
June 14: OLG Stage at Fallsview Casino in Niagara Falls, ON*
June 16: Bethel Woods Center for the Arts / Bethel, NY*
June 18: The Capitol Theatre in Port Chester, NY*
June 20: Leader Bank Pavilion in Boston, MA*
June 22: Tanglewood – The Koussevitzky Music Shed in Lenox, MA*
June 25: Meadow Brook Amphitheatre in Detroit, MI**
June 27: Murat Theatre at Old National Centre in Indianapolis, IN**
June 29: The Pavilion at Ravinia in Highland Park, IL*
*-Featuring KT Tunstall
**-Featuring Dan Bern
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https://aroundandaroundcom.wordpress.com/track-record/
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en
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Around and Around
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2020-12-17T16:09:18+00:00
|
Note that the labels say Track Record, not as in most books ‘Track Records’. Voodoo Child: Jimi Hendrix Experience, TrackThe B side contained both Hey Joe and All Along The Watchtower, so really an EP Track was formed by Who managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp, two larger than life sixties characters. Lambert was an…
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en
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https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
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Around and Around
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https://aroundandaroundcom.wordpress.com/track-record/
|
Note that the labels say Track Record, not as in most books ‘Track Records’.
Track was formed by Who managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp, two larger than life sixties characters. Lambert was an ex-army officer, and assistant director on From Russia With Love and The Guns of Navarone. On an expedition to the Amazon jungle to research a film, his companion was killed by tribesmen, and Lambert arrested on suspicion of murder. When he got back to the UK, he worked with fellow film director Chris Stamp (brother of actor Terence Stamp) on a film about a pop group, for which they recruited The High Numbers, who became The Who. They became their managers, and eventually took over as producers too. They were the prime Swinging London double act. Lambert was the son of composer Constance Lambert with a cut-glass Advanced RP accent, while Chris Stamp spoke cheerful loveable Cockney. Roger Daltrey said:
Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp were the fifth and sixth members of the Who: Kit, with his outrageous behaviour and ideas on how to manipulate the media, and Chris, the expert in cool, menace, and scams! Their contribution to the band should never be underestimated
Like Reaction and Marmalade, Track was a “manager” label sponsored by and pressed by Polydor. Lambert and Stamp had tested the water with The Who on Robert Stigwood’s Reaction label, another Polydor-sponsored label. They had spent months researching the finances of record production.
Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp had been laying plans for their own record label, Track Records, since the previous summer. They realized that the bulk of the clout and cash in the record business did not go to managers or even producers but to the corporations that made and distributed the records. According to the figures the worked up before starting Track, the record company grossed up to 500% more profit than the performer on each Who record. The situation was worse in Britain than in some countries (notably the United States) because in addition to their powerful distribution setups, the four major recording companies also operated virtually all of the record- pressing plants. As a result of what were effectively pressing and distribution monopolies, the major UK record companies were able to drive nasty, often unfair bargains with anyone who wanted to start a label on their own.
Dave Marsh: Before I Get Old: The Inside Story of The Who, 1983.
Track gets started
No other label can boast four all-time classics in its first four single releases (Purple Haze, Pictures of Lily, Desdemona, The Wind Cries Mary).
LP Galleries… click to enlarge
The first three LPs were Are You Experienced? (UK#2) The Who Sell Out (UK#13) and Axis Bold As Love (UK #5). Tommy was a Track album.
Track held the ace: they had Jimi Hendrix, and quickly became the label new bands aspired to.
After getting nowhere with Decca’s Dick Rowe (the unfortunate chap who had turned down The Beatles), a momentarily crestfallen Chas Chandler found no trouble landing a deal with the fledgling Track label. Reportedly signed on a beermat at the Scotch of St James, the deal offered a £1000 advance, but the clincher was the promise of an appearance on the happening TV show, Ready Steady Go! Track belonged to the Who’s managers, Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp. The only problem was that the label was not yet fully functioning, so Hey Joe! would have to come out as a one-off with Polydor, Track’s distribution company.
Kris Needs, ‘Technicolour Dreams,’ Record Collector #330, December 2006
I would call Polydor the ‘sponsors’ as well as the distributors.
(Hey Joe) was all over the pirate stations, London and Caroline, not least because Jeffrey (Hendrix’s co-manager) had promised a cut of the publishing on ‘Stone Free’ in return for airplay. Later Kit Lambert unashamedly admitted that everyone – from Track staff to Hendrix’s girlfriend Kathy Etchingham – was dispatched to buy multiple copies of the single.
Kris Needs, ‘Technicolour Dreams,’ Record Collector #330, December 2006
After Hey, Joe they were all on Track, including Purple Haze, the very first Track record, and the only one with a white centre label. It was changed soon after its release to black. Lambert and Stamp had worked out that if they had led their release programme with The Who, they would look like a one man band. Or rather, a one band label. So starting out with Hendrix was a conscious decision.
Lambert and Stamp’s names and that of Pete Townsend crop up on other productions. Fire, by The Crazy World of Arthur Brown … Produced by Kit Lambert, Associate Producer Pete Townsend. Something in the Air by Thunderclap Newman … Pete Townsend, arranger, engineer, bass guitar. And Townsend assembled them. The Who had been promised involvement in the label.
This is from the first Track press release in 1967:
TRACK will be seeking promising new writers for its artistes and its associated publishing company
In association with TRACK, each member of The WHO will specialise in discovering, selecting and recording various forms of music.
Lead singer ROGER DALTREY heads the Soul and R & B section: KEITH MOON leads the Surf and Good Time Music section: lead guitarist PETE TOWNSHEND fronts the Jazz and New Sounds department, and bass guitarist JOHN ENTWISTLE will concentrate on orchestral material.
KIT LAMBERT is personally responsible for the Classical department of TRACK.
It never happened. The Who members were also promised directorships which never materialised either. Apart from the string of Who hits, an early release was The Who’s cover versions of The Last Time / Under My Thumb, released as a “benefit” during The Rolling Stones infamous marijuana bust.
I have some doubts about the Lambert / Stamp / Who image as cheerful looning diamond geezers. See my account of Keith Moon in the Reaction label article. (LINKED)
At Lambert’s suggestion, Marc Bolan had been drafted in to boost John’s Children for Desdemona, which briefly charted in some charts. The Laurence Olivier Othello with Olivier in ludicrous blackface make-up had been in the cinemas in 1965-66 and no doubt inspired the name. It was banned by the BBC for the line lift up your skirts and fly. Simon Napier-Bell was their manager and his book describes how they successfully bought their previous record into the NME chart at #28. For Desdemona, taking a front cover advert no doubt should have helped, but according to Guinness (based on Record Retailer), it didn’t chart. At the time Napier-Bell bought masses of radio play and it was on all the time on dying pirate radio. It’s now easily the most valuable of the first four Track singles. It was one of the memorable songs of the year, and there was a strong suspicion around that it got “Sex Pistoled” by the chart compilers after the BBC ban. That means it was decided not to admit its sales to the listings. Napier-Bell says the sales prove it should have charted, but to be fair, copies turn up very rarely. Their album, also produced by Simon Napier-Bell was called Orgasm, but never saw the light of day until the Cherry Red label issued it in 1982.
Kit put the group on tour with The Who in Germany. I helped John’s Children devise a suitably manic stage act in which they would appear to act out their frustrations with one another. A letter in Melody Maker from a British soldier in Germany described it well: ‘The lead singer … rolled on stage, had a fight with the bass guitarist, leapt into the audience several times, and collapsed crying into the back of the stage. The lead guitarist kicked his equipment, beat the stage with a silver chain and sat in a trance between the speakers … it was sickening.’
Simon Napier-Bell, Black Vinyl, White Powder, 2002
Track persisted doggedly with Desdemona, releasing versions by Marsha Hunt in 1969 and as their last single by Heartbreakers in 1978. They had faith in John’s Children, releasing three singles plus solo Andy Ellison, and years later a Marc Bolan track. A withdrawn single by John’s Children, Midsummer Night’s Dream is rated at £4000 mint (if one were ever to turn up … and beware, pirate copies do). The same catalogue number was assigned to Come and Play With Me In The Garden. Both Desdemona and Come and Play With Me In The Garden have rare picture sleeves on early copies.
Looking back through music weeklies, Track were lavish in taking out full page adverts, not just in one paper, but in several. They must have thought it worthwhile, perhaps in first securing a place in the paper’s chart, then in sales. Or possibly, large adverts kept artist egos polished, so made them malleable.
In spite of the Who’s acrimonious exit from Decca’s Brunswick label, they remained on Brunswick USA, where two UK Track B-sides were a single:
Call Me Lightning / Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde: The Who, US Decca single 1968
Cherry Smash recorded Sing Songs of Love in 1967, and were produced by Manfred Mann’s Mike Hugg, featuring his brother on lead vocal. The band, like Manfred Mann a few years earlier, were based in Gosport. The track was on Manfred Mann’s Up The Junction soundtrack.
Marsha Hunt, star of Hair and dating Mick Jagger, added more cred. Track courted controversy. Marsha Hunt’s cover of Dr John The Night Tripper’s best known song was listed as WOGS in the International Times whole page advert with a naked pic of the Afro-haired Marsha, taken by David Bailey. WOGS stands for Walk On Gilded Splinters. Or is an extremely racist term to grab attention. The same ad has Thunderclap Newman’s Something In The Air.
Marsha Hunt had star (superstar?) quality. She was American, moved to Europe (compare Madeleine Bell, P.P. Arnold, Donna Summer), worked with Alexis Korner, John Mayall, Long John Baldry’s Bluesology (duetting with Reg Dwight, aka Elton John) and ended up in Hair (Donna Summer had the same role in Munich).
Marsha Hunt: Tony Hall brought Kit Lambert to see me at The Shaftesbury Theatre, and that’s how I ended up leaving the show and signing with Track. He (Lambert) thought he was stealing me from Robert Stigwood … they thought they had a female Jimi Hendrix.
Interviewed by Martin Ruddock, Shindig 106, August 2020
Lambert brought in Tony Visconti as her producer for I Walk On Gilded Splinters. Visconti claims she liked to sing naked, with newspaper taped over the vocal booth.
Tony Visconti: A song I had recorded with Marsha Hunt made the charts; hers was one of the most interesting projects I worked on in the first half of 1969. The gorgeous black American singer, who was appearing nightly in the London production of Hair, and I recorded Walk On Gilded Splinters. The song, composed by Dr John, entered the chart at No. 46 but dropped out two weeks later when it stopped getting any radio plays. Marsha had appeared on Top of The Pops and – shock horror- one of her breasts dropped out f her loose-fitting halter top; it was live TV … the BBC was united in condemning Marsha. I think they may have banned her for life.
Tony Visconti: The Autobiography, 2007
To me, the Top of The Pops incident smacks of a Lambert inspired publicity stunt. It backfired. Things were going well musically until Chris Stamp returned to the UK, furious that Lambert had signed her without consulting him. Lambert was told to take over from Visconti in the producer’s chair (to save money?)
Marsha Hunt: I got involved wth the coke-heads who ran the record company. What ended up happening was bullshit. (Lambert) took me into the studio to record Desdemona and he’s too fucking stoned to light his own cigarette. The next thing I know, Vicki Wickham’s going to finish the session. It’s her first production. My producer has stopped producing and given me to a new producer who’s actually the booking girl from Ready Steady Go.
Interviewed by Martin Ruddock, Shindig 106, August 2020
The cunning stunts went on:
At The Reading Festival, Arthur Brown was lowered on to the stage from a helicopter with his hair aflame. He’d just released a record on Track called Fire and this was Kit Lambert’s publicity stunt. But Arthur jumped around too much and set the stage on fire. The gig was cancelled and there was no music, but the press coverage was good and the record got to number one.
Simon Napier-Bell, Black Vinyl, White Powder, 2002
45 centre labels: click to enlarge
The Last Time: The Who 1967 604006, push-out centre
Burning of The Midnight Lamp, Jimi Hendrix Experience, 1967, 604007, closed centre
Track used plain sleeves, and though they settled on plain black, they started with white and tried buff. I suspect it was whatever plain sleeves were available.
45 gallery: plain sleeves … click to enlarge
The Wind Cries Mary: Jimi Hendrix Experience 1967, 604004, closed centre, white sleeve
Sing Songs of Love, Cherry Smash, 1967, 604017, push-out centre, buff sleeve
Fire, TheCrazy World of Arthur Brown, 1968, 604022, push-out centre, black sleeve
The first Fairport Convention recordings were done by Joe Boyd for Track with If I Had A Ribbon Bow being their debut single. The LP Fairport Convention was put out under the Polydor logo, rather than Track.
Polydor had had the rights to the small Detroit label, Ric Tic for a number of years, and they were due to expire in 1970. In 1967 and 1968 a number of the soul sides were released on Track, among them Tony Simon, The Parliaments, The Precisions, The Sand Pebbles, Al Kent and The Debonaires. They didn’t sell well, but are now much sought after by soul collectors. Backtrack 6 is an LP compilation of them.
Later 45s
Gallery – click to enlarge.
Excerpts from Tommy: The Who, 1970. An EP rather than a single and it plays at 33 1/3 rpm
Because Track was pressed by Polydor, some singles came new with large hole centres and fitted three-prong Polydor spiders. The Polygram group (Philips /Polydor / Mercury / DGG) was a German / Dutch company and they decided it would be more economical to press everything with large holes, suiting for most of Europe, then adapt with spiders for the UK.
Gallery – click to enlarge.
The Rare Record Guide rates Won’t Get Fooled Again in a picture sleeve at £35 with a small hole centre, but £25 with a large hole and spider.
Polygram were also responsible for introducing plastic pressed centres instead of paper labels., making Polygram releases aesthetically unpleasing
Gallery – click to enlarge.
Giving It All Away: Roger Daltrey, Track, 1973. Silver plastic centre and black sleeve
Louisa on A Horse: John Otway & Wild Willy Barrett, (Produced by Pete Townshend), Track 1976
By 1976, some Polygram labels dropped the ubiquitous black sleeve and introduced an indigo one, which must have been custom produced. It’s seen on all EG label releases, but also on the tail end of Track.
In America, Track was pressed and distrubuted by MCA with a brown and blue centre label, in standard MCA sleeves:
In 1999, Ian Grant who managed The Stranglers, The Cult and Big Country got permission from Kit Lambert to use the Track label again.
Track Record: selected singles discography:
LPs
LP gallery … click to enlarge
You Can’t Beat People Up and Have Them Say I Love You: Murray Roman, comedy LP 1968
Hollywood Dream: Thunderclap Newman, LP 1970 (Produced by Pete Townshend)
ThirdWorld War II: Third World War, LP 1972
Previous Convictions: Speedy Keene, LP 1973
Switch: Golden Earring, LP 1975
Shakin’ Stevens: Shakin’ Stevens, LP 1978
The Album Charts
Backtrack
One of Track’s innovations was the Backtrack series of recent LPs in plain covers. The reissue of Are You Experienced was plain brown, with the logos above in the corner, front and back. It was ‘Trackton’ at £1 or 100 New Pence … ‘doing the ton’ was driving at 100 mph.
Then they switched to 99p… think Tesco Value packaging, but that was in line with several other Polygram distributed labels. These Backtrack issues included Are You Experienced? and The Who’s A Quick One and The Who Sell Out.
The other Backtrack design was half and half with the child smoking a joint picture, and was used on the samplers the label released as well as reissued LPs and compilations at 99p. One compilation had six Hendrix hits on one side, six Who on the other.
The Who remained the centrepiece of the operation, with Lambert heavily involved in the Tommy concept.
The Who LPs on Track … click to enlarge
Direct Hits, 1968 (Reaction and Track singles)
Tommy, 2 LP set, May 1969
Live At Leeds, May 1970
Who’s Next, August 1971
Meaty, Big & Bouncy (Greatest Hits) October 1971
Quadrophenia, 2 LP set, October 1973
Odds and Sods, 1974
Pete Townshend has acknowledged how important Kit Lambert was in encouraging him on Tommy, sketching a storyline and in producing.
Pete Townshend: He (Kit Lambert) educated me by encouraging me. It’s what made him a great mentor. He could see that I was at my best when I was dealing with my conscience … Kit often used to fatasize about doing things on a grand scale. It as him pushing us to do things in a grander way, he was telling me I was a great writer and I believed him because I wanted to believe him.
(Various sources, quoted in Q: The Who Inside Story. Special Edition)
Tommy as a “masterpiece”, restored The Who’s finances and credibility. I had seen them live at the pre-Tommy nadir, I guess. It would have been early 1968 in Hull (NOT the 1970 one). They actually weren’t very good at all … nowhere near as impressive as in the I Can’t Explain era when I first saw them.
Pete Townshend: Tommy was definitely the result of image building. I mean, I’d spent two years writing the thing, but it was still more an image idea than a musical idea. And it was the whole thing of it being taken up in the States as a musical masterpiece that threw us. From selling 1500 copies of The Who Sell Out, right, we were suddenly selling 20 million or whatever it was, of Tommy … it had to have repercussions.
Melody Maker 25 September 1971
For me, a Who singles album, Meaty, Beaty, Big and Bouncy surpasses any of the studio albums, even Tommy. I have a special affection for Live at Leeds with it’s ‘bootleg’ style sleeve. The set has been expanded in newer and much longer complete versions, and joined by Live at Hull in 2012, the other Yorkshire set they did the same week. Lambert said that everyone else did Live at The Hollywood Bowl or Live at The Paladium or Live at Madison Square Gardens or Live in Las Vegas, and he wanted a “real” live gig, taping Leeds and Hull. There is a dark rumour that Leeds was actually Hull, and so then Hull was actually Leeds, simply because Live and Leeds ran off the tongue, but it doesn’t matter in the end. Both were combined in the Live at Leeds box set, and the bass guitar on some tracks with technical problems was matched from Leeds into the Hull versions.
Live at Leeds was the first album I ever heard on headphones … yes, there was a time when headphones were an arcane specialist thing. I couldn’t believe that John Entwhistle’s bass guitar was like a chinstrap, running below my chin and joining up my ears.
LP centre labels … click to enlarge
Move over … let Jimi come in … click to enlarge
The first pressing of Electric Ladyland in the naked ladies sleeve, October 1968. It was organized by Chris Stamp, who offered a group of girls at a club £5 each to go topless, or £10 to strip completely. Marsha Hunt has pointed out that the photo was taken six weeks after the opening of Hair in London when nudity was all the news. Some shops banned it, but apparently Jimi Hendrix hated it most of all.
Jimi Hendrix: Folks in Britain are kicking against the cover. Man, I don’t blame them. I wouldn’t have put the picture on the sleeve myself, but it wasn’t my decision. It’s mostly all bullshit.
So … both Jimi Hendrix and ‘the female Jimi Hendrix’ Marsha Hunt came to the same conclusion about Lambert and Stamp: It’s all bullshit.
The girls didn’t like it either. One was interviewed by Melody Maker:
It makes us look like a load of old tarts, it’s rotten. Everyone looked great, but the picture makes us look old and tired. We were trying to look too sexy, but it didn’t work out.
Reine Sutcliffe
Jimi Hendrix went to a great deal of effort sketching out the cover HE wanted for US release by Reprise. He didn’t get that either. When the 50th Anniversary Super De Luxe edition appeared in 2018 (3 CDs + blu-ray or 6 LPs plus blu-ray) they went for a totally different sleeve to either the Track original or the Reprise replacement. Mostly collectors would want the reissue to have a facsimile of the original artwork and much was made of Jimi’s original dislike in explaining why they weren’t going to follow that route. I suspect though, that in 2018, that original sleeve was simply too “un-PC’ and that’s the main reason it was not reproduced … I believe a facsimile original was the way to go, even if Hendrix had hated it..
Jimi’s next sleeve, Band of Gypsys (sic … most spell the plural as Gypsies) was also withdrawn and replaced at high speed. Seeking controversy, the puppets were Jimi, Bob Dylan, Brian Jones and major DJ John Peel. Brian Jones was dead, Jimi had covered Dylan, John Peel’s Top Gear had hosted him. It was replaced with a live photo, taken from the Isle of Wight Festival. Suffice it to say that a mint “puppet sleeve” is rated at £200. The replacement at £50.
The Cry of Love was posthumous, released in 1971 and a #2 UK album chart hit. It was promoted as a complete Hendrix album, which wasn’t true.
Although many songs had been laid down in a state of near-completion, there’s no telling what Jimi might have added, erased, or otherwise changed, especially bearing in mind his perfectionist nature … The biggest compromise, however, was the decision to make the record a single disc, rather than the double LP that Hendrix had envisioned. … For these reasons, [The Cry of Love] can’t be considered to be the fourth studio album Hendrix would have released had he survived, whether it would have ended up being called First Rays of the Rising Sun or something else
Richie Unterberger: The Rough Guide To Jimi Hendrix, 2009
Two Virgins
Track truly sought controversy as publicity. An unusual Track release was in conjunction with Apple … John Lennon and Yoko Ono’s Two Virgins. EMI declined to release it, probably because of the naked John and Yoko on the cover, but being musically abysmal would have been a valid reason too. Track stepped in to distribute … after Electric Ladyland they were used to nudity … though the discs were pressed by EMI. The first stereo releases carried a Track logo and catalogue number 613012:
Only 5000 copies were pressed in the UK, but in the USA it actually charted at #124.
Back to The Who …
Things didn’t end well.
Session for Who’s Next with Lambert were abandoned after a ‘series of disastrous drug and alcohol fuelled sessions” (Q: The Who Inside Story. Special Edition). Glyn Johns was brought in to produce instead.
Pete Townshend: I don’t think Kit really understood that the group wanted to improve its sound among other things. So we got slightly frustrated despite the fact that he’s an incredible producer. I think when Kit realized we were unhappy with him he was hurt and opted out completely rather than take a downward slide. We just generally moved apart.
Melody Maker, 25 September 1971, interview on release of Who’s Next.
By 1972-73 The Who had started to see Lambert and Stamp in a negative light. Townshend and Moon still supported the managers, Entwhistle was neutral, Daltrey was strongly against them. (compare, The Beatles … Paul McCartney v Allan Klein, The Band … Levon Helm v Albert Grossman).
Keith Moon was particularly close to Lambert, who nurtured his fantasies of aristocratic tastes. Eric Burdon was talking about The Animals’ manager, but you can extrapolate:
Eric Burdon: They worked us to death … we had Mike Jeffries who was an ex-British Army Secret Service guy, who used everything from drugs to fucking sex to manipulate people. He just fucked us up. Not to mention Jimi Hendrix. I was on the inside of that.
Eric Burdon, Record Collector #209, January 1997
John Entwhistle and Pete Townshend solo albums … click to enlarge
John Entwhistle had done two Track solo albums Smash Your Head Against The Wall in 1971 and Whistle Rhymes in 1972, then an oldies album Rigor Mortis Sets In was planned for 1973. Yet no one had worried about The Who splitting as a result of Entwhistle’s solo work.
Pete Townshend released Who Came First in October 1972, and it charted, but again, no one seemed worried about the group breaking up. Townshend had already issued two albums dedicated to Meher Baba for private distribution. This was the bootleg era and copies were soon circulating, so he decided to release them properly … basically they were demos for the abortive Lifehouse project re-thought. He played virtually everything and recorded in his home studio. No one thought of it as a serious attempt at a solo career.
Roger Daltrey? A different matter. They foresaw a Rod Stewart / Faces situation.
Lambert and Stamp had dismissed Roger Daltrey’s solo work out of hand for starters, and made every effort to derail the Daltrey album, which used songs by David Courtney and Leo Sayer and production by Courtney with Adam Faith . Daltrey got to UK #6 in the album chart, but a disappointing #45 in the USA, the single Giving It All Away was a UK #5. He must have felt vindicated.
Then The Who had started building their own studio in late 1972, and a few months later they needed cash to finish the job. Dave Marsh recounts what happened:
Bill Curbishley and the group’s accountants went to Lambert and Stamp, in their role as Track’s owners, to ask for the money, informing the duo that The Who were owed £100,000 ($250,000) in record royalties. (The Who, despite repeated promises, were still not directors of Track).
I told Lambert and Stamp what the figure was and they said, “We can’t give them all of that. We’ll give them sixty per cent or seventy per cent,” Curbishley recalled. ‘So they wrote the cheque out. Kit was going to Venice the next day and unbeknownst to me, he stopped the cheque before he went. The band went fucking crazy.
Dave Marsh, Before I Get Old: The Story of The Who, 1983
Keith Moon did his own star-studded solo album in 1975, Two Sides of The Moon but that didn’t worry anyone either, perhaps due to his total lack of singing ability. This was the effete character, absurd as it was, that Kit Lambert had encouraged in Keith Moon.
After The Who finally sacked Lambert and Stamp as managers in 1975 they moved to New York City and signed Labelle as one of their final stabs at the music business. Lambert died in 1981 – Tony Visconti’s autobiography suggests it was after being pushed downstairs by his drug dealer. Chris Stamp died in 2012
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Paul Sexton"
] |
2022-06-13T13:16:55+00:00
|
Roger Daltrey has announced the band line-up for his forthcoming ‘Who Am I?’ tour of the UK, which opens on June 20.
|
en
|
uDiscover Music
|
https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/roger-daltrey-live-band-two-generations-of-townshends/
|
Roger Daltrey has announced the band line-up for his forthcoming Who Am I? tour of the UK, which opens next Monday (20) in Bournemouth, on England’s south coast. It includes such notables as Pete Townshend’s brother Simon and respected, much-traveled keyboard player Geraint Watkins.
The 12-date tour had to be postponed from last November and December because of Covid-19 fears, after The Who’s UK and Irish tour had to be postponed from March 2020, and ultimately canceled in February 2021. The itinerary includes a closing date at London Palladium show on Sunday, July 17. The singer is promising a deep dive into his recording history both with The Who and as a solo artist. A handful of seats remain for some shows.
Simon Townshend is very well known to Who fans for his roles on guitar and vocals at countless shows by the band, and for his solo records. Watkins is also acclaimed for his albums over many decades as well as his distinctive keyboard contributions for such major names as Paul McCartney, Van Morrison, and Mark Knopfler. Simon’s own son Ben will extend the musical dynasty on drums for the upcoming tour.
ADVERTISEMENT
Doug Boyle, former guitarist with Robert Plant and more recently a member of Caravan, is also in Daltrey’s band for the British dates along with bassist John Moke, whose indie band Moke made a single in the 1990s with the appropriate title “My Degeneration.”
Also featured will be percussionist and regular Who and Daltrey collaborator Jody Linscott and another Who regular, Billy Nicholls, on vocals. Harmonica will be supplied by Steve Weston, who played on Daltrey”s highly successful album with Wilko Johnson, the 2014 release Going Back Home.
Violin will be by another member of the Who family, Katie Jacoby, and singer-songwriter Leslie Mendelson, much featured with the band for some years, will be the opening guest at all the shows.
|
|||||
6803
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 19
|
https://geirmykl.wordpress.com/2016/01/21/article-about-the-who-from-new-musical-express-august-9-1975/
|
en
|
ARTICLE ABOUT The Who from New Musical Express, August 9, 1975
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Geir Myklebust"
] |
2016-01-21T00:00:00
|
This is the kind of interview that you don`t see too often these days. Today a band of The Who`s magnitude would be surrounded by managers, press agents or people from the record company that would control everything being said. Such honesty as revealed in this article would simply not be allowed. And probably for the better,…
|
en
|
https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/08c9ca5e1d9983c0b4247d14ac88d0dbb7a2c179b0359dad3d61a7b062fb6699?s=32
|
My Things - Music history for those who are able to read.
|
https://geirmykl.wordpress.com/2016/01/21/article-about-the-who-from-new-musical-express-august-9-1975/
|
This is the kind of interview that you don`t see too often these days. Today a band of The Who`s magnitude would be surrounded by managers, press agents or people from the record company that would control everything being said. Such honesty as revealed in this article would simply not be allowed. And probably for the better, as it would break up most bands. The Who are still an ongoing entity with Pete and Roger in the band. Quite interesting really, considering the odds after the articles published in 1975. Have a nice read!
A few weeks ago Pete Townshend, in an interview with NME, got all hot and steamy and despairing about his role with The `Oo – and about The `Oo themselves. This week Roger Daltrey, also in an exclusive NME interview, returned Pete`s fire – with interest. And after this furious exchange of invective, the question on all our lips is: can The `Oo survive…in any shape or form at all?
Tape Op: Tony Stewart Camera: Joe Stevens
Who`s Last?
Just how do you conduct yourself when interviewing a man who`s destined to become A Living Legend?
Do you ensure your shoe laces are tied, your hair`s neatly brushed and that your breath smells sweetly? And then humbly sit opposite your subject, dutifully silent as you wait to hear his proclamations?
Or perhaps you just take along a bucket and spade in case the Centaur – as his latest album sleeve depicts him – craps on the rug.
After all, this is how Polydor are promoting Roger Daltrey.
The Centaur photograph exploits all the romanticism of Greek Mythology to intimate Daltrey is A Living Legend, as well as incorporating the sexual blatancy of the classic Satyr – the lustful beast which is reputed to be part man, part goat. But moulding the hindquarters of a goat onto Daltrey`s fine torso would project a considerably less virile image than those of a stallion.
Look at the shot closely, and you`ll see my (or his) point.
“It`s nothing to do with me mate,” Daltry asserts. “I can never consider that. I wish I could become Charlie Bloggs. I`m pissed off with it, because I feel it`s not me. I`m not A Living Legend. A lot of old bollocks. It`s all half-truths and I don`t really want to be associated with that kind of thing.
“I don`t really want to be A Pop Star, believe it or not. I`d like to have successful records, but that`s it. And I`d very much like never to do any more interviews or anything.”
Gee thanks, Roger.
“Well, you know, the occasional one. I suppose it`s the price you have to pay.”
Yes. But Roger also has an ulterior motive in talking to us, and that`s to answer Pete Townshend`s attack on The Who, carried in a recent NME article.
Stick around because the dirt flies like a sand storm.
Somehow though, you just can`t come to terms with Daltrey`s new image. Here he is, in the Goldhawk Record company offices in London, sandwiched into a comfy chair between a filing cabinet and a stack of audio equipment, taking large hungry bites out of a pear, causing juice to trickle down his chin, the flow of which increases as he tries to talk with his mouth full.
His moods change faster than a streetful of Belisha beacons, going from Sullen to Friendly, and from Aggressive to Rationally Polite. And invariably he`ll laugh at his own moods, throwing his head back and roaring like a triumphant bar-room brawler.
You could describe him as an earthy streetboy.
The interview, though, comes at an appropriate juncture. Sessions for the new Who album, “The Who By Numbers”, have just finished, and after our rap Daltrey will go off to hear the final mixes.
“I`m really pleased with it,” he says, chewing on the pear. “One song particularly, called `Imaginary Man` I think is the best song Pete`s ever written. There`s a few mysteries in there, but it`ll be a good album.
“The shape and form of it is similar to `Who`s Next` with a lot of varied material unlike `Quadrophenia` which was really one vein. But I don`t know what it`s going to do, because I don`t know what people are expecting.
“I think it`s going to be surprising.
“There`s not been a lot of style change at all. How can we? Moon still plays like Moon, John still plays like John, Pete still plays like Pete, and I still sing like me.
“The only time that we really change is after extensive touring, never when we`re in the studio.”
Yet the conversation doesn`t dwell on the album for long, as it`s quite apparent Daltrey wishes to discuss another topic. Like the Townshend feature.
“I never read such a load of bullshit in all my life,” he comments, angrily. “To be perfectly honest, it really took a lot of my Who energy out reading that. Because I don`t feel that way about The Who, about our audiences or anything in that way.
“It was an unbelievably down interview. And I still haven`t come out of it properly yet.
“I`ve talked to fans,” he continues, “and I think Townshend lost a lot of respect from that article. He`s talked himself up his own ass. And there are quite a lot of disillusioned and disenchanted kids about now.”
(In fact the tone of Townshend`s rap was itself disillusioned. He was highly critical of the band as a working unit, their audience and even of their future. In his introduction to the piece Roy Carr admirably precised the prevalent attitude the Axe man expressed.
“Pete Townshend didn`t die before he got old. Yet death isn`t his problem, it`s the passing of the years and his current position in what he feels is a younger man`s occupation”.
But that`s not 32-year-old Daltrey`s chief beef about the article. “My main criticism,” he elaborates, “was the generalisation of saying the Who were bad. The Who weren`t bad. I think we`ve had a few gigs where Townshend was bad… and I`ll go on record as saying that.
“I think we had a few gigs where under normal circumstances we could have waltzed it. We could have done Madison Square Gardens with our eyes closed, only the group was running on three cylinders. Especially the last night.
“You don`t generalise and say the Who was bad,” he stresses, his rage stronger now. “Because The Who wasn`t bad. Wasn`t quite as good as we could have been, but it was because Townshend was in a bad frame of mind about what he wanted to do. And he didn`t play well.
“Sure, we all have our off nights. But don`t go round saying the Who was bad.”
Did Pete sound like a Rock And Roll Martyr to you?
“Yes. Very much.
“You`re putting words in me mouth, ain`t ya?” He laughs.
Well sure. But only if there`s room with the pear.
“Right. That`s the impression I got. And it riles me when he generalises it to say the Who weren`t playing well. The Who can play as well as they ever did, if we can get down to it and take it for what it is. He`s just trying to make the Who something it isn`t.
“I can understand his musical frustration,” he continues. “He must be so far ahead now with just writing songs for The Who. But surely if The Who isn`t a vehicle to get those frustrations out he should find another vehicle.
“But use the Who for what it is. A good rock `n` roll band, that`s all. And one that was progressing.”
Was?
“I say was because we haven`t done anything for such a long time. Hopefully when we get back on the road we`ll still progress. But if we have any more statements like that I don`t see how we can. Cos I know it`s taken a lot of steam out of me and I`m sure it did with the others.”
But Roger you said, was progressing, which strikes me as a rather strange comment to make just as you complete a new album.
“I`m just talking about the road side of it,” he clarifies.
“I mean, we are still progressing. We`re never really The Who in the studio. That`s one of the difficulties getting records made with the band. There was a lot wrong, but we rectified it on this album. We all got stuck in and made a record.
“But there`s not a lot of room for a group because it`s becoming more and more dominated by Pete. It`s very hard to make a group contribution outside of what you actually do in the band. Outside of me just singing, for instance.
“John seems to do alright at it – but every suggestion I make I just get laughed at.
“But I can live with that. I don`t care if I`m just the singer anyway.”
On this point, though, it was Townshend who complained he had to bear too much responsibility for The Who. There was, he bemoaned, too much pressure on him.
“There`s all sorts of problems going down at the moment that have got bugger all to do with the music side of it,” counters Daltrey, “which is usually lumped on my bloody shoulders. But I don`t ever complain about it.
“I agree that because he`s been the mainstay songwriter of the band he`s obviously going to be under that pressure. But I think he enjoys that. As far as going on the road goes I don`t think he`s under any more pressure than any of us, really.”
Townshend`s argument – just to refresh your memories – was also that because the other three guys heavied him into the studio any songs he`d written for a solo album would be snapped up by them. And inadvertently he seemed to be moaning about the fact that Daltrey, Entwistle and Moon could work solo – but that he never saw his own efforts come to fruition – because of The Who.
Daltrey does feel it would be a good thing for Townshend if he did record a solo album, but denies it was impossible because of The Who situation. “You see, I think if he made a solo album he would get some of the musical frustrations out which he can`t accomplish with The Who. Because he can do fucking incredible stuff that The Who`ll never do. They just haven`t got that sort of scope.
“That`s why solo LPs are nice to do. They let your head run riot for a while.
“And I don`t see why he couldn`t have done his own album before this Who set, because I can`t see this one getting released for ages because we`ve got so many problems, outside of just the music. Then The Who would have had second choice.
“And I don`t see it would have hurt The Who.”
“I think we needed this year break. We need to sort certain things out. Like, two months ago it looked as though we weren`t ever going to record again – and now at least we`ve made another record. And I really want to get back on the road.
“I just don`t feel I`m in a group unless we`re playing on the road. It feels like you`re just another session man.”
He pauses, having said his piece.
“Want a cup of tea?” he inquires politely.
Snippets of Daltrey`s rap keep flashing up on the brain`s screen like trailers at the cinema. And it could just be possible that`s yet to come.
At intervals he`s made oblique, but apparent, references to some kind of internal problems other than musical that are having a detrimental effect on The Who`s well-being.
Something seems greatly amiss.
But as the mugs of tea are handed round – and you`ll be glad to know Centaurs do have sweet teeth, because Daltrey started to crunch sugar cubes. Roger seems reticent to divulge the relevant information.
“There`s just certain things going down at the moment,” he does proffer, not particularly helpfully. “You`ll probably hear the whole story in about two month`s time.”
Can`t we hear it now?
“I can`t. There`s a lot of litigation going on between our record company and our management and everything else.”
A clue. But not exactly a scoop.
With a little gently prodding he does, however, begin to open up, revealing in unguarded terms there is, er, disagreement between the Who and their management.
“If we were free now to do what we wanted to do we`d have our record out in the first week of October and we would be touring England in the third week of October and the first week of November. And we`d be off to the States in the second week of November, then back here for some Christmas shows.” He comes out with a series of anecdotes which, due to the laws of libel, I can`t repeat. Worse luck.
“If the record doesn`t come out I don`t know what`s going to happen.
“We could still tour – but we wouldn`t tour with a new act because it`s hopeless trying to play people unfamiliar material. It`s like, the worst thing any band can do. Even if it`s vaguely familiar. Like Elton John at Wembley playing `Captain Fantastic`.
“It didn`t work.
“I wouldn`t mind touring with the old stuff. But that`s what it`ll have to be.”
Any dates pencilled in?
“There are, but I can`t even talk about them because it`s so vague at the moment.
“Maybe it will sort itself out and it`ll go ahead, but I can`t really see it somehow. It`s probably gonna be December before we actually get on the road. The way things are going, and the lack of decisions and various things.”
Christ. Some Main Feature, huh?
Going back to That Townshend Feature – and considering all Daltrey has just said – it does seem somewhat unfair Peter Meter should blame Daltrey`s involvement in “Lisztomania” for holding up the recording of the new album. Which he did.
“Obviously he doesn`t want to talk about these other problems in the Press,” suggested Roger quite rationally. “I do it reluctantly, but I suppose it`s got to come out at one time.
“I can see if it does happen then I`m gonna come out as The McCartney Of The Piece. But there again, what do you do? You can`t live on lies forever. But the last thing in the world I want to do is break The Who up. Anything I can do to stop that happening…I`ll do.
“Now The Who have acted.” (Daltrey`s referring to the legals). “But I don`t know how long I could have gone on without them acting. I really don`t.
“If the legal hassles hadn`t been going on, yeah, then Liszt would have held up The Who recording for three months. Which isn`t a long time.
“I know it was a drag for The Who, and I don`t ever really want it to happen again. But there was nothing I could have done about it.
“As it`s worked out, it didn`t really matter anyway.”
Perhaps at this stage it`d be useful to clarify one or two other matters with so many insinuations whizzing around. Roger, how important is The Who to you then?
“Obviously very important,” he responds immediately. “I mean it`s part of me life, and it`s the last ten years of me life.
“I can accept the fact now it`s not going to go on forever. That`s for sure. You do start to see the boundaries. But I just don`t ever want to give up.
“The Who comes before anything really. It didn`t come before Liszt but it was a group thing. I said, `What do I do?`
“I think Liszt will do The Who good as well. That`s one of the main things in my mind about it, because people – especially in the States – are gonna start thinking I`m Tommy. And I`m not Tommy. I don`t think `Tommy` is – The Who`s best piece of work.
“Liszt is a quick way of showing people that I ain`t Tommy. Which is, at least, a start in destroying that whole `Tommy` stigma.”
But again, when discussing his career in the movies, Daltrey is prone to relate it to his musical pursuits and his role with The Who. For instance, working with Russell, he says, has given him a better understanding of PT`s song writing. “Ken is very similar to Pete,” he explains. “He`s very visual and thinks all the time. But unlike Pete I can talk to Ken. And he`ll explain how he sees a situation to me, and I`ve got a terrific rapport with him.
“Unfortunately me and Pete have never actually got on, on that level. But I find now it`s not so important, because just working with Ken so much has taught me a lot about getting into things in the way I think you should.
“It`s given me a lot more confidence.
“If you can`t communicate on a talking level with someone, and you just go on feelings, and he`s given you a sheet of lyrics and you`ve got a demo to work with, then you need quite a lot of confidence.”
At this point, however, Daltrey is understating his turbulent relationship with Townshend because, as our conversation unfolds – covering The Who`s music and the sheer aggression and frustration it incorporates – it`s necessary for Roger to explain why this should be such an overt facet. And in doing so he reveals considerably more about the personality structure of the band.
“It`s probably because we`re so different,” he says, “and don`t particularly get on that well outside the band. I don`t want to be in a group with anybody else, although if I could choose three friends to go about with it wouldn`t be those three.
“It`s a very weird situation, but it does lead to frustration. But it`s always worked because it`s led to creating something.”
And also led, it should be noted, to fights. On occasion.
“Yes. On occasion.” Agrees Daltrey.
Well, your knuckles aren`t bruised so the recording sessions must have gone well.
“Look!” He cries, laughing, and holding up his right fist. “Look at that!”
He displays one severely swollen and purple set of knuckles.
“No, no, no. We didn`t have any fights at all,” he points out. “That`s a mosquito bite. Believe it or not.”
A likely story.
“No. We didn`t have any fights this time. We had fights in `Quadrophenia`.”
Tell us more.
“I`ve only ever had one fight with Pete and that was during `Quadrophenia`. It was a bit of a shame because it was a non-argument, and the last thing I wanted to do in the world was to have a fist fight with Pete Townshend.
“Unfortunately”, he adds petulantly, “he hit me first with a guitar. I really felt terrible about it afterwards. What can you say? Pete should never try and be a fighter.
“But when he was being held back by two roadies and he`s spitting at me, calling me a dirty little cunt and hitting me with his guitar I become quite angry. And I was forced to lay one on him. But it was only one.”
That was sufficient?
“Well,” he roars with laughter, “when he came out of hospital…”
But according to Daltrey there has always been a clash between him and Townshend – with Entwistle and Moon as mediators. And perhaps for this reason Daltrey is able to contend with being laughed at in the studio when he makes suggestions.
“Like I say,” he explains, “I can put up with being just the singer. It doesn`t really bother me that much. It`s just one of those things that make you feel – what`s the word? – makes you feel a bit of a misfit.
“But I`ve always felt a bit of a misfit in the Who. That`s another reason why solo things are good for me.”
Cue. Change of reel, and subject.
Everything seemed to be going well for Roger Daltrey, the solo artiste.
He`s now grabbed himself a prestigious slice of the Movie Biz by doing the films “Tommy” and “Lisztomania” – with another, of which he`ll reveal nothing except he has to have his hair cropped, on the starting blocks.
Even his solo-singing career had an auspicious debut, with the excellent “Daltrey” album, “Ride A Rock Horse”, however, isn`t too good.
The vocal performance is good, the musicianship is good, OK, but the material just doesn`t have that stamp of quality.
And to date, business has not been brisk with the set, which is certainly not the kind of sequel one would expect (either artistically or sales-wise) following his first album.
“I`m pleased with it,” comments Roger. “I like it. But then I`m bound to, ain`t I?
“It`s a very American kind of album and it`s not particularly the English people`s taste. But that was intentional. I aimed it at America.
“Maybe I aimed it too much at America.”
Perhaps, though, Daltrey, who as a prominent British vocalist would have the world`s established writers scrambling over each others` backs to get him to use their songs, has taken even more of a chance with the material than he did with the first set. Once again, he`s used unestablished writers (like Leo Sayer was).
“I know it`s a gamble and maybe this time it hasn`t paid off, but I`m gonna carry on doing it.
“It`s just that I get so many kids coming to with songs – and they`re not all good – but occasionally you get the good ones, and I think it`s worth taking a gamble. Maybe I`ve picked the wrong numbers this time… I don`t know. Obviously I haven`t in America. It`s in at 60 this week.
“With a bullet.
“So my judgement`s right somewhere.
“I just remember the days when I would have done anything for a helping hand. If I can help somebody who can`t get a look in elsewhere… then it`s a valid thing to do.”
Not, I wouldn`t have thought, if the album bombed, along with Daltrey`s sole reputation.
Polydor (who can improve your image as Charles Atlas helped build your body) do seem to be putting the big promo wheels in motion. This when discussed, moves onto Roger`s own reluctance to be drawn into the area which he describes as “poshlust”.
“But that`s the business, I suppose,” he remarks mildly. “I don`t suppose kids want to buy records wrapped up in paper bags. They want a bit of glamour.
“You do need your Jaggers and Rod Stewarts, but they`re trying to make me into one, and I`m not. And I never will be.”
Just why is he in the business in the first place then?
You guessed it. “Cos I sings in a band called the `Oo and I likes it. And That Is It.”
But according to Townshend (in That Feature) Daltrey would like to believe rock and roll was “making records, pullin` birds, getting pissed and having a good time.”
“That” retorts Daltrey disgustedly, “just shows he doesn`t understand me at all. Because that proportion of my life which is devoted to that kind of living is such a minimal proportion. If he thinks that`s what rock and roll is to me he must be kidding.
“Just coz I don`t live in a studio like he does doesn`t mean to say I don`t like rock and roll much.”
He pauses.
“There`s a terrible battle going on between me and him, ain`t there?”
In fact you could say this last quote of Townshend`s proves to weigh heavily on Daltrey`s mind. It isn`t until near the end of the interview when he decides to elaborate on the point.
“I`m just thinking about what he said,” he said. “That I`d like to believe that rock and roll was birds, booze and fun. The naivete of that is that the last few bad gigs the Who did were, in my opinion – apart from his head trip – bad because they were physically out boozing and balling all night. And by the time it got to the show at night they were physically incapable of doing a good show.
“So… put that in your pipe and smoke it.
Was that all of you?
“No. That was Townshend. Moon does it, but he can control it. On a few of the last gigs Townshend was pissed and incapable.”
Now Daltrey`s anger is rising.
“So don`t talk to me about booze, because I`ve never been onstage drunk in the last seven years, Mr. Townshend! I don`t know if you`ve ever noticed, maybe he hasn`t but I have. I remember every show we`ve ever done!
“I`m just getting a bit fed up with these left-handed attacks.”
And now he`s retaliating.
“One of the sad things is that Pete and I are probably never gonna be able to communicate,” he explains coolly. “I think I`ll have to sit down and write a letter to the band, because there`s no way of ever speaking to them about it.”
Jesus. What`s the future going to bring then?
Maybe Daltrey is outspoken, vitriolic and often enraged by the circumstances surrounding The Who, and yet underneath it all runs a deep devotion for the band. He may criticise Townshend for what he describes as “pathetic” guitar playing on one gig, and yet he`ll get back up on stage and work with him again.
“The only other way is to give up, init?
“From my point of view… I think I`ve got better on stage in the last six years… and it really frustrates me that the people who were heads, hands and feet above me before are starting to fall by the wayside. I think it`s unnecessary.
“That`s why i want to get back on the road and do it. Because I know they can do it.
“And if they don`t, then the Who breaks up. We`re not a government. It`s only a rock and roll band, after all.
“It`ll be a terrible shame and a lot of people will be disgusted with us for letting it break up. But what can you do?
“In a way,” he continues, “I don`t mind if the Who do finish, because I think we`ve done a helluva lot and I`d hate to see it fizzle. I`d hate to see anything mediocre come out by The Who.”
And in a more dis-spirited moment he comments: “If I feel I`ve come to the stage where I can`t give anymore into rock, and I can`t do the things I like, then I might as well take up acting.
“I might as well.”
I have personally transcribed this from the original paper and you are free to use it as you like. If you use it on your own webpages – please credit me or put up a link to my blog.
This number of New Musical Express also contains articles/interviews with these people: Gary Holton, Rod Stewart, Colosseum, Aston Barrett, Isaac Hayes, Mike Gibbs, Tim Hinckley.
The original music paper this article came from (pictured at the top) is for sale!
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In the early 1960s, German manufactured Polydor LPs and 45s were imported to Canada by Musimart of Montreal. These LPs were sealed in heavy plastic bags in Germany with stickers that stated "DIRECT IMPORT FACTORY SEALED". Some copies also carried a sticker that stated that the records were shipped from Europe via KLM Airlines. Musimart then distributed these imported records across Canada. Even some mono and stereo copies of the first Tony Sheridan Polydor LP from 1962 were imported to Canada.
However the biggest selling Polydor imported LPs were by James Last, Bert Kaempfert, Heintje and Max Greger. In 1966 or so, Musimart began manufacturing Polydor product here in Canada and used RCA to press the records. The Musimart name appears on the jackets for these early Canadian Polydor LPs as well as on th eearly Canadian Polydor 45s (ex. the Cream's I Feel Free 45).
Early Canadian Polydor records were manufactured and distributed by Musimart. This was the company that distributed Vanguard Records from circa 1962 to 1968 and Fantasy Records from 1968 to circa 1977. Polydor was not established on its own in Canada around early 1968 when it severed its relationship with Musimart. (The first three Cream singles, "Wrapping Paper/Cat's Squirrel" (Polydor 591 007), "I Feel Free/N.S.U." (Polydor 59 058) and "Strange Brew/Swalbr" (Polydor 1088) all were distributed by Musimart. Beginning circa January 1968, Cream's single "Sunshine Of Your Love/Tales Of Brave Ulysses" (Polydor 541-001), Polydor appear to be distributing themselves.)
The Polydor catalogue in Canada really took off in the late 1960s when label manager Fred Exon was dispatched for a time from the UK to Canada. Fred returned to the UK in 1970. This UK influence was most notable on unique Canadian releases like The Beatlesâ Very Together LP for example.
Musimart Inc. Montreal sticker that was used
in the mid 1960s for imported LPs such as
German Polydor discs
33 rpm albums
Serial Number Artist Title Polydor CP 593.001 Cream Fresh Cream Mono Polydor CP 594.001 Cream Fresh Cream Stereo Polydor CP 5003 James Last The Sound of James Last Stereo playable on mono Polydor CP 5008 Cream Disraeli Gears Polydor 184.017 Roberto Delgado Caramba Polydor 184.059 James Last Instrumentals Forever Polydor 184.063 Hugo Blanco Caribia Polydor 184.093 James Last Games That Lovers Play Polydor 184.107 Tommy Reilly Colours Of My Life Compo pressing, 1967 Polydor 184.158 Roberto Delgado Delgado Dancing Polydor 184.160 Roberto Delgado Show Dancing Polydor 184.173 Fairport Convention Fairport Convention Polydor 184.193 Roberto Delgado Acapulco Holiday Polydor 184.204 Fritz Schulz-Reichel Piano And His Orchestra In A London Pub RCA pressing Polydor 184.351 Norrie Paramor & Orch. Satin Latin Polydor 184.354 Hugo Blanco Ritmo Tropical Polydor 184.366 Taste On The Boards Polydor 222.005 The John Scott Orchestra The Sounds Of Silence Polydor 222.006 James Last In Concert Polydor 222.010 Nick Ingman, His Orchestra And Chorus Love Themes Polydor 227.007 Kai Warner So In Love Polydor 237.426 Roberto Delgado Blue Hawaii Polydor 237.495 James Last Non Stop Dancing â66 Polydor Special 242.001/003 The BeeGees Rare, Precious & Beautiful Polydor Special 242.002 TBD - - Polydor Special 242.004 Magic Lanterns Shame Shame Polydor Special 242.005 The Spotnicks The Best Of the Spotnicks Polydor Special 242.006 Chris Barber & His Band Battersea Rain Dance Features the only offical recording of the Beatles song CAT CALL Polydor Special 242.007 Raymond Froggatt The Voice And Writing of Raymond Froggatt Polydor Special 242.008 The Beatles Very Together 1969 December 1 (TBD). STEREO only. Early copies are Compo-pressed, sleeve is neither Parrs nor Ever Reddy. This LP cashed in on the «Paul Is Dead» craze and was deleted quickly. Early discs use a European Polydor stamper) Polydor Special 242.009 Various The Big Hits Of Today 1969. The back of this album featured the cover of other albums in this series, including 242.008 The Beatles Very Together. The Chris Barber Band is also featured, This album features the only known official recording of the Beatles song CAT CALL. Polydor Special 242.200 Kurt Edelhagen And His Orchestra (?) Canadian Concerto Polydor Special 242.201 Kurt Edelhagen And His Orchestra (?) The Music Of Leroy Anderson Polydor Special 242.202 Kurt Edelhagen And His Orchestra (?) South Of The Border Polydor Special 242.203 Kurt Edelhagen And His Orchestra Dancing Percussions Polydor Special 242.209 David Lloyd And His London Orchestra Michelle Polydor Special, Compo pressing, non-gatefold Polydor Special 242.210 TBD Romantic Mood Polydor Special 242.211 TBD - - Polydor Special 242.212 Werner Muller And His Orchestra Golden Evergreens 1 Polydor Special 242.213 TBD Trumpet Parade Polydor 244.001 Cat Mother And The All Night Newsboys The Street Giveth And The Street Taketh Away Polydor 244.002 Area Code 615 Area Code 615 Polydor 244.010 John Mayall Empty Rooms Polydor 249.028 James Last Aennchen Von Tharau Polydor 249.034 Max Greger Tanz Mit Mir Polydor 249.040 James Last Trumpet A Go Go Polydor 249.043 James Last Hammond A Go Go Vol II Polydor 249.068 James Last â66 II Non Stop Dancing Polydor 249.069 Der Don Kosakenchor Serge Jaroff An Den Ufern Des Don Polydor 249.101 Horst Wende Accordion à La Carte Polydor 249.103 Max Greger Greger In The Night Polydor 249.112 Max Greger Greger In Rio Polydor 249.121 James Last Sax à Go Go Polydor 249.122 James Last â67 Non Stop Dancing Polydor 249.160 James Last â67 / 2 Non Stop Dancing Polydor 249.161 James Last Trumpet A Go Go Vol. 2 Polydor 249.188 Peter Thomas Sound Orchestra Dancing Ninotschka Polydor 249.198 Kai Warner Dancing On The Shore Polydor 249.202 Ladi Geisler Guitar A La Carte Polydor 249.204 James Last Guitar A Go Go Polydor 249.205 James Last Humba Humba A Go Go Polydor 249.206 Roberto Delgado Spanish Eyes Polydor 249.216 James Last Non Stop Dancing 68 Polydor 249.232 Horst Wende Accordion A La Carte Polydor 249.233 T.W. Ardy Hammond In Gold Polydor 249.239 James Last Trumpet A Go Go 3 Polydor 249.250 James Last Rock Around With Me! Polydor 249.272 Roberto Delgado Marimba Al La Carte Polydor 249.273 Max Greger Max Greger Live Polydor 249.275 TBD - - Polydor 249.232 Horst Wende Accordion In Gold Polydor 249.330 Roberto Delgado Latin A La Carte Polydor 542.002 The Bavarian Trio Ein Prosit In The Beer Garden Polydor 542.003 Billy Van Singers Polydor Proudly Presents Polydor 542.004 The Five Bells The Five Bells Polydor 543.001 TBD - - Polydor 543.002 TBD - - Polydor 543.003 The Peter Thomas Sound Orchestra Presents: Deliliah, Valleri, Cinderella Rockefella, Bonnie & Clyde, Lady Madonna Polydor 543.004/005 Cream Wheels Of Fire Gatefold cover. Wheels Of Fire (in the studio) Polydor 543.006 Roberto Delgado Pan-Americana Polydor 543.007 Deep Purple Shades Of Deep Purple Polydor 543.008 Arthur Brown The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown Polydor 543.009 The Bee Gees Rare, Precious, And Beautiful Polydor 543.010 James Last Christmas Dancing With James Last Polydor 543.011 Original London Cast Hair Polydor 543.013 James Last Rolling Home With Captain James Polydor 543.014 Cream Wheels Of Fire In The Studio Polydor 543.015 Ivory Ivory USA Tetragrammaton T-104 Polydor 543.016 Deep Purple The Book Of Taliesyn Polydor 543.018 James Last Non Stop Dancing 7 Polydor 543.019 The Golden Earring The Golden Earring Polydor 543.021 Soundtrack Girl On A Motorcycle British Lion Orchestra Polydor 543.022 Traffic Traffic Polydor 543.024 Cream Goodbye Polydor 543.025 Horst Wendeâs Accordion Band Bei Pfeiffers ist Ball Polydor 543.026 Traffic Last Exit Polydor 543.027 Taste Taste Polydor 543.029 John Mayall Turning Point Polydor 543.030 Various German Beer Drinking Songs Polydor 543.031 Savage Rose Savage Rose Polydor 543.032 Elyse Elyse Polydor 543.033 Biff Rose Children Of Light Polydor 543.035 Blind Faith Blind Faith Sparton & Compo pressings Polydor 543.037 Ludwig Mauelshagen conducting the Elberfield Mandolin Orchestra Mandolin Forever Polydor 543.038 Spooky Tooth Spooky Two Polydor 543.039 Free Tons Of Sobs Gatefold cover Polydor 543.040 James Last Non Stop Dancing 8 Polydor 543.041 Kai Warner Happy Together Again Polydor 543.042 Kai Warner Happy Days (Goldtimer II) Polydor 543.044 Deep Purple Deep Purple Gatefold Cover Polydor 543.045 Murray Roman A Blind Manâs Movie 1969 Polydor 543.051 Savage Rose In The Plain 1969 Polydor 543.058 James Last Hammond A Go Go 3 Polydor 543.059 Ladi Geisler Guitar A La Carte Volume 2 - plays Russia's Greatest Hits Compo pressing, non-gatefold Polydor 543.061 Heinjte Heinjte Polydor 543.062 James Last Hair Polydor 543.069 Cream Best Of Cream Polydor 543.072 Adolf Scherbaum, under the direction of Karl Heinz Loges A Festive Trumpet For Christmas Compo pressing Polydor 543.074 Jack Bruce Songs For A Tailor Polydor 543.075 Fat Mattress Fat Mattress Polydor 543.077 Tramline Somewhere Down The Line Polydor 543.080 James Last Aennchen Von Tharau Vol. 2 Compo pressing Polydor 543.087 Fritz Schulz-Reichel Piano In Gold RCA pressing Polydor 543.088 Heinz Schachtner Trumpet In Gold 3 RCA pressing Polydor 543.089 Franz Loeffler Swinging Baroque Guitar Polydor 543.092 Roberto Delgado Blue Hawaii / 2 Polydor 543.093 Tom Scott Hair To Jazz Polydor 543.095 Franz Loeffler Guitar In Gold / 2 Polydor 543.097 Max Greger In The Mood For Dancing Polydor 543.098 Fairport Convention Unhalfbricking Polydor 543.100 James Last Evergreens Non Stop Dancing Polydor 543.102 James Last Non Stop Dancing 9 Polydor 543.103 Barry Ryan Barry Ryan Polydor 543.108 Traffic Best Of Traffic Polydor 543.111 Free Free Polydor 543.112 Ten Wheel Drive Construction # 1 Polydor 543.113 Clark Terry At Montreaux 1970 Polydor 543.120 Quintessence In Blissful Company 1969 Polydor 543.121 Various Polydor Sampler Easybeats, Cream, Fat Mattress, Thunderclap Newman, Life, Jack Bruce, Taste, Spooky Tooth, Blind Faith, Barry Ryan, etc. Polydor 543.123 Norrie Paramor Love At First Sight Polydor 543.125 Alfred Hause & His Orch. Romantic Classics Compo pressing Polydor 543.510 Georges Moustaki Le Métèque Polydor 2302.012 Jack Bruce Things We Like To Eat Polydor 2302.013 Free Highway Polydor 2310.006 The Luxemburg Pop Orchestra Glenn Miller Symphony Compo pressing Polydor 2310.011 The Baker Street Philharmonic Je TâAime ⦠Moi Non Plus Polydor 2310.019 Fairport Convention Liege And Leaf Polydor 2310.026 Deep Purple Concerto For Group And Orchestra Deep Purple With Royal Philharmonic, gatefold Polydor 2310.031 Deep Purple Best Of Deep Purple Polydor 2310.040 Free Fire And Water Polydor 2310.044 Quintessence Quintessence gatefold, RCA pressing, 1970 Polydor 2310.080 Richie Havens Alarm Clock 1970 Polydor 2310.082 Taste Live Taste Polydor 2310.093 Bronco Country Home Gatefold Polydor 2310.106 Quintessence Dive Deep Gatefold, Compo pressing, 1971 Polydor 2310.107 Jack Bruce Harmony Row Polydor 2310.126 Free Free Live Polydor 2310.132 Heintje Wenn Wir Alle Sonntagskinder Warân 1971 Polydor 2310.180 Deep Purple Early Purple Polydor 2310.184 Heintje LâOrphelin à La Voix DâOr 1972 Polydor 2310.235 Duane And Greg Allman Duane And Greg Allman issued on Bolt label in USA, RCA pressing Polydor 2310.311 Heintje (Simon) Ich Denk An Dich Polydor 2310.248 Medicine Head One And One Is Two 1972 Polydor 2334.001 - - Theme Music For The Film 2001 A Space Odyssey And Other Great Movie Themes Compo pressing, non-gatefold Polydor 2334.005 Mott The Hoople Mott The Hoople Compo pressing Polydor 2334.012 Spooky Tooth Last Puff Polydor 2334.013 Traffic John Barleycorn Must Die record club Polydor 2334.021 Spooky Tooth Tobacco Road Compo pressing Polydor 2334.022 Traffic Welcome To The Canteen Polydor 2334.023 Spencer Davis Group Greatest Hits Polydor 2334.026 Traffic Low Spark Of High Heeled Boys 1971 Polydor 2336.025 Heinjte Iâm Your Little Boy Polydor 2340.101 The Baker Street Philharmonic Love Story Polydor 2340.104 Quintessence Dive Deep 1970 Polydor 2343.019 Peter Loland And His Orchestra Trumpet In Super Stereo Polydor 2343.020 Peter Loland And His Orchestra Trumpet In Super Stereo Vol. 2 Polydor 2343.021 Peter Loland And His Orchestra Hammond In Super Stereo Polydor 2343.022 Peter Loland And His Orchestra Sax In Super Stereo Compo pressing Polydor 2343.023 Peter Loland And His Orchestra Latin America In Super Stereo Compo pressing Polydor 2343.024 Peter Loland And His Orchestra Tijuana Sound In Super Stereo Polydor 2343.103 Slade Alive! Polydor 2371.004 Ladi Geisler Guitare A La Carte Vol. 3 Compo pressing Polydor 2371.007 Roberto Delgado Calypso A La Carte Polydor 2371.014 James Last Non Stop Dancing 10 Polydor 2371.014 James Last Golden Non Stop Dancing 10 This is a special boxed edition with full colour booklet, same catalogue number as regular edition Polydor 2371.029 Roberto Delgado And His Orchestra This Is Reggae This Lp includes a great reggae version of Elizabethan Serenade as written by Ronald Binge Polydor 2371.039 James Last Beachparty Polydor 2371.044 Roberto Delgado Caramba 3 Polydor 2371.047 Max Greger Plays Glenn Miller Polydor 2371.051 The Beatles Featuring Tony Sheridan In The Beginning (circa 1960) Gatefold Polydor 2371.071 James Last With Compliments Polydor 2371.111 James Last Non Stop Dancing 11 Polydor 2371.133 James Last Happyning Polydor 2371.141 James Last Non Stop Dancing 12 Polydor 2371.166 Roberto Delgado Samba Caramba South America Ole Polydor 2371.188 James Last Beachparty 2 Polydor 2371.189 James Last Non Stop D ancing 1972 Polydor 2371.190 James Last Polka Party Polydor 2371.196 Roberto Delgado Latin Flutes Polydor 2371.204 Roberto Delgado South America Letâs Dance 1971 Polydor 2371.268 James Last Music From Across The Way Polydor 2371.373 James Last Happy Hammond Polydor 2371.402 Max Greger In The Mood For Hits Polydor 2371.405 James Last Christmas With James Last Polydor 2371.444 James Last Non Stop Dancing 74 Polydor 2371.493 Roberto Delgado Bouzouki Polydor 2371.497 James Last Non Stop Dancing 74 II Polydor 2371.515 James Last Polka-Party III Polydor 2371.520 James Last Violins In Love Polydor 2371.544 Kai Warner Music-Box Polydor 2371.545 Kurt Edelhagen Charleston Polydor 2371.555 Randy Pie Randy Pie 1974 Polydor 2371.573 Roberto Delgado Fiesta For Dancing Polydor 2371.770 Max Greger Shall We Dance ? Polydor 2371.786 James Last Non Stop Dancing 77/2 Polydor 2371.800 Roberto Delgado Caramba 2000 Polydor 2371.830 James Last Western Party And Square Dance Polydor 2371.843 James Last My Favorite Songs Polydor 2371.851 Roberto Delgado Hits A La Fiesta 1978 Polydor 2371.947 Roberto Delgado Music Box Dancer 1979 Polydor 2371.954 Roberto Delgado Roberto Delgado Meets Kalinka Polydor 2372.026 Roberto Delgado Dancing Under Tropical Skies 1980 Polydor 2372.051 James Last Roses From The South Polydor 2372.095 Roberto Delgado Blue Tropical Polydor 2383.021 Eric Clapton Eric Clapton RCA pressing, 1970 Polydor 2383.025 Fat Matress Fat Matress II Polydor 2383.076 Rory Gallagher Deuce 1973 Polydor 2383.077 Julie Driscoll Julie Driscoll 1972 Polydor 2383.080 Tin Tin Atsral Taxi Gatefold, textured sleeve Polydor 2383.101 Slade Alive! Polydor 2383.120 Taste Live At The Isle Of Wight Polydor 2383.139 Bee Gees To Whom It May Concern 1972 Polydor 2383.163 Slade Slayed Polydor 2383.189 Rory Gallagher Blueprint 1973 Polydor 2383.237 Slade Sladest Polydor 2383.261 Slade Old New Borrowed And Blue Polydor 2383.277 Brian Auger featuring Julie Driscoll Genesis Polydor 2383.315 Rory Gallagher Sinner ⦠And Saint Polydor 2383.377 Slade Nobodyâs Fools Polydor 2384.047 Fairport Convention re-issue of first LP, new cover 1973 Polydor 2385.119 Cream Live Cream Vol. II Polydor 2391.004 Arthur Feidler & Boston Pops Orchestra Encores (Feidlerâs Greatest Hits) Polydor 2391.013 Charlie Brown Portrait Of A Glad Man Compo pressing, 1971 Polydor 2391.017 Manfred Mannâs Earth Band Manfred Mannâs Earth Band 1971 Polydor 2391.018 Stone The Crows Teenage Licks Compo pressing Polydor 2391.019 Cat Mother Cat Mother 1972 Polydor 2391.020 Arthur Fiedler And The Boston Pops Play The Music Of Paul Simon Polydor 2391.032 John Mayall Jazz Blues Fusion 1972 31 Polydor 2391.040 Original Cast Donât Bother Me, I Canât Cope 1972 Polydor 2391.042 Roy Buchanan Roy Buchanan 1972 Polydor 2391.061 Mandrill Composite Truth 1973 Polydor 2393.001 Georges Moustaki Bobino â70 Polydor 2393.010 Serge Reggianni Serge Reggianni 2ble LP set Polydor 2393.021 Melina Mercouri Melina Mercouri Polydor 2393.095 Melina Mercouri En Triomphe A Athenes 1975 Polydor 2414.029 James Last Party Dancing (Non Stop) Vol. 1 Polydor 2414.064 Roberto Delgado And His Orcehstra Acapulco Holiday 1972 Polydor 2414.082 Robert Delgado Along Mexican Highway 1975 Polydor Special 2418.040 Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, Lightninâ Hopkins Blues Is Life Compo pressing Polydor Special 2418.048 Various Orchestral - Slow Part of a special dance series Polydor Special 2418.049 Various Orchestral - Charleston Part of a special dance series Polydor Special 2418.050 Various Orchestral - Rumba. Part of a special dance series Polydor Special 2418.051 Various Orchestral - Tango Compo pressing. Part of a special dance series Polydor Special 2418.052 Various Orchestral - Waltz Part of a special dance series Polydor 2418.070 James Last Does His Thing Gatefold Cover Polydor 2419.009 Shocking Blue Shocking Blue 1967, pre âVenusâ without girl singer Polydor 2424.001 Life Life Polydor 2424.002 Luc Et Lise Cousineau Luc Et Lise Cousineau ex Les Alexandrins Polydor 2424.013 Soundtrack The Minx 1970 Polydor 2424.020 Five Man Electrical Band Goodbyes And Butterflies includes Signs Polydor 2424.022 The Bells Stay Awhile Polydor 2424.027 The Osmonds Homemade Gatefold, Compo pressing Polydor 2424.028 Donny Osmond The Donny Osmond Album MGM / KOLOB Polydor 2424.034 Alan Stivell Reflets Polydor 2424.035 The Bells Love, Luck NâLollipops Polydor 2424.036 Mireille Mathieu Sweet Souvenirs Polydor 2424.037 Mireille Mathieu La Premiere Etoile Polydor 2424.040 Mireille Mathieu Le Merveilleux Petite Monde De Mireille Mathieu Polydor 2424 047 Five Man Electrical Band Coming Of Age Polydor 2424.049 Mandrill Mandrill 1970, Gatefold cover Polydor 2424.059 Mireille Mathieu Chante Francis Lai Polydor 2424.068 Alan Stivell En Direct â Live â a LâOlympia De Paris Polydor 2424.069 Alan Stivell Renaissance De La Harpe Celtic 1973 Polydor 2424.070 The Osmonds Crazy Horses Polydor 2424.071 Cliff Edwards Transition Polydor 2424.085 Alan Stivell Chemin De Terre 1976 Polydor 2424.086 Mireille Mathieu Disque DâOr Polydor 2424.109 Monty Pythonâs Flying Circus Monty Pythonâs Flying Circus Polydor 2424.135 Arthur Prysock All My Life Polydor 2424.164 Mireille Mathieu Sentimentalement Votre 1977 Polydor 2424.168 Rose Judgement Day 1977 Polydor 2424.175 Saga Saga 1978 Polydor 2424.190 Murray Head Between Us 1979 Polydor 2424.201 Mireille Mathieu Romantiquement Polydor 2424.211 Murray Head Voices 1980 Polydor 2424.240 Kate And Anna McGarrigle Love Over And Over 1982 Polydor 2425.009 J.B. Lenoir J.B. Lenoir March 5, 1929 April 29, 1967. Compo press, non-gatefold, front sleeve logo John Mayallâs Number 1 Crusade Records Polydor 2425.010 Amboy Dukes Marriage On The Rocks / Rock Bottom June 1970 Polydor 2425.011 Manfred Mann Chapter Three Polydor 2425.017 Stone The Crows Stone The Crows June 1970 Polydor 2425.019 The Tony Williams Lifetime Turn It Over 1970 Polydor 2425.020 John Mayall USA Union Polydor 2425.022 Ten Wheel Drive Brief Replies Polydor 2425.023 Area Code 615 Trip In The Country Polydor 2425.029 Chris Farlowe And The Hill From Here To Mama Rosa 1970 Polydor 2425.033 Ted Nugent And The Amboy Dukes Survival Of The Fittest Live Compo pressing Polydor 2425.036 Jake Holmes So Close, So Very Far To Go 1970 Polydor 2425.042 Stone The Crows Ode To John Law 1972 Polydor 2425.049 Mandrill Mandrill Gatefold, Compo pressing, 1971 Polydor 2425.051 John Mayall Empty Rooms June 1970 Polydor 2425.052 Charlie Brown Up From Georgia June 1970 Polydor 2425.064 Lily Tomlin This Is A Recording (comedy) Polydor 2425.065 Ten Wheel Drive Peculiar Friends Polydor 2425.066 Hedge & Donna Evolution 1971 Polydor 2425.070 The Tony Williams Lifetime Ego 1970 Polydor 2425.085 John Mayall Memories Garefold Polydor 2437.169 James Last Stereo Spectacular Polydor 2442.109 Pink Fairies Never, Neverland 1973 Polydor 2442.116 Slade Play It Loud Polydor 2442.140 Barclay James Harvest Time Honoured Ghosts Polydor 2447.008 Bee Gees Rare Precious And Beautiful Volume 2 Polydor 2473.097 Georges Moustaki Georges Moustaki Polydor 2480.001 Various Artists Fascination James Last, Kai Warner, etc. Polydor 2480.002 Various Artists Dancing Time James Last, Kai Warner, etc. Polydor 2480.009 Thunderclap Newman Hollywood Dream Foldout Polydor 2480.049 Richie Havens The Great Blind Degree 1971 Polydor 2480.084 Chakachan Jungle Fever Polydor 2480.372 Moxy Moxy II 1976 Polydor 2480.460 Moxy Under The Light 1978 Polydor 2482.045 Various Artists Happy Music Gatefold Cover Polydor 2482.408 James Brown Best Of James Brown â Volume 1 Polydor 2484.045 Various Artists The Sounds Of Silence Polydor 2490.123 Mireille Mathieu Disque DâOr / 2 Polydor 2490.132 Moxy Moxy 1975 Polydor 2495.001 Pete Colley Hits A La Hammond Polydor 2495.004 The Easybeats Holding On Polydor Special Polydor 2625.005 Derek And The Dominos Layla 2 LP, gatefold, 1971 Polydor 2625.024 - - Recordings Featured In Stanley Kubrickâs A Clockwork Orange 2 LPs, gatefold Polydor 2630.031 James Last The Best Of Non Stop Dancing 3 LPs Polydor 2630.051 James Last Super Non Stop Dancing 2 LP Polydor 2662.001 Ginger Bakerâs Air Force Ginger Bakerâs Air Force Polydor 2675.026 Mireille Mathieu En Concert Au Canada Polydor 2675.032 James Brown Revolution Of The Mind 2bl LP Polydor 2812.002 Various Rock, Soul, Blues Explosion Polydor 2912.008 Donny Osmond Portrait Of Donny includes 3 photos Polydor Medium 2917.002 Sepp Schnaggelpuss Presents Everybody Happy ! Compo pressing Polydor Medium 2917.008 Royal Canadian Mounted Police Dynamic Sound 1972 Polydor PD 5046 Roy Buchanan Second Album Compo pressing, 1973 Polydor PD 5509 James Last Love Must Be The Reason Polydor PD 5522 Rory Gallagher Blueprint 1973 Polydor PD 6020 Roy Buchanan Thatâs What Iâm Here For RCA pressing, 1973 Polydor PD 6048 Roy Buchanan Live Stock 1975 Polydor PDS 1 6404 James Last Paradiso
45 rpm singles
Note that early releases are Compo pressings unless noted as RCA press
Polydor 59 058 Cream I Feel Free / N.S.U. RCA pressing, Distribution: Musimart Limited - Ltée, Montréal 8, Québec Polydor 42-1030 The Who Substitute / Waltz For A Pig Compo pressing. Distribution: Musimart Limited â Ltée, Montreal 8, Québec Polydor 1088 Cream Strange Brew / Swalbr Distribution: Musimart Limited
Distributed by Polydor Records (Canada) Limited
Serial Number Artist Title Polydor 541.001 Cream Sunshine Of Your Love / SWALBR Polydor 541.002 TBD - - Polydor 541.003 Carnegy Hall The Bells Of San Francisco / Slightly Cracked 1967 Polydor 541.004 TBD - - Polydor 541.005 Julie Driscoll & Brian Auger Save Me (Part 1) / Save Me (Part 2) RCA pressing, July 1968 Polydor 541.006 TBD - - Polydor 541.007 Pete Lancaster And The Upsetters Stupidity / One Night 1968 ? Polydor 541.008 Deep Purple Hush / One More Rainy Day Polydor 541.009 Cream Anyone For Tennis / Pressed Rat And Warthog Polydor 541.010 TBD - - Polydor 541.011 James Last And His Orchestra Theme From Elvira Madigan / Mornings At Seven Polydor 541.012 Arthur Brown Fire / Rest Cure Polydor 541.013 TBD - - Polydor 541.014 TBD - - Polydor 541.015 TBD - - Polydor 541.016 Cream White Room / Those Were The Days Polydor 541.017 TBD - - Polydor 541.019 TBD - - Polydor 541.020 Deep Purple Kentucky Woman / Hard Road Polydor 541.021 TBD - - Polydor 541.022 Arthur Brown Nightmare / Music Man RCA pressing Polydor 541.023 TBD - - Polydor 541.024 TBD - - Polydor 541.026 TBD - - Polydor 541.027 TBD - - Polydor 541.028 TBD - - Polydor 541.029 Cream Crossroads / Passing The Time Polydor 541.030 Deep Purple River Deep - Mountain High / Listen, Learn, Read On Polydor 541.031 TBD - - Polydor 541.032 Traffic Pearly Queen / Medicated Goo Polydor 541.033 The Incredibles Standing Here Crying Polydor 541.037 Deep Purple Emmaretta / The Bird Has Flown Polydor 541.038 Cream Badge / What A Bringdown Polydor 541.046 Cat Mother Good Old Rock âN Roll / Bad News RCA pressing Polydor 541.054 John Mayall Donât Waste My Time / Donât Pick A Flower Polydor 541.055 Captain Milk Hey Jude / The Impossible Dream Polydor 541.057 Gracious Beautiful / What A Lovely Rain Polydor 541.060 Blind Faith In The Presence Of The Lord / Canât Find My Way Home Polydor 541.067 Marsha Hunt Desdemona / Hippy Gumbo Polydor 541.068 Baker St. Philharmonic Je TâAime Moi Non Plus / Tycho ex Manfred Mann Polydor 541.069 Easybeats St. Louis / Canât Find Love Polydor 541.073 Fairport Convention Genesis Hall / Si Tu Dois Partir Polydor 541.513 Serge Regiani La Ballade des Pendus / TBD Polydor 541.518 Georges Moustaki Le Métèque / TBD Polydor 2001.032 Sweet Rain Gonna Get Along With Ya Now / TBD Polydor 2001.161 Richie Havens Here Comes The Sun / TBD Rare Canadian picture sleeve Polydor 2001.172 Derek And The Dominos Layla / I Am Yours both sides are MONO Polydor 2058.015 Ginger Bakerâs Air Force Man Of Constant Sorrow / Doinâ It Polydor 2065.027 Jade & Pepper Coffee Toffee Squares / TBD Polydor 2065.110 Vos Voisins Voisins (mon chum) / Y'a Juste De T'Ãa This is the promotional pressing. This progressive band was quite popular but stayed fairly underground. The cover of their LP was banned and was replaced by a new "cleaner" image. Polydor 2094.001 Thunderclap Newman Accidents / I See It All Polydor 1082 The Ganter Kallman Chorus Chanson D'amour / TBD
Other labels distributed by Polydor
Blue Thumb
33 RPM discs
Blue Thumb BTS 1 Captain Beefheart And His Magic Band Strictly Personal Gatefold Blue Thumb BTS 4 Aynsley Dunbar Retaliation Blue Thumb BTS 6 Aynsley Dunbar Doctor Dunbarâs Prescription Blue Thumb BTS 11 Ike & Tina Turner The Hunter Blue Thumb BTS 13 Southwind Ready To Ride Blue Thumb BTS 19 Dave Mason Alone Together
45 RPM discs
BLU 104 Ike & Tina Turner Bold Soul Sister / I Know
Marmalade
Marmalade 608.001 Blossom Toes TBD Marmalade 608.002 Julie Driscoll & Brian Auger Open Marmalade 608.003 Brian Auger & The Trinity Definitely What Marmalade 608.004 TBD - - Marmalade 608.005/6 Julie Driscoll, Brian Auger & The Trinity Streetnoise (g/f)
Probe
Probe CPLP 4500 Soft Machine Soft Machine Moving parts cover Probe CPLP 4501 Mystic Number National Bank Probe CPLP 4502 TBD - - Probe CPLP 4503 TBD - - Probe CPLP 4505 Soft Machine Volume Two Probe CPLP 4506 Saint Steven TBD Probe CPLP 4514 Rare Bird Rare Bird Probe ??? Van Der Graaf Generator ? TBD
ABC
Polydor / ABC ABCS-716 Rare Bird As Your Mind Flies By Polydor / ABC ABCS-725 B.B. King Back In The Alley 1971
Bluesway
Polydor / Bluesway BLS-6030 The Outlaw Blues Band Breaking In
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Posts about My Song of the Day written by onlylovecanleavesuchamark
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Don't Forget The Songs 365
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Don’t Forget the Songs-365: Mach Tres: Day 188
Wed. Aug 7, 2013
“I Remember California”
R.E.M.
1988
“♫ I
Remember
this ♫”
While I was bedridden this past weekend, I had this deep R.E.M. album cut from 1988’s Green, playing in my worried mind. “I Remember California” was linked to a dream I had about this road trip we took in the late eighties. I don’t really know why? I hadn’t thought about this summer vacation our familia took from Texas to California, it’s been ages since I listened to Green. But, I’m not alone, even bassist Mike Mills admitted to David Buckley, in his book R.E.M. Fiction: An Alternative Biography, “I think Green is haphazard, a bit scattershot, but that’s because we were experimenting with things […] but then again I haven’t listened to Green in years. But I recall liking it very much.”
What “I Remember California” made me recall was how the music on the radio soothed my worried mind and body. I’m notorious for getting sick on vacations and I have vivid memories of singing aloud in front of my family and seeing a new world of California through these young, naïve eyes. I would love to have told you that this road trip we took as a familia was catalyst for me moving to Los Angeles many years later, alas, it wasn’t.
Although, Stipe’s lyrics foreshadow the listing colorful curling poetic lines of R.E.M.’s future Reveal song, “She Just Wants To Be;” “I Remember” is not about a place where people go to be famous; there’s seems to be a sort of escapism to California that R.E.M.’s lyricist was trying to find as Michael explained in Craig Rosen’s R.E.M. Inside Out: Stories Behind Every Song, “I have this theory that people in California, they’re the people that just went and went until they couldn’t go any further unless they fell into the ocean. So they set up a lemming camp and it became Los Angeles. And there you are.”
Stipe was not only talking about the founders of this Golden State but my experience how I made it to California. After listening to “I Remember” from the 25th Anniversary edition of Green, I realize that I was one of those lost souls who stopped running from my fears and happened to end up in the west coast. I know now I was meant to take this road to L.A. and “I Remember California” is a reminder of the boy I used to be. Sometimes I look in the mirror and behind those gray hairs I feel a sense of that kid who was singing to the radio in our family’s car, who just wanted to find some solace in his songs. Thank you R.E.M. for taking me back there, before I found my home within the vivid lyrical tapestry that is “I Remember California.”
Don’t Forget the Songs-365: Mach Tres: Day 187
Tues. Aug 6, 2013
“What is Life”
George Harrison
1971
“♫ I’ll
try my
best to
make
everything
succeed ♫”
After hearing George Harrison’s glorious signature guitar riff like beacon, “What is Life” begins with a wave of musical euphoria. Coming off the cusp of his worldwide smash single “My Sweet Lord,” this once Quiet Beatle showed his lyrical hit making prowess when he followed up his most successful song with this electrifying pop treasure.
Every time I spin “What is Life,” I hear not a disgruntled always overshadowed ex-Beatle but a singer reborn in the guise of a British flavored Motown song. The Beatles were one of the first UK acts to shine their love of Motown. George was one of the biggest Motown fans, although he forever saved his love and admiration for Smokey Robinson, “What Is Life” sounds like the perfect tribute to Detroit with more of a ‘Temptations’ like glimmer, this glorious song remains one of the true pinnacles of Harrison’s first solo album, 1971’s All Things Must Pass.
“What is Life” showed that this once quiet Beatle would be silent no longer. A symphony of hope in the guise of a pop song, this 1971 George Harrison single awakened me today with a much needed sense of life. Maybe because it was released in the shadow of George’s biggest song ever, “My Sweet Lord,” “What is Life” reflects this joyful breath of life in the midst of this Motown inspired gem, making this 1971 single, one of the most underrated of all Harrison’s hit anthems.
After this weekend of illness, I want to dedicate “What is Life” to my wife. The best decision I ever made was marrying her. In fact, my advice is listening to “What is Life” with the one you truly love and sing along with the joy you feel inside. It’s contagious, all you have to do is sing along… It makes you wonder “What is Life” without George Harrison’s music? I can’t imagine a world without Harrison’s inspiring brand of uplifting anthems like “What is Life.”
Don’t Forget the Songs-365: Mach Tres: Day 186
Sat. Aug 3, 2013
“Why Not Smile”
R.E.M.
1999
“♫ You’ve
been sad
for a
while ♫”
I was awakened by the sounds of this uplifting sounding song ironically enough from R.E.M.’s most infamous album, from 1999, Up. I actually believed that Stipe had crafted one of the simplest moving acoustic anthems in the R.E.M. canon but apparently there’s a dispute between guitarist Peter Buck and lyricist Stipe on the meaning of “Why Not Smile.”
In Craig Rosen’s R.E.M.: Inside Out: The Stories Behind Every Song, Michael Stipe explained the disagreement he and guitarist have had about “Why Not Smile” when he said, “Peter and I have argued about this, because he think it’s a really sweet, loving song about pulling someone put of a really dark place. To me, it was someone who was taking a very easy route and not recognizing depression and not realizing that someone might have a chemical imbalance that makes them impossible to reach on that level. To just say, ‘Why Not Smile,’ to people who might be slightly depressed, but that’s not quite enough. You kind of gave to tackle a little more than, ‘Come on, pull yourself up by the bootstraps and let’s get on with our day.’ That doesn’t work with people who are chronically depressed or who have genetic or chemical imbalances whether it’s a bipolar disorder, chronic depression or whatever. I felt like it was a very naïve brushing off of a very serious condition. Peter thinks the opposite. He thinks it’s a very sweet and beautiful song. There’s two ways to look at it.”
So who do you think is right? Do you believe Michael’s interpretation or Peter Buck’s version of “Why Not Smile?”
I really want to know what you think. Let’s hear it?
Don’t Forget the Songs-365: Mach Tres: Day 185
Fri. Aug 2, 2013
“The House of the Rising Sun”
Nina Simone
1962
“♫ There
is a house
in New
Orleans ♫”
So many different versions of this traditional classic that is “House of The Rising Sun,” even though I prefer Nina Simone’s version, I’d be a fool if I didn’t mention Eric Burden and who’s band The Animals’ first recording put this New Orleans inspired in our social consciousness of song. Burdon actually admitted meeting Simone who gave Eric the best advice as he explained, “When I met Nina Simone she took a look at one of my journals and she told me, “You are a music historian.” Nina was the one to inspire me to continue in that vein, a trait that I have carried on to this day.”
Simone herself was a one of a kind musical historian, and I like to believe because of this Nina and Eric Burdon were kindred spirits. You can feel it in her 1962 rendition recorded at The Village Gate. It’s as if we’re right there in that vintage room, you can little hear glasses clinking and jazz fans chattering, such an intricate performance as Nina croons, close your eyes and it’s like you’re actually there watching Simone seductively being her own eternal interpretation of “House of the Rising Sun” to life in 1962.
Nina’s historical performance at The Village Gate captures the essence of Simone giving her own soulful spin on this traditional classic. I love the interplay between the guitarist and Nina Simone; it’s as if there musical flirtation gives “House of the Rising Sun” another level of intimacy missing from most interpretations of this extraordinary song.
So if you’re looking for a version of “House of the Rising Sun” to spin at a party for two, get out the candles and softly turn on the sound of this chanteuse at The Village Gate, circa 1962, gave this New Orleans traditional a much needed soulful reincarnation from the immortal vocal of Nina Simone.
Don’t Forget the Songs-365: Mach Tres: Day 183
Wed. July 31, 2013
“About A Girl”
Nirvana
1989
“♫ I’m
standing
in your
line ♫”
I couldn’t believe my eyes as the girl behind the counter was actually wearing a Nirvana shirt. It’s a rarity these days, especially to see music fans under thirty sporting tees that honor Kurt and Nirvana. “Cool shirt” is what I told her. At least this fan was keeping the spirit of Cobain alive. Immediately I thought of Kurt’s song “About A Girl.” From 1989’s Bleach, Cobain’s ditty with pop overtones had obvious Beatlesque influences. Kurt talked about Bleach’s most famous love song when Cobain said, “Even to put “About a Girl” on Bleach was a risk. I was heavily into pop, I really liked R.E.M, and I was into all kinds of old ‘60s stuff. But there was a lot of pressure within that social scene, the underground — like the kind of thing you get in high school. And to put a jangly R.E.M. type of pop song on a grunge record, in that scene, was risky.”
Some critics argue that “About A Girl” foreshadowed the glossy production on 1991’s Nevermind. Although, Kurt regretted the traditional produced sound from Nirvana’s most successful album, Cobain revisited his love for “About A Girl” in the band’s very critically acclaimed performances, Nirvana’s 1993 appearance on M-TV Unplugged in New York.
You can hear the teenage angst through Cobain’s acoustic wails on the Unplugged version of “About A Girl.” One of the few early Nirvana tracks that the band stripped down for this historic performance proving Charles R. Cross’s theory about Kurt’s Bleach love song when he wrote in book Heavier Than Heaven: A biography of Kurt Cobain, ““About A Girl” was an important song in Kurt’s development as a writer—it was his first straight ahead love song, and if the lyrics are twisted, it was so unabashedly melodic that in Nirvana’s early live performances, audiences mistook it as a Beatles cover.”
Now you realize why the living members of Nirvana Dave Grohl, Krist Novoselic and Pat Smear decided to reunite and perform with former Fab Four bassist Paul McCartney, Kurt’s songwriting was so unique that Nirvana followers thought even back then circa 1989, Cobain was already being influenced by the greatness of The Beatles. Although, John Lennon was Kurt’s favorite Beatles, even Cobain would appreciate the fact that Macca played with his former mates.
Even from their days of Bleach, “About A Girl” proves that Nirvana is more than just poster children for the generation grunge. “Smells Like Teen Spirit” may have immortalized the barbaric yawp of Cobain but Kurt his first official love song, “About A Girl” was more than just howls and rock riffs. Even Nirvana’s acoustic performance showed that this Aberdeen, Washington band could pen on their best most memorable pop songs in the name of love. For the cashier behind the counter sporting her Nirvana t-shirt, keeping the legacy of Kurt Cobain alive, “About A Girl” is for you.
Don’t Forget the Songs-365: Mach Tres: Day 182
Tues. July 30, 2013
“Cold Turkey”
John Lennon
1969
“♫ My
body is
aching
goose-
pimple
bone ♫”
I just can’t see it, can you imagine, in 1969 John Lennon, fresh off his creative partnership with Yoko Ono, lobbied for “Cold Turkey” to be the next Beatles single and for inclusion on Abbey Road? According to Paul Du Noyer’s John Lennon: The Stories Behind Every Song: 1970-1980, Paul, George and Ringo rejected John’s suggestions which forced Lennon to release “Cold Turkey” as a solo single under the moniker Plastic Ono Band.
Would “Cold Turkey” have fit brilliantly at the end of Abbey Road’s Side One, after Lennon’s one epic “I Want You (She’s So Heavy)?” Just the thought of Lennon’s one…two punches of “Heavy” and “Cold Turkey” closing the first side of The Beatles’ swan song would have been simply legendary. It has been well documented that Lennon was never a fan of Paul’s ‘Brian Wilson and Sgt. Pepper’s inspired’ medley on the Side Two of Abbey Road. To appease John, The Beatles decided to have the first side reflect Lennon’s wishes to have an album of unrelated songs. If John had truly got his way, “Cold Turkey” would have definitely replaced “Revolution 9” in becoming the most controversial song in the Beatles catalog.
If “Cold Turkey” was released by The Beatles, it would have been remembered for being the second Fab Four song to feature Eric Clapton on guitar, the other song being “While My Guitar Gently Weeps.” Speaking of weeping, because of his addictive primal scream like guitar riffs, Slow hand is the star of “Cold Turkey.” Eric Clapton’s heavy guitar licks match Lennon’s desperation vocal howls bringing the harrow experience of drug withdrawal to life on vinyl.
Besides “Revolution 9,” “Cold Turkey” is probably one of the most difficult John Lennon songs to get through. What I love about John Lennon is that he wasn’t afraid to show the true shadow of his existence. Good, bad, in love, angry—we heard the different sides of Lennon from songs like “Cold Turkey.” Maybe it was the best thing that The Beatles rejected “Cold Turkey” as a single and from inclusion of Abbey Road. Regardless, the life of this Plastic Ono Band cut reflects the true effects of drug addiction. Be careful, John’s song is definitely not for the squeamish. And, beware… one taste of Lennon’s “Cold Turkey” and you might just be hooked.
Don’t Forget the Songs-365: Mach Tres: Day 180
Sun. July 28, 2013
“Never”
Electrafixion
1995
“♫ And
so am I/
the truth
just goes ♫”
After Nirvana broke through in 1991, what impressed me most what wasn’t what the kids were saying about this Aberdeen, Washington band but the iconic rock heroes like Neil Young, David Bowie, Tom Petty were all raving about the cultural importance about Nirvana. Did you know that Echo and the Bunnymen’s vocalist Ian McCulloch, was not only a fan but McCulloch credits Kurt Cobain and Nirvana for sparking his reunion with fellow Bunnymen, guitarist Will Sergeant? In Chris Adams book Turquoise Days: The World of Echo & the Bunnymen, Ian praised Cobain and his band, when he said, “Nirvana were the best out-and-out rock band since…The Velvet Underground. They just stripped it all away, and it wasn’t like the Pistols, with Malcolm McLaren and that very English fake hard-boy thing. Nirvana was just about Kurt and what was going on in his head. They dug a lot deeper than all the current rock & roll ladishness.”
Ian appreciated Kurt’s honest aggression, Cobain’s brave guitar laden sound not only got teens picking up the axe but also lead to McCulloch and Sergeant to reunite when they formed Electrafixion. Still not ready to reconvene their old band, Electrafixion was the first step in bringing back Liverpool’s legendary rock band Echo and The Bunnymen. First Ian and especially Will Sergeant used Nirvana inspiration’s to craft some dynamic rock riffs, none more explosive than Burned’s “Never.” “Never” has Sergeant’s fiery guitar riffs mixed with a Stone Roses styled back beat that’s so addictive, it will shock you that former Echo stalwarts Ian and Will came up with such electrified hooks and lyrics. It was as if McCulloch and Sergeant was struck by lightening and went directly to the studio and the result was 1994’s Burned.
You can hear why a young piercing howl of Kurt Cobain not only shake the record world to the core but moved former Echo and the Bunnymen vocalist Ian McCulloch to unleash some lust filled lyrical vigor on Electrafixion’s Burned. In Adams’ Turquoise Days, McCulloch talked about Kurt’s influence when the singer said, “Kurt Cobain affected me just to listen to and to look at. He looked beautiful, like Jesus. And I just loved that kind of grit, and the way he meant it and you couldn’t argue with him—he wasn’t faking it. ‘Cos there are so many fakes around. He was dead fragile and just had one of the best rock voices ever, dead like Lennon. And his words are great, dead simple things that really suck you in. That, to me, is what bands should be trying to do.”And since nobody else was stepping up to the plate, Ian McCulloch and Will Sergeant took Nirvana’s inspirational grit and formed Electrafixion. Just like their name, “Never” is one of Burned‘s more explosive cuts that show how a 1980’s songwriting duo McCulloch and Sergeant can be influenced by 1994 American grunge band to form one of the most underrated bands of the late 1990s.
Although, Electrafixion will be remembered as the short lived nineties act that spawned the reformation of Echo & The Bunnymen mach two; the band’s debut album and specifically “Never” is one of the most original post modern psycho-psychedelic sound that you need to track down 1994’s Burned to believe it. Could Electrafixion lusty rock riffs actually surpass the eloquence of Echo & The Bunnymen? “Never” say never, don’t be afraid to give Electrafixion a try, they might just blow your mind with a volatile Velvet-y rock sound that will leave you a little bit Burned.
Don’t Forget the Songs-365: Mach Tres: Day 179
Sat. July 27, 2013
“Fiery Flame”
Ian McCulloch
2012
“♫ Just
to be my
Fiery
Flame ♫”
You wouldn’t believe it but when you hear Echo and the Bunnymen’s Ian McCulloch beautifully poignant new solo album, his best and most personal since 1989’s Candleland, 2012’s Pro Patria Mori, was written under nefarious circumstances as Mac explained to The Times UK, “The last few years have been a really hard time. My life was collapsing. I was getting bongoed [taking drugs] all the time just to kill the pain. That thing in Glasgow happened because I felt more alone than ever and I took it out on the audience — I was so paranoid that I forgot I was actually on stage. I stopped caring about my appearance. A lot of the people I turned to for help weren’t there for me. For a long time I wanted to close the door and tell everyone to f*** off. I was like Howard Hughes, but without the billions of dollars in the bank.”
All changed when Ian McCulloch decided to channeling his personal demons inside his new album, Pro Patria Mori. More importantly, instead of coming up with a raw Plastic Ono Band album like John Lennon did in 1970, on this solo record, the Echo and the Bunnymen singer decided to go a more emotionally vibrant sound. For years, Ian has been rewriting the rules of the British pop song as he explained in 1984, “I try to change the rules of the standard ‘great pop song’ into being able to be really emotional. I want to try to reduce the distance between acting and reality as much as possible but still create that great pop-ness.” Thirty years later, McCulloch finally succeeded when he composed the most delightfully addicting pop gem, “Fiery Flame.”
The ironic thing is that Echo and the Bunnymen attempted to make a post modern pop album with 2009’s The Fountain, specifically with “Life of a Thousand Crimes.” The difference between “Crime” and “Fiery,” is it sounds like Echo was trying to force a pop song with it’s very loud and distracting back beats and “Flame” is effortless, the melody is supple and flawlessly memorable like a lyrical McCulloch kiss in the Liverpool inspired rainy day opus that is Pro Patria Mori.
“Everything seems so much clearer and sharper now,” McCulloch has said and all you have to do is put on Ian’s 2012 solo record, Pro Patria Mori and you will discover a new more poetically seasons sound for the Echo and the Bunnymen singer. Who would’ve believed that in 2012 Ian McCulloch would compose one of his most personal pop gems of his career? This is Mac unleashing his lyrical flame in the sweetest and most poignant way. I urge you to turn on track six and you will hear the “Fiery Flame” aka the golden voice of Ian McCulloch resurrected in the guise of this almost perfect 21st Century anti- pop song.
Don’t Forget the Songs-365: Mach Tres: Day 178
Fri. July 26, 2013
“Far Away Eyes”
The Rolling Stones
1978
“♫ Find
a girl
with far
away
eyes ♫”
During my time in New Orleans, I lived a few blocks away from one of my favorite dive bars Igor’s on St. Charles. You could actually sit outside, have one of the best burgers in Louisiana, a beer and watch the street cars go passing by. Since I lived literally around the corner from the bar, while I was there, I would take advantage and do my laundry while having a beer and a burger at Igor’s. That’s right; I would do my laundry at a bar. How many people can say that they did their laundry at a bar? My favorite part of Igor besides the beer, burger and washing machines was the vintage jukebox they had at the bar. There was this one song that this bartender Julie with her thick Southern Louisiana accent would make all of us sing along with her. And Julie’s favorite song was the sixth track from Some Girls, The Rolling Stones’ “Far Away Eyes.”
There is something magical about The Stones doing country. Birthed by their love of the blues, Mick Jagger loved putting on his metaphorical Stetson hat and squeezing into his cowboy boots like persona as his songwriting partner, guitarist Keith Richards talked about when he said, “Mick feels the need to get into these caricatures. He’s slightly vaudeville in his approach. Far Away Eyes is like that. He did it great every time except for the final take. It’s good when he does it straight ’cause it’s funny enough without doing a pantomime. It’s the SOUND version of what he was doing wrong VISUALLY. When he sings it as a caricature it sounds like it would be great for a show. You expect Mick to walk out in his cowboy duds on an 18-wheeler set (laughs). Or sing it into his CB as part of his skit.”
Jagger’s almost country twang like spoken vocal actually feels like we’re in the car with The Rolling Stones’ front man as he’s trying to find the right radio station. Mick really got inside the mindset of this lonesome-behind-the-wheel character in “Far Away Eyes” when he explained the inspiration to this Some Girls countrified classic, “You know when you drive through Bakersfield on a Sunday morning or Sunday evening – I did that about six months ago – all the country music radio stations start broadcasting live from L.A. black gospel services. And that’s what the song refers to. But the song’s really about driving alone, listening to the radio.”
Igor’s wildly eccentric bartender, Julie from Southern Louisiana would take the verses and would have all of us at the bar croon along to the choruses. I like to think, at least, Jagger would find some humor in our drunken “Far Away Eyes” sing-a-long ritual. In Cyrus R.K. Patell’s 33 1/3 tome on The Rolling Stones’ Some Girls, Jagger talked about the southern influences on “Far Away Eyes” when he explained, “I love country music, but I find it hard to take seriously. I also think a lot of country music is sung with the tongue in cheek. The harmonic thing is very different from the blues. It doesn’t bend notes in the same way, so I suppose it’s very English really. Even though it’s been Americanized it feels very close to me, to my roots, so to speak.”
While many believe it was Gram Parsons who influenced Some Girls most infamous country song, which Jagger refuted saying that The Stones play a “Sardonic quality” of country music; but Keith Richards had another theory that he shared when he said, “I know (Mick) listens to – and used to – a lot of Merle Haggard (who hails from Bakersfield, California) …When you think about it, he even sings Bakersfield in (Far Away Eyes)… I wonder why Bakersfield? I’ve got to ask him that. Maybe he doesn’t even know himself. It must go back to him listening to a lot of Merle Haggard.”
Man how I loved living my days and nights living in New Orleans; it was so incredible that I actually remember half of it. The most important memories are ones that are linked to music. I recall being at the bar and dreaming of driving some rusty vintage car on a highway in the desert passing the city limits sign of Bakersfield, “Far Away Eyes” is a true road trip classic, a song that I have added to many vacation drive playlists. It’s the perfect car song because Jagger’s lyrics feel like your actually have your gas on the pedal somewhere in California. And every time I spin “Far Away Eyes,” I toast to my favorite New Orleans’ Dive Bar/Laundromat, that wacky bartender, Igor’s jukebox and the eternal memories of hanging at my favorite bar and crooning along to the country inspired catcalls of The Rolling Stones’ “Far Away Eyes.”
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Review: Chris Stamey and The ModRec Orchestra, "New Songs for the 20th Century"
Chris Stamey has taken many unpredictable paths in a long career, whether as a member of the dB's, a solo artist, a producer, or a sideman. But his latest project might be his most unpredictable yet. New Songs for the 20th Century, credited to Stamey and the ModRec Orchestra and newly released by Omnivore Recordings, is a sprawling double-album love letter to traditional (read: pre-rock and roll) vocal pop with a heavy jazz emphasis. Written, arranged, mixed, and produced by Stamey, these
An American Trilogy: Morello Reissues Glen Campbell's Three Atlantic Albums on New 2-CD Set
Glen Campbell joined Capitol Records in 1962, remaining with the label through 1981. At Capitol, Campbell released almost 40 albums, picking up six Grammy Awards and scoring such indelible hits as "By the Time I Get to Phoenix," "Wichita Lineman," "Galveston," "Rhinestone Cowboy," "Country Boy (You Got Your Feet in L.A.)," and "Southern Nights." Campbell followed up his remarkable two decades at Capitol by signing to Atlantic Records' new country-oriented Atlantic America imprint. Cherry Red's
Release Round-Up: Week of September 6
Welcome to this week's Release Round-Up! Miles Davis, Rubberband (Warner/Rhino) (Amazon U.S. / Amazon U.K. / Amazon Canada) Rhino has unearthed a lost album recorded by Miles Davis in 1985-1986 prior to his label debut Tutu. The LP has been completed by original co-producers Randy Hall and Zane Giles with Davis' nephew Vince Wilburn, Jr., who played drums on the album sessions. Ledisi and Lalah Hathaway have been enlisted to complete the vocal tracks. Available on CD, 2-LP vinyl,
Twist My Wrist! Cherry Red Releases Career-Spanning Anthology from Early U.K. Rock and Roll Star Jess Conrad
Brixton-born entertainer Jess Conrad has been involved in every facet of showbiz over a career spanning seven decades: theatre, film, television, commercials, cabaret, reality shows, and pop music. The latter field is, naturally, the subject of Cherry Red and El's new 2-CD, 63-song anthology Jess for You: The Definitive Collection which packs hits, rarities, and seven never-before-released tracks. Conrad made a big splash in the first wave of rock-and-rollers to come from Great Britain. He
Run Back to Mama: Ace's "Horn Rock" Anthology Features Chase, Blood Sweat and Tears, Delaney and Bonnie, More
The new collection on Ace Records' BGP imprint packs a mighty punch. That's because it's dedicated to Horn Rock (with the equally-important subtitle And Funky Guitar Grooves), that boldest and brassiest of rock subgenres. The phrase "horn rock" immediately brings to mind the sound popularized by Chicago and Blood, Sweat & Tears (only one of which is represented here) but the added colors afforded by horns were applied to recordings in the baroque-rock, art-rock, psych-rock, and jazz-rock
Try and Get My Soul Free: Full Sets from Woodstock Festival Emerge on Digital and Streaming Services
For fans of Woodstock, Friday was a big day. For the physical media-minded, the giant 38-CD/1-Blu-ray box began shipping out, and Craft's standalone Creedence Clearwater Revival Live At Woodstock album was released. Those who may have been unable to purchase the big set have reason to rejoice as several individual acts' sets from Woodstock have begun to pop up on digital download and streaming services. Last week saw the release of Woodstock recordings from Tim Hardin; Melanie; Mountain;
Gee, But It's Good to Be Here: Stage Door Releases "Lost Broadway 1956-57"
For the second volume in its Lost Broadway series of 2-CD sets, the U.K.'s Stage Door Records label has turned its attention to the years 1956 and 1957. Musical hits during the 1956-1957 and 1957-1958 seasons included Bells Are Ringing, Li'l Abner, West Side Story, and The Music Man, but Stage Door's attention doesn't lie with those smashes but rather with the largely-forgotten, but certainly worthy, shows that haven't received nearly as much love over the years. Like the first volume (which
Seeds and Stems: Cherry Red Collects Rarities from Iain Matthews on "Orphans and Outcasts"
Few artists of the rock generation can boast as diverse a C.V. as Iain (sometimes Ian) Matthews. The Fairport Convention founder went on to front Matthews' Southern Comfort and Plainsong as well as record under his own name in the pop, folk, country, and rock idioms, often blending those styles together. In his first decade alone, Matthews recorded for the Deram, Polydor, Island, Uni, Vertigo, Elektra, and CBS/Columbia labels - and at virtually every label, material was left behind. Between
Trouble No More: Allman Brothers Band Classics Reissued in Color Vinyl Variants
In celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the pioneering band's founding, five of The Allman Brothers Band's most beloved albums will be reissued on vinyl in special color variants. The albums will be released on July 19 through UMC/Mercury. The first album receiving the color vinyl treatment is The Allman Brothers Band, the group's debut that was originally released in November 1969. With such fan favorites as "Dreams" and "Whipping Post," the album introduced audiences to their unique
Wilde Thing: Marty Wilde's Career Celebrated on Hits and Rarities Anthology "A Lifetime in Music"
Marty Wilde, MBE can legitimately be described as a musical legend. One of the first musicians to bring rock-and-roll to the U.K., his career has spanned over 60 years. Cherry Red's RPM imprint has recently celebrated Wilde's legacy with a package that brings together his earliest hits and numerous rarities. A Lifetime in Music: 1957-2019 - Hits, Highlights, and Rarities collects 132 tracks on 4 CDs including 24 previously unreleased cuts. Wilde, born in Blackheath, South London, was
Review: Glen Campbell, "The Legacy [1961-2017]"
Glen Campbell's career-spanning box set is modestly titled The Legacy, fitting for the unlikely superstar from Delight, Arkansas. While The Legend might have been equally appropriate, Campbell's legacy is, truly, unlike any other. Throughout an extraordinary seven-decade career encompassing 21 Top 40 Pop hits, 27 Top 10 Country singles, six Top 20 Pop albums, and nine No. 1 Country albums in the United States alone, the artist regularly transcended genre with his honeyed vocals and virtuosic
Beginnings: Rhino Remixes "Chicago Transit Authority" For 50th Anniversary
On April 28, 1969, Chicago Transit Authority arrived in record stores, introducing the group that would become the world's most influential horn-rock band and one of the most successful bands of all time. The seven-man ensemble of Robert Lamm, Peter Cetera, Terry Kath, Danny Seraphine, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, and Walter Parazaider, along with producer James William Guercio, offered something for everyone in their sprawling, stunning double-LP debut: big, hook-filled pop singles ("Does
Hot 'Lanta: Unreleased Allman Brothers Concerts Collected on "Fillmore West '71"
Few bands shaped the sound of what came to be known as southern rock quite like The Allman Brothers Band. As part of the celebrations surrounding their 50th anniversary, Allman Brothers Recording Company and The Orchard have announced a new four-CD collection of unreleased live material called Fillmore West '71, due for release on September 6. Recorded just two months before their legendary New York City live album At Fillmore East, the Fillmore West '71 set collects all the recordings from
Pull the String: Cherry Red, SoulMusic Collect James and Bobby Purify's "Complete Bell Recordings"
With "I'm Your Puppet," the duo of James and Bobby Purify gained soul immortality. The 1966 single written by Dan Penn and Spooner Oldham went top ten Pop and top five R&B on the Billboard charts (and No. 1 R&B on Cash Box!), sold an estimated million copies, and still gets airplay today. Now, Cherry Red's SoulMusic Records imprint has brought together all of the Purifys' recordings for the Bell Records label on the 2-CD collection entitled (naturally) I'm Your Puppet: The Complete
Release Round-Up: Week of June 14
Welcome to this week's Release Round-Up! Johnny Mathis, Killing Me Softly with Her Song/When Will I See You Again (Second Disc Records/Real Gone Music) (Amazon U.S. / Amazon U.K. / Amazon Canada) Second Disc Records and Real Gone Music continue celebrating Johnny Mathis' discography with two albums on one CD. 1973's Killing Me Softly with Her Song and 1975's When Will I See You Again both spotlight Mathis' silky interpretations of the day's greatest hits. Killing Me Softly with Her
Listen to the Music: Doobie Brothers Bring "Live from The Beacon Theatre" to CD, DVD, BD
As The Doobie Brothers gear up for their North American summer tour with co-headliners Santana, Rhino is looking back to a recent concert for a new release. In November 2018, the Doobies, led by Tom Johnston, Patrick Simmons, and John McFee, returned to New York City's historic Beacon Theatre for the first time in 25 years to perform two of the band's greatest albums, Toulouse Street and The Captain and Me. Both audio and video of that special performance are now set for release from Rhino on
So Into You: Atlanta Rhythm Section's Classic Albums Collected on "The Polydor Years"
Born from the ashes of The Candymen and The Classics IV, Atlanta Rhythm Section began as the house band at Buddy Buie, J.R. Cobb, and Bill Lowery's Studio One in Doraville, Georgia. Members had already performed on recordings by Al Kooper, Roy Orbison, B.J. Thomas, and even Liberace by the time they began rising to fame, fanning the southern rock flame. Now, the band's classic output - recorded from 1974 to 1980 - has been remastered and collected in a new box set: The Polydor Years, due this
Swinging Doors: Grateful Dead, Emmylou, Dolly, Dino, More Celebrate "The Merle Haggard Songbook"
Along with Buck Owens - with whom he shared a musical history and a wife - Merle Haggard (1937-2016) defined The Bakersfield Sound of country music: authentic, raw, rooted in honky-tonks. But unlike the Texas-born and Arizona-raised Owens, Haggard was actually born in Bakersfield and raised just across the river from that California town. "Hag," as he preferred to be known, rocketed to superstardom thanks to "Okie from Muskogee," his controversial 1969 song that was either a scathing
If Loving You Is A Crime: Lee Moses Rarities Collected on "How Much Longer Must I Wait?"
Three years ago, Light In the Attic reissued Time and Place, the lone album by soul powerhouse Lee Moses. The self-taught instrumentalist and singer made a name for himself in Atlanta, where he performed with Gladys Knight, among others. Upon its original release, Time and Place didn't make waves financially but in the decades since, it became a cult classic. On May 24, Light In the Attic's Future Days Recordings imprint will continue its celebration of the raw and beautiful soul music of Lee
I've Got A Sure Thing: Craft Presents "Soul Explosion" Vinyl Reissue, Plus A Month of Stax Digital Rarities
Craft Recordings has announced the next phase of its campaign to honor one of the great labels of soul - Stax Records. Entitled "Soul Explosion," the campaign began with their Record Store Day releases of Boy Meets Girl: Classic Stax Duets, Stax Does The Beatles and the first-ever mono reissue of Albert King's Born Under A Bad Sign. The next phase begins on May 31 and will see new vinyl and digital reissues of classics from 1969, which proved to be a watershed year for the label, and
DEVELOPING: Rhino Celebrates Woodstock 50th with Massive, Complete 38-CD Box Set (UPDATED WITH ORDER LINKS)
Rolling Stone has broken the news this morning that Rhino Records is getting back to the garden in a big (make that BIG) way. Woodstock 50 - Back to the Garden: The Definitive 50th Anniversary Archive, due August 2, will live up to its name as the last word on the legendary festival. This 38CD/1BD set, limited to 1,969 copies, will include every note performed onstage by every act at Yasgur's Farm over those three days of peace and music, save two tracks by Jimi Hendrix (omitted at the request
UPDATED: Different Drummer: Edsel Collects Michael Nesmith's RCA and Pacific Arts Years on New Box Set
And the Hits Just Keep On Comin'. Michael Nesmith titled his 1972 RCA album ironically - when it "bubbled under" the Billboard 200 at No. 208, it actually bested its predecessor by three slots - but the LP did feature the once and future Monkee's rendition of one major favorite, "Different Drum." The 1965 tune became an enduring hit for the Stone Poneys featuring Linda Ronstadt in 1967, establishing Nesmith outside of The Monkees. Since 1968, he's released 16 studio albums. Recently, 12 of
True Grit: Capitol Reissues, Updates "Glen Campbell: The Legacy" Box Set For June Release
Since going out of print, Capitol Records' 2003 box set Glen Campbell: The Legacy [1961-2002] has been regularly commanding three-figure sums on the secondhand market. Yesterday, the label delivered some great news to fans of the late superstar. On June 21, Capitol and UMe will issue a new, updated version of the box set in slimmer, digipak packaging, and with a completely new Disc Four bringing the story of Campbell's incredible career to its completion. The first three CDs of the original
The Wayfarer: Bruce Springsteen Returns With New Long-Player, "Western Stars"
Yesterday, Bruce Springsteen announced the release of his highly anticipated new solo album, Western Stars, which marks his first studio work since High Hopes in 2014. Due on June 14 from Columbia, Western Stars marks a return to "character driven songs and sweeping, cinematic orchestral arrangement[s]," as Springsteen described it in a statement. According to the press release, the album is partly inspired by classic Southern California pop of the '60s and '70s, and Springsteen has
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https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/readers-poll-the-10-greatest-who-albums-15306/
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Readers’ Poll: The 10 Greatest Who Albums
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2013-11-20T20:00:51+00:00
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Your picks include 'Live at Leeds,' 'Tommy' and 'Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy'
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Rolling Stone
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https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/readers-poll-the-10-greatest-who-albums-15306/
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The Who were in the worst shape of their 15-year career when they began work on Who Are You in late 1977. Pete Townshend and Roger Daltrey had taken nasty swipes at each other in the press in recent years, and Keith Moon was a severe drug addict. He was just 32, but he looked a good decade older. The punk revolution was also sweeping England, threatening to make bands like the Who seem like dinosaurs.
Pete Townshend was determined to see his band survive, though the Who Are You opening track "New Song" acknowledges his tough task: "I write the same old song with a few new lines/ And everybody wants to hear it." The title track reflects on a drunken night with members of the Sex Pistols where he did actually pass out in a Soho doorway, while "Music Must Change" also acknowledges the changing musical landscape. "But is this song so different?" Townshend wonders. "Am I doing it all again?" Despite his doubts, the album was a huge success – but less than two weeks after it hit shelves, Keith Moon was dead. Ironically, he's posed on the cover sitting in a chair that reads "Not To Be Taken Away."
A little over a year after he helped the Kinks become superstars by producing "You Really Got Me," producer Shel Talmy brought the Who into his recording studio. They made the heavily Kinks-inspired "I Can't Explain" and "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere" together and those singles were successful enough to get the young band a deal for an entire album.
The Who Sings My Generation was recorded in a pretty short time period and failed to capture the wild energy of their stage show, but even watered-down Who was still stellar. "My Generation" and "The Kids Are Alright" became instant Mod classics, while covers like "Please Please Please" and "I'm a Man" showcased their maximum R&B sound. It gave them a very nice start, and they quickly evolved faster than anyone could have imagined.
The overwhelming success of Tommy and Who's Next brought the Who a huge new army of fans, and many of them weren't around during their initial hit-making period in the 1960s. Also, many of their early classics ("I Can't Explain," "The Seeker," "Substitute") weren't available on any album. It was common practice in the 1960s for bands to churn out regular singles, leaving many of them off their albums. All of this made it perfectly logical to package up their early work on a single album and drop it in stores right in time for the Christmas buying season. The album was a big success. Many, many compilations followed, but this was the first.
Pete Townshend was completely drained by 1975. The last four Who albums were crazily ambitious concept albums (even if Who's Next was merely the brilliant shell of Lifehouse) and it was getting increasingly hard to top himself. He also turned 30 and felt like an old man in a young man's game.
Instead of trying to create something even greater than Quadrophenia, he wisely scaled down and wrote The Who By Numbers, a series of songs about the sad state of his life. "However Much I Booze" was so intense and personal that Roger Daltrey refused to sing it. "How Many Friends" is the single saddest song in the Who's catalog, while "Dreaming from the Waist" deals with the sexual frustration of aging.
Many people have a warped sense of the album because the only hit was "Squeeze Box," a goofy song that compares an accordion to a woman's sexual organ. John Entwistle contributed "Success Story," the story of a band that gets destroyed by the music business. The Who By Numbers didn't earn the same rave reviews of the band's previous discs, but it's aged remarkably well.
A Quick One, the Who's second album, is built around the rather flawed premise that all four members of the band should contribute to the songwriting process. John Entwistle rose to the challenge with "Whiskey Man" and "Boris the Spider." The latter became his signature song; he wore a spider necklace for decades. Keith Moon wrote the madcap instrumental "Cobwebs and Strangers," featuring all four members of the band on different wind instruments. Roger Daltrey's only tune is "See My Way," a rather forgettable ditty that the group never even played live.
Needless to say, Pete Townshend's songs are the best. "So Sad About Us" is an overlooked masterpiece, while the nine-minute mini-opera "A Quick One, While He's Away" paved the way for all the rock operas that followed. It proved that Townshend had bigger things on his mind than short pop singles. It was also explosive onstage and became the highlight of their gigs for years.
The success of the mini-opera "A Quick One, While He's Away" made Pete Townshend think big while he plotted out the Who's third album. Inspired by the pirate radio stations docked near England, he wrote a series of songs linked together by fake commercials for actual products like Heinz Baked Beans and Odorono deodorant. Songs like "Tattoo" and "Mary Anne with the Shaky Hands" are fantastically weird, while "I Can See for Miles" may be the greatest song that Townshend wrote in the 1960s. He was absolutely crushed when it failed to become a big hit in America.
The Who Sell Out wraps up with "Rael," which contains the musical seeds of a story about a blind, deaf and dumb boy that would transform the Who into one of the biggest bands on Earth.
Tommy was a bigger hit than the Who could have possibly imagined. They were suddenly headlining major festivals and playing to sold-out opera houses in major cities. The played the entire album every night, along with earlier songs and covers like "Young Man Blues" and "Summertime Blues." They were on fire every single night, playing some of the greatest concerts in the history of rock.
In late 1969, they began taping shows for a possible live album, though Townshend was unhappy with the results and ordered the tapes burned. (How many shows, if any, were burned remains a matter of hot dispute.) Tapes were rolling again when they played Hull and Leeds, England in February 1970, but Entwistle's bass parts weren't captured during the opening songs at Hull, so they released the Leeds show. The original record of Live at Leeds just had six songs (three of which were covers) to showcase their pre-Tommy live repertoire but, over the years, they've slowly released the complete show. They even released Hull, simply swapping in John's bass from the Leeds recordings on the opening songs.
In the fall of 1968, Pete Townshend sat down with Rolling Stone co-founder Jann Wenner to share his idea for an ambitious rock opera. "The package I hope is going to be called 'Deaf, Dumb and Blind Boy,'" he said. "He's seeing things basically as vibrations which we translate as music. That's really what we want to do: create this feeling that when you listen to the music, you can actually become aware of the boy, and aware of what he is all about, because we are creating him as we play." Pete hadn't even started to record yet, but he already knew exactly what he wanted to accomplish.
The tragic story of Tommy – who is abused by his cousin Kevin, his Uncle Ernie and even raped by a woman hired by his parents – mirrors some of the trauma in Townshend's own childhood. The finished product was an absolute triumph, earning the band a global hit with "Pinball Wizard" and proving that rock & roll could stretch beyond short singles. It seemed like the most ambitious rock album possible, but Townshend was just getting started.
Pete Townshend was still in his twenties when he began plotting out the Who's follow-up to Who's Next, but he already felt like a relic of another era. The Who had been around for a decade, which for a rock band felt like an eternity. His mind turned back towards the band's early days playing wild sets to hordes of mods hopped up on pills. He decided to write another rock opera, this time about a young Who fan named Jimmy battling with girls, his parents, his friends and even his own mind.
Touching on real-life incidents – like the Brighton Beach brawl between mods and rockers – the double album Quadrophenia was a worthy follow-up to Tommy, though this time, kids all around the world related to Jimmy and his intense feelings of isolation. It proved too difficult to play onstage in 1973, but they revived it in 1996 and 2012 to much acclaim.
Most people listen to Who's Next and hear a near-perfect rock album. Songs like "Behind Blue Eyes," "Won't Get Fooled Again" and "Baba O'Riley" are some of the most enduring songs in the Who's entire catalog and have been played millions of times on classic rock radio. The songs have also been at the center of nearly every Who concert over the past 40 years. It was a huge best-seller, bringing the band into the 1970s and guaranteeing they'd never face an empty arena as long as they could continue touring.
But to Pete Townshend, the album is a reminder of his failure. The songs were originally intended for a crazily ambitious rock opera called Lifehouse. The plot is so complicated that only Townshend truly understands it, and he was unable to realize it on record. Who's Next is a bunch of songs intended for Lifehouse mixed in with a few other tracks, like John Entwistle's hysterical "My Wife." Pete Townshend released Lifehouse under his own name in 2000 as The Lifehouse Chronicles. It wasn't nearly as good as Who's Next. Not even close.
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https://www.one-submit.com/post/how-to-submit-your-record-to-universal-music-group-umg
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en
|
How To Submit Your Album To Universal Music Group (UMG)
|
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[
"One Submit Team"
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2023-02-05T11:50:45.409000+00:00
|
Universal Music Group (UMG) is the world's largest music company. here's how to submit your music, album or demo to Universal music group.
|
en
|
One Submit
|
https://www.one-submit.com/post/how-to-submit-your-record-to-universal-music-group-umg
|
Content:
* Submitting your music to Universal Music Group (UMG)* Important to know * Major record labels under UMG
* Steps to submit your music* conclusion
Universal Music Group (UMG) is the world's largest music company. It has operations in 60 countries.
UMG is responsible for managing a vast and diverse catalog of music, including popular artists and record labels such as Capitol Records, Interscope Geffen A&M, and Def Jam Recordings. It is involved in various aspects of the music industry, including distribution, marketing, and publishing.
Just to understand how big UMG is, in 2021 they had approximately 10,000 UMG employees globally. This number includes staff working in various departments, such as marketing, distribution, finance, and human resources, among others.
It is important not to be confused with Universal Music Publishing Group (UMPG) which is a North American music publishing company and is part of the Universal Music Group.
Submit Your Album to UMG
If you're an unsigned artist, getting signed by Universal Music Group (UMG) is a dream come true for many artists, but it is a highly competitive process. The roster of Universal Music Group includes Ariana Grande, Kendrick Lamar, Queen, Taylor Swift, The Rolling Stones, Post Malone, Billie Eilish, Justin Bieber, and many more.
If you just started creating music and you don't have a large number of streams and followers, it is most likely impossible for you to submit your album to UMG and get some attention from the major or its associated labels.
Important to know
The music industry is highly competitive, and the majority of artists signed to major labels do not achieve significant commercial success. According to some estimates, only a small fraction of artists signed to major labels become successful in the sense of selling substantial amounts of records or generating significant income from their music.
In other words, signing to a major label does not guarantee success, but it can provide artists with resources and support that can increase their chances of success.
Major labels have extensive networks, distribution channels, and marketing and promotion budgets that can help artists reach wider audiences and achieve greater success.
Here are some steps you can take to increase your chances of submitting music and getting signed by UMG:
Create a strong body of work:The first step to getting signed by UMG is to have a strong and consistent body of work. This means putting out quality music and building a solid following on social media and streaming platforms, and we are not talking about 1,000 followers or 1,000 streams. You’ll need to have a fan base, huge amounts of followers, and most likely live shows history with a growing amount of crowd.
Network:Networking is key to getting noticed by UMG or its associated labels.Attend industry events, perform at local venues, and make connections with other artists, industry professionals, and talent scouts.LinkedIn is a great place to start understanding the right personals and A&R working at UMG.
Utilize online platforms:Utilize online platforms like Spotify, Instagram and YouTube to share your music and reach a wider audience. Make sure your online presence is professional and represents your brand well.
Land Sync deals:
Getting your music on a TV commercial, film, or TV show could generate quick exposure to your music and could be a nice shortcut to getting attention from the major labels. Sync music supervisors play a big role in getting your music licensed, and they are responsible for placing music in film, TV, and other media. Reach out to them and send them your music. Make sure your music is commercial enough to be synchronized and licensed.
Get a referral: Getting a referral from someone who is already working with UMG can increase your chances of getting signed. If you know someone who is working with the label, reach out to them and see if they can put in a good word for you.
Be patient, the process of getting signed by UMG can take time, so it's important to be patient and persistent. Keep creating new music and building your following, and don't get discouraged if you don't hear back right away.
Please note that UMG does not accept unsolicited material, meaning they will not receive your demo submissions directly, so it's best to get your music heard by the record labels through a referral or through a talent scout, radio DJ, industry professional, agent, or music supervisor.
Here are some of universal music's major record labels under UMG include:
Interscope Geffen A&M
Capitol Records
Def Jam Recordings
Republic Records
Island Records
Polydor Records
Decca Records
Deutsche Grammophon
Verve Label Group
Mercury Records
Each label under Universal Music Group (UMG) specializes in a specific genre or type of music. Here is a general overview of the kinds of music each label is looking for:
Interscope Geffen A&M: This label is known for its diverse roster of artists, including hip-hop, pop, rock, and electronic music. The record label is always looking for innovative and genre-defying artists who are pushing the boundaries of music.
Capitol Records: Capitol Music Group is a historic label with a focus on popular music, including pop, rock, hip-hop, and electronic. They are always on the lookout for chart-topping artists who can appeal to a wide audience.
Def Jam Recordings: Def Jam is a legendary hip-hop label that has been responsible for the careers of some of the biggest names in the genre, including Jay-Z, DMX, and Public Enemy. They are always looking for the next big thing in hip-hop and are open to considering new and emerging artists.
Republic Records: Republic Records is a multi-genre label with a focus on pop, hip-hop, and alternative music. They are known for working with some of the biggest names in the industry, including Ariana Grande, The Weeknd, and Post Malone.
Island Records: Island Records is a label with a focus on alternative and pop music. They have a reputation for discovering and nurturing new talent, and are always on the lookout for artists who are pushing the boundaries of music.
Polydor Records: Polydor Records is a label with a focus on pop, rock, and alternative music. They are known for working with some of the biggest names in the industry, including The 1975, Lana Del Rey, and Lady Gaga.
Decca Records: Decca Records is a classical music label with a focus on orchestral and opera music. They are always looking for new and established classical artists who are making a difference in the genre.
Deutsche Grammophon: Deutsche Grammophon is a classical music label with a focus on classical, opera, and jazz music. They are known for their high-quality recordings and are always looking for new and established artists who can add to their already impressive roster.
Verve Label Group: Verve Label Group is a jazz music label with a focus on the traditional and contemporary jazz genres. They are always looking for artists who can bring something new and innovative to the genre.
Mercury Records: Mercury Records is a label with a focus on rock, pop, and hip-hop music. They are known for working with some of the biggest names in the industry, including Queen, Elton John, and Amy Winehouse.
Steps to submit your musicThese are just a few of the many labels that fall under the UMG umbrella.Follow the next steps before you contact one of the labels associated with UMG:
Find which label fits your kind of music: Before submitting your music, research the various labels under UMG and determine which label is the best fit for your genre and style. Make sure the label you are submitting to is actively signing new artists.
Prepare Your Music: Make sure your music is of the highest quality possible. This includes proper mixing and mastering, as well as having complete and professional album artwork and a bio.
Create a Press Kit: A press kit is a collection of materials that provides information about you and your music. This should include your bio, album artwork, and a link to your music.
Find the Right Contact: A&R (Artists and Repertoire) executives responsible for discovering and signing new talent. You can find the right contact by doing a search online or reaching out to your network of music industry contacts.
Submit Your Music: Once you have found the right contact, send them an email with a brief introduction, a link to your music, and a press kit. Be professional and concise in your email, and avoid making excessive follow-up calls or emails.
Wait for a Response: After submitting your music, be patient and wait for a response. It may take several weeks or even months for UMG to
Conclusion:
Sending your song demo submissions or album submissions to UMG is not done directly and can be accomplished through UMG's record labels, affiliates, and associates connected with Universal Music Group. Getting signed as an artist with UMG could be the holy grail for some artists. Submitting your album to UMG is not an easy task, but it could be a game changer for some artists. We hope this article helps in your musical journey.
Tips:Read more about How much does Spotify pay per streamCheck out our latest blog article: Your Song Went Viral on TikTok? Now There's a Chance it Will Impact Your Spotify Artist AccountRead our guide on how to Spotify playlist submission
Find out how much Spotify pays per stream in 2024.
Check out our TikTok music promotion
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https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/from-sam-fender-to-celeste-how-polydor-is-breaking-artists-in-the-streaming-era/078677
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en
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From Sam Fender to Celeste, how Polydor is breaking artists in the streaming era
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http://www.musicweek.com/cimages/fc37ef1f6cf2cfeeb244d5a0ef7d0560.jpg
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With Celeste the hottest new artist right now, Polydor is looking to continue its run of breaking new acts. Marketing head Stephen Hallowes reveals how they hit the target in 2019.
|
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|
//favicon.ico
| null |
Polydor is having a strong run with breaking new acts.
As revealed in the latest issue of Music Week, the label secured entries in the Top 100 albums of 2019 with debuts released that year from Sam Fender, Mabel and Jax Jones.
The label was named Record Company Of The Year at the Music Week Awards in 2019. Now it’s the frontrunner at the BRITs with nine nods, including three for Mabel.
Polydor is hoping to hit the target with Celeste, the hottest new artist right now and the current Music Week cover star. The label also has big ambitions for Yungblud, Sea Girls and Inhaler.
Here, head of marketing Stephen Hallowes opens up about breaking acts in the streaming era…
How have you managed to break acts across different genres?
“One of the great things about Polydor’s roster is its diversity. The team are all experts at working so many different types of acts in different genres and delivering success. Mabel and Jax Jones were singles and streaming-driven projects where, through clever strategy, we managed to deliver two of the biggest-selling debut albums of the year. The strategy on Jax Jones in particular was really experimental – literally building an album up from five tracks to 15 tracks over the course of nearly a year. So to see that pay off with a gold album is incredible. Sam Fender was one of the most thorough and creative formatting and D2C/sales jobs I’ve ever seen to maximise his growing fanbase and deliver the second biggest week one for a debut artist of the year.
“On Celeste we devised a plan at the start of 2019 with the ultimate aim of winning the BRIT Rising Star and BBC Sound Of Poll, and every member of the team meticulously delivered on every element of that plan throughout the year, with huge credit to her incredible promo team. And Mabel grew in every area last year, but I think in particular the job done on her internationally with a gold or platinum single in over 20 countries and her MTV EMAs performance really contributed to her breaking to another level. The three BRIT nominations are also testament to that.”
What has Polydor learned about the streaming landscape and social content in terms of debut acts?
“Clearly content and activity on social media are huge drivers of discovery and consumption, and really the first port of call when you’re trying to connect an audience to a new artist. The competition for attention simply puts pressure on quality. If you look at the Celeste campaign, especially with Strange leading into the polls, we drip-fed a lot of different content for that song out over an extended period to keep building interest in her and the song. Every single thing we put out was of a quality level that her incredible music and talent demands. I think that’s part of why she got so many people’s attention so quickly.”
Are you confident about 2020 with acts including Celeste, Inhaler and Yungblud?
“2020 is exciting. In terms of new acts, obviously Celeste, Yungblud, Inhaler, Sea Girls and Becky Hill to name just a few. Every campaign is different. Celeste winning both the BRIT and BBC Poll is a huge driver for her currently. Yungblud is unstoppable with his audience continuing to multiply at an incredible pace – he’s sold out five shows at the Forum in May. Inhaler and Sea Girls are both following in Sam’s footsteps in the sense that they’re really connecting to and growing a loyal live audience and starting to sell a lot of tickets in London and around the country.
“And Becky Hill is exploding globally on streaming – she’s currently the third biggest British dance act on Spotify globally with 18 million listeners. She had a great year in 2019 with collaborations, and 2020 feels like it will be her biggest yet as a lead artist. There are always challenges in breaking artists, but with the right act and the right strategy they aren’t insurmountable – as we proved in 2019.”
To read our report on breaking artists pick up the latest issue – or subscribers can click here.
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https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/pisces-daily-horoscope-05-august-190011374.html
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Pisces Daily Horoscope – 05 August 2024
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[
"Yasmin Boland"
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2024-08-04T19:00:11+00:00
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According to certain members of the medical profession, our minds do rule our bodies, as the New Agers would have us believe. Even the most straight-laced psychiatrists will tell you that that a stressed mind leads to a stressed body and disease (aka dis-ease). If you’re too stressed, take a moment today to acknowledge that […] The post Pisces Daily Horoscope – 05 August 2024 appeared first on Yasmin Boland.
|
en
|
https://s.yimg.com/rz/l/favicon.ico
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Yahoo Life
|
https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/pisces-daily-horoscope-05-august-190011374.html
|
According to certain members of the medical profession, our minds do rule our bodies, as the New Agers would have us believe. Even the most straight-laced psychiatrists will tell you that that a stressed mind leads to a stressed body and disease (aka dis-ease). If you’re too stressed, take a moment today to acknowledge that and to think about what you can do for yourself on a daily basis (including re diet) to improve matters.
Want to learn how to create your own reality? Start with the (free!) Moon Lite Collective here.
The post Pisces Daily Horoscope – 05 August 2024 appeared first on Yasmin Boland.
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6803
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dbpedia
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Our Picks for the Year’s Best Box Sets
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2023-11-19T19:00:00+00:00
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In 2023 we saw a plethora of new box set offerings, mostly those that revisited classic albums of the past while offering new expanded editions. Here are some essential adds to your box set collection.
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en
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American Songwriter
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https://americansongwriter.com/our-picks-for-the-years-best-box-sets/
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When you buy through our links, we may earn an affiliate commission.
In 2023, we saw a plethora of new box set offerings, mostly those that revisited classic albums of the past while offering new expanded editions.
Videos by American Songwriter
While it’s never easy repurchasing something one already owns, the abundance of new additions often makes it all but imperative to do so. Here, then, are some essential adds to your box set collection.
The Who
Lifehouse/Who’s Next
Polydor Records
Like Brian Wilson’s Smile, The Who’s Lifehouse was one of those legendary albums that was aborted before reaching fruition. It eventually morphed into Who’s Next, a classic album in its own right and long regarded as a high point in The Who’s career.
It’s not that Lifehouse has remained hidden these past 50-plus years—it resurfaced when Pete Townshend reimagined it as a solo offering, Lifehouse Elements; also, various bootlegs have surfaced over the years. Nevertheless, this massive—and weighty—box manages to piece together all the original elements: Townshend’s Lifehouse demos, the original recording sessions in London and New York, various complete concerts, and added bonus tracks.
Who’s Next saw an expanded re-release in 2003, and those tracks are duplicated here, but given the array of extras—a 172-page graphic novel, sleeve notes and essays, rare photos, memorabilia, tour programs, and badges—it’s more than enough to entice any Who partisan. Consider it the ultimate indulgence.
Bob Dylan
The Complete Budokan 1978
Legacy Recordings
Originally released only in Japan, Bob Dylan’s Budokan concert was—and remains—one of the best representations of the iconic singer/songwriter in live performance. The songs were replayed close to the original versions, a rarity as far as Dylan’s live sets were concerned, and the wealth of material—drawing liberally from the music of his seminal years as he made the transition from budding folky to full-on rock star—made these performances absolutely essential.
Belatedly released in the U.S., it now has a fuller treatment courtesy of four CDs that share both the February 18 and March 1, 1978 concerts in their entirety, as well as plenty of memorabilia, including concert posters, flyers, and tickets. It may have been one of those “Ya had to be there” events, but no worries. Now it’s the next best thing.
Eric Clapton
The Definitive 24 Nights
Reprise Records
Spread over the span of six CDs and three Blu-Rays, Eric Clapton’s extended stand at the Royal Albert Hall in 1990 and 1991 gets the complete treatment here. It liberally expands the original release, which offered only a scant sampling of the guitarist’s shows at the London venue.
Here, the full breadth of Clapton’s then-current repertoire is shared—from blues standards to his work with Cream, his solo efforts, and those with Derek and the Dominos. It’s a veritable greatest hit considering the inclusion of such standards as “Wonderful Tonight,” “Bellbottom Blues,” “Layla,” “Sunshine of Your Love,” “I Shot the Sheriff,” and others. Clapton’s never been in finer form.
Joni Mitchell
Archives, Volume 3: The Asylum Years (1972-1975)
Rhino Records
This latest entry in the Archives series bears notice as among the best box sets of the year. It finds Mitchell at the peak of her prowess. Having left Reprise Records and her fragile folk finesse behind, she transitioned from the role of a sensitive singer/songwriter into that of a sophisticated chanteuse.
The Asylum Years digs deep into the mid-‘70s period that produced the initial Asylum albums—For the Roses, Court and Spark, and The Hissing of Summer Lawns—courtesy of demos, alternate takes, and live tracks. As always, it offers some fascinating insights into Mitchell’s creative process.
Likewise, collaborations that include sessions with former beaus David Crosby and Graham Nash on early takes of “Cold Blue Steel,” “Sweet Fire,” and “For The Roses”; a pair of collaborations with James Taylor on “Electricity” and further efforts that enlisted Neil Young & The Stray Gators for work on “You Turn Me On I’m A Radio” and “Raised on Robbery” (the latter recorded during sessions for Young’s “Tonight’s the Night”) transform some otherwise familiar songs via arrangements that are wholly different and distinctive from those that emerged later on.
In addition, the live concerts from Carnegie Hall in New York, the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, and London’s Royal Festival Hall offer additional illumination on where Mitchell was heading during this particular phase of her career. With five CDs and an expansive booklet, The Asylum Years is the essence of essential.
Stevie Nicks
Complete Studio Albums & Rarities
Rhino Records
With Fleetwood Mac seemingly on a permanent hiatus given the recent passing of mainstay Christine McVie, Steve Nicks, the band’s most prolific solo star, effectively reboots her career by bringing to bear her wealth of individual releases, plus an entire disc devoted to rarities.
Granted, Nicks could come off as somewhat twee at times in the context of her day job, but over the expanse of these nine albums, she is easily assured and making memorable music in her own right. While her fans likely own these albums already, the two discs plied from the vaults and a stash of rarities make it a true temptation.
John Prine
The Oh Boy Singles
Oh Boy Records
A special 7-inch box set encased in a cover modeled after John Prine’s prized 1935 Wurlitzer Jukebox, this collection features the eight singles Prine released on Oh Boy Records, each packaged in their original artwork. The set even goes so far as to feature working lights that illuminate the jukebox, a booklet with a forward written by music producer Jim Rooney, two “Handsome Johnny” jukebox coins, a vintage Oh Boy Records catalogue, and more.
The jukebox was a gift from his friend and fellow songwriter Steve Goodman as a thank you for co-writing Goodman’s first country hit, “You Never Even Called Me by My Name,” after Prine refused to take credit or accept any royalties for writing the song. Given the songs shared here, all credit is decidedly deserved.
Acetone
I’m Still Waiting
New West Records
This 11-LP box set celebrates the little-known Los Angeles band Acetone. Produced by the surviving members of the band, Mark Lightcap, Steve Hadley, and Brady Brock of New West Records, the project had been two years in the making.
The box includes Acetone’s long out-of-print studio albums Cindy (1993), If You Only Knew (1995; available on vinyl for the first time), Acetone (1997), and York Blvd. (2000). Also included is the band’s debut EP Acetone (1993), their mini-LP of classic country covers I Guess I Would (1995), as well as a nine-song bonus LP titled Prime Cuts, featuring eight unreleased recordings.
Additionally, the box set includes a 60-page book featuring extensive liner notes written by J Spaceman of Spiritualized and Spacemen 3 and Drew Daniel of Matmos and The Soft Pink Truth. With a wide range of influences ranging from the Everly Brothers and Isaac Hayes to Brian Eno and the Meat Puppets, the band’s trajectory came to a sad close following the release of York Blvd. in 2001, when their frontman, Richie Lee, committed suicide.
I’m Still Waiting is being released in celebration of the 30th anniversary of the band’s debut, and the records are all available for the first time since their original release. For those on a limited budget, take note: Each of the albums will soon be available individually as well.
The Doors
Live at the Matrix, 1967
Elektra/Rhino Records
These heretofore unreleased recordings of early Doors are culled from first-generation 7-inch reels capturing Jim Morrison & Co. in all their uninhibited primal glory over three nights at the infamous San Francisco nightclub known as The Matrix. It’s a revelatory set of songs, one that encompasses tracks from their initial landmark albums. Morrison is in pure primal form, and the band is tight and taut across the expanse of these 37 songs.
At least two of the tracks are released for the first time—the rather rote instrumentals “All Blues” and “Bag’s’ Groove.” That’s great for completists, but devotees will instead likely relish early takes on such Doors classics at “The Crystal Ship,” “20th Century Fox,” “People Are Strange,” “Back Door Man,” “Break On Through (to the Other Side),” and, naturally, “Light My Fire.” These Doors swing in a special way.
The Kinks
The Journey — Part 2
BMG
One can never get enough of the Kinks, and this two-disc follow-up to the initial Journey boasts an abundance of classic Kinks cuts. Arranged in the form of a narrative, this two-CD set takes the band from their early years through their later efforts on RCA, when a creative conceptual motif dominated their efforts.
There are plenty of hits to focus on—“Till the End of the Day,” “Lola,” “A Well Respected Man,” and “Dedicated Follower of Fashion,” among them—but like the first volume, it also delves into some deep cuts and heretofore unreleased live tracks as well.
Dave Davies shares the spotlight with brother Ray, courtesy of his own “Creeping Jean,” “Lincoln County,” and “Susannah’s Still Alive.” The liner notes feature reflections from both brothers, offering a glimmer of hope that maybe the two will regroup now that they are on common ground.
Jethro Tull
The Broadsword and the Beast — The 40th Anniversary Monster Edition
Chrysalis Records
Granted, Jethro Tull had largely been considered past their prime when The Broadsword and the Beast was unleashed on the world in April 1982. Ian Anderson and Martin Barre were the only members remaining from the band’s classic lineup, and other than a handful of minor entries—“Pussy Willow” chief among them—it could boast nothing that came near to enduring classics like “Aqualung,” “Locomotive Breath,” or “Cross-Eyed Mary.”
Not that the group had forgotten them completely; live recordings taken from a concert in Germany still show them as enduring and an indelible part of the setlist. Other addendums include demos, outtakes, early mixes, a series of interviews with all involved, and, of course, an obligatory tour program and assorted mementos.
Given five CDs and three DVDs, the 40th-anniversary edition of The Broadsword and the Beast comes across as a sprawling epoch of sorts, but even with all the frenzy and flourish, it can still be considered a curio at best, one destined for devotees.
Bryan Adams
Live at the Royal Albert Hall
BMG
Live at the Royal Albert Hall is culled from three nights at Royal Albert Hall in London in which Bryan Adams plays his classic albums Cuts Like A Knife, Waking Up the Neighborhood, and Into the Fire in their entirety.
In this CD/Blu-ray set, Adams is in fine form, delivering a decidedly determined performance that proves even now, long past his heyday, he’s still in fighting form. Granted, his return carries more than a whiff of nostalgia, but the songs still hold up with resilience and resolve. Here’s proof that memories still matter.
Also of note:
Jason Isbell
Southeastern Remastered
Thirty Tigers
Jason Isbell and the 400 Unit have no shortage of live offerings, but this is the first time they’ve been added to a reboot of an original offering. A disc of demos adds to the enticement.
Steve Hackett
Foxtrot at Fifty + Hackett Highlights: Live in Brighton
Inside Out Music
One of the seminal guitarists of early Genesis history, Steve Hackett, has built his latter-day career replaying the band’s early classic catalog. This two-CD/Blu-Ray set revisits Foxtrot, one of their best, on its 50th anniversary and includes a documentary as an added enhancement.
David Bowie
Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (the Motion Picture)
Parlophone Records Ltd.
David Bowie’s alter-ego’s classic performance at the Hammersmith Odeon in London on July 3, 1973, makes a welcome return courtesy of this two-CD/Blu-ray box that boasts all the songs shared at that historic performance as Ziggy prepared to bid the world a fond farewell.
Jeff Beck makes a cameo appearance, but the spotlight stays on Bowie as he acts out what is arguably his most immortal role. Call it glam, call it a slam, but it was never a sham. Truly Bowie at his best.
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British Male Pop/Rock Vocals
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Men who gave voice to British Pop and Rock music
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Sir Paul McCartney is a key figure in contemporary culture as a singer, composer, poet, writer, artist, humanitarian, entrepreneur, and holder of more than 3 thousand copyrights. He is in the "Guinness Book of World Records" for most records sold, most #1s (shared), most covered song, "Yesterday," largest paid audience for a solo concert (350,000+ people, in 1989, in Brazil). He is considered one of the most successful entertainers of all time.
He was born James Paul McCartney on June 18, 1942, in Liverpool General Hospital, where his mother, Mary Patricia (Mohin), was a medical nurse and midwife. His father, James "Jim" McCartney, was a cotton salesman and a pianist leading the Jim Mac's Jazz Band in Liverpool. He has Irish and English ancestry. Young McCartney was raised non-denominational. He studied music and art, and had a happy childhood with one younger brother, Michael. At age 11, he was one of only four students who passed the 11+ exam, known as "the scholarship" in Liverpool, and gained a place at Liverpool Institute for Boys. There he studied from 1953 to 1960, earning A level in English and Art.
At the age of 14, Paul McCartney was traumatized by his mother's sudden death from breast cancer. Shortly afterward, he wrote his first song. In July 1957 he met John Lennon during their performances at a local church fête (festival). McCartney impressed Lennon with his mastery of guitar and singing in a variety of styles. He soon joined Lennon's band, The Quarrymen, and eventually became founding member of The Beatles, with the addition of George Harrison and Pete Best. After a few gigs in Hamburg, Germany, the band returned to Liverpool and played regular gigs at the Cavern during 1961.
In November 1961, they invited Brian Epstein to be their manager, making a written agreement in January 1962. At that time McCartney and Harrison were under 21, so the paper wasn't technically legal, albeit it did not matter to them. What mattered was their genuine trust in Epstein. He improved their image, secured them a record deal with EMI, and replaced drummer Best with Ringo Starr. With a little help from Brian Epstein and George Martin, The Beatles consolidated their talents and mutual stimulation into beautiful teamwork, launching the most successful career in the history of entertainment.
The Beatles contributed to music, film, literature, art, and fashion, made a continuous impact on entertainment, popular culture and the lifestyle of several generations. Music became their ticket to ride around the world. Beatlemania never really ended since its initiation; it became a movable feast in many hearts and minds, a sweet memory of youth, when all you need is love and a little help from a friend to be happy. Their songs and images carrying powerful ideas of love, peace, help, and imagination evoked creativity and liberation that outperformed the rusty Soviet propaganda and contributed to breaking walls in the minds of millions, thus making impact on human history.
All four members of The Beatles were charismatic and individually talented artists, they sparked each other from the beginning. Paul McCartney had the privilege of a better musical education, having studied classical piano and guitar in his childhood. He progressed as a lead vocalist and multi-instrumentalist, as well as a singer-songwriter. In addition to singing and songwriting, Paul McCartney played bass guitar, acoustic and electric guitars, piano and keyboards, as well as over 40 other musical instruments.
McCartney wrote more popular hits for the Beatles than other members of the band. His songs Yesterday, Let It Be, Hey Jude, Blackbird, All My Loving, Eleanor Rigby, Birthday, I Saw Her Standing There, I Will, Get Back, Carry That Weight, P.S. I Love You, Things We Said Today, "Hello, Goodbye," Two of Us, Why Don't We Do It in the Road?, Helter Skelter, Honey Pie, When I'm 64, Lady Madonna, She's a Woman, Maxwell's Silver Hammer, "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da," Mother Nature's Son, Long And Winding Road, Rocky Raccoon, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Fool on the Hill, You Never Give Me Your Money, Your Mother Should Know, The End, Yellow Submarine, and many others are among the Beatles' best hits. Yesterday is considered the most covered song in history with over three thousand versions of it recorded by various artists across the universe.
Since he was a teenager, McCartney honored the agreement that was offered by John Lennon in 1957, about the 50/50 authorship of every song written by either one of them. However, both were teenagers, and technically, being under 21, their oral agreement had no legal power. Still, almost 200 songs by The Beatles are formally credited to both names, regardless of the fact that most of the songs were written individually. The songwriting partnership of John Lennon and Paul McCartney was really working until the mid-60s, when they collaborated in many of their early songs. Their jamming on a piano together led to creation of their first best-selling hit 'I Want to Hold Your Hand' in 1963.
In total, The Beatles created over 240 songs, they recorded many singles and albums, made several films and TV shows. Thousands of memorable pictures popularized their image. In their evolution from beginners to the leaders of entertainment, they learned from many world cultures, absorbed from various styles, and created their own. McCartney's own range of interests spanned from classical music and English folk ballads to Indian raga and other Oriental cultures, and later expanded into psychedelic experiments and classical-sounding compositions. His creative search has been covering a range of styles from jazz and rock to symphonies and choral music, and to cosmopolitan cross-cultural and cross-genre compositions.
Epstein's 1967 death hurt all four members of The Beatles, as they lost their creative manager. Evolution of each member's creativity and musicianship also led to individual career ambitions, however, their legacy as The Beatles remained the main driving force in their individual careers ever since. McCartney and The Beatles made impact on human history, because their influence has been liberating for generations of nowhere men living in misery beyond the Iron Curtain.
Something in their songs and images appealed to everybody who wanted to become free as a bird. Their songs carrying powerful ideas of real love, peace, help, imagination and freedom evoked creativity and contributed to breaking chains and walls in the minds of millions. The Beatles expressed themselves in beautiful and liberating words of love, happiness, freedom, and revolution, and carried those messages to people across the universe. Their songs and images helped many freedom-loving people to come together for revolutions in Prague and Warsaw, Beijing and Bucharest, Berlin and Moscow. The Beatles has been an inspiration for those who take the long and winding road to freedom.
McCartney was 28 when he started his solo career, and formed his new band, Wings. His first solo album, "McCartney," was a #1 hit and spawned the evergreen ballad "Maybe I'm Amazed", yet critical reaction was mixed. He continued to release music with Wings, that eventually became one of the most commercially successful groups of the 70s. "Band on the Run" won two Grammy Awards and remained the Wings' most lauded work. The 1977 release "Mull of Kintyre" stayed at #1 in the UK for nine weeks, and was highest selling single in the UK for seven years. In 1978 McCartney's theme "Rockestra" won him another Grammy Award. In 1979, together with Elvis Costello, he organized Concerts for the People of Kampuchea. In 1979, McCartney released his solo album "Wonderful Christmastime" which remained popular ever since.
In 1980 McCartney was arrested in Tokyo, Japan, for marijuana possession, and after a ten-day stint in jail, he was released to a media firestorm. He retreated into seclusion after the arrest, and was comforted by his wife Linda. Yet he had another traumatic experience when his ex-band-mate, John Lennon, was shot dead by a crazed fan near his home in New York City on December 8, 1980. McCartney did not play any live concerts for some time because he was nervous that he would be "the next" to be murdered.
After almost a year of absence from the music scene, McCartney returned in 1982 with the album "Tug of War," which was well received by public and enjoyed great critical acclaim. He continued a successful career as a solo artist, collaborated with wife Linda McCartney, and writers such as Elvis Costello. During the 80s, McCartney released such hits as 'No More Lonely Nights' and his first compilation, "All the Best." In 1989, he started his first concert tour since the John Lennon's murder.
In 1994, the three surviving members of The Beatles, McCartney, Harrison, and Starr, reunited and produced Lennon's previously unknown song "Free as a Bird." It was preserved by Yoko Ono on a tape recording made by Lennon in 1977. The song was re-arranged and re-mixed by George Martin at the Abbey Road Studios with the voices of three surviving members. The Beatles Anthology TV documentary series was watched by 420 million people in 1995.
During the 1990s McCartney concentrated on composing classical works for the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society, such as "The Liverpool Oratorio" involving a choir and symphony, and "A Leaf" solo-piano project, both released in 1995. That same year he was working on a new pop album, "Flaming Pie," when his wife Linda was diagnosed with breast cancer, and caring for his wife during her illness meant only sporadic public appearances during that time. The album was released in 1997 to both critical and commercial success, debuting at #2 on both the UK and US pop charts. That same year he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II as Sir Paul McCartney for his services to music.
In April 1998, Linda McCartney, his beloved wife of almost 30 years, mother of their four children, and his steady partner in music, died of breast cancer. McCartney suffered from a severe depression and undergone medical treatment. He spent much of the next year away from the public eye, emerging only to campaign on behalf of his late wife for animal rights and vegetarian causes.
He eventually returned to the studio, releasing an album of rock n'roll covers in 1999. "Run Devil Run" made both Entertainment Weekly and USA Today's year-end top ten lists. McCartney also slowly returned to the public spotlight with the release of his another classical album, "Working Classical" in November 1999, in recording by the London Symphony Orchestra. His 2000 release "A Garland for Linda" was a choral tribute album, which raised funds to aid cancer survivors.
In 2000 he was invited by Heather Mills, a disabled ex-model, to her 32nd birthday. McCartney wrote songs dedicated to her, he and Mills developed a romantic relationship and became engaged in 2001. However, the year brought him a cascade of traumatic experiences. On September 11, 2001, Paul McCartney was sitting on a plane in New York when the World Trade Center tragedy occurred in front of his eyes, and he was able to witness the events from his seat. Yet there was another sadness, as his former band-mate George Harrison died of cancer in November, 2001.
Recuperating from the stressful year, McCartney received the 2002 Academy Award nomination for the title song to the movie Vanilla Sky (2001), and also went on his first concert tour in several years. In June, 2002, Sir Paul McCartney and Heather Mills married in a castle in Monaghan, Ireland. Their daughter, Beatrice Milly McCartney, was born in October 2003. Four years later, the high profile marriage ended in divorce, after a widely publicized litigation. "Whenever you're going through difficult times, I'm at the moment, it's really cool to be able to escape into music" says Paul McCartney.
In 2003 Paul McCartney rocked the Red Square in Moscow with his show "Back in USSR" which was attended by his former opponents from the former Soviet KGB, including the Russian president Vladimir Putin himself, who invited McCartney to be the guest of honor in the Kremlin. In 2004 Paul McCartney received a birthday present from the Russian president. In June 2004, he and Heather Mills-McCartney stayed as special guests at suburban Royal Palaces of Russian Tsars in St. Petersburg, Russia. There he staged a spectacular show near the Tsar's Winter Palace in St. Petersburg where the Communist Revolution took place, just imagine.
In 2005 the Entertainment magazine poll named The Beatles the most iconic entertainers of the 20th Century. In 2006, the guitar on which Paul McCartney played his first chords and impressed John Lennon, was sold at an auction for over $600,000.
On June 18, 2006, Paul McCartney celebrated his 64th birthday, as in his song "when I'm Sixty-Four." McCartney's celebrity status, made it a cultural milestone for a generation of those born in the baby-boom era who grew up with the music of The Beatles during the 1960s. The prophetic message in the song has been intertwined with McCartney's personal life and his career.
In 2007 McCartney left his longtime label, EMI, and signed with Los Angeles based Hear Music. He learned to play mandolin to create a refreshing feeling for his latest album "Memory Almost Full," then appeared in Apple Computer's commercial for iPod+iTunes to promote the album. In June 2007 McCartney appeared together with Ringo Starr, Yoko Ono, Olivia Harrison and Guy Laliberté in a live broadcast from the "Revolution" Lounge at the Mirage Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.
His 3-DVD set "The McCartney Years" with over 40 music videos and hours of Historic Live Performances was released in November 2007. His classical album "Ecco Cor Meum" (aka.. Behold My Heart), recorded with the Academy of St. Martin of the Fields and the boys of King's college Choir, was voted Classical Album of the Year in 2007. That same year, Paul McCartney began dating Nancy Shevell. The couple married in 2011, in London. Sir Paul's "On the Run Tour" once again took him flying across world from July through December 2011 giving sold out concerts in the USA, Canada, UK, United Arab Emirates, Italy, France, Germany, Sweden, Finland and Russia.
In July 2012, Paul McCartney rocked the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. He delivered a live performance of The Beatles's timeless hit "Hey Jude" and engaged the crowd of people from all over the world to join his band in a sing along finale. The show was seen by a live audience of close to 80000 people at the Olympic Park Stadium in addition to an estimated TV audience of two billion people worldwide.
On the long and winding road of his life and career, Sir Paul McCartney has been a highly respected entertainer and internationally regarded public figure.
A master musician, a film producer and actor, best known as the lead guitarist and occasionally lead vocalist of The Beatles, George Harrison was born February 25, 1943, in Liverpool, Merseyside, England. He was also the youngest of four children, born to Harold Harrison and Louise Harrison.
Like his future band mates, Harrison was not born into wealth. Louise was largely a stay-at-home mom while her husband Harold drove a school bus for the Liverpool Institute, an acclaimed grammar school that George attended and where he first met a young classmate, Paul McCartney. By his own admission, Harrison was not much of a student and what little interest he did have for his studies washed away with his discovery of the electric guitar and American rock-'n'-roll.
There were a lot of harmonies in the Harrison household. He had a knack of sorts for it by age 12 or 13, while riding a bike around his neighborhood and hearing Elvis Presley's "Heartbreak Hotel", playing from a nearby house. By the age of 14 George--who was a fan of such legends as , Harrison, who grew up in the likes of listening to such rock legends Carl Perkins, Little Richard and Buddy Holly--had purchased his first guitar and taught himself a few chords.
McCartney', who had recently joined up with another Liverpool teenager, John Lennon, in a skiffle group known as The Quarrymen, invited Harrison to see the band perform. Harrison and Lennon had a few things in common, such as the fact that they both attended Dovedale Primary School but didn't know each other. Their paths finally crossed in early 1958. McCartney had been egging the 17-year-old Lennon to allow the 14-year-old Harrison to join the band, but Lennon was reluctant; as legend has it, after seeing McCartney and Lennon perform, George was granted an audition on the upper deck of a bus, where he wowed Lennon with his rendition of popular American rock riffs.
The 17-year-old Harrison's music career was in full swing by 1960. Lennon had renamed the band The Beatles and the young group began cutting its rock teeth in the small clubs and bars around Liverpool and Hamburg, Germany. Within two years, the group had a new drummer, Ringo Starr, and a manager, Brian Epstein, a young record store owner who eventually landed the group a record contract with EMI's Parlophone label.
Before the end of 1962, Harrison and The Beatles recorded a song, "Love Me Do", that landed in the UK Top 20 charts. Early that following year, another hit, "Please Please Me," was released, followed by an album by the same name. "Beatlemania" was in full swing across England, and by early 1964, with the release of their album in the US and an American tour, it had swept across the States as well.
Largely referred to as the "Quiet Beatle" Harrison took a back seat to McCartney, Lennon and, to a certain extent, Starr. Still, he could be quick-witted, even edgy. During the middle of one American tour, the group members were asked how they slept at night with long hair.
From the get-go, Lennon-McCartney were primary lead vocalists. While the two spent most of the time writing their own songs, Harrison had shown an early interest in creating his own work. In the summer of 1963 he spearheaded his first song, "Don't Bother Me," which made its way on to the group's second album. From there on out, Harrison's songs were a staple of all Beatle records. In fact, some of the group's more memorable songs--e.g., "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and "Something," which was the only Beatle song ever recorded by Frank Sinatra--were penned by Harrison.
However, his influence on the group and pop music in general extended beyond just singles. In 1965, while on the set of The Beatles' second film, Hi-Hi-Hilfe! (1965), Harrison took an interest in some of the Eastern instruments and their musical arrangements that were being used in the film. He soon developed a deep interest in Indian music. He taught himself the sitar, introducing the instrument to many western ears on Lennon's song, "Norwegian Wood"" He soon cultivated a close relationship with renowned sitar player Ravi Shankar. Other groups, including The Rolling Stones, began incorporating the sitar into some of their work. It could be argued that Harrison's experimentation with different kinds of instrumentation helped pave the way for such ground-breaking Beatle albums as "Revolver" and "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band".
Harrison's interest in Indian music soon extended into a yearning to learn more about eastern spiritual practices. In 1968 he led The Beatles on a journey to northern India to study transcendental meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.
Having grown spiritually and musically since the group first started, Harrison, who wanted to include more of his material on Beatle records, was clearly uneasy with the McCartney-Lennon dominance of the group. During the "Let It Be" recording sessions in 1969, Harrison walked out, staying away for several weeks before he was coaxed to come back with the promise that the band would use more of his songs on its records.
However, tensions in the group were clearly high. Lennon and McCartney had ceased writing together years before, and they, too, were feeling the need to go in a different direction. In January of 1970 the group recorded Harrison's "I Me Mine." It was the last song the four would ever record together. Three months later, McCartney announced he was leaving the band and The Beatles were officially over.
After the breakup of The Beatles, Harrison pursued a solo career. He immediately assembled a studio band consisting of ex-Beatle Starr, guitar legend Eric Clapton, keyboardist Billy Preston and others to record all the songs that had never made it on to The Beatles catalog. The result was a three-disc album, "All Things Must Pass". While one of its signature songs, "My Sweet Lord," was later deemed too similar in style to The Chiffons' 1963 hit "He's So Fine," forcing the guitarist to cough up nearly $600,000, the album as a whole remains Harrison's most acclaimed record.
Not long after the album's release, Harrison combined his charitable work and his continued passion for the east when he put together a series of ground-breaking benefit concerts at New York City's Madison Square Garden to raise money for refugees in Bangladesh. Known as the "Concert for Bangladesh", the shows, which featured Bob Dylan, Leon Russell, and Ravi Shankar, would go on to raise some $15 million for UNICEF, produced a Grammy-winning album, a successful documentary film (The Concert for Bangladesh (1972)) and laid the groundwork for future benefit shows like "Live Aid" and "Farm Aid".
Not everything about post-Beatle life went smoothly for Harrison, though. In 1974, his marriage to Pattie Boyd, whom he'd married eight years before, ended when she left him for Eric Clapton. His studio work struggled, too, from 1973-77, starting with, "Living in the Material World", "Extra Texture," and "33 1/3," all of which failed to meet sales expectations.
Following the release of that last album, Harrison took a short break from music, winding down his own label, Dark Horse Records--which he had started in 1974, and which had released albums by a number of other bands--and started his own film production company, Handmade Films. The company produced the successful Monty Python film Das Leben des Brian (1979) and would go on to make 26 other films before Harrison sold his interest in the company in 1994.
In 1979, he returned to the studio to release his self-titled album. It was followed two years later by, "Somewhere in England," which was still being worked on at the time of John Lennon's assassination in December of 1980. The record eventually included the Lennon tribute track, "All Those Years Ago," a song that reunited ex-Beatles Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr, along with ex-Wings members Denny Laine and Linda McCartney. While the song was a hit, the album, its predecessor and its successor, "Gone Troppo," weren't. For Harrison the lack of commercial appeal and the constant battles with music executives proved draining and prompted another studio hiatus.
A comeback of sorts came in November 1987, however, with the release of the album "Cloud Nine," produced by Jeff Lynne (of Electric Light Orchestra). The album turned out several top-charting hits, including "Got My Mind Set On You"-- remake of the 1962 song by Rudy Clark--and "When We Was Fab," a song that reflected on the life of Beatlemania, with Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney, who was dressed up as a walrus, but was a camera shy, in February 1988. Later that year Harrison formed The Traveling Wilburys. The group consisted of Harrison, Lynne, Roy Orbison, Tom Petty and Bob Dylan, and spawned two successful albums. Buoyed by the group's commercial success, Harrison took to the road with his new bandmates in 1992, embarking on his first international tour in 18 years.
Not long afterwards he was reunited with McCartney and Starr for the creation of an exhaustive three-part release of a Beatles anthology--which featured alternative takes, rare tracks and a John Lennon demo called "Free as a Bird," that the three surviving Beatles completed in the studio. The song went on to become the group's 34th Top 10 single. After that, however, Harrison largely became a homebody, keeping himself busy with gardening and his cars at his expansive and restored home in Henley-on-Thames in south Oxfordshire, England.
Still, the ensuing years were not completely stress-free. In 1997, Harrison, a longtime smoker, was successfully treated for throat cancer. Eighteen months later, his life was again put on the line when a deranged 33-year-old Beatles fan somehow managed to circumvent Harrison's intricate security system and broke into his home, attacking the musician and his wife Olivia with a knife. Harrison was treated for a collapsed lung and minor stab wounds. Olivia suffered several cuts and bruises.
In May 2001, Harrison's cancer returned. There was lung surgery, but doctors soon discovered the cancer had spread to his brain. That autumn, he traveled to the US for treatment and was eventually hospitalized at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, CA. He died November 29, 2001, at ex-bandmate McCartney's house in Los Angeles, at aged 58, with his wife and son at his side.
Just one year after his death, Harrison's final studio album, "Brainwashed," was released. It was produced by Lynne, Harrison's son Dhani Harrison and Harrison himself, and featured a collection of songs he'd been working at the time of his death. Dhani finished putting the album together and it was released in November of 2002.
Michael Philip Jagger was born in Dartford, Kent on 26th July 1943. When he was 4 he met Keith Richards until they went into secondary schools and lost touch. But one day in 1960 they accidentally met on the Dartford train line and both realized that they had an interest in rock n roll combined with blues. Between 1960 and 1962 The Rolling Stones formed. It was comprised of Mick on lead vocal and harmonica, Keith Richards on guitar, Bill Wyman on bass, Charlie Watts on drums and Brian Jones on guitar.
In 1964 they released their first album "The Rolling Stones". Eventually in 1965 they had their first number 1 hit in the UK with "The Last Time" which was followed by "I can't get no Satisfaction". Throughout 1966-1969 they toured the world with many great hits like "Let's Spend the night together" (1967) and "Sympathy for the Devil" (1968). But in 1969 Brian Jones committed suicide and Mick and Keith Richards were blamed for his death. But this fusion blew over and they got another guitarist to replace Brian in Mick Taylor. They released the album "Let it Bleed" (1969) with the track "Honky Tonk Woman". After they completed a North American tour Jagger finally went to star in Performance (1970) as the retired rock star Turner. The film was released in August 1970 with Mick starring opposite James Fox and Mick even had his first solo hit which was the soundtrack to the film "Memo from Turner".
In 1971 The Rolling Stones came back with the album "Sticky Fingers" which would be the most popular album they ever made. From this album there were songs like "Wild Horses" and "Brown Sugar" and were major hits all over the world. While this was happening Bianca Jagger gave birth to Jaggers daughter Jade Jagger. Throughout the 70s The Rolling Stones made thousands of live performances and achieved endless record sales with hits like "Angie" (1973), "It's Only Rock and Roll" (1974), "Hot Stuff" (1976) and "Respectable" (1978). In 1974 Ronnie Wood had replaced Mick Taylor on guitar and Keith Richards and Ronnie Wood both played lead guitar. In 1980 Jagger divorced Bianca Jagger and went on to record and release "Emotional Rescue" with The Rolling Stones and it was a platinum album. In 1981 "Tattoo You" was released and the group went on a major world tour, their first in three years, which filled stadiums in the US and arenas in Europe. After the tour ended in 1982 Jagger was starting to like other music. In 1983 The Rolling Stones recorded the album "Undercover" at the Compass Point in Nassau. But recording sessions didn't go well as during this time Mick and Keith Richard were having arguments about the kind of music the group should be playing. Even though the album was a success it seemed like The Rolling Stones were now going over the edge.
In May 1984 Mick recorded "State of Shock" with The Jacksons which led Mick wanting to try out a solo career. So in September he recorded his first solo album with guests like Pete Townshend and Jeff Beck. Shortly before the album was released The Rolling Stones decided to record their first album under a new Sony records contract. Keith Richards didn't approve of the solo efforts - he wanted Mick to stick to The Rolling Stones. In July 1985 Jagger made his first solo live appearance at the Live Aid benefit concert in Philadelphia. The Rolling Stones were going to perform but decided not to as things weren't going well for them at the time. During 1986 Mick worked on his second solo album "Primitive Cool" which he hoped would be a success but this was not to be. However, his 1988 tour proved to be a success, selling out in Japan.
But Mick accepted the fact that the only way to carry on with success was to get back with The Rolling Stones so in January 1989 he and Keith Richards reformed and they wrote songs for what was to be the "Steel Wheels" album. After the album was released The Rolling Stones went on a major worldwide tour with special concerts at London's Wembley Stadium. Sadly though in 1992 bassist of The Rolling Stones Bill Wyman announced his departure from the group which was to be the following year. Even though The Rolling Stones were upset to see him leave they accepted the fact that he'd been in there too long and they had to let go. Jagger released some more solo material during this time but it wasn't such a success. In 1994 The Rolling Stones released the album "Voodoo Lounge" and they went back on tour. The first The Rolling Stones project without Bill Wyman. The tour was the biggest tour in rock history raising over 300 million. As this tour was a success they returned yet again in 1997 with the "Bridges to Babylon" album and tour which lasted for two years which was combined with the "No Security" live album and tour. After the tour was finished Jagger's marriage was on the line as he had another child from a secret love affair. Soon after this was found out the marriage between him and Jerry Hall had ended. Since then Jagger's been a film producer and a solo artist. He has produced the film Enigma - Das Geheimnis (2001) and has recorded his 2001 album "Goddess in the Doorway" - another commercial flop. But never fear because just recently the Stones announced a 40th Anniversary tour and that it will start in September, 2002.
David Bowie was one of the most influential and prolific writers and performers of popular music, but he was much more than that; he was also an accomplished actor, a mime and an intellectual, as well as an art lover whose appreciation and knowledge of it had led to him amassing one of the biggest collections of 20th century art.
Born David Jones, he changed his name to Bowie in the 1960s, to avoid confusion with the then well-known Davy Jones (lead singer of The Monkees). The 1960s were not a happy period for Bowie, who remained a struggling artist, awaiting his breakthrough. He dabbled in many different styles of music (without commercial success), and other art forms such as acting, mime, painting, and play-writing. He finally achieved his commercial breakthrough in 1969 with the song "Space Oddity", which was released at the time of the moon landing. Despite the fact that the literal meaning of the lyrics relates to an astronaut who is lost in space, this song was used by the BBC in their coverage of the moon landing, and this helped it become such a success. The album, which followed "Space Oddity", and the two, which followed (one of which included the song "The Man Who Sold The World", covered by Lulu and Nirvana) failed to produce another hit single, and Bowie's career appeared to be in decline.
However, he made the first of many successful "comebacks" in 1972 with "Ziggy Stardust", a concept album about a space-age rock star. This album was followed by others in a similar vein, rock albums built around a central character and concerned with futuristic themes of Armageddon, gender dysfunction/confusion, as well as more contemporary themes such as the destructiveness of success and fame, and the dangers inherent in star worship. In the mid-1970s, Bowie was a heavy cocaine abuser and sometime heroin user.
In 1975, he changed tack. Musically, he released "Young Americans", a soul (or plastic soul as he later referred to it) album. This produced his first number one hit in the US, "Fame". He also appeared in his first major film, Der Mann, der vom Himmel fiel (1976). With a permanently-dilated pupil and skeletal frame, he certainly looked the part of an alien. The following year, he released "Station to Station," containing some of the material he had written for the soundtrack to this film (which was not used). As his drug problem heightened, his behavior became more erratic. Reports of his insanity started to appear, and he continued to waste away physically. He fled back to Europe, finally settling in Berlin, where he changed musical direction again and recorded three of the most influential albums of all time, an electronic trilogy with Brian Eno "Low, Heroes and Lodger". Towards the end of the 1970s, he finally kicked his drug habit, and recorded the album many of his fans consider his best, the Japanese-influenced "Scary Monsters". Around this time, he appeared in the title role of the Broadway drama The Elephant Man, and to considerable acclaim.
The next few years saw something of a drop-off in his musical output as his acting career flourished, culminating in his acclaimed performance in Furyo - Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983). In 1983, he released "Let's Dance," an album which proved an unexpected massive commercial success, and produced his second #1 hit single in the United States. According to producer Nile Rodgers, the album was made in just 17 days and was "the easiest album" he'd ever made in his life. The tour which followed, "Serious Moonlight", was his most successful ever. Faced with this success on a massive scale, Bowie apparently attempted to "repeat the formula" in the next two albums, with less success (and to critical scorn). Finally, in the late 1980s, he turned his back on commercial success and his solo career, forming the hard rock band, Tin Machine, who had a deliberate limited appeal. By now, his acting career was in decline. After the comparative failure of Die Reise ins Labyrinth (1986), the movie industry appears to have decided that Bowie was not a sufficient name to be a lead actor in a major movie, and since that date, most of his roles have been cameos or glorified cameos. Tin Machine toured extensively and released two albums, with little critical or commercial success.
In 1992, Bowie again changed direction and re-launched his solo career with "Black Tie White Noise", a wedding album inspired by his recent marriage to Iman. He released three albums to considerable critical acclaim and reasonable commercial success. In 1995, he renewed his working relationship with Brian Eno to record "Outside." After an initial hostile reaction from the critics, this album has now taken its place with his classic albums. In 2003, Bowie released an album entitled 'Reality.' The Reality Tour began in November 2003 and, after great commercial success, was extended into July 2004. In June 2004, Bowie suffered a heart attack and the tour did not finish its scheduled run.
After recovering, Bowie gave what turned out to be his final live performance in a three-song set with Alicia Keys at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York in November 2006. He also returned to acting. He played Tesla in Prestige - Die Meister der Magie (2006) and had a small cameo in the comedy David Bowie (2006) for fan Ricky Gervais. In 2007, he did a cartoon voice in SpongeBob Schwammkopf (1999) playing Lord Royal Highness. He had a brief cameo in the movie ''Bandslam'' released in 2009; after a ten year hiatus from recording, he released a new album called 'The Next Day', featuring a homage cover to his earlier work ''Heroes''. The music video of ''Stars are Out Tonight'' premiered on 25 February 2013. It consists of other songs like ''Where Are We Now?", "Valentine's Day", "Love is Lost", "The Next Day", etc.
In 2014, Bowie won British Male Solo Artist at the 2014 Brit Awards, 30 years since last winning it, and became the oldest ever Brit winner. Bowie wrote and recorded the opening title song to the television miniseries The Last Panthers (2015), which aired in November 2015. The theme used for The Last Panthers (2015) was also the title track for his January 2016 release, ''Blackstar" (released on 8 January 2016, Bowie's 69th birthday) was met with critical acclaim. Following Bowie's death two days later, on 10 January 2016, producer Tony Visconti revealed Bowie had planned the album to be his swan song, and a "parting gift" for his fans before his death. An EP, No Plan, was released on 8 January 2017, which would have been Bowie's 70th birthday. The day following his death, online viewing of Bowie's music skyrocketed, breaking the record for Vevo's most viewed artist in a single day.
On 15 January, "Blackstar" debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart; nineteen of his albums were in the UK Top 100 Albums Chart, and thirteen singles were in the UK Top 100 Singles Chart. The song also debuted at #1 on album charts around the world, including Australia, France, Germany, Italy, New Zealand and the US Billboard 200. At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards, Bowie won all five nominated awards: Best Rock Performance; Best Alternative Music Album; Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical; Best Recording Package; and Best Rock Song. The wins marked Bowie's first ever in musical categories. David Bowie influenced the course of popular music several times and had an effect on several generations of musicians.
Eric Clapton was born in Ripley, Surrey, England, on March 30, 1945. His real father was a Canadian pilot but he didn't find that out until he was 53. When he was 2 his mother felt she was unable to look after him, so Eric then went to live with his grandparents. When he was 14 he took up the guitar, having been influenced by blues artists such as B.B King, Buddy Guy, Muddy Waters and John Lee Hooker.
In 1963, after he was chucked out of art college, he joined Paul Samwell-Smith, as he was in art school with Keith Relf. He stayed for about 18 months before beginning a stint with John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. Eric became known as "god", as he impressed the whole English music scene with his amazing guitar playing.
After about a year Eric had had enough of impersonating his blues idols and decided to form a group of his own, so in 1966 he formed a band with bassist Jack Bruce and drummer Ginger Baker (who had the idea) that became known as Cream. This band was not a purist blues group but a hard-driving rock and blues trio. They first performed together at a jazz and blues festival in Surrey before signing a record contract. In November 1966 their debut single, "Wrapping Paper", hit UK #34, but their next single, "I Feel Free", made more of an impression, hitting UK #11 the following January. At the same time they released their debut album "Fresh Cream", which was a top-ten hit, going to UK #6 and went on to make US #39 later in the year.
Cream spent most of 1967 either touring or writing, recording and producing "Disreali Gears", which was to be one of their finest efforts. The first single that confirmed the group as a mainstream success was "Strange Brew", which went to #17 in the UK. After a hectic worldwide tour, their second album "Disreali Gears" was released and became an enormous worldwide hit, rising to UK #5 and US #4. The album's success r4esulted in one of its tracks, "Sunshine Of Your Love", a hit in the US, going to #36. In February 1968 Cream set out on a six-month US tour, the longest time that a British band ad ever been in America. The tour took in hundreds of theaters, arenas and stadiums, but in April 1968 the band was exhausted and decided to take a short break from touring. However, during their break disaster struck. While Cream was in America Eric had given an interview to the magazine "Rolling Stone" which had Eric the editor make critical points about his guitar playing. This led to an eruption within the band, which was the beginning of the end. Despite this setback, the band's US tour carried on until June, during which they had been recording their most popular project, "Wheels Of Fire", a double album that was released in August 1968; the live album shot to UK #3 and the studio effort to UK #7, but both went directly to US #1 for four weeks. Despite the fact that the band had sold so many records, had sold out nearly every concert, had made millions and even managed to boost "Sunshine Of Your Love" to hit US #5 and UK #25, they decided that after a farewell tour of America Cream would split. The band toured North America in October, played two concerts at the Royal Albert Hall in London in November and then Cream was no more - as Clapton explained, "The Cream has lost direction."
In the winter of 1969 Eric began jamming with former Traffic front man Steve Winwood, with Ginger Baker also joining in Eric's mansion in Surrey. With bassist Ric Grech added to the lineup, the band became Blind Faith and started rehearsing and recording material. In June 1969, after the band finished a recording session for their first and only album, they made their live debut in Hyde Park to a crowd of over 200,000 fans. Despite the fact that Baker and Grech felt that the concert was a triumph, Clapton and Winwood, however, were more or less convinced that Blind Faith had blown it first time round. However, despite their feelings, Blind Faith set out on a summer sellout tour of the US, playing in arenas and stadiums all over the country. The tour itself earned the band a fortune, but the band members were convinced that the music itself was unsatisfying.
After the tour was over their only album, "Blind Faith", was released, and it topped the charts worldwide. Despite the success of the album and tour Blind Faith still decided to disband, though, and Clapton went on tour with Delaney & Bonnie & Friends, who were Blind Faith's support act on the tour, and also performed at times with The Plastic Ono Band. In March 1970 Eric launched his highly successful solo career, by releasing a first solo album, which featured Delaney & Bonnie.
Freddie Mercury was born on the Tanzanian island of Zanzibar. His parents, Bomi and Jer Bulsara, sent him off to a private school in India, from 1955 til 1963. In 1964, he and his family flew to England. In 1966 he started his education at the Ealing College of Art, where he graduated in 1969. He loved art, and because of that, he often went along with his friend Tim Staffell, who played in a band called Smile. Also in this band where Brian May and Roger Taylor.
When Staffell left the band in 1970, Mercury became their new singer. He changed the band's name into Queen, and they took on a new bass-player in February 1971, called John Deacon. Their first album, "Queen", came out in 1973. But their real breakthrough was "Killer Queen", on the album "Sheer Heart Attack", which was released in 1974. They became immortal with the single "Bohemian Rhapsody", on the 1975 album "A Night At The Opera".
After their biggest hit in the USA in 1980 with "Another One Bites The Dust", they had a bad period. Their album "Flash Gordon" went down the drain, because the movie Flash Gordon (1980) flunked. Their next, the disco-oriented "Hot Space", was hated not only by rock critics but also by many hardcore fans. Only the song "Under Pressure", which they sang together with David Bowie, made a difference. In 1983, they took a year off. But, in 1984 they came back with their new album called "The Works". The singles "Radio Ga Ga" and "I Want to Break Free" did very well in the UK but a controversy over the video of the latter in the USA meant it got little exposure and flopped. Plans to tour the USA were cancelled and the band would not recover their popularity there during Mercury's lifetime.
In April 1985, Mercury released his first solo album, the less rock-oriented and more dance-oriented "Mr. Bad Guy". The album is often considered now to have been a flop, but it actually wasn't. It peaked at number six in the UK and stayed on the chart for 23 weeks, making it the most successful Queen solo project. The band got back together again after their barnstorming performance at Live Aid (1985) in July 1985. At the end of the year, they started working on their new album, "A Kind Of Magic". They also held their biggest ever world tour, the "Magic Tour". They played Wembley Stadium twice and held their very last concert in Knebworth, in front of 125.000 people.
After 1986, it went silent around Queen. In 1987, he was diagnosed with AIDS but he kept working at a pace. He released a cover of the 1950s song "The Great Pretender", which went into the UK top ten. After that, he flew to Spain, where he made the magnificent album "Barcelona", together with Montserrat Caballé, whom he saw performing in 1983. Because Mercury loved opera, he became a huge fan of her. For him, this album was like a dream becoming reality. The single "Barcelona" went huge, and was also used as a theme song for the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona.
After "Barcelona", he started working with the band again. They made "The Miracle", which was released in early 1989. It was another success, with hits such as "Breakthru", "I Want It All", "The Invisible Man" and the title track. At this point, Mercury told the band he had AIDS, meaning that a tour of the album was out of the question. After Mercury told the band, he refused to talk about it anymore. He was afraid that people would buy their records out of pity. He said he wanted to keep making music as long as possible. And he did. After "The Miracle", Mercury's health got worse. They wanted to do one more album, called "Innuendo." They worked on it in 1990 and early 1991. Every time when Mercury would feel well, he came over to the studio and sang. After "Innuendo" was released in January 1991, they made two video clips. The first one was the video clip of "I'm Going Slightly Mad", shot in March 1991. Because Mercury was very thin, and had little wounds all over his body, they used a lot of make-up. He wore a wig, and the clip was shot in black and white.
Mercury's final video clip was released in June 1991. The clip, "These Are The Days Of Our Lives", later turned out to be his goodbye song, the last time he appeared on film. You could clearly see he was ill, but he still hadn't told the world about his disease. Rumours went around that he some kind of terrible disease. This rumor was confirmed by Mercury himself, one day before he passed on. His death was seen as a great loss for the world of popular music.
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Elmiene Inks Deal With Def Jam And Polydor, Shares New Single ‘Mad At Fire”
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2023-06-28T13:39:28+00:00
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Acclaimed British musician Elmiene has signed a record deal with Def Jam and Polydor and has shared a new single ‘Mad At Fire.’
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en
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uDiscover Music
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https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/elmiene-def-jam-polydor-mad-at-fire/
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British musician Elmiene, who was tipped by Vogue at the top of the year as one of the nine musicians set to take over in 2023, has signed with Def Jam Recordings/Polydor. To celebrate the release, Elmiene has unveiled a new single “Mad At Fire.”
The song, co-written with Syd [The Internet] and produced by Lil Silva, features Elmiene’s inimitable voice and seamlessly distills R&B, soul, and avant-garde electronic music in under four minutes. The track begins with Elmiene showcasing his intoxicating falsetto over guitar chords that slowly get tweaked and manipulated, giving the artist’s vocals a fascinating twist as he sings, “It’s a natural disaster.” Check it out below.
The song is the first new music from Elmiene following the release of his debut EP EL-MEAN, which was released in March. The track also arrives on the heels of his debut television performance on Later… With Jools Holland where he debuted a new, unreleased song “Marking My Time.” This spring the 21 year old artist sold out his first three headlining shows in London, a sign that Elmiene is already in high demand even in these early days of his career.
ADVERTISEMENT
Speaking about the song, Elmiene shares: “Like fire still burns when it’s cold out, Like skies can still be grey in June, Like Bourbons are still eaten even though custard creams are better, I can still love you and leave you.”
Elmiene has had a gleaming start to his career. His first introduction to most was through his music being featured in Virgil Abloh’s final Louis Vuitton show last year. Last summer, the singer-songwriter’s first live show was in Paris supporting Robert Glasper and Yasiin Bey, he was featured on Lil Silva’s debut album on the track “About Us” and received support on Radio 1 from Benji B. Elmiene also recently performed at Glastonbury this past Friday, June 23, on the BBC Introducing stage.
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dbpedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Daltrey
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en
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Roger Daltrey
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2002-12-04T00:06:06+00:00
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en
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Daltrey
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English musician and lead vocalist of The Who (b. 1944)
Musical artist
Roger Harry Daltrey (born 1 March 1944) is an English singer, musician and actor. He is the co-founder and lead singer of the rock band the Who.[1][2]
Daltrey's hit songs with the Who include "My Generation", "Pinball Wizard", "Won't Get Fooled Again", "Baba O'Riley" and "You Better You Bet". He began a solo career in 1973 while still a member of the Who, and has released ten solo studio albums, five compilation albums and one live album. His solo hits include "Giving It All Away", "Walking the Dog", "Written on the Wind", "Free Me", "Without Your Love" and "Under a Raging Moon".
The Who are considered one of the most influential rock bands of the 20th century and have sold over 100 million records worldwide. As a member of the band, Daltrey received a Lifetime achievement award from the British Phonographic Industry in 1988,[3] and from the Grammy Foundation in 2001.[4] He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990, and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005.[5][6][7] He and Pete Townshend received Kennedy Center Honors in 2008, and The George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement at UCLA on 21 May 2016.[8] He was ranked number 61 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 greatest singers of all time in 2008;[9] Planet Rock listeners voted him rock's fifth-greatest voice in 2009.[10] Daltrey has also been an actor and film producer, with roles in films, theatre, and television.
Early life
[edit]
Daltrey was born on 1 March 1944 in Hammersmith Hospital, East Acton, London, the eldest of three children of Harry and Irene Daltrey. His father, an insurance clerk, was called up to fight in the Second World War, and three-month-old Roger and his mother were evacuated to a farm in Scotland.[11]
Daltrey attended Victoria Primary School and Acton County Grammar School in west London with Pete Townshend and John Entwistle. He showed academic promise in the English state school system and was top of his class in the eleven-plus examination, after which he went to Grammar School.[12]
Daltrey's first guitar, a cherry red Stratocaster replica, he made himself in 1957.[13] He joined a skiffle group called the Detours who needed a lead singer, and produced it when they told him to bring a guitar. His father bought him an Epiphone guitar in 1959 and he became the band's lead guitarist.
He also became the band's leader, and gained a reputation for using his fists to impose discipline. According to Townshend, Daltrey "ran things the way he wanted. If you argued with him, you usually got a bunch of fives[14] [a hard punch]".[15] Daltrey explained, later in life, that this harsh approach came from the tough neighbourhood in which he had grown up, where arguments were resolved by fighting. He was expelled from school, and Townshend wrote in his autobiography, "until he was expelled, Roger had been a good pupil."[16]
They discovered in 1964 that another band was performing as the Detours, and discussed changing their name. Townshend suggested "the Hair" and Townshend's room-mate Richard Barnes suggested "The Who". The next morning, Daltrey made the decision for the band, saying "It's the Who, innit?"[17]
The Who
[edit]
Overview
[edit]
Townshend began writing original material for the band, and after their first hit single ("I Can't Explain") and record deal in early 1965, Daltrey's dominance of the band diminished.[18] The other members of the Who fired him from the band in late 1965 after he beat up their drummer, Keith Moon, for supplying illegal drugs to Townshend and Entwistle, but he was re-admitted to the band a week later on probation after he promised not to do it again. He recalled, "I thought if I lost the band, I was dead. If I didn't stick with the Who, I would be a sheet metal worker for the rest of my life."[19]
The band's second single, "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere", was a collaboration between Daltrey and Townshend.[20] While Townshend was developing into an accomplished composer, Daltrey was gaining a reputation as a singer and front-man. The Who's stage act was energetic, and Daltrey's habit of swinging the microphone around by its cord on stage became a signature move. His Townshend-inspired stuttering expression of youthful anger, frustration and arrogance in the band's breakthrough single, "My Generation", captured the revolutionary feeling of the 1960s for young people around the world and became a trademark sound. His scream near the end of "Won't Get Fooled Again" was a defining moment in rock and roll.[21]
By 1973, Daltrey was experiencing success with his solo projects and acting roles. While the other members of the band were recording the music for Quadrophenia, he took the opportunity to examine the Who's financial books and found they had fallen into disarray under the management of Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp. Lambert was Pete Townshend's artistic mentor, and challenging him led to renewed tension within the band. During a filming session, in an incident that Daltrey later claimed was overblown, Townshend and Daltrey argued over the schedule, Townshend hit Daltrey over the head with his guitar, and Daltrey responded by knocking Townshend unconscious with a single blow.[22]
In the Who's milestone achievements, Tommy, Who's Next, and Quadrophenia, Daltrey became the face and voice of the band as they defined themselves as rebels in a generation of change. When Ken Russell's adaptation of Tommy appeared as a feature film in 1975, Daltrey played the lead role. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for "Best Acting Debut in a Motion Picture", and appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine on 10 April 1975. He worked with Russell again, starring as Franz Liszt in Lisztomania, and collaborated with Rick Wakeman on the soundtrack of the film.[23]
The Who's drummer, Keith Moon, died in 1978. The band continued working after his death, but Daltrey thought that new drummer Kenney Jones had been the wrong choice.[24] The Who broke up in 1983 when Townshend felt that that he could no longer write for them.[25]
The band reformed in 1989 for a 25th Anniversary Tour, which also celebrated the 20th anniversary of their rock opera Tommy. The tour featured a large backing band, with guest appearances by Steve Winwood, Patti LaBelle, Phil Collins, Elton John, and Billy Idol. Daltrey managed to complete the tour in spite of an abdominal ailment, for which he later received surgery.[26]
In 1996, Pete Townshend was approached to produce Quadrophenia for the Prince's Trust concert at Hyde Park, London. Daltrey agreed to help to produce a one-off performance, and the opera was to be performed with a large backing band. On the night before the show, Daltrey was struck in the face by a microphone stand swung by Gary Glitter and the accident fractured his eye socket. There was concern that he might not be able to perform, but Daltrey covered the bruises with an eye patch and completed the show as scheduled. Townshend took the production on tour in 1996–97 as the Who.[27]
After the success of the Quadrophenia tour, the band returned as the Who with a five-piece line-up for tours in 1999–2000, and they made a major impact at the Concert for New York City in 2002. After Entwistle's death in June 2002, Daltrey and Townshend decided to continue with an already planned tour, with bass player Pino Palladino taking Entwistle's place. They also completed a brief tour in 2004. In 2006, they released the Who's first studio album of new material in twenty-four years, Endless Wire, which led to suggestions that the much-discussed artistic tension in the Who lay between Daltrey and Townshend. The band undertook a world tour in 2006–07 in support of the album.[28]
In February 2010, Townshend and Daltrey, headlining as the Who, performed the half-time show at Super Bowl XLIV in Miami, Florida, and were seen by 105.97 million viewers across the world. In March 2010, Townshend and Daltrey, with an extensive backing band, performed Quadrophenia at the Royal Albert Hall in London as a tenth-anniversary charity benefit for the Teenage Cancer Trust. Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam sang the part of the Godfather and Tom Meighan of Kasabian sang the part of Aceface.[29]
Songwriting
[edit]
Daltrey wrote several songs in the band's catalogue during their early years:
"Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere" (1965) – the Who's second single, co-written with Townshend.[30]
"See My Way" (1966) – Daltrey's contribution to A Quick One.[31]
"Early Morning Cold Taxi" (1967) – Outtake from The Who Sell Out (later appearing as a bonus track on deluxe editions and on the 1994 box set Thirty Years of Maximum R&B), co-written with David "Cyrano" Langston.[32]
"Here for More" (1970) – B-side to "The Seeker".[33]
Daltrey also wrote a song titled "Crossroads Now" for the Who, which grew from an onstage jam in 1999.[34] Another Daltrey song, "Certified Rose", was rehearsed by the Who shortly before the death of John Entwistle. The band had intended to play it, as well as Townshend's "Real Good Looking Boy", during their 2002 tour, but it was dropped after Entwistle's death.[35] It was rumoured that a studio version had been recorded during the Endless Wire sessions which may have featured Entwistle's basslines from 2002, but Townshend later stated that no such recording had been made.[36] A more recent recording of "Certified Rose" was released on Daltrey's 2018 album, As Long As I Have You.[37]
Solo career
[edit]
Overview
[edit]
Daltrey has released ten solo studio albums. The first, Daltrey (1973), was recorded during a hiatus in the Who's touring schedule. The best-selling single from the album, "Giving It All Away", peaked at No. 5 in the UK and the album, which introduced Leo Sayer as a songwriter, made the Top 50 in the United States. The inner sleeve photography showed a trompe-l'œil which referred to the Narcissus myth, as Daltrey's reflection in the water differed from his actual appearance. He also released a single in 1973, "Thinking", with "There is Love" on the B-side. The British release, with considerable airplay of "Giving It All Away" (first lines "I paid all my dues so I picked up my shoes, I got up and walked away") coincided with news reports of the Who being sued for unpaid damage to their hotel on a recent tour, which included a TV set thrown out of a window.[38]
Daltrey's second solo album, Ride a Rock Horse, was released in 1975. It was his second most commercially successful solo album.[citation needed] McVicar was a soundtrack album from the film of the same name, in which Daltrey starred and also co-produced; it featured all the other members of the Who (Townshend, Entwistle, and Kenney Jones). McVicar included two hit singles, "Free Me", and "Without Your Love", Daltrey's best-selling solo recording.[39]
His next album, Parting Should Be Painless, received negative reviews and was his poorest-selling studio album up to that point. In it, Daltrey had vented his frustrations after the break-up of the Who by assembling a set of roughly autobiographical songs. They included a track contributed by Bryan Ferry ("Going Strong"), and one contributed by the Eurythmics ("Somebody Told Me"). Daltrey said the album covered musical areas that he had wanted the Who to pursue.[40] The title track of the next album, Under a Raging Moon, was a tribute to the Who's drummer, Keith Moon, who had died in 1978 at the age of 32. On his Rocks in the Head album, Daltrey's voice ranged from a powerful bluesy growl in the style of Howlin' Wolf, to tender vocals shared with his daughter Willow on the ballad "Everything a Heart Could Ever Want".
Daltrey appeared in the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992, singing the hard rock Queen song "I Want It All", in homage to his friend Freddie Mercury who had died the previous year one day after a public announcement that he had AIDS.[41][42]
To celebrate his 50th birthday in 1994, Daltrey performed two shows at Carnegie Hall in New York. A recording of the concerts was later issued on CD and video, entitled A Celebration: The Music of Pete Townshend and The Who, and is sometimes called Daltrey Sings Townshend. The success of these shows led to a US tour under the same name, featuring Pete Townshend's brother Simon on lead guitar. Phil Spalding played bass in the first half of each show and John Entwistle played bass in the second half. An Australian leg was considered but eventually scrapped.[citation needed]
A fan of Premier League football club Arsenal F.C., Daltrey wrote and performed a specially commissioned song, "Highbury Highs", for the 2006 Highbury Farewell ceremony after the final football match was played at the Highbury ground.[43] Daltrey's performance was part of Arsenal's celebration of the club's 93 years at Highbury as it prepared to move to a new stadium.[44]
Daltrey embarked on a solo tour of the US and Canada on 10 October 2009, the "Use It or Lose It" tour, with a new touring band he called "No Plan B" on the Alan Titchmarsh Show.[45] The band included Simon Townshend on rhythm guitar and backing vocals, Frank Simes on lead guitar, Jon Button on bass guitar, Loren Gold on keyboards, and Scott Devours on drums.[46] Eddie Vedder made a guest appearance at the Seattle show on 12 October.[47] In 2010, Daltrey and No Plan B appeared for several dates with Eric Clapton,[48] including Summerfest at Milwaukee, Wisconsin.[49]
On 15 March 2018, Daltrey announced the forthcoming release on 1 June of a new solo studio album, As Long as I Have You.[50] He appeared on BBC One's The Graham Norton Show on 13 April 2018 to promote the single taken from the album.[51]
In May 2021, Daltrey announced a return to touring, with the solo Live and Kicking Tour, starting in August 2021.[52] The tour was rescheduled and carried out during the summer of 2022.[53]
Discography
[edit]
Main article: Roger Daltrey discography
Collaborations
[edit]
In 1998, Daltrey performed two songs with the Jim Byrnes Blues Band at the Los Angeles Highlander Convention.[54]
On 12 January 2009, he headlined a one-off concert with Babyshambles at the O2 Academy Bristol for Teenage Cancer Trust. On 5 July 2009, he joined the Jam's lead singer, Paul Weller, on stage at Hop Farm Festival in Kent for an encore of "Magic Bus".[55] In 2011, Daltrey recorded a duet on the song "Ma seule amour" with French singer and composer Laurent Voulzy for his album Lys and Love.[56]
In November 2014, while staying at the Mar Hall Hotel in Bishopton, Renfrewshire ahead of the Who's gig at the SSE Hydro, Daltrey joined local band Milestone for an impromptu rendition of "I Can't Explain". The band were playing at a wedding reception in the hotel.[57]
Legacy
[edit]
Pete Townshend said Daltrey had "almost invented the pseudo-messianic role taken up later by Jim Morrison and Robert Plant."[1] His stage persona earned him a position as one of the "gods of rock and roll".[2] He developed a trademark move of swinging and throwing his microphone through a complex sequence, matching these sequences with the tempo of the song that was being played, although Daltrey reduced the athleticism of his performances in later years. According to a review of the Who's performance at the Quart Festival in 2007:
Suddenly each and everyone stopped caring about the down-pouring rain. When the Who took the stage we couldn't do anything but to reach for the sky and howl. Anyone who has ever thought of calling these gods old men and dinosaurs should be deeply ashamed. The reports we've heard from around the world were true: Live rock doesn't get any better.[58]
Equipment
[edit]
See also: The Who's musical equipment
Daltrey hand-built his first guitar from a piece of plywood, and he also built guitars for the band in the early days when they had little money to buy equipment.[59] As lead guitarist for the Detours, Daltrey played a 1961 Epiphone Wilshire solid-body electric guitar, which he later sold to Pete Townshend on an easy payment plan.[60][61] After he took over as the band's vocalist in the 1960s, and during the 1970s, Daltrey rarely played guitar on stage, except for a Martin acoustic guitar he used while promoting his solo album Daltrey.[62] He began playing guitar with the Who again during the band's tours in the 1980s, and used a Fender Esquire to play a second guitar part for the song "Eminence Front" on the Who's 1982, 1989 and later tours.[63] During the 1989 tour, Daltrey played a Gibson Chet Atkins SST guitar for the song "Hey Joe". During the Who's 1996–97 Quadrophenia tour, he played a Gibson J-200 acoustic guitar.[64]
After 1999, it became common for Daltrey to play guitar during both the Who and solo shows. He played a Versoul Buxom 6 handmade acoustic guitar on the Who's 2002 tour.[65] Daltrey owns a Gibson Everly Brothers Flattop acoustic guitar which he played on the Who and solo tours in the late first decade of the 21st century.[66] On his 2009 tour, he played Pete Townshend's "Blue, Red and Grey" on an Ashbury cutaway tenor EQ ukulele.[67]
Daltrey is among those who brought the harmonica into British popular music.[68] Harmonica brands he has used include Hohner and Lee Oskar.[69]
Daltrey uses Shure microphones. Their cords are taped to strengthen the connection to the microphone and to avoid cutting his hands when he swings and catches it. He commonly uses a standard Shure SM58,[70] but has also used Shure SM78 (in 1981), Shure model 565D Unisphere 1, and Shure model 548 Unidyne IV.[71] Daltrey also uses a hybrid monitoring system, with one in-ear monitor supplemented by floor wedges.[72]
Acting career
[edit]
List of acting performances in film and television Title Year Role Notes Tommy 1975 Tommy Walker film Lisztomania 1975 Franz Liszt film The Legacy 1978 Clive film McVicar 1980 John McVicar also producer The Beggar's Opera 1983 Captain Macheath BBC musical production The Comedy of Errors 1983 The Dromios TV film Bitter Cherry 1983 short Murder: Ultimate Grounds for Divorce 1984 Roger Cunningham film Pop Pirates 1984 Producer film Buddy 1986 Terry Clark TV series The Little Match Girl 1986 Jeb Macklin musical film The Hunting of the Snark 1987 The Barrister concert appearance Crossbow 1987 Francois Arconciel/François Arconciel TV series Gentry 1987 Colin TV series How to Be Cool 1988 Himself TV series Mack the Knife 1990 Street singer musical film Forgotten Prisoners: The Amnesty Files 1990 Howard TV film Cold Justice 1989 Keith Gibson film Buddy's Song 1991 Terry Clark film, also music score composer, producer Midnight Caller 1991 Danny Bingham TV series If Looks Could Kill – Teen Agent 1991 Blade film The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert 1992 Himself concert performance The Real Story of Happy Birthday to You 1992 Barnaby (voice) short Tales from the Crypt 1993 Dalton Scott TV series Highlander 1993–98 Hugh Fitzcairn TV series Lightning Jack 1994 John T. Coles film A Celebration: The Music of Pete Townshend and The Who 1994 Himself concert performance The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True 1995 Tin Man concert performance Bad English I: Tales of a Son of a Brit 1995 film Vampirella 1996 Vlad film Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman 1996 Tez TV series Sliders 1997 Col. Angus Rickman TV series Pirate Tales 1997 William Dampier TV mini-series Like It Is 1998 Kelvin film The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns 1999 King Boric TV film Rude Awakening 1999–2000 Nobby Clegg TV series The Bill 1999 Larry Moore TV series Dark Prince: The True Story of Dracula 2000 King Janos TV film Best 2000 Rodney Marsh film The Young Messiah – Messiah XXI 2000 Himself concert performance The Simpsons (episode "A Tale of Two Springfields") 2000 Himself, as The Who TV series Strange Frequency 2 2001 Host/devil TV series Chasing Destiny 2001 Nehemiah Peoples film Witchblade 2001 Father Del Toro/Madame Sesostris TV series .com for Murder 2001 Ben film That '70s Show 2002 Mr. Wilkinson TV series The Wheels on the Bus 2003 Argon the dragon children's DVD Trafalgar Battle Surgeon 2005 Loblolly Boy TV film The Mighty Boosh 2005 Himself TV series, Series 2 episode 2 'The Priest and the Beast' Johnny Was 2006 Jimmy Nolan film CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 2006 Mickey Dunn TV series (episode: "Living Legend", season 7, episode 9) The Last Detective 2007 Mick Keating TV series Once Upon a Time 2012 Caterpillar TV series (uncredited) Pawn Stars 2013 Himself 1 Episode
Literary work
[edit]
Daltrey contributed to a collection of childhood fishing stories published in 1996 entitled I Remember: Reflections on Fishing in Childhood.[73] In 2009, he contributed a foreword to Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere: The Complete Chronicle of The Who 1958–1978 by Andrew Neill and Matt Kent.[74] In 2011, he wrote a tribute article in honour of the late Ken Russell which was published in Britain's Daily Express.[75]
In October 2018, Daltrey published his memoir, Thanks a Lot Mr. Kibblewhite: My Story.[76] The title is a reference to the man who threw him out of grammar school, enabling him to go into a successful music career.[77]
Awards and achievements
[edit]
In 1976, Daltrey was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for "Best Acting Debut in a Motion Picture" for his starring role in the film version of the Who's rock opera Tommy. He also performed as a guest on the Chieftains' recording of Irish Evening: Live at the Grand Opera House which won a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album in 1993. With the Who, Daltrey received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001 for outstanding artistic significance in music.[78]
In 1990, Daltrey was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio as a member of the Who.[79] The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also included three songs that Daltrey recorded with the Who on the list of 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll, including: "My Generation", "Go to the Mirror!", and "Baba O'Riley".[80] In 2005, Daltrey received a British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors Gold Badge Award for special and lasting contributions to the British entertainment industry.[81][82]
In 2003, Daltrey was honoured by Time magazine as a European Hero for his work with the Teenage Cancer Trust and other charities.[83] In the New Year's Honours List published on 31 December 2004, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to Music, the Entertainment Industry and Charity.[84][85]
As a member of the Who, Daltrey was inducted in 2005 into the UK Music Hall of Fame.[86] In December 2008, he and Pete Townshend were honoured with America's most prestigious cultural awards as recipients of the 31st annual Kennedy Center Honors in Washington, D.C., by the then-president of the United States, George W. Bush.[87] On 4 March 2009, three days after his 65th birthday, Daltrey accepted the James Joyce Award from the Literary and Historical Society of University College Dublin for outstanding success in the music field.[88]
On 12 March 2011, he received the Steiger Award (Germany) for excellence in music.[89] In November 2011, Daltrey and Pete Townshend received the Classic Album Award for Quadrophenia from the Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards at the Roundhouse in London.[90]
In July 2012, Daltrey received an honorary degree from Middlesex University in recognition of his contributions to music.[91]
Daltrey has received numerous awards for his music, including Best Blues Album in the British Blues Awards 2015 alongside Wilko Johnson.[92]
In 2019, Daltrey was the recipient of the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He received his Golden Plate along with Pete Townshend and presented by Awards Council member Peter Gabriel.[93][94]
Charities
[edit]
All of the Who's Encore Series profits go to young people's charities. Daltrey was instrumental in starting the Teenage Cancer Trust concert series in 2000, with the Who playing in 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2010, and Daltrey playing solo in 2011 and in 2015 as the Who. The annual concerts have raised over £20 million. He has endorsed the Whodlums, a Who tribute band which raise money for the trust.[95]
Daltrey performed at the first ChildLine Rocks concert at London's the O2 on 13 March 2008.[96] In 2009, Daltrey was a judge for the 8th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists.[97][98] In the same year, he appeared on stage with Michael J. Fox for the "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Cure Parkinson's" benefit. In April 2010, he headlined the Imagine A Cure II show honouring the legacy of John Lennon, which raised money for the Puget Sound Affiliate of Susan G. Komen for the Cure breast cancer charity. In 2011, Daltrey became a patron of the Children's Respite Trust for children with disabilities.[99]
In 2011, Daltrey, Steven Tyler, and Julie Andrews provided funding for Robert S. Langer's research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology into vocal cord repair for victims of cancer and other disorders.[100] On 4 November 2011, Daltrey and Pete Townshend launched the Daltrey/Townshend Teen and Young Adult Cancer Programme at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, to be funded by the Who's charity Teen Cancer America.[101] The launch, followed on 5 November by a fund-raising event, was also attended by Robert Plant, and Dave Grohl.[102] Daltrey also announced that a portion of ticket sales from his solo tours would go to fund the teen cancer centres. In 2012, he offered his support to a project helping unemployed young people in Heathfield, run by Tomorrow's People Trust.[103]
Political views
[edit]
In 1970, Daltrey publicly supported The National Campaign for Freedom of Information, saying: "I come from a working-class background and I am proud of it, and I intend to fight for the workers' right to know. We all need to know what goes on behind the scenes that is causing this country's economic mess. When we have a Freedom of Information Act in this country we shall have restored our Right to Know the Truth and that will bring sanity to our tax laws."[104]
Daltrey was previously a supporter of the British Labour Party, but he withdrew his endorsement, citing his opposition to the "mass immigration" policies put in place under the Blair government.[105] In 2018, he criticised Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, describing him as a "communist".[106]
Daltrey supported Britain leaving the European Union.[107] He wrote in The Mirror: "Whatever happens, our country should never fear the consequences of leaving. We went into the Common Market in 1973. Do you know what was going on before we went in? It was the 1960s. The most exciting time ever – Britain was Swinging. Films, Theatre, Fashion, Art and Music.... Britain was the centre of the world. You got that because Britain was doing its own thing. It was independent. Not sure we'll ever get that again when we're ruled by bureaucrats in the European Union."[108] He again criticised the EU in 2019, saying, "If you want to be signed up to be ruled by a fucking mafia, you do it. Like being governed by FIFA".[109]
In 2017, Daltrey opined that a "dead dog" could have defeated Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election.[110] In 2018, he denounced the MeToo movement, saying: "I find this whole thing so obnoxious. It's always allegations and it's just salacious crap."[111]
In 2021, Daltrey criticised "the woke generation" in an interview with Zane Lowe's Apple Music 1 podcast, arguing that younger generations are limiting themselves by stifling and undoing creative freedoms that had emerged through the artistic revolutions of the 1960s. He elaborated by saying "It's terrifying, the miserable world they're going to create for themselves. I mean, anyone who's lived a life and you see what they're doing, you just know that it's a route to nowhere."[112][113]
Personal life
[edit]
Daltrey has been married twice. In 1964 he married Jacqueline "Jackie" Rickman, and later that year their son, Simon, was born. They divorced in 1968. In 1967, another son, Mathias, was born, the result of an affair with Swedish model Elisabeth Aronsson. In 1968 he met Heather Taylor, a UK-born model living with her grandmother at the time, who was the subject of the 1967 Jimi Hendrix song "Foxy Lady".[114] Daltrey and Taylor have been married since 1971, and have three children: daughters Rosie Lea (born 1972) and Willow Amber (born 1975),[115] and son Jamie (born 1981), who runs Daltrey's trout farm near Burwash Common.[116][117]
On 1 March 1994, his 50th birthday, Daltrey received a letter from a woman who claimed to be his daughter from a brief relationship in the interval between his marriages.[118] Daltrey later met two more daughters who were born during this period in the late 1960s.[118] All three had been adopted, and had grown to adulthood before meeting their biological father. Daltrey stated that Heather had joined him in welcoming them to their extended family.[114] As well as his eight children, Daltrey has fifteen grandchildren.[119]
In 1971, Daltrey bought a farm at Holmshurst Manor, near Burwash, Sussex.[104]
Daltrey announced onstage in 2018 that he had suffered hearing loss as a result of exposure to loud noise levels during performances and was now "very, very deaf". He urged audience members to use earplugs.
In 1978, during the recording of the Who's album Who Are You, Daltrey had throat surgery to remove nodules.[120] During a solo tour in 2009 he began finding it harder to reach the high notes. In December 2010 he was diagnosed with vocal cord dysplasia and consulted Steven M. Zeitels, director of the Massachusetts General Hospital Voice Center and professor at Harvard Medical School. Zeitels performed laser surgery to remove a possibly pre-cancerous growth.[121] Both surgeries were considered successful, and Daltrey has regular checks to monitor his condition.[122]
Daltrey has an allergy to cannabis that affects his singing voice. When second-hand marijuana smoke from an audience has affected his performance, he has occasionally interrupted the concert to request that people not smoke it.[123][124] Daltrey has stated that he has never taken hard drugs.[125][126]
Daltrey is a supporter of Arsenal F.C.[127]
References
[edit]
Further reading
[edit]
Roger Daltrey, 2018. Thanks A Lot Mr Kibblewhite: My Story, Blink Publishing; Henry Holt & Co ISBN 978-1-788700-28-3
Steve Huey, Roger Daltrey – Biography, AllMusic.com
David M. Barling, Biography of Roger Daltrey, Archived extract at Wayback MachinegeExternal links
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https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-68385750
|
en
|
Raye's path to the Brits: 'It's not been the simplest story'
|
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[
"Mark Savage"
] |
2024-02-29T02:05:21+00:00
|
The pop star makes history at the Brits with six wins, after one of the biggest comebacks in pop.
|
en
|
/bbcx/apple-touch-icon.png
|
https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-68385750
|
With a record-breaking six wins and seven nominations at this year's Brit Awards, Raye has put a full stop on one of pop's greatest comeback stories.
The pop star, whose real name is Rachel Keen, has been barrelling about the record industry since she was a teenager. To a casual onlooker, it seemed like things were going well.
She wrote for big names like Beyoncé, Little Mix and Charli XCX. She produced records for Rihanna and John Legend. She collaborated with Stormzy and David Guetta. Songs like You Don't Know Me and Secrets sold enough to buy her a house.
But, as a solo artist, her music was constantly questioned and rejected.
In 2021, five years after she signed a four-album deal with Polydor Records, the label was still refusing to release her debut.
Not knowing what else to do, Raye posted a video message to social media, tearfully explaining her frustration.
Dozens of potential hits were "sat in folders collecting dust", she said, while others were being given away to bigger stars "because I am still awaiting confirmation that I am good enough".
"I've done everything [Polydor] asked me, I switched genres, I worked seven days a week," she said. "They either listen to me now or we part ways and they can save themselves this headache.
"Because I'm about to make it a headache."
The decision to post that video "wasn't at all planned", she later told the BBC. "It was more of a desperate cry to be free."
Polydor's public response was sympathetic. A spokeswoman said the company was "saddened" and had contacted Raye's manager (actually her dad, Paul) to "offer our full support".
Behind closed doors, they told Raye to stop giving interviews.
Eventually, however, they came to an agreement. Raye was freed from her contract, and allowed to keep the songs she'd written. Among them was Escapism, a dark and torrid song, written in the depths of her despair as she self-medicated with drugs and meaningless sex.
Polydor had never liked it. When Raye played it to other labels, they agreed.
"People were like, 'Yeah, this is cool [but] it's just something Raye needs to get out of her system'," she told me last year.
Raye disagreed and released it independently. The song immediately went viral on TikTok and, tens of millions of streams later, it went to number one.
The singer followed it up with her long-awaited album, My 21st Century Blues. Gritty, triumphant and catchy, it showcased her ability to genre-hop between jazz, soul, hip-hop, dance and gospel without losing her sense of identity.
By the end of the year, it had sold more than 60,000 copies and been nominated for a Mercury Prize. Then came her record-breaking haul at the Brits.
"It's just brilliant when you get to prove people wrong," she has said of her success.
"It's not been the simplest story - but it just shows that you should back yourself, no matter what people tell you."
'Full of hot air'
So how did she get here? Let's go back to January 2017, when Raye was a newcomer who'd placed third on the BBC's Sound Of 2017.
Then aged 19, she showed us around the childhood bedroom in South London where she'd started making music.
"Keep out!" demanded a handwritten sign on the door. "I'm doing private stuff! If it's urgent, then knock!"
Directly underneath she'd blu-tacked a photo of her little sister, Abby - exposing the tender heart beneath the tough exterior.
Inside, it was a typical teenage room - a poster of Gustav Klimt's The Kiss adorned the wall above her bed, while a cluttered desk was crammed full of make-up brushes, school photos and a half-spent candle.
"This is my favourite place to be," she said. "Things are starting to happen, but this is still my base. It's nice having my family close."
Music and religion were woven into her home life. Her Yorkshire-born father led worship at the local Pentecostal church while her mother, a Swiss-Ghanaian mental health worker, sang in the choir.
After the Sunday services ended, Raye's father would show her how to play worship songs on his piano.
"I'd on sit his lap and push his hands out of the way, like, 'I can do it!'"
Aged seven, she repurposed a melody from a kids' TV show and passed it off as her own, a sort-of plagiaristic first venture into writing.
Four years later, she penned a "proper" song for her Year 6 leaving concert, which the whole school performed at Southwark Cathedral.
At 14, she passed an audition for the Brit School, where she spent two years learning the basics of writing and producing. But, ultimately, it wasn't the right fit.
"It's all cool, underground, indie artists," she said in 2016. "I did a song called HotBox, and I was scared to play it to people because I was like, 'Oh, my friends might think this is moist [embarrassing].'"
A smoky, blurry R&B track about her first encounter with drugs, HotBox was inspired by progressive R&B artists like Jhene Aiko and Frank Ocean.
And despite Raye's apprehensions, it was pivotal to her career: The song was discovered by Olly Alexander from Years & Years, who played it to his record label, Polydor.
A courtship began.
"I had my first album pretty much ready to go before I'd even joined the label," Raye subsequently told Vogue. "By the time I was 17, they had spent three years wooing me... over fancy dinners.
"But it didn't take long for me to see that the dreams they lured me with were hot air."
After the deal was signed, fans who'd fallen in love with Hotbox and Raye's independently-released EP, Welcome To Winter, noticed her music had taken a significant tilt towards pop.
At first, she defended the change: "With Welcome to the Winter, I realised nobody really cared other than the cool kids in London," she explained in 2016.
"So I had to find a way to do what I want, in a way that people would hear it."
Before long, she was scoring massive hits on the dance chart. Her first big payout came for co-writing Blonde's All Cried Out. Then, in 2017, she made the top 10 as the guest vocalist and co-writer on Jax Jones's bold and ballsy club anthem You Don't Know Me.
The success came with a caveat: Polydor wanted more and more dance hits. Only when Raye had established her name, they insisted, could she take creative control.
But that never happened, and the songs she was pressured to write meant almost nothing to her.
Speaking to Louis Theroux last year, she singled out the global smash hit Bed (written with David Guetta in 2021), as one of her most soulless recordings.
"It's really, really very boring," she admitted. "It's not my favourite song, but my bank account loved that song."
'So what?', you might think. If you can make a living from churning out identikit dance anthems, where's the harm?
The truth is that Raye's spirit was being demolished, one generic kick drum at a time.
To get through it, she turned to drink, then drugs.
"I was able to get along with my career because I was in some form of sedation," she told Theroux.
Then it got worse.
Raye has always been open about her experiences of sexual assault in the music industry. Her song Ice Cream Man was based on an incident where a music producer forced his hand between her legs when she was 17 years old.
Shockingly, it was not an isolated incident. "This happens to girls in studios all the time," she said. "All the time."
By the time Ice Cream Man was released on her debut album, the updated lyrics listed a catalogue of abuse.
"I was seven, was 21, was 17, and was 11," she sang. "If I was ruthless, they'd be in the penitentiary."
Escapism describes the moment she hit rock bottom, snorting cocaine in taxis with strangers and hoping one-night-stands would make the bad thoughts go away.
It was only when she reconnected with the church that she pulled herself out of the abyss.
"There's a world in which if I didn't find faith again, I might not even be here," the singer said.
"And when I got sober, I realised what I'd been doing to myself... to try and be somebody they wanted me to be."
That, more than anything else, prompted the dramatic protest against Polydor that kick-started her journey to independence.
Doors that had been closed suddenly opened up. She played Glastonbury's Pyramid Stage, won an Ivor Novello award for Escapism, and wrapped up her tour with a massive, televised gig at the Royal Albert Hall.
Her record-shattering and tear-stained night at the Brits marked the overdue arrival of a pop star whose voice is as unique as it is compelling.
"Finally, I'm here and finally, I'm in control of my career," she told me. "Things are so positive and I really am so grateful.
|
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6803
|
dbpedia
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0
| 9
|
https://wmgk.com/2021/07/27/jimi-hendrix-roger-daltrey-who-sell-out/
|
en
|
What Jimi Hendrix Had To Do With Roger Daltrey Skipping ‘Who Sell Out’ Recording Sessions
|
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[
"Erica Banas // Rock Music"
] |
2021-07-27T00:00:00
|
The Who had an interesting time recording their third studio album, 1967's 'The Who Sell Out,' and Jimi Hendrix had something to do with it.
|
en
|
102.9 WMGK
|
https://wmgk.com/2021/07/27/jimi-hendrix-roger-daltrey-who-sell-out/
|
The Who had an interesting time recording their third studio album, 1967’s The Who Sell Out, and Jimi Hendrix had something to do with it.
Pete Townshend explained in a new interview with Classic Rock magazine, “I’ve never spoken to Roger about what really happened. Jimi Hendrix was using the studio on the days that we weren’t in there. And at that time Roger’s girlfriend, Heather [Taylor], who became his wife, had been seeing Jimi. I don’t know whether or not this is turning into sort of silly gossip, but I think he [Daltrey] wasn’t around as much as he would normally be. He used to enjoy being in the studio, and suddenly he was gone.”
Townshend continued, “…I was finishing the songs as I was finishing the vocals, imagining that Roger would come in and replace mine. But he just wasn’t there. I think it had something to do with him being concerned about Jimi Hendrix stealing his girlfriend. I think Heather is the redhead he [Hendrix] wrote ‘Foxy Lady’ about, so I think there was some intrigue going on there.”
Daltrey, in the end, got the girl, and he and Taylor would later marry on July 19, 1971.
Rock’s Greatest Live Albums: Top 40 Ranked
Erica Banas is a news blogger who's been covering the rock/classic rock world since 2014. The coolest event she's ever covered in person was the 2021 Rock & Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony. (Sir Paul McCartney inducting Foo Fighters? C'mon now!) She's also well-versed in etiquette and extraordinarily nice. #TransRightsAreHumanRights
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2023/08/28/the-who-icon-roger-daltrey-a-charitable-rocker/
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The Who Icon Roger Daltrey, A Charitable Rocker
|
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[
"The Who",
"Roger Daltrey",
"Pete Townshend",
"Teen Cancer America",
"Won’t Get Fooled Again",
"Keith Moon",
"Smothers Brothers",
"The Beatles",
"Sir Paul McCartney",
"Mr. Kibblewhite"
] | null |
[
"Jim Clash"
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2023-08-28T00:00:00
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The Who’s Roger Daltrey on Pete Townshend: ‘All that stuff you read in the press about fights and this and that, you’ve got to remember - we’re like old wrestlers.’
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en
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Forbes
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2023/08/28/the-who-icon-roger-daltrey-a-charitable-rocker/
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The Who is one of the three royalty rock groups from Great Britain, the other two being The Beatles and The Rolling Stones. Its string of hits spans several decades, way too numerous to list. A few: “My Generation,” “Won’t Get Fooled Again,” “Behind Blue Eyes,” “Who Are You?”
While the songs were written by lead guitarist Pete Townshend, Roger Daltrey handles the main vocal duties. Known for swinging his microphone and powerful, distinctive voice, he has fronted The Who for six decades.
Another side of Daltrey is his passion for giving back, in particular to youngsters with cancer. He, along with Townshend, have founded Teenage Cancer Trust, in the U.K., and Teen Cancer America, in the U.S., and have raised tens of millions of dollars for teens with cancer.
This interview with Daltrey, now 78, has been published in several parts over the years, but here, for the first time, it appears in its entirety. I found the man to be funny, humble, warm and articulate. As part of The Who, he was inducted into the Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame in 1990.
Jim Clash: You and Pete Townshend have been playing together for what, 60 years?
Roger Daltrey: And he’s as bloody difficult now as he always was [laughs]. No, we have a funny relationship. All of that stuff you read in the press about fights and this and that, you’ve got to remember: We’re like two old wrestlers. People are interested.
Clash: I once asked Art Garfunkel about his relationship with Paul Simon. The two, of course, have been doing gigs almost as long as you and Pete have. Art said that their history is like the weather.
Daltrey: What kind of weather [laughs]? Our relationship is a working one, and that's about as far as it goes. But when we get on stage, there's a chemistry that's created. When we're playing well, it starts to kick in properly. It's still as wonderful as ever. We never really had a strong relationship off of the stage, though. It's as simple as that.
Clash: You and Townshend wrote a song way back when called, "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere." Townshend created most of your material over the band's life, so this collaboration is rare. What's he like to work with in a songwriting capacity?
Daltrey: It happened by accident. Pete had a sketch for a song, but didn't have a bridge for it. We were rehearsing, getting it down on stage at the Marquee Club. We were doing a show that night. When we got to the bridge part, I added some lyrics, and, if you add any lyrics to a song, you're one of the writers. But apparently that doesn't happen with everything you do, especially when jamming [laughs].
Clash: Let's go back to 1967 and The Who's infamous appearance on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. Your late drummer, Keith Moon, had loaded his bass drum with more than enough explosives to create drama at the end of your song sets. What are your recollections of that?
Daltrey: My memory of the whole day is extraordinary. How could anyone forget it? On that show with us was Mickey Rooney, someone we had watched on film as kids, and Bette Davis, the legendary film star from that golden period of Hollywood. She was dressed in her most famous role as Elizabeth I, a great medieval Queen [laughs].
When the drum exploded, Bette nearly dropped dead of a heart attack. I can laugh about it now - I think she fainted - but there was a huge kerfluffle on the side of the stage. All I know is that it blew me out of the way. If you watch it [on YouTube], I completely disappear off camera. It knocked me flat on my face.
Pete was standing there to the side, and you see the camera go over to him because I had disappeared. He's banging his head. You think, "What’s he doing?" He wasn't trying to make his hair look good, he was trying to put it out! It was on fire, smoldering.
Clash: What did you say to Keith after that happened?
Daltrey: It was a typical day on the road with Keith [laughs]. You just had to love him, although it was incredibly serious at the time. The Smothers Brothers nearly got fired from CBS, and, if that had happened, we would have been mortified. We never would have wanted that.
It involved all of the fire marshals, too. You know what the Hollywood studios are like. For a good 24 hours, it was a pretty bleak scenario. But when word got out and the show aired, we couldn't have done anything better to get The Who known in America.
Clash: At what age did you know that you could sing?
Daltrey: I think people who sing know they can from very early on. I was born with perfect pitch, which most singers have. I used to sing in the church choir when I was six- or seven-years old. It went from there. I started singing in youth clubs and things like that at the age of 12, and then went on at age 16 to start what became The Who.
Clash: You built a guitar, too, right?
Daltrey: Yes. We couldn't afford to buy them back then. Remember, I come from the post- WWII generation. We had very, very little when I was a kid. But that really did us good [in the long run].
Clash: I read a lot about you over the last few days. You're an amazing guy, done so much in your life.
Daltrey: I'm just a bloke, Jim [laughs]. Everybody is amazing if they can find the thing they love to do, and have the breaks that allow them to do it. Most people - 99.999% - are really good people, with lots of talent. It's whether they discover it and use it, have that opportunity. That's all. I do have a lot of energy.
Clash: A number of British musicians have been knighted - Sir Paul McCartney, Sir Mick Jagger, Sir Elton John. Does that interest you?
Daltrey: I don't care about things like that, it's not important in my life, Jim. I've probably been too political, too critical of our leaders to ever attain that kind of position. But I don't give a crap. I say what I feel at the time. If I'm wrong, I'll stand up and say, "Sorry, I was wrong."
I don't really do social media. I don't care what people say about me. Nobody's going to like you all of the time. Some people will like you, some not, some will dislike you a whole lot, some will like you a whole lot [laughs]. I'm a human being, and none of us is perfect.
Clash: You used one of your old teachers in the title of your 2018 memoir, Thanks A Lot, Mr. Kibblewhite. He evidently threw you out of grammar school when you were 15 because you and some friends were caught shooting air rifles. Is Kibblewhite, by chance, still alive?
Daltrey: No, but I have been in touch with his daughter. The title of my book wasn't a put-down, it was a real thank-you because maybe if he hadn't said what he said, "You'll never do anything with your life, Daltrey," I wouldn't have done the things I've done. It made me fearless in a way. I thought, ‘Well, I'll show you!’ It became that little thing in the back of my brain driving me all of the time.
Clash: Did you ever see Kibblewhite later, when you had become famous in The Who?
Daltrey: No. In the early days, I was too full of hatred of the school, and I was still suffering from a sore ass [laughs]. The caning he gave me, God did that hurt. It would take almost two weeks to heal up.
Clash: You always put the words "be lucky" at the end of your e-mails. Are you a lucky guy?
Daltrey: I do believe in that. It's actually a saying I got from a friend, John McVicar, when I acted in a film about his life. He was a criminal, a bank robber. There was this North London saying that, when you used to go into a bank to rob it, be lucky, get away with it. You can either be someone who has a negative outlook on life, or someone who has a positive one. In the back of your head, if you think lucky, be lucky, it's incredibly positive. And like attracts like, there's no doubt about that.
Clash: How do you deal with fear, and what are you afraid of?
Daltrey: I'm afraid of the things that everybody else is. I'm not afraid of death, that's for sure. I've been close to that too many times [laughs]. Things that really frighten me are what might hurt my family. They are the most important thing in my life. That really terrifies me, that they'll have to go through a terrible time.
How my parents got through the war, losing brothers and sisters, I don't know. The pain must have been enormous. The pain never left them, I do know that. I regret not talking to them about it. But I lived in the ignorance of it. We all do when we're young.
Clash: So you're not afraid of death. Then I'll ask you: What do you want your epitaph to be?
Daltrey: "Gone" [belly laugh]. In my will, it should say to put me in a paper bag and take me down to the dump. I'm a farmer. I love all of my animals dearly. But when they go off to market, I'm aware of where they're going.
So I have this thing about death. I do not believe anything leaves. I think it just moves. The universe will remain constant, and you move on. Your physical being will change, but some part of you can never leave, even if it's just dust floating about in Nebula 1115XBXYZZ. You know what I'm saying? It's basically beyond my comprehension. Worry doesn't really produce anything anyway.
Clash: I know that you took a thrill ride in a two- seat Indy car with Mario Andretti at the Long Beach Grand Prix a few years back. What was that like?
Daltrey: Mario is one cool dude. That was such an honor. What can I say? I couldn't believe I was doing it. Needless to say, you want to puke at the time [laughs]. In the early 1960s, there was no speed limit in England. They had just started laying out motorways, and there was almost no traffic. We had Aston Martins, E types [Jaguar], Ferraris.
Everywhere we went, it was foot to the floor. I've also been around the Atlanta speedway in a stock car. I overtook the pace car, which upset them a bit. Mind you, it was only us two on the track, but he was too slow [laughs]. I also went out in a detuned Formula One car, around a Lotus track. Sir Jackie Stewart gave me some tips - "keep the car balanced, keep the car balanced” - and I enjoyed it very much.
Clash: I take people around the Daytona International Speedway for the NASCAR Racing Experience. If you ever want to come down, I'll take you out at 170 mph. We'll let you drive, too. We can turn it into a fundraiser for Teen Cancer America.
Daltrey: I'd love to do it, love to do it [laughs].
Clash: What is it about The Who that makes the group so enduring?
Daltrey: There’s something about the way Pete wrote those songs, the foresight and maturity. It’s music like no other out there. The fact that we’re still singing them now makes it even better. Pete wanted to be totally original. He found it, he stuck with it and we had that chemistry that made it work. We just got really lucky.
JC: In, “My Generation,” when you sing, “Hope I die before I get old,” and you’re now in your 70s, is there a sense of irony?
Daltrey: You’ve found the golden carrot [laughs]. No, I never sing it with that in mind. When I was 16 and Pete was 19, age was this immoveable object. It was never about age all those years. It’s about aging in the brain, and attitude. I’ve seen 16-year-olds who are like old people. And I’ve met 90-year-olds who have the spirit of teenagers. It’s what you give out.
Clash: You’re a singer and an actor. Compare and contrast the two.
Daltrey: When I’m singing, I’m the most freed up, wherever I am. Acting is different. It’s a bloody-sight easier. Christ, you use a lot less energy [laughs]. With both, you use your imagination.
When I sing, I live in this world in my head. I try to live the songs for the first time every night. I might have sung the song 1,000 times, but at the time I sing it, in my head it is the first time. So that’s how I approach that.
When you’re acting, you get this character and you play him. It’s not quite the same but again, you’re trying to do things different than how you would be - more like the character - so you’re constantly digging into the garden you didn’t know you had.
Clash: What’s it like up there, being the focal point of the music performance?
Daltrey: When you go out there, you’re stark naked on that stage. Bits of muscle bounce together to create noise that has to contain all of this emotion, all of these feelings. The guy who writes the love song about broken hearts, he breaks his heart once when he writes it. A singer, well, he has to break his heart every night.
Clash: In your day, the sweet spot of the sixties, there seemed to be more of a bottom-up, grass-roots approach to music, whereas today it seems more top-down, marketing-driven.
Daltrey: That’s the business, not the acts. There are as many great ones out there as ever. I would hate to be a young musician trying to make it today. It’s so, so difficult to get artistic freedom, to plow your own field. Like you say, we lived in the sweet spot.
Clash: When Pete would break his guitar on stage, was that a marketing gimmick or was it from his soul?
Daltrey: It was part of our art form, destructive art. But equally, when you do it once, it’s art. If you do it every night, it starts to be a gimmick. And that’s what it became.
Clash: When you shot the photo for the famous Who's Next album cover, did you really urinate on that monument, or was it just water?
Daltrey: It was some and some [laughs]. We did pee on it, but it wasn’t enough, so we fixed it up a bit.
Clash: You're wealthy, Roger. Why still tour?
Daltrey: I love it, I love it, it's as simple as that. I recently did a [solo] tour in England, for nothing, for the musicians who passionately care about our industry. They were quite poorly treated during the [COVID-19] lockdowns, and received very little help from both [British and American] governments. It's the road crews I was most concerned about.
Those guys, they're extraordinary people, incredibly skilled. Every day they arrive at 10 a.m., spend all day setting up the stage, putting lights up, all of that. As soon as the band comes off of the stage, they take it all down. load it into a truck, travel overnight to the next gig, then do the same thing over. To find those kinds of people again, to rebuild that business, would take years. I worried whether they would actually be there when we went back [to touring].
So me and my big mouth [laughs], I made a statement that the bands who can afford to, like us who've had privileged careers, should look after their own, try to give them some money and work to help replace what they've lost over the last couple of years.
Clash: At 78, touring and travel must take a toll on your body?
Daltrey: Yeah, but it's a good toll - gets you fit, keeps you moving - instead of just sitting on a chair watching TV. My summer solo tour was an absolute joy. As I had indicated, I took musicians, nine of them, out just to give them a month's work. We had no expectations, and I was hoping that the tour wouldn't get canceled. Some of us did get Covid, but we got through to the end, anyway.
Clash: Your Who concerts seem to attract all ages. I saw as much at a Madison Square Garden show in New York.
Daltrey: I was lucky enough to be in that generation of bands who believes rock music can be much more than just a three-minute single appealing to teenagers. Here we are at this grand old age of 78, 79 - like Mick Jagger - where people bring their grandchildren to shows, some of them eight years old. Eight 'til 80 [laughs]. To know that rock music has achieved that, and that The Who was part of it, is the thing I'm most proud of.
Clash: What's the future hold for you, The Who, etc.?
Daltrey: The Who is getting near retirement age. I would like to stop while we're still doing it well. When I can't sing the notes anymore, sing to where it touches the audience, then it's time. The Who's music is very different from most rock. You're dealing with words from a deep innerspace within us all. They [the words] have to connect, the singer to the audience. If I lose the power to do that, well, I will stop. I don't want the downward slope where you're not quite as good as you used to be.
Clash: Was that possibly the case when you had a voice-cancer scare a while back?
Daltrey: Yes. I sang through so much crap. I really should have stopped. I hated it, will never do it again. I thank my audience for staying with me. Fortunately, it wasn't cancer, but a pre- condition. Mv throat doctor, Steven Zeitels, has given me a voice that's better than ever. I think I'm singing the best I have in my entire life.
Clash: Have you seen, "Top Gun: Maverick," yet? There's great placement of, "Won't Get Fooled Again," early on in the flick.
Daltrey: That’s the beauty of Townshend's writing. You can put any kind of action film behind the pulsating music. Then there's my scream in that song. I can only imagine where that [placement] might be.
Clash: Where from inside of Roger Daltrey did that scream come?
Daltrey: Pete had indicated a scream in that part of the song, and I thought, ‘This needs to be completely and utterly primal.’ I've always been into the primal shock connection to the audience that a voice can have. "Love Reign O'er Me," has the same kind of thing with the last, "love."
Clash: You still throw the microphone in the air at concerts. Ever drop it?
Daltrey: I can't see anymore, so yes [laughs]. But I don't do it hardly at all now. I used to be so good with that bloody thing. I suddenly realized I'm not in a circus.
Clash: What made you start doing it?
Daltrey: Boredom, long heavy-metal-type guitar solos. Even worse, bass solos. I'm ribbing, of course.
Clash: You say boredom. When they do that long introduction to the rock opera, "Tommy,’’ with the big orchestra which opens some shows, you have nothing to do on stage. What are you thinking up there?
Daltrey: What the f… am I doing here [laughs]?
Clash: "The Real Me,” a podcast for your charity, Teen Cancer America, is a song that you sing off of the Quadrophenia LP. Who is the real Roger Daltrey?
Daltrey: He's a very simple guy, to be honest, complicatedly simple. I like to look respectable, not like a bag of laundry, though most of the time on my farm I do [look like a bag of laundry]. I don't want for much. I'm very quiet. I've had to live so much of my life being quiet. Singers don't talk much, especially when they do three-hour shows. You come off of the stage with not much of a voice left. You just shut the f… up until you get back on stage [laughs].
Clash: Of all the charity groups out there, what made you want to focus on teenagers?
Daltrey: I remember that period myself as being upside-down and sideways, with huge emotional shifts and isolation, not quite fitting in here, there and everywhere. It’s an incredibly difficult period in everybody’s life. I was lucky to get into a profession where the backbone was totally that generation. Without adolescents and teenagers, the music business as we know it would not exist.
Clash: How did you pick cancer as the teen disease to back?
Daltrey: I was involved from day one because the band’s doctor started Teenage Cancer Trust in [Great] Britain. I thought it was such a good idea because cancer at that age is particularly brutal. They are too old to be treated as children, too young to be treated as adults. They also suffer with late diagnosis because they're so active, and the cancers they get are so rare. Doctors often miss them. And, at that age, the disease is particularly aggressive because of hormone changes.
Clash: How prevalent is teen cancer here in the U.S.?
Daltrey: In America, a person aged 13-25 is diagnosed at least every hour. One in 360 boys, and one in 420 girls, will die from it. It just makes sense that if we, as a society, feel it’s right for children to go to kids' hospitals with teddy bears and nurseries, and adults have hospital lounges where they can socially interact, teens should have somewhere, too. But there’s been basically nothing in your American system. They either are dumped in with children or with adults.
Clash: Teen Cancer America is relatively new compared to Teenage Cancer Trust, your counterpart charity in the U.K.
Daltrey: Yes. TCA has been going for 13 years now, TCT since 1990. TCA works with more than 50 hospitals and medical clinics, some of your most important cancer institutions. One of our firsts was Memorial Sloan-Kettering in New York. For that, we raised $1 million doing a concert with Elvis Costello to build a special area there for teens with cancer.
Clash: When you meet the afflicted teens, what are they like?
Daltrey: They’re fantastic. They truly are remarkable, considering the circumstances. You’ve got to remember that children with cancer, although they may suffer terribly, don’t really understand what they’ve got. A teenager knows what horrors can come to them. So every way around, it’s tough for that age group.
Clash: How about the parents of those teens?
Daltrey: If you ever want to see terror, go and visit a teenager with cancer’s parents, the mothers with the sons and the fathers with the daughters. It’s incredibly touching.
Clash: I’m sure this is hard to quantify, but other than quality-of-life improvements, do you have data that your efforts help medically?
Daltrey: What we do know is that within the teen hospital environments we’ve created, we have greater success rates than in others. It’s common knowledge that mental well-being has an enormous effect on the success of any medical treatment.
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https://geirmykl.wordpress.com/2016/03/06/article-about-the-who-from-new-musical-express-october-4-1975/
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ARTICLE ABOUT The Who from New Musical Express, October 4, 1975
|
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[
""
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[
"Geir Myklebust"
] |
2016-03-06T00:00:00
|
If every record review was as positive as this one, I guess we wouldn`t need record reviews. I must admit that I haven`t given this album much attention, but I am on my way to have a listen to it right now. Enjoy the read! Once upon a time, Pete Townshend was young and full of…
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https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/08c9ca5e1d9983c0b4247d14ac88d0dbb7a2c179b0359dad3d61a7b062fb6699?s=32
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My Things - Music history for those who are able to read.
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https://geirmykl.wordpress.com/2016/03/06/article-about-the-who-from-new-musical-express-october-4-1975/
|
If every record review was as positive as this one, I guess we wouldn`t need record reviews. I must admit that I haven`t given this album much attention, but I am on my way to have a listen to it right now.
Enjoy the read!
Once upon a time, Pete Townshend was young and full of hope.
That was Then.
By Roy Carr
Pic: Neal Preston
THE WHO: “The Who By Numbers” (Polydor)
“The Who By Numbers” displays all the symptoms of post-“Tommy” depression. It`s an album that vividly depicts The Who – in particular Pete Townshend – in a similar position as when they recorded “Who`s Next”. However, this time they appear to be (over) reacting to “Tommy`s” third and most “commercial” manifestation, with the result that “The Who By Numbers” is somewhat tainted with the decaying bittersweet stench of enforced showbiz success.
For most of the time, Townshend takes on all the illusory mannerisms of the artist in torment, aware that he has something to prove but afraid that he may be out of synch with himself. Therefore, against the underlying themes of frustration, isolation, cynicism, disillusionment and self-doubt, Townshend attempts to come to terms with Townshend. However, it`s not in his nature to go on the defensive, so instead he chooses to mount a nihilistic attack: he lashes out in fury and frustration at The Who, severed business associates and himself.
If I didn`t know better, I could have easily construed this LP as The Grand Gesture – Townshend`s Suicide Note. I mean, what other conclusions can be drawn from the lyric of “They Are All In Love”?
“Hey, Goodbye all you punks stay young and high, hand me my cheque book and I’ll crawl off and die / Like a woman in childbirth grown ugly in a flash, I’ve seen magic and fame now I’m recycling trash”.
Throughout, “The Who By Numbers” appears to place much more emphasis on the lyrics than melody to the extent that one immediately realises the overall ambience of the album is somewhat muted. It`s almost as if Townshend doesn`t want to detract from the vitriolic statements he`s making by enveloping the material in archetypal Who pyrotechnics. Sure, there are occasions when The Who resort to these familiar shock tactics but these are kept to a minimum.
It`s for this reason that on just one listening some people might jump to the wrong conclusions about the merits of this album – a problem encountered by Neil Young`s “Tonight`s The Night” – a brilliant rock verite album with which “The Who By Numbers” has an affinity.
With sparse yet extremely careful, clean and subtle production (by Glyn Johns), there is an overall “live” quality to the performances with the basic line-up augmented by a predominant scrubbed acoustic guitar, occasional brass figures and relevant pianistics from Nicky Hopkins.
Yet in appreciating the motives behind the lyrical stance adopted throughout this album, I feel that one needs to be conversant with the lengthy interview we conducted with Townshend (NME May 24). During the interview, Townshend intimated that perhaps both he and The Who had experienced some kind of creative menopause. He pointed out: “The group as a whole have got to realise that The Who are not the same group as they used to be”.
A few weeks later, Roger Daltrey replied to Townshend`s accusations in no uncertain manner (NME August 9). Such was the hostile attitude prevalent in both interviews that everyone expected The Who to break up there and then. They didn`t. But nonetheless, “The Who By Numbers” reveals many of the traumas that were being enacted in The Who camp.
Success often plays strange tricks on one`s psyche and we find Townshend attempting to exorcise his in the only way he knows how – through The Who.
Though the staccato powerhouse chording and rumbling drums on “Dreaming From The Waist” are reminiscent of the tension that prevailed throughout “Quadrophenia”, it`s a saga of Pete`s quest for lost youth. He admits that the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak almost to the point of impotence.
Such is his dilemma that Townshend often communicates with the voice of a young man feeling that he`s grown prematurely old. This may just be a temporary fixation but one cannot avoid the overwhelming aura of finality about the way in which he observes himself in “However Much I Booze”.
“I see myself on tv, I’m a faker, a paper clown / It’s clear to all my friends that I habitually lie, I just bring them down”.
Utilising his familiar anthem approach Townshend castigates past associates with the venomous anti-music business “How Many Friends” – a subject which John Entwistle sardonically explores over a brute force riff on “Success Story”.
However, there are moments when the apocalyptic vision is temporarily set aside. With an almost skiffle-type treatment “Squeeze Box” is a spot of sheer rudery, while “Blue Red And Grey” is pure whimsy as Pete plunks a mandolin with just a suggestion of brass hovering in the background.
The Revolutionary salsa-inspired “Slip Kid” which opens up the proceedings has all the earmarks of another “Magic Bus” and restates the “My Generation” thesis, while the closer “In A Hand Or A Face” reverts to archetypal Whoism and deals with rock `n` roll paranoia set against a veritable barrage of the band`s collective might.
It`s common knowledge that The Who`s greatest musical achievements have been born out of sheer frustration and “The Who By Numbers” is no exception, revealing as it does the kind of sagacity that Lennon attained by publicly casting out his demons via his “Working Class Hero” album.
Thematically, “The Who By Numbers” is a transistory album in that with vehement honesty it brings to a close the first decade of The Who; clearing both the decks and the air for the immediate future.
Despite all its inherent characteristics of a downer trip, I refuse to believe that in any way this is The End. The remarkable way in which Townshend, Daltrey, Entwistle and Moon perform their respective roles throughout this album isn`t indicative of a band suffering from a terminal malady. It`s more a maturing – a girding of the loins.
The Who have always been fraught with problems and the paradox is that it`s this element of anguish that persistently motivates them as such a highly intense and vital creative force.
Earlier this year, The Who threatened to deliver a straight-forward rock album. They kept their word. Though it may take some time for certain factions to arrive at this conclusion. “The Who By Numbers” is an affirmation of four great, if somewhat idiosyncratic personalities.
In short, this album is brilliant.
I have personally transcribed this from the original paper and you are free to use it as you like. If you use it on your own webpages – please credit me or put up a link to my blog.
This number of New Musical Express also contains articles/interviews with these people: Johnny Cash, All Platinum Records, Victor Jara, Andrew Cyrille, Peter Haycock (Climax), Jim Morrison, The Doors, Joan Baez, Poco.
The original music paper this article came from (pictured at the top) is for sale!
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https://www.facebook.com/OfficialRogerDaltrey/
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Sieh dir auf Facebook Beiträge, Fotos und vieles mehr an.
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https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/roger-daltrey
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Curtis Brown
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https://celebmix.com/jesy-nelson-signs-solo-record-deal-with-polydor-records/
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Jesy Nelson signs solo record deal with Polydor Records
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2021-05-22T10:42:50+00:00
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Former Little Mix artist Jesy Nelson has announced on social media that she's signed a solo record deal with Polydor Records.
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CelebMix
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https://celebmix.com/jesy-nelson-signs-solo-record-deal-with-polydor-records/
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Jesy Nelson has announced that she’s signed a solo record deal with Polydor Records.
The former Little Mix star took to Instagram to reveal the exciting news, describing it as a “pinch me moment”.
Jesy has been busy sharing pictures from the studio on social media, and whilst there’s no official release date for music just yet, an official press release states that her solo record is expected later this year.
Speaking about her signing, Ben Mortimer, co-president of Polydor said: “As soon as I met Jesy I knew Polydor had to become her label partner. She’s developed the sound for her next music beautifully. It’s true to her. And she has an authentic vision about what this next stage of her already incredible career should be.
There’s a huge appetite for what music she comes with now, and a huge platform to launch it from. I’m proud she’s chosen Polydor to be her new home.”
Tom March, co-president of Polydor added: “Jesy Nelson is an incredible artist and I’m delighted she’s chosen Polydor for the next phase of her extraordinary career.
I have enormous respect for Jesy and the way she’s able to communicate and connect with her fans globally. She is hard-working, talented and the music is sounding incredible. We’re excited to be working with her and her brilliant team at YMU.”
Jesy will be in great company at Polydor Records, as the roster includes the likes of Years & Years, Ellie Goulding, HAIM, Lana Del Rey, The Rolling Stones and Sam Fender.
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https://www.cleveland.com/music/2024/04/legendary-rock-bands-lead-singer-admits-hes-on-my-way-out.html
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Legendary rock band’s lead singer admits he’s ‘on my way out’
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2024-04-03T09:32:28.348000+00:00
|
Roger Daltrey, lead singer of the Who, says "we need someone else to drive things.”
|
en
|
/pf/resources/images/cleveland/favicon.ico?d=1375
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cleveland
|
https://www.cleveland.com/music/2024/04/legendary-rock-bands-lead-singer-admits-hes-on-my-way-out.html
|
LONDON, England — People often have marveled at the “ageless” Roger Daltrey, who has remained in remarkably good condition during his nearly 60-year career as the lead singer of the Who.
But time is undefeated and has caught up with Daltrey. He turned 80 on March 1 and in a “backstage diary” for The Times in London, he admits his time is growing short.
“I have to be realistic,” Daltrey says. “The average life expectancy is 83 and with a bit of luck I’ll make that, but we need someone else to drive things.”
RELATED: Rock legend expects to make farewell tour, then ‘crawl off to die’
Daltrey was writing after he and bandmate Pete Townshend performed with the Who last month as part of the Teenage Cancer Trust charity concerts at the Royal Albert Hall in London. Daltrey recently stepped down as curator of the trust after serving in the post for 24 years.
Under Daltrey’s leadership, the trust raised more than $40 million to be used to care for young cancer sufferers, the Independent reports.
Daltrey has struggled with his voice off and on over the past several years and had surgery to repair a hole in his vocal cords in 2013. He said in The Times article he has worried during recent shows whether he can remember the words to the Who’s many hits, such as “Baba O’Riley,” “My Generation,” and “Love, Reign O’er Me.”
“We haven’t done anything for seven months and this winter’s been brutal,” Daltrey says. “I’ve been in hibernation. For the whole of January, I lost my voice completely.
“I live like a monk and if I went on tour for a week I’d be fit as a butcher’s dog again. But tonight, for the first time in my career, I think, ‘Blimey, this is hard.’”
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https://www.cherryred.co.uk/
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The Unmistakable Sound of Independence Since 1978
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Discover the world of Cherry Red Records & associated labels. Browse our shop, order vinyl, CD's and box sets online
|
en
| null |
Cherry Red Radio is a monthly show and 24/7 online radio station hosted by founder Iain McNay. Listen as we delve into the label’s sizeable vaults and bring you hours of music inspired by one of the most eclectic and prolific labels in the world.
Available via new episodes monthly on YouTube, or via the pop-up player, tune in now!
|
||||||
6803
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 3
|
https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2024/04/26/roger-daltrey-at-80-readying-for-life-after-the-who-every-dog-has-its-day-and-it-was-a-wonderful-ride/
|
en
|
Roger Daltrey, at 80, readying for life after The Who: ‘Every dog has its day, and it was a wonderful ride’
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"George Varga",
"Migration Temp"
] |
2024-04-26T00:00:00
|
“Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha!”Considering that he has devoted much of the past 60 years to his career as the lead singer in The Who, you wouldn’t expect to hear Roger Daltrey laughing uproariously over the apparent demise of the band long synonymous with his name. Especially not just a day after […]
|
en
|
San Diego Union-Tribune
|
https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/story/2024-04-26/roger-daltrey-at-80-readying-for-life-after-the-who-every-dog-has-its-day-and-it-was-wonderful/
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“Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha!”
Considering that he has devoted much of the past 60 years to his career as the lead singer in The Who, you wouldn’t expect to hear Roger Daltrey laughing uproariously over the apparent demise of the band long synonymous with his name. Especially not just a day after Who co-founder Pete Townshend stated in a podcast he was “not doing” a farewell tour that he himself had proposed only three weeks earlier.
But Daltrey, who performs a solo show May 6 at The Shell in San Diego, laughed so hard during an interview last week you might have thought he was watching a favorite film comedy. The singer’s long burst of “ha ha has” was in response to his interviewer noting that — more than anyone — Daltrey knows just how prone the mercurial Townshend is to changing his mind in a near-instant.
After pausing to contain his laughter, the veteran singer grew more serious.
“If Pete doesn’t want to tour, I don’t want to be back with The Who on the road, at 81, with someone who doesn’t want be there — if that’s what he’s saying,” said Daltrey who turned 80 on March 1. “But you know, every dog has its day and it was a wonderful ride.”
Whether this dog has truly had its day remains to be seen, particularly since Daltrey — in a 2000 San Diego Union-Tribune interview — referred to Townshend as “a habitual liar.”
Regardless, Townshend sounded less than enthused when he told the New York Times last month: “I don’t get much of a buzz from performing with The Who. If I’m really honest, I’ve been touring for the money. My idea of an ordinary lifestyle is pretty elevated.”
Such statements don’t encourage Daltrey to think another reunion trek seems feasible. With The Who down to two members — drummer Keith Moon died in 1978, bassist John Entwistle in 2002 — touring as a one-man version of The Who, minus Townshend, is not a viable option.
“I won’t do it with someone who is halfhearted about it,” Daltrey said. “The music is too important to me. The reason The Who was so powerful is because we meant it. We took your face off when we played; we didn’t swan about on stage.”
‘Putting me in a corner’
What if Townshend changes his mind and expresses enthusiasm to reunite with Daltrey for one final Who tour?
“You’re putting me in a corner,” he replied. “I’d be up for it if the reason Pete’s doing it isn’t just to make money. I’ll do it to make good music and to show people what we were, before we leave the stage forever. You can’t just half turn up for a tour.
“Singers can’t dial it in at concerts, because it shows immediately. I’m doing it because I love it, and it’s what I do … I’ve got a voice and I want to use it. I have never toured only for the money. Yes, the money is very useful. But I couldn’t do it just for that; you can’t. You need to be passionate about what you do and you really need to connect with the audiences. If you don’t, you’re failing. “
But Daltrey’s San Diego concert will feature him sharing the stage with Townshend. That is, Simon Townshend — Pete’s younger brother — a longtime touring member in both Daltrey’s band and in The Who.
“I always use Simon Townshend; he’s been with me on my tours since 1994,” Daltrey said. “We go back a long way — I used to change Simon’s nappies! He’s a sweetheart and he’s a great musician. There’s something about his voice when we sing harmonies, because it’s a (Pete) Townshend derivative. We work great together and I love him dearly.”
In June, Daltrey and a predominantly British band will undertake a nine-city U.S. tour he is billing as “semi-acoustic.” It is designed to focus on songs from his solo albums, along with some Who favorites.
But Daltrey’s May 6 show at The Shell will — apart from him and Simon Townshend — feature an otherwise all-electric band of American musicians. And their repertoire will, he said, lean more towards Who songs than his solo work.
‘Kind of ridiculous’
Daltrey’s most recent concerts took place last month at London’s historic Royal Albert Hall, where six performances were held between March 18 and 24. They were held to raise funds for the Teenage Cancer Trust, which has raised more than $39 million since he founded the charity organization in 2000. He is stepping down as its head this year but will still be involved.
Last month’s first two Royal Albert Hall concerts were headlined by The Who, in what may end up as the band’s final appearances. The concluding March 24 show included a version of The Who’s classic “Baba O’Riley” that featured vocals by Daltrey, Robert Plant and Pearl Jam singer (and former San Diegan) Eddie Vedder.
“My career has been … kind of ridiculous, really, when I think of about it,” Daltrey said, speaking from his home in the English countryside. “There’s something in me, this identity, that only comes out when I’m singing. I just love singing, it’s as simple as that. I love connecting with my voice in a different way than when I’m speaking. I just love it!”
Daltrey discussed music and his ridiculous career with the Union-Tribune for nearly 45 minutes on April 17. Here are highlights from that conversation. His quotes have been edited for clarity and length.
Q: You turned 80 on March 1. So, happy belated birthday. Does music mean something more or different to you at 80 than when you were 20, 40 or 70?
A: No, it doesn’t. I’ve always sang — from the age of 6, when I started in the church choir — until now.
Q: How do you maintain your voice and how often do you practice?
A: I never practice. And I think, at the moment, I’m singing, possibly the best I ever have in my life. I had a very rough period in the late 1990s and early 2000s, where I had — it turned out I was OK — but it was a potential vocal cord cancer and I managed to get it sorted. I also managed to hear myself singing for the first time, which was a luxury for me. In the ’60, ’70s, and ’80s, it seemed to be the mission of the rest of the band to drown me out. It felt like it anyway! They were so loud that it became hard work to hear myself.
Q: What happened that enabled you to hear yourself better?
A: In-ear (audio) monitors that let you get the mix you want — like, if the guitar’s too loud! — and always hear yourself. That makes an enormous difference to a singer. Also, and I didn’t realize it until the ’90s, but I’d been deaf for a long time in my life. And I don’t think it was caused by the band.
When I think back on it, it was caused by working in a sheet metal factory when I was a teenager, grinding welds down every day, with no hearing protection. I think that’s what definitely took the top (range) out of my hearing, rather than the band. It’s one of those things I’ve managed to survive.
Q: How does your wearing hearing aids now factor in?
A: I kind of work with one in-ear monitor in one ear and the hearing aid in the other. You can manipulate them so that I get the best sound for hearing myself that I can on stage with this system. Fortunately.
Q: We spoke back in 1992 to preview the La Jolla Playhouse opening of “The Who’s ‘Tommy,” which you attended here. You told me at that time: “You can hear a big change in my voice before and after ‘Tommy.’ It’s like two different people. It was wonderful. It freed up my singing, and it gave me an identity.” Was there any direct or indirect cause and effect between “Tommy” coming out in 1969 — and freeing up your voice — and then making your first two solo albums, “Daltrey” in 1973 and “Ride a Rock Horse” in 1975?
A: No, not really. I mean, my solo albums came because The Who was having so many long hiatuses from touring in those days. Because Pete used to write all the material, and he used to take time off to write it. That, for the rest of the band, was extremely painful because we were playing at our peak and we wanted to be out there, on tour, doing what we do.
I was sitting on my hands and the solo stuff was just something to keep me singing, basically, as simple as that. But I’ve never, ever wanted to be, you know, like Rod Stewart and The Faces, where Rod became bigger than the band. I never wanted it to be that way. The Who was my band, and that was always going to be the main priority of mine.
Q: in 1993 when I was covering the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame inductions, the drummer from The Doors, John Densmore, said to Doors’ guitarist Robby Krieger: “Do you remember when we were playing at the Fillmore, and Jim (Morrison) thought he was Roger Daltrey and swung the microphone cord around and hit Bill Graham in the head?”
A: Ha ha ha ha ha!
Q: Did you ever have a mishap with the microphone when you were swinging it around on stage?
A: I usually hit myself! I’ve only ever hit one person deliberately with the microphone. Every time there’s been some mishap, the microphone has always swung back and hit me, either in the kneecap — which is very painful — or, even worse, in the crotch. I twirled it because The Who was such a manic band, with Moon and Townshend, that it enlivened my side of the stage.
Q: I’ve got to ask: Who was it you deliberately hit?
A: I don’t know who it was. All I know is that they’re sorry that they threw something that nearly took my eye out on stage. I happened to see them do it. They were trapped in the crowd. And I was quite a good shot with that microphone …
Q: Unlike Keith Moon, you never drove a car into a hotel swimming pool or threw TVs out hotel windows. Were you ever tempted to?
A: I thought then — and still think now — it was very much puerile behavior. You know, I was born during an air raid in World War II. I was older than the other members of The Who and came from a different area of London, which was much, much poorer — I can still remember food rationing if you can believe that. At the age of 15, I was kicked out of school and I went to work as a sheet metal worker.
To make it in the band, I was working eight hours a day doing sheet metal work, then coming home, swapping my clothes for something a bit cleaner, and going out working in the band at night. So, it’s always been (dismaying) for me to see something so puerile and distracting as (hotel room destruction). I found it quite stupid, to be honest.
Q: What is the status of the oft-delayed Keith Moon biopic, and who would you like to play you in the film?
A: It’s very much in the works. We are, at this moment, looking for directors. We’ll cast it after we have the right director.
Q: You were a very young man when The Who recorded “My Generation,” with its famous “hope I die before get old” lyric. Do you put yourself in a young man’s frame of mind when you sing it now?
A: I sing it as a singer delivering it. I talk in the song, and I say: “Now, you talk about your generation, I’ll talk about my generation.” I don’t pretend to be young. I sing the song.
Q: A big disappointment about The Who is how infrequently the band has made albums since the 1970s.
A: Well, you can’t go back. It’s always been a little bit of a weight on my shoulders that (Pete and I) have never managed to go into the studio and bang things around between us. I’ve written songs and laid them down — I’m not a slouch — and who knows what could come of them if we could collaborate?
Q: What would it take to make that happen?
A: (laughing) An earthquake!
Roger Daltrey, with KT Tunstall
When: 7:30 p.m. May 6
Where: The Rady Shell at Jacobs Park, 222 Marina Park Way, downtown
Tickets: $33-$225, plus service charges
Phone: (619) 235-0804
Online: theshell.org
george.varga@sduniontribune.com
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